assist risk assessment for some years. it is likely that nanotechnology will do little to redress the systemic causes of poverty, hunger or pollution, and developing countries may even disproportionately bear nano - risks, by hosting manufacturing that wealthy countries reject, or becoming dumping grounds for waste. rio + 20 outcomes must ensure the precautionary principle is applied throughout the life cycle of manufactured nanomaterials, and that global governance and assessment processes for nanomaterials are transparent, inclusive, equitable and driven by sustainability. rio + 20 outcomes must ensure consumers? and workers? right - to - know and right - to - choose in respect to nanotechnologies and nanomaterials be respected, as well as a country? s right to reject particular applications or uses of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials. in conclusion - in this time of increasing globalisation, there is a growing acceptance of the need for a social license and community consent for industrial activities, including new and emerging technologies, to go forward. this is critical for a sustainable future and for the protection of the environment, intergenerational equity and basic human rights. taking into account agenda 21 requirements, industries must function within these parameters and have no right to operate 40 jonathan d. judy, jason m. unrine, & paul m. bertsch, evidence for biomagnification of gold nanoparticles within a terrestrial food chain, environ. sci. technol., 2011, 45 ( 2 ), pp 776? 781 41 sijie lin, jason reppert, qian hu, joan s. hudson, michelle l. reid, tatsiana a. ratnikova, apparao m. rao, hong luo & pu chun ke, uptake, translocation, and transmission of carbon nanomaterials in rice plants, communciations cellular uptake 2009, 5, no. 10, www. small - journal. com 42 recommendations of the royal society and the royal academy of engineering, uk ( 2004 ). nanoscience and nanotechnologies. available at http : / / www. royalsoc. ac. uk / unless they satisfy social needs and meet the requirements for a safe, toxic - free environment. with the added pressure on the planet posed by climate change and world population, the limits of sustainability in a? business as usual? model have been reached. the urgency has never been greater for sound chemical management, environmental protection and social


- free environment. with the added pressure on the planet posed by climate change and world population, the limits of sustainability in a? business as usual? model have been reached. the urgency has never been greater for sound chemical management, environmental protection and social justice. if a sustainable future is to be possible, the protection of our global commons and, in particular, our shrinking resources of clean air, water and soil, is paramount. while communities and civil society view a social license in terms of a dynamic, ongoing relationship between companies, government, stakeholders and communities, many regulators still see a? social license? in terms of a formal permission linked to the regulator granting the? license.? this is simply not adequate. there are many worrying examples of the failure of this model, for example, in many parts of the world, mining activities and the search for unconventional gas ( shale gas, coal seam gas ) has resulted in companies undertaking activities that contaminate the global commons and the life support systems on which we all depend. regulation has not stopped the intentional release of vast quantities of unassessed industrial chemicals into waterways, aquifers and airsheds. the time when an industrial activity can be undertaken purely for profit or economic growth has gone. sustainable futures depend on access to clean water, soil, air, food and products as well as the right to be protected against toxic trespass. these are basic inalienable human rights for all peoples of the planet and to ensure and protect them is the real challenge for rio + 20.


sheffield, u. k. - - an international team of researchers, led by the university of sheffield, has demonstrated how atlantic cod responded to past natural climate extremes. the new research could help in determining cods vulnerability to future global warming. with fishing pressures high and stock size low, there is already major concern over the current sustainability of cod and other fisheries. the new findings, published in the journal, proceedings of the royal society b, show that natural climate change has previously reduced the range of cod to around a fifth of what it is today, but despite this, cod continued to populate both sides of the north atlantic. the researchers used a computer model and dna techniques to estimate where cod could be found in the ice age, when colder temperatures and lower sea - levels caused the extinction of some populations and the isolation of others. the computer models used to estimate ice - age habitats suitable for cod were developed by professor grant bigg, head of the university of sheffield ’ s department of geography. these climatic analyses were combined with genetic studies by us researchers at duke university and the university of california, and ecological information prepared by colleagues at the university of east anglia and the institute of marine research in norway. on land, plants and animals ( including humans ) are known to have moved further south when the northern ice sheets reached their maximum extent around 20, 000 years ago. similar migrations must have happened for plankton and fish in the sea. but there were two added complications : firstly, greatly reduced sea levels meant that many shallow and highly productive marine habitats around europe and north america ceased to exist. secondly, the ice - age circulation patterns in the north atlantic caused the temperature change between tropical and polar conditions to occur over a much shorter north - south distance, reducing the area suitable for temperate species – such as cod. the new analyses included these effects, together with other environmental and ecological information, in order to estimate where it was possible for atlantic cod to reproduce and survive. the results indicated that the ice - age range of atlantic cod extended as far south as northern spain, but the total area of suitable habitat was much more restricted. nevertheless, populations of cod continued to exist on both sides of the north atlantic. these findings were confirmed by genetic data, based on over a thousand dna analyses of present - day cod populations, from canada, greenland, iceland and around europe. professor bigg said : “ this research shows that cod populations have been able to survive in periods of extreme climatic change, demonstrating a considerable resilience. however this does not necessarily mean


by tamar hahn unicef ’ s flagship report, ‘ the state of the world ’ s children 2012 : children in an urban world ’, was launched on 28 february, focusing attention on children in urban areas. one billion children live in urban areas, a number that is growing rapidly. yet disparities within cities reveal that many lack access to schools, health care and sanitation, despite living alongside these services. this story is part of a series highlighting the needs of these children. | © unicef video | | unicef reports on unicef ' s efforts to help children in the violence - plagued slums of caracas, venezuela. produced by thomas nybo. watch in realplayer | caracas, venezuela, 20 march 2012 – every evening, as soon as the sun goes down, young yeremi reyes * and his family lock all the doors to their house, lower the blinds and hunker down for another night of random shootings and violent fights in the street. yet yeremi does not live in a war - torn country ; he lives in a marginalized neighbourhood in the city of caracas. violence is rampant here, the result of deep inequalities, and the effects on children have been devastating. many have seen friends and relatives killed as a result of gang fights, robberies or stray bullets. they live in fear at home and in school, especially those living in the city ’ s shantytowns. ‘ the violence is unbearable ’ petare is an enormous slum at the edge of caracas. a massive expanse of ramshackle homes surrounded by luxury buildings, the area is a stark example of the inequality that characterizes much of the region. for the residents of caracas, petare is emblematic of the violence that plagues their city. but for adolescents like enrique hernandez *, petare is simply home. “ sometimes the neighbourhood is quiet, but sometimes the violence is unbearable and we have to stay locked in the house for hours, ” said enrique, whose house was hit by several bullets during a recent shooting in the street. the violence deprives children and adolescents of their right to protection, their right to play and sometimes even their right to an education. more than once, children at the 24 de marzo school, in the heart of petare, had to be evacuated when shots were heard outside its windows. “ sometimes the children are on break, and we hear gunshots and have to rush them back into the classroom or evacuate them, ” said janet maraima, a fifth - grade teacher at 24 de mar


evacuated when shots were heard outside its windows. “ sometimes the children are on break, and we hear gunshots and have to rush them back into the classroom or evacuate them, ” said janet maraima, a fifth - grade teacher at 24 de marzo. | © unicef video | | a baseball programme teaches children how to play the game and also gives them the skills to prevent violence. | finding safe haven ms. maraima and other teachers in this school have received training, provided by the communication group cisneros foundation, with support from unicef and a local ngo, on how to help children use art to talk about the violence that permeates their lives. “ it has been a very powerful experience to see the children reflect on their own realities through art, ” ms. maraima said. “ i am endlessly inspired by these children. i look at them and at all that they have to face on a daily basis, and i still see hope in each of their little faces. ” others are also helping the children of urban communities reclaim their right to play. yeremi has found refuge in a small field close to his neighbourhood. the renowned baseball team leones del caracas, together with the municipality of baruta and the community, cleaned up the field to start a baseball clinic for children in the area. leones de caracas runs the clinic, providing a chance for participants to learn the game and enjoy a safe and fun environment for a few hours a week. but the clinics go beyond just teaching baseball – they are also designed to teach values and impart life skills to prevent violence. “ i love coming here, ” said yeremi. “ i have fun and forget all my troubles. “ i have also learned to share, to help other boys and girls who are still learning the game, to stand up for the smaller kids if a bigger one is mean to them. and i don ’ t just do it here in the baseball field but also at school. ” these initiatives are supported by unicef in venezuela as part of its work preventing violence against children and promoting adolescents ’ healthy development. * names changed to protect childrens ’ identities state of the world ' s children 2012 download the full report life in nairobi ' s informal settlements in nigeria, marginalized children face abuse unicef launches flagship report in mexico a second chance at childhood in benin watch all sowc 2012 videos - children in an urban world


- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb jason ’ s revolt. 1about this time antiochus sent his second expedition * into egypt. a 2b it then happened that all over the city, for nearly forty days, there appeared horsemen, clothed in garments of a golden weave, charging in midair — companies fully armed with lances and drawn swords ; 3squadrons of cavalry in battle array, charges and countercharges on this side and that, with brandished shields and bristling spears, flights of arrows and flashes of gold ornaments, together with armor of every sort. 4therefore all prayed that this vision might be a good omen. 5but when a false rumor circulated that antiochus was dead, jason * gathered at least a thousand men and suddenly attacked the city. as the defenders on the walls were forced back and the city was finally being taken, menelaus took refuge in the citadel. 6for his part, jason continued the merciless slaughter of his fellow citizens, not realizing that triumph over one ’ s own kindred is the greatest calamity ; he thought he was winning a victory over his enemies, not over his own people. 7even so, he did not gain control of the government, but in the end received only disgrace for his treachery, and once again took refuge in the country of the ammonites. 8at length he met a miserable end. called to account before aretas, * ruler of the arabians, he fled from city to city, hunted by all, hated as an apostate from the laws, abhorred as the executioner of his country and his compatriots. driven into egypt, 9he set out by sea for the lacedaemonians, among whom he hoped to find protection because of his relations with them. he who had exiled so many from their country perished in exile ; 10and he who had cast out so many to lie unburied went unmourned and without a funeral of any kind, nor any place in the tomb of his ancestors. revenge by antiochus. 11c when these happenings were reported to the king, he thought that judea was in revolt. raging like a wild animal, he set out from egypt and took jerusalem by storm. 12he ordered his soldiers to cut down without mercy those whom they met and to slay those who took refuge in their houses. 13there was a massacre of young


raging like a wild animal, he set out from egypt and took jerusalem by storm. 12he ordered his soldiers to cut down without mercy those whom they met and to slay those who took refuge in their houses. 13there was a massacre of young and old, a killing of women and children, a slaughter of young women and infants. 14in the space of three days, eighty thousand were lost, forty thousand meeting a violent death, and the same number being sold into slavery. 15not satisfied with this, the king dared to enter the holiest temple in the world ; menelaus, that traitor both to the laws and to his country, served as guide. 16he laid his impure hands on the sacred vessels and swept up with profane hands the votive offerings made by other kings for the advancement, the glory, and the honor of the place. 17antiochus became puffed up in spirit, not realizing that it was because of the sins of the city ’ s inhabitants that the sovereign lord was angry for a little while : hence the disregard of the place. d 18if they had not become entangled in so many sins, this man, like that heliodorus sent by king seleucus to inspect the treasury, would have been flogged and turned back from his presumptuous act as soon as he approached. 19the lord, however, had not chosen the nation for the sake of the place, but the place for the sake of the nation. 20therefore, the place itself, having shared in the nation ’ s misfortunes, afterward participated in their good fortune ; and what the almighty had forsaken in wrath was restored in all its glory, once the great sovereign lord became reconciled. 21e antiochus carried off eighteen hundred talents from the temple and hurried back to antioch, thinking in his arrogance that he could make the land navigable and the sea passable on foot, so carried away was he with pride. 22he left governors to harass the nation : at jerusalem, philip, a phrygian by birth, * and in character more barbarous than the man who appointed him ; f 23at mount gerizim, * andronicus ; and besides these, menelaus, who lorded it over his fellow citizens more than the others. out of hatred for the jewish citizens, 24g the king sent apollonius, * commander of the mysians, at the head of an army of twenty - two thousand, with orders to


##ed it over his fellow citizens more than the others. out of hatred for the jewish citizens, 24g the king sent apollonius, * commander of the mysians, at the head of an army of twenty - two thousand, with orders to kill all the grown men and sell the women and children into slavery. 25when this man arrived in jerusalem, he pretended to be peacefully disposed and waited until the holy day of the sabbath ; then, finding the jews refraining from work, he ordered his men to parade fully armed. 26all those who came out to watch, he massacred, and running through the city with armed men, he cut down a large number of people. 27but judas maccabeus and about nine others withdrew to the wilderness to avoid sharing in defilement ; there he and his companions lived like the animals in the hills, eating what grew wild. h * [ 5 : 1 ] second expedition : the first invasion of egypt by antiochus iv in 169 b. c. ( 1 mc 1 : 16 – 20 ) is not mentioned in 2 maccabees, unless the coming of the syrian army to palestine ( 2 mc 4 : 21 – 22 ) is regarded as the first invasion. the author of 2 maccabees apparently combines the first pillage of jerusalem in 169 b. c. after antiochus ’ first invasion of egypt ( 1 mc 1 : 20 – 28 ; cf. 2 mc 5 : 5 – 7 ) with the second pillage of the city two years later ( 167 b. c. ), following the king ’ s second invasion of egypt in 168 b. c. ( 1 mc 1 : 29 – 35 ; cf. 2 mc 5 : 24 – 26 ). by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or


how did this happen? nearly twice as many women die of lung cancer than breast cancer, and three times as many men die of lung cancer than prostate cancer. yet, lung cancer receives little public notice and even less research funding. the lung cancer survival rate for both men and women has remained virtually unchanged for more than three decades and, today, lung cancer remains among the most virulent and deadly diseases. perhaps it is because the prevalent myth about lung cancer is that the only people who get it are smokers. fact : eighty percent of those who suffer and die from lung cancer have never smoked or quit smoking decades ago. years ago, the states sued the tobacco companies and won. yet the resulting revenue from what is called the master settlement agreement did not deliver a single cent to lung cancer research. now in california, proposition 29 will be on the june 5 ballot and, if passed, will increase the cigarette tax by $ 1 per pack. should it pass, 60 percent of its funding is earmarked for grants and loans to support research into the prevention, detection and treatment of cancers and other tobacco - related illnesses, plus smoking prevention among children. while not exclusively tagged for lung cancer, the bill is expected to deliver $ 700 million annually. not surprisingly, it is strongly opposed by the tobacco industry. nationally, the lung cancer mortality reduction act ( h. r. 1394 and s. 754 ) would encourage lawmakers to make lung cancer a national public health priority and calls for a comprehensive plan to address all aspects of the disease. the legislation authorizes multiple government agencies to develop a comprehensive plan of action to coordinate prevention, early detection and treatment research. the national lung cancer screening trial that concluded in november 2010 shows that by using ct screening for early detection, the mortality rate can be reduced by 20 percent, which is greater than psa screening for prostate cancer, mammography for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer. other studies show that the mortality rate can be reduced as much as 90 percent using ct scans for early detection. just this month, news out of the national lung cancer alliance also shows that treating early stages of lung cancer is much cheaper than treating late stages. this issue opens the door for insurance companies to cover early detection screening for those at high risk. while both of california ’ s u. s. senators have signed on to s. 754, too many others – even those who have lost family members to lung cancers – continue not to join in on the theory, or excuse, that other agenda


editors note : this post is a modified version of an article that originally appeared in the virginiana section of virginia memory. the watkins family papers ( accession 42063 ) include certificates, newspaper clippings, photographs, postcards, programs, and yearbooks documenting a prominent african american family in new kent county, virginia. while much of the collection consists of jones and watkins family photographs from richmond and new kent county, the collection is also significant for its connection to the struggle for school desegregation in virginia. dr. george washington watkins ( 1898 - 1972 ) was born in pickens county, south carolina, the son of james and lattie watkins. he received a bachelor of arts degree ( and later an honorary doctorate of divinity ) from virginia union university, and a master of arts degree from hampton institute. watkins is perhaps best known for his work in education, chiefly as principal of the new kent training school ( renamed the george w. watkins school in 1950 ). this school played an important role in the education of african americans in the area and was at the center of one of the most significant school integration rulings to follow brown v. board of education ( 1954 ). he was also a pastor, heading congregations at second liberty baptist church of quinton, and elam baptist church of ruthville. in 1930, there were 15 elementary schools in new kent county, virginia. although … read more »


why is colditz so famous? the current situation description of the castle getting to colditz about this website british declaration of war help to support this website return to main index post - war history and the current situation at colditz. after the end of the second world war, colditz town and castle found themselves located in the eastern zone of germany ; for those readers who are too young to remember the division of germany, it was also known as the german democratic republic or ddr, or simply as east germany. this part of the country was under the rule of what was called the ' eastern bloc ', countries under communist control and effectively overseen by the soviet union. the world - view of the ruling powers at that time [ read : the soviets ] was such that they wanted to demolish both colditz castle and the nearby podelwitz castle, because they were symbols of a more ' decadent ' era or some similar communist excuse ( such excuse probably also including the cliche word ' bourgeoise ' ). however the two castles were saved from this fate, but only because podelwitz castle was being used to house orphans and other homeless children, and colditz castle was being used as a hospital. the castle, although still being used as a hospital, was allowed to fall into a state of general disrepair, and up until recently was actually quite dilapidated. [ this lack of maintenance was not unusual in eastern bloc countries and evidence of this kind of neglect is still visible in parts across the former east germany to this day ]. furthermore, allied prisoners of war [ pows ] had supposedly introduced several forms of slow damage - inducing pests into the castle timbers, such as dry rot and woodworm ; these too would have to be treated in any refurbishment project. nowadays, the castle is owned and maintained by the local government of the state of saxony - sort of like a county council in the uk. under their aegis, part of the former kommandantur buildings have been converted into a modern youth hostel, stripping out all of the former rooms and completely renovating that part of the castle. none of the original character of the rooms has been preserved, if indeed any of the original rooms in the youth hostel area have been preserved at all. however, parts of the kommandantur are still as they were during the war, especially the buildings on the south side of the outer courtyard. the external building that housed the married quarters during the war [ at the eastern end of the dry moat ] has been demolished ; this was


the tourist industry could indeed revitalise the economy ; colditz is hardly a ghost town but it does need a bit of a boost in my opinion! there has been, in recent years, an extensive programme of renovation in progress at the castle, which at the time of writing is still in progress. the castle has been re - roofed, many of the old chimneys have been removed, and the most obvious thing is that most of the buildings have been repainted in white with the corner stonework picked out in cream paint. although the castle no longer looks as grim as it did when it was that dirty brown colour in some of the older photos, i do appreciate that if you want a building to stay standing, you do need to repaint it every so often! the big tragedy about the renovations, however, is the eradication of much that is of historical importance. please allow me to explain. most of the tourists that go to colditz castle are british or commonwealth. they are there for the world war two pow history stuff. it ' s almost as if, as has been said elsewhere, a part of britain is ' marooned ' in saxony. it ' s almost as if the british feel that they ' own ' it ; it ' s such a part of our national heritage and of our history. because of this, and in order to maintain greater interest for british visitors, the pow - era features need to be retained in the castle as far as possible. however, the renovation program, if it goes ahead as planned, will eradicate much of the historically important material in the interests of good intentions. i can understand what the saxony authorities want to do, but i [ and many other of my colditz - interested friends ] would like to see the preservation of the historically important areas and the opening up of more areas to controlled public viewing. for more details on the situation, see gavin worrell ' s page about the colditz preservation trust here. recently, the access to ' extra ' [ normally ' off - limits ' ] places to visit during the guided tours has been curtailed by the saxony authorities. interestingly, the castle tour guides are in something of a difficult position ; although they are employed by saxony, they understand as well as we do the sheer passion and interest that the british visitors have. they know that we would like to see more of the castle but they are hamstrung by restrictions placed on them by saxony. i got the distinct impression that the tour guide staff are genuinely proud of their castle


interest that the british visitors have. they know that we would like to see more of the castle but they are hamstrung by restrictions placed on them by saxony. i got the distinct impression that the tour guide staff are genuinely proud of their castle and would like nothing better than to show all the areas that we want to see. unfortunately, at the time of my visit, the privilege of visiting the theatre, as an ' extra ' to the usual tour, had been suspended, seemingly in ' reprisal ' for some recent events involving british visitors, although the official line is to deny this. to me, that rings 65 - year - old bells in my mind, since the theatre was available for viewing, before that event, if you asked nicely... anyway, it appears that access to the glider loft has also ceased - and it is clear that it is not the fault of the tour guides at all. however, the guided tour is still a fascinating experience and is really excellent. we got to see the chapel, the wine cellar where the chapel tunnel began, and the west terrace too. certain rooms are always open, such as a good part of the saalhaus [ theatre block ], which is open for general wandering around up to the first floor level, the dentist ' s rooms and ' prominente ' cells [ now with museum - style displays ], and the park is sometimes open too. access to the guard house is also available as that ' s where the escape museum is now housed. however, the awful fact remains that we are in great danger of losing much of the irreplaceable heritage contained in colditz castle, which would be a colossal shame in anyone ' s book. this is one of the reasons i am doing this website - to raise awareness of the plight of colditz castle. i would suggest that if you yourself feel strongly about these issues, then please do take a look at the colditz preservation society at gavin worrell ' s site. the former concentration camp at auschwitz is, quite rightly, designated as a un world heritage site with over 1 million visitors a year ; the grounds and buildings have all been preserved for future generations. even the remains of the gas chambers which the nazis tried to destroy in early 1945 are still there ; whereas colditz is fighting for survival. colditz was a symbol of the struggle against insurmountable odds agains the same evil that created auschwitz ; it is only right that this legacy too is preserved for the future. return to main index


virus - infested files are capable of causing many different problems for computer users, making it essential to verify that downloads are safe before allowing them to access the system. there are a multitude of different tools available for computer users to help keep valuable machines protected against these malicious threats. use one of the following methods to make certain a virus is not allowed to attack your computer system. 1. use an antivirus package many of the most popular antivirus tools allow specific files to be checked for potential corruptions. this is a valuable resource for computer users who fear a potential virus or malware infection. simply download a file from the internet and use the built - in antivirus scanner to check for problems. this will provide peace of mind in launching the file in question. 2. rely on a firewall firewalls are additional security tools that are programmed to look for suspicious files and keep the user aware of any problems as they arise. these are particularly valuable tools when computer users are visiting sites that may try to download payloads of malware without the user ’ s knowledge. firewalls are also valuable when a file is consciously downloaded, as they will look for any problems within such downloads. 3. use an online scanner instead of downloading a file that could potentially wreak havoc on the computer, some users turn to online scanners. these scanners do not require a download to the system itself, but simply ask for the url of the file that is suspected of being infected. the server will download the file in question and peruse the content for any infections. this is an incredibly safe way of looking for viruses, and will not unnecessarily expose the machine to potential problems. 4. find a download manager sophisticated download managers have been created for users who need a way to easily look for files that may be unsafe. in addition to making downloads easier to manage, powerful download managers can scan files for potential issues, alerting the computer user of the presence of any unwanted infections before the file is launched on the machine. 5. set download preferences many computer users are surprised to discover they can control what downloads are allowed to launch on their machine. default file settings should be modified to ensure that files and applications are only allowed to run after they have been given explicit permission by the computer user. these settings can be changed within the control panel, and will allow users to stay on the lookout for nefarious files that could otherwise launch without their knowledge of the issue. keeping a machine running without infections is a serious responsibility that is


“ a report to an academy ” ( “ ein bericht fur eine akademie ” ) is a short story by franz kafka, written and published in 1917. in the story, an ape named red peter, who has learned to behave like a human, presents to an academy the story of how he effected his transformation. the story was first published by martin buber in a german monthly. this english version was translated from german by philip boehm. esteemed gentlemen of the academy! i feel honored by your invitation to present the academy with a report on my former life as an ape. i am afraid, however, that i will be unable to comply with your request. it is now some five years that i have been separated from apedom – a short time according to the calendar, perhaps, but an eternity when you have to gallop through it the way i did. and even though i was accompanied, at least for parts of the way, by fine human beings, good counsel, orchestral music and applause, my journey was in essence a solitary one, for the accompaniment - to stick with the metaphor - kept far away from the barricade. this achievement would have been impossible if i had desired to cling to my origins, to the memory of my youth. in fact the first rule i set for myself was the renunciation of any and all forms of obstinacy ; i, a free ape, willingly accepted this yoke. but because of that my memories withdrew more and more. and the gateway of return, had the humans willed it, which at first was as great as the heavens that vault the earth, became less and less lofty and more and more constricted as my development proceeded at its spurred - on pace. i felt increasingly at ease, increasingly included in the world of men. the storm that followed me from my past abated, and today it is nothing more than a breeze to cool my heels, and that distant aperture through which it blows, the same opening i once passed through myself, has grown so small that i would have to scrape the fur off my body to make it through - assuming i had the strength and willpower for the journey back. frankly speaking, much as i enjoy finding images to describe all this, frankly speaking, esteemed sirs, your own apedom, insofar as something similar may lie in your own past – could not be further from you than mine is from me. but every creature that walks the earth has a ticklish


, frankly speaking, esteemed sirs, your own apedom, insofar as something similar may lie in your own past – could not be further from you than mine is from me. but every creature that walks the earth has a ticklish heel : from the small chimpanzee to the great achilles. nonetheless, i may be able to respond to your request after all, at least in the most limited sense, and i ’ m very happy to do so. the first thing i learned was how to shake hands. a handshake is a sign of candor, and today, at the pinnacle of my career, i ’ d like to expand on that first handshake by adding a few candid words as well. and although what i have to say won ’ t teach the academy anything essentially new, and though it ’ s far less than what was requested of me - and what i cannot articulate despite my best will - i might nevertheless be able to offer a broad outline of how a former ape managed to penetrate the world of men and continue his existence in that world. nor would i permit myself to say the little that follows unless i was absolutely certain of myself, having secured an unshakable position in the biggest variete shows of the civilized world : i come from the gold coast. as to the method of my capture i have to rely on the accounts of strangers. a hunting party of the firm hagenbeck - incidentally i have since downed many a bottle of good red wine with the leader of that expedition - had set up a blind in the bushes by our watering place along the riverbank, where i went in the evening together with my tribe. shots were fired, i was the only one hit, i took two bullets. one grazed my cheek, and although the wound was superficial, the bullet did shave out a large red scar that led to my being called red peter – a disgusting name, completely inappropriate, only a monkeybrain would come up with a name like that, as if the red mark on my cheek were all that distinguished me from the circus chimp peter, recently deceased, who was well known in certain parts. all that just as an aside. the second shot hit me just under the hip, and it was serious ; to this day i limp a little as a result. i recently read an article penned by one of the thousands of gossiping gadflies that write about me in the papers, who claims that my apish nature is still not completely repressed,


to this day i limp a little as a result. i recently read an article penned by one of the thousands of gossiping gadflies that write about me in the papers, who claims that my apish nature is still not completely repressed, and cites as proof my predilection for removing my pants whenever i have guests to show the entry point of that bullet. the man who came up with that should have each finger shot off his writing hand, one by one. i may remove my pants in front of whomever i please, the most anyone would find there is an impeccably groomed fur and the scar from a shooting wound that was - and i use this word carefully so as not to mislead anyone – that was downright criminal. it ’ s all plain to see, there ’ s nothing to hide, for when it comes to truth, even the highest - minded individual is ready to let his manners drop. on the other hand, if the author of that article were to take off his pants when he had visitors, well, that would be another matter entirely, and i ’ ll give him the benefit of any doubt he doesn ’ t do this. but he should stop imposing his own delicate sense of propriety on me. when i woke up after being shot – and this is where my own memory gradually begins – i found myself in a cage on a hagenbeck company steamships, down in steerage. instead of four walls of bars this cage had only three, and was fastened to a large crate, which comprised the fourth wall. the whole thing was too low to stand up in and too narrow for sitting down. so i just crouched inside, with my knees bent and constantly shaking, and my face turned toward the crate, as i didn ’ t want to see anyone and wished only to be left alone in the darkness, the bars cutting into my flesh from the back. this method of confining wild animals is supposed to be particularly advantageous during the first days of captivity, and judging from my own experience i cannot deny that this is indeed the case, from the human point of view. but at that moment i wasn ’ t thinking about that. for the first time in my life i was trapped with no way out, at least nowhere i could go directly, since straight ahead of me was the crate, board securely fixed to board. and though i discovered a gap between the boards, which made me howl for joy in all my ignorance, it wasn ’ t even big enough to


nowhere i could go directly, since straight ahead of me was the crate, board securely fixed to board. and though i discovered a gap between the boards, which made me howl for joy in all my ignorance, it wasn ’ t even big enough to stick my tail through, and all my apish strength couldn ’ t make it any wider. later i was told i made unusually little noise, which led everyone to believe i would either soon die or else – assuming i survived the first, critical period - would prove to be very tamable. i survived. dull sobbing, the painful search for fleas, apathetically licking a coconut, banging my head against the wall of the crate, and sticking my tongue out at anyone who came near me - this is how i first behaved in my new life. but my one prevailing feeling was that i had no way out. of course today i have to rely on human words to describe what i felt then as an ape, so my portrayal is bound to be distorted, but even if i can no longer attain my old apish truth, at least my depiction is very much in that spirit, there ’ s no doubt about that. i had always had so many ways out, and now there was none. i was trapped. my freedom of movement couldn ’ t have been more restricted if they had nailed me down. and why? you can scratch between your toes until you start to bleed and not discover the reason. press yourself so close against the bar of the cage until it nearly slices you in two and you won ’ t find the answer. i had no way out, so i had to invent one : otherwise i was doomed. if i had stayed staring at the wall of that crate i would have inevitably died a miserable death. but that ’ s where hagenbeck & co think apes should be, and so i stopped being an ape. a beautifully clear train of thought i must have somehow hatched out with my belly, since apes think with their belly. i ’ m afraid that you may not understand exactly what i mean by a way out, which i mean in the most ordinary and fullest sense of the phrase. i am deliberately avoiding the word freedom, because i don ’ t mean this grand feeling of freedom on all sides. as an ape i may have known it, and i ’ ve met humans who yearn for exactly that. but i myself have never asked for freedom, neither then nor now. as an aside : freedom is something people deceive themselves with far


as an ape i may have known it, and i ’ ve met humans who yearn for exactly that. but i myself have never asked for freedom, neither then nor now. as an aside : freedom is something people deceive themselves with far too frequently. and just as it counts as one of the most sublime feelings, so, too, can it lead to the sublime disappointment. often, before going on stage as part of a revue, i ’ ve watched this or that pair of trapeze artists high in the air by the ceiling. they would swing and sway, floating into each other ’ s arms, one would carry the other by her hair in his teeth. “ so that ’ s another example of human freedom, ” i thought, “ ego - maniacal and high - handed. ” what a mockery of holy nature! there ’ s not a building on earth that could withstand the laughter of the apes at such a sight. no, i didn ’ t want freedom. all i wanted was some way out – right, left, wherever it might lead. i kept my demand small, so that if it turned out to be a delusion, the disappointment would be no greater. anything to get on, to get out! and not just stand there with upraised arms pressed against the wall of some crate. today i see clearly that i could never have escaped without the greatest inner tranquility. indeed, i think i owe everything i have become to the calm that came over me after those first few days at sea. and i probably have the crew to thank for that. they ’ re good people, despite everything. to this day i enjoy recalling the sound of their heavy steps that echoed through my half - sleep back then. they had the habit of taking everything extremely slowly. if one of them wanted to rub his eyes, he ’ d raise his hand as if it were a hanging weight. their jokes were crude, but hearty. their laughter was generally mixed with coughing that sounded dangerous but didn ’ t mean anything. they always had something in their mouths to spit out and couldn ’ t care less where it landed. they were constantly complaining about the fleas jumping from me to them, but they weren ’ t ever really angry at me ; they realized that fleas thrive in my fur and that fleas are jumpers, so they learned to live with that. when they weren ’ t on duty they ’ d sometimes sit around me in a half circle, more cooing than speaking to one


that fleas thrive in my fur and that fleas are jumpers, so they learned to live with that. when they weren ’ t on duty they ’ d sometimes sit around me in a half circle, more cooing than speaking to one another. they would stretch out on the crates and smoke their pipes, slapping their knees whenever i made the slightest movement, and now and then one of them would take a stick and tickle me where it felt pleasant. i can ’ t say i ’ d accept an invitation to take another voyage on that ship, but nor could i claim that all the memories i have from that passage are ugly ones. above all, the tranquility i acquired among these people kept me from trying to escape. looking back, i think i must have sensed that if i wanted to live, i needed to find some way out, and i must have understood that fleeing would not accomplish this. i no longer know whether such an escape was possible, but i believe it was – surely escape is always an option for an ape. today my teeth are such that i have to be careful even with ordinary nutcracking, but back then it would have probably been just a matter of time before i chomped my way through the lock on the door. but i didn ’ t do that, for what would it have gained me? as soon as i stuck my head out they would have recaptured me and locked me up in an even worse cage, or else i might have crept off unnoticed, to the other animals – for instance to the giant boa that was caged across from me, and breathed my last breath in its embrace. i even might have managed to steal onto the upper deck and jump overboard, in which case i would have rocked a while on the water and then drowned. desperate deeds every one. i didn ’ t calculate things in such a human fashion, but under the influence of my surroundings i acted as though i had. i didn ’ t calculate, but i probably observed things in peace and quiet. i watched the people going back and forth, always the same faces, the same movements, i often had the impression there was only one of them. so this man, or these men, went about with no impediment. a lofty purpose began to dawn on me. no one promised me they would open the bars if i acted like them. after all, promises aren ’ t made for seemingly impossible tasks. but when such tasks are accomplished nevertheless, the promises are made after


lofty purpose began to dawn on me. no one promised me they would open the bars if i acted like them. after all, promises aren ’ t made for seemingly impossible tasks. but when such tasks are accomplished nevertheless, the promises are made after the fact, and exactly where you would have looked for them in vain before. except there wasn ’ t much about these men that truly tempted me. had i been a follower of the grand freedom i mentioned earlier, i ’ m sure i would have chosen the sea over the way out i saw in the gloomy faces of these people. but in any case i spent a long time observing before i ever had thoughts like that, and it was the only accumulated observations that first pushed me in a specific direction. imitating people was so easy. within a few days i was able to spit. we would spit at each other in the face, with the only difference that i licked my face clean afterward, and they didn ’ t. soon i was smoking a pipe like an old salt, and if i pressed my thumb into the bowl to boot, the whole steerage would cheer ; except it took me a long time to understand the difference between an empty pipe and one that had been fully stuffed. the whiskey bottle caused me the most difficulty. the smell was sheer torture, i forced myself with all my strength, but it took weeks to overcome my aversion. strangely, the people took these internal struggles more seriously than anything else about me. while i don ’ t distinguish the people in my memory, there was one who kept coming back, alone or with his chums, day or night, at the oddest hours. he ’ d stand outside my cage with the bottle and instruct me. he didn ’ t understand me, but he wanted to solve the riddle of my being. he would slowly uncork the bottle and look at me, to check whether i had understood ; i confess that i always watched him with wild - eyed attention - all too eager, in fact - no human teacher on earth would find such a student of people. after the bottle was uncorked, he would hold it to his mouth ; i would follow with my eyes, from the bottle to his throat. he would nod, pleased with his pupil, and place the bottle to his lips. delighted with my gradual discovery, i would shriek and scratch myself all over, wherever i felt the urge. he liked that – then he ’ d tilt the bottle back and take a swallow, and i was so


and place the bottle to his lips. delighted with my gradual discovery, i would shriek and scratch myself all over, wherever i felt the urge. he liked that – then he ’ d tilt the bottle back and take a swallow, and i was so impatient and desperate to emulate him that i wound up soiling myself in my cage, which would again cause him enormous satisfaction. then, swinging the bottle away from his body and back to his lips, he would drink, exaggeratedly bending over for purposes of instruction, and down the entire bottle in a single gulp. exhausted from so much effort, i could no longer follow him ; i ’ d hang limply on the bar, while he ended his theoretical instruction by stroking his belly and grinning. then came the practical instruction. but hadn ’ t the theoretical part already worn me out? indeed it had. still, that ’ s part of my fate, so despite my exhaustion i reached as best i could for the bottle being held out to me, and, shaking all the while, uncork it. success gradually brought renewed strength, and i managed to lift the bottle in a manner hardly distinguishable from the original. i raised it to my lips, then threw it away in disgust, disgust, even though it was empty, with nothing left but the smell. i was so revolted i tossed it on the ground, to the sadness of my teacher, and the greater sadness of myself, and the fact that i didn ’ t forget to stroke my belly and grin after throwing away the bottle didn ’ t make either one of us feel better. all too often, that was how my lessons went. and to my teacher ’ s credit : he wasn ’ t angry with me, though he did on occasion hold his burning pipe against my body in some place i couldn ’ t reach, until my fur began to glow, but then he ’ d dampen it himself with his huge kind hand – he wasn ’ t angry with me, he realized we were both on the same side, both struggling against my apish nature, and he knew i had the more difficult struggle. so what a victory it was for him as well as me, when one evening in front of many onlookers – it may have been a party, a gramophone was playing, an officer was carrying on among the crew - at a moment when no one was watching, i grabbed a bottle of whiskey that had been inadvertently left outside my cage, and did a perfect job of uncorking it - to the


be taken to an institution. fortunately he was released soon thereafter. but i wore out many more teachers, even several at once. when i became surer of my own abilities, and the press began to follow my progress and my future began to shine, i hired my own tutors, had them set up in five adjacent rooms, and learned from all of them at once, constantly jumping from one room to the next. what progress! how the rays of knowledge penetrated my waking brain from all sides! i will not deny it : it made me happy. but i must also confess that i did not overvalue my achievement, neither then nor especially today. through an unprecedented exertion i managed to acquire the education of your average european, which might not mean a thing in itself, but at least it helped me out my cage, at least it provided me with this way out, this human way. i slipped off into the bush, so to speak - the human bush. i had no other choice, assuming that freedom was never an option. looking over my development and its purpose up to this point, i neither complain nor am i fully content. i half - sit, half - lie in my rocker, my hands in my pockets, a bottle of wine on the table, and look out the window. if i have company i show them the proper hospitality. my agent sits in the anteroom ; if i ring then he steps in and listens to what i have to say. i perform nearly every evening, and my success could hardly be greater. if i come home late after a banquet, a scientific society, or a friendly evening at someone ’ s house, a small, half - trained chimpanzee is waiting for me and i have my pleasure with her in the manner of apes. i don ’ t wish to see her by day, as her eyes have the insanity of the befuddled half - tamed animal, which i alone can recognize, and which i cannot bear. by and large i have accomplished what i set out to accomplish. it cannot be said it wasn ’ t worth the effort. nor am i asking for any human judgment ; all i wish to do is disseminate knowledge, i only report, and that is all i have done for you tonight, esteemed members of the academy : i have reported, and nothing more.


this is one of our more unusual themes, because only two censuses have ever gathered information on religion in england and wales, and they were 150 years apart! the 1851 census of religion was a separate census carried out at the same time as the main census of population. it assumed that everyone was christian, and tried to find out what kind of christians were most important in each district. it did this by counting how many people attended each church on the census sunday. our information has been considerably simplified from the original returns, which counted 35 different religious groups in england and wales. one result is a large ' other ' category. in 2001, a question about religion was included among the questions in the main census for the first time ever. except in scotland, where there is separate information on the church of scotland, catholics and ' other christian ', the results lump all christians together but also gathered information on buddhists, hindus, jews, muslims and sikhs. people were allowed to write in other religions not included on the census form, but we have no data on the distribution of ' jedi '. our detailed statistics are held in structures called ncubes, which you can think of as tables with one dimension, or with two... or with twenty. their dimensions are defined by the variables each ncube combines, and each variable is made up of categories. these ncubes are available at national level for this theme : | available ncubes | | period covered | | variables ( number of categories ) | 1851 church ' attendances ' | | 1851 | | major christian denominations in 1851 major religious faiths in 2001 | attending all churches | | 1851 | |


eng 330 studies in special topics : literature of war | modern literature of war a character in tim o ’ brien ’ s vietnam novel, going after cacciato, comments that “ things may be viewed from many angles. from down below, or from inside out, you often discover entirely new understandings. ” this course will examine the age - old theme of conflict in general and war in particular ( wwi and vietnam ) as viewed from various angles and presented in different literary and media forms ( poetry, fiction, nonfiction, and film ). we will also study the biographical, literary, historical and cultural contexts in which the various works are written. through research, panels, readings, critical papers, films, slides, and discussion, our principal goal will be an in - depth assessment of the literary treatment of this major theme across time and genres. writers and texts studied in this class will be joseph conrad, heart of darkness ; erich maria remarque, all quiet on the western front ; ernest hemingway, a farewell to arms ; graham greene, the quiet american ; world war one british poets ; bao ninh, the sorrow of war ; tim o ’ brien, going after cacciato ; pat barker, regeneration ; and larry heinemann, paco ’ s story. prerequisite : one english literature course, taken at wabash.


aluminum standards and data provides definitions for welding and brazing : welding is the " joining of two or more pieces of aluminum by applying heat or pressure, or both, with or without filler metal to produce a localized union through fusion or recrystallization across the interface ". brazing is the " joining of metals by fusion of nonferrous alloys that have melting points above 425 degrees c ( 800 degrees f ) but lower than those of the metals being joined. this may be accomplished by means of a torch ( torch brazing ), in a furnace ( furnace brazing ), or by dipping a molten flux bath ( dip or flux brazing ). " according to the asm specialty handbook : aluminum and aluminum alloys : " brazing, by definition, employs filler metal having a liquidus above 450 degrees c ( 840 degrees f ) and below the solidus of the base metal. brazing is distinguished from soldering by the melting point of the filler metal : solders melt below 450 degrees c ( 840 degrees f ). brazing differs from welding in that no substantial amount of the base metal is melted during brazing. thus the temperatures for brazing aluminum are intermediate between those for welding and soldering. also, brazed aluminum assemblies generally are between welded and soldered assemblies in strength and resistance to corrosion " since soldering is done below 450 degrees c ( 840 degrees f ), aluminum filler alloys are not used in soldering aluminum. instead, solders for aluminum alloys are often zinc, tin, cadmium and lead.


meet our supplements stay on the path of good health with nature made® the benefit of a great night ' s sleep did you know over 60 % of adults have trouble sleeping a few nights a week or more? our busy days can be so intense and thought - provoking that they can lead to sleepless nights. but being productive during the day is dependent on a good night ' s rest. besides feeling exhausted, there are other effects of not getting enough sleep : decreased performance and alertness - sleep deprivation reduces your alertness and leads to poor performance. reducing your sleep by as little as hours for a single night could result in a reduction of daytime alertness by as much as 32 %. memory and cognitive impairment - decreased alertness and excessive daytime sleepiness hinder your memory function along with your ability to think and process information. on the other hand, getting a great night ' s rest has major benefits : - learning and memory - sleep encourages your brain to commit new information to memory. - metabolism and weight - irregular sleep may cause weight gain, by affecting the way our bodies handle carbohydrates and altering hormone levels related to appetite. - mood - sleep loss has been known to result in more than just an inability to concentrate. it also leads to impatience and mood swings. - heart health - several serious sleep disorders are associated with hypertension, higher stress levels and irregular heartbeat. - immune health - lack of sleep weakens your body ' s immune function. these products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.


the one world vision is the ultimate stage of a conceptual evolution that started decades ago. this evolution produced several paradigm shifts that combine how we comprehend our world, and, as a result, how we try to deal with it. through the 70s and 80s, a technical understanding of impacts like acidification, eutrophication or stratospheric ozone loss prompted command and control approaches at the local and multilateral level, in the form of substance bans and compliance controls. in its 1987 report - our common future - the world commission on environment and developmentproclaimed the interdependency of human development and environmental progress, captured in the notion of sustainable development, and nurtured the elaboration of the 1992 rio summit ’ s agenda 21. it encouraged a system and life - cycle understanding of waste, carbon dioxide and other emissions and of overconsumption of water, fuels and other non - renewable resources. environmental progress could be achieved, despite society ’ s development and economic growth, through strategies of system redesign for eco - efficiency. economic growth could decouple from its negative environmental impacts thanks to business foresight, voluntary initiatives and covenants. innovation and new behaviors would spread through well - functioning and free markets with only light government interference. this new worldview was summed up in the “ three pillars : ecology - society - economy ” scheme. because of its complexity, it demands performance indicators that monitor behavior change and progress by businesses and other actors. thus, corporate social responsibility and public - private partnerships became the preferred modes of business action, shaped in dialogues with stakeholders and monitored through schemes like the global reporting initiative, the carbon disclosure project, the dow jones sustainability and other governance and accountability indexes. this ladder of expanding worldviews is embedded in the core of the one world vision. one world weaves together quality of life, equity and enhancement of our human and natural capitals. it relies on interdependent, purposeful, innovative individuals to achieve these ideals through the efficiency of markets. sustainable development, instead of being an “ end - of - pipe ” or “ add - on ”, becomes an integral part of the core business strategy. the one world vision is making its way into consumer values. a number of surveys show that concerns about social and environmental issues are on most people ’ s minds, in all countries. they express a willingness to take action and select products and suppliers based on their alignment with corporate responsibility principles. they also want products and services that perform and give good value while being rated as


issues are on most people ’ s minds, in all countries. they express a willingness to take action and select products and suppliers based on their alignment with corporate responsibility principles. they also want products and services that perform and give good value while being rated as more sustainable. nonetheless, only about 1 in 5 people go all the way to adjust lifestyle, behavior and purchasing decisions. most feel they cannot evaluate the sustainability merits on their own or they lack the purchasing power to afford a premium for environmental quality. support from governments to provide practical rules and education is essential to turn this willingness into trust in environmental claims and action. while numerous think tanks and international summits have articulated the ideas around sustainability and green growth, our political systems have difficulty coping with such a holistic, high - level and constantly - evolving notion. they are set to maintain a harmonious society where every individual is able to satisfy its own needs and desires without harming the human rights of others. rooted in the 19th century, this principle is based on an abundance of resources and confidence in education, science and technology to break through limits of scarcity. it relies on commerce and contracts to create and distribute wealth and thus ensure social peace. citizens delegate their power through the election of representatives who are expected to satisfy the interests of their electors through action, legislation and compliance. this vote is both a sanction of the performance of outgoing representatives and a support of the action plans of candidate representatives. this political system is naturally committed to rather personal, local and immediate interests and concerns. endangered species and unborn generations do not vote. even though inaction, now, may increase the probability of remote, irreversible future damage, it is practically impossible to allocate, today, the level of resources that would prevent an uncertain crisis, tomorrow. this requires a sufficient number of concerned citizens to elect representatives committed to such danger prevention and mitigation plans. the climate negotiations show, so far, that national delegates need to operate within the mandate of their domestic legislators and stick to local and near - present strategies rather than accept binding global, long - term emission ceilings based on predictive science. despite a rapid evolution of the concepts and ideal of sustainable development, progress on the ground, for real people and their environment, remains slow and difficult.


- achieving sustainable site design through low impact development practices - balancing security / safety and sustainability objectives - extensive vegetative roofs - life - cycle cost analysis ( lcca ) - low impact development technologies - mold and moisture dynamics - retrofitting existing buildings to improve sustainability and energy performance - sustainable laboratory design - sustainable o & m practices - water conservation extensive vegetative roofs last updated : 11 - 27 - 2012 within this page the intent of this guide is to provide information regarding the state of the art of vegetative roof design and construction. vegetative roofs, also known as green roofs, are thin layers of living vegetation installed on top of conventional flat or sloping roofs. we have chosen to use the word " vegetative " rather than the word " green " in this guide because a non - vegetative roof could be considered to be environmentally " green " without being vegetative. for example, due to it being white and therefore mitigating heat gain within the building and reducing heat island contribution, a white non - vegetative roof might be considered as being " green " or environmentally friendly. in other words, " green " has too broad of a connotation to be clear for use in this guide, and we recommend that the industry adopt the nomenclature " vegetative, " rather than the overly broad " green. " vegetative roofs are divided into two categories : 1 ) extensive vegetative roofs, which are 6 inches or shallower and are frequently designed to satisfy specific engineering and performance goals, and 2 ) intensive vegetative roofs, which may become quite deep and merge into more familiar on - structure plaza landscapes with promenades, lawn, large perennial plants, and trees. with respect to the vegetative overburden, this guide addresses only the more shallow extensive vegetative roofs. figure 1. four seasons hotel, boston, ma. designed by roofscapes, installed in 2004. in 2009 apex green roof began maintaining the roof. system depth : 4 inches the challenge in designing extensive vegetative roofs is to replicate many of the benefits of vegetative open space, while keeping them light and affordable. thus, the new generation of vegetative roofs relies on a marriage of the sciences of horticulture, waterproofing, and engineering. the most common 4 extensive vegetative roof cover in temperate climates is a single un - irrigated 3 - to 4 - inch layer of lightweight growth media vegetative with succulent plants and herbs. in most climates


, and engineering. the most common 4 extensive vegetative roof cover in temperate climates is a single un - irrigated 3 - to 4 - inch layer of lightweight growth media vegetative with succulent plants and herbs. in most climates, a properly designed 3 - inch deep vegetative roof cover will provide a durable, low maintenance system that can realize the many benefits that vegetative roofs have to offer. some manufacturers consider a landscape up to 8 inches deep to be extensive systems. all well - designed extensive vegetative roofs include subsystems responsible for : figure 2. generic extensive green roof on a concrete deck image courtesy of american hydrotech figure 3. generic extensive green roof on a steel deck image courtesy of american hydrotech a wide range of methods can achieve these functions. for instance, drainage layers may consist of plastic sheets, fabric or synthetic mats, or granular mineral layers. similarly, the physical properties and performance characteristics of growing media ( engineered soils ) and plant materials may vary with the climate, plant community, or engineering requirements. figure 2 shows a generic cut - away of a common type of vegetative roof assembly that utilizes a lower granular drainage layer in combination with an upper growth medium or substrate. the selection of a particular approach may depend on performance - related considerations, such as runoff control, drought - tolerance, biodiversity, appearance, or accessibility to the public. while many pre - engineered systems are currently available, it is frequently necessary to customize these systems to satisfy specific performance objectives. there are many potential benefits associated with extensive vegetative roofs. these include : - controlling storm water runoff - improving water quality - mitigating urban heat - island effects - prolonging the service life of roofing materials - conserving energy - reducing sound reflection and transmission - improving the aesthetic environment in both work and home settings - mitigation of wildlife as a result vegetative roofs may be appropriate as an addition to many types of buildings, including commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential settings. on the other hand, the additional cost, possible water usage to irrigate the plants, and required ongoing maintenance may make them less appropriate. 1. controlling storm water runoff the rapid runoff of storm water from paved areas and roofs contributes to destructive flooding, erosion, pollution, and habitat destruction. the capacity of vegetative roofs to moderate this runoff through both retention ( water holding ) and detention ( flow - slowing ) properties has been well - documented in europe and increasingly in the united states. vegetative


, pollution, and habitat destruction. the capacity of vegetative roofs to moderate this runoff through both retention ( water holding ) and detention ( flow - slowing ) properties has been well - documented in europe and increasingly in the united states. vegetative roofs share many engineering features with conventional storm water management basins, and compared to many at - grade storm water management practices, vegetative roof covers are unobtrusive and reliable. vegetative roofs may offer the only practical " at - source " technique for controlling runoff in areas that do not have adequate space on the ground to readily accommodate other methods of water retention. vegetative roof covers are particularly effective at controlling runoff on the large roofs typical of commercial and institutional buildings because typically a greater portion of these roofs can be vegetative than on other building types. reducing the volume and rate of runoff is important in urban areas because of flooding and water quality impacts ( see water quality, below ), and also in watersheds that drain to streams and other natural water bodies where uncontrolled urban runoff can lead to stream bank erosion and channel degradation, and decreased baseflow. vegetative roofs provide a means to mitigate some of these impacts from building development projects, particularly when used as part of a suite of low - impact development ( lid ) practices. many jurisdictions ( i. e. seattle, portland, and philadelphia, to name a few ) advocate for a combination of lid practices including vegetative roofs, rainwater harvesting, permeable paving, and bio - retention " rain gardens " to mitigate site impacts on water resources while creating " vegetative storm water infrastructure ". the ultimate storm runoff benefit that can be achieved by a vegetative roof cover is determined primarily by the climate patterns at the site and the design of the system ( thickness, media type, and drainage layer construction ). they can be designed to achieve specified levels of storm water runoff control, including reductions in both total annual runoff volume and peak runoff rates for storms. careful selection of material properties, such as the water holding capacity and permeability rates of the growing media, can enhance annual runoff volume reduction and peak flow reduction capacity of the vegetative roof. many western u. s. states have water rights laws that restrict how rainwater landing on a property may be used, as it is considered to be a water - of - the - state. for vegetative roof systems, particularly systems where runoff may be harvested for re - use or irrigation purposes, designers are advised to check


landing on a property may be used, as it is considered to be a water - of - the - state. for vegetative roof systems, particularly systems where runoff may be harvested for re - use or irrigation purposes, designers are advised to check with local municipalities to verify the acceptance of vegetative roofs, and specific local agency requirements for such systems. in contrast, some municipalities such as chicago have taken the approach of mandating vegetative roofs on new building projects because of the host of benefits it brings to built - out urban areas. other jurisdictions offer substantial tax benefits and subsidies to promulgate vegetative roofs ( portland, oregon, and new york for instance ). reliable techniques for predicting the rate and quantity of runoff from vegetative roof covers have been used successfully to design integrated storm water management measures in germany, where large zero - discharge developments that rely heavily on vegetative roofs are already operating. in the u. s., studies have been performed to monitor the performance of vegetative roofs with regard to storm water runoff. magnusson klemencic associates, a seattle based engineering consulting firm, evaluated and monitored the storm water control performance of five different vegetative roof systems from 2005 to 2007 in the pacific northwest climate. even though this climatic region is characterized by a long rainy season where soils and media are frequently saturated, storm water control capacity was demonstrated for the large storms that can cause urban flooding and sewer overflows. for other climatic regions and smaller storms, vegetative roofs typically have greater capacity for runoff control. water retained by a vegetative roof cover is ultimately returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration processes. in climatic zones where substantial rainfall occurs during summer months, when evapotranspiration rates are highest, the vegetative roof is able to retain substantial amounts of rainfall and reduce annual runoff volumes. however, in climatic zones characterized by summer droughts and extended winter " wet seasons ", such as the pacific northwest region, the capacity to reduce annual runoff may be limited by the lack of availability of rainfall during the peak evapotranspiration periods. reducing runoff volume is a goal of some sustainability metrics, or may be required to restore the health of aquatic resources ( e. g. fisheries / salmon runs ). how can runoff volume be reduced? through evapotranspiration, infiltration into the ground, or using harvested water. that being said, if you can do at - grade landscaping — i. e. rain gardens,


salmon runs ). how can runoff volume be reduced? through evapotranspiration, infiltration into the ground, or using harvested water. that being said, if you can do at - grade landscaping — i. e. rain gardens, bio - swales, etc., it will almost always be more economical than a vegetative roof. 2. improving water quality by reducing both the volume and the rate of storm water runoff, vegetative roofs benefit cities with combined sewer overflow ( cso ) impacts. in cities with combined storm and wastewater sewer systems, storm water dilutes the sanitary waste water, rendering treatment less efficient. during heavy rainfalls these systems also overflow, discharging raw sewage mixed with runoff into the receiving streams, harbors, or oceans, resulting in ecological damage and human health hazards. therefore, important water quality benefits ( reducing cso ) are achieved by controlling runoff in those situations. in addition, in urban areas, up to 30 % of total nitrogen and total phosphorus released into receiving waterways is derived from dust that accumulates on rooftops. acting as natural bio - filtration devices, vegetative roofs reduce this water contamination. in the potsdamer platz district of berlin, extensive vegetative roofs have been employed on a large scale in an effort to reduce pollution of the river spree. this is only a factor when an entire community practices storm water reduction, however. this program has demonstrated that extensive vegetative roofs can achieve large reductions in nutrient releases from roofs ; however, the research also shows that the correct choices of growing medium and plant types are essential for success. in some states in the western united states, there are laws that prohibit harvesting of stormwater. however, it appears that some of these laws are being eased. check with your local code authority. 3. mitigating urban heat - island effects covering dark conventional roofs with vegetative roofs can significantly reduce the temperature above the roof. vegetative roofs have been shown in several studies, including the referenced columbia university study, to provide comparable benefits to white or reflective roof surfaces in reducing the ambient air temperature. unlike white roofs, which tend to lose the ability to reduce temperature as they age, vegetative roofs continue to have the ability to mitigate the heat island effect. 4. prolonging the service life of roofing materials forty years of apparently good experience with vegetative roofs in germany suggests that they may have value in protecting waterproofing materials. the multiple layers of the ve


the heating season. one must take into consideration, however, the added cost of vegetative roofs. the comparison to be made is whether adding more insulation would be a more cost - effective solution. vegetative roofs are potential energy savers, but the degree to which they do so is unclear at this time. the impact is highly dependent upon climate conditions and the insulation level of the underlying roof. for the most part, vegetative roofs have very little impact on building energy consumption for a new building built to modern energy codes ( with high levels of roof insulation ). some retrofit applications, however, can result in non - trivial savings of both air - conditioning and heating. vegetative roofs may provide significant cooling savings in the summer and some heating savings in the winter. but the research to date is not clear on the subject of the quantification of savings in real - world applications. the bottom line on energy might be summed up by this quote from joe lstiburek in footnote 3 to his building science insight 052, " seeing red over green roofs : " " the assumptions are pretty important. green roofs save energy compared to uninsulated roofs or poorly insulated roofs or even better, black poorly insulated roofs. once you have more than r - 20 in a roof assembly, that is, you meet the code, things pretty much don ' t matter. in other words, go above r - 20, and make green roof decisions for other reasons than energy. see ' potential energy savings of various roof technologies ' by s. ray and l. glicksman presented at buildings xi conference, and check out figure 9. note that grass, even when it is green, has a greater solar absorptance than a white membrane. the real effect of the grass comes from the evaporation of water. but that takes water, and you might not always have some. if you want to do the water evaporation thing, you probably could do as good a job by sprinkling the top of a white reflective roof. when the grass goes brown, forget about any energy benefit ; also, be very worried about fire. " 6. reducing sound reflection and transmission vegetative roofs have important acoustical benefits, especially for higher frequency sounds. the added weight of a vegetative roof results in an increased degree of sound insulation. vegetative roofs can absorb a portion of the sound that otherwise bounces off hard roofing surfaces. see the referenced ghent university study for more information.


. the added weight of a vegetative roof results in an increased degree of sound insulation. vegetative roofs can absorb a portion of the sound that otherwise bounces off hard roofing surfaces. see the referenced ghent university study for more information. 7. improving the aesthetic environment figure 4. peco main office building, philadlephia. 43, 000 square feet. 3 inches of lightweight green roof media, unirrigated. established from pre - grown sedum mats. installed over sarnafil pvc membrane. green roof design by roofmeadow. roofing by sika sarnafil. competed winter 2008. vegetative roofs offer interesting new opportunities for architectural design. a vegetative roof can allow a structure to merge with the surrounding landscape, provide a dramatic accent, or reinforce the defining aspects of the structure ' s geometry. in germany — and increasingly in the united states — vegetative roofs are frequently integrated into the design of hospitals and care facilities in order to provide a more restful and restorative environment for patients. similarly, multi - unit residences and hotels will find that vegetative roof - top views substantially enhance property values. in commercial settings, job satisfaction and effectiveness can be enhanced by providing window views of meadows or flower beds or relaxing garden areas for breaks or meetings. in most cases, restricting public access to extensive vegetative roofs can help to keep the building costs down, and reduce safety risk mitigation measures. when public access is allowed to vegetative roofs or other roof areas, additional building requirements usually apply. accessible roof areas must include additional " live loads " in the structural analysis of the building. these areas would also include safety features such as railings and access ways that meet building codes for public areas. in those areas where public access is desired, frequently owners and architects will employ an intensive vegetative roof because the more robust building structure that results from applying the more stringent live loads will support the weight of the deeper growing media, which in turn can accommodate a wider range of uses such as lawn areas, vegetable gardens, or park - like settings that take advantage of the expanded planting palettes that are achievable with increased growing media depth. 8. mitigation of wildlife vegetative roofs will attract wildlife. this is not desirable on an extensive vegetative roof, which is not designed to support these habitats. insects, spiders, snails, birds, and rodents ( rats, mice, squirrels ) all promote damage to the


systems. - cost of materials and labor. - local fire code restrictions. - wind uplift forces. - design life. - leed considerations. - substrate provided. - building movement. - construction sequencing. - odors generated. - snow loads and overburden loads. - orientation of the building as it relates to surrounding buildings and shading. - security and fall protection. - combined warranty / maintenance period, and follow on warranty - required maintenance. during the design process, several professionals on the design team may need to participate. besides the architect and the structural engineer, participation by a landscape architect and a soils consultant may be required. the compatibility of the vegetative roof assembly, fertilizers, natural pest mitigation and chemical pesticides ( not recommended ) with the waterproofing or membrane roofing is a critical design consideration, and consultation with waterproofing or roofing system manufacturers is usually necessary. origination of the soil medium is very important, to understand the potential risks of transporting destructive or non - native pests to a vegetative roof environment ( example : engineered soils may originate in the southern u. s. native fire ant eggs, larvae, or adults may be transported to other locations where they are not native, but always considered a safety risk and a nuisance. ) standard landscaping work considers plant hardiness ; tolerance for sun and shade ; and preference for wet, dry, rich, poor, alkaline, or acid soils as the major concerns to influence plant selection. vegetative roof assembly design must consider important additional factors such as the loads of saturated growing media and mature plants on building structure, the effect of wind and erosion on lightweight growing media elevated above normal grade, the temperature of the growing media around plant root systems, the depths of the growing media appropriate for plant root systems, and the risk of brush fire posed by seasonal or drought - condition dieback of some plant varieties if they are unattended. the last factor explains why succulents, which retain water in their leaves, are often used in vegetative roofs. b. integration with green design vegetative roofs can be designed in conjunction with solar panels, and also work very well in combination with other ' low - impact ' development measures, such as infiltration beds, rain gardens, bio - retention systems, cisterns and rain barrels. it is commonplace in germany to find large developments that have zero runoff discharge. in these developments, rainfall is captured on the vegetative roofs, returned to


infiltration beds, rain gardens, bio - retention systems, cisterns and rain barrels. it is commonplace in germany to find large developments that have zero runoff discharge. in these developments, rainfall is captured on the vegetative roofs, returned to ground water through infiltration, and re - used for irrigation, toilet flushing, etc. c. examples of extensive green roofs in north america forty years of german experience and research indicates that extensive vegetative roofs will succeed in most climates, if properly designed. with appropriate plant selection, sufficient drainage, and adequate structural support for the additional dead weight, vegetative roofs can survive winter ice build - up and potential summer droughts. in north america, examples of extensive vegetative roof projects are present in all climate zones. because the few north american roofs that have been built to date demonstrate such a wide variety of settings and approaches, it is impossible to highlight " representative " case studies here. however, many updated case studies of vegetative roof projects, including both extensive and intensive designs, are available at green roofs for healthy cities. d. waterproofing, protection course, leak detection, root barrier, and insulation 1. waterproofing membrane many premium roofing and waterproofing materials have been used in combination with vegetative roof installations. these include, but are not limited to polyvinyl chloride ( pvc ) ethylene propylene diene monomer ( epdm ), modified bituminous sheet roofing membranes with liquid membrane deck prep, hot fluid - applied polymer - modified rubberized - asphalt waterproofing membranes, and other proprietary roof membranes available that the design team may consider with proper investigation. other materials are likely to enter the industry as their suitability is proven in certification testing and prototype installations. however, in general, the membrane or the membrane combined with the root barrier used in all vegetative roof applications should exhibit the following properties : - high puncture resistance. - resistance to chemicals ( e. g. fertilizer ). - low water absorption. - low vapor transmission. - be approved by the manufacturer for use with ponded water. - be certified as passing a rigorous test for root penetration and biological test ( existing recognized procedures are fll and the swiss insurance agency ) if the assembly does not include a root barrier. most epdm and asphaltic membrane manufacturers require a root barrier. it is recommended that a root barrier protect all membranes. - have a track record of use as waterproofing in buried applications. - have manufacturer


assembly does not include a root barrier. most epdm and asphaltic membrane manufacturers require a root barrier. it is recommended that a root barrier protect all membranes. - have a track record of use as waterproofing in buried applications. - have manufacturer - approved details suitable for the conditions on the project. - one source warranty from waterproofing through vegetation. worldwide, modified bituminous membranes, pvcs and hot fluid - applied rubberized asphalts are the most common. many of these installations have now been in place for over 30 years. interfacing of different systems is challenging and requires careful thought and attention to detail. where possible, the designer should consider the use of a single manufacturer for the interfacing systems. when joining systems of differing manufacturers, issues arise related to compatibility of products, warranty extents, long - term durability, and detailing concerns that could be avoided with a single manufacturer. selection of membranes for waterproofing would prioritize systems compatible with a fully adhered waterproofing membrane, protection course, root barrier, drainage layer, moisture - resistant insulation, aeration layer, moisture - retention layer, reservoir layer, and filter fabric layer. preferably, these components are installed above the membrane in a protected membrane roof assembly ( pmr ) often referred to as an inverted roof membrane assembly ( irma ) as follows : if the deck is reinforced concrete, use reinforced, minimum 215 mil thick hot fluid - applied rubberized asphalt, applied directly to the deck, in a protected membrane roof assembly ( pmr ) often referred to as an inverted roof membrane assembly ( irma ). many waterproofing experts recommend this membrane as the premiere waterproofing product, especially where there is an overburden ( planting or paving ) that is expensive to remove and where the spaces beneath are of importance. the use of an adhered membrane prevents leaks from migrating laterally from the course of entry. if the deck is a steel deck, appropriate roof substrate sheathing ( i. e., gypsum based boards, plywood ) may be secured to the metal deck and the fully reinforced rubberized asphalt membrane applied to the surface. in many cases, the joints between substrate boards will need to be pre - detailed with rubberized asphalt membrane and appropriate reinforcing prior to the full membrane application ). odor management during installation should be a consideration in the use of this system. a second choice would be two layers of modified bituminous rubberized asphalt cold - applied self adhering ( use low


reinforcing prior to the full membrane application ). odor management during installation should be a consideration in the use of this system. a second choice would be two layers of modified bituminous rubberized asphalt cold - applied self adhering ( use low voc cold adhesive or there could be adverse effect on plants ) membrane, set in liquid rubberized asphalt with aromatic isocyanurate polyol liquid waterproofing membrane. a third choice would be cold liquid - applied polyurethanes. these systems are fully bonded to the deck. a fourth choice would be a composite thermoplastic waterproofing membrane with an active polymer core and sealed seams. note that some asphalt - modified polyurethanes exhibit variable permeance due to thickness variations in installation : too thin can lead to osmotic permeance and blistering. too thick can lead to exotherming. conventional ( non pmr ) configurations are sometimes employed with the insulation below the membrane. in these instances where the designer prefers the conventional configuration, membrane preferences should be either 80 mil reinforced pvc or 90 mil reinforced epdm with all seams sealed and taped. unlike irma roofs these systems have the drawback that they do not position the roof membrane directly over a permanent or semi - permanent substrate and typically do not provide insulating assemblies that are highly resistant to water and physical damage. these roof designs cannot prohibit or highly discourage the entrapment of water within the roof assembly and the membrane and insulation design is not conducive to in - place reuse or recycle in future roof iterations. a conventional configuration may be somewhat more desirable in warmer climates, where the addition of a vapor retarder below the insulation would not be required. see the discussion below, under insulation regarding vapor barriers. note that as of this writing a conventional configuration is required by some insurance underwriters. the first objective is to design to avoid leaks. construction oversight must find constructed leaks. existing roof substrates must be inspected for leaks. the easiest leaks to find are when a membrane is fully bonded to a concrete substrate, as it is nearly impossible for the leak to travel horizontally under the membrane. although some membrane manufacturers assert that their waterproofing membrane products perform simultaneously as root barriers, a root barrier should always be installed over a waterproofing membrane with vegetation above. matrix of waterproofing systems ( in order of preference ) | reinforced hot fluid - applied rubberized asphalt | | modified bitumen set in liquid rubberized asphalt | | composite the


should always be installed over a waterproofing membrane with vegetation above. matrix of waterproofing systems ( in order of preference ) | reinforced hot fluid - applied rubberized asphalt | | modified bitumen set in liquid rubberized asphalt | | composite thermoplastic membrane with an active polymer core | | conventional ( non pmr ) single - ply membrane | provide for proper waterproofing terminations and counterflashing at or ( preferably ) above grade, either lapped into through - wall flashing at the backup wall or ( where this is not possible ) tucked into flashed reglets at the face as required by the specific material supplier / manufacture. refer to referenced nrca manuals for guidance. test substrates and adjacent materials for bond and compatibility. the dryness of concrete substrates can be tested with simple poly tests ( astm d4263 ) for moisture content. peel test initial applications for proper bond to the substrate. in certain conditions such as when vapor drive is to the interior or when a concrete deck has been given a smooth finish, the results of the astm d4263 test procedure may not result in condensation being visible on the underside of the plastic sheet even though the concrete slab may be relatively wet. in such cases, a drilled - in moisture probe will give the relative humidity in the concrete, but it is not known at this time what relative humidity is acceptable. the roofing industry is looking into this. there is also a concern in the roofing industry that structural lightweight concrete decks may retain a high relative humidity for an extended period of time and could thus adversely affect the installed waterproofing membrane. caution is urged regarding the use of single ply roof membranes manufactured in the united states in vegetative assemblies. us materials should not be justified based on european precedents. there are substantial differences between the actual products and installation and climate and very different performance results. be sure that the membrane is the exact same in every way to the physical characteristics and manufacturing as in the european precedent. also, the designer should verify that all of the conditions of the climate, adjacent materials, and substrates are the same. finally, is the quality of construction the same? as noted in the draft astm standard standard guide for selection of roofing / waterproofing membrane systems for vegetative ( green ) roof systems, " exposed surfaces of the roofing / waterproofing membrane system ( e. g. flashings and penetrations ) may become the most important factor in determining the longevity of an installation


between a swift release of excess water, which is beneficial, and the risk of damage / degradation of certain materials, which is undesirable, should be sought. steeper slope ( up to 4 % ) may help with drainage and may help reduce ponding, which could be desirable for wood or light steel framed systems susceptible to excessive deflection. in accordance with nrca, verify that deflection allowable under the structural design does not result in ponding. verify that local code, membrane manufacturer or owner ' s standards do not require steeper slope. benefits of steeper slope are offset by excessively thick insulation ( if tapered insulation is used ), increased number of roof drains with increase in associated piping, and potentially higher perimeter walls or parapets. as noted in the draft astm standard standard guide for selection of roofing / waterproofing membrane systems for vegetative ( green ) roof systems, " vegetative roof systems can be adversely affected by either excessive or insufficient drainage capacity. the first concern of the designer when addressing drainage should be to insure that the system can efficiently percolate and discharge the underflow associated with mandated design storms. unless specifically designed to generate surface runoff, vegetative roof systems should not experience ponding or surface flow when subjected to rainfall events that would be normal for a typical year. all drains and scuppers should be protected from clogging caused by accumulation of foliage or debris. conventional ' beehive ' or ' bonnet ' strainers are not suitable for this purpose. chambers with removable lids are recommended for use at all drains and scuppers. surrounding all drains and scuppers and depressions where underflow concentrates, coarse stone aggregate should be placed to facilitate percolation and horizontal flow toward the drainage facilities. the second concern of the designer should be to avoid excessive drainage of the vegetative roof system which may lead to perennially stressed conditions for the plants and, in extreme conditions, plant mortality. " in all instances, materials, methods of installation and quality assurance / quality control procedures must be more stringent when vegetative roof installation is involved. waterproofing materials cannot withstand decades of root and biological attack unaided. provide a root barrier, as discussed elsewhere, to protect the membrane. for information and standards pertaining to waterproofing materials, consult the national roofing contractors association ( nrca ) or astm international ( astm ). matrix of extensive roof waterproofing systems x see note 1 x see note