> hello list, > i am trying to understand what is the design process ( intellectual, that > is ) when building a program in erlang. > indeed, in the object oriented world, i would start by finding what my > classes might be and the relationship between them. gradually i would add > functions ( class or instance methods ) to the classes in order to provide > solid foundations on top of which i can write an application. > for example, i could have person, profile, role, feature, etc... and > decide a profile is a collection of features. a person can have 0 or many > roles. a role is a profile on a given area ( a department for example ) for a > given time. i would then add functions such as " give all the active roles > for the user " or " what features give that profile " or " does the user have a > given feature for that department ". > i admit it is more complexe than that, but you get the idea. > obviously, this doesn ' t seem to be the way to go with erlang. intuitively, > i would start making a list of all the functions which will allow me to > interract with my application. in that case i could have " give me all users > with an active role on that department ", etc... then by implementing those > high level functions i would split them into pieces by calling smaller > simpler functions. the underlying data structure will " just follow " or > " appear " naturally. > hence : object oriented design is " data structure and relationships first, > functions second " and functional design is " functions first, data structure > am i being over simplistic here. are there some guidelines as to how one > can approach a problem when creating a new program? especially programs > which deal with persistent data, not protocole analysers or socket servers! > alexander lamb > founding associate > rodanotech sarl > 4 ch. de la tour de champel > 1206 geneva > tel : 022 347 77 37 > fax : 022 347 77 38 > erlang - questions mailing list - - - - - - - - - - - - - - next part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - an html attachment was scrubbed... more information about the erlang - questions


brussels, 27 november 2003 travelling with pets : pet passports to be introduced in july 2004 the european commission today adopted a decision establishing a model passport which will allow pets and their owners to travel more easily within the european union. new eu legislation ( 1 ) comes into force in july 2004 which will mean all cats, dogs and ferrets will need a passport to travel. the pet passport, a veterinary document, will provide proof that the animal has been vaccinated against rabies. this is the sole requirement for pets to travel to all member states except ireland, sweden and the united kingdom ( 2 ). the passport can also contain details of other vaccinations, including those not required by law, as well as information on the animal ' s medical history. david byrne, the eu health and consumer protection commissioner said : " this is great news for pet owners like myself. a pet passport will be accepted throughout the eu as proof that a pet has received the anti - rabies vaccination. it also makes it easier for vets to learn about the pet ' s medical history. this is a significant step for the free movement of people and their pets and a step that was made possible by dramatic advances made in our fight against rabies. rabies is now close to being totally eradicated from the eu ". why do pets need passports? harmonised veterinary controls on the movement of animals between member states for trade have been in place for some time. the same rules do not exist for pets. member states require many different documents to prove a pet meets the veterinary conditions required for travel. regulation 998 / 2003 harmonised the rules on travelling with pets to make it easier for eu citizens and their cats or dogs to enjoy the freedom of movement within the union. from 3 july 2004 the regulation will require cats, dogs and ferrets to have a pet passport. it will provide proof that the animal has been vaccinated against rabies. this is the sole requirement for pets to travel to all member states except ireland, sweden and the united kingdom. the pet passport will be accepted in all member states. it can also contain details of other vaccinations and clinical examinations to give a clear picture of the animal ' s health status. this will facilitate veterinary checks and provide evidence of good health for a pet travelling to third countries free of rabies or where the disease is under control. what will the passport look like? the pet passport will measure 100 x 152 mm with a blue cover and the yellow stars of the european emblem


of good health for a pet travelling to third countries free of rabies or where the disease is under control. what will the passport look like? the pet passport will measure 100 x 152 mm with a blue cover and the yellow stars of the european emblem. the languages used will be english and the official language of the member state where the passport is issued. the words " european union " and the name of the member state will appear on the cover, along with the passport number which is the iso code of the member state followed by a unique number. what difference will it make? travelling with pets will become much easier. all the different documents needed for travel into each member state will be replaced by one veterinary document, the pet passport, which will be recognised across the eu. visits to the vet will also become much more straightforward as the passport can instantly inform the vet about the pet ' s medical history. more information : ip / 02 / 950. if you would like to receive a copy of the passport electronically, please send an e - mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org, indicating the language. ( 1 ) regulation 998 / 2003. ( 2 ) pets travelling to ireland, sweden and the united kingdom from the rest of the eu need to have an antibody titration test several months after the rabies vaccination to check it has been effective. the uk and ireland also require pets to be treated for ticks and tapeworm ( echinococcus ) as part of the pets travel scheme ( pets ). pets travelling to sweden need to follow different procedures according to the country of origin.


block island is located at the eastern end of long island sound at 41. 2° north and 71. 5° west. it is composed of 7, 000 acres, and is seven miles long and three miles across. the island is a part of washington county, rhode island as the town of new shoreham, located about 14 miles of the rhode island coast at point judith. the island has about 1000 year round residents, which grows to over 10000 residents and visitors during the summer months. the geography of the island is dominated by the great salt pond near the center of the island, and is the location of the main harbor for the island. block island was created during the last ice age, when large glaciers spread across new england, carving out the landscape and depositing large piles of debris off the coast. this debris was then compacted by the glaciers, and created many of the islands to the south of new england, including nantucket, martha ' s vineyard, long island, and block island. the island was the home to the manissean tribe, which was a part of the narragansett tribes that lived along the coast. dutch explorer adriaen block explored the island in 1614. after being shipwrecked near manhattan a year before, block went on to explore the connecticut river and much of the coast of long island sound. the island now bears his name. the first settlers to the island came from the massachusetts bay colony in 1661, and it was incorporated as a town in the colony of rhode island in 1672. like many of the other small islands located off the southern coast of new england, block island remained isolated from the mainland. many of the inhabitants of the island survived by fishing or farming what they could out of the rocky soil. the invention of the steam engine in the early 1800 ' s changed the course of life on the island. because of the efficiency of the new steam ships, it was now easy and convenient for tourists to visit the island during the warm months. a large harbor and several new hotels were built to accommodate tourists visiting from connecticut and new york city. the invention of the automobile made tourism on the mainland easier, and the tourist industry began to decline. the island reinvented itself as a rustic fishing community. more recently, the island has witnessed a resurgence in tourism, but without the heavy bustle of the 1800 ' s. today, a stay on block island is more about relaxation than most other new england tourist spots. the seas around block island are notorious among sailors for the shallow


has witnessed a resurgence in tourism, but without the heavy bustle of the 1800 ' s. today, a stay on block island is more about relaxation than most other new england tourist spots. the seas around block island are notorious among sailors for the shallow shoals and frequent fog. between 1819 and 1838, 59 ships were wrecked on or near the island. lighthouses were soon built on the north and southeast ends of the island in order to prevent such tragedies. block island north light this lighthouse was built in 1829, composed to two lights facing opposite directions. however, this did not prevent the schooner " warrior " from wrecking on nearby sandy shoals a few years later, killing 21 sailors. shifting sand threatened the building, and a new lighthouse was built a little farther inland in 1837. sailors still complained that the lights were too dim on the house, making it nearly useless on foggy seas. another new lighthouse was built in 1857, and this one too was threatened by sand. finally, the current lighthouse was built in 1869 by a contractor from fall river, massachusetts for $ 15000. the building is made out of granite with an iron tower containing a fresnel lens, and looks much like other lighthouses along long island sound. while originally lit by kerosene, the lighthouse was given a rotating electrified light in 1940. the light was automated in 1956, and eventually replaced with a steel structure located closer to the beach in 1973. after a massive restoration by the town of new shoreham, the north light was placed back into active service in the august 5, 1989, with it ' s bottom floor restored as a museum. block island southeast light this lighthouse was originally supposed to be built in 1857, but the money was diverted to reconstructing the north light instead. in 1872, local nicholas ball petitioned the government to build a lighthouse on the south end of the island, as many ships were in danger. congress again gave money for construction, and the southeast light was completed in 1875. the lighthouse is the tallest light in new england. the lighthouse is unlike any other on the new england coast, made with a combination of italianate and gothic revival architectural styles. it was built by t. h. tynan of staten island. the entire structure is built of brick, with a granite foundation. a 2 - story keeper ' s house is attached to the tower, which is capped by an iron lantern. the light was equipped with a kerosene - powered fog horn in 1906. after being destroyed by a fire, the fog


granite foundation. a 2 - story keeper ' s house is attached to the tower, which is capped by an iron lantern. the light was equipped with a kerosene - powered fog horn in 1906. after being destroyed by a fire, the fog signal was replaced in 1972. because of the gradual erosion of the cliff edge near the lighthouse ( at one point nearly 50 feet away from the structure ), the lighthouse was moved 300 feet further inland in 1994, at a cost of $ 2 million. the lens for the light was replaced with another fresnel lens from cape lookout light in north carolina, and was relit on august 24, 1994. this lighthouse is now listed on the national register of historic places. block island is home to a very unique ecology. over 40 animals and plants that are found on the island are rare or endangered species, and this has brought the attention of both state and local governments. the town of new shoreham, as well as other local environmental organizations, have been putting forth money and resources to reserve parts of block island as nature reserves. one can get to block island by ferry from narragansett, new london, or riverhead, or on a new england airlines flight out of westerly. @ @ n41. 19, w71. 57 @ @


for those of you who don ' t want to read the entire node a summary can be gleaned by reading the bold sections. like this? hate this? / msg great neb and tell me. philip ii, king of spain philip ii succeeded his father, charles v as king of spain. with this title came lands in the netherlands, milan, sicily, naples and the new world. philip was groomed for sovereignty from an early age and had extensive experience of ruling when he inherited the throne in 1556 due to his father ' s abdication. this was in stark opposition to his father ' s inexperience and youth upon his ascension. however despite this apparent advantage combined with his greatly diminished responsibility - charles v gave the holy roman empire and the habsburg lands to his brother ferdinand of habsburg - philip failed to prevent the loss of the netherlands to calvinist rebels or to take advantage of french weakness during his reign. he did manage to annex portugal in 1580 and he continued to expand spanish control in the new world. philip ' s biggest problem was money and he went bankrupt four times during his reign. philip was the subject of much malignment through the black legend, a series of writings designed to discredit their catholic opponents. these works are exaggerated and best and completely untrue at worst. known as el prudente in his native spain he had nothing of the wild hatred of heretics that he is accused of harboring. he was a cautious, perhaps over cautious, planner and thinker who considered all things carefully before making a decision. isabella = charles v, holy roman emperor, charles i of spain of portugal | of habsburg ( 1503 - 39 ) | ( 1500 - 58 ) | ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ philip ii, king of spain = ( 1 ) maria = ( 2 ) mary tudor = ( 3 ) elizabeth = ( 4 ) anne of habsburg | of portugal | of england | of valois | of austria ( 1527 - 98 ) | ( 1527 - 45 ) x ( 1516 - 58 ) | ( 1545 - 68 ) | ( 1549 - 80 ) | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | | | | | don carlos | catalina = charles philibert | of habsburg | of habsburg | of savoy | ( 1545 - 68 ) | ( 1567 - 1597 ) | ( 1562 - 1630 ) | | | | isabella = albert | | of habsburg | of habsburg


= charles philibert | of habsburg | of habsburg | of savoy | ( 1545 - 68 ) | ( 1567 - 1597 ) | ( 1562 - 1630 ) | | | | isabella = albert | | of habsburg | of habsburg ↓ | ( 1566 - 1633 ) x ( 1559 - 1621 ) | | | | | | ferdinand carlos lorenzo diego philip iii maria of habsburg of habsburg of habsburg of habsburg of habsburg ( 1571 - 78 ) ( 1573 - 75 ) ( 1575 - 82 ) ( 1578 - 1621 ) ( 1580 - 83 ) x denotes died without issue his early life philip was born in valladolid on 21 may 1527, the first son of isabella of portugal and charles v. much like his parents he was, according to the venetian ambassador, paolo tiepolo, " slight of stature and round - faced with very pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lips and pink skin ". he also possessed the distinctive habsburg chin that was large and stuck out. his early education primarily fell to martinez siliceo and bartholome de carranze and other specialist scholars. it soon became clear that, as g woodward puts it, " philip was an aesthete, not an athlete ". charles intended to groom his son for kingship from an early age and at twelve philip attended council meetings. at sixteen philip became regent of spain and in his twenties he travelled to milan, the holy roman empire, the netherlands and england. in 1543 he married his cousin, maria of portugal but she died only two years later with birth of his first son don carlos. during the next decade philip continued to play a major part in ruling his father ' s dominions throughout europe. in 1554 philip married mary tudor, queen of england. the marriage was purely political and mary was ten years philip ' s senior. philip himself did not care for mary in the slightest and could not stand to spend time with her, for her part mary was obsessed with him. philip and religion for philip the church and his catholic faith was the centre of his life. no decision could be made without consulting his spiritual advisers and when looking at his decisions one must bare in mind the key part that his faith played in his choices. philip was extremely pious from an early age, inspired by his mother, isabella of portugal. he attended mass daily throughout his life and his great palace el escorial was also a jeronimite monastary. most importantly god ' s omniscience meant that events


early age, inspired by his mother, isabella of portugal. he attended mass daily throughout his life and his great palace el escorial was also a jeronimite monastary. most importantly god ' s omniscience meant that events were always as he desired them and could be no other way. when his advisers questioned his plans or opinions in even the most respectful way he would often fall back on an argument of god ' s will. philip saw himself as god ' s tool on earth and he believed he had been given a mission by god. this messianic imperialism often annoyed his advisers and as the duke of parma remarked in 1586, " one day god will grow tired of working miracles for us " nevertheless religion continued to be the driving force in many of philip ' s decisions, " the cause of religion must take precedence over everything " - philip ii 1591. his wars against england, the dutch rebels and the turks all had religious motivations behind them. despite this as g parker " it happened that these goals [ religious ones ] coincided with philip ' s perception of spain ' s political interests, and this congruence ' between god ' s service and mine ' no doubt played a part in his numerous decisions to go to war " religion remained the cornerstone of philip ' s policy making and often presented problems when war could no longer be sustained and a peace agreement needed to be reached. he would not compromise over religion, stating in 1566 to the pope " i would rather lose all my lands and a hundred lives if i had them because i do not propose to be a ruler over heretics " philip : a bureaucrat philip was one of the first monarchs to have to deal with the huge increase in information that occurred during the 16th century. communications from all over his vast empire would be supplemented by a huge number of domestic issues that were now dealt with centrally under philip ' s extremely centralised government. on top of this all ambassadors and spanish contacts at foreign contacts at the european courts would send information to philip and his government. philip insisted on reading all of this information personally and making a decision himself. this became one of his most significant problems with governing his empire, his inability to delegate. philip continued to use the concilliar system of his father, charles v, to govern where possible. this consisted of a number of councils as follows : | the king | | councils | councils | | | | _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _


, to govern where possible. this consisted of a number of councils as follows : | the king | | councils | councils | | | | _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | | | | | | | | council of | | inquisition | | castile | _ _ _ | indies | | state ( 1522 ) | | ( 1483 ) | | ( 1480 ) | | ( 1524 ) | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | | | _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | | | | | | | | council of | | military | | aragon | _ _ _ | italy | | war ( 1517 ) | | orders 1495 | | ( 1481 ) | | ( 1555 ) | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | | | | | cruxada | | portugal | | ( 1509 ) | | ( 1582 ) | | | | | | finance | | flanders | | ( 1523 ) | | ( 1588 ) | note : the dates are the foundation dates of the individual councils the council of state was the supreme council along with the council of war and together they governed the empire, subordinate only to philip. the remaining councils dealt with their own specific area as is implied by their names with the cruxada dealing with crusades. additional councils could be set up to deal with specific issues, such as the armada. philip rarely sat in on the council of state but did attend the council of castile once a week. he insisted that all councils report all their meetings to him on paper. he considered personal meetings inefficient and unproductive. the spanish court was traditionally conducted on an aural basis and so this


the council of castile once a week. he insisted that all councils report all their meetings to him on paper. he considered personal meetings inefficient and unproductive. the spanish court was traditionally conducted on an aural basis and so this often irritated those at court, with don luis manrique, the king ' s almoner, angrily remarking, " god did not send your majesty and all the other kings to spend their time on earth so that they could hide themselves away reading and writing, or even meditating or praying. " this policy of micro - management meant that above all, each decision took a very long time, as pope pius v " your majesty spends so long considering your undertakings that when the moment to perform them comes the occasion has passed and the money has been spent. " or as cardinal granvelle " if death came from spain, i should be immortal " charles mortgaged the future for the sake of the present philip ' s father, charles v had ruled over a huge european empire comprising of spain, parts of italy, the netherlands and the holy roman empire. he had experienced great troubles in attempting to govern such a huge area, so spread throughout europe. as he neared the end of his reign he decided to divide his territories and his son philip was to inherit spain, her territories in the new world and italy and the netherlands. charles left his son a number of pieces of advice including writing a " manual ", often referred to as his ' political testament ' for government that instructed philip in the ways of ruling and contained charles ' thoughts on the most troublesome areas of his empire. as later as 1600 the spanish ambassador in savoy reminded his sovereign of " what his majesty the emperor said in the instructions that he gave the later king our lord philip ii " and suggested that its strategic analysis still held good. philip himself clearly valued these pieces of advice, as he told a councillor in 1559 : " i remember a lesson that his majesty [ charles ] taught me very many years ago and things have gone well for me when i followed it and very badly when i did not " charles ' political testament is often considered to be an extremely shrewd summary of the political problems likely to face philip during his reign. here are some extracts : " common sense and experience show that unless you watch and take the trouble to understand the actions of other states and rulers, and maintain friends and informants in all areas, it will be difficult if not impossible to live in peace, or to avoid, oppose, and


and experience show that unless you watch and take the trouble to understand the actions of other states and rulers, and maintain friends and informants in all areas, it will be difficult if not impossible to live in peace, or to avoid, oppose, and remedy anything that is attempted against you and your possessions... especially since ( as i have already noted ) they are separated from another, and the object of envy. " " avoiding war and keeping it at bay is not always in the power of those who want it... especially of those who rule realms as great and as numerous and as far - flung as god, in his goodness, has given me and which, if he pleases, i shall leave to you. rather this depends on the good or ill will of neighbours and other states. " both these points succinctly summarise some of the difficulties that charles faced and that philip was to face. while philip was not such an obvious subject for jealousy as charles ( not possessing the holy roman empire ) he was still the most powerful european monarch and on many occasions natural allies would oppose him fearing an increase in spain ' s power. both quotes emphasise the troubles of that the geographical location of philip ' s territories would cause him. " the preservation, peace and grandeur of spain depends on the affairs of italy being well ordered " philip was able to gain almost entire control of large parts of italy at the beginning of his reign following his defeat of the french. this, combined with the weak divided nature of the french nation throughout the latter part of the 16th century, gave him the required well ordered affairs in italy. this proved of some advantage when attacking the turks and in maintaining access to his lands in the netherlands " your treasury will be in such a state [ when you succeed me ] that it will give you a lot of trouble " this was certainly an accurate appraisal, if a little obvious and he proceeded to recommend, " attend closely to finances and learn to understand the problems involved. " however, as g. woodward points out " neither charles nor philip paid much attention to this aphorism " and in this perhaps lay philip ' s downfall and with it the downfall of spain. ascension of philip and defeat of france on 22 october 1555 charles v abdicated in the netherlands and ceded his territories there to philip ii. this was followed on 16 jan 1556 with the abdication of charles v in spain and philip ' s ascension. philip now ruled over the netherlands, spain and all spain ' s territories including


in the netherlands and ceded his territories there to philip ii. this was followed on 16 jan 1556 with the abdication of charles v in spain and philip ' s ascension. philip now ruled over the netherlands, spain and all spain ' s territories including those in the new world. he had inherited his father ' s mantle of the most powerful monarch in europe. only one man could challenge him - suleiman the magnificent, ottoman sultan. the ottoman turks had been steadily encroaching on the austrian habsburg lands throughout his father ' s reign and now they were to challenge him in the mediterranean. philip inherited a war from charles v that had started in 1550 and was to continue to 1578. this battle was vital to spain as many spaniards saw the mediterranean as spain ' s true sphere of influence. however in the 1550s tripoli, penon de velez and bougie fell to the turks and philip knew that if the coast of africa became turkish communications with naples and sicily ( both spanish territories ) would be seriously threatened. despite this threat philip ' s primary concern when he came to power was france. the valois kings of france and the habsburg holy roman emperors had been enemies for decades and philip now had to deal with this rivalry. italy and the netherlands had traditionally been the battle grounds for the valois / habsburgs conflicts. inheriting his father ' s conflict in italy philip sent alva at the head of a 12, 000 strong army to threaten the pope into peace. the army proved a suitably persuasive tool and while francis, duke of guise suffered defeat at civitella the pope was forced to capitulate. philip ' s clement terms for the papacy in the subsequent peace treaty won him the support of all major states in italy. a number of skirmishes followed in the next two years but neither henry ii of france nor philip ii could afford to continue the costly war and peace talks got underway at cateau - cambresis. the talks proved successful for philip. he had to sacrifice calais ( as king of england he had a claim to it ) but he retained savoy and all of the italian states. to seal the treaty philip married elizabeth of valois, henry ' s daughter. with france now dealt with philip was free to concentrate on the mediterranean. in 1560 his fleet sailed out only to be defeated by the turks and eight galleys and 10, 000 men were captured. philip busied himself assembling a large fleet and in 1564 a spanish fleet recaptured penon de velez and in september


1560 his fleet sailed out only to be defeated by the turks and eight galleys and 10, 000 men were captured. philip busied himself assembling a large fleet and in 1564 a spanish fleet recaptured penon de velez and in september 1565 spanish vessels lifted the siege of malta. philip had established spanish control in the mediterranean, defeated france, won italy and seen his great rival, henry ii of france, die in a jousting accident in 1559. philip had passed the early test of his reign but troubles lay over the horizon. from these promising beginnings troubles began to arise for philip. in 1568 the moriscos, converted muslims, revolted in spain. the moriscos had been increasingly discriminated against, their primary source of income, the silk trade, had gone into recession and the harvest failed in 1567. in addition the moriscos still resented their forcible conversion in 1526 and many had not changed their ways at all, they remained a predominantly non - christian element in spain. the discrimination against the moriscos culminated on 1st january 1567 with a royal decree banning moorish literature, songs, dress and traditional customs. the war was extremely bloody and atrocities were committed on both sides. at medena, for example, the curate was filled with gunpowder and blown up by muslim rebels. don john of austria, the spanish leader, ordered the entire population of galera, about 2, 500 men, women and children, to be put to death in february 1570. perhaps the cruellest blow came with philip ' s solution to the revolt, the deportation and resettlement of all morsicos throughout spain. the moriscos were uprooted with few or none of their possessions and moved all over spain. although they were no longer able to rebel the policy had no success in integrating the moriscos into spanish society. whilst spain ' s morisco revolt was crushed philip ' s subjects in the netherlands were making their voices heard. the nobility resented philip ' s attempts to increase his control, the presence of spanish troops and they wanted toleration for their calvinist faith. philip ' s natural sister, margaret of parma, was his governor general in the netherlands and she panicked, fearing that she was losing control. she wrote to philip claiming that the netherlands was in outright calvinist rebellion, a completely exaggerated claim. philip prepared to send an army to the netherlands under the command of the duke of alva. the army arrived in the netherlands expecting a country in a disar


to philip claiming that the netherlands was in outright calvinist rebellion, a completely exaggerated claim. philip prepared to send an army to the netherlands under the command of the duke of alva. the army arrived in the netherlands expecting a country in a disarray and rebellion. when they arrived they found an entirely ordered and calm country. not one to be deterred by such minor matters alva proceeded to persecute the dutch until a rebellion actually occurred. this rebellion would result in 78 years of conflict, broken only by the twelve year truce between 1609 and 1621. alva remained in control of the netherlands until 1572 when william of orange invaded with the help of the sea beggars. he succeeded in taking the northern states of holland and zealand and these states became the base for the dutch / spanish conflict. alva was recalled in 1573 and replaced by don luis de requesens y zuniga. this has little success though and requesens dies in 1576 having achieved little. the next governor general, don john of austria, took over 6 months to arrive and it while the spanish forces remained leaderless the dutch signed the pacification of ghent. calling a truce between the spanish and rebel territories. the turks returned as a threat after philip ' s victories in 1564 and 65. the mounting problem prompted pope pius v to form a holy league comprising of the papacy, venice and spain. philip reluctantly agreed and in october 1571 the league fleet scored an astounding victory over the turks at lepanto. the fleet, commanded by don john of austria, philip ' s half brother, captured over half the turkish ships and killed 30, 000 turks. this was the worst naval defeat for the turks since 1402. the defeat marked a key point in the ongoing battle for control of the mediterranean and historians have argued that after this the mediterranean no longer held the same level of significance for spain. by 1578 philip appeared to be facing a united netherlands aided by a recovering france, a protestant england and german nobility. he had declared bankruptcy in 1575 for the third time. more importantly at the age of 51 his eldest son was only three and many spaniard believed that his death would result in the collapse of spain. despite these problems philip recovered over the next decade to annex portugal and make significant gains in the netherlands thanks to his new governor general, allesandro farnese, duke of parma. unification of the iberian peninsula and religious war sebastian i, king of portugal disappeared whilst crusading against the turks and he was


and make significant gains in the netherlands thanks to his new governor general, allesandro farnese, duke of parma. unification of the iberian peninsula and religious war sebastian i, king of portugal disappeared whilst crusading against the turks and he was assumed killed at alcazarquivir in morocco. his heir was his great - uncle henry. unfortunately, as g woodward puts it henry was a " deaf, half - blind, toothless, sixty - six - year - old cardinal who was far from well when he surprisingly married the thirteen - year - old daughter of the duchess of braganca ; a ". henry died on 31 january 1580 and philip had a claim to the throne through his mother, isabella of portugal, daughter of manuel i. philip acted quickly sending representatives to portugal to win over the nobility. by june he had sufficient support to send in an army of 37, 000 troops. the army swiftly dealt with don antonio, an illegitimate son of henry ' s brother and philip gained control of portugal. he was recognised as king of portugal in april 1581 and the iberian peninsula was unified. philip ' s fortunes in the netherlands began to turn as parma showed his military prowess by retaking a number of key towns and forcing the rebels back into their stronghold of holland and zealand. the unification of the netherlands was over and the catholic southern provinces united under spain with union of arras while the northern rebels signed the union of utrecht, both in 1579. the rebels were successful in enlisting help from the english who signed the treaty of nonsuch in 1585 pledging key support to the rebels. despite this they were still decidedly on the defensive. william of orange, the rebel leader, had been assassinated in 1584 by a catholic fanatic and the rebels now remained unsure of direction and in danger of succumbing to parma. however philip ' s later insistence that parma take a quick jaunt into france cost the spanish valuable territory. in france henry iii was proving to be a foolhardy and incompetent king and philip had to intervene on numerous occasions with troops to aid the catholic league. he had been funding the guise family and the league in their religious war for some years yet henry ' s indecision and attempts to play the huguenots and catholics off against each other had caused further troubles. although the situation in france distracted philip it was not until 1589 with the assassination of henry iii that the situation became truly desperate. england ' s involvement in the netherlands had forced philip to consider strategies for launching


off against each other had caused further troubles. although the situation in france distracted philip it was not until 1589 with the assassination of henry iii that the situation became truly desperate. england ' s involvement in the netherlands had forced philip to consider strategies for launching an assault on britain. the plans for the enterprise of england would take two years but they culminated in one of the largest fleets ever assembled and one the most famous naval battles in history. in 1588 the spanish armada set sail from lisbon and travelled along the coast of france to the english channel. a series of events ( detailed in the spanish armada node ) resulted in the resounding defeat of the armada, an enterprise that had cost philip 10 million ducats. the defeat was a blow to the prestige of spain and of philip but more importantly it had failed to end english aid to the dutch rebels and as parma was distracted by events in france the rebels were able to win back many of the towns taken by him. the damage was so great that by 1594 the rebels held all land which they could hope to lay claim to. philip ' s hopes of retaining a united netherlands under spain had evaporated and without parma there was no real chance of future success. in france king henry iii was assassinated in 1589 and henry iv, a protestant, immediately claimed the throne. he had already proved his military prowess and he laid siege to paris. he had defeated the armies of the guise family and the catholic league and it was clear that the fall of paris was imminent. philip decided that should paris fall the catholic cause would be lost so in 1590 he ordered parma to leave the netherlands and relieve paris. parma successfully did this and henry iv was forced to give up his siege. however henry iv was able to continue his successful manoeuvrings around france and he managed to take more and more cities. philip was forced to send parma back into france in 1592. parma again showed his reputation as one of the best generals in europe was deserved as he out manoeuvred henry ' s forces and relieved rouen. parma, however, died on his return journey to the netherlands and philip lost both a great general and a valued adviser. philip is viewed differently by historians. traditionally he has been seen as a bungler whose insistence on micro - management and bureaucracy caused huge problems for his regents, espcially with the size of his empire. however recent historians, particularly geoffrey parker and henry kamen have taken a more kindly view towards philip ' s efforts. henry kamen believes that, " philip


management and bureaucracy caused huge problems for his regents, espcially with the size of his empire. however recent historians, particularly geoffrey parker and henry kamen have taken a more kindly view towards philip ' s efforts. henry kamen believes that, " philip was never at any time in adequate control of events, or of his kingdoms, or even of his own destiny. it follows that he cannot be held responsible for more than a small part of what eventually transpired during his reign... he was ' imprisoned with a destiny in which he himself had little hand '. he could do little more than play the dice available to him " while a kinder view of philip than historians have so far presented is perhaps merited one must not fall into the trap of blindly following modern revisionist historians. philip made a number of mistakes during his reign and his policy of micro management caused him and spain a number of serious problems, not least of which were financial. in 1556 philip did not inherit a healthy treasury but as the following table shows he left it in an even worse state for his son, philip iii. | estimated | national | debt | income | debt | interest 1560 | 3. 1 | 25. 5 | 1. 6 1575 | 5. 5 | 40. 0 | 2. 7 1598 | 9. 7 | 85. 5 | 4. 6 philip ' s son, philip iii, is commonly regarded as having presided over the decline of the spanish empire. however the seeds for this decline were most definitely sown in the reign of philip ii. he lost part of the netherlands to rebellion, his treasury was in a dire state and france, england and germany were dominated by protestants. despite the improvement in communications technology the efficiency and speed of communication was not high enough for philip ' s policy of central government. his decision were often slow to arrive and out of date by the time they did so yet he would not allow his generals and regents scope to make their own judgements and decisions. my own notes made in class philip ii - geoffrey woodward, longman 1993 philip ii : a grand strategy - geoffrey parker


cori spezzati ( kor ' ee spetz ah ' tee ), italian for " separated choirs, " is the term used to describe a musical composition that uses spatial effects to emphasize the interplay between its various voices. typically, this means placing two or more choirs or groups of instruments in various places around a performance space. music that is intended to be performed cori spezatti is by nature antiphonal ; in fact, some consider these two terms to be synonymous, at least when they refer to instrumental music. cori spezzati isn ' t a particularly common form of music, and for obvious reasons. in order for it to work out right, it must be performed in a specific type of space ; namely, one which is both big enough to accomodate the separation of the instrumental / vocal groups and acoustically suited to the kind of call and answer phrasing that characterizes antiphonal music. ( if the space is too echoey, the interplay among the groups just becomes muddled. if it ' s just moderately echoey, though, it sounds great. ) and even in concert halls which meet these specifications, there ' s a certain awkwardness to the idea of putting half the ensemble onstage and sending the rest up to the balcony or ( as i have seen done ) forsaking the stage altogether and having half the group stand in the left - hand balcony and the other half in the right - hand one. the type of performance space which is most obviously suited to cori spezzati is the cathedral ; in churches, the problem of the stage is eliminated, and there are generally balconies and nooks and crannies galore in renaissance - style basilicas. unsurprisingly, a renaissance basilica was the formal birthplace of cori spezzati : in the late 1500 ' s, giovanni gabrieli, the music director, organist, and composer - in - residence at st. mark ' s basilica in venice, began experimenting with the idea of separating his choirs and putting them in different places around the church. gabrieli is considered to be the father of cori spezzati, and probably the only composer to write a serious volume of work in this style. he wrote both choral and instrumental pieces ( mostly sacred, because of the nature of his job ), some of which are still performed today and shouldn ' t be too hard to find recordings of. ( i, unfortunately, do not own recordings of any of gabriel


what does it mean? and what is it for? it is used to map a canonical name for a servlet ( not an actual servlet class that you ' ve written ) to a jsp ( which happens to be a servlet ). on its own it isn ' t quite useful. you ' ll often need to map the servlet to a url - pattern as : all requests now arriving at / test / * will now be serviced by the jsp. additionally, the servlet specification also states : jsp - file element contains the full path to a jsp file within the web application beginning with a “ / ”. if a jsp - file is specified and the load - onstartup element is present, then the jsp should be precompiled and so, it can be used for pre - compiling servlets, in case your build process hasn ' t precompiled them. do keep in mind, that precompiling jsps this way, isn ' t exactly a best practice. ideally, your build script ought to take care of such matters. is it like code behind architecture in asp. net? no, if you ' re looking for code - behind architecture, the closest resemblance to such, is in the managed beans support offered by jsf.


i have taught this introductory survey course to large groups ranging from 75 to 120 students. in the classroom, i use structured class discussions to promote student engagement, assign in - class writing on weekly readings, utilize small groups to involve even the most reserved students in class activities, and bring research and media familiar to students ' lives as a way of illustrating key sociological concepts. i often incorporate my own research on collegiate cultures to demonstrate both how to do research and ways that sociology intersects with their own worlds.. in this introductory course, we will explore what it means to do sociology. one of the most exciting things about sociology is that you can study anything from a sociological perspective. therefore, this class will cover a variety of diverse issues including but not limited to race, class, gender, deviance, religion, and politics. throughout the semester we will look at how these topics relate to current social issues. most importantly, students will learn to apply a sociological lens to the topics that most interest them. this upper - level course is designed for between 50 - 75 students. the class provides the students with empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks necessary to understand the k - 12 and postsecondary educational systems in the united states. the class is discussion based, and focused on honing students ’ critical thinking skills. students must complete two mini - paper assignments designed to build their writing skills. in this class we explore how external forces ( like politics, financial support, and demographics of the population ) shape how schools work, how internal institutional arrangements sort and channel students in different directions, what factors shape student achievement and behavior, and how schooling influences where individuals end up in society. we start with a case study of how gender, race, and class shape students ’ experiences in urban schools. we then move to examination of key theories in the sociology of education, and analyze their utility for understanding today ’ s educational issues. the class also includes a second case study that helps us to look across and within schools as institutions. finally, we end with a closer look at how social class, race, gender, and sexuality both organize and are organized by educational environments. this upper - level course is designed for a small group of students, up to 35. in the class, i seek to build studentsi knowledge of sociological perspectives on the family while strengthening their written and oral communication skills. the class is discussion based, and driven by student participation. i encourage critical thinking about how data on the family are collected, analyzed, and presented as " fact. " students also employ critical thinking


citing rising jewish intermarriage rates, the leading organization devoted to combating tay - sachs is urging doctors to encourage the use of more comprehensive testing methodology to identify carriers of the deadly genetic disease. the national tay - sachs & allied diseases association issued its position statement on tay - sachs carrier screening in september 2009. the statement stressed the importance of using enzyme testing to discover whether individuals are tay - sachs carriers, rather than relying solely on dna testing, which it warned is becoming “ less sensitive ” as “ the ashkenazi jewish population becomes less homogeneous. ” in the 1970s, when the first tay - sachs screening programs were set up, the only carrier - detection method was enzyme testing, which uses a blood sample to look for the low levels of hexosaminidase a enzyme that suggest someone is a tay - sachs carrier. in recent years, however, dna testing has enabled screening for a battery of jewish genetic diseases all at once via a saliva or buccal sample. dna testing geared toward ashkenazi jews searches for specific genetic mutations that cause tay - sachs and are prevalent among this population. but it does not turn up other tay - sachs mutations that are more prevalent among non - jews. rising levels of intermarriage mean that the traditional ashkenazi mutations increasingly are not the only ones that jews have to worry about. “ as jews have become a more mixed group, there is less and less chance that those mutations are the only ones that can be found in jews, ” said dr. jodi hoffman of the tufts medical center, who led the ntsad advisory panel that recommended updating the guidelines. “ anyone who has ever had someone marry into the family who ’ s not ashkenazi can have a different mutation. ” when two parents are both carriers of mutations that cause tay - sachs, each of their children will have a 25 % chance of being born with the disease. despite common misconceptions, tay - sachs does not affect only jews. one in 30 ashkenazi jews is a carrier, but carriers are equally common in non - jewish french - canadian and cajun popultions, and irish people also have a relatively high carrier rate. the carrier rate in the general population is about 1 in 300. according to the ntsad statement, dna testing first became available in the 1990s and screening for three mutations has yielded a 92 % to 98 % success rate in identifying carriers among people of entirely ashkenazi descent. intermarriage, however, is making the jewish community more het


, dna testing first became available in the 1990s and screening for three mutations has yielded a 92 % to 98 % success rate in identifying carriers among people of entirely ashkenazi descent. intermarriage, however, is making the jewish community more heterogeneous. “ the genetic mix in our society is not as segregated as it once was, so the simple dna test may not be effective anymore, ” said ntsad ’ s executive director, susan kahn. dna testing for three mutations among non - ashkenazi individuals is reported to have yielded a detection rate of only about 20 %. even when the dna test looked for five different mutations, the success rate climbed to just 60 %. enzyme testing, which studies have shown to be 98 % reliable in detecting tay - sachs carriers, works by measuring the hex - a activity in serum or white - blood cells. in babies born with tay - sachs, the absence of hex - a enzyme causes lipid buildup in nervous system cells, especially in the brain, which almost always leads to death by age 5. carriers, though asymptomatic, have lower levels of hex - a that can be detected in a blood sample. because enzyme testing measures actual rates of hex - a rather than looking for specific genetic mutations — which can be different in different populations — intermarriage does not compromise its reliability. the decreased level of hex - a is analogous to a fever : it is easy and straightforward to measure, even though its underlying cause — in this case, a mutation — may be difficult to pinpoint. the ntsad statement expressed concern about people who have had a dna test opting out of enzyme testing. while it stated that “ dna testing is the appropriate screening modality for many other genetic disorders, ” it urged medical professionals to emphasize the importance of enzyme analysis, which it recommended “ as the primary testing modality for identifying carriers for tay - sachs disease. ” the statement suggested that “ dna testing can and should be used to confirm tay - sachs enzyme results, to clarify indeterminate enzyme results, to identify cases of pseudodeficiency, as well as to provide molecular information for reproductive procedures and genetic counseling. ” “ dna testing is nice because it can be confirmatory, ” hoffman said. “ it provides added information, but enzyme testing is the gold standard. ”


hsbc launches $ 100 million climate change effort hsbc launches $ 100 million climate change initiative financial services giant hsbc has announced a five - year, $ 100 million partnership with four environmental organizations to respond to the threat of global climate change. comprised of hsbc, the climate group, the earthwatch institute, the smithsonian tropical research institute, and the world wildlife fund, the hsbc climate partnership will build on hsbc ' s previous five - year, $ 50 million " eco - partnership, " investing in nature, which concluded in 2006. the latest commitment by the company represents both the largest charitable donation ever made by a british company and the largest contribution ever received by each of the nonprofit partners. " by working with four of the world ' s most respected environmental organizations and creating a ' green taskforce ' of thousands of hsbc employees worldwide, we believe we can tackle the causes and impacts of climate change, " said paul lawrence, president and ceo of hsbc bank usa. the partnership will work to help five of the world ' s major cities — hong kong, london, new york, shanghai, and mumbai — respond to the challenges of climate change ; create " climate champions " worldwide to undertake field research and bring back valuable information and experience to their communities ; conduct the largest - ever field experiment on the world ' s forests to measure carbon and the effects of climate change ; and help protect some of the world ' s major rivers, including the amazon, ganges, thames, and yangtze, from the effects of climate change, benefiting the 450 million people who rely on them. according to christopher walker, u. s. director of the climate group, climate change increasingly is an urban issue. " high summer temperatures, storms, and rising sea levels will have more extreme impacts on city life.... [ and ] many of the solutions lie in cities — concentrations of capital, decision makers, opinion formers, and population, " he added. " through the hsbc climate partnership, we will accelerate our program in five world cities, engaging the most influential businesses and city governments to lead a ' coalition of the willing ' against global warming. " hsbc announces us $ 100 million program to combat climate change world - wide. hsbc press release primary subject : environment location ( s ) : china, hong kong, india, international, london, mumbai, national, new york, new york city, shanghai, united kingdom


france, officially the french republic is a unitary semi - presidential republic in western europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the indian, pacific, and atlantic oceans. metropolitan france extends from the mediterranean sea to the english channel and the north sea, and from the rhine to the atlantic ocean. it is often referred to as l ’ hexagone because of the geometric shape of its territory. it is the largest western european country and it possesses the second - largest exclusive economic zone in the world, just behind that of the united states. over the past 500 years france has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in europe and around the world. during the 17th and 18th centuries, france colonised great parts of north america and southeast asia ; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, france built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of north, west and central africa, southeast asia, and many caribbean and pacific islands. france has its main ideals expressed in the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen. the french republic is defined as indivisible, secular, democratic and social by its constitution. france is one of the world ' s most developed countries, it possesses the world ' s fifth largest economy measured by gdp, the ninth - largest economy measured by purchasing power parity and is europe ' s second largest economy by nominal gdp. france is the wealthiest nation in europe – and the fourth wealthiest in the world – in aggregate household wealth. france enjoys a high standard of living as well as a high public education level, and has also one of the world ' s longest life expectancies. france has been listed as the world ' s " best overall health care " provider by the world health organization. it is the most visited country in the world, receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually. france has the world ' s fourth largest nominal military budget, the third largest military in nato and eu ' s largest army. france also possesses the third largest nuclear weapons stockpile in the world – with around 300 active warheads as of 25 may 2010 – and the world ' s second largest diplomatic corps. france is a founding member of the united nations, one of the five permanent members of the un security council, and a member of the francophonie, the g8, g20, nato, oecd, wto, and the latin union. it is also a founding and leading member state of the european union and the largest eu state by area. in


member of the francophonie, the g8, g20, nato, oecd, wto, and the latin union. it is also a founding and leading member state of the european union and the largest eu state by area. in 2011, france was listed 20th on the human development index and 24th on the corruption perceptions index. mont saint - michel is a rocky tidal island and a commune in normandy, france. it is located approximately one kilometre off the country ' s north - western coast, at the mouth of the couesnon river near avranches. the population of the island is 41, as of 2006. the island has been a strategic point holding fortifications since ancient times, and since the 8th century ad it became the seat of the saint - michel monastery, from which it draws the name. the mont - saint - michel and its bay are part of the unesco list of world heritage sites. more than 3, 000, 000 people visit it each year. mont - saint - michel was used in the 6th and 7th centuries as an armorican stronghold of romano - breton culture and power, until it was ransacked by the franks, thus ending the trans - channel culture that had stood since the departure of the romans in ad 460. before the construction of the first monastic establishment in the 8th century, the island was called " monte tombe ". according to legend, the archangel michael appeared to st. aubert, bishop of avranches, in 708 and instructed him to build a church on the rocky islet. aubert repeatedly ignored the angel ' s instruction, until michael burned a hole in the bishop ' s skull with his finger. the mount gained strategic significance in 933 when william " long sword ", william i, duke of normandy, annexed the cotentin peninsula, definitively placing the mount in normandy. it is depicted in the bayeux tapestry which commemorates the 1066 norman conquest of england. harold, earl of wessex is pictured on the tapestry rescuing two norman knights from the quicksand in the tidal flats during a battle with conan ii, duke of brittany. norman ducal patronage financed the spectacular norman architecture of the abbey in subsequent centuries. in 1067, the monastery of mont - saint - michel gave its support to duke william of normandy in his claim to the throne of england. it was rewarded with properties and grounds on the english side of the channel, including a small island off the southwestern coast of cornwall which was modeled after the mount and became a norman priory named st michael


of normandy in his claim to the throne of england. it was rewarded with properties and grounds on the english side of the channel, including a small island off the southwestern coast of cornwall which was modeled after the mount and became a norman priory named st michael ' s mount of penzance. during the hundred years ' war, the english made repeated assaults on the island, but were unable to seize it due to the abbey ' s improved fortifications. les michelettes – two wrought - iron bombards left by the english in their failed 1423 – 24 siege of mont - saint - michel – are still displayed near the outer defense wall. when louis xi of france founded the order of saint michael in 1469, he intended that the abbey church of mont saint - michel be the chapel for the order, but because of its great distance from paris, his intention could never be realized. the wealth and influence of the abbey extended to many daughter foundations, including st michael ' s mount in cornwall. however, its popularity and prestige as a centre of pilgrimage waned with the reformation, and by the time of the french revolution there were scarcely any monks in residence. the abbey was closed and converted into a prison, initially to hold clerical opponents of the republican regime. high - profile political prisoners followed, but by 1836, influential figures – including victor hugo – had launched a campaign to restore what was seen as a national architectural treasure. the prison was finally closed in 1863, and the mount was declared a historic monument in 1874. the mont - saint - michel and its bay were added to the unesco list of world heritage sites in 1979, and it was listed with criteria such as cultural, historical, and architectural significance, as well as human - created and natural beauty. photo by lucky edited by mobydick74 added by chl


national ocean sciences accelerator mass spectrometer facility, department of geology and geophysics, woods hole oceanographic institution data center description the woods hole oceanographic institution ' s national ocean sciences accelerator mass spectrometry facility ( nosams ) was established in 1989 to process and analyze a large number of small volume seawater samples ( > 13, 700 ) collected as part of the world ocean circulation experiment ( woce ). an ongoing commitment to automation and high - precision 14c ams measurements has allowed nosams to successfully meet the goals of the woce program while providing over 17, 000 ams radiocarbon results ( carbon dating ) to non - woce investigators from a wide variety of carbon - bearing materials. all of the formal woce program samples have been analyzed as of the spring of 2002, and all pacific and indian ocean data have been released to the woce hydrographic office. the atlantic ocean dataset is expected to be released by the summer of 2002. ams analyses are reported with a routine precision of below 4 per mil ( thousand ) on samples with a 14c content of more than 70 % of that of a modern sample. nosams accepts samples from all qualified research laboratories and charges fees that vary according to the difficulty of analysis and the nature of the project. samples from federally supported research programs receive the lowest rates. overall, the objective of this facility is to support research in all studies of global change.


step 2 is difficult. chapter 5 of " the book of genesis " ( " the bog " ), which was assigned as reading for this lecture, gives some useful information for answering the two questions. this chapter ( segev, 2005 ) is also very mathematical, and it is easy to get lost in the equations and forget what they are used for. i wanted you to read it in order to get an overview of the theory of passive propagation in dendrites. now, i ' ll list what i think is important for you to remember. there are three things that can be measured experimentally and are related to the parameters that we need for a model : - the attentuation of voltage with distance, and the " space constant " or - the membrane time constant. - the input resistance of the cell, measured at the soma. this slide gives a summary of the electrical properties of a uniform section of passive dendrite having length l and diameter d. the conducting cytoplasm inside the neuron, the insulating neural membrane, and the liquid ( similar to salt water ) surrounding the neuron form a cable with a capacitance cm. the inner conductor, the cytoplasm, is a poorer conductor than the copper wire used in an undersea cable, and it has an resistance along the length of the cable ra, the " axial resistance ". the membrane in not a perfect insulator due to the ion - conducting channels that pass through it. it is convenient to make a distinction between the " passive channels " that do not vary in conductance, and the " active channels " that have conductances varying with voltage, calcium concentration, or synaptic input. the passive channels account for the membrane resistance rm and the associated leakage current ileak. the active channels are represented by the various variable conductances that are labeled as gk in the neural compartment diagram and the differential equation for vm that we described in the previous section on compartments.


| http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / a service of the u. s. national library of medicine® | the official name of this gene is “ ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1. ” ethe1 is the gene ' s official symbol. the ethe1 gene is also known by other names, listed below. the ethe1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme that is involved in energy production. this enzyme is active throughout the body in mitochondria ( the energy - producing centers in cells ), where it may form part of a larger protein complex. little is known about the enzyme ' s function in mitochondria. more than 20 different mutations in the ethe1 gene have been identified in people with ethylmalonic encephalopathy. most of these mutations lead to the production of an abnormally short, nonfunctional version of the ethe1 enzyme or prevent cells from making any of this enzyme. these genetic changes impair the body ' s ability to produce energy in mitochondria. additionally, a lack of the ethe1 enzyme allows potentially toxic compounds, including ethylmalonic acid and lactic acid, to build up in the body. excess amounts of these compounds can be detected in urine. it is unclear how a loss of the ethe1 enzyme leads to the progressive features of ethylmalonic encephalopathy. researchers suggest that a buildup of toxic compounds in the brain could be responsible for the neurologic signs and symptoms. changes in the blood vessels or in blood flow could also contribute to nervous system damage, leading to the characteristic features of the disorder. cytogenetic location : 19q13. 31 molecular location on chromosome 19 : base pairs 44, 010, 870 to 44, 031, 395 the ethe1 gene is located on the long ( q ) arm of chromosome 19 at position 13. 31. more precisely, the ethe1 gene is located from base pair 44, 010, 870 to base pair 44, 031, 395 on chromosome 19. see how do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / howgeneswork / genelocation ) in the handbook. you and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about ethe1 helpful. you may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers. see how are


gis at nci introduction to gis at nci geospatial tools are used at nci for a variety of applications, including : - the identification and display of the geographic patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates in the us and their change over time, - the creation of complex databases for the study of cancer screening, diagnosis and survival at the community level, - environmental exposure assessment through satellite imagery, - spatial statistical models to estimate cancer incidence, prevalence and survival for every us state, - communication of local cancer information to the public and public health professionals through interactive web - based tools, - the identification of health disparities at the local level through the comparison of cancer outcomes across demographic subgroups, and - development of new methods of displaying geospatial data for clear communication to the public and for examination of complex multivariate data by researchers. - the epidemiology and genomics research program ( egrp ) and the surveillance research program ( srp ) support grant research to use gis in cancer research and the development of methodologies to accomplish this research. egrp also funded the development and maintenance of a geographic information system for breast cancer studies on long island ( li gis ). the li gis is available to researchers and can be used to study other types of cancer and conditions as well. - statistical methodology and applications branch ( smab ) the statistical methodology and applications branch ( smab ) contributes to gis research by developing statistical methods for the analysis, display, and web - based communication of georeferenced cancer data. - surveillance systems branch ( ssb ) the surveillance systems branch ( ssb ) oversees the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results ( seer ) program, an integrated, comprehensive, multiple population - based reporting system of cancer registries covering 26 % of the u. s. population. cancer incidence information is provided at the state, county and census tract level. investigators in seer ' s rapid response surveillance studies ( rrss ) are exploring and applying gis technology in several areas. - the epidemiology and biostatistics program ( ebp ) ebp has a long history of publishing the nci cancer atlases. - the occupational and environmental epidemiology branch ( oeeb ) oeeb has an active research program in using satellite imagery to estimate the potential exposure to cancer - causing environmental agents by individuals living in agricultural areas.


how to use gis? 1. mapping where things are mapping where things are lets you find places that have the features you are looking for and to see where to take action. 1. find a feature — people use maps to see where or what an individual feature is. 2. finding patterns — by looking at the distribution of features on the map instead of just an individual feature, you can see patterns 2. mapping quantities people map quantities, such as where the most and least are, to find places that meet their criteria and take action, or to see the relationships between places. this gives an additional level of information beyond simply mapping the locations 3. mapping densities while you can see concentrations by simply mapping the locations of features, in areas with many features it may be difficult to see which areas have a higher concentration than others. a density map lets you measure the number of features using a uniform areal unit, such as acres or square miles, so you can clearly see the distribution. 4. finding what ' s inside use gis to monitor what is happening and to take specific action by mapping what is inside a specific area. for example, you would monitor infection disease spreading in a certain district to find out the pattern of the cases distribution — if so, the proper action should be taken. 5. finding what ' s nearby find out what is occurring within a set distance of a feature by mapping what is nearby. for example, you may need to notify all residents within 500 feet of a proposed 6. mapping change map the change in an area to anticipate future conditions, decide on a course of action, or to evaluate the results of an action or policy. by mapping where and how things move over a period of time, you can gain insight into how they behave. for example, public health professionals may need to track the spreading of a certain disease over a period of time.


social issues in sport title : social issues in sport author : woods, ronald b. publisher : human kinetics call no. : gv706. 5. w655 2007 from the publisher : sport is all around us. yet few of us look critically at how it affects our lives — and even fewer look at how we as a society affect sport. social issues in sport is an outstanding introduction to the multifaceted roles of sport and physical activity in society and the perfect tool for examining sport from a critical perspective. the text ’ s engaging writing style, full - color format, and sound learning tools make it accessible and effective at getting students involved in and excited about the material. a full array of instructor resources make this book a highly functional and enjoyable way for instructors to introduce this subject to their students. while the book is solidly grounded in research, it does not dwell on theory. social issues in sport is written to whet the appetite of students in sport management and sport studies for a deeper look at the issues, contradictions, and confusion that characterize our love – hate affair with sport. in social issues in sport, students will find heavy emphasis on areas that other texts often overlook — including the role of coaches, importance of lifetime sport and fitness, sport in education, and sport for special populations such as the physically and mentally challenged and the elderly. as a result, students gain a complete view of what constitutes sport and physical activity and a firm grasp of the sociocultural considerations vital to their understanding of sport. students are encouraged to see the sport world not only with their eyes wide open to the problems but also with an optimistic, encouraging view of its future. author ronald woods draws on a lifetime in sport as a participant, observer, fan, teacher, coach, administrator, and critic. his wide - lens view of sport helps students make sense of the world of sport and physical activity and, more important, apply it to their own personal and professional lives. woods ’ easy - to - comprehend distinction between sport for recreational participation, high performance, and spectating illuminates for students the profound differences in how sport can be viewed and challenges their thinking about their own roles as participants and spectators. woods ’ diverse background in sports gives him a unique perspective and allows him to write with a style and clarity that students will appreciate. this full - color book is organized into four parts that reflect the presence of sports around us. part i sets the stage for studying sport in society. part ii examines the scope and effect of sport


write with a style and clarity that students will appreciate. this full - color book is organized into four parts that reflect the presence of sports around us. part i sets the stage for studying sport in society. part ii examines the scope and effect of sport on society. part iii explores sport as an institution and how it functions within other institutions such as schools, colleges, and the olympic movement. part ivfocuses on the interaction between our society ’ s culture and sports. in 19 chapters, the book enthusiastically invites students to explore many issues, such as how a participant, spectator, coach, and administrator may have differing views of sports ; how to distinguish between different levels of play, games, and sport when assessing the role of sport ; and what trends to expect in the future and how to be part of a positive development of sporting structures. social issues in sports contains the following features that encourage learning : - an engaging writing style, rich with examples and pedagogical aids, gets students excited about and invested in the sporting world around them. - interesting sidebars include up - close profiles of significant people and organizations ( in the arena with ), examples of how sport is viewed in the public ( pop culture ), and insights from those who study the subject extensively ( expert ’ s view ). - activity time - outs, nicely integrated with the text, invite readers to recognize and assess the sociocultural issues that sport raises and apply the book ’ s concepts to their own lives. - an instructor guide, test package, and presentation package provide instructors with tools and assignment ideas to ensure that students remain engaged. social issues in sport is an engaging, in - depth, and inspiring resource that will help students understand the value of sport and its limitations and equip them to make choices about the role sports will play in their lives. about the author : ron woods, ph. d is a performance coach at the human performance institute in orlando, florida and an adjunct professor at the university of tampa and the university of south florida. ron formerly worked for the united states tennis association for twenty years as director of player development and community tennis. formerly, a professor at west chester university of pennsylvania in exercise science and coach of men ’ s tennis. he has been honored by the international tennis hall of fame, national coach of the year for united states professional tennis association and was inducted into the athletic hall of fame at both east stroudsburg university and west chester university.


bisphenol a, or bpa, is a chemical compound used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. bpa has been in use for over 50 years, and is often used to make plastics hard and shatter - resistant. it ' s also used to coat metal items like the inside of food cans, bottle caps and canned drinks. you can find bpa in plastic baby bottles, sports equipment, compact discs, water bottles, medical equipment, dental sealants, eyeglass lenses, electronic devices, paints, and countless other consumer products. even cash register receipts can be coated with bpa. health effects of bisphenol a bpa has come under increased scrutiny in recent years for its possible connection to birth defects and reproductive problems. studies have shown that bpa mimics the hormone estrogen, and it might be linked to problems like lower sperm counts, hormonal changes, enlarged prostate glands, brain and behavioral abnormalities, early onset of puberty, obesity and a host of other health problems. ( it shares many of these problems with another plastic additive, phthalates. ) it ' s unclear at what levels bpa will health problems, or if bpa studies in animals can be applied to humans. people can be exposed to bpa through many sources, though food and drink account for most exposures. the recycling symbol " 7 " indicates a polycarbonate plastic containing bpa. metal cans, however, will usually not indicate whether they contain a bpa lining or not. if you ' re concerned about exposure to bpa, follow these simple suggestions from the national institute of environmental health sciences : - don ’ t microwave polycarbonate plastic food containers. ( look for the recycling symbol # 7 on the bottom. ) - reduce your use of canned foods. - when possible, opt for glass, porcelain or stainless steel containers, particularly for hot food or liquids. - use baby bottles and toys that are bpa - free.


born giovanni antonio canale in venice in october 1697, canaletto, the son of theatrical scenery painter bernardo canale, was one of the world ' s most influential and prolific artists ( having some 900 paintings attributed to him ), and remains one of the most popular. canaletto, with his brother christoforo, initially followed his father into theatrical painting, including work in rome in 1719, where he was introduced to gian paolo pannini ' s paintings of roman city scenes. these proved to be a great influence on him. by 1723, canaletto ' s output was dominated by accurate, almost photographic views ( known as vedute esatte ) of venice featuring a startlingly convincing use of perspective. while the paninni influence is clear, canaletto took things to another level, as in the magical use of light in the stonemason ' s yard. many of canaletto ' s early works were painted ' on - site '. this differed from the usual practice of drawing sketches and then later completing them in the studio1, though later in his career, a large workload compelled him to utilise the latter method. success at a venetian public exhibition brought his work to the attention of patrons such as the merchant stefano conti and the imperial ambassador to venice, whose commissions were invaluable to canaletto at the start of his career - partly because of the money but, more importantly, because they introduced his work to the english. thanks to painting during the peak of the grand tour2, canaletto was in the right place at the right time. when young english gentlemen travelled the world ( ostensibly to broaden their minds ) they wanted some souvenirs to take home. as this was a long time before the instant camera, the only way to get a picture was to commission someone to paint one, and canaletto ' s predominantly literal style meant that he was perfect for this type of work. it is thought that he received his first commission of this type from owen mcswiney3, who also steered him in a direction more tailored to the grand tourists ' requirements. through mcswiney, and later joseph smith4, much of canaletto ' s work found its way into english collections5, leading to huge demand and the acquisition of an enviable reputation. he eventually had to employ assistants ( including his nephew and probably his father ) to help him keep up with the workload. one criticism of canaletto is that much of his work is not his own but his assistants ' completion


enviable reputation. he eventually had to employ assistants ( including his nephew and probably his father ) to help him keep up with the workload. one criticism of canaletto is that much of his work is not his own but his assistants ' completion6 of his sketches, many of which he is thought to have created with the aid of a camera obscura. canaletto was certainly not alone in employing studio assistants ; the quantity of work commissioned from the popular artists of the time would have been impossible for them to complete single - handed. the tourist industry throughout europe was hit hard by the outbreak of the war of the austrian succession, causing canaletto ' s primary source of commissions to dry up. so he went off on a little tour of his own, eventually ending up in london in 1746. while there, smith introduced him to, among others, the duke of richmond, who commissioned some of canaletto ' s best works from this time. many of his english works were vanity pieces, including several paintings of the aristocracy ' s country homes. some of his london paintings, such as the stunning ranelagh, interior of the rotunda, can be seen in london ' s national gallery. but, even though these were impressive, his style had become formulaic and the glory years were gone. canaletto returned to venice in 1755 where he stagnated, although he finally gained recognition from the venetian academy of fine arts ( the accademia veneziana di pittura e scultura ), who elected him a member in 1763. canaletto died in poverty on 10 april, 1768, leaving a huge body of work and a fascinating pictorial record of 18th - century venice. some more of examples canaletto ' s work include venice : the grand canal with s simeone piccolo and the doge ' s palace, both from the national gallery in london, and many other paintings.


| version 5 ( modified by simonmar, 3 years ago ) | the garbage collector gc algorithms supported : - copying gc - parallel gc? - marking? ( for compaction or sweeping ) - sweeping? ( for mark - region gc ) the gc is designed to be flexible, supporting lots of ways to tune its behaviour. here ' s an overview of the techniques we use : - generational gc, with a runtime - selectable number of generations ( + rts - g < n > - rts, where n > = 1 ). currently it is a traditional generational collector where each collection collects a particular generation and all younger generations. generalizing this such that any subset of generations can be collected is a possible future extension. - the heap grows on demand. this is straightforwardly implemented by basing the whole storage manager on a block allocator. - aging : objects can be aged within a generation, to avoid premature promotion. see commentary / rts / storage / gc / aging. - the heap collection policy is runtime - tunable. you select how large a generation gets before it is collected using the + rts - f < n > - rts option, where < n > is a factor of the generation ' s size the last time it was collected. the default value is 2, that is a generation is allowed to double in size before being collected. gc data structures the main data structure is generation, which contains : - a pointer to a list of blocks - a pointer to a list of blocks containing large objects - a list of threads in this generation - the " remembered set ", a list of blocks containing pointers to objects in this generation that point to objects in younger generations and various other administrative fields ( see includes / rts / storage / gc. h for the details ). generations are kept in the array generations, indexed by the generation number. a nursery is a list of blocks into which the mutator allocates new ( small ) objects. for resaons of locality, we want to re - use the list of blocks for the nursery after each gc, so we keep the nursery blocks rather than freeing and re - allocating a new nursery after gc. the struct nursery contains only two fields - the list of blocks in this nursery - the number of blocks in the above list in the threaded rts, there is one nursery per capability, as each capability allocates independently into its own allocation area.


the history of kool - aid remember that tv ad? well, kool - aid got its start right here in hastings, nebraska. this internationally known soft drink mix, now owned by kraft foods, actually started out as a liquid concentrate called fruit smack, invented by edwin perkins. edwin perkins was always fascinated by chemistry and enjoyed inventing things. when his family moved to southwest nebraska around 1900, a young perkins experimented with home made concoctions in his mother ’ s kitchen. his father opened a general store in hendley, nebraska, and it was in that store where edwin became entranced with a new dessert mix introduced by a childhood friend ( and future wife ) kitty shoemaker. the popular powdered dessert came in six delicious flavors and was called jell - o. edwin convinced his father to carry the dessert line in his store. it was at this same time edwin sent away for a kit called “ how to become a manufacturer. ” during the following years, perkins graduated from high school, published a weekly newspaper, did job printing, served as postmaster and set up a mail order business called “ perkins products co. ” to market the numerous products he had invented. in 1918, perkins married his childhood sweetheart, kitty, and developed a remedy to kick the tobacco habit called nix - o - tine. by 1920, the demand for this and other products was so great, perkins and his wife moved to hastings, which had better rail service for shipping purposes. another product that was proving to be popular was a concentrated drink mix called fruit smack. fruit smack, like jell - o, came in six delicious flavors. the four - ounce bottle made enough for a family to enjoy at an affordable price. however, shipping the bottles proved to be costly and breakage was also a problem. in 1927, perkins developed a method of removing the liquid from fruit smack so the remaining powder could be re - packaged in envelopes ( which perkins designed and printed ) under a new name to be called kool - ade. ( he later changed the spelling to kool - aid. ) the product, which sold for 10¢ a packet, was first sold to wholesale grocery, candy and other suitable markets by mail order in six flavors ; strawberry, cherry, lemon - lime, grape, orange and raspberry. in 1929, kool - aid was distributed nation - wide to grocery stores by food brokers. it was a family project to package and ship the popular soft drink mix around the country. by 1931, the demand for ko


and raspberry. in 1929, kool - aid was distributed nation - wide to grocery stores by food brokers. it was a family project to package and ship the popular soft drink mix around the country. by 1931, the demand for kool - aid was so strong, other items were dropped so perkins could concentrate solely on kool - aid. he moved the entire production to chicago for more efficient distribution, to be closer to supplies and to be able to expand even further if necessary. during the great depression, perkins cut the price in half to just 5¢ a packet, a “ luxury ” most families could afford. young entrepreneurs sprung up across the country setting up kool - aid stands. while most of the profits were consumed by the youngsters, it was something most children enjoyed. perkins introduced off - shoots of kool - aid, including pie fillings and ice cream mixes. these products never really took off with the public. during world war ii, fruit acid and dextrose rationing prevented any expansion. after the war, the demand for kool - aid was so great that perkins had to expand the factory and by 1950, some 300 production workers produced nearly 1 million packets of kool - aid each day! in 1953, perkins announced to his staff that he was selling kool - aid to general foods. within a year, the popular smiling face pitcher was introduced in print advertisements. root beer and lemonade flavors were added to the original six flavors in 1955 and pre - sweetened kool - aid was developed in 1964 and redeveloped in 1970. kraft foods eventually acquired general foods and became the new owners of kool - aid. they refined the kool - aid pitcher into kool - aid man and introduced new kool - pumps and kool bursts to the market. kool - aid continues to be a popular product with roots in hastings. it is the official soft drink of nebraska! edwin and kitty perkins never forgot their nebraska ties and returned home often. the perkins foundation has been instrumental in many projects in and around hastings, including gifts to hastings college, mary lanning memorial hospital, good samaritan retirement village and the hastings museum. edwin passed away in 1961 and kitty followed 16 years later. both are buried in hastings. the hastings museum houses an impressive kool - aid collection as part of the kool - aid : discover the dream exhibit, including the original kool - aid man costume worn in the television commercials.


new way of collecting samples is easier on growers, too hay growers can get a better idea of how fertile their alfalfa fields are if they have plants tested rather than soil. that ' s especially important considering the skyrocketing costs of fertilizer and the high value of hay, says steve orloff, siskiyou county, ca, farm advisor. “ if you soil sample, you can measure how much of that nutrient is in the soil, ” he says. “ but by testing the plant itself, you ' re measuring what the plant actually took up. ” before planting a field of alfalfa, soil test to learn what nutrients may be deficient. “ after that i would switch to plant - tissue testing, ” orloff recommends. “ growers should tissue test once a year until they have their fertility programs established ; then test every other year. ” it ' s also good for diagnosing problem areas in a field to determine if the cause is nutrient - related by sampling good and poor growth areas and comparing the results, he says. the plant - nutrient - measuring method is just catching on in the forage industry — in orloff ' s northern california region, at least. growers of higher - value crops have used the method for years, and orloff and his university of california - davis colleagues have been pushing hay growers to use it in recent years. while soil tests determine the amount of phosphorus and potassium in soil, they do a poor job measuring sulfur levels, he says. tissue tests, however, can tell how much of all three nutrients — as well as boron and molybdenum — were used by plants. “ the main drawback with plant - tissue testing is that you obviously don ' t want to test weedy fields because their nutrient concentrations would be different. you also don ' t want the field to be stressed ; if it ' s stressed from water or insect damage, it could skew the results, ” he says. other detriments : the time and effort needed to cut and prepare representative plant tissue samples. “ the california method has been to go through the field and collect 40 - 60 stems. then you have to divide those stems into thirds and different components are analyzed for different values. it involves walking through a field before it ' s cut. one of the last things a grower wants to do is run out ahead of a swather and take a sample. ” but orloff and colleagues believe they have an


different values. it involves walking through a field before it ' s cut. one of the last things a grower wants to do is run out ahead of a swather and take a sample. ” but orloff and colleagues believe they have an easier way of gathering tissue samples. “ growers now are taking core samples from bales for forage - quality analysis. a lot of the dairy industry will demand that before they buy a grower ' s hay, and people are putting a lot of care into collecting good samples for forage - quality analysis. so the thought was, why not use that same sample for nutrient analysis? ” he tested the core - sampling method the past two years on 39 grower fields. “ it looks like it will work, ” he says. “ i think it ' s far more convenient — you can just sample a stack and get a more representative sample from the field. if you ' re collecting 40 - 60 stems walking a field and bending over each time, your tendency is to cut a plant and get a whole bunch of stems off it because you ' re tired of bending over. ” bales should be cored for tissue - test samples at first cutting in cooler - season areas where first cuttings yield well. in longer - season areas, bale cores should be taken from second or third cutting for tissue testing. the 20 cores currently recommended as an accurate sample for forage analysis are adequate for tissue testing as well, says orloff. accuracy - wise, it ' s hard to determine whether a bale - core sample is better than a plant sample. “ that ' s what we ' re keying in on now, but so far the relationship looks pretty good. “ it ' s been amazing to see the variability in different grower fields ; it goes from very deficient all the way up to very high for each nutrient. with one grower who took tissue samples, the lab actually called him because his values were so high. he was able to go several years without applying sulfur. ” orloff worries that many growers have a fertilizer routine and figure it will continue to work because it has in the past. “ but some nutrients could be accumulating or, on the flip side, you may not be putting on enough nutrients, ” he says. in his trials, the farm advisor compared soil samples, whole - plant samples and core samples and sampled at different growth stages. “ one of the concerns is, with ordinary plant - tissue testing in most states


putting on enough nutrients, ” he says. in his trials, the farm advisor compared soil samples, whole - plant samples and core samples and sampled at different growth stages. “ one of the concerns is, with ordinary plant - tissue testing in most states, it ' s recommended to take a sample at one - tenth bloom. a lot of growers now, especially if they ' re selling to the dairy market, are cutting earlier — usually in bud stage. the nutrient concentration at bud stage is different than it would be at one - tenth bloom, so we ' ve done trials sampling at different time periods to see how values need to be adjusted if alfalfa is cut earlier. ” it costs more to tissue test — possibly double the cost of a soil sample. but with high fertilizer and hay prices expected, and the improved accuracy, tissue testing is worth it, orloff says. growers who want to tissue - test fields should talk with their labs to see if they offer what ' s needed. results will then need to be evaluated with the help of the local extension educator or lab personnel, who can help growers find values to compare. “ we plan to have values for cored samples later this year that will be based on our results and values established for whole tops, ” he says.


before the days of integration, african - american students in hazard attended one of two schools, the liberty school or a local boarding school. these institutions were often underfunded and utilized hand - me - down books and supplies, yet out of this many of the students have gone on to achieve success in life, and think fondly of their time at liberty. dozens of former students from liberty school came out to remember their school, their experiences, and their classmates during a reunion on saturday. every two years the former students get together at the liberty school monument on liberty street. the monument itself was designed by one of the former students, james “ jc ” collins, who said that it means a lot to him to return and reunite with with other former students. the liberty street school was built as part of the work progress administration in 1936. the administration was created by president franklin roosevelt to put americans back to work after the great depression, and would be responsible for building much of the american infrastructure, including highways, bridges and even schools. the school was open until 1963, but the integration of the schools started a year earlier. collins said that along with consolidating schools in the name of integration, it also gave the students of liberty school a chance at better facilities and opportunities. “ really, we didn ’ t have the facilities that we should have had, ” said collins. “ we had some great sport teams — basketball, football, baseball — we had it in spite of not having the facilities. ” students at liberty school also had only a few teachers working from kindergarten through twelfth grade. paulette roberts said that she remembers getting used books from hazard high school, and was so fed up that they weren ’ t receiving new books that she and her sister threw the old books out of a window in the building. from these humble beginnings, many of these students learned valuable lesions of relying on each other, working hard and consequences of their actions. many of these students left the school and went on to become doctors, judges, lawyers and business owners. the school was made up of a lower level for elementary kids and a upper floor for high school. while many of the communities around perry county had african - american elementaries, there was only one public high school. “ we drew kids from as far away as red fox, ” noted kenneth combs, the president of the liberty school alumni association. these students were given a bus voucher of up to $ 15 a week to get back and forth to school on public buses. the school was strict