significance and use 4. 1 the three test methods provide simulated abrasion conditions, which can be used to evaluate the effects on abrasion resistance of concrete, concrete materials, and curing or finishing procedures. they may also be used for quality acceptance of products and surface exposed to wear. they are not intended to provide a quantitative measurement of length of service. 4. 2 the equipment used by each of these procedures is portable and thus suitable for either laboratory or field testing. the three procedures determine the relative wear of concrete surfaces as follows : 4. 2. 1 procedure a — the revolving - disk machine operates by sliding and scuffing of steel disks in conjunction with abrasive grit. 4. 2. 2 procedure b — the dressing - wheel machine operates by impact and sliding friction of steel dressing wheels. 4. 2. 3 procedure c — the ball - bearing machine operates by high - contact stresses, impact, and sliding friction from steel balls. — diagrams of three machines meeting these specifications are shown in fig. 1, fig. 2, and fig. 3. fig. 1 revolving disks abrasion test machine fig. 2 dressing wheel abrasion test machine fig. 3 ball bearing abrasion test machine 1. 1 this test method covers three procedures for determining the relative abrasion resistance of horizontal concrete surfaces. the procedures differ in the type and degree of abrasive force they impart, and are intended for use in determining variations in surface properties of concrete affected by mixture proportions, finishing, and surface treatment. they are not intended to provide a quantitative measurement of the length of service that may be expected from a specific surface. 1. 2 the values stated in either si units or inch - pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. within the text, the inch - pound units are shown in brackets. the values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents ; therefore, each system shall be used independently of each other. 1. 3 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ( warning — fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. ) — other procedures are available for measuring the abrasion resistance of concrete surfaces in addition to the three procedures contained in this test method. consideration should be given to


formation of large ( μm ) ice crystals near the tropical tropopause 1nasa ames research center, moffett field, ca, usa 2spec inc., boulder, co, usa 3centro de ciencias de la atmosfera, universidad nacional autonoma de mexico, circuito exterior, mexico 4harvard university, cambridge, ma, usa 5colorado research associates, boulder, co, usa 6university of colorado, boulder, co, usa abstract. recent high - altitude aircraft measurements with in situ imaging instruments indicated the presence of relatively large ( μm length ), thin ( aspect ratios of : 1 or larger ) hexagonal plate ice crystals near the tropical tropopause in very low concentrations ( < 0. 01 l−1 ). these crystals were not produced by deep convection or aggregation. we use simple growth - sedimentation calculations as well as detailed cloud simulations to evaluate the conditions required to grow the large crystals. uncertainties in crystal aspect ratio leave a range of possibilities, which could be constrained by knowledge of the water vapor concentration in the air where the crystal growth occurred. unfortunately, water vapor measurements made in the cloud formation region near the tropopause with different instruments ranged from < 2 ppmv to. 5 ppmv. the higher water vapor concentrations correspond to very large ice supersaturations ( relative humidities with respect to ice of about 200 % ). if the aspect ratios of the hexagonal plate crystals are as small as the image analysis suggests ( 6 : 1, see companion paper ( lawson et al., 2008 ) ) then growth of the large crystals before they sediment out of the supersaturated layer would only be possible if the water vapor concentration were on the high end of the range indicated by the different measurements ( > 3 ppmv ). on the other hand, if the crystal aspect ratios are quite a bit larger ( : 1 ), then h2o concentrations toward the low end of the measurement range ( – 2. 5 ppmv ) would suffice to grow the large crystals. gravity - wave driven temperature and vertical wind perturbations only slightly modify the h2o concentrations needed to grow the crystals. we find that it would not be possible to grow the large crystals with water concentrations less than 2 ppmv, even with assumptions of a very high aspect ratio of 15 and steady upward motion of 2 cm s−1 to loft the crystals in the tropopause


logging in or signing up penicillin divyakriti download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad dynamic copy does not support media & animations automatically changes to flash or non - flash embed wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 6000 category : science & tech.. license : all rights reserved like it ( 2 ) dislike it ( 0 ) added : april 08, 2011 this presentation is public favorites : 1 presentation description no description available. comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript “ extraction & purification of penicillin ” : “ extraction & purification of penicillin ” what is penicillin? : what is penicillin? a class of antibiotics that comes from mold. discovered by accident in 1928 by alexander fleming, is the first anitbiotic. penicillin antibiotics include ampicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, amoxicillin, 1 st - 4 th generations. 50 drugs that are now classified as penicillin. use in wwii and after. how penicillin works? : how penicillin works? resembles a protein needed for production of cell wall. penicillin binds to cell wall of bacteria, prevents peptide chains from linking, and lyses it. production of penicillin : production of penicillin during world war ii - importance realized, as penicillin had been used to treat many wounded soldiers. a tale by a. fleming : a tale by a. fleming the first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by ernest duchesne and " rediscovered " by alexander flemming in 1928 from the filamentous fungus penicilium notatu m. in 1928, sir alexander fleming, a scottish biologist, observed that penicillium notatum, a common mold, had destroyed staphylococcus bacteria in culture. a tale by a. fleming : a tale by a. fleming he took a sample of the mold from the contaminated plate. he found that it was from the penicillium family, later specified as penicillium notatum. fleming presented his findings in 1929, but they raised little interest. he published a report on penicillin and its potential uses in the british journal of experimental


from the penicillium family, later specified as penicillium notatum. fleming presented his findings in 1929, but they raised little interest. he published a report on penicillin and its potential uses in the british journal of experimental pathology. slide 7 : thanks to work by alexander fleming ( 1881 - 1955 ), howard florey ( 1898 - 1968 ) and ernst chain ( 1906 - 1979 ), penicillin was first produced on a large scale for human use in 1943. at this time, the development of a pill that could reliably kill bacteria was a remarkable development and many lives were saved during world war ii because this medication was available. e. chain h. florey a. flemingmoa of penicillin : moa of penicillin all penicillin like antibiotics inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential part of the cell wall. they do not interfere with the synthesis of other intracellular components. these antibiotics do not affect human cells because human cells do not have cell walls. spectrum of activity : spectrum of activity penicillins are active against gram positive bacteria some members ( e. g. amoxicillin ) are also effective against gram negative bacteria but not pseudomonas aeruginosaproduction of penicillin : production of penicillin penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation first antibiotic to have been manufacture in bulk. used as input material for some semi synthetic antibiotics. it is fermented in a batch culture, and a fed batch process is normally used to prolong the stationary period and so increase production. slide 11 : when penicillin was first made at the end of the second world war using the fungus penicillium notatum, the process made 1 mg dm - 3. today, using a different species ( p. chrysogenum ) and better extraction procedures the yield is 50 g dm - 3. there is a constant search to improve the yield. the yield of penicillin can be increased by : : the yield of penicillin can be increased by : improvement in composition of the medium. isolation of better penicillin producing mold sp. penicillium chrysogenum which grow better in huge deep fermentation tank. development of submerged culture technique for cultivation of mold in large volume of liquid medium through which sterile air is forced. primary and secondary metabolites : primary and secondary metabolites primary metabolites are


grow better in huge deep fermentation tank. development of submerged culture technique for cultivation of mold in large volume of liquid medium through which sterile air is forced. primary and secondary metabolites : primary and secondary metabolites primary metabolites are produced during active cell growth, and secondary metabolites are produced near the onset of stationary phase. commercial production of penicillin : commercial production of penicillin like all antibiotics, penicillin is a secondary metabolite, so is only produced in the stationary phase. industrial production of antibiotic - penicillin : industrial production of antibiotic - penicillin the industrial production of penicillin was broadly classified in to two processes namely, upstream processing downstream processingupstream processing : upstream processing upstream processing encompasses any technology that leads to the synthesis of a product. upstream includes the exploration, development and production. downstream processing : downstream processing the extraction and purification of a biotechnological product from fermentation is referred to as downstream processing. upstream processing inoculum preparation : upstream processing inoculum preparation the medium is designed to provide the organism with all the nutrients that it requires. inoculation method - submerged technique spores - major source of inoculumraw materials : raw materials carbon sources : lactose acts as a very satisfactory carbon compound, provided that is used in a concentration of 6 %. others such as glucose & sucrose may be used. nitrogen sources : corn steep liquor ( csl ) ammonium sulphate and ammonium acetate can be used as nitrogenous sources. mineral sources : elements namely potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulphur, zinc and copper are essential for penicillin production. some of these are applied by corn steep liquor. calcium can be added in the form of chalk to counter the natural acidity of csl paa - precursorfermentation process : fermentation process the medium is inoculated with a suspension of conidia of penicillium chrysogenum. the medium is constantly aerated and agitated, and the mould grows throughout as pellets. after about seven days, growth is complete, the ph rises to 8. 0 or above, and penicillin production ceasesstages in downstream processing : stages in downstream processing downstream processing is relatively easy since penicillin is secreted into the medium ( to kill other cells ), so there is no need to break open the fungal cells. however, the product needs to be very pure, since it being used as a therapeutic medical drug


relatively easy since penicillin is secreted into the medium ( to kill other cells ), so there is no need to break open the fungal cells. however, the product needs to be very pure, since it being used as a therapeutic medical drug, so it is dissolved and then precipitated as a potassium salt to separate it from other substances in the medium. removal of cells the first step in product recovery is the separation of whole cells and other insoluble ingredients from the culture broth by technique such as filtration and centrifugation. isolation of benzyl penicillin : isolation of benzyl penicillin the ph is adjusted to 2 - 2. 5 with the help of phosphoric or sulphuric acids. in aqueous solution at low ph values there is a partition coefficient in favor of certain organic solvents such as butyl acetate. this step has to be carried out quickly for penicillin is very unstable at low ph values. antibiotic is then extracted back into an aqueous buffer at a ph of 7. 5, the partition coefficient now being strongly in favor of the aqueous phase. the resulting aqueous solution is again acidified & re - extracted with an organic solvent. these shifts between the water and solvent help in the purification of penicillin. slide 23 : the treatment of the crude penicillin extract varies according to the objective, but involves the formation of an appropriate penicillin salt. the solvent extract recovered in the previous stage is carefully extracted back with aqueous sodium hydroxide. this is followed by charcoal treatment to eliminate pyrogens and by sterilization. pure metal salts of penicillin can be safely sterilized by dry heat, if desired. thereafter, the aqueous solution of penicillin is subjected to crystallization. further processing : further processing for parental use, the antibiotic is packed in sterile vials as a powder or suspension. for oral use, it is tabletted usually now with a film coating. searching tests ( ex : for purity, potency ) are performed on the appreciable number of random samples of the finished product. it must satisfy fully all the strict government standards before being marketedthe main stages of penicillin production are : : the main stages of penicillin production are : products : : products : the resulting penicillin ( called penicillin g ) can be chemically and enzymatically modified to make a variety of penici


##icillin production are : : the main stages of penicillin production are : products : : products : the resulting penicillin ( called penicillin g ) can be chemically and enzymatically modified to make a variety of penicillins with slightly different properties. these semi - synthetic penicillins include penicillin v, penicillin o, ampicillin and amoxycillin. production of penicillin v : production of penicillin v phenoxy methyl penicillin addition of different acyl groups to the medium. phenoxyacetic acid as precursor instead of phenyl acetic acid. slide 31 : what is the carbon source? lactose what is the nitrogen source? yeast what is the energy source? glucose is the fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? aerobic what is the optimum temperature? 25 - 27⁰c is penicillin a primary or secondary metabolite? secondary what volume fermenter is used? 40 - 200dm ^ 3 why isn ' t a larger fermenter used? difficult to aerate when is penicillin produced? 40 hrs - after main increase in fungal mass how long can it be produced for? 140hours ( 180 - 40 hours ) what was the first fungus known to produce penicillin? penicillin notatum what species produces about 60mg / dm3 of penicillin? penicillin crysogenum how did scientists improve the yield still further? genetic modification what is the substrate? corn steep liquor why is batch culture used? secondary metabolite what are the processes involved in down - stream processing? a ) filtration of liquid b ) extraction from filtrate by counter current butylacetate c ) precipitation by potassium salts why can ' t penicillin be taken orally? destroyed by stomach acid name the form of penicillin which can be taken orally. penicillin v and ampicillin how does penicillin kill bacteria? stops production of cell wall why are gram negative bacteria not killed by penicillin? different cell wallqueries? : queries? you do not have the permission to view this presentation. in order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.


major new technical report finds wind can provide 20 % of u. s. electricity needs by 2030 u. s. department of energy analysis finds that wind can be major contributor to energy mix wind power is capable of becoming a major contributor to america ’ s electricity supply over the next three decades, according to a report released today by the u. s. department of energy. the groundbreaking report, 20 % wind energy by 2030 : increasing wind energy ’ s contribution to u. s. electricity supply, looks closely at one scenario for reaching 20 % wind energy by 2030 and contrasts it to a scenario of no new u. s. wind power capacity. " doe ' s wind report is a thorough look at america ' s wind resource, its industrial capabilities, and future energy prices, and confirms the viability and commercial maturity of wind as a major contributor to america ' s energy needs, now and in the future, " doe assistant secretary of energy efficiency and renewable energy for the u. s. department of energy andy karsner, said. " to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance our energy security, clean power generation at the gigawatt - scale will be necessary, and will require us to take a comprehensive approach to scaling renewable wind power, streamlining siting and permitting processes, and expanding the domestic wind manufacturing base. " included in the report are an examination of america ’ s technological and manufacturing capabilities, the future costs of energy sources, u. s. wind energy resources, and the environmental and economic impacts of wind development. under the 20 % wind scenario, installations of new wind power capacity would increase to more than 16, 000 megawatts per year by 2018, and continue at that rate through 2030. “ the report shows that wind power can provide 20 % of the nation ’ s electricity by 2030, and be a critical part of the solution to global warming, ” said awea executive director randall swisher. “ this level of wind power is the equivalent of taking 140 million cars off the road, ” he said. “ the report identifies the central constraints to achieving 20 % - transmission, siting, manufacturing and technology - and demonstrates how each can be overcome. as an inexhaustible domestic resource, wind strengthens our energy security, improves the quality of the air we breathe, slows climate change, and revitalizes rural communities. ” the report finds that achieving a 20 percent wind contribution to u. s. electricity supply would : reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation by 25 percent


the quality of the air we breathe, slows climate change, and revitalizes rural communities. ” the report finds that achieving a 20 percent wind contribution to u. s. electricity supply would : reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation by 25 percent in 2030. reduce natural gas use by 11 % ; reduce water consumption associated with electricity generation by 4 trillion gallons by 2030 ; increase annual revenues to local communities to more than $ 1. 5 billion by 2030 ; and support roughly 500, 000 jobs in the u. s., with an average of more than 150, 000 workers directly employed by the wind industry. at 20 % of electric power generation, significant growth in the manufacturing supply chain would create jobs and remedy the current shortage in parts for wind turbines. reducing the use of natural gas could save money for consumers due to the resulting downward pressure on the price of natural gas, according to awea. “ we must look at meeting future electric demands in a cost - effective way, ” said suedeen kelly, ferc commissioner. “ the 20 % wind scenario would only cost 2 percent more than the cost of the baseline scenario without wind. at 50 cents per month for the average ratepayer, that is a small price to pay for the climate, water, natural gas, and energy security benefits it would buy - - and it does not even count the stability provided to consumers by eliminating fuel price risk. ” “ though economic and other factors will ultimately determine our energy future, we believe the 20 percent wind scenario is feasible, but only with a major national transmission highway system. delivering power from the best windy regions to the growing urban supply requires a bigger, stronger transmission system. strong regional and interregional planning as well as broad allocation of costs will allow the united states to rely on a broader diversity of generation resources, " said mike heyeck, senior vp of aep transmission. the report comes at an important time in wind development. in 2007, wind was one of the fastest growing sources of electricity in the nation, second only to natural gas for the third consecutive year. according to an awea report released last week, the u. s. wind energy industry continued new installations at a breakneck pace in the first quarter of 2008, putting 1, 400 megawatts ( mw ) or approximately $ 3 billion worth of new generating capacity in place - - enough to serve the equivalent of 400, 000 homes - - coupled with investment in 17 new manufacturing facilities over the past year. “ wind is an important part of bp alternative


mw ) or approximately $ 3 billion worth of new generating capacity in place - - enough to serve the equivalent of 400, 000 homes - - coupled with investment in 17 new manufacturing facilities over the past year. “ wind is an important part of bp alternative energy ’ s business and of bp ’ s diverse energy portfolio. siting and wildlife issues will be a challenge, but awea and industry leaders are committed to working with stakeholders to make wind the environmental electricity choice, ” said bob lukefahr, president, power americas, bp alternative energy north america. “ this report underscores the benefits of diversifying our electricity sources. growing to 20 % wind requires investment in new manufacturing and capital projects, an estimated 500, 000 jobs, and brings rural economic development across the country. ” in 2006, president bush articulated a national imperative for greater energy efficiency and a more diversified energy portfolio. citing wind energy as part of the solution, he noted that areas of the nation with good wind resources could satisfy up to 20 percent of america ’ s total electricity demand. subsequently, government and industry came together to thoroughly explore the feasibility of generating 20 percent of u. s. electricity from wind by 2030 and produced this joint report to aid policy - makers and the public in better understanding the issues, investments, and likely outcomes associated with pursuing this objective. to download the full report, please go to www. 20percentwind. org. awea is the national trade association of america ' s wind industry, with 1, 200 member companies, including global leaders in wind power and energy development, wind turbine manufacturing, component and service suppliers, and the world ' s largest wind power trade show, the windpower conference & exhibition, which takes place next in chicago, may 5 - 8, 2013. awea is the voice of wind energy in the u. s., promoting renewable energy to power a cleaner, stronger america. look up information on wind energy at the awea website. find insight on industry issues at awea ' s blog into the wind. join awea on facebook. follow awea on twitter.


| from the october 10, 2010 newsletter issued from hacienda chichen resort beside chichen itza ruins, central yucatan, mexico " rooster foot " vine we ' re entering that time of year when morning - glory vines start flowering, and i ' ve never seen anyplace in the world with more morning - glory species than the yucatan. we must be at or near the morning - glory center of evolution. this week here and there along roadsides a conspicuous new morning - glory vine has appeared, with large, completely white flowers with spiraling anthers, and broad, deeply lobed leaves, with the lobes spreading like the toes of a chicken ' s foot. you can see it above. in that picture notice the deep pits in the flowers ' throats, where hummingbird or moths with long proboscises can sup nectar. a close - up showing the unusual spiraling anthers dusted with white pollen, with the spherical, fuzzy - looking stigma atop its long, slender style down at the bottom - left, is shown below : in spanish this vine often is called pata de gallo, which means " rooster foot, " because of the leaves ' shape. it ' s operculina pinnatifida, a species distributed from southern texas through lowland mexico into guatemala. the fruits are as unusual and interesting looking as the flowers. you can see one subtended by five sepals below : the bladdery item divided into four compartments is the mature ovary wall, or fruit husk. inside each of the four cells lies a single large, black, hard seed. maximino martinez ' s las plantas medicinales de mexico reports that sometimes hemorrhoid sufferers carry the black seeds in their pockets to ease their pain. this is a good example of the doctrine of signatures, which states that medicinal plants may indicate their use by certain signs. in this case i suppose that the sign is the swollen bladder, which somehow is suggestive of what hemorrhoids feel like, even though they don ' t necessarily look that way.


your phone might know better than you do : just by analyzing the calling patterns, the researchers could accurately label two people as friends or nonfriends more than 95 % of the time. but the results, published online today in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, show that the mobile phone data were better at predicting friendship than the subjects themselves. thirty - two pairs of subjects switched from calling each other acquaintances to friends in the traditionally gathered survey data. these are most likely new relationships that formed during the course of the study, say the researchers, and they left a clear signal in the mobile phone data. friends call each other far more often than acquaintances do when they are off - campus and during weekends. the pattern is so distinct that the researchers spotted budding friendships in the phone data months before the people themselves called themselves friends. finally, the team compared people ’ s self - reported job satisfaction with their networks of friendship at their workplaces. because the mobile phones kept track of people ’ s proximity to each other, the researchers had a clear measure of people ’ s daily contact with friends at work, not only through calls but through physical proximity. as predicted, the more contact people had with friends at their workplace, the more highly they rated their job satisfaction. and conversely, the less face - to - face contact people had with friends at work, the less they said they enjoyed it. … at mit, scientists who tracked student cellphones during the latest presidential election were able to deduce that two people were talking about politics, even though the researchers didn ’ t know the content of the conversation. by analyzing changes in movement and communication patterns, researchers could also detect flu symptoms before the students themselves realized they were getting sick. “ phones can know, ” said dr. pentland, director of mit ’ s human dynamics laboratory, who helped pioneer the research. “ people can get this god ’ s - eye view of human behavior. ” so far, these studies only scratch the surface of human complexity. researchers are already exploring ways that the information gleaned from mobile phones can improve public health, urban planning and marketing. at the same time, researchers believe their findings hint at basic rules of human interaction, and that poses new challenges to notions of privacy. “ we have always thought of individuals as being unpredictable, ” said johan bollen, an expert in complex networks at indiana university. “ these regularities [ in behavior ] allow systems to learn much more about us as individuals than we would care for. ” of course, companies are


individuals as being unpredictable, ” said johan bollen, an expert in complex networks at indiana university. “ these regularities [ in behavior ] allow systems to learn much more about us as individuals than we would care for. ” of course, companies are very interested in this data : cellphone providers are openly exploring other possibilities. by mining their calling records for social relationships among customers, several european telephone companies discovered that people were five times more likely to switch carriers if a friend had already switched, said mr. eagle, who works with the firms. the companies now selectively target people for special advertising based on friendships with people who dropped the service. and some of the results are downright unnerving : after analyzing more than 16 million records of call date, time and position, the researchers determined that, taken together, people ’ s movements appeared to follow a mathematical pattern. the scientists said that, with enough information about past movements, they could forecast someone ’ s future whereabouts with 93. 6 % accuracy. the pattern held true whether people stayed close to home or traveled widely, and wasn ’ t affected by the phone user ’ s age or gender. a few other interesting tidbits : - they may be making us more selfish, however. our phones can fulfill our need for human contact, making us less inclined to go out of our way to help others. - these devices can distract us so much we don ’ t notice the world around us — even if it contains unicycling clowns. ( to be fair, people may actually like us better when we are distracted during a conversation. ) - we ’ ve become so addicted to our phones that two - thirds of users report hearing “ phantom ringing “. - we rely so much on these devices that a third of people under 30 can ’ t remember their home phone numbers — if they have one at all. - by stripping away the emotional information in faces and intonation, text messaging might be simulating autism. - soon there will be more “ booty texts ” than “ booty calls ”. ( iphone users are more promiscuous, by the way. ) join 25k + readers. get a free weekly update via email here.


the starting point for making red wines, as with white wines, comes with crushing and destemming the red or black - skinned grapes. occasionally the winemaker may decide not to destem, as the stems will add further flavour compounds and tannins to the grape must. the crushed grapes are then moved into the fermentation vessel. stainless steel tanks are the most common vessel for the fermentation of red wines, as they allow easy access to the liquid for mixing the grape skins with the liquid, and also provide for temperature control. the addition of yeast starts the fermentation, and sulphur dioxide helps to prevent oxidation. the carbon dioxide produced by the fermentation process means that all of the solid material soon rises to the surface of the fermentation vessel. these solids need to be mixed thoroughly with the liquid in order to extract the colour, phenolics, flavour compounds and tannins which are vitally important to red wines. to do this, the winemaker can either punch down the cap of solids using rods ( similar to oversized potato mashers ), or the liquid can be pumped over the top using a hose pipe. this process is known as maceration. the liquid will then be separated from the skins prior to the secondary malolactic fermentation. unlike white wines, almost all red wines undergo malolactic fermentation, as the wines would otherwise be too harsh to enjoy. after the malolactic fermentation, the red wine is ready for barrel maturation or bottling. if the wine is destined to be bottled without barrel ageing, it will undergo fining, blending, stabilisation and bottling. if the wine is destined for barrel ageing, it will be moved into barrels for the appropriate amount of time, with regular topping up to replace the evaporated liquid and prevent oxidation before going through the bottling process. it may also then be bottle aged before it is ready to drink. cabernet sauvignon is one of the most widely planted red grape varieties in the world and is suited to a wide range of climates. together with cabernet franc and merlot, it makes some of the world ' s best wines in bordeaux, but it is also very successful as a single varietal in tuscany, australia ( especially coonawarra and margaret river ), california, chile, argentina and south africa. it produces medium - full bodied wines with black fruit ( especially blackcurrant ), herbaceous or men


single varietal in tuscany, australia ( especially coonawarra and margaret river ), california, chile, argentina and south africa. it produces medium - full bodied wines with black fruit ( especially blackcurrant ), herbaceous or menthol notes and has medium - high acidity and high tannins. oak ageing adds extra spice and complexity to the wines, which can age very well in bottle for decades. merlot is a highly successful variety and is grown across the world. in moderate climates it gives wines with red fruit flavours, medium body, medium acidity, medium alcohol and medium - low tannins, making it the perfect grape for soft, fruity and early drinking wines. in warmer climate is gives a much richer and fuller wine with black fruits, high alcohol and ripe tannins. oak ageing adds complexity to these dark wines, and they can age very well in bottle. along with cabernet sauvignon and cabernet franc, merlot is one of the most important varieties in the fine wines of bordeaux, especially pomerol and st emilion, but it is also highly successful in italy, australia, new zealand, california, chile, argentina and south africa. pinot noir is the classic red variety of burgundy, where it produces delicate wines of great intensity and longevity. pinot noir is notoriously difficult to grow, and is best suited to cool, moderate climates. it produces light - medium bodied wines with red fruit and can have vegetal / earthy notes. it has medium - high acidity and very soft, silky tannins which can add a richness to the texture. it is very successful in burgundy, where it produces some of the worlds finest wines, loire, cool - climate parts of australia ( mornington peninsula is highly successful ), new zealand, california, oregon, chile and south africa. tempranillo the classic variety of rioja, tempranillo produces medium - bodied wines with over - ripe strawberry and plum flavours, medium - high acidity and medium - high tannin. with oak ageing it gains earthy, savoury notes such as leather and oak spice, and can also have flavours of coconut and vanilla from american oak. it can have excellent ageing potential. as well as being the mainstay of rioja, tempranillo also produces the great wines of ribera del duero and toro, and is widely planted across spain. it is also widely planted


this beautifully rendered marble carving of the young marcus aurelius was made during or after the enlightenment, in the spirit of the antique originals of ancient rome. these pieces were found during the great tours of the 18th and early 19th centuries, and inspired sculptors just as antique architecture was echoed in public buildings of the period. the base is a plain turned pedestal, with a sectional block of the torso slightly narrower than the shoulders. the face looks slightly to its right, wearing a pensive expression. the idealised features are serene and sensitive, the carelessly tousled hair picked out in exquisite detail. the historical marcus aurelius achieved a divine status for being one of the five good emperors, a dignified and intellectual man and a strong leader. in youth he was favoured by hadrian, who saw in him something of his future potential as well as his obvious beauty that can be seen here. marcus aurelius was among the most important, most intellectual, and least despotic of the roman emperors. born marcus annius catilius severus in 121 ad, his family was fairly well - connected to the aristocracy and ruling classes of rome, including hadrian, trajan and antoninus pius. his father died when he was three, and he was raised by his mother and paternal grandfather. his meteoric rise to imperial power was occasioned by the confusion stemming from succession after the death of hadrian. he attracted the attention of hadrian at a young age, and was nicknamed verissimus – truest. following the death of hadrian ’ s adoptive son lucius aurelius, hadrian named antoninus as his successor on the condition that he adopt marcus as well as lucius aurelius verus, the son of his own adopted son, and that they succeed him as emperor in their turn. to this end, both received the best education that could be afforded them, from luminaries such as geminus, andron, celer, fronto and atticus. his correspondence with fronto has survived, painting a picture of a serious, industrious youth with high ideals and energy. he acceded to power in 161, aged 40, and adopted the name marcus aurelius antoninus. he ruled as co - regent with verus, ten years his junior, to whom he seems to have given more menial or less commanding roles such as commanding the eastern armies. marcus ’ rule was humane, targeting corruption in law and civil areas, as well as socially concerned attitudes towards the bereaved


years his junior, to whom he seems to have given more menial or less commanding roles such as commanding the eastern armies. marcus ’ rule was humane, targeting corruption in law and civil areas, as well as socially concerned attitudes towards the bereaved, orphaned and enslaved. christians were technically still punishable, but this action was rarely pursued. the empire grew, defeating the parthians in 166, and repelling germania ’ s invasions a decade later. most impressively, the roman empire maintained cordial relations with states in central asia as far east as han china. he was poised to take over bohemia, but these plans collapsed when he became ill and died in 180 ad. the cause was the so - called antonine plague, which had been brought back from parthia fifteen years previously. believed to have been measles or smallpox, this disease also killed lucius verus as well as about 5 million people in the roman empire. personally he was amicable, humane and intellectual. his meditations, written while on campaign, is still used as a reference for leadership and duty and proposed a manner of rational virtue. he was a stoic philosopher of considerable note, as well as a family man who took his wife and children with him on his trips around the empire. he had fourteen children by faustina the younger, of which only one son and four daughters survived him. he was deified upon his death, and was succeeded by commodus, who turned out to be one of the most disastrous choices in imperial rome. this is a powerful and attractive piece of enlightenment sculpture.


hair : the long and short of it some hair on your head falls out every day, no matter what your age. and that is perfectly normal. each hair strand goes through two phases : a growing phase and a resting phase, according to the american academy of family physicians ( aafp ). the growing phase lasts two to six years, during which the strand grows about half an inch a month. when the growing phase ends, the hair enters a resting phase of two to three months. after the resting phase, the hair falls out and a new hair begins growing. about 10 percent of your hair is in a resting phase at any one time, the aafp says. about 95 percent of all cases of excessive hair loss are caused by male pattern baldness, according to the american medical association ( ama ). this condition, technically called androgenetic alopecia, occurs most often in men, but women also can experience it. about 40 million u. s. men are affected by male pattern baldness. about a quarter of men begin balding by age 30, the ama says. two - thirds of men begin balding by age 60. excessive hair loss can be caused by other things, as well. you can lose hair three to four months after an illness or surgery, because of the stress on your body. a hormonal imbalance - - caused by thyroid disease, for instance - - can cause hair loss. women often notice hair loss about three months after giving birth ; this hair loss is related to levels of certain pregnancy hormones. fungal infections can cause hair loss. these infections occur most often in children. treating the infection stops the hair loss. certain medications can cause hair loss. these include blood thinners, gout medicines, chemotherapy medicines, oral contraceptives and antidepressants, the aafp says. an excess amount of vitamin a also can cause hair loss. diabetes and lupus are two diseases that can cause hair loss. treating the disease can help stop the hair loss, the aafp says. using tight hair rollers or wearing your hair in pigtails or cornrows can lead to hair loss. chemicals used in permanents also can lead to hair loss. if you have male pattern baldness, be wary of miracle cures. the good news is that there is hope : medications such as minoxidil, which is applied topically, or finasteride taken as a pill, can help restore hair growth, and techniques such as hair grafts or transplants can be successful.


protecting afghanistan ’ s environment and tourist future if the high mountain lakes of band - e amir were not in a country in its fourth decade of war they would be world famous. outsiders lucky enough to see them today are often lost for words when they first set eyes on the ethereal blue of their waters and the martian - orange and red cliffs surrounding them. the lakes, in bamiyan province, are afghanistan ' s first - ever national park, and draw thousands of local visitors every year. the government hopes foreign tourists will one day come too. if that sounds quixotic now, so too may the un and the government ' s launch here of the country ' s first - ever environmental protection plan - with a solar - powered kettle one of its signature initiatives. but for those living in bamiyan ' s isolated mountain valleys, the most immediate threat is not the taliban but drought, partly induced by human activity. climate change is making things worse and the lakes could be at risk too. glaciers in the province ' s koh - e baba mountains, the western end of the hindu kush, recede further each year. the climate adaptation programme, as it ' s known, " is not luxury, it ' s life ", says bamiyan governor habiba sarabi after climbing up to qazan, one of 18 mountain farming communities involved in the $ 6m ( £3. 75m ) scheme. some 3, 000m ( 9, 800ft ) above sea level, this is always going to be a tough place to live and farm. but it ' s got tougher as trees and vegetation have been cut down for fuel - creating the beginnings of a high - altitude dust bowl. in an afghan version of the grapes of wrath, more families are being forced to leave every year. like shaved heads, most of the hillsides are bare, with just the occasional stubble of green. it also means villages are more exposed to " flash - flooding in spring and summer and avalanches in winter ", says andrew scanlon of the un environment programme. but he is now overseeing the planting of new trees and turf along qazan ' s valley. against the repetitive clanging of hammer on metal, workers in bamiyan city are building scores of cleaner, more - efficient stoves. run by an afghan ngo called the conservation organisation for the afghan mountains ( coam ), the workshop sells them on preferential terms to local villages and it already has more orders than it can fulfil. mr scanlon


- efficient stoves. run by an afghan ngo called the conservation organisation for the afghan mountains ( coam ), the workshop sells them on preferential terms to local villages and it already has more orders than it can fulfil. mr scanlon wants to expand the scheme elsewhere. coam is promoting another energy - saving device, the solar kettle. it is basically a large satellite dish which reflects sun - rays onto a kettle suspended in the middle. the bigger the dish the quicker the boil - but the one they are selling for about $ 100 can make a cup of tea in 20 minutes. yet with nato forces retreating over the next two years, taking large chunks of aid money with them, there are concerns whether this tentative momentum can be maintained. the new zealand run civilian - military provincial reconstruction team ( prt ) in bamiyan is due to close early next year. catching up there are questions, too, over the future of bamiyan ' s best - known landmark - the remains of the larger of its two rock buddhas, blown up by the taliban months before the us - led invasion in 2001. the vast cave, or niche, carved into the mountainside 1, 500 years ago looms over bamiyan like a ghostly sentinel - and a permanent reminder of what happened. but the niche is in " imminent danger of collapse ", says brendan cassar of unesco - the un ' s cultural agency - and they need funding to shore it up. security concerns are pressing in too - from districts around bamiyan where the taliban and other armed groups have become more active. buddhas in bamiyan - about 140 miles ( 230km ) northwest of kabul - built in the 6th century, when bamiyan was a holy buddhist site - in 629ad, chinese traveller xuanzang described bamiyan as a bustling centre with tens of thousands of monks - the two most prominent statues were 55m and 37m high - bodies carved out of sandstone cliffs - demolished in march 2001 after being declared idols that has had a knock - on effect on the small indigenous tourist trade here. if foreign tourists are still a fledgling species here, band - e amir national park usually attracts a steady flow of afghan visitors. but there ' s been a sharp fall in numbers this year, as the threat along the road towards bamiyan has risen. the park itself is still a long way from being managed like protected reserves elsewhere in the world. a guard with a piece of rope across the road is the gate - post.


stemming from broder ’ s fraught drive between washington, dc and boston in the purely electric model s sedan, during which the reporter suffered multiple bouts of battery - range anxiety, reams of data were collected by the vehicle on everything from throttle pressure to battery depletion. musk has refused to release this data, but the fact that a passenger vehicle would collect it at all underscores a change in what we trust our cars to do. passenger vehicles can and will collect very specific data on our driving habits. this data can be stored, analysed and used to ascertain fault in accidents, speeding cases and manufacturers ’ gas mileage claims ; it can also be used to take proactive measures to avoid collisions. some of this data collection and processing ability exists already, but it is nowhere near as robust as it will soon become. first, a look at the data - driven tools already used by passenger vehicles. technology as a tool adaptive cruise control uses radar and sensors to determine the distance from a driver ' s car to the one in front of it. when it receives that information, it determines whether the car should maintain its speed or slow down. systems like volvo ' s city safety accident prevention system are further evolutions of this, able to sense obstacles and apply brake pressure to avoid or lessen the impact of collision. both systems apply information culled from a car ' s surroundings and in a stopping or slowing scenario. in coming years however, cars will communicate with multiple vehicles in their vicinity, exchanging speed data, assessing possible risks and using algorithms to avoid, and calculate the risk of, collisions. cars will not merely collect data about themselves, they will collect data about everything around them to help drivers make decisions. in some cases, cars will make the decision for them. the question that may nag at motorists is how implicitly such technology can be trusted. this reckoning is already at hand in the form of so - called autonomous vehicles. google ' s autonomous cars collect reams of data and manoeuvre based on that information. the company ’ s engineers have done such a thorough job of controlling for various factors that the vehicles have never had an accident under computer control. drivers already put an enormous amount of trust in their vehicles and for the most part our cars perform their tasks extraordinarily well. whether this trust endures as cars take over more functions from drivers remains to be seen. the human experience anyone who has ever booted up a computer or opened an app knows that the data presented


it ’ s earth month! celebrate by going green in the kitchen. going green is easier than you think! follow these 10 simple steps for turning your kitchen into an earth - friendly zone. going green has gone from a trend to a way of life. and yet, i can ’ t seem to overcome my fear of composting ( the worms! ). which is why i ’ m all about taking baby steps — starting in the kitchen. the room where much of our daily activity and consumption occur is a gold mine for going green. below are 10 easy ways to clean up your act : - recycle, recycle, recycle. before you throw away another aluminum can, think about this : a single aluminum can saved by recycling is equivalent to a half gallon of gasoline. - wash dishes in the dishwasher, not by hand. “ a fully loaded dishwasher uses about 5 gallons of water — about 4 times less than if you washed them by hand, ” says eco - living expert danny seo. “ plus, a dishwasher sanitizes better. yes, lazier is greener and better! ” - make your own countertop cleanser. it ’ s easy, inexpensive and healthier for you and the environment. fill a spray bottle with 1 part distilled white vinegar and 1 part water. add a few drops of your favorite essential oil for fragrance, and spritz away. - nuke the sponge. a wet sponge can be a breeding ground for nasty germs that you just spread around when you clean. seo suggests microwaving it for 90 seconds to radiate away all the germs and bacteria. - replace the fridge if it ’ s more than 15 years old. “ a refrigerator is the only appliance you never turn off from the day you plug it in, ” says seo. “ the older it gets, the more energy and money is wasted. investing in an energy star rated model will save on both over time. ” - reserve paper towels for emergencies only. you ’ ll save on trees by switching to cloth towels and napkins, which can be reused. plus, they look nicer on the table! - grocery shop with reuseable bags — one for meat products, one for produce and one for everything else. “ you can cross - contaminate your veggies if meat drips onto your produce, ” warns seo. - compost! i ’ m told that it ’ s a whole lot easier than it


| risk factors deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ) is a blood clot in a vein deep in the body. veins are blood vessels with valves that help prevent backward blood flow. blood is pushed through the veins in legs and arms when muscles contract. deposits of red blood cells and clotting elements in the blood can build up in a vein. this build up leads to a blood clot. clots usually occur in the legs, but can occur in other locations. as the clot grows, it blocks blood flow in the vein. deep vein thrombosis copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. several factors contribute to clot formation, including : - slow blood flow, often due to lying or sitting still for a long period of time pooling of blood in a vein, often due to : - medical conditions - damage to valves in a vein or pressure on the valves, such as during pregnancy - injury to a blood vessel - clotting problems, which can occur due to aging or disease - catheters placed in a vein risk factors for dvt include : - personal or family history of deep vein thrombosis - not moving your body, especially during travel - surgery, especially involving bones or joints medical conditions, such as : - inherited or natural genetic changes that can alter your protein levels taking medications such as birth control pills symptoms occur when : - the clot interferes with blood flow in the vein - local inflammation occurs - a clot breaks free and travels to the lungs some patients may not have any symptoms until the clot moves to the lungs. this condition is called symptoms of dvt may include : - swelling of a limb - tenderness along the vein, especially near the thigh - redness, paleness, or blueness of the skin of the affected limb the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. - your blood and blood flow may be tested. this can be done with : - blood tests - impedance plethysmography duplex venous ultrasound you may have images taken. this can be done with venography. treatment aims to : - prevent pulmonary embolism - stop the clot from growing - dissolve the clot, if possible this may include : - resting in bed - elevating the affected limb above the heart - wearing compression stockings as advised by your doctor you may be prescribed blood thinning medication to prevent additional clots from forming. these may be given by injection or by mouth. this


- resting in bed - elevating the affected limb above the heart - wearing compression stockings as advised by your doctor you may be prescribed blood thinning medication to prevent additional clots from forming. these may be given by injection or by mouth. this treatment may be continued long - term. in some cases, a filter may be placed in the inferior vena cava. the vena cava is a major vein. blood from the lower body returns to the heart through this vein. the filter may trap a clot that breaks loose before it travels to the lungs. general prevention measures include : - having tests that monitor your use of blood thinners. - do not sit for long periods. if you are in a car or airplane or at a computer, get up often and move around. - do not smoke. if you are admitted to the hospital, talk to your doctor about how to prevent blood clots, such as : - get out of bed and walk as soon as possible during your recovery. if you are restricted to bed : - do range of motion exercises in bed. - change your position at least every two hours. - wear compression stockings to promote venous blood flow. - use a pneumatic compression device. this device uses air to compress your legs and help improve venous blood flow. - if prescribed by your doctor, take medication to reduce blood clots. this medication can reduce your chance of death due to blood clots.


west lafayette, ind. - even large amounts of manufactured nanoparticles, also known as buckyballs, don ' t faze microscopic organisms that are charged with cleaning up the environment, according to purdue university researchers. in the first published study to examine buckyball toxicity on microbes that break down organic substances in wastewater, the scientists used an amount of the nanoparticles on the microbes that was equivalent to pouring 10 pounds of talcum powder on a person. because high amounts of even normally safe compounds, such as talcum powder, can be toxic, the microbes ' resiliency to high buckyball levels was an important finding, the purdue investigators said. the experiment on buckyballs, which are carbon molecules c60, also led the scientists to develop a better method to determine the impact of nanoparticles on the microbial community. " it ' s important to look at the entire microbial community when nanomaterials are introduced because the microbes are all interdependent for survival and growth, " said leila nyberg, a doctoral student in the school of civil engineering and the study ' s lead author. " if we see a minor change in these microorganisms it could negatively impact ecosystems. " the microbes used in the study live without oxygen and also exist in subsurface soil and the stomachs of ruminant animals, such as cows and goats, where they aid digestion. " we found no effect by any amount of c60 on the structure or the function of the microbial community over a short time, " nyberg said. " based on what we know about the properties of c60, this is a realistic model of what would happen if high concentrations of nanoparticles were released into the environment. " the third naturally occurring pure carbon molecule known, buckyballs are nano - sized, multiple - sided structures that look like soccer balls. nyberg and her colleagues ron turco and larry nies, professors of agronomy and ci | contact : susan a. steeves |


questions : g to a and c to t substitutions, is this a rule? zxiong at arizvm1. ccit. arizona. edu mon apr 11 11 : 59 : 05 est 1994 being not familiar with molecular evolution. i have been troubled with some of my data in rna virus sequence. we are working on a small rna virus and nearly complete the sequence of the viral rna genome from cdna clones. rna viruses are known to be heterogenous ( quasi - species ), so it was not surprising to see nucleotide sequence variations when sequences are obtained from different clones. what was surprising was a consistent rule of sequence variaions. g is always subsituted with a a, or vice versa. c is always substituted with a t, or vice versa. but there is never a g to ( c, t ) change or vice versa. let me try to explain it a little better. we have found 16 nucleotide substitutions in about 1500 nucleotide of overlapping sequences. there are 11 c to t or t to c substitutions and 5 g to a or a to g substitutions. we have not found any other possible substituions. is there a theory describing the rule of nucleotide substitution during evolution? i feel very ignorant and hope someone can give me a pointer to how to explain my observation. any comments or suggestions are welcome. zxiong at arizvm1. ccit. arizona. edu more information about the methods


paul painter¹ and lucas mcconnell² ¹materials science and engineering and the energy institute ²renewergy corporation, erie pa. presently, biofuels in this country usually means one of two things, ethanol ( in the u. s. principally produced from corn ) or biodiesel ( largely from oilseeds or yellow grease ). however, large - scale production of these fuels will inevitably lead to the displacement of croplands used to produce food and there will clearly be a limit on the quantity of ethanol and biodiesel that can be obtained from these sources. furthermore, although both biodiesel and ethanol have a number of attractive properties ( in addition to being derived from a renewable source ), they are not without problems ( lower energy content, clogging of fuel lines and filters because of their ability to dissolve gums and other deposits, etc. ). it would clearly be advantageous if a cheap, relatively simple method were available to produce a predominantly hydrocarbon fuel ( i. e., largely decarboxylated oils ) from feedstocks that contain high contents of free fatty acids. one source that we wish to particularly focus on is algae, for the purposes of this project being produced on by renewergy corporation. renewergy has developed a proprietary, “ aeroponic algalculture ” technique that uses a fraction of the water needed by conventional processes and a simple way of increasing surface area for light and co2 absorption. in preliminary work, we have applied kolbe electrolysis to the processing of algal oil. kolbe electrolysis of fatty ( alkanoic ) acids was the first known electrochemical synthesis. faraday had originally observed ( in 1834 ) that hydrocarbons are formed upon electrolysis of acetate solutions, but it was h. kolbe who performed the first detailed investigations of the reactions of carboxylic acids at an anode some fifteen years later. essentially, the reaction involves the electrochemical oxidative decarboxylation of carboxylic acid salts that leads to radicals, which can then combine to form simple hydrocarbons. we have found that a number of side reactions occur, but these can be advantageous in producing biofuels.


hours : 9 a. m. - 5 p. m. tickets : adults $ 11, child ( 3 - 12 yrs ) $ 6 a variety of habitat, from lowlands to mountains but determining factors are the presence of fruit and flowers and caves for roosting. diet in the wild : diet at the zoo : chopped fruit and fruit bat supplement, fruit juice a record of 22 years in captivity fruit bats have grayish - brown coats with a lighter shade on the ventral side ( stomach. ) they have short, strong jaws and a wingspan of about 24 inches. measuring between 4 to 7 inches in length, these true flying mammals weigh up to 6 ounces. the wings are a skin membrane and held together by a finger like extension. the eyes are large and ears stand erect. males are noticeably larger than the females. bats are nocturnal, and they find their way in the dark using high - pitched sounds, a process called echolocation. it is also common that these bats roost close together, often making body contact, especially with their young. fruit bats are known to fly about 25 miles from roosting site in search of food. these bats usually have only one baby each year, however sometimes twins may occur. gestation is about 15 weeks. the mother bats carry their young at first, then leave them at the roosts while they search for fruit. babies are about 3 months old before they learn to fly on their own. young ones stay in the same colony as their parents for most, if not all, of their lives. these bats are fairly common but their numbers could be at risk due to habitat destruction.


quiz : sertorius, eumenes and the comparison of sertorius and eumenes to caesar | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. in what sort of family does plutarch claim sertorius was raised? a ) a ruling class family. b ) a noble family. c ) a poor laboring family. d ) a military family. 2. what does plutarch claim aristotle provided that he considered, "... a perfect portable treasure of all military virtue and knowledge.... "? a ) aristotle ' s collection of military histories. b ) aristotle ' s personally corrected copy of homer ' s illiads. c ) aristotle ' s writings regarding the proper training and preparation of soldiers. d ) aristotle ' s maps of important sites in persia. 3. what was a political hurdle that plutarch claimed pompey had to overcome? a ) pompey was not respected after he lost battles in spain. this section contains 484 words | ( approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page )


anglican communionarticle free pass anglican communion, religious body of national, independent, and autonomous churches throughout the world that adheres to the teachings of anglicanism and that evolved from the church of england. the anglican communion is united by a common loyalty to the archbishop of canterbury in england as its senior bishop and titular leader and by a general agreement with the doctrines and practices defined since the 16th century in the book of common prayer. the roots of the anglican communion can be traced to the reformation in the 16th century, when king henry viii rejected the authority of the roman catholic pope in rome and established an independent church in england. the essential teachings of the church were first set down in the book of common prayer, compiled by thomas cranmer, and the organization of the church of england was worked out during the 16th and 17th centuries. from the time of the reformation, the church of england followed explorers, traders, colonists, and missionaries into all parts of the world. the colonial churches generally exercised administrative autonomy within the historical and creedal context of the mother church. it was probably not until the first meeting of the lambeth conference ( so called because it was held at lambeth palace, the archbishop of canterbury ’ s residence in london ) in 1867 that there emerged among the various churches and councils a mutual consciousness of an anglican communion. since its inception the lambeth conference, which meets every 10 years, has constituted the principal cohesive factor in anglicanism, even though its decisions are not binding and must be approved by the individual churches. beliefs and practices the beliefs and practices of the anglican communion are often said to be the middle ground between those of the roman catholic and those of the protestant churches. the communion teaches a trinitarian understanding of god and believes in jesus as the coequal and coeternal son of god who came for the salvation of humankind. the holy book of the communion is the bible, which is made up of the old testament, or hebrew bible, and the new testament. anglicans also accept the nicene creed and the apostles ’ creed as essential statements of their beliefs. there are only two sacraments, baptism and the eucharist, but the communion honours confirmation, ordination, marriage, reconciliation of the penitent, and unction of the sick as important religious rites. easter and christmas are two of the most important holy days in the communion, and members of the church attend weekly services. the communion ’ s worship service varies but often includes the eucharistic rites, prayer, the singing of psalms and hymns


. easter and christmas are two of the most important holy days in the communion, and members of the church attend weekly services. the communion ’ s worship service varies but often includes the eucharistic rites, prayer, the singing of psalms and hymns, readings from the gospels and the hebrew bible, and a sermon by the presiding minister. the anglican communion accepts a threefold order of ministry, including bishops, priests or presbyters, and deacons. the bishop is the chief administrative official of the church, and the highest figure of this rank is the archbishop of canterbury. priests, who may be men or women, are responsible for overseeing the local church, proclaiming the gospel, blessing and pardoning in god ’ s name, and administering the sacraments. the function of the deacon is to assist the priest ; deacons help to administer the sacraments and are also called upon to help spread the gospel. while population differences and other factors account for some variation in basic structure between the churches, several elements predominate. the diocese, under the authority of a bishop, is the basic administrative unit throughout the communion. the diocese is made up of parishes, or local church communities, each under the care of a pastor. in many of the national churches, dioceses are grouped into provinces. in some, parishes may be grouped also below the diocesan level into rural deaneries and archdeaconries. what made you want to look up " anglican communion "? please share what surprised you most...


charities for the poor. ( fn. 50 ) walden abbey undertook to pay £1 a year out of the rectory to feed 30 paupers in edmonton but payments apparently ceased at the dissolution. ( fn. 51 ) sir christopher askew, alderman of london, by will proved 1539, left £100 for ' best full white herrings ' to be distributed among the poor of edmonton each lent. ( fn. 52 ) his son richard said that the charity had already lapsed by 1551, because of the high price of herrings. ( fn. 53 ) during the 17th century important charities were founded for schools, which are dealt with above, and for alms - houses. by 1819 there were 20 charities in edmonton, mostly for the poor or to augment the existing education and alms - house charities. they were administered as the edmonton charities by trustees consisting of the vicar and churchwardens and 11 prominent inhabitants. ( fn. 54 ) a committee of the vestry, appointed in 1848, alleged that 11 charities should not be administered by the trustees but by the parish or by the vicar and churchwardens, that the funds of the various charities were amalgamated, and that there was misappropriation, particularly in the case of latymer ' s charity, which accounted for £500 out of the total annual income of £900. the trustees denied the charges and by a charity commission scheme of 1866 were authorized to administer together 23 charities, although excluding the latymer charity. the 23 charities were those of alston, cade, chaplin, colfe, elliott, hallam, huxley, jackson, lewitt, maule, pitt, rogers, skip, smith, stanbridge, edmund and sarah slaughter, style, tatem, uvedale, wilde of edmonton, wilde of barking, and wyatt. in 1889 another parochial committee reported that money, particularly for apprenticing, was not being properly applied and in 1891 it proposed a new scheme. it was not until 1899, however, that the charity commission established a new board of trustees, consisting of the vicar, 5 representatives of edmonton u. d. c. and 4 of southgate u. d. c., and 8 co - opted members. there were to be two groups of charities - the united charities of judith alston and others and the ecclesiastical charities. the ecclesiastical charities consisted of maule ' s charity and the ecclesiastical provisions of the charities of hallam, rogers, and wilde of edmonton, producing a total annual income of


charities - the united charities of judith alston and others and the ecclesiastical charities. the ecclesiastical charities consisted of maule ' s charity and the ecclesiastical provisions of the charities of hallam, rogers, and wilde of edmonton, producing a total annual income of £143. the united charities consisted of the remaining charities in the 1866 scheme, together with those of baker, bellis, board, john and henry field, jifkins, larman, whitbread, and part of knight ' s and rowley ' s charities. the total stock amounted to £9, 933 and the annual income to £469. by a scheme of 1902 the united charities were divided into three branches : educational, which consisted of £20 a year from style ' s and £8 a year from wilde of edmonton ' s charities ; apprenticing, consisting of £10 a year from style ' s, £6 a year from wilde of edmonton ' s charities, and the relevant portion of chaplin ' s charity ; and alms - houses and pensioners, to which all the other income was applied. the educational branch was abstracted from the united charities by a scheme of 1905, which transformed it into the educational foundations of john wilde of edmonton and thomas style. knight ' s charity and the oswin fund were added to the united charities in 1914 and 1928 respectively. by a scheme of 1965 pensioners were omitted from the third branch of the united charities, all the money going to the alms - houses. the income of the united charities in 1964 was £1, 760, of which £228 was paid to alms - people. in 1973 the income was £1, 100, which was wholly applied to the upkeep of the alms - houses. by 1973 the apprenticing branch of the charity was dormant, virtually no applications being made for it. several charities were founded during the 19th century for the benefit of southgate parish, especially by the walker family, and in 1906 the southgate relief committee, which included the vicar and churchwardens of christ church, was formed to administer them. in 1973 the committee administered £120 income from the charities of john julian, frederick walker, vyell e. walker, and russell walker, and the relevant portions of sophia walker ' s charity and the weld chapel trust. ( fn. 55 ) the united charities. in 1662 john wilde of edmonton, had ' lately ' built three alms - houses next to the churchyard in church street. by will proved 1665 he conveyed houses and 25 a


weld chapel trust. ( fn. 55 ) the united charities. in 1662 john wilde of edmonton, had ' lately ' built three alms - houses next to the churchyard in church street. by will proved 1665 he conveyed houses and 25 a., mostly of common - field land, to trustees to apply the profits to several charities, including £4 a year for the inmates of the alms - houses. ( fn. 56 ) by 1867 £7 was being paid by wilde ' s charity to the thomas style ( d. 1679 ) built two alms - houses adjoining the churchyard for 6 poor men and 6 poor women of edmonton. in 1679 he endowed the alms - houses with part of a rent - charge of £66 on dephams estate, of which £1 16s. a year was to be spent on repairs and £33 16s. a year on weekly payments of 1s. 1d. each to the almspeople. john lewitt of palmers green, by will dated 1771, bequeathed £800 stock yielding £24 a year which was distributed among the 12 inmates of style ' s alms - houses. george stanbridge of edmonton, by will dated 1780, bequeathed £500 stock to the trustees of wilde ' s and style ' s alms - houses, who in 1823 distributed the income of £16 10s. amongst the 15 alms - people. other charities for the benefit of the 15 inmates were those of sarah huxley, daughter of thomas huxley of weir hall, who bequeathed £1, 000 yielding £38 a year by will dated 1800 ; miss catherine tatem of edmonton, who bequeathed £50 stock yielding £1 10s. by will dated 1812 ; thomas elliott, clock - maker of edmonton, who by will dated 1824 bequeathed £450 stock, which in 1899 yielded £12 ; john pitt, who bequeathed £100 stock yielding £3 a year by will dated 1826 ; ( fn. 57 ) edmund slaughter of edmonton, who by will proved 1832 bequeathed £500 stock, yielding £14 in 1899 ; ( fn. 58 ) and william skip of edmonton, who left £100 stock yielding £3 a year subject to the repair of his vault, by will dated 1836. in 1861 thomas knight of edmonton endowed the 15 alms - houses with £500 stock producing £13 15s. and in 1879 hannah whitbread gave £607 stock yielding £18, to maintain the buildings or benefit the inmates. several charities provided for benefits in kind. by will dated 1820 sarah


- houses with £500 stock producing £13 15s. and in 1879 hannah whitbread gave £607 stock yielding £18, to maintain the buildings or benefit the inmates. several charities provided for benefits in kind. by will dated 1820 sarah slaughter directed that the interest on £50 stock was to be spent on christmas dinner for the 15 alms - people. the interest was £1 10s. in 1867. ann larman, by will proved 1867, bequeathed £105 stock yielding £3 a year to buy coal for the inmates of style ' s alms - houses. in 1892 george bellis left £103 stock yielding £3 to buy coal for the 15 alms - people. by will proved 1892 thomas william rowley bequeathed £500 stock producing £14 to provide bread and coal for the 15 alms - people but by a scheme of 1893 the money was to supplement their stipends. the alms - people, in 1851 6 men and 9 women, mostly widows, ( fn. 59 ) were chosen by the vestry until 1899 when full control passed to the trustees. the alms - houses were in disrepair in the 1740s and style ' s alms - houses were rebuilt in 1754 and again in 1903 to the designs of h. w. dobb. nearly all the stock was sold in 1960 to modernize the buildings but the ministry of housing made a grant for the charity commissioners to reinvest. in 1851 thomas knight gave two cottages which he had recently erected in church lane in trust to the edmonton benefit society, for two old and handicapped members of the society or their widows. ( fn. 60 ) the cottages, which knight endowed with £50 stock yielding £1 5s. a year, were administered as part of the united charities under a scheme of 1914. there were four widows in knight ' s alms - houses in 1933 but in 1960 the cottages were demolished and six garages, each let at 15s. a week, were built on the site. henry cade of edmonton, yeoman, in 1578 gave a rent - charge of 6s. 8d. from a house, later the cock public house, and 1 a. on the west of hertford road for the use of the poor. in 1823 it was added to the sacrament money and paid to the poor ' from time to time '. by will proved 1579 ( fn. 61 ) richard rogers the elder, a london goldsmith who lived in edmonton, left all his freehold property in edmonton and tottenham in trust


sacrament money and paid to the poor ' from time to time '. by will proved 1579 ( fn. 61 ) richard rogers the elder, a london goldsmith who lived in edmonton, left all his freehold property in edmonton and tottenham in trust to pay, inter alia, ( fn. 62 ) 1s. a week in bread and money to 6 of the poorest people of edmonton and 13s. 4d. to the poor on the anniversary of his death. rogers ' s nephew richard rogers the younger, comptroller of the mint, by will dated 1636, left a rent - charge of £2 to provide 6d. a week in money or bread for 6 poor people and 10s. 8d. for distribution among the poor on the first sunday in august. edward rogers of edmonton, son of richard the younger, left a further rent - charge of £1 9s 4d. by will proved 1659, to be distributed, inter alia, as 6d. a week in bread to poor parishioners. in 1823 the total income of the rogers charities, which were always distributed together, was £7 1s. 4d., from rent - charges on freehold estates in fore street, church street, and the marsh. of this £5 4s. was paid in bread to 12 poor people every sunday and £1 4s. to the poor on the first sunday in august. the rent - charges were redeemed in 1934 and 1964. by will dated 1614 john wilde of barking ( essex ) gave a rent - charge of £2 a year upon premises in fore street, to buy twopenny - loaves for the poor of edmonton each quarter. the rentcharge was redeemed in 1934. jasper hallam, leatherseller of london, by will dated 1625, left £3 6s. 8d. out of a rent - charge on bury farm to provide £2 worth of bread for the poor every sunday in lent and 6s. 8d. for a lenten meal for the poor town - born people of edmonton. the rent - charge was redeemed in 1903. among property devised by the revd. abraham colfe to the leathersellers ' company of london for charitable purposes, by will dated 1656, was 5 a. in edmonton. a rent - charge of 8s. 8d. from part of the property on the east of lower fore street was to buy two penny loaves each sunday for two of the ' godliest and poorest '


was 5 a. in edmonton. a rent - charge of 8s. 8d. from part of the property on the east of lower fore street was to buy two penny loaves each sunday for two of the ' godliest and poorest ' householders of edmonton. ( fn. 63 ) by 1823 the money was applied by the churchwardens in occasional charity to the poor. by indenture and will dated 1677 judith, widow of penning alston, grocer of london, conveyed copyhold property in trust to pay annuities and thereafter to provide £4 quarterly payments to the poor of edmonton and £1 a year each to 16 other poor people. the property, in 1677 a house, 9 a. of common - field arable, and 2 a. of marsh - land, was exchanged at inclosure for a house and 7 a. at tanners end and 5 a. of marsh - land. in 1819 the profits of £28 were distributed in quarterly payments of £1 to the poor and in £1 payments on 1 january to 20 poor annuitants. by 1867 the quarterly payments were given in bread and £78 was given in money. the marsh - land was sold in 1907 and the land at tanners end in 1914 and 1928 ; the purchase money was invested for the benefit of the united charities. catherine jackson, of the family which owned broomfield, left £100 in trust for the poor of southgate by will dated 1687. the poor received £5 a year until the capital, together with money from maule ' s and latymer ' s charities, was used to purchase land in hammersmith. the rent therefrom was apportioned among the three charities, £3 10s. being allotted to jackson ' s charity from 1768 and paid in bread or 5s. doles to the poor of southgate. the rent had risen to £7 10s. by 1899 and was given to southgate widows in 1902. ( fn. 64 ) the land at hammersmith was sold in 1913 and the money invested. by will proved 1771 john lewitt ( fn. 65 ) bequeathed £100 stock, the interest on which was spent in bread for the poor. by will dated 1780 george stanbridge bequeathed £400 stock, the interest to provide bread for the poor between michaelmas and lady day. by 1823 £12 was distributed in bread. margaret uvedale ( d. 1814 ), widow of rearadmiral samuel uvedale, bequeathed £300 stock by will


interest to provide bread for the poor between michaelmas and lady day. by 1823 £12 was distributed in bread. margaret uvedale ( d. 1814 ), widow of rearadmiral samuel uvedale, bequeathed £300 stock by will dated 1813. ( fn. 66 ) the income was to maintain the vault of the family of william washbourne, vicar of edmonton, and to relieve the aged poor of church street ward on christmas day. by 1819 there was £37 10s. interest, of which £2 10s. was spent on the vault and £35 distributed in £1 by will proved 1828 john field bequeathed £1, 000 stock and by will proved 1836 henry field bequeathed £500 stock, to supply bread and coals for the poor. the interest from their combined charities was £45 in 1867. by will proved 1844 william baker bequeathed £100 stock yielding £3 interest, to be paid to the elderly poor subject to the repair of a grave. by will proved 1858 ann jifkins left £47 stock, the interest to be used for repairing her husband ' s tomb and distributed to the poor of church street ward on christmas day. by will proved 1878 edward board bequeathed £928 stock yielding £25 a year to provide money and clothing for 20 aged poor, with preference for natives or old residents of edmonton and for those engaged in agriculture. the oswin fund, founded by mrs. sarah eleanor browne by will proved 1901, consisted of £654 stock and £31 annuities. by will proved 1665, john wilde of edmonton left £6 a year for apprenticing two sons of two poor widows of edmonton to some trade in the city of london. in 1679 thomas style gave £10 a year to apprentice one or two poor boys within the parish. in 1724 francis chaplin and his wife joyce conveyed the moiety of 6½ a. of marsh - land to be used after their deaths for the repair of chaplin ' s vault in the church and for apprenticing a poor boy from edmonton. through neglect at inclosure the land was apportioned to others and only ½ a. at jeremy ' s green and £30 were allotted to the charity. by 1823 two cottages had been built and the rent of £3 3s. was applied in apprenticing one boy, although the trustees were criticized in 1849 for retaining the money or granting too little. the land was sold and the money invested in 1905. in 1933 it produced £17 a year. ecclesiastical charities. ( fn. 67 ) by will dated 1714


, although the trustees were criticized in 1849 for retaining the money or granting too little. the land was sold and the money invested in 1905. in 1933 it produced £17 a year. ecclesiastical charities. ( fn. 67 ) by will dated 1714 thomas maule bequeathed £100 for the benefit of 10 poor church - going widows. in 1737 the money, with money from jackson ' s and latymer ' s charities, was used to buy land in hammersmith, the rent from which was divided among the charities. until c. 1819 the £3 a year apportioned to maule ' s charity was given to three inmates of wilde ' s almshouses but thereafter it was given to 10 poor widows who regularly attended church. when the ecclesiastical charities were instituted in 1899, maule ' s charity produced £7 10s. a year. the land was sold in 1913 and by 1962 the income from maule ' s charity had risen to £43, of which 15 poor widows received 10s. each and the remainder was paid into the sick and poor fund. southgate charities. ( fn. 68 ) the charity of sir john weld of arnolds ( d. 1623 ) provided for payments of £13 6s. 8d. to 6 poor kindred and £2 12s. in bread to 12 poor widows of southgate every sunday. ( fn. 69 ) by 1867 £31 4s. a year was distributed in bread and in 1973 the bread portion of the charity was administered by the southgate relief committee. mrs. sophia walker, by will proved 1865, bequeathed £596 stock for educational and other charitable objects in southgate. in 1899 £2 15s., the interest on £101 stock, was spent on medical or nursing needs. in 1973 the income was divided among the southgate relief committee, christ church sunday school, and st. andrew ' s day by will proved 1892 john julian left £1, 000 stock to provide £1 each for 20 poor widows of christ church parish in the week before christmas and to divide the remaining interest in bread for the poor. in 1962 the income was £25, administered by southgate relief committee. four of the walker brothers made bequests for the benefit of the poor of southgate. frederick walker, by will proved 1890, vyell edward walker, by will proved 1906, and russell walker, by will proved 1907, each left £1, 000 stock. in 1962 the income was £34, £33, and £33 respectively, administered by the southgate


1890, vyell edward walker, by will proved 1906, and russell walker, by will proved 1907, each left £1, 000 stock. in 1962 the income was £34, £33, and £33 respectively, administered by the southgate relief committee. isaac donnithorne walker left £500, which yielded £15 in 1962 and which the vicar of southgate still administered for the poor of southgate village in 1973. by will dated 1826 elizabeth martin bequeathed £498 stock, the interest to be distributed to the poor of christ church. in 1970 the charity produced £12 which was given by the vicar in money and christmas gifts to old age pensioners. john woolnough, by will proved 1939, left money to southgate corporation to provide christmas dinners and coal for old people. trustees were appointed by a scheme of 1961 and in 1973 the income was under £250. other charities for the poor. there was a group of charities for medical and nursing purposes : elizabeth whitehead bequeathed £116 stock yielding £3 4s. in 1800, mrs. frances smith bequeathed £272 yielding £7 9s. 8d. in 1811, and edmund slaughter bequeathed £107 stock yielding £2 19s in 1831. by 1872 there was also a lying - in charity, of which the origin is unknown, which in 1899 consisted of £150 stock yielding £4 2s. 4d. by a scheme of 1940 its administration passed to the trustees of the united charities. mrs. esther doe, by deed in 1863 and by will in 1872, left houses and stock yielding an annual income of £447 which was to be spent on the almshouses. the bush prize fund, founded in 1869, provided £10 a year from £250 stock to be used for george ringrose, by will proved 1885, left £92 stock producing £2 11s. to be spent in coal, bread, and money for the deserving poor of edmonton. the income in 1966 was £2 6s. 4d. isaac padman, by will dated 1818, left £500 to be invested, the income to be applied to the religious and ' respectable ' poor of winchmore hill. by a scheme of 1893 the income of £24 a year was to be applied in nursing, provident clubs, clothes, or temporary relief to the residents of the ecclesiastical district of winchmore hill, the rest of edmonton parish, and enfield or any adjoining parish. in 1965 the income was £20, which the ministers of winchmore hill congregational church


, clothes, or temporary relief to the residents of the ecclesiastical district of winchmore hill, the rest of edmonton parish, and enfield or any adjoining parish. in 1965 the income was £20, which the ministers of winchmore hill congregational church and christ church congregational church, enfield, distributed in coal, bedding, and clothes. by will proved 1880 peregrine hogg purvis of winchmore hill left £2, 000 to the vicar and churchwardens of st. paul, winchmore hill, the interest to be distributed annually before christmas in £1 - gifts to 50 poor inhabitants of winchmore hill, irrespective of creed but with preference to residents in highfield row. in 1966 the income was £53. he also left £100 stock, producing £2 15s. in 1899, to nonconformist bodies, £200 stock producing £5 10s. for church purposes, and £200 stock producing £5 10s. for education. elizabeth winsdale, by will proved 1887, left £500 for the sick poor of the parish of st. james, upper edmonton. the sum was invested and produced £13 a year in 1964. in addition to his bequest to the alms - houses thomas william rowley, by will proved 1892, bequeathed £200 stock yielding £5 10s. a year to the poor of st. james ' s parish. edward chapman, by will proved 1902, bequeathed £250, the income to provide coal for the poor of st. james ' s at christmas. in 1969 the income of some £7 was spent on coal for 3 persons. maria linzell, by will proved 1920, bequeathed £50 to augment offertories for the poor, defray the cost of church work, or benefit the parish charities of st. james ' s. the income was £3 in 1964. by will proved 1937 frances isabella hammond bequeathed £300 to maintain a tomb in st. mary ' s, edmonton, any residue to benefit the sick and poor of the parish. the income in 1966 was £10, spent on groceries and other necessities.


11 / 05 / 2012 | author / editor : eddie mcgee *, ken picking * * / marcel drottboom an special technique, developed by ajax equipment, uses a multiple stage insert system to overcome bunker flow problems, creating a more favourable approach to existing outlets and spreading the flow to previously “ dead ” storage areas of the bunker. the insert system has been used at tata steel europe at its plant in scunthorpe, uk, to overcome coal bunker flow problems. many power generation and industrial processes rely on storing coal in large bunkers. over time changes in the type and quality of coal can lead to poor flow during discharge, causing processing delays and significantly reducing the bunker ' s storage capacity. manual intervention is frequently used to promote flow ; however, this is a hazardous process for operators, and fails to provide a long - term solution to the problem. an innovative technique developed by solids handling equipment specialist, ajax equipment, uses a multiple stage insert system to overcome bunker flow problems, creating a more favourable approach to existing outlets and spreading the flow to previously ' dead ' storage areas of the bunker. the insert system has been used at tata steel europe ( formerly corus long products ) – a manufacturer of steel products at its plant in scunthorpe, uk, to overcome coal bunker flow problems. in the ironmaking process, molten iron is produced in a blast furnace using agglomerated iron ore, limestone and coke. the coke is produced in large coke ovens from coal with special properties. coal is crushed and blended on the scunthorpe site and transported to appleby coke ovens via a series of belt conveyors. it is then is stored in a large concrete service bunker which is sited above, and in the centre of, the oven batteries. the concrete service bunker ( fig. 1 ) was built in 1937 and is divided into two rectangular sections, one section holding 3000 tonnes of coal and the other holding 1000 tonnes of coal. it is about 17. 5 metres tall and the 1000 tonnes section is 8 metres × 13 metres, whilst the 3000 - tonne section is 20 metres × 13 metres. coal is fed into the top of the bunker where it is distributed to one of the two sections and stored ready for discharge under gravity. coal is discharged via a number of rows of outlets at the base of the bunkers into the charge cars. in 1968 half of the outlets were blanked off and lightweight concrete was used to build up a steeper approach to the remaining outlets with smooth glass tiles laid on top to encourage flow.


outlets at the base of the bunkers into the charge cars. in 1968 half of the outlets were blanked off and lightweight concrete was used to build up a steeper approach to the remaining outlets with smooth glass tiles laid on top to encourage flow. the outlets are arranged in five rows of four outlets on the 3000 - tonne side and two rows of four outlets on the 1000 - tonne section. each row of four outlets operates together to fill a charge car which feeds the oven. each outlet has a 640 - millimetre diameter steel throat cast into the concrete. slide gates are fitted to each outlet and the charge cars are filled with 17. 5 tonnes of coal in, hopefully, one minute. the bunker was originally designed to store local lincolnshire and yorkshire coal, but today it holds blended imported coal from around the world. a typical blend may consist of 60 percent australian coal and 40 percent north american. it is the particularly cohesive properties of the imported coal that has exacerbated the bunker ' s flow problems, making the material more difficult to handle. this article is protected by copyright. you want to use it for your own purpose? infos can be found under www. mycontentfactory. de ( id : 36570330 ) | fotos : picture : ajax equipment, picture : tata steel


shoumita dasgupta, ph. d. associate professor of medicine, biomedical genetics director of graduate studies, program in genetics and genomics medical genetics course manager, boston university school of medicine ph. d. university of california, san francisco m. s. university of california, san francisco b. s. massachusetts institute of technology stanley l. robbins award for excellence in teaching the popular press has called the twentieth century “ the century of the gene. ” during this time, genetics came forward as a central discipline in biology, first with the rediscovery of the work of gregor mendel at the turn of the century, later with the elucidation of the structure of dna by jim watson and francis crick, and more recently with the development of recombinant dna technologies by paul berg and herb boyer. these scientific events revolutionized the way we thought about biological problems. mendel ’ s contributions led scientists to probe the genetic basis of inheritance while watson and crick helped to define the molecular nature of this inheritance. berg and boyer developed the tools that allowed scientists to manipulate these molecules of inheritance to more deeply understand their functions. each of these events has had far - reaching consequences because of the explosion of scientific inquiry it both allowed and inspired. currently, scientists of the twenty - first century are poised at the brink of another genetic revolution, this time triggered by the genome projects of organisms from microbes to humans. with the availability of this data, it has become obvious that current computational tools alone are inadequate to fully mine this immense data set. although the power of current genomic strategies is tremendous, they are not sufficient to determine gene function. consequently, scientists are seeking to ascertain gene function using two main approaches. first, there is a great effort underway to create new technologies and computational tools to allow for large scale molecular analyses of complex systems. secondly, these strategies are utilized alongside methods that take advantage of the powerful role of model organisms in helping to determine gene function, an important focus of the genetics and genomics department. this global perspective on the intricate networks that govern the machinery of life is causing a shift in the traditional paradigm of identifying the impact of individual genes on any given process. instead, the revised concept that no gene acts in isolation is more easily explored with these new genomic and bioinformatics tools. the aim of our program in establishing graduate coursework in genetics and genomics is to teach our students to apply the approaches of classical genetics and modern genomics to investigations of the heritable basis of


new genomic and bioinformatics tools. the aim of our program in establishing graduate coursework in genetics and genomics is to teach our students to apply the approaches of classical genetics and modern genomics to investigations of the heritable basis of numerous biological traits, the relationships among genes, the regulation of their expression, and the elaborate mechanisms involved in supporting complex biological processes. we want our students to be adept at utilizing hypothesis - driven methods as well as discovery - oriented experimental design styles to explore these problems. the combination of these two tactics will allow our students to systematically and broadly make important contributions to many disciplines of biology. moreover, it is our goal that our students will also be trained to function as active members of the scientific community who can clearly communicate ideas, critically evaluate biomedical research, and mentor others in scientific scholarship. towards this end, we offer an array of courses and training opportunities that comprise the graduate program in genetics and genomics. “ principles of genetics and genomics ” is a core course that focuses on the use of genetic methods in model organisms for understanding complex biological processes. this course focuses on the ability to use genetic systems to probe these problems, and therefore heavily explores the experimental aspects of these investigations. in addition, we discuss the impact of the genome sequences on the practice of modern science. in this regard, the course will be aimed towards first year phd students in the biological sciences, but the course is open to anyone wishing to study genetic approaches to biological research. in addition, we use a case study approach to investigate the rich variety of scientific insights gained through genetic studies. as such, it is a core course that serves a diverse, interdisciplinary group of students in many fields from genetics and genomics to bioinformatics to immunology, and many others. further details on this course and our other exciting courses for graduate and medical students can be found on the course website. this course is one of the foundations for our graduate program in genetics and genomics, which is designed to bring these same approaches to an entire coordinated curriculum. our graduate program aims to bridge the disciplines of experimental biosciences with computational and genomic approaches. the program consists of laboratory rotations, advanced coursework, and journal clubs in the first year. subsequently, graduate students will focus on their thesis research, qualifying exams, and a teaching requirement. additional information on our graduate program can be found on the graduate program website. the pace of genetic advances during the last century has been unparalleled scientifically, and these discoveries have already made