| look up gable in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | a gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof. the shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system being used ( which is often related to climate and availability of materials ) and aesthetic concerns. thus the type of roof enclosing the volume dictates the shape of the gable. a gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall, including the gable and the wall below it. a variation of the gable is a crow - stepped gable, which has a stair - step design to accomplish the sloping portion. crow - stepped gables were used in scotland and england as early as the seventeenth century. examples of the crow - stepped gable can be seen at muchalls castle and monboddo house, both 17th century scottish buildings. other early examples are found in parts of denmark and sweden. gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the classic pediment form. but unlike classical structures, which operate through trabeation, the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing - wall structures. thus, the detailing tends to be ambiguous, misleading, and to some architects " deceitful ". [ why? ] see : john ruskin and the seven lamps of architecture. gable end roofs are among the worst roof designs for hurricane regions. not only do gable roofs easily peel off in hurricane winds, but according to one hurricane survival guide book, a gable end " catches wind like a sail. " [ this quote needs a citation ] when wind flows over a gable roof it behaves much like a wing. lift is created on the leeward side of the roof. the flatter the roof the more likely this will happen. steep roofs tend to cause the wind to " stall " as it goes over the roof and breaks up the effect. the addition of a " vertical fin " to low pitched roofs will also help. see also - bell - gable – espadana - crow - stepped gable - dutch gable - gablet roof - hip roof - cape dutch architecture - roof damage by hurricane force winds in bermuda the fabian experience, september 2003, page 5, mark rowe, department of environmental protection, government of bermuda | wikimedia commons has media related to : gables |


| part of a series on | terminology mining, term extraction, term recognition, or glossary extraction, is a subtask of information extraction. the goal of terminology extraction is to automatically extract relevant terms from a given corpus. in the semantic web era, a growing number of communities and networked enterprises started to access and interoperate through the internet. modeling these communities and their information needs is important for several web applications, like topic - driven web crawlers, web services, recommender systems, etc. the development of terminology extraction is essential to the language industry. one of the first steps to model the knowledge domain of a virtual community is to collect a vocabulary of domain - relevant terms, constituting the linguistic surface manifestation of domain concepts. several methods to automatically extract technical terms from domain - specific document warehouses have been described in the literature. typically, approaches to automatic term extraction make use of linguistic processors ( part of speech tagging, phrase chunking ) to extract terminological candidates, i. e. syntactically plausible terminological noun phrases, nps ( e. g. compounds " credit card ", adjective - nps " local tourist information office ", and prepositional - nps " board of directors " - in english, the first two constructs are the most frequent ). terminological entries are then filtered from the candidate list using statistical and machine learning methods. once filtered, because of their low ambiguity and high specificity, these terms are particularly useful for conceptualizing a knowledge domain or for supporting the creation of a domain ontology. furthermore, terminology extraction is a very useful starting point for semantic similarity, knowledge management, human translation and machine translation, etc. see also - computational linguistics - natural language processing - domain ontology - subject indexing - taxanomy ( general ) - text mining - text simplification - menczer f., pant g. and srinivasan p. topic - driven crawlers : machine learning issues. - fan j. and kambhampati s. a snapshot of public web services, in acm sigmod record archive volume 34, issue 1 ( march 2005 ). - yan zheng wei, luc moreau, nicholas r. jennings. a market - based approach to recommender systems, in acm transactions on information systems ( tois ), 23 ( 3 ), 2005. - bourigault d. and jacquemin c. term extraction + term clustering : an integrated platform for computer - aided terminology


systems, in acm transactions on information systems ( tois ), 23 ( 3 ), 2005. - bourigault d. and jacquemin c. term extraction + term clustering : an integrated platform for computer - aided terminology, in proc. of eacl, 1999. - collier n., nobata c. and tsujii j. automatic acquisition and classification of terminology using a tagged corpus in the molecular biology domain, terminology, 7 ( 2 ). 239 - 257, 2002 - k. frantzi, s. ananiadou and h. mima. ( 2000 ). automatic recognition of multi - word terms : the c - value / nc - value method. in : c. nikolau and c. stephanidis ( eds. ) international journal on digital libraries, vol. 3, no. 2., pp. 115 - 130. - k. frantzi, s. ananiadou and j. tsujii. ( 1998 ) the c - value / nc - value method of automatic recognition of multi - word terms, in : ecdl ' 98 proceedings of the second european conference on research and advanced technology for digital libraries, pp. 585 - 604. [ isbn : 3 - 540 - 65101 - 2 ] - l. kozakov, y. park, t. fin, y. drissi, y. doganata, and t. cofino. " glossary extraction and utilization in the information search and delivery system for ibm technical support ", ibm system journal, volume 43, number 3, 2004 - navigli r. and velardi, p. learning domain ontologies from document warehouses and dedicated web sites. computational linguistics. 30 ( 2 ), mit press, 2004, pp. 151 - 179 - y. park, r. j. byrd, b. boguraev. " automatic glossary extraction : beyond terminology identification ", international conference on computational linguistics, proceedings of the 19th international conference on computational linguistics - taipei, taiwan, 2002. - sclano, f. and velardi, p.. termextractor : a web application to learn the shared terminology of emergent web communities. to appear in proc. of the 3rd international conference on interoperability for enterprise software and applications ( i - esa 2007 ). funchal ( madeira island ), portugal, march 28 – 30th, 2007. - p. velardi, r. navigli, p


the 3rd international conference on interoperability for enterprise software and applications ( i - esa 2007 ). funchal ( madeira island ), portugal, march 28 – 30th, 2007. - p. velardi, r. navigli, p. d ' amadio. mining the web to create specialized glossaries, ieee intelligent systems, 23 ( 5 ), ieee press, 2008, pp. 18 - 25. - wermter j. and hahn u. finding new terminology in very large corpora, in proc. of k - cap ' 05, october 2 – 5, 2005, banff, alberta, canada - wong, w., liu, w. & bennamoun, m. ( 2007 ) determining termhood for learning domain ontologies using domain prevalence and tendency. in : 6th australasian conference on data mining ( ausdm ) ; gold coast. [ isbn : 978 - 1 - 920682 - 51 - 4 ] - wong, w., liu, w. & bennamoun, m. ( 2007 ) determining termhood for learning domain ontologies in a probabilistic framework. in : 6th australasian conference on data mining ( ausdm ) ; gold coast. [ isbn : 978 - 1 - 920682 - 51 - 4 ] - wong, w., liu, w. & bennamoun, m. ( 2008 ) determination of unithood and termhood for term recognition. in : m. song and y. wu ; handbook of research on text and web mining technologies ; igi global. [ isbn : 978 - 1 - 59904 - 990 - 8 ] - texlexan - an open - source text summarizer and keyword extractor. - anchovy anchovy is a free multilingual cross - platform glossary editor and term extraction tool based on the open glossary markup language ( glossml ) format. - lexterm, a free / open - source lexical extractor for terminology and translation ( mono - and bilingual extraction ). - sematext key phrase extractor, a package for extraction of collocations, statistically improbable phrases ( sips ), etc. by sematext - five filters term extraction, a free software term extraction service web application - alchemyapi, a web - based multi - lingual keyword / terminology extraction api web application - zemanta api, a web - based keyword extraction and


five filters term extraction, a free software term extraction service web application - alchemyapi, a web - based multi - lingual keyword / terminology extraction api web application - zemanta api, a web - based keyword extraction and disambiguation api by zemanta - yahoo term extraction api web application - introduction to terminology management, by ibm - termine, a term management system by the uk ' s national centre for text mining. web application - termextractor, a free terminology extraction web application - termfinder, free online terminology extractor web application - trm extractor, experimental terminology extractor web application that can process english and hungarian texts - statistical bilingual terminology extractor, online terminology extractor web application - ngram statistics package, open source package for identifying collocations - heartsome araya bilingual terminology extractor for tmx files, by heartsome europe - english phrases extractor, by the blogscope team at the university of toronto, extracted terms are used to search for conceptually related blogs over the web rather than for linguistic analysis purpose web application - a demo of document skimming and scanning using domain - related terms extracted from news articles. the domain terms are organised into ' term clouds ' for visualising key concepts in the news. - an interface for extracting domain - relevant terms from documents using the ot and th measures. a list of documents together with their automatically extracted domain - relevant terms are available for browsing here. - gabor melli ' s info page on terminology extraction - yahoo! quest demo exploiting term extraction for browsing the yahoo! answers q & a collection - ultimate research assistant, a free online literacy tool with strong multi - lingual terminology extraction capabilities and visualizations including bar charts, mind maps, and taxonomies. includes xml web services for term extraction, text summarization, and taxonomy generation / clustering.


| sir walter raleigh | portrait of sir walter raleigh inscribed right : aetatis suae 34 an ( no ) 1588 ( " in the year 1588 of his age 34 " ) and left : with his motto amore et virtute ( " by love and virtue " ). national portrait gallery, london, npg 7 22 january 1552 ( or 1554 ) | hayes barton, devonshire | died | | 29 october 1618 65 ) | occupation | | writer, poet, soldier, courtier, explorer | sir walter raleigh ( / /, / /, or / / ; c. 1554 – 29 october 1618 ) was an english aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. he is also well known for popularising tobacco in england. raleigh was born to a protestant family in devon, the son of walter raleigh and catherine champernowne. little is known of his early life, though he spent some time in ireland, in killua castle, clonmellon, county westmeath, taking part in the suppression of rebellions and participating in the siege of smerwick. later he became a landlord of property confiscated from the native irish. he rose rapidly in the favour of queen elizabeth i, and was knighted in 1585. instrumental in the english colonisation of north america, raleigh was granted a royal patent to explore virginia, which paved the way for future english settlements. in 1591 he secretly married elizabeth throckmorton, one of the queen ' s ladies - in - waiting, without the queen ' s permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the tower of london. after his release, they retired to his estate at sherborne, dorset. in 1594 raleigh heard of a " city of gold " in south america and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of " el dorado ". after queen elizabeth died in 1603 raleigh was again imprisoned in the tower, this time for allegedly being involved in the main plot against king james i, who was not favourably disposed toward him. in 1616 he was released to lead a second expedition in search of el dorado. this was unsuccessful and men under his command ransacked a spanish outpost. he returned to england and, to appease the spanish, was arrested and executed in 1618. little is known about raleigh ' s birth. some historians believe he was born on january 22, 1552, although the oxford


landowners in munster, but he enjoyed limited success in inducing english tenants to settle on his estates. during his seventeen years as an irish landlord, frequently being domiciled at killua castle, clonmellon, county westmeath, raleigh made the town of youghal his occasional home. he was mayor there from 1588 to 1589. his town mansion, myrtle grove, is assumed to be the setting for the story that his servant doused him with a bucket of water after seeing clouds of smoke coming from raleigh ' s pipe, in the belief he had been set alight. but this story is also told of other places associated with raleigh : the virginia ash inn in henstridge near sherborne, sherborne castle, and south wraxall manor in wiltshire, home of raleigh ' s friend, sir walter long. amongst raleigh ' s acquaintances in munster was another englishman who had been granted land there, the poet edmund spenser. in the 1590s, he and raleigh travelled together from ireland to the court at london, where spenser presented part of his allegorical poem, the faerie queene, to elizabeth i. raleigh ' s management of his irish estates ran into difficulties, which contributed to a decline in his fortunes. in 1602, he sold the lands to richard boyle, 1st earl of cork, who subsequently prospered under kings james i and charles i. following raleigh ' s death, members of his family approached boyle for compensation on the ground that raleigh had struck an improvident bargain. the new world raleigh ' s plan in 1584 for colonisation in the " colony and dominion of virginia " in north america ended in failure at roanoke island, but paved the way for subsequent colonies. these expeditions were funded primarily by raleigh and his friends, but never provided the steady stream of revenue necessary to maintain a colony in america. ( subsequent colonization attempts in the early 17th century were made under the joint - stock virginia company, which was able to raise the capital necessary to create successful colonies. ) in 1587, raleigh attempted a second expedition, again establishing a settlement on roanoke island. this time, a more diverse group of settlers was sent, including some entire families, under the governance of john white. after a short while in america, white returned to england to obtain more supplies for the colony. he was unable to return the following year as planned, because the queen had ordered that all vessels remain at port for potential use against the spanish armada. : 125 – 126 the threat of the


white returned to england to obtain more supplies for the colony. he was unable to return the following year as planned, because the queen had ordered that all vessels remain at port for potential use against the spanish armada. : 125 – 126 the threat of the armada was only partially responsible for delaying white ' s return until 1590. after england ' s victory over the spanish fleet in 1588, the ships were given permission to sail. unfortunately for the colonists at roanoke, the small fleet first made an excursion towards cuba. they tried to capture the treasure - laden spanish merchant ships reported to proliferate in those waters at that time. white is said to have objected to this unplanned foray, but was helpless to dissuade the crews. : 125 – 126 they had been told by the experienced portuguese pilot, hired by raleigh to navigate the voyage, of enormous riches to be had. it was not until 1590, 3 years after white left, that the supply vessel arrived at the colony – only to find that all colonists had disappeared. : 130 – 33 the only clue to their fate was the word " croatoan " and letters " cro " carved into tree trunks. white had arranged with the settlers that if they should relocate, the name of their destination be carved into a tree or corner - post. this suggested the possibilities that they had relocated to croatoan island ( now hatteras island ). but a hurricane prevented john white from investigating the island for survivors. : 130 – 33 other speculation includes their having starved, or been swept away or lost at sea during the stormy weather of 1588. no further attempts at contact were recorded for some years. whatever the fate of the settlers, the settlement is now remembered as the " lost colony of roanoke island ". in december 1581, raleigh returned to england from ireland to despatches as his company had been disbanded. he took part in court life and became a favourite of queen elizabeth i. various colourful stories are told about him at this period, but they are likely apocryphal. in 1585 raleigh was knighted and was appointed warden of the stannaries, that is of the mines of cornwall and devon, lord lieutenant of cornwall, and vice - admiral of the two counties. both in 1585 and 1586, he sat in parliament as member for devonshire. raleigh commissioned the shipbuilder r. chapman, of deptford to build a ship for him. originally called ark, it became ark raleigh, following


. both in 1585 and 1586, he sat in parliament as member for devonshire. raleigh commissioned the shipbuilder r. chapman, of deptford to build a ship for him. originally called ark, it became ark raleigh, following the convention at the time by which the ship bore the name of its owner. the crown, in the form of queen elizabeth i, purchased the ship from raleigh in january 1587, for the sum of £5, 000 ( £900, 000 as of 2013 ). ( this took the form of a reduction in the sum sir walter owed the queen : he received exchequer tallies, but no money. ) as a result, the ship was renamed ark royal. in 1592, raleigh was given many rewards by the queen, including durham house in the strand and the estate of sherborne, dorset. he was appointed captain of the yeomen of the guard. however, he had not been given any of the great offices of state. in the armada year of 1588, raleigh was appointed vice admiral of devon, looking after the coastal defences and military levies. in 1591, raleigh was secretly married to elizabeth " bess " throckmorton ( or throgmorton ). she was one of the queen ' s ladies - in - waiting, eleven years his junior, and was pregnant at the time. she gave birth to a son, believed to be named damerei, who was given to a wet nurse at durham house, but died in october 1592 of plague. bess resumed her duties to the queen. the following year, the unauthorised marriage was discovered and the queen ordered raleigh imprisoned and bess dismissed from court. both were imprisoned in the tower of london in june 1592. he was released from prison in august 1592 to divide the spoils from the captured spanish ship madre de dios ( mother of god ). bess was released in december. it would be several years before raleigh returned to favour. the couple remained devoted to each other. during raleigh ' s absences, bess proved a capable manager of the family ' s fortunes and reputation. they had two more sons, walter ( known as wat ) and carew. raleigh was elected a burgess of mitchell, cornwall, in the parliament of 1593. he retired to his estate at sherborne where he built a new house, completed in 1594, known then as sherborne lodge. since extended, it is now known as sherb


mitchell, cornwall, in the parliament of 1593. he retired to his estate at sherborne where he built a new house, completed in 1594, known then as sherborne lodge. since extended, it is now known as sherborne ( new ) castle. he made friends with the local gentry, such as sir ralph horsey of clifton maybank and charles thynne of longleat. during this period at a dinner party at horsey ' s, there was a heated discussion about religion. the argument later gave rise to charges of atheism against raleigh. he was elected to parliament, speaking on religious and naval matters. in 1594, he came into possession of a spanish account of a great golden city at the headwaters of the caroni river. a year later he explored what is now guyana and eastern venezuela in search of manoa, the legendary city. once back in england, he published the discovery of guiana ( 1596 ) an account of his voyage which made exaggerated claims as to what had been discovered. the book can be seen as a contribution to the el dorado legend. although venezuela has gold deposits, there is no evidence raleigh found any mines. he is sometimes said to have discovered angel falls, but these claims are considered far - fetched. from 1600 to 1603, as governor of the channel island of jersey, raleigh modernised its defences. this included construction of a new fort protecting the approaches to saint helier, fort isabella bellissima, or elizabeth castle. trial and imprisonment royal favour with queen elizabeth had been restored by this time but his good fortune did not last. the queen died in 1603, and raleigh was arrested at exeter inn, ashburton, devon and imprisoned in the tower of london on 19 july 1603. on 17 november, raleigh was tried in the converted great hall of winchester castle for treason, due to alleged involvement in the main plot against king james. raleigh conducted his defence. the chief evidence against raleigh was the signed and sworn confession of henry brooke, 11th baron cobham. raleigh frequently requested that cobham be called in to testify so that he might recant, " [ let ] my accuser come face to face, and be deposed. were the case but for a small copyhold, you would have witnesses or good proof to lead the jury to a verdict ; and i am here for my life! " raleigh essentially was objecting that the evidence against him was " hearsay " ; but the tribunal refused to allow cobham to testify and be cross examined.


good proof to lead the jury to a verdict ; and i am here for my life! " raleigh essentially was objecting that the evidence against him was " hearsay " ; but the tribunal refused to allow cobham to testify and be cross examined. although hearsay was frowned upon under common law, raleigh was tried under civil law, which allowed hearsay. king james spared his life, despite a guilty verdict. he remained imprisoned in the tower until 1616. while there, he wrote many treatises and the first volume of the historie of the world ( published 1628 ) about the ancient history of greece and rome. his son, carew, was conceived and born ( 1604 ) while raleigh was imprisoned in the tower. in 1616, raleigh was released in order to conduct a second expedition to venezuela in search of el dorado. during the expedition, raleigh ' s men, under the command of lawrence keymis, attacked the spanish outpost of santo tome de guayana ( san tome ) on the orinoco river. in the initial attack on the settlement, raleigh ' s son, walter, was fatally shot. on raleigh ' s return to england, an outraged count gondomar, the spanish ambassador, successfully demanded that king james reinstate raleigh ' s death sentence. raleigh was brought to london from plymouth, by sir lewis stukeley, and passed up numerous opportunities to make an effective escape. execution and aftermath raleigh was beheaded in the old palace yard at the palace of westminster on 29 october 1618. " let us dispatch ", he said to his executioner. " at this hour my ague comes upon me. i would not have my enemies think i quaked from fear. " after he was allowed to see the axe that would behead him, he mused : " this is a sharp medicine, but it is a physician for all diseases and miseries. " according to many biographers – for instance, raleigh trevelyan in sir walter raleigh ( 2002 ) – raleigh ' s final words ( as he lay ready for the axe to fall ) were : " strike, man, strike! " having been one of the people to popularise tobacco smoking in england, he left a small tobacco pouch, found in his cell shortly after his execution. engraved upon the pouch was a latin inscription : comes meus fuit in illo miserrimo tempore ( " it was my companion at that most miserable time " ). raleigh ' s head was embalmed and presented to his wife. his body


pouch was a latin inscription : comes meus fuit in illo miserrimo tempore ( " it was my companion at that most miserable time " ). raleigh ' s head was embalmed and presented to his wife. his body was to be buried in the local church in beddington, surrey, the home of lady raleigh, but was finally laid to rest in st. margaret ' s, westminster, where his tomb may still be visited today. " the lords ", she wrote, " have given me his dead body, though they have denied me his life. god hold me in my wits. " it has been said that lady raleigh kept her husband ' s head in a velvet bag until her death. after his wife ' s death 29 years later, raleigh ' s head was returned to his tomb and interred at st. margaret ' s church. although raleigh ' s popularity had waned considerably since his elizabethan heyday, his execution was seen by many, both at the time and since, as unnecessary and unjust. any involvement in the main plot appears to have been limited to a meeting with lord cobham. one of the judges at his trial later said : " the justice of england has never been so degraded and injured as by the condemnation of the honourable sir walter raleigh. " raleigh ' s poetry is written in the relatively straightforward, unornamented mode known as the plain style. c. s. lewis considered raleigh one of the era ' s " silver poets ", a group of writers who resisted the italian renaissance influence of dense classical reference and elaborate poetic devices. in poems such as " what is our life " and " the lie ", raleigh expresses a contemptus mundi ( contempt of the world ) attitude more characteristic of the middle ages than of the dawning era of humanistic optimism. but, his lesser - known long poem " the ocean to cynthia " combines this vein with the more elaborate conceits associated with his contemporaries edmund spenser and john donne, expressing a melancholy sense of history. raleigh wrote a poetic response to christopher marlowe ' s " the passionate shepherd to his love " of 1592, entitled " the nymph ' s reply to the shepherd ". both were written in the style of traditional pastoral poetry and follow the structure of six four - line stanzas employing a rhyme scheme of aabb, with raleigh ' s an almost line - for - line refutation of marlowe ' s sentiments. years later the 20th century poet william carlos williams would join


and follow the structure of six four - line stanzas employing a rhyme scheme of aabb, with raleigh ' s an almost line - for - line refutation of marlowe ' s sentiments. years later the 20th century poet william carlos williams would join the poetic " argument " with his " raleigh was right. " the state capital of north carolina and its second largest city was named raleigh in 1792 for sir walter, sponsor of the roanoke colony. in the city a bronze statue, which has been moved around different locations within the city, was cast in honor of the city ' s namesake. the " lost colony " is commemorated at the fort raleigh national historic site on roanoke island, north carolina. - many alternative spellings of his surname exist, including rawley, ralegh, ralagh and rawleigh. " raleigh " appears most commonly today, though he, himself, used that spelling only once, as far as is known. his most consistent preference was for " ralegh ". his full name is / /, though, in practice, / /, ral - ee or even / /, rah - lee are the usual modern pronunciations in england. - " 100 great britons - a complete list ". daily mail. 21 august 2002. retrieved 5 august 2012. - nicholls, mark ; williams, penry ( september 2004 ). " ralegh, sir walter ( 1554 – 1618 ) ". oxford dictionary of national biography. oxford university press. retrieved 20 may 2008. ( subscription or uk public library membership required ) - hayes barton, woodbury common. - ronald, p. 249. - edward edwards, the life of sir walter ralegh. volume i ( london : macmillan, 1868 ), p. 26. - edwards, p. 33. - markham, jerry w. ( 2001 ). a financial history of the united states. armonk, n. y : m. e. sharpe. p. 22. isbn 0 - 7656 - 0730 - 1. - blacker, irwin ( 1965 ). hakluyt ' s voyages : the principle navigations voyages traffiques & discoveries of the english nation. new york : the viking press. p. 522. - quinn, david b. ( 1985 - 02 ). set fair for roanoke : voyages and colonies, 1584 - 1606. unc press books. isbn 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4123 - 5. retrieved 3 june 2011. - fragmenta regalia


( 1985 - 02 ). set fair for roanoke : voyages and colonies, 1584 - 1606. unc press books. isbn 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4123 - 5. retrieved 3 june 2011. - fragmenta regalia - fuller ' s worthies - j. k. laughton and sidney lee, ralegh, sir walter ( 1552? – 1618 ), military and naval commander and author, 1896 - uk cpi inflation numbers based on data available from lawrence h. officer ( 2010 ) " what were the uk earnings and prices then? " measuringworth. - archaeologia, p. 151 - sir walter raleigh. the discovery of guiana project gutenberg. - " walter raleigh – delusions of guiana " at the lost world : travel and information on the gran sabana, canaima national park, venezuela web page. retrieved 5 july 2008. - circumscribed legend mis - engraved as tnsihnia for insignia - 1 criminal trials 400, 400 – 511, 1850. - raleigh, walter. " the historie of the world ". retrieved 19 november 2009. - wolffe, mary. " stucley, sir lewis ". oxford dictionary of national biography ( online ed. ). oxford university press. doi : 10. 1093 / ref : odnb / 26740. ( subscription or uk public library membership required ) - " stucley, lewis ". dictionary of national biography. london : smith, elder & co. 1885 – 1900. - trevelyan ( 2002 ) p. 552 - gene borio. " tobacco timeline : the seventeenth century - the great age of the pipe ". tobacco. org. retrieved october 29, 2012. - " sir walter raleigh ' s tobacco pouch ". wallace collection. retrieved 1 november 2012. - williams, norman lloyd. " sir walter raleigh ", cassell biographies, 1962 ) - durant, will, the story of civilization, vol. vii, chap. vi, p. 158 - " full text of " raleghana " ". archive. org. retrieved october 29, 2012. - lloyd, j & mitchinson, j : " the book of general i. - ed. ronald christenson, political trials in history : from antiquity to the present, p. 385 - 7. transaction publishers ( 1991 ). isbn 978 - 0 - 88738 - 406 - 6 - historical summary, crawford v. washington ( page 10 of. pdf


, political trials in history : from antiquity to the present, p. 385 - 7. transaction publishers ( 1991 ). isbn 978 - 0 - 88738 - 406 - 6 - historical summary, crawford v. washington ( page 10 of. pdf file ) - " notes for " the passionate shepherd to his love " ". dr. bruce magee, louisiana tech university. retrieved 29 october 2012. - adamson, j. h. and folland, h. f. shepherd of the ocean, 1969 - dwyer, jack dorset pioneers the history press, 2009. isbn 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5346 - 0 - edwards, edward the life of sir walter ralegh. volume i ( london : macmillan, 1868 ). - fuller, thomas anglorum speculum or the worthies of england, 1684 - lewis, c. s. english literature in the sixteenth century excluding drama, 1954 - naunton, robert fragmenta regalia 1694, reprinted 1824. - nicholls, mark and williams, penry. ‘ ralegh, sir walter ( 1554 – 1618 ) ’, oxford dictionary of national biography, oxford university press, 2004. - pemberton, henry ( author ) ; carroll smyth ( editor ), susan l. pemberton ( contributor ) shakespeare and sir walter raleigh : including also several essays previously published in the new shakspeareana, kessinger publishing, llc ; 264 pages, 2007. isbn 978 - 0548312483 - ronald, susan the pirate queen : queen elizabeth i, her pirate adventurers, and the dawn of empire harper collins publishers, new york, 2007. isbn 0 - 06 - 082066 - 7 - stebbing, william : sir walter ralegh. oxford, 1899 project gutenberg etext - trevelyan, raleigh sir walter raleigh, henry holt & co. ( 2002 ). isbn 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9326 - 4 - the sir walter raleigh collection in wilson library at the university of north carolina at chapel hill | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : walter raleigh | | wikisource has original works written by or about : | wikimedia commons has media related to : sir walter raleigh | - sir walter raleigh ' s grave - biography of sir walter raleigh at britannia. com - biography of sir walter raleigh at britishexplorers. com - description and pictures of hayes barton at britishexplorers. com - sir walter raleigh at


sir walter raleigh ' s grave - biography of sir walter raleigh at britannia. com - biography of sir walter raleigh at britishexplorers. com - description and pictures of hayes barton at britishexplorers. com - sir walter raleigh at the fort raleigh website - quotes attributed to sir walter raleigh - story of raleigh ' s last years and his beheading - poetry by sir walter raleigh, plus commentary - searching for the lost colony blog - robert viking o ' brien & stephen kent o ' brien, discovery of guiana essay, yearbook of comparative and general literature - tytler, patrick fraser ( 1848 ). life of sir walter raleigh, founded on authentic and original documents. london : t. nelson and sons ( published 1853 ). retrieved 17 august 2008 texts by raleigh - works by walter raleigh at project gutenberg - worldly wisdom from the historie of the world the earl of bedford | lord warden of the stannaries the earl of pembroke sir francis godolphin sir william mohun | lord lieutenant of cornwall the earl of pembroke | vice - admiral of devon the earl of bath ( north devon ) and sir richard hawkins ( south devon ) | captain of the yeomen of the guard sir thomas erskine sir matthew arundell | custos rotulorum of dorset viscount howard of bindon sir anthony paulet | governor of jersey sir john peyton


page : historical lectures and addresses. djvu / 27 and remove him from his pedestal. it is often found easier to construct for him an ornamental niche and treat him with outward marks of deference. perhaps nothing is more capricious than the selection of worthies who are supposed to have prepared the way for the reformation. the continuous effort for the reform of ecclesiastical abuses is one of the chief features of mediæval history. the attempt was made in various ways and was supported by various arguments. the prevalence of corruption was acknowledged by all serious men ; the extent of the corruption was exposed often in exaggerated language ; the causes of the corruption were fearlessly attacked. it is hard to see in some cases the line which distinguishes those who are exalted as reformers from those who are passed by unnoticed. the tendency of an age as a whole is frequently misrepresented through a desire to elevate unduly some prominent figure into a prophet of the future. i pass on to consider the general bearings of the subject of ecclesiastical history. if we regard the course of events since the first appearance of christianity as an organised system in the world, we see how large, how very large a part it has played in history. in the decline of the roman world, christianity was the only influence which bound society together, and afforded the only possible basis for a reorganisation of the imperial system. when the decline of population and energy within the borders of the empire invited the settlements of the german tribes, the fortunes of those tribes depended upon their power of assimilating the principles, and


the wisdom of the ancients / 1 the earliest antiquity lies buried in silence and oblivion, excepting the remains we have of it in sacred writ. this silence was succeeded by poetical fables and these, at length, by the writings we now enjoy ; so that the concealed and secret learning of the ancients seems separated from the history and knowledge of the following ages by a veil, or partition - wall of fables, interposing between the things that are lost and those that remain. many may imagine that i am here entering upon a work of fancy ; or amusement, and design to use a poetical liberty, in explaining poetical fables. it is true, fables in general are composed of ductile matter, that may be drawn into great variety by a witty talent or an inventive genius, and be delivered of plausible meanings which they never contained. but this procedure has already been carried to excess ; and great numbers, to procure the sanction of antiquity to their own notions and inventions, have miserably wrested and abused the fables of the ancients. nor is this only a late or unfrequent practice, but of ancient date and common even to this day. thus chrysippus, like an interpreter of dreams, attributed the opinions of the stoics to the poets of old ; and the chemists, at present, more childishly apply the poetical transformations to their experiments of the furnace. and though i have well weighed and considered all this, and thoroughly seen into the levity which the mind indulges for allegories and allusions, yet i cannot but retain a high value for the ancient mythology. and, certainly, it were very injudicious to suffer the fondness and licentiousness of a few to detract from the honour of allegory and parable in general. this would be rash, and almost profane ; for, since religion delights in such shadows and disguises, to abolish them were, in a manner, to prohibit all intercourse betwixt things divine and human. upon deliberate consideration, my judgment is, that a concealed instruction and allegory was originally intended in many of the ancient fables. this opinion may, in some respect, be owing to the veneration i have for antiquity, but more to observing that some fables discover a great and evident similitude, relation, and connection with the thing they signify, as well in the structure of the fable as in


be owing to the veneration i have for antiquity, but more to observing that some fables discover a great and evident similitude, relation, and connection with the thing they signify, as well in the structure of the fable as in the propriety of the names whereby the persons or actors are characterized ; insomuch, that no one could positively deny a sense and meaning to be from the first intended, and purposely shadowed out in them. for who can hear that fame, after the giants were destroyed, sprung up as their posthumous sister, and not apply it to the clamour of parties and the seditious rumours which commonly fly about for a time upon the quelling of insurrections? or who can read how the giant typhon cut out and carried away jupiter ' s sinews - which mercury afterwards stole and again restored to jupiter - and not presently observe that this allegory denotes strong and powerful rebellions, which cut away from kings their sinews, both of money and authority ; and that the way to have them restored is by lenity, affability, and prudent edicts, which soon reconcile, and as it were steal upon the affections of the subject? or who, upon hearing that memorable expedition of the gods against the giants, when the braying of silenus ' s ass greatly contributed in putting the giants to flight, does not clearly conceive that this directly points at the monstrous enterprises of rebellious subjects, which are frequently frustrated and disappointed by vain fears and empty rumours? again, the conformity and purport of the names is frequently manifest and self - evident. thus metis the wife of jupiter, plainly signifies counsel ; typhon, swelling ; pan, universality ; nemesis, revenge, & c. nor is it a wonder, if sometimes a piece of history or other things are introduced, by way of ornament ; or if the times of the action are confounded ; or if part of one fable be tacked to another ; or if the allegory be new turned ; for all this must necessarily happen, as the fables were the inventions of men who lived in different ages and had different views ; some of them being ancient, others more modern ; some having an eye to natural philosophy, and others to morality or civil policy. it may pass for a farther indication of a concealed and secret meaning, that some of these fables are so absurd and idle in their narration as to show and proclaim an allegory, even


philosophy, and others to morality or civil policy. it may pass for a farther indication of a concealed and secret meaning, that some of these fables are so absurd and idle in their narration as to show and proclaim an allegory, even afar off. a fable that carries probability with it may be supposed invented for pleasure, or in imitation of history ; but those that could never be conceived or related in this way must surely have a different use. for example, what a monstrous fiction is this, that jupiter should take metis to wife, and as soon as he found her pregnant eat her up, whereby he also conceived, and out of his head brought forth pallas armed. certainly no mortal could, but for the sake of the moral it couches, invent such an absurd dream as this, so much out of the road of thought! but the argument of most weight with me is this, that many of these fables by no means appear to have been invented by the persons who relate and divulge them, whether homer, hesiod, or others ; for if i were assured they first flowed from those later times and authors that transmit them to us, i should never expect anything singularly great or noble from such an origin. but who - ever attentively considers the thing, will find that these fables are delivered down and related by those writers, not as matters then first invented and proposed, but as things received and embraced in earlier ages. besides, as they are differently related by writers nearly of the same ages, it is easily perceived that the relators drew from the common stock of ancient tradition, and varied but in point of embellishment, which is their own. and this principally raises my esteem of these fables, which i receive, not as the product of the age, or invention of the poets, but as sacred relics, gentle whispers, and the breath of better times, that from the traditions of more ancient nations came, at length, into the flutes and trumpets of the greeks. but if any one shall, notwithstanding this, contend that allegories are always adventitious, or imposed upon the ancient fables, and no way native or genuinely contained in them, we might here leave him undisturbed in that gravity of judgment he affects ( though we cannot help accounting it somewhat dull and phlegmatic ), and if it were worth the trouble, proceed to another kind of argument. men have proposed to answer two different and contrary ends by the use of parable ;


judgment he affects ( though we cannot help accounting it somewhat dull and phlegmatic ), and if it were worth the trouble, proceed to another kind of argument. men have proposed to answer two different and contrary ends by the use of parable ; for parables serve as well to instruct or illustrate as to wrap up and envelop, so that though, for the present, we drop the concealed use, and suppose the ancient fables to be vague, undeterminate things, formed for amusement, still the other use must remain, and can never be given up. and every man, of any learning, must readily allow that this method of instructing is grave, sober, or exceedingly useful, and sometimes necessary in the sciences, as it opens an easy and familiar passage to the human understanding, in all new discoveries that are abstruse and out of the road of vulgar opinions. hence, in the first ages, when such inventions and conclusions of the human reason as are now trite and common were new and little known, all things abounded with fables, parables, similes, comparisons and allusions, which were not intended to conceal, but to inform and teach, whilst the minds of men continued rude and unpractised in matters of subtilty and speculation, or even impatient, and in a manner uncapable of receiving such things as did not directly fall under and strike the senses. for as hieroglyphics were in use before writing, so were parables in use before arguments. and even to this day, if any man would let new light in upon the human understanding, and conquer prejudice, without raising contests, animosities, opposition, or disturbance, he must still go in the same path, and have recourse to the like method of allegory, metaphor, and allusion. to conclude, the knowledge of the early ages was either great or happy ; great, if they by design made this use of trope and figure ; happy, if, whilst they had other views, they afforded matter and occasion to such noble contemplations. let either be the case, our pains, perhaps, will not be misemployed, whether we illustrate antiquity or things themselves. the like indeed has been attempted by others ; but to speak ingenuously, their great and voluminous labours have almost destroyed the energy, the efficacy, and grace of the thing, whilst being unskilled in nature, and their learning no more than that


been attempted by others ; but to speak ingenuously, their great and voluminous labours have almost destroyed the energy, the efficacy, and grace of the thing, whilst being unskilled in nature, and their learning no more than that of commonplace, they have applied the sense of the parables to certain general and vulgar matters, without reaching to their real purport, genuine interpretation, and fill depth. for myself, therefore, i expect to appear new in these common things, because, leaving untouched such as are sufficiently plain and open, i shall drive only at those that are either deep or rich. chapter i the poets relate, that apollo, falling in love with cassandra, was still deluded and put off by her, yet fed with hopes, till she had got from him the gift of prophecy ; and having now obtained her end, she flatly rejected his suit. apollo, unable to recall his rash gift, yet enraged to be outwitted by a girl, annexed this penalty to it, that though she should always prophesy true, she should never be believed ; whence her divinations were always slighted, even when she again and again predicted the ruin of her country. explanation. - this fable seems invented to express the insignificance of unseasonable advice. for they who are conceited, stubborn, or intractable, and listen not to the instructions of apollo, the god of harmony, so as to learn and observe the modulations and measures of affairs, the sharps and flats of discourse, the difference between judicious and vulgar ears, and the proper times of speech and silence, let them be ever so intelligent, and ever so frank of their advice, or their counsels ever so good and just, yet all their endeavours, either of persuasion or force, are of little significance, and rather hasten the ruin of those they advise. but, at last, when the calamitous event has made the sufferers feel the effect of their neglect, they too late reverence their advisers, as deep, foreseeing, and faithful prophets. of this we have a remarkable instance in cato of utica, who discovered afar off, and long foretold, the approaching ruin of his country, both in the first conspiracy, and as it was prosecuted in the civil war between cæsar and pompey yet did no good the while, but rather hurt the commonwealth, and hurried on its destruction, which cicero wisely observed in these


, both in the first conspiracy, and as it was prosecuted in the civil war between cæsar and pompey yet did no good the while, but rather hurt the commonwealth, and hurried on its destruction, which cicero wisely observed in these words : " cato, indeed, judges excellently, but prejudices the state ; for he speaks as in the commonwealth of plato, and not as in the dregs of romulus. " chapter ii the fable runs, that juno, enraged at jupiter ' s bringing forth pallas without her assistance, incessantly solicited all the gods and goddesses, that she might produce without jupiter : and having by violence and importunity obtained the grant, she struck the earth, and thence immediately sprung up typhon, a huge and dreadful monster, whom she committed to the nursing of a serpent. as soon as he was grown up, this monster waged war on jupiter, and taking him prisoner in the battle, carried him away on his shoulders, into a remote and obscure quarter : and there cutting out the sinews of his hands and feet, he bore them off, leaving jupiter behind miserably maimed and mangled. but mercury afterwards stole these sinews from typhon, and restored them to jupiter. hence, recovering his strength, jupiter again pursues the monster ; first wounds him with a stroke of his thunder, when serpents arose from the blood of the wound : and now the monster being dismayed, and taking to flight, jupiter next darted mount ætna upon him, and crushed him with the weight. explanation. - this fable seems designed to express the various fates of kings, and the turns that rebellions sometimes take, in kingdoms. for princes may be justly esteemed married to their states, as jupiter to juno : but it sometimes happens, that, being depraved by long wielding of the sceptre, and growing tyrannical, they would engross all to themselves ; and slighting the counsel of their senators and nobles, conceive by themselves ; that is, govern according to their own arbitrary will and pleasure. this inflames the people, and makes them endeavour to create and set up some head of their own. such designs are generally set on foot by the secret motion and instigation of the peers and nobles, under whose connivance the common sort are prepared for rising : whence proceeds a swell in the state, which is appositely denoted by the nursing of


set on foot by the secret motion and instigation of the peers and nobles, under whose connivance the common sort are prepared for rising : whence proceeds a swell in the state, which is appositely denoted by the nursing of typhon. this growing posture of affairs is fed by the natural depravity, and malignant dispositions of the vulgar, which to kings is an envenomed serpent. and now the disaffected, uniting their force, at length break out into open rebellion, which, producing infinite mischiefs, both to prince and people, is represented by the horrid and multiplied deformity of typhon, with his hundred heads, denoting the divided powers ; his flaming mouths, denoting fire and devastation ; his girdles of snakes, denoting sieges and destruction ; his iron hands, slaughter and cruelty ; his eagle ' s talons, rapine and plunder ; his plumed body, perpetual rumours, contradictory accounts, & c. and sometimes these rebellions grow so high, that kings are obliged, as if carried on the backs of the rebels, to quit the throne, and retire to some remote and obscure part of their dominions, with the loss of their sinews, both of money and majesty. but if now they prudently bear this reverse of fortune, they may, in a short time, by the assistance of mercury, recover their sinews again ; that is, by becoming moderate and affable ; reconciling the minds and affections of the people to them, by gracious speeches, and prudent proclamations, which will win over the subject cheerfully to afford new aids and supplies, and add fresh vigour to authority. but prudent and wary princes here seldom incline to try fortune by a war, yet do their utmost, by some grand exploit, to crush the reputation of the rebels : and if the attempt succeeds, the rebels, conscious of the wound received, and distrustful of their cause, first betake themselves to broken and empty threats ; like the hissings of serpents ; and next, when matters are grown desperate, to flight. and now, when they thus begin to shrink, it is safe and seasonable for kings to pursue them with their forces, and the whole strength of the kingdom ; thus effectually quashing and suppressing them, as it were by the weight of a mountain. chapter iii it is related that the cyclops, for their


for kings to pursue them with their forces, and the whole strength of the kingdom ; thus effectually quashing and suppressing them, as it were by the weight of a mountain. chapter iii it is related that the cyclops, for their savageness and cruelty, were by jupiter first thrown into tartarus, and there condemned to perpetual imprisonment : but that afterwards, tellus persuaded jupiter it would be for his service to release them, and employ them in forging thunderbolts. this he accordingly did ; and they, with unwearied pains and diligence, hammered out his bolts, and other instruments of terror, with a frightful and continual din of the anvil. it happened long after, that jupiter was displeased with æsculapius, the son of apollo, for having, by the art of medicine, restored a dead man to life : but concealing, his indignation, because the action in itself was pious and illustrious, he secretly incensed the cyclops against him, who, without remorse, presently slew him with their thunderbolts : in revenge whereof, apollo, with jupiter ' s connivance, shot them all dead with his arrows. explanation. - this fable seems to point at the behaviour of princes, who, having cruel, bloody, and oppressive ministers, first punish and displace them ; but afterwards, by the advice of tellus, that is, some earthly - minded and ignoble person, employ them again, to serve a turn, when there is occasion for cruelty in execution, or severity in exaction : but these ministers being base in their nature, whet by their former disgrace, and well aware of what is expected from them, use double diligence in their office ; till, proceeding unwarily, and over - eager to gain favour, they sometimes, from the private nods, and ambiguous orders of their prince, perform some odious or execrable action : when princes, to decline the envy themselves, and knowing they shall never want such tools at their back, drop them, and give them up to the friends and followers of the injured person ; thus exposing them, as sacrifices to revenge and popular odium : whence with great applause, acclamations, and good wishes to the prince, these miscreants at last meet with their desert. chapter iv narcissus is said to have been extremely beautiful and comely, but intolerably proud and disdainful ; so that, pleased


no more, like the way of a ship in the sea, was by the ancients consecrated to the infernal shades and powers. chapter v the only solemn oath, by which the gods irrevocably obliged themselves, is a well - known thing, and makes a part of many ancient fables. to this oath they did not invoke any celestial divinity, or divine attribute, but only called to witness the river styx ; which, with many meanders, surrounds the infernal court of dis. for this form alone, and none but this, was held inviolable and obligatory : and the punishment of falsifying it, was that dreaded one of being excluded, for a certain number of years, the table of the gods. explanation. - this fable seems invented to show the nature of the compacts and confederacies of princes ; which, though ever so solemnly and religiously sworn to, prove but little the more binding for it : so that oaths in this case seem used, rather for decorum, reputation, and ceremony, than for fidelity, security, and effectuating. and though these oaths were strengthened with the bonds of affinity, which are the links and ties of nature, and again, by mutual services and good offices, yet we see all this will generally give way to ambition, convenience, and the thirst of power : the rather, because it is easy for princes, under various specious pretences, to defend, disguise, and conceal their ambitious desires, and insincerity ; having no judge to call them to account. there is, however, one true and proper confirmation of their faith, though no celestial divinity ; but that great divinity of princes, necessity ; or, the danger of the state ; and the securing of advantage. this necessity is elegantly represented by styx, the fatal river, that can never be crossed back. and this deity it was, which iphicrates the athenian invoked in making a league : and because he roundly and openly avows what most others studiously conceal, it may be proper to give his own words. observing that the lacedæmonians were inventing and proposing a variety of securities, sanctions, and bonds of alliance, he interrupted them thus : " there may indeed, my friends, be one bond and means of security between us ; and that is, for you to demonstrate you have delivered into our hands, such things as that if you had the greatest desire to hurt us you could not be


" there may indeed, my friends, be one bond and means of security between us ; and that is, for you to demonstrate you have delivered into our hands, such things as that if you had the greatest desire to hurt us you could not be able. " therefore, if the power of offending be taken away, or if by a breach of compact there be danger of destruction or diminution to the state or tribute, then it is that covenants will be ratified, and confirmed, as it were by the stygian oath, whilst there remains an impending danger of being prohibited and excluded the banquet of the gods ; by which expression the ancients denoted the rights and prerogatives, the affluence and the felicities, of empire and dominion. - ^ varro distributes the ages of the world into three periods ; viz. the unknown, the fabulous, and the historical. of the former we have no accounts but in scripture ; for the second we must consult the ancient poets, such as hesiod, homer, or those who wrote still earlier, and then again come back to ovid, who in his metamorphoses, seems, in imitation perhaps of some ancient greek poet, to have intended a complete collection, or a kind of continued and connected history of the fabulous age, especially with regard to changes, revolutions, or transformations.


a stock character is a fictional character that relies heavily on cultural types for its personality, manner of speech, and other characteristics. stock characters are instantly recognizable to members of a given culture. stock characters in the western tradition originate from the theatres of ancient greece and rome. some examples of stock characters are : - the hero - the villain, evil personified, be it the duke of gloucester in william shakespeare ' s richard iii or prince john in the robin hood stories. - the damsel in distress, the young, beautiful, virginal woman who must be rescued from some cruel fate by the hero, a la penelope pitstop [? ]. - the femme fatale, la belle dame sans merci, the black widow, the beautiful, but evil woman who leads the hero to his doom. - the fop : the fop is a man attempting but failing to rise into fashionable aristocratic culture. he is typically overdressed and his speech is characterized by over - use or misuse of popular phrases ( often french phrases ) or various forms of hypercorrection [? ]. the fop is never intelligent and always talkative. zorro hid behind the image of the fop, don diego. the scarlet pimpernel hid behind the persona of sir percy blakeney. - the fool : the fool is a clown or joker who speaks in riddles and puns. often, the fool is intelligent and witty and reveals key truths about the characters he fools with ( shakespeare ' s fools, such as the ones in twelfth night and king lear, are well - known examples ). - the mad scientist : the insane man of science, who either accidentally or intentionally " meddles with the forces of nature " and causes the trouble which the hero must correct. - the revenger : the revenger is a hot - blooded young man who has had a loved one ( ideally a fiance ) cruelly murdered and / or raped and seeks his revenge outside the law. ( laertes in hamlet and hamlet himself are examples of revengers. ) - the sidekick - the hero ' s helper, sancho panza in don quixote, dr. watson in sherlock holmes. the sidekick is often a figure of fun, but is trustworthy and sometimes shows surprising resourcefulness and bravery. in whodunnits and secondary literature on detective fiction in general, the sidekick is often referred to as the watson - - slightly dumber than the average reader, time and again overlooking decisive clues, occasionally drawing the wrong conclusions ( such as


energy in agriculture resources energy in agriculture program - food and fiber processing technologies read about california food and fiber processing facilities participating in research, development, and demonstration projects to advance the adoption of energy and resource efficient technologies. process energy videos food processing video : steam system best practices are used to optimize system performance. basic management principles and maintenance proceedures are described that will enhance steam system efficiencies. - california ' s food processing industry energy efficiency initiative : adoption of industrial best practices, january 2008, cec publication # cec - 400 - 2008 - 006, posted : january 31, 2008. ( pdf file, 35 pgs., 2. 3 mb research and demonstration projects - fetzer case study # 1 - heat exchange system improvement saves energy and improves production at a winery. - fetzer case study # 2 - controls upgrade at a winery saves energy and increases equipment life. electricity peak load reduction - pacific coast producers - tomato - processing company moves facility location to upgrade equipment, increase production, improve efficiency, and be closer to where the tomatoes are grown. pacific coast producers - measurement and verification report, energy commission publication # cec - 400 - 2003 - 902, march 2003. ( pdf file, 19 pages, 702 kilobytes ) - campbell soup company - waste heat driven turbines - valley fig growers - variable speed controlled refrigeration system benchmarking, power quality & market studies - technology roadmap : energy efficiency in california ' s food industry - the california institute of food and agricultural research formed a food industry advisory council of industry and technology experts. this group prioritized research that would help the industry meet their objectives, and developed a vision and plan for the future. their findings, bolstered by input from public forums, are presented in this roadmap, along with recommendations for the future. - dynamic characterization of process power quality for the california food processing industry - in - line - monitoring systems were installed to collect real time performance data from plant equipment while the food production was in process. using this monitoring data, plant process equipment schematics and historical plant process performance data, overall process sensitivities to different power quality disturbances were defined. - california institute of food and agricultural research survey on energy management in the food industry


ananyo writes " rappers making up rhymes on the fly while in a brain scanner have provided an insight into the creative process. freestyle rapping — in which a performer improvises a song by stringing together unrehearsed lyrics — is a highly prized skill in hip hop. but instead of watching a performance in a club, siyuan liu and allen braun, neuroscientists at the u. s. national institute on deafness and other communication disorders in bethesda, maryland, and their colleagues had 12 rappers freestyle in a functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) machine. the artists also recited a set of memorized lyrics chosen by the researchers. by comparing the brain scans from rappers taken during freestyling to those taken during the rote recitation, they were able to see which areas of the brain are used during improvisation. the rappers showed lower activity in part of their frontal lobes called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during improvisation, and increased activity in another area, called the medial prefrontal cortex. the areas that were found to be ' deactivated ' are associated with regulating other brain functions. the results echo an earlier study of jazz musicians. the findings also suggest an explanation for why new music might seem to the artist to be created of its own accord. with less involvement by the lateral prefrontal regions of the brain, the performance could seem to its creator to have ' occurred outside of conscious awareness, ' the authors write in the paper. " bonus points for science rhymes ; for anyone who has the time.


glue ear, grommets ( ventilation tubes ) and adenoids mr james w fairley bsc mbbs frcs ms consultant ent surgeon © 1993 - 2013 jw fairley last updated 11 november 2010 - what is glue ear? - the normal ear and hearing - what causes glue ear? - what are adenoids? - what are the symptoms of glue ear? - how is glue ear diagnosed? - what is the treatment? - what about alternative treatments? - what is a grommet / ventilation tube - how does it work? - how is the operation done? - what happens after the operation? - what about swimming and grommets? - does fluid discharge from the ear? - how to treat ear infection in the presence of a grommet - how to use ear drops - how will you know if you have an ear infection with a grommet? - what happens after the grommet comes out? - how do you know when the grommet is out? - do grommets scar the eardrum? - what are the complications of grommets? - i ' ve heard that grommet operations are unnecessary - further reading / links what is glue ear? glue ear is a build - up of fluid behind the eardrum, in the middle ear. glue ear with fluid level behind right eardrum - the fluid may be thick and sticky, or thin and watery. - either way it stops the ear drum and ossicles vibrating easily, so quieter sounds are not heard. - glue ear is the commonest cause of deafness in children. - adults can also be affected. - other names for glue ear are middle ear effusion and chronic secretory otitis media. glue ear is a middle ear disease, associated with poor eustachian tube function. the outer and middle ear work like an old mechanical gramophone in reverse. they collect sound energy, and concentrate it onto the small area of the stapes footplate the normal ear and hearing the human ear is divided into three parts : - outer ear - middle ear - inner ear the outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. the outer ear funnels sound waves in air to the eardrum. eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) normal left eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) the eardrum is a paper - thin membrane, shaped like a miniature satellite dish, 8 - 10 mm diameter. the tympanic membrane forms the boundary between outer and middle ear. the


normal left eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) the eardrum is a paper - thin membrane, shaped like a miniature satellite dish, 8 - 10 mm diameter. the tympanic membrane forms the boundary between outer and middle ear. the eardrum vibrates when sounds arrive through the external ear canal. the vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear via three small bones ( ossicles ) suspended in the middle ear. abnormally thin right eardrum damaged by glue ear and showing ossicles - malleus incus and stapes the three little bones ( oss - i - culls ) are - malleus ( mal - ee - us ) shaped like a hammer - incus ( ink - us ) shaped like an anvil - stapes ( stay - peas ) shaped like a stirrup their job is to concentrate the sound energy, collected by the relatively large area of the eardrum, onto the tiny footplate of the stapes. the outer and middle ear work like an old mechanical gramophone in reverse. the gramophone needle picks up vibrations from the grooves in the record, passes them to a vibrating membrane, then into the large horn, and so to the outside world. the outer and middle ear collect sound from the outside world and concentrate it down to the stapes footplate. the footplate moves like a piston in the oval window, the opening of the inner ear. the inner ear has two parts, the cochlea and the vestibular labyrinth. cochleathe cochlea is the hearing part of the inner ear. it is a biological microphone. sound vibrations are turned into electrical signals and sent to the brain in the nerve of hearing. the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear is concerned with balance. disturbance of the balance organ of the inner ear can cause vertigo. the eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the back of the nose. to hear normally, the eardrum and ossicles must be able to move easily. for this to occur, the middle ear must contain air at the same atmospheric pressure as the outer ear. air in the middle ear comes from the back of the nose, via the eustachian tube. the job of the eustachian tube is to ventilate the middle ear, keeping the pressure in the middle ear the same as in the outer ear. most middle ear diseases, including glue ear, are associated with poor eustachian tube function. the health of the middle ear depends on the eustachian tube


, keeping the pressure in the middle ear the same as in the outer ear. most middle ear diseases, including glue ear, are associated with poor eustachian tube function. the health of the middle ear depends on the eustachian tube working properly. what causes glue ear? glue ear is usually caused by a problem with the eustachian tube. temporary glue ear ( less than 3 months ) - most children get glue ear at some stage in their lives. - it often follows after a cold or ear infection. biofilms may form in some cases. - the eustachian tube is small and blocks easily. - it then fails to ventilate the middle ear. - sticky secretions can ' t drain away, so fluid builds up in the middle ear. - movement of the eardrum and ossicles is impaired, causing partial deafness. most cases get better quickly after the cold resolves. a minority persist for months or years. - occasionally glue ear is caused by flying with a cold - the eustachian tube is unable to equalise pressure during descent - diving with a cold is very likely to cause glue ear, or worse damage. all divers are taught not to dive with a cold. persistent glue ear ( longer than 3 months ) common reasons for persistent glue ear in children are sometimes glue ear runs in families, though it is not strictly speaking hereditary. less common reasons for persistent glue ear include - cleft palate - down ' s syndrome rarely, glue ear in an adult is caused by a tumour at the back of the nose. often, no particular cause is found. adenoids seen through a nasal endoscope. the eustachian tubes open either side of the adenoids at the back of the nose. swollen adenoids interfere with the normal opening of the eustachian tube. what are adenoids? adenoids are cauliflower - like swellings of the immune tissue at the back of the nose. - normal adenoids probably help fight off infections. - if they get too big, they cause blockage of the nose and eustachian tube and cause more trouble than they are worth. - in severe cases they can cause obstruction of breathing at night. if the adenoids are very big, the tonsils are usually big too. what are the symptoms of glue ear? - deafness of mild to moderate degree. - hearing loss often varies from week to week, being worse after a cold. - speech may be delayed, especially if deaf


the tonsils are usually big too. what are the symptoms of glue ear? - deafness of mild to moderate degree. - hearing loss often varies from week to week, being worse after a cold. - speech may be delayed, especially if deafness occurs early in childhood. - unclear speech and constant shouting are common. - later, education may be affected. - sometimes deafness is not suspected, but the child is thought to be inattentive, slow or lazy. - concentration may be poor. - the child often seems to be " in a world of his own ". - some sufferers get frequent earaches, usually worse at night. - repeated ear infections, with high temperature in some cases leading to fits. - poor balance and clumsiness may feature. - older children and adults often complain of noises in the ears - tinnitus. how is glue ear diagnosed? child ear examination with auriscope ( ear torch ) child hearing test - pure tone audiometry in sound proofed booth. test suitable for children from around the age four. child hearing test - brain stem electric response under general anaesthetic in operating theatre. test suitable for babies and children of any age. diagnosis is based on history, examination and special investigations. - the specialist may be able to see signs of fluid behind the eardrum with the otoscope ( ear torch ). - this is not always possible, wax or discharge may block the view. - some children may not be sufficiently cooperative for examination. - a tympanogram is a test carried out by the audiologist to check on how easily the eardrum moves. it takes about a minute. it is not a test of hearing ability, but a physical test on the movement of the eardrum. a flat trace on the tympanogram usually means glue ear. - an audiogram ( hearing test ) is carried out on children old enough to cooperate with the test. this will help assess the degree of hearing loss. - sometimes, the only way to make the diagnosis is under general anaesthetic on the operating table. what is the treatment? the fluid frequently goes away by itself, so a policy of watchful waiting is usually advised. around the age of 8, many children grow out of it, though this is only the average. some will carry on having trouble into their teens. - blowing up balloons or an otovent® device, to try and force air up the eustachian tube, may help but the published results are very short term


is only the average. some will carry on having trouble into their teens. - blowing up balloons or an otovent® device, to try and force air up the eustachian tube, may help but the published results are very short term and not many children will persist with this treatment. - any exacerbating factors should be eliminated especially passive smoking. - antibiotics and painkillers e. g. calpol® can be used for associated ear infections. - decongestants e. g. sudafed® are often prescribed but have never been proven effective. - other medical treatments including - medicines to try and thin sticky mucus - dietary modification - cutting down on dairy products - is often advocated but again is of no proven benefit, and does carry risks in children who need their calcium better in summer, worse in winter glue ear can be seasonal, worse in the winter and better in the summer. - an operation may be deferred if the child is seen in the spring. - an operation is more likely to be recommended in the autumn. persistent glue ear ( longer than 3 months ) - if deafness persists for longer than 3 months, an operation is usually needed. - the decision to operate is always individual, based on all the factors in that particular case. - for immediate relief, myringotomy and grommets insertion is highly effective. - removal of the adenoids may be recommended if the adenoids are enlarged, and where glue ear recurs after initial grommet insertion. what about alternative treatments? none of the following are of any proven help : - homeopathic medicines - chinese / hopie ear candles - cranial osteopathy although many parents have seen improvements in their child following the use of various treatments, this is almost certainly because of the natural tendency for glue ear to improve. if half the children are going to get better anyway, we would expect a 50 % success rate from a treatment with no real benefit, so long as it didn ' t make things worse. this is known as the placebo effect. we would also expect a 50 % improvement on no treatment at all. a few ent specialists recommend the use of hearing aids for children with persistent glue ear, hoping that the fluid will eventually clear without recourse to grommets. sometimes, if glue ear has persisted a long time, the eardrum may become permanently damaged and will not hold a grommet. in such cases, a hearing aid may be the only way of restoring


recourse to grommets. sometimes, if glue ear has persisted a long time, the eardrum may become permanently damaged and will not hold a grommet. in such cases, a hearing aid may be the only way of restoring hearing. what is a grommet / ventilation tube - how does it work? shah grommet held between forefinger and thumb shah grommet in position right eardrum - abnormally thin due to longstanding retraction prior to fitting grommet. head of stapes visible, long process of incus partially eroded long term shah ventilation tube in position right ear eac = external ear canal vt = ventilation tube tm = tympanic membrane ( eardrum ) the long term ventilation tube is larger than the standard grommet. a grommet is a tiny plastic tube, shaped like a miniature cotton reel, about 2mm diameter. it is fitted through a small cut in the eardrum ( myringotomy ). the tension of the eardrum grips the grommet around its waist. the cotton - reel shape stops it falling in or out, like a shirt stud in a button hole. the grommet allows air from the outer ear directly into the middle ear. provided the grommet remains in position and is not blocked, the hearing returns to normal almost immediately. a grommet does not drain, it ventilates - lets air in the grommet does not drain fluid out, it lets air into the middle ear. another name for a grommet is a ventilation tube, sometimes abbreviated to tube or vt. they can also be called tympanostomy tubes or tt ' s. short term and long term grommets the standard shah grommet is designed to stay in position for about nine months. then the opening in the eardrum heals over, and the grommet is pushed out. longer term ventilation tubes are sometimes fitted, which can last for several years. but long term grommets are more likely to leave a perforation which may need repair later. grommets don ' t treat underlying cause of glue ear it is important to understand that a grommet does not cure the underlying cause of glue ear. grommets do help relieve deafness and earache - for a while a grommet does provide highly effective and immediate relief of deafness and earaches. the grommet only works while it is - in the right position ( in the


falling in or out, like a shirt stud in a button hole. if the eardrum is badly thinned, stretched and damaged, it might not have the strength to hold a standard grommet in place. a bigger grommet ( long term ventilation tube ) might be used in such a case. - some eardrops are ususally applied at the end of the procedure. if the adenoids are to be removed, this is normally done under the same anaesthetic. the adenoids are removed via the mouth. no external cut is needed. what happens after the operation? after grommet operation children recover very rapidly from grommets insertion, and should be able to return to school after a day or two. how long before the hearing improves? the hearing normally improves immediately, but don ' t worry if there is still some difficulty in the first weeks as it can take time in some cases. if the glue was very thick, you may be asked to use some ear drops for a week. earache and bleeding from the ear - there may be a very slight earache, treated easily with calpol, or paracetamol for older children. - there may be slight bleeding from the ear in the first few days after the operation. this is normal and nothing to worry about. - the child should stay off school for 10 days and avoid contact with anyone who has a cold or other infection. - there is a small risk of heavy bleeding from the nose. - if this occurs you should telephone the hospital and / or attend your nearest accident & emergency department. ear plugs held in place by neoprene headband what about swimming and grommets? no swimming for the first two weeks. - after the first out - patient visit, to check all is well, surface swimming is allowed without earplugs. - if your child wishes to dive or use water chutes, some well fitting silicone rubber earplugs such as kapiseal® or ear putty® should be worn, preferably with a neoprene headband such as the ear band - it® to stop them from falling out. - bath water is much worse than swimming pool water, because it contains germs from the rest of the body and irritant soap. - bath water should not be allowed in the ears. the head should not be submerged in the bath. - for hairwashing, either use earplugs, or a piece of cotton wool dipped in vaseline®


irritant soap. - bath water should not be allowed in the ears. the head should not be submerged in the bath. - for hairwashing, either use earplugs, or a piece of cotton wool dipped in vaseline® to provide a waterproof seal. does fluid discharge from the ear? - in the first few days after operation there may be a slight discharge or bleeding from the ear. this is normal and nothing to worry about. - after that there should be no discharge. - if the ear runs persistently, and especially if the discharge is smelly, that means an ear infection. - the infection is usually in the middle ear. the discharge comes out through the grommet. in severe cases it will not be possible to see the grommet because the discharge fills the ear canal ( see photo ). - infection may be caused by dirty water in the ear, or a cold. how to treat ear infection in the presence of a grommet - the infection is best treated with antibiotic / steroid eardrops such as sofradex® or gentisone hc®. - the manufacturers of these drugs do not recommend using them in the presence of a perforated eardrum, because of the risk that the aminoglycoside antibiotic in the drops could cause damage to the inner ear and deafness. - despite these reservations, most ent specialists agree that the risk of deafness from the infection is greater than the risk of using the drops, and that these combined antibiotic steroid drops are the most reliable way of treating ear infection in the presence of a grommet. - in 2007, ent - uk published recommendations on treating patients discharging ears in the presence of a perforated eardrum or grommet. aminoglycoside ear drops should only be used to treat obvious infection, and for no longer than 2 weeks. whenever possible and practical, a hearing test should be done before treatment. - another type of antibiotic drops, containing a quinolone which is does not carry any risk of damaging the inner ear, is ciprofloxacin. at present, this is only available in the uk as ciloxan® eye drops, and not as a combined product with steroids. combined quinolone and steroid ear drops such as ciflox® are in use in other countries, and have been imported into the uk by the pharmacy at great ormond street hospital, but are still not generally available. the


steroids. combined quinolone and steroid ear drops such as ciflox® are in use in other countries, and have been imported into the uk by the pharmacy at great ormond street hospital, but are still not generally available. the use of a quinolone avoids the tiny risk of damaging the ear from the aminoglycoside. since the ent specialists preference for quinolones over aminoglycoside ear drops was clearly expressed in a british medical journal editorial in 2000, it is not clear why there has been such a delay in getting this combination licensed for use in the uk. similar delays occurred in australia until recently. - in persistent infection and especially tube granuloma where bacteria become attached to the surface of the grommet as biofilm, causing a foreign body reaction and bleeding from surrounding eardrum, the grommet may have to be removed. how to use ear drops correct position for putting in eardrops - ear drops must be inserted correctly, otherwise they may not work. - eardrops should be applied at body temperature. - to get the drops to body temperature, put the bottle in your pocket for 15 - 20 minutes before use - the patient should lie on his side with the affected ear uppermost. - any discharge should be mopped gently away with a cotton bud. - pull the ear gently backwards to funnel the drops into the ear canal. - you then massage the tragus ( the piece of skin that sticks out just in front of the ear canal like an open trapdoor ) to force the drops through the grommet into the middle ear. - it is rather like plunging a blocked sink. - the infection should clear up within a few days. - antibiotics taken by mouth are not very good in treating ear infections where there is a grommet present. how will you know if you have an ear infection with a grommet? is the temperature raised? - discharge ( fluid running from the ear ) is the main sign of infection with a grommet. - the discharge may be any colour. pale green, creamy yellow and orange brown are common. it may be bloody. - sometimes it will be painful, but often there is little or no pain. - temperature is usually normal, unlike an acute otitis media when the temperature will be raised. what happens after the grommet comes out? the grommet only helps while it is in the eardrum and open. the eardrum normally heals up and pushes the grommet out after six


media when the temperature will be raised. what happens after the grommet comes out? the grommet only helps while it is in the eardrum and open. the eardrum normally heals up and pushes the grommet out after six to twelve months. the time can taken varies from a few weeks to several years. once the grommet has come out of the eardrum, it is no longer working. - in 2 out of 3 cases, the hearing remains normal, there is no further build - up of fluid, and the condition is cured. - if the eustachian tube is still blocked, the glue ear can recur, and it may be necessary to operate again in 1 in 3 cases. - of patients who have a second set of grommets, about 1 in 3 will require a third, ( 1 in 9 overall ) of those 1 in 3 will require a fourth set ( 1 in 27 overall ) and so on. - if the hole in the eardrum does not heal up, it may be necessary to repair it at a later date. how do you know when the grommet is out? a loose grommet lying in the ear canal, one year after it was fitted. grommets are pushed out of the eardrum by the growth of skin around the flange. they are carried slowly outwards along the natural migration pathways of the ear canal skin. often, you won ' t know. if the grommet comes out, the eardrum heals up, and the glue ear doesn ' t come back, there may be no symptoms at all. that is why we recommend periodic check - ups, so we can tell you what is happening. - most patients don ' t notice anything when the grommet comes out. - there may be a slight pain or discomfort. - occasionally, the grommet comes out with an ear infection, in which case there may be discharge or bleeding from the ear. when we say the grommet has come out, we mean out of the ear drum. a grommet can sit in the ear canal, having come out of the ear drum. sometimes it can be hard to tell, even for a specialist, whether a grommet is still in the right place. wax, layers of skin, dried discharge, or a sharp bend in the ear canal, can all prevent a proper view. - when a grommet is just sitting in the ear canal, it is not working. - it


the right place. wax, layers of skin, dried discharge, or a sharp bend in the ear canal, can all prevent a proper view. - when a grommet is just sitting in the ear canal, it is not working. - it is no longer doing any good. - mostly, it is not doing any harm either, and we just wait for it to come right out by itself. being very small, you won ' t always see a grommet when it comes out. they can easily get lost in the bedding. this doesn ' t matter. you don ' t need to keep a lookout for grommets. you should, however, pay attention to any recurrence of - hearing problems - bleeding from the ear any of these could indicate a problem needing further treatment. what happens to the grommet isn ' t too important. it ' s what happens to the ear that matters. will the ear bleed when the grommet comes out? - bleeding from the ear is most often caused by a tube granuloma. - it is a sign of infection. - usually, if caught early, it can be treated successfully with ear drops. do grommets scar the eardrum? yes. but the scar doesn ' t have any noticeable effect on hearing. it is less of a problem than the scarring caused by repeated ear infections. what are the complications of grommets? infected ventilation tube mucoid discharge with bubbles from middle ear tube granuloma left ear. long term ventilation tube colonised with biofilm and blocked with mucopus. key : g = granuloma eac = external ear canal vt = ventilation tube tm = tympanic membrane ( eardrum ) cholesteatoma left ear white keratin bone eroded from outer attic wall most grommet operations are straighforward and it is unlikely anything will go wrong. but all surgical procedures have risks. apart from the general risk of having an anaesthetic in hospital, the particular complications of grommets are - infection. normally shows as a discharge from the ear. best treated with eardrops, they must be correctly applied in order to work properly. - persistent infection tube granuloma, often with bleeding from the ear. probably due to bacteria becoming attached to the surface of the grommet as a biofilm and causing a reaction in the surrounding eardrum. if caught early, will usually respond to treatment with eardrops. otherwise, the gr


from the ear. probably due to bacteria becoming attached to the surface of the grommet as a biofilm and causing a reaction in the surrounding eardrum. if caught early, will usually respond to treatment with eardrops. otherwise, the grommet may have to be removed to settle this infection. - perforated eardrum. the hole where the grommet was put does not always heal up. this may require further surgery to repair the perforated eardrum at a later stage. a grommet that stays in a long time ( years ) is more likely to leave a perforation. this does not necessarily mean the grommet should be removed. an eardrum which does not have very active healing will not push the grommet out. a grommet which stays in too long is probably the result, rather than the cause, of the perforation. - cholesteatoma. a ball of skin erodes the middle ear structures. said to be a rare complication of grommet insertion. more likely that a small cholesteatoma ( which may co - exist with glue ear ) is not noticed at the first operation to fit a grommet. the cholesteatoma then grows and becomes obvious later. i ' ve heard that grommet operations are unnecessary insertion of grommets is the commonest operation performed on children in the uk and there has been controversy over how many of these operations are really necessary. in most cases, glue ear is a temporary self - limiting condition. although grommets give immediate improvement in hearing, it is not sensible to subject a child to surgery if they are about to get better on their own. the difficulty lies in predicting who is going to get better without surgery and who is not. no - one has a completely accurate crystal ball for this, but experience allows us to have a fair idea. factors that make us recommend grommets are : - length of history - the longer fluid has persisted, the less likely it is to clear up on its own. we would normally wait at least three months before deciding on grommets. - age of the child - the younger the child, the less likely the glue ear will clear up. the normal age for " growing out of " glue ear is eight or nine. - severity of the hearing loss - the more severe the loss of hearing, the more likely grommets will be recommended. - the time of year - glue ear tends to


age for " growing out of " glue ear is eight or nine. - severity of the hearing loss - the more severe the loss of hearing, the more likely grommets will be recommended. - the time of year - glue ear tends to get better in the spring and summer, worse in the autumn and winter. if we see a child with glue ear at the end of the summer, the chances are it will get worse not better, so an operation is more likely to be needed. - previous and family history - a child who has had glue ear before, or comes from a family where glue ear is common, is more likely to need grommets. - observing progressive damage to the eardrum - if the eardrum appears to be sucked in and thinned, or develops a retraction pocket, surgery is more likely to be recommended to try and prevent permanent damage. sometimes the damage will progress anyway, even if grommets are fitted and adenoids removed. - earaches and infections - a child subject to frequent earaches and infections will get more benefit from grommets. we may monitor the condition for months, or occasionally even years, before operating. - we only operate on patients who have had a reasonable chance to get better on their own, yet show no signs of improvement. - we do not carry out any unecessary operations. - the pros and cons of surgery, and any possible alternatives, are always fully discussed before a decision is made. - that decision is made solely in the best interests of the patient, following the principle of how we would like a member of our own family treated. further reading / links - national deaf children ' s society - parent - friendly guide to glue ear - nhs direct - nhs direct information sheet on glue ear - latest research on causes of glue ear - nice clinical guideline on surgical management of otitis media with effusion in children - issued february 2008. detailed, technical, written for healthcare professionals. - use and abuse of evidence based medicine - grommets, doctors and spin doctors. by jw fairley and idb hore. all information and advice on this website is of a general nature and may not apply to you. there is no substitute for an individual consultation. we recommend that you see your general practitioner if you would like to be referred.


most atlantic hurricanes start to take shape when thunderstorms along the west coast of africa drift out over warm ocean waters that are at least 80 degrees fahrenheit ( 27 degrees celsius ), where they encounter converging winds from around the equator. warm air, warm water make conditions right for hurricanes hurricanes start when warm, moist air from the ocean surface begins to rise rapidly, where it encounters cooler air that causes the warm water vapor to condense and to form storm clouds and drops of rain. the condensation also releases latent heat, which warms the cool air above, causing it to rise and make way for more warm humid air from the ocean below. as this cycle continues, more warm moist air is drawn into the developing storm and more heat is transferred from the surface of the ocean to the atmosphere. this continuing heat exchange creates a wind pattern that spirals around a relatively calm center, or eye, like water swirling down a drain. converging winds create hurricanes converging winds near the surface of the water collide, pushing more water vapor upward, increasing the circulation of warm air, and accelerating the speed of the wind. at the same time, strong winds blowing steadily at higher altitudes pull the rising warm air away from the storms center and send it swirling into the hurricanes classic cyclone pattern. high - pressure air at high altitudes, usually above 30, 000 feet ( 9, 000 meters ), also pull heat away from the storms center and cool the rising air. as high - pressure air is drawn into the low - pressure center of the storm, the speed of the wind continues to increase. as the storm builds from thunderstorm to hurricane, it passes through three distinct stages based on wind speed : - tropical depressionwind speeds of less than 38 miles per hour ( 61. 15 kilometers per hour ) - tropical stormwind speeds of 39 mph to 73 mph ( 62. 76 kph to 117. 48 kph ) - hurricanewind speeds greater than 74 mph ( 119. 09 kph ) scientists debate cause of temperature changes that create hurricanes while scientists agree on the mechanics of hurricane formation, and they agree that hurricanes are becoming more frequent and severe, thats where consensus ends. some scientists believe that human activity already has contributed significantly to global warming, which is increasing air and water temperatures worldwide and making it easier for hurricanes to form and gain destructive force. other scientists believe that the increase in severe hurricanes over the past decade is due to natural salinity and temperature changes deep in the atlanticpart of a


[ erlang - questions ] design methodology going from object oriented to functional programming? tue oct 23 04 : 41 : 26 cest 2007 actually, at the level you are describing, there should be no difference between fp and oop. while oop definitely emphasize data and relations, it is not the only paradigm that does so - and given your background you should be experienced with the relational paradigm, which has even heavier emphasis on data and relations, but is not oop. to leverage your knowledge on relations - you can pretend sql queries are functions, i. e. select is a function, update is a function, and insert is a function. then instead of writing insert ( object ) - which looks a lot like the sql query insert into table... that ' s it. in the java style oop the head of the statement is an object, and in fp the head of the statement is a function name. but in either case you need to model the same world. an extremely crude way of thinking about fp is that it decouples the data from the function ( or vice versa, that oop couples functions and data ). that means some facilities that you ' ve taken for granted in oop, such as inheritance, polymorphism, etc., will no longer be available. but fp have a different approaches to address these problems, and that ' s where the rubber meet the road. erlang ' s process model is basically the actor model - the idea of everything is an actor feels similar to everything is an object in oop. so as others have alluded to instead of thinking in objects you can think in processes. but actor model is independent of fp or oop, so you would still have to get used to the fp part in erlang. you might want to check out http : / / www. math. chalmers. se / ~ rjmh / papers / whyfp. html < http : / / www. math. chalmers. se / % 7erjmh / papers / whyfp. html >. a higher level introduction is http : / / www. defmacro. org / ramblings / fp. html. on 10 / 22 / 07, alexander lamb < > wrote : > hello list, > i am trying to understand what is the design process ( intellectual, that > is ) when building a program in erlang. > indeed, in the object oriented world, i would start by finding what my > classes might be