the original intent of this month ’ s column was to discuss fiber use in the smart grid, but i have found it is hard to define the smart grid. some organizations involved in it are even dropping that name for “ intelligent grid ” or something similar. one of the fiber optics association directors has been working with a major utility on a training program, and one - third of the program will be about fiber optics. the rest encompasses all the electrical issues involved in generating and delivering reliable electrical power to users and how they actually consume electrical power. fiber optics are not new to utilities. when i was in the fiber optic test equipment business in the 1980s, my first utility customer was nashville electric service. the utility was using multimode fiber to connect sensors and control equipment in substations over fiber to avoid the electrical interference and potential shock risk encountered with copper cables. i don ’ t spend much time talking about sensors, but fiber optics have been used in sensors for high - voltage and large current circuits since the mid - 1980s. the sensors are perfect for utilities as they operate by simply clamping them around the transmission wires and running fibers to monitoring equipment in the substation. the sensors also are capable of measuring large voltages and currents and have fast response time, all important for monitoring and controlling the utility grid. a few years later, utilities and long - distance telephone companies ( telcos ) began cooperating on long - distance fiber optic links. utilities had a valuable asset : rights - of - way, which telcos coveted. but the utilities needed communications between their facilities for voice communications and signals to control their power grid. on the other hand, telcos needed fiber optic links for their long - distance networks. by working together, the utility and the telcos both got their communications links and profited from the cooperation. a major part of the growth of utility usage of fiber optics was optical power ground wire ( opgw ), a high - voltage transmission cable with optical fiber in the center of it. it is, indeed, the perfect example of one of the advantages of optical fiber, its immunity to electrical interference. in one cable installation, power transmission and communications were both covered. today, practically every large power transmission system uses opgw. for example, the sunrise powerlink — san diego gas & electric ’ s ( sdg & e ) 117 - mile system under construction in southern california — is using opgw with 96 fibers inside the wire. the installation of opgw requires the skills of an electrical lineman capable of


san diego gas & electric ’ s ( sdg & e ) 117 - mile system under construction in southern california — is using opgw with 96 fibers inside the wire. the installation of opgw requires the skills of an electrical lineman capable of splicing high - voltage wires and the skills of an outside plant fiber optic installer to splice the fibers. most splices are done on the ground, and splice closures are suspended from towers unless they are terminated inside regeneration huts or vaults along the right - of - way. besides sensing, substation controls and long - distance communications, a utility needs to monitor and control the power directly to the customer. and today, at least here in southern california where i live, that involves not only delivering power to the customer but feeding the output of many customers ’ photovoltaic solar - power systems ( like my 2, 500 - watt systems on the roof ) back into the grid. that means conversions to smart meters are another important piece of the power grid puzzle. some utilities, such as sdg & e, are using wireless meters that can be read by a truck driving by. others have decided to connect customers with fiber, creating their own fiber to the home networks and either offering broadband services or using their network to deliver services for others. in some areas, this entails cooperation with telcos and catv system operators and, in others, outright warfare. chattanooga, tenn., is perhaps the best example of a utility broadband network. there you can get broadband at gigabit speeds, a first in the united states, beating out google ’ s kansas city network. the broadband network helped chattanooga convince volkswagen to locate a new plant there, creating thousands of new jobs. when it comes to the smart grid, it ’ s impossible to generalize about the applications — or sometimes even define it. however, we can say it is a big field in the united states alone, with more than 2, 000 electrical utilities combining their power into the national grid, and practically every communications technology is involved. virtually every aspect of fiber optic technology is involved also - — sensing, communications and control, using all types of fiber in almost every application you can imagine. for either the fiber tech or the electrical lineman interested in the smart grid, it is likely that there are areas where your expertise is required and many others where you need to learn more. hayes is a vdv writer and educator and the president of the fiber optic association. find him at www. jimhayes. com


capital chips ( part 2 ) this lesson printed from : posted july 30, 2002 author : council for economic education technology staff posted : july 30, 2002 updated : june 10, 2009 through the use of a historical timeline of the capital investments made by the company the resulting benefits will be examined. the benefits from the capital investments of herr foods, inc. will be related to their effect on the standard of living. then students will visit one of three websites, select an innovation / invention of their choice to analyze in terms of its impact on productivity and the standard of living. finally, the teacher will select one invention / innovation from a designated website and have students analyze it in the same economic terms as the focus of this lesson and write an essay summarizing the innovation / invention. productivity is a measurement of output resulting from the use of productive resources or inputs. it refers to the amount of output per unit of input over a period of time. an increase in productivity may mean producing the same amount with fewer inputs, producing more output with the same inputs, or a combination of the two. companies look for ways to maintain and increase the level of productivity in order to remain competitive while maintaining profits. one way of accomplishing this is through investing in capital goods such as machines, tools, and new ideas used in the production process. technological improvements in capital goods are a leading cause of increase in productivity. after completing the following activities, your students will develop a better understanding of the economics associated with productivity. in the first activity your students will explore the concepts that are connected to productivity. in the second activity your students will investigate the herr ' s potato chips, a company that is constantly working at incorporating new techniques to satisfy the customer. finally, in the third activity your students will use the internet to search for inventors and inventions. their task is to find an invention they would like to learn more about and learn how that invention improves its environment. after your students complete all three parts to this lesson they will find a series of questions that will explore what they have learned from capital chips about productivity. part 2 introduction : the students are going to take a tour of the herr ' s foods inc in this lesson. herr ' s potato chips have been on the market for the past 50 years. the company is constantly working at incorporating new techniques to satisfy the customer. the students ' job will be to see how these new techniques improve the company and benefits the customer. - point out to the students that they will learn about some actual investments in capital resources that have increased


working at incorporating new techniques to satisfy the customer. the students ' job will be to see how these new techniques improve the company and benefits the customer. - point out to the students that they will learn about some actual investments in capital resources that have increased productivity for one company in particular. they will learn how herr ' s foods, inc. increased its productivity over the years through a variety of investments in capital resources. - divide the students into 10 groups. assign each group a year ( or point on the herr ' s foods timeline ). - direct all groups to click on the first entry of the timeline and read it so that each group understands the beginnings of the herr ' s potato chip factory business. - direct the students to click on the point on the herr ' s timeline that corresponds to the date ( s ) that they were assigned. - tell the students to answer the following questions using the information they obtain from the timeline for the year assigned. - what was the capital investment, new idea, or innovation that occurred during this time frame on the herr ' s timeline? - how did this change increase the productivity of the herr ' s potato chip business? - what was the impact of this change on the consumer, producer, and worker? - direct all groups to click on the last entry of the herr ' s foods timeline and explore it so that each group has an understanding of the progress herr ' s foods, inc. has made. - at the end of this part of the lesson involving herr ' s foods lesson ( or at the end of the entire lesson ), plan to have a variety of herr ' s products for the students to enjoy. the students have now applied the concepts from the previous activity to a real - life business. next the students will get a closer look at an innovation or invention, to see how they can be used in a business.


ed geary speaks to the historical society about the mountain meadow massacre. the emery county historical society recently presented the mysteries of the mountain meadows massacre at the museum of the san rafael. " you cannot understand the mountain meadows massacre without understanding the events that occurred in a time of intense invasion, anxiety, " said edward geary, speaker at the historical society meeting. geary said, " the army was on the plains before any announcement was made to the people of utah. mormon missionaries went past the army and hurried on, bringing the news to brigham young on july 24. this was 10 years after the mormons first arrived in the salt lake valley. to commemorate that particular anniversary the people held a big party up in big cottonwood canyon and in the middle of the festivities riders came in with the announcement that an army was on its way to utah. " brigham young and church leaders immediately adopted defensive postures. they sent parties out into eastern wyoming to attack and burn supply trains. they were determined to keep the army from arriving at a faster pace than was necessary. they succeeded in keeping them there until after the winter had closed the pass. " utah war is a complex topic. i am not going to try to go into that, except to say that it dominated peoples ' lives. the lds the church leaders were trying to marshal forces. they wanted people to be ready to go up and be willing to give their lives in the defense of their homes. " there were a lot of hellfire sermons. mormons today are probably about as patriotic as anybody. but if you ' d been in utah in 1857 you would ' ve heard all kinds of sermons condemning the united states of america and the united states government. the sermons talked about how god was going to use the mormons and to convert the indians into the battle axes of the lord to bring down that government so that the people of god could be established. these were some very intense sermons. " if you lived in cedar city at that time or other communities in southern utah, you were in a community that is about six or seven years old. very poor, people are still living in dugouts or willow shanties, barely subsisting, very isolated, when you have problems, you have to solve the problem yourself, because there is no one you can bring in within many days of driving a wagon or riding a horse. " now they hear that an army is coming to utah. when we look back now and know how hard it was to move an army of 2, 500 men across the


you can bring in within many days of driving a wagon or riding a horse. " now they hear that an army is coming to utah. when we look back now and know how hard it was to move an army of 2, 500 men across the plains a huge supply operation was necessary to keep them going and to move them along. but you did not know that if you lived in cedar city in 1857. you just knew the soldiers were coming. they actually were sending people out into the passes east of cedar city to watch out in case an army would come through those passes. they were also concerned that an army would be coming from california eastward as well as those coming west. so it was a time of intense tension. " in the very midst of that tension in comes this long train of immigration that summer. there came in a party or a group of parties who had started in the spring from arkansas. they were composed largely of people who were related to each other or were neighbors to each other. " one group had as its leader a man by the name of jack baker who was a very dynamic man, a very successful land and slave owner in arkansas. he was a man who had some violence in his history. earlier in his life when he lived in alabama he had a dispute with some neighbors in which he killed three men. as a result he had to move out of alabama and moved to arkansas. it was reported that he was staunch friend and a bitter enemy. he was not a man you wanted to cross. he was going to california to establish himself there, to buy ranch land. he had a large herd of texas long horns. he had a well equipped party and probably had a substantial amount of gold, that he was taking to buy land with. " among these parties crossing the plains, there weren ' t very many better equipped than this one. there were other parties they interchanged with on the plains. sometimes being together and sometimes splitting up. if you had a large party, you had to divide up from time to time to keep the grazing land available. especially if you had a large herd of cattle. " one other group was led by alexander fancher. a lot of people talked about jack baker as being a hard man to cross. every report that you get, that i have seen, talking about alexander fancher, uses the word gentleman. he was a very well respected man and he was going to california with his family and a herd of cattle. he also had money to buy land. fancher had made two


i have seen, talking about alexander fancher, uses the word gentleman. he was a very well respected man and he was going to california with his family and a herd of cattle. he also had money to buy land. fancher had made two earlier trips, driving cattle and selling them in california. now he was moving his family there to become permanent settlers. " this then is the group that enters the salt lake valley, right after july 24, right after this news and anxiety that an army was coming. they came expecting that in the largest last city, before they crossed the desert, on the way to california, that they would be able to resupply, where they would be able to buy grain for their horses and mules, that they would be able to restock themselves with ammunition and other things. they found that regulations had been put in place that made all of that impossible. no guns or ammunition were to be sold to anyone. more people were trying to buy guns from travelers that came through to build up their supply. utah people were permitted to sell grain for people to eat but not for animals. " remember the two parties together had about 1, 000 of cattle. they had not quite that many when they arrived in the valley, because there were some losses crossing the plains. this was a large herd of cattle. so imagine yourself here at this time. most people used the ground outside the community for their milk cows and other domestic stock. at this late summer time you are saving your winter herd ground to get you through the winter. when along came these people with this great herd of about a 1, 000 head of cattle and they turn them into your herd ground. " conflict was bound to happen and some did. the wagon train expected to spend two weeks or more in the salt lake valley resupplying themselves, waiting for the weather to get cooler on the desert before they went on. they found themselves obligated to move on after only two days. they were clearly not welcome. as the wagon train went down the state, at provo they ran into conflict over the herd ground. the constable came out and threatened to arrest them for turning their animals into the community herding ground. that happened again when they came to nephi and all along the way. it is human nature, when you find hostility, you tend to respond with some hostility and that is what happened. " after the massacre the stories multiplied about how bad these immigrants were, the terrible things they said and things they did. they named


. it is human nature, when you find hostility, you tend to respond with some hostility and that is what happened. " after the massacre the stories multiplied about how bad these immigrants were, the terrible things they said and things they did. they named their oxen after church leaders and would swear at them as they went through the towns. one man showed a gun and said this is the gun that killed joe smith. " if you look closely at these immigrants, it is obvious that they probably had similar values to those of utah, the majority of the party was made up of women and children. a third of the party was young children. even some of the men, people who were keeping journals as the party passed through their community recorded going out and visiting with members of the party, they were gentlemen. i have talked about jack baker and alexander fancher. there apparently had been a man in the party, if you look at the main participants among the immigrants, a man who is never named and is called the dutchey. this probably means that he had a german accent. the story is that he joined the baker and fancher party at ft. bridger and wanted to go to california with them. he apparently was a very big man, very strong. he rode a big gray horse. he was extremely aggressive. he embarrassed the rest of the party by his readiness to contend and insult people. " as a matter of fact, part of the people that come from arkansas with the baker party left the party and went to california through southern idaho. " most california immigrants took the california trail that goes through southern idaho, past the city of rocks and then down into nevada and crossed the humbolts to the west. they would deviate from that trail to come to salt lake for supplies and then go back north to the california trail. " but when you get later in the season you are not sure you are going to get through the sierras before the snow falls. then it became more advantageous to take the southern route, which essentially follows the present route of interstate highway 15, through southern utah and across the mojave desert. the fancher / baker party was the first party that year to take the southern route instead of the northern route. but the people that had come from arkansas with that party decided to take the northern route from salt lake, because there had been so much contention in the fancher baker party. " they also had a large number of young boys with the party for herding the cattle. these were boys in


with that party decided to take the northern route from salt lake, because there had been so much contention in the fancher baker party. " they also had a large number of young boys with the party for herding the cattle. these were boys in their late teens and early 20s who were away from home. even today such boys are not on their best behavior, when they are traveling. it may well be that the problem was caused by a relatively small group. " the first really serious problem came when they reached corn creek. this is the present site of the community of kanosh in millard county. at that time it was the headquarters of the kanosh band of indians. there the party camped on one bank of corn creek and a party came in from the south and camped on the other side. that second party included george a. smith, who had just come back from a tour of southern utah preaching hellfire and damnation to arouse people up against the invading army. jacob hamblin was also in that group, going to meet with brigham young in salt lake. " the two parties met each other and had some exchanges and as the baker / fancher party left they had some conflicts with the indians. the story is that they poisoned the springs and poisoned dead cattle, knowing that the indians would come and salvage the dead cattle and eat them several indians died as a result. " it would be hard to poison a spring effectively with the toxins available at that period of time so that is dubious. the cattle, walker, turley and weber purposed that the problem may have been anthrax. because it was known that sometimes texas longhorns carried anthrax spores with them. the information about the illnesses and deaths in the corn creek area, fit the symptoms of anthrax. so it is possible. " in any case the indians are angry and follow the party for a considerable distance. the kanosh indians did not follow them as far as mountain meadows. " when the fancher / baker party got into southern utah a very isolated region, they already had a bad reputation. when they got to parowan, a rural town, a fortified community, the party was not allowed to drive through town and had to make a new road around. for all practical purposes the town refused to deal with the immigrants. they went on to cedar city where they were able to get some supplies. they bought 50 bushels of grain, they then took it to the grist mill to have it ground and they were accommodated


purposes the town refused to deal with the immigrants. they went on to cedar city where they were able to get some supplies. they bought 50 bushels of grain, they then took it to the grist mill to have it ground and they were accommodated, but not very charitably. the miller insisted that they trade a cow for grinding 50 bushels of wheat, which was an exorbitant price. they paid the price but were very bitter about it. " some young men, while the grist was grinding, discovered a distillery in town where a beverage known as sage brush whiskey was made. they sampled the beverage and then began behaving badly. so there was a lot of conflict between the party and the residents. one man lopped off the heads of two chickens, belonging to a widow in town, and threw them into his wagon. that did not increase their popularity. " eventually at the general store in town they could not get the supplies, ( the store keeper later said we did not have the provisions they asked for ), but they apparently believed the store had the provisions and just would not sell to the party. so they rode over to the home of stake president isaac c. haight who was the manager of the store. there they called out questions. they then told him that they were going to california and as soon as they got there, they were going to send the soldiers there back to take care of these mormons and that they would clean up this town. haight took these threats very seriously. " the party left cedar city and within two days were in mountain meadows where they planned to stay as most parties taking that route did. this was the last place where you could feed your animals well before the difficult desert crossing. " when you look at the time line, a series of events got out of hand. we have all had the experience of un - anticipated and unintended consequences. we make a decision, we do something, without realizing what is going to follow from that decision. that is human nature. " but here we have that kind of a chain in a particularly disastrous form. haight, as i said, was the most powerful man in town. he was the stake president. he was also the major of the militia and felt that he had been personally threatened and his community had been threatened. he decided that you cannot just let these people go scott free. we have to chastise them in some way and that was the thing the church leaders had been preaching that summer. mormon


he had been personally threatened and his community had been threatened. he decided that you cannot just let these people go scott free. we have to chastise them in some way and that was the thing the church leaders had been preaching that summer. mormons had to make alliances with the indians. when the army came they wanted the indians to be able to make a distinction between the mormons and the americans. the mormons were their friends and the americans were their enemy and be prepared to help. well, ok, we will call out the indians. the people in southern utah lived side by side with the various paiute bands. there were paiute ' s in cedar city, there were paiute ' s in the hills around and in the other small communities. " the mormons knew indians well. they had a lot of dealings with each other. haight ' s idea at first was, we won ' t let these guys get away, we will sic the indians on them and see what harm they can do. at the very least teach them a lesson. " he called in john d. lee who lived in the town of harmony a few miles south. if you go down i - 15 now, you know there is new harmony over against the mountains on the west. the original harmony was right in the middle of that valley. they finally moved it because the winds were too bad coming up and down the valley. " lee was an indian farmer. indian farmer was a government job where you were paid to teach the indians how to farm. trying to get them to adopt a life of farming. he had a lot of influence with the local people. haight called lee into cedar city and they went out to the old iron works, which were now not operating, and laid on blankets all night and made their plans. the plan was that lee would go and gather up the paiute bands and take them to waylay the settlers. the idea was not to waylay them at mountain meadows where they were already camped, but farther south in the santa clara river narrows where the wagons would have to go one after another. the indians could hide in the brush and rocks and attack. that was the plan. i do not think haight at this time had necessarily thought of wiping them out. go out there, give them a hard time, if you could get some of their livestock, good. they could use cattle, and send them on their way so they will think twice before they take us on again. " that


" inexactness " or the " uncertainty " principle, as formulated by physicist werner heisenberg, is an end often seen as the beginning. it reflects t. s. eliot ' s observation : " what she gives, gives with such supple confusions that the giving famishes the craving ". in 1927, heisenberg showed that uncertainty is inherent in quantum mechanics. it is impossible to simultaneously measure certain properties — position and momentum. in the quantum world, matter can take the form of either particle or waves. fundamental elements are neither particles nor waves, but can behave as either and are merely different theoretical ways of picturing the quantum world. the profound beauty of inexactness transects science, mathematics, method, philosophy, linguistics and faith. inexactness marks an end to certainty. in seeking to measure one property more precisely and accurately, the ability to measure the other property is undermined. the act of measurement negates elements of our knowledge of the system. it undermines scientific determinism, implying that human knowledge about the world is always incomplete, uncertain and highly contingent. inexactness challenges causality. as heisenberg observed : " ' if we know the present, then we can predict the future ', it is not the consequences, but the premise that is false. as a matter of principle we cannot know all determining elements of the present ". inexactness questions methodology. experiments can only prove what they are designed to prove. inexactness is a theory based on the practical constraints of measurement. inexactness and quantum mechanics challenge faith as well as concepts of truth and order. they imply a probabilistic world of matter, where we cannot know anything with certainty but only as a possibility. it removes the newtonian elements of space and time from any underlying reality. in the quantum world, mechanics are understood as a probability without any causal explanation. albert einstein refused to accept that positions in space - time could never be completely known and quantum probabilities did not reflect any underlying causes. he did not reject the theory but the lack of reason for an event. writing to max born, he famously stated : " i, at any rate, am convinced that he [ god ] does not throw dice. " but as stephen hawking later remarked in terms that heisenberg would have recognised : " not only does god play dice, but … he sometimes throws them where they cannot be seen. " allusive and subtle, the power


throw dice. " but as stephen hawking later remarked in terms that heisenberg would have recognised : " not only does god play dice, but … he sometimes throws them where they cannot be seen. " allusive and subtle, the power of inexactness draws on its metaphorical property which has allowed it to penetrate diverse fields such as art theory, financial economics and even popular culture. at one level, heisenberg ' s uncertainty principle is taken to mean the act of measuring something changes what is observed. but at another level, intentional or unintentionally, werner heisenberg is saying something about the nature of the entire system — the absence of absolute truths, the lack of certainty and the limits to our knowledge. inexactness is linked with different philosophical constructs. nineteenth - century danish philosopher søren kierkegaard differentiated between objective truths and subjective truths. objective truths are filtered and altered by our subjective truths, recalling the interaction between observer and event central to heisenberg ' s theorem. inexactness is related to linguistic philosophies. in the tractatus logico - philosophicus, ludwig wittgenstein anticipates inexactness arguing that the structure of language provides the limits of thought and what can be said meaningfully. the deep ambiguity of inexactness manifests itself in other ways : the controversy over the term itself and heisenberg ' s personal history. heisenberg ' s principle is various referred to as ungenauigkeit ( meaning inexactness ), unscharfe ( blurred or lacking clarity ) or unbestimmtheit ( indeterminate ). in translation, the ambiguity and differences in meaning are accentuated. playwright michael franyn suggested : indeterminability. it was not until the publication of the 1930 english - language version of heisenberg ' s textbook, the physical principles of the quantum theory that the term uncertainty ( unsicherheit ) was used and widely adopted. in 1941, during the second world war, werner heisenberg and niels bohr, the danish physicist and his former teacher, met in occupied denmark. in michael franyn ' s 1998 play copenhagen, margrethe, bohr ' s wife, poses the essential question, which is debated in the play : " why did he [ heisenberg ] come to copenhagen? " the play repeats their meeting three times, each with different outcomes. as heisenberg, the character


+ 47 67 57 21 00 + 46 21 470 35 50 cfd tutorial – rigid body modeling if you want to get started with the rigid body modeling you should be aware of that the modeling setup, mesh displacement and rigid body motions are depended on the complexity of your system. maybe a mesh displacement can be restricted to one domain, or a subdomain with sliding mesh is sufficient to model the rigid body? we will help you with these questions and will further recommend that you make a sketch of your system to decide which parts are needed to be moved, this will make the modeling of domains and interfaces in designmodeler easier. this tutorial will briefly show three different ways of how to use the rigid body 6dof solver in cfx v. 13. we hope this will be a good start if you want to begin using the final release of the cfx rigid body solver. a rigid body is a solid object that moves through a fluid without itself deforming. its motion is dictated by the fluid forces and torques acting upon it, plus any external forces as gravity and external torque. a rigid body is defined by a collection of 2d regions that form its faces. the rigid body itself does not need to be meshed. mesh motion is used to move the mesh on the rigid body faces in accordance with the solution of the rigid body equations of motion. 3 examples of the rigid body solver will be presented in the following tutorial. the tutorial is not described in detail and will only work as a guidance of how to set up a simulation that includes a rigid body. - introduction to cfd with cfx rigid body example 1 the first example shows a free drop of a thin plate or hatch. the hatch is fixed at one axis and will have a rotational motion. we have modeled a simple plate and generated a surrounding fluid domain. the hatch is enclosed in a cylindrical domain to allow rotational motion of model. see illustration of the domains in figure 1. the 2d wall boundaries which constitute the hatch surface define the rigid body. see close view in figure 2. figure 1. the computational domain consists of a box and a cylinder. the cylindrical domain encloses the rigid body, i. e. the hatch which is fixed at the x - axis. the walls, which constitute the hatch is visualized in green. a rotation of the modeled hatch will consequently rotate the cylinder. figure 2. the walls will define the rigid body. the hatch itself is not a domain. the first thing we will do is


walls, which constitute the hatch is visualized in green. a rotation of the modeled hatch will consequently rotate the cylinder. figure 2. the walls will define the rigid body. the hatch itself is not a domain. the first thing we will do is to insert a rigid body dialog box. to model the rigid body you need to specify the mass and the absolute values of the mass momentum of inertia for the rigid body with respect to a corresponding coordinate system - see figure 3. furthermore, you will need to define external force, torque or gravity if it is present. this can be set under the dynamic setting tab. mark of for the correct translational and rotational degree of freedom. a typical setup for a thin plate is shown in figure 3 and 4. you can read about the rigid body user interface and the definition of these settings in the ansys v. 13 help guide. figure 3. you need to set the total mass of the rigid body, and the location, in this case the plate walls named body. in addition you need to calculate the mass moment of inertia of the rigid body object. figure 4. define external forces. gravity force is always present in drop cases. for this case the thin plate will only have one degree of freedom, which is a rotational degree about the x - axis. when you have created your rigid body you can go on and define the fluid domain. in basic settings shown in figure 5 you will need to set mesh deformation to region of motion specified. this is needed only in domains where the motion of the rigid body will have an influence on the mesh boundaries. figure 5. in the basic settings tab of the rotating domain, region of motion specified needs to be activated. for this case we have divided the computational domain into two parts. the inner cylindrical domain will undergo mesh deformation when the rigid body moves, while the outer rectangular domain will remain steady, the cylindrical domain will therefore be defined as a subdomain, see figure 6 and figure 7. the remaining now is to define how the 2d boundaries shall act. figure 6. define the cylindrical domain as a subdomain. the interface between the rotating and stationary domain will be handled by the sliding mesh feature. figure 7. the subdomain will follow the rigid body motion. the modeling of mesh deformation is an important component for solving problems with moving boundaries or moving subdomains. the motion might be imposed, or might be an implicit part of a coupled fluid - structure simulation. for our case with a falling plate we want


the modeling of mesh deformation is an important component for solving problems with moving boundaries or moving subdomains. the motion might be imposed, or might be an implicit part of a coupled fluid - structure simulation. for our case with a falling plate we want the mesh interface of the subdomain to slide on the interface to the rectangular and steady domain. to prevent the nodes on the subdomain interface to move relative to the local boundary frame we need to set the mesh motion of the interface to stationary. see figure 8. figure 8. the interface nodes will move relative to the local boundary frame. the mesh motion of the 2d wall boundaries which form the hatch surface, i. e. the rigid body, will follow the rigid body solution. the same setting will be applied to the subdomain as well, refer to figure 7. no special action is needed to set up the stationary domain, i. e. the rectangular domain. this domain can be modeled as usual. no consideration to mesh motion or the rigid body solver is necessary. set a proper time step for the transient analysis and you can start solving a rigid body motion. a movie of the falling hatch is shown below. rigid body example 2 in the previous example we presented a very simple case to describe the rigid body solver ; one degree of freedom and mesh displacement with stationary nodes. the problem was solved by sliding mesh and ggi at the interfaces. in the next example we will model a buoy at the water surface by use of the rigid body solver. the modeling concept is shown in figure 9. figure 9. waves that are introduced in the domain will further influence the displacement of the buoy. as for the hatch you ’ ll need to insert a rigid body and define its dynamics. see example in figure 10. the buoy will have tree degrees of freedom, translation in x - and y direction and rotational about z - axis – see the dynamics definition in figure 11. figure 10. the mass and moment of inertia of the buoy needs to be defined. figure 11. definition of degrees of freedom of the buoy. for this case we have two distinct mesh domains, however, we will introduce only one fluid domain. in the domain basic setting tab the multiphase of water and air is created and mesh deformation is activated. the free surface multiphase is modeled as usual. the buoy will be moved in several directions which mean that the mesh nodes will be displaced. to allow mesh deformation you need to define the mesh motion on each


created and mesh deformation is activated. the free surface multiphase is modeled as usual. the buoy will be moved in several directions which mean that the mesh nodes will be displaced. to allow mesh deformation you need to define the mesh motion on each boundary. the modeled domain is shown in figure12. figure 12. mesh domains. the buoy surface is set to follow the rigid body motion, which means that the nodes will not be locally displaced. the mesh motion on the fluid fluid interfaces between the two mesh domains are set to conservative interface flux - by using this condition there is no constraint that attempts to keep the meshes on either side of the interface together. the motion of nodes in all domains adjacent to the interface influence, and are influenced by, the motion of the nodes on the interface. the definitions are shown in figure 13 and figure 14. figure 13. the 6dof solver will predict the buoy behavior. the nodes will not be locally displaced. figure 14. the nodes on the domain interface will be displaced, this will in term skew the elements. the mesh motion on the wall, symmetry and pressure outlets can be set to unspecified – no constraints on mesh motion are applied to nodes. their motion is determined by the motion set on other regions of the mesh. * a transient simulation is prescribed and the motion of the rigid body and the resulting mesh displacement is visualized in in the following movie. * a wave is introduced in the simulation – for this case the wave is induced by a specified displacement of walls. a description of how to model this displacement can be found in cfx v130 tutorial 32. rigid body example 3 a third example is to put constrain on the rigid body and mesh motion. as for the first example you may also here create a subdomain, see figure 15. the subdomain will in this case follow the rigid body motion. figure 15. the buoy domain is defined as a subdomain in this rigid body example. furthermore, we will have to change the setting of the fluid fluid interface to oppose sliding mesh between the interfaces. the mesh motion of the fluid interfaces are set as rigid body motion, thus the mesh nodes of the subdomain will not move relative to the rectangular domain. the motion constrains of the interfaces are defined in figure 16 and 17. figure 16. the motion constrains of the interface in the rectangular domain. figure 17. mesh motion and motion constraints of the interface of the subdomain. the resulting buoy


this story comes to us from nbc latino. latino children are currently not enrolled in preschool programs in sufficient numbers, yet a new study finds that equalizing access to center - based preschool could close the hispanic - white school readiness gap by 26 percent, according to findings in the current issue of the future of children, a joint princeton / brookings journal. the new issue focuses on “ literacy challenges for the twenty - first century. ” as society becomes more information - based, argue the authors, successful “ reading skills ” go beyond being able to read technically. ” almost all u. s. students can ‘ read ’ by third grade, if reading is defined as being proficient in basic procedural word - reading skills, ” say the authors of a chapter on literacy patterns in u. s. children. but when assessing reading comprehension, “ only about a third of u. s. students in middle school possess the knowledge - based competencies to ‘ read ’ in this sense, ” the report says. the latino - white achievement gap has narrowed in the last few decades, say the researchers. the promising news is that while latino children with limited english and less access to preschool start out with a latino - white gap, the gaps narrow or stabilize after a few years. moreover, in the latino community, the size of the hispanic - white gap varies. reading scores are typically lower for hispanics of mexican or central american origin and for first - or second - generation immigrant students or those who speak spanish at home than for cuban or puerto rican children or those who speak english at home. what worries the researchers is that the socioeconomic literacy gap has widened. students from low - income families enter high school with average literacy skills five years behind those of high - income students, says a chapter on literacy patterns. in fact a brookings analysis found that if the “ academic success rates of lower - and higher - income children were roughly equal at the end of elementary school, the lifetime incomes of children from lower - income families could grow about 8 percent, or roughly $ 83, 000, over their careers. ” correcting gaps and providing a strong basis for latino students ’ success in literacy and reading comprehension — regardless of socio - economic status — has to start at the lower grades, say the authors. one of the ways to narrow this gap, especially among latino children, say the authors, is for children from non - english - speaking or low - income households to have access to high - quality pre - schools which provide parental education, home - visiting services, and high -


narrow this gap, especially among latino children, say the authors, is for children from non - english - speaking or low - income households to have access to high - quality pre - schools which provide parental education, home - visiting services, and high - quality center - based education and care. columbia university ’ s jane waldfogel and katherine magnuson found “ equalizing access to center - based preschool, in which hispanic children are significantly underenrolled, could close as much as 26 percent of the hispanic - white gaps, with improvements in head start closing another 4 – 8 percent, ” saying the role of early childhood education and care was very important in explaining hispanic - white gaps in school readiness. other policy recommendations include improving the content of the reading in the primary grades, so students can learn about current events and start learning comprehension and analyses, teaching subject - specific literacy skills, as well as school reform initiatives, better educational ‘ infrastructure ’ ( more data and curriculum and professional development for teachers ), perhaps common core state standards to insure learning goals, and most importantly, programs to attract the top college graduates to become teachers. “ unless the united states can markedly improve the literacy skills of today ’ s minority children the labor force of the future will have lower literacy skills than the labor force of today, ” say the future of children editors and authors. sandra lilley is a reporter with nbc latino. all statements and opinions expressed on this blog are those of the individual contributors, and not of the bill & melinda gates foundation or nbc news.


july 25, 2012 | by steven castle much of the united states is mired in drought conditions, which is not only uncomfortable but is having an effect on food prices as crops in the midwest remain parched. but how are drought and water shortages related to energy efficiency? a new york times article explains : our energy system depends on water. about half of the nation ’ s water withdrawals every day are just for cooling power plants. in addition, the oil and gas industries use tens of millions of gallons a day, injecting water into aging oil fields to improve production, and to free natural gas in shale formations through hydraulic fracturing. those numbers are not large from a national perspective, but they can be significant locally. all told, we withdraw more water for the energy sector than for agriculture. unfortunately, this relationship means that water problems become energy problems that are serious enough to warrant high - level attention. woa! half our water withdrawals cool power plants? holy smoke! or maybe a lot less smoke. conventional coal plants are very thirsty, the times reports, and coal still produces about 40 percent of our electricity. what can we do? you can do things to save water around your house, such as : 1. use energy star - rated clothes and dishwashers. they use less electricity and less water, saving on electricity, water, and the fuel to heat water. 2. use watersense - labeled showerheads and bathroom faucets that use less water ( 2 gallons per minute for showerheads and 1. 5 gpm or less for faucets ) or buy an watersense - labeled aerator that fits on the end of the faucet. some faucets even have motion sensors and are self - powered for hands - free use. 3. use low - flow or dual - flush toilets, which flush different amounts of water for liquid and solid waste. 3. invest in rainwater harvesting barrels or cisterns ( for when it does rain ). 4. use hot water recirculators that send cool water in you home ’ s hot water pipes back to the water heater and replace it with warm water, so you don ’ t waste gallons of precious h2o waiting for the hot stuff. 5. use an automated irrigation system, preferably using rain or moisture sensors or info from local weather services, so you don ’ t water when it ’ s raining. try not to use as much electricity! adjusting the thermostat 1 or 2 degrees can result in 1 percent to


preferably using rain or moisture sensors or info from local weather services, so you don ’ t water when it ’ s raining. try not to use as much electricity! adjusting the thermostat 1 or 2 degrees can result in 1 percent to 3 percent in energy savings. it doesn ’ t seem like much, but it can add up. dim lights and invest in energy - saving and long - lasting led lamps. plug electronics into switchable surge suppressors or smart surge strips and switch them off when you ’ re not using them. this will save on vampire or phantom power, which electronics use when not on. ( most homes have 40 or power vampires. ) invest in lighting control, home control, smart and programmable thermostats ( many can be remote - controlled by smartphones ). get an energy monitoring or management system to track your usage and see where you ’ re wasting electricity. there are many, many ways to save energy in your home. and they more you save, the less water a power plant must use to cool itself. the water you save could be your own. steven castle is electronic house ' s managing editor. he has been writing about consumer electronics, homes and energy efficiency topics for two decades. he is also the co - founder of greentech advocates


most skin bumps, spots, growths, and moles are harmless. colored skin spots, also called pigmented lesions ( such as freckles, moles, or flesh - colored skin spots ), or growths ( such as warts or skin tags ) may be present at birth or develop as the skin ages. most skin spots on babies will go away without treatment within a few months. birthmarks are colored marks on the skin that are present at birth or develop shortly after birth. they can be many different sizes, shapes, and colors, including brown, tan, black, blue, pink, white, red, or purple. some birthmarks appear on the surface of the skin, some are raised above the surface of the skin, and some occur under the skin. most birthmarks are harmless and do not need treatment. many birthmarks change, grow, shrink, or disappear. there are many types of birthmarks, and some are more common than others. for more information, see the topic birthmarks. cause of skin changes acne is a common skin change that occurs during the teen years and may last into adulthood. acne may be mild, with just a few blackheads ( comedones ), or severe, with large and painful pimples deep under the skin ( cystic lesions ). it may be present on the chest and back as well as on the face and neck. boys often have more severe outbreaks of acne than girls. many girls have acne before their periods that occurs because of changes in hormone levels. for more information, see the topic acne. during pregnancy, dark patches may develop on a woman ' s face. this is known as the " mask of pregnancy, " or chloasma, and it usually fades after delivery. the cause of chloasma is not fully understood, although experts think that increased levels of pregnancy hormones cause the pigment - producing cells in the skin ( melanocytes ) to produce more pigment. you can reduce skin pigment changes during pregnancy by using sunscreen and staying out of the sun. actinic keratosis and actinic lentigines are types of colored skin spots that are caused by too much sun exposure. although these spots are not skin cancers, they may mean that you have an increased chance of getting skin cancer, such as squamous cell skin cancer or a type of melanoma. you may have an allergic reaction to a medicine that causes a skin change, or you may develop a skin reaction when


that you have an increased chance of getting skin cancer, such as squamous cell skin cancer or a type of melanoma. you may have an allergic reaction to a medicine that causes a skin change, or you may develop a skin reaction when you are out in the sun while you are taking a medicine ( this is called photosensitivity ). rashes, hives, and itching may develop, and in some cases may spread to areas of your skin that were not exposed to the sun ( photoallergy ). for more information, see the topic allergic reaction. skin changes can also be caused by : common skin changes some common skin growths include : treatment of a skin change depends on what is causing the skin change and what other symptoms you are having. moles, skin tags, and other growths can be removed if they become irritated, bleed, or cause embarrassment. while most skin changes are normal and occur with aging, some may be caused by cancer. skin cancer may start as a growth or mole, a change in a growth or mole, a sore that does not heal, or irritation of the skin. it is the most common form of cancer in north america. skin cancer destroys skin cells and tissues and can spread ( metastasize ) to other parts of the body. the three most common types of skin cancer are basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer, and melanoma. see a picture of the abcdes of melanoma. causes of skin cancer include : kaposi ' s sarcoma is a serious form of skin cancer. it is often found in people who have an impaired immune system, such as people with aids. blue - red raised bumps ( nodules ) may appear on the face, arms, and trunk and inside the mouth. early detection and treatment of skin cancer can help prevent problems. treatment depends on the type and location of the growth and how advanced it is when it is diagnosed. surgery to remove the growth will help determine what treatment will be needed. for more information, see the topics skin cancer, melanoma and skin cancer, nonmelanoma. check your symptoms to decide if and when you should see a doctor. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. pill identifier on


coughs, age 11 and younger coughing is the body ' s way of removing foreign material or mucus from the lungs and upper airway passages or of reacting to an irritated airway. coughs have distinctive traits you can learn to recognize. a cough is only a symptom, not a disease, and often the importance of a cough can be determined only when other symptoms are evaluated. for information about coughs in teens and adults, see the topic coughs, age 12 and older. a productive cough produces phlegm or mucus ( sputum ). the mucus may have drained down the back of the throat from the nose or sinuses or may have come up from the lungs. a productive cough generally should not be suppressed ; it clears mucus from the lungs. there are many causes of a productive cough, such as : a nonproductive cough is dry and does not produce sputum. a dry, hacking cough may develop toward the end of a cold or after exposure to an irritant, such as dust or smoke. there are many causes of a nonproductive cough, such as : coughs in children children may develop coughs from diseases or causes that usually do not affect adults, such as : many coughs are caused by a viral illness. antibiotics are not used to treat viral illnesses and do not change the course of viral infections. unnecessary use of an antibiotic exposes your child to the risks of an allergic reaction and antibiotic side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rashes, and yeast infections. antibiotics also may kill beneficial bacteria and encourage the development of dangerous antibiotic - resistant bacteria. a careful evaluation of your child ' s health may help you identify other symptoms. remember, a cough is only a symptom, not a disease, and often the importance of a cough can only be determined when other symptoms are evaluated. coughs occur with bacterial and viral respiratory infections. if your child has other symptoms, such as a sore throat, sinus pressure, or ear pain, see the related topics section. check your child ' s symptoms to decide if and when your child should see a doctor. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist -


slideshow pictures : osteoarthritis - - active living from day to night more slideshows from emedicinehealth watch and learn from these additional pictures slideshows. ride a bike biking - - in a group or alone, outside or on a stationary bike - - builds stamina and balance with less impact on knees, hips, and other joints than walking or jogging. recumbent and comfort bikes can provide relief for people who are uncomfortable on upright bikes. if you have a medical condition, check with your doctor before starting any new fitness program. depending on your condition and health, some exercises may not be recommended. yoga is a gentle way to improve posture, balance, and coordination. several early studies suggest yoga helps the physical functioning of people with arthritis and promotes relaxation. look for a beginners ' class and explain any physical limitations you have to the teacher. once you ' re comfortable with the poses and breathing, you can also practice yoga at home. exercise in water swimming, water walking, and other water - based exercises are ideal for relieving the pain and stiffness of arthritis. the resistance provided by water increases strength and range of motion, while its buoyancy supports the body ' s weight, reducing stress on joints. water workouts can be as strenuous as swimming laps or as gentle as a game of tag in the shallow end. add short bursts of activity physical activity in small amounts really adds up. vacuuming or 10 minutes of pruning may be easier to incorporate into a busy day than an hour of exercise. always try to use correct posture - - such as standing rather than stooping - - and let your larger joints handle as much of the work as possible. to track your activity, wear a pedometer and record how many steps you take each day. set a goal commit to a greater level of training by signing up for a 5k walk, bike ride, or other organized event. registering for an event increases your commitment and motivation to train. it may give you extra motivation to join events that support causes you may believe in, such as arthritis research. be sure to give yourself enough time to train. work backward from the event to set specific, realistic training goals. try tai chi studies suggest that tai chi, a traditional chinese martial art, reduces pain and stiffness in many arthritis patients. tai chi combines slow, gentle movements with a mental focus. it can be practiced in groups or alone. participants in these studies also reported improved balance and lower levels of


, a traditional chinese martial art, reduces pain and stiffness in many arthritis patients. tai chi combines slow, gentle movements with a mental focus. it can be practiced in groups or alone. participants in these studies also reported improved balance and lower levels of depression. maintain sexual intimacy pain from arthritis can affect every part of life, including sexuality. but a fulfilling sex life is possible. plan for sexual activity during times when you feel rested, avoid cold temperatures, use pillows to support painful joints, and relax muscles and joints with massage. communicate openly with your partner and strive for emotional and physical closeness. walk the dog take your four - legged friend when you run errands on foot or head out for a lunchtime stroll. walking the family pet around the block can deliver a low - impact, inexpensive workout. walking can reduce stiffness, increase bone mass, increase energy, improve mood, and reduce anxiety. try to accumulate at least 150 minutes a week. this could include 30 minutes of walking or any other moderate - intensity " lifestyle " activity, three to five days a week. take a hike at home or on vacation, hiking is an active way to explore the outdoors. vary the trails you use, from short and strenuous to long and gentle. activities like hiking are essential to managing the physical symptoms of arthritis, but they have other benefits, too. exercise improves sleep and helps combat the stress and depression that can accompany arthritis. train for strength strength training can protect and stabilize arthritic joints, improve functioning, and lessen pain. if joint movement is limited, isometric exercises that contract muscles without joint movement can be done. aim for two or three sessions per week and build up repetitions and weight gradually. check with an exercise specialist to make sure you are performing exercises correctly and safely. more reading on osteoarthritis


family : scolopacidae, sandpipers view all from this family description adult in summer plumage, has beautifully patterned brown, black, and white feather markings on back and upper wings. head, neck, and breast are streaked with brown, and underparts are mainly white, but with brown spots and barring on flanks. bill is usually all - dark. in winter, looks more pale with gray - brown overall feathers on back, and upper wings marked with marginal white spots and scallops. bill is pale at base. juvenile similar to winter adult, but feathers on back have buffy marginal spots and breast has obvious dark streaking. bill is paler at base. dimensions length : 14 " ( 36 cm ) habitat widespread and common breeding species in open, boggy, boreal forests. long - distance migrant that winters from southern u. s. to south america. usually found on coast ( mudflats and lagoons ) outside breeding season but, during migration, sometimes stages on lakes. observation tips distant birds can sometimes be identified with reasonable certainty because of their frenetic feeding habits. close views allow separation from lesser yellowlegs : concentrate on relative body sizes, and bill size and shape. range western canada, california, southeast, northwest, alaska, rocky mountains, southwest, florida, plains, eastern canada, great lakes, new england, mid - atlantic, texas voice utters a strident tiu - tiu - tiu in flight. song is a yodeling twee - ooo. discussion robust, elegant wading bird. extremely long, orange - yellow legs and long, relatively thick and slightly upturned bill make identification easy. however, confusion is possible with lesser yellowlegs, which is smaller and an altogether more dainty bird. feeds primarily in shallow water, catching aquatic invertebrates and small fish, but equally at home on open mudflats. often chases wildly, like a thing possessed, after prey. seen from above in flight, all birds have mainly dark upperparts, with contrasting white rump and pale - barred tail. typically rather wary and nervous. sexes are similar.


world emissions increase, renewables mitigate an estimated cumulative global total of 420 billion tonnes of co2 were emitted between 2000 and 2011 due to human activities, including deforestation. the rise in average global temperature to 2 degrees celcius above pre - industrial levels - the target internationally adopted in un climate negotiations - is possible only if cumulative co2 emissions in the period 2000 - 2050 do not exceed 1, 000 to 1, 500 billion tonnes. if the current global trend of increasing co2 emissions continues, cumulative emissions will surpass this limit within the next two decades. " fortunately, this trend is being mitigated by the expansion of renewable energy supplies, especially solar and wind energy and biofuels, " says the report released by the european commission ' s joint research centre ( jrc ) and the netherlands environmental assessment agency ( pbl ). the global share of these so - called modern renewables, which exclude hydropower, is growing at an accelerated speed and quadrupled from 1992 to 2011. " this potentially represents about 0. 8 billion tonnes of co2 emissions avoided as a result of using renewable energy supplies in 2011, which is close to germany ' s total co2 emissions in 2011, " the report ' trends in global co2 emissions ' says. per capita emissions in china reach eu level in china average emissions of co2 increased by 9 percent to 7. 2 tonnes per capita. china is now within the range of 6 to 19 tonnes per capita emissions of the major industrialized countries. in the european union, co2 emissions dropped by 3 percent to 7. 5 tonnes per capita. economic growth in china led to significant increases in fossil fuel consumption driven by construction and infrastructure expansion. the growth in cement and steel production caused china ' s domestic coal consumption to increase by 9. 7 percent. the united states remain one of the largest emitters of co2, with 17. 3 tonnes per capita, despite a decline due to the recession in 2008 - 2009, high oil prices and an increased share of natural gas. the top emitters contributing to the 34 billion tonnes of co2 emitted globally in 2011 are in percents : china ( 29 ), the united states ( 16 ), the european union ( 11 ), india ( 6 ), the russian federation ( 5 ) and japan ( 4 ). emissions from oecd countries now account for only one third of global co2 emissions - the same share as that of china and india combined options and help to give any feedback, click : http : / / www


my girlfriend is setting up her own business. it is something she had always wanted to do, but her being laid off in the wake of the current economic downturn – as we have come to call what might very well the new economic normality – kicked her into action. she is hardly the only one in this situation. all over the country there is a flurry of new business creations. in normal times, this would bode well for a country which has indeed coined the word " entrepreneur " but had forgotten it quite a long time ago. we are not in normal times however, and this unprecedented wave of entrepreneurship tells in fact of an deep economic insecurity which can only increase with the coming energy descent. it also announces the end of an economic arrangement which had shaped the western social landscape for nearly a century : the wage system. wage labor has become so common, so " normal " in today ' s society, that we have forgotten how marginal - – and despised - - it was before the industrial revolution. in agrarian societies wages were what farmhands, servants and journeymen got – - and for the last category it was considered temporary. all respectable working people were self employed, either owning or renting land or running a small – or even not so small – business. living on wages was something you did when you had no other choice, and, socially speaking, that put you a mere step above a beggar or a slave. it is particularly revealing that in latin, the word for wages has the same root as the word for prostitute. there were, of course exceptions, but they were not seen as such. journeymen lived on wages but, at least theoretically, it was, for them only a temporary step on the way to mastership and self - sufficiency. civil servants and officers – - privates were seen, not without reason, as the scum of the society – - also received a salary, but considered themselves as servants of the king in a relationship reminiscent of the old vassalage system. in many countries they bought their offices, which emphasized the fact they could live without it, should the need arise. it was not before the spread of the factory model during the xixth century that the wage system ceased being marginal, and this evolution was bitterly opposed by large sections of society. as the late christopher lasch pointed out in the true and only heaven, one of the early labor movement ' s goals was to stop and reverse the move toward " wage slavery ". karl marx is often quoted in


opposed by large sections of society. as the late christopher lasch pointed out in the true and only heaven, one of the early labor movement ' s goals was to stop and reverse the move toward " wage slavery ". karl marx is often quoted in that matter, but his archenemy, the anarchist proudhon held similar views, even if he favored a social organization based upon small property and cooperatives. both in europe and america, the abolition of the wage system was a major theme in early socialism. as the artisan model became restricted to a few professionals and farmers became a tiny minority, this theme lost its strength, however. union ' s focus shifted to getting higher wages, better career prospects and working conditions. with the sweeping reforms enacted by european governments after wwii, the status of wage laborer became more and more comfortable, since, along with a relatively high income, it offered some security and the ability to plan long term. it had indeed become costly for a company to fire somebody without a very good reasons – the unions were ever watchful – and in france at least lay offs were subject to a prior authorization from the state. the result was that wage labor became synonymous with job security and the ability to own a house and decently feed one ' s family. this system began to unravel after the first oil shock, as companies looked for workarounds, so they could dispose of unneeded workers. of course they found them – - ironically while in france a so - called socialist held the presidency. they began to resort to fixed term contracts and interim workers. large firms, such as my home town ' s shipyard shifted their manpower to contract manufacturers, retaining only core employees. ironically, but not without reason, this move out of " wage slavery " was, and is, as bitterly resisted by unions and left wing parties as the spread of the wage system had been in the xixth century. the ongoing collapse of the world economy has triggered a new step in this process. many small businesses have gone under and most large companies are struggling. my home town ' s shipyard, as a contractor for which my girlfriend worked, is starved for work and is down to laying off a significant part of its core employees. the result was that a lot of people found themselves jobless – less than in america since a large part of the french manpower works for the state or one of its subsidiaries and is essentially unfirable, but quite a lot nevertheless. those people – the majority of whom with very specialized skills – - turned


##less – less than in america since a large part of the french manpower works for the state or one of its subsidiaries and is essentially unfirable, but quite a lot nevertheless. those people – the majority of whom with very specialized skills – - turned to business creation out of desperation, because they felt they had no other way to make a living. many will fail, of course, and slip into permanent poverty – independent workers have no unemployment insurance in france. others will eke out a living with a few underpaid contracts – something the government has made easier by creating a special " self - entrepreneur " status for small businessmen, which basically means they can dispense with any decent accounting provided they pay a 21 % tax and have revenues smaller than 32. 000€ a year. a few will thrive – i expect my girlfriend to be among them, of course – - but what will matter is that the wage system will have been dealt another blow. as we advance further in the energy crisis and economic expansion becomes a thing of the past, we can expect wage labor to become increasingly restricted to a small core elite. even the administration, the stronghold of job security, is no longer safe. whole branches have been quietly sold out and while today ' s civil servants are sure to keep their job for life, barring some dramatic political upheaval, they will eventually retire, and they will be increasingly replaced by temporary workers or independent contractors. eventually, the bulk of the population will be self - employed, which, for most people will mean surviving hand - to - mouth by contracting either with whatever business remains or with local authorities... until, at some point, some crisis will sweep both away, and with them the last remnants of the wage system.


artificial sweeteners may contaminate water downstream of sewage treatment plants and even drinking water sewage treatment plants fail to remove artificial sweeteners completely from waste water. what ’ s more, these pollutants contaminate waters downstream and may still be present in our drinking water. thanks to their new robust analytical method, which simultaneously extracts and analyses seven commonly used artificial sweeteners, marco scheurer, heinz - jurgen brauch and frank thomas lange from the water technology center in karlsruhe, germany, were able to demonstrate the presence of several artificial sweeteners in waste water. their findings are published online this week in springer ’ s journal analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. a range of artificial sweeteners are commonly used in food and drinks, as well as drugs and sanitary products. the potential health risks of artificial sweeteners have been debated for some time. until now, only sucralose has been detected in aquatic environments. through the use of a new analytical method, the researchers were able to look for seven different artificial sweeteners ( cyclamate, acesulfame, saccharin, aspartame, neotame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and sucralose ) simultaneously, and show, for the first time, that a number of commonly used artificial sweeteners are present in german waste and surface water.


register of the national estate - archive the register of the national estate was closed in 2007 and is no longer a statutory list. all references to the register of the national estate were removed from the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) on 19 february 2012. the expiration or repeal of parts of the epbc act and the australian heritage council act 2003 relating to the register of the national estate does not diminish protection of commonwealth heritage places. these parts have been superseded by stronger ongoing heritage protection provisions under national environment law. the register of the national estate ( rne ) is now an archive of information about more than 13, 000 places throughout australia. the rne was originally established under the australian heritage commission act 1975 ( repealed ). under that act, the former australian heritage commission entered more than 13, 000 places in the register, including many places of local or state significance. the australian heritage commission act 1975 provided a basic level of statutory protection for places in the rne, limited to actions by the commonwealth. commonwealth agencies were required to avoid taking actions that would adversely affect places in the rne, unless there was no feasible and prudent alternative. in 1997 the council of australian governments agreed that heritage listing and protection should be the responsibility of the level of government best placed to deliver agreed outcomes. it was agreed that the commonwealth ' s involvement in environmental matters should focus on matters of national environmental significance, including world heritage properties and places of national significance. each state, territory and local government has a similar responsibility for its own heritage. this led to the creation of two new heritage lists in 2003. under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) the national heritage list includes places of outstanding heritage value to the nation, and the commonwealth heritage list includes heritage places owned or controlled by the commonwealth. the protection of heritage places for which the australian government is responsible continues under the epbc act. the epbc act not only protects heritage from actions by the commonwealth, it protects places in the national heritage list, in the commonwealth heritage list, and on commonwealth land. all proponents, not just the commonwealth, are required to seek approval for actions that could have a significant impact on the heritage values of these places. closure of the register following the 1997 agreement, there was a significant level of overlap between the rne and heritage lists at the national, state and territory, and local government levels. in line with the 1997 agreement, the australian government has phased out the rne as a statutory list. in 2003 the


was a significant level of overlap between the rne and heritage lists at the national, state and territory, and local government levels. in line with the 1997 agreement, the australian government has phased out the rne as a statutory list. in 2003 the australian parliament passed legislation to repeal the australian heritage commission act 1975, which established the rne, and to introduce a new system of heritage protection for nationally significant places under the epbc act and the australian heritage council act 2003. in 2006 the epbc act and the australian heritage council act 2003 were amended to freeze the rne and to provide for a five - year phasing out of statutory references to the rne. as a result of these changes to legislation : - on 1 january 2004 the responsibility for the rne was transferred from the former australian heritage commission to the australian heritage council. - on 19 february 2007 places could no longer be added to, or removed from, the rne. - on 19 february 2012 all references to the rne were removed from the epbc act and the australian heritage council act 2003. the rne is maintained on a non - statutory basis as a publicly available archive and educational resource. protection of places in the register the existence of an entry for a place in the rne does not in itself create a requirement to protect the place under commonwealth law. nevertheless, information in the register may continue to be current and may be relevant to statutory decisions about protection. rne places can be protected under the epbc act if they are also included in another commonwealth statutory heritage list or are owned or leased by the commonwealth. for example, rne places owned or leased by the commonwealth are protected from any action likely to have a significant impact on the environment. in addition, places in the rne may be protected under appropriate state, territory or local government heritage legislation. community information unit department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts tel : 1800 803 772 ( freecall ) - australian heritage week - public notices - asia - pacific focal point - australia ' s dinosaurs - managing commonwealth heritage places - australian heritage council - australian heritage places inventory ( ahpi ) - australian heritage database - australian heritage information - export permits - indigenous heritage - place managers network - historic shipwrecks program factsheet - patrimonito storyboard competition links to another web site opens a pop - up window


sea ice is frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface. blanketing millions of square kilometers, sea ice forms and melts with the polar seasons, affecting both human activity and biological habitat. in the arctic, some sea ice persists year after year, whereas almost all southern ocean or antarctic sea ice is " seasonal ice, " meaning it melts away and reforms annually. while both arctic and antarctic ice are of vital importance to the marine mammals and birds for which they are habitats, sea ice in the arctic appears to play a more crucial role in regulating climate. because they are composed of ice originating from glaciers, icebergs are not considered sea ice. most of the icebergs infesting north atlantic shipping lanes originate from greenland glaciers. global sea ice extent and concentration : what sensors on satellites are telling us about sea ice sea ice regulates exchanges of heat, moisture and salinity in the polar oceans. it insulates the relatively warm ocean water from the cold polar atmosphere except where cracks, or leads, in the ice allow exchange of heat and water vapor from ocean to atmosphere in winter. the number of leads determines where and how much heat and water are lost to the atmosphere, which may affect local cloud cover and precipitation. the seasonal sea ice cycle affects both human activities and biological habitats. for example, companies shipping raw materials such as oil or coal out of the arctic must work quickly during periods of low ice concentration, navigating their ships towards openings in the ice and away from treacherous multi - year ice that has accumulated over several years. many arctic mammals, such as polar bears, seals, and walruses, depend on the sea ice for their habitat. these species hunt, feed, and breed on the ice. studies of polar bear populations indicate that declining sea ice is likely to decrease polar bear numbers, perhaps substantially ( stirling and parkinson 2006 ). ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate. sea ice typically covers about 14 to 16 million square kilometers in late winter in the arctic and 17 to 20 million square kilometers in the antarctic southern ocean. the seasonal decrease is much larger in the antarctic, with only about three to four million square kilometers remaining at summer ' s end, compared to approximately seven to nine million square kilometers in the arctic. these maps provide examples of late winter and late summer ice cover in the two hemispheres. monitoring sea ice passive microwave satellite data represent the best method to monitor sea ice because of the ability


compared to approximately seven to nine million square kilometers in the arctic. these maps provide examples of late winter and late summer ice cover in the two hemispheres. monitoring sea ice passive microwave satellite data represent the best method to monitor sea ice because of the ability to show data through most clouds and during darkness. passive microwave data allow scientists to monitor the inter - annual variations and trends in sea ice cover. observations of polar oceans derived from these instruments are essential for tracking the ice edge, estimating sea ice concentrations, and classifying sea ice types. in addition to the practical use of this information for shipping and transport, these data add to the meteorological knowledge base required for better understanding climate. decline in arctic sea ice extent passive microwave satellite data reveal that, since 1979, winter arctic ice extent has decreased about 3. 6 percent per decade ( meier et al. 2006 ). antarctic ice extent is increasing ( cavalieri et al. 2003 ), but the trend is small. satellite data from the smmr and ssm / i instruments have been combined with earlier observations from ice charts and other sources to yield a time series of arctic ice extent from the early 1900s onward. while the pre - satellite records are not as reliable, their trends are in good general agreement with the satellite record and indicate that arctic sea ice extent has been declining since at least the early 1950s. in recent years, satellite data have indicated an even more dramatic reduction in regional ice cover. in september 2002, sea ice in the arctic reached a record minimum ( serreze et al. 2003 ), 4 percent lower than any previous september since 1978, and 14 percent lower than the 1979 - 2000 mean. in the past, a low ice year would be followed by a rebound to near - normal conditions, but 2002 was followed by two more low - ice years, both of which almost matched the 2002 record. taking these three years into account, the september ice extent trend for 1979 - 2004 declined by 7. 7 percent per decade ( stroeve et al. 2005 ). the year 2005 set a new record, dropping the estimated decline in end - of - summer arctic sea ice to approximately 8 percent per decade. although sea ice did not set a new record low in 2006, it did fall below normal for the fifth consecutive year. in 2007, sea ice broke all prior satellite records, reaching a record low a month before the end of melt season. through 2007, the september decline trend is now over 10 percent per decade. ( for current sea ice trends, visit nsidc


in 2007, sea ice broke all prior satellite records, reaching a record low a month before the end of melt season. through 2007, the september decline trend is now over 10 percent per decade. ( for current sea ice trends, visit nsidc ' s sea ice index cryospheric climate indicators. ) combined with record low summertime extent, arctic sea ice exhibited a new pattern of poor winter recovery. in the past, a low - ice year would be followed by a rebound to near - normal conditions, but 2002 was followed by two more low - ice years, both of which almost matched the 2002 record ( see arctic sea ice decline continues ). although wintertime recovery of arctic sea ice improved somewhat after 2006, wintertime extents have remained well below the long - term average. decline in arctic sea ice thickness sea ice thickness has likewise shown substantial decline in recent decades ( rothrock et al. 1999 ). using data from submarine cruises, rothrock and collaborators determined that the mean ice draft at the end of the melt season in the arctic has decreased by about 1. 3 meters between the 1950s and the 1990s. estimates based on measurements taken by nasa ' s icesat laser altimeter, first - year ice that formed after the autumn of 2007 had a mean thickness of 1. 6 meters. the ice formed relatively late in the autumn of 2007, and nsidc researchers had actually anticipated this first - year ice to be thinner, but it nearly equaled the thickness of 2006 and 2007. snow accumulation on sea ice helps insulate the ice from frigid air overhead, so sparse snowfall during the winter of 2007 - 2008 might have actually accelerated the sea ice ' s growth. greenhouse gases emitted through human activities and the resulting increase in global mean temperatures are the most likely underlying cause of the sea ice decline, but the direct cause is a complicated combination of factors resulting from the warming, and from climate variability. the arctic oscillation ( ao ) is a see - saw pattern of alternating atmospheric pressure at polar and mid - latitudes. the positive phase produces a strong polar vortex, with the mid - latitude jet stream shifted northward. the negative phase produces the opposite conditions. from the 1950s to the 1980s, the ao flipped between positive and negative phases, but it entered a strong positive pattern between 1989 and 1995. so the acceleration in the sea ice decline since the mid 1990s may have been partly triggered by the strongly positive ao mode during the preceding years ( rigor et al. 2002 and rigor and wallace 2004 ) that flushed older


pattern between 1989 and 1995. so the acceleration in the sea ice decline since the mid 1990s may have been partly triggered by the strongly positive ao mode during the preceding years ( rigor et al. 2002 and rigor and wallace 2004 ) that flushed older, thicker ice out of the arctic, but other factors also played a role. since the mid - 1990s, the ao has largely been a neutral or negative phase, and the late 1990s and early 2000s brought a weakening of the beaufort gyre. however, the longevity of ice in the gyre began to change as a result of warming along the alaskan and siberian coasts. in the past, sea ice in this gyre could remain in the arctic for many years, thickening over time. beginning in the late 1990s, sea ice began melting in the southern arm of the gyre, thanks to warmer air temperatures and more extensive summer melt north of alaska and siberia. moreover, ice movement out of the arctic through fram strait continued at a high rate despite the change in the ao. thus warming conditions and wind patterns have been the main drivers of the steeper decline since the late 1990s. sea ice may not be able to recover under the current persistently warm conditions, and a tipping point may have been passed where the arctic will eventually be ice - free during at least part of the summer ( lindsay and zhang 2005 ). examination of the long - term satellite record dating back to 1979 and earlier records dating back to the 1950s indicate that spring melt seasons have started earlier and continued for a longer period throughout the year ( serreze et al. 2007 ). even more disquieting, comparison of actual arctic sea ice decline to ipcc ar4 projections show that observed ice loss is faster than any of the ipcc ar4 models have predicted ( stroeve et al. 2007 ). disclaimer : this article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the national snow and ice data center. topic editors and authors for the encyclopedia of earth may have edited its content or added new information. the use of information from the national snow and ice data center should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by eoe personnel, or for any editing of the original content.


the first 2 - 3 years of life are so formative that the most fundamental and elementary ways that someone experiences and interacts with the world are set. personality changes throughout life, but less and less so. how the child deals with separation from the mother and his or her own sense of self lays a foundation for all later development. what qualities of being are required to move through the stages of development for the first 2 - 3 years of life? and what happens when some of these qualities are not fully present? basically, according to depth psychology the infant starts on a ‘ merged with the mother state ’ for the first 6 months or so. from there the baby begins a process of separating and individuating from the mother until 2 - 3 years old. the merged state that the child starts with is like a childhood enlightenment. there is little sense of difference or separation. it has a blissful quality that is sometimes interrupted by physical and emotional needs. how these needs are dealt with sets an initial and immediate sense of how the world is basically or bodily. safe, nourishing or not, at a very basic or bodily level. the dominant quality and the quality required in this early stage is a type of blended merged love, where the mother ’ s psyche and body are shared with the infant. this makes entry into the world of conditions safe, gradual and generally pleasant. if this merged love is not present or infrequently present or somehow dimmed then the baby will experience and begin to perceive the world in a less safe and positive way at the deep level of the body. next the child begins to differentiate themselves from the mother. the quality of strength is key here because he / she is separating themselves from the merged mother. strength slowly begins to take over as the primary quality of experience, instead of the merged type of love. ideally this is not strength in a contracted form, rather it is a bright uplifting yet relaxed feeling of capability. if the merged state did not go well ( needs were not met ) then it is likely that ego has already taken on a more rigid and defensive structure. this naturally blocks out the natural feelings of goodness of reality because the child is more self focused toward a false self. it also sets the stage for the strength, which is needed to differentiate, to arise in an ‘ egoic condition ’. additionally, trauma at this differentiation stage can cause the more rigid, being - blocking form of ego. trauma at these early periods is particularly damaging for obvious reasons. fundamental issues ( around separation,


differentiate, to arise in an ‘ egoic condition ’. additionally, trauma at this differentiation stage can cause the more rigid, being - blocking form of ego. trauma at these early periods is particularly damaging for obvious reasons. fundamental issues ( around separation, survival, etc. ) can centralize themselves in the blueprint for living which is being formed! but let ’ s assume things go ideally in the merged state and differentiation happens ideally ; the baby feels strong, able and happy. the next stage involves experiencing limitation, the limitations of his / her little body in the conditional world. if the mother, and to a lesser degree the father ( most commonly ) deals with the child ’ s attempt to remerge in a healthy supportive way, that both loves the child but encourages them to venture out strongly, then a quality of strength and ability will be added to a quality of merged safe love at the deep level of body. if the attempt to remerge is not dealt with well the child will end up too merged with the parent or too separate and independent. if the parent clings to the child the child will stay more merged. if the parent rejects the child, then the child will be more separate. in either case the love quality of being or the strength quality of being is diminished to a type of enmeshment or separateness. in a typical “ softy ” or “ meany ” personality style. next the child individualizes and develops their own sense of individuality and personality. the primary quality here is individuality. this individuality is not based on egoic separateness ideally, but instead forms a unique personality that is fully connected to being. any number of things can happen in this stage and cause the personality to become more contracted and further away from being. the contracted form of the individuality quality is something like the personality of ego ( often called the false self ). around four years old the child enters an oedipal phase where each child develops a sense of their ‘ boyness ’ or ‘ girlness ’ and what this means. the child develops the ability to polarize love, and years later to romanticize love. this is furthered by the biological development. freud was absolutely correct that a sexual self sense begins to form when a child realizes their gender and begins to integrate it into their personality. this sexual self sense, unless addressed, will underlie all romantic connections to follow. of course, it will change and further events will influence one ’ s romantic ability, but one ’ s basic sense of


this release is available in french. your blood and the level of a hormone in your spit could reveal if you ' re on the point of burnout, according to research undertaken by dr. sonia lupien and robert - paul juster of the centre for studies on human stress of louis - h. lafontaine hospital and the university of montreal. in addition to professional and personal suffering, burnout puts distressed workers at further risk of physical and psychological problems if ignored. this is significant, as burnout, clinical depression, or anxiety related to the workplace affects at least 10 % of north americans and europeans, according to estimates prepared by the international labor organization. " we hypothesized that healthy workers with chronic stress and with mild burnout symptoms would have worse physiological dysregulations and lower cortisol levels – a profile consistent with burnout, " juster explained. cortisol is a stress hormone involved in our bodies stress response and naturally as part of our body ' s daily rhythm. cortisol levels are often high in people suffering from depression, while it tends to be low in cases of burnout. too much cortisol can be as bad as too little when it comes to both mental and physical health. chronic stress and misbalanced cortisol levels can exert a kind of domino effect on connected biological systems. the term " allostatic load " represents the physiological problems or ' wear and tear ' that ensue in these different systems related to risks for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and immune problems. by looking at various factors such as insulin, sugar, cholesterol, blood pressure, and inflammation, an allostatic load index can be constructed and then used to detect problems before they occur. " the strength of the allostatic load model is its flexible inclusion of numerous biological systems that get strained by chronic stress. complementary use of saliva samples and validated questionnaires allows us to go beyond measuring susceptibilities to, say, metabolic syndromes or heart problems, but also into the realm of mental health, " juster said. the results of this first pilot study were obtained by testing thirty middle - aged participants. in addition to undergoing routine blood measures that assessed allostatic load, participants were instructed to collect saliva at home and during a laboratory paradigm. they also filled out questionnaires related to their current stress levels as well as symptoms of depression and burnout. this research is part of a greater effort to develop personalized medicine in this field