to collect saliva at home and during a laboratory paradigm. they also filled out questionnaires related to their current stress levels as well as symptoms of depression and burnout. this research is part of a greater effort to develop personalized medicine in this field. personalized medicine targets the customization of treatment according to the needs of the individual. " in an effort to advance person - centered approaches in prevention and treatment strategies, we have to investigate the biopsychosocial signatures of specific diseases, " lupien said. " for conditions like burnout where we have no consensus on diagnostic criteria and where there is overlap with symptoms of depression, it is essential to use multiple methods of analysis. one potential signature of burnout appears to be fatigued production of the stress hormone cortisol and dysregulations of the physiological systems that interact with this stress hormone. " critically, people with burnout are often treated with anti - depressant medications that lower cortisol levels. if cortisol is already lower than it should be, this course of treatment could represent a therapeutic mistake. " the use of an allostatic load index gives researchers and clinicians a window to see how chronic stress is straining the person. in the future, we need studies that track people over time to determine whether this profile of low cortisol and physiological dysregulations is indeed burnout ' s autograph. if so, science will be one step closer to helping distressed workers before they burn out, " juster noted. the research was published in psychoneuroendocrinology and received funding from the canadian institutes of health research. dr. sonia lupien is scientific director of fernand - seguin research centre of louis – h. lafontaine hospital and is an associate professor with the department of psychiatry at universite de montreal. dr. lupien is the founder and director of the centre for studies on human stress. she also holds a senior investigator chair on sex, gender and mental health from the canadian institute of gender and health ( igh ). juster is affiliated with the fernand - seguin research centre of louis - h. lafontaine hospital and the centre for studies on human stress. he ' s a ph. d. candidate in the department of neurology and neurosurgery at mcgill university. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information


once upon a time there was a bookseller. his name was frederic g. melcher, and he knew in his heart that books for children were just as important as books for adults, if not more so. why, he wondered, are they so often ignored? he thought and thought, and decided in the end that it didn ' t matter why ; what mattered was that he did something to change all that. he did. in 1921, he proposed the newberry award to the american library association, an award named for 18th - century english bookseller john newbery and to be awarded to the most distinguished american children ' s book published the previous year. the association ' s executive board approved the idea, much to the joy of children ' s librarians everywhere, and the first newbery award was given in 1922. the express purpose of the medal was " to encourage original creative work in the field of books for children. to emphasize to the public that contributions to the literature for children deserve similar recognition to poetry, plays, or novels. to give those librarians, who make it their life work to serve children ' s reading interests, an opportunity to encourage good writing in this field. " not only the winning books, but runner - up newbery honor books, are included in the list of titles. melcher ' s brainchild was the first children ' s book award in the world, and remains the measure all the others. he went on to initiate the caldecott award for best illustrated children ' s book, and together the newbery and the caldecott provide the standard for evaluating children ' s books in the united states and beyond.


in a strange coincidence of biology, pregnant women think about visiting the bathroom roughly as often as the average man thinks about sex. a fish belongs in water. the eiffel tower belongs in paris. and stomach acid belongs in your stomach. unfortunately, pregnancy hormones affect the sphincter that forms a barrier between the esophagus and stomach, allowing acids to percolate upward. the plot thickens as your growing uterus crowds your digestive organs. to help douse the fire : - eat smaller, more frequent meals. - chew your food thoroughly. eat every bite as slowly as possible. - avoid spicy or greasy foods. - remain upright for at least an hour after eating. - keep your upper body as upright as possible when you sleep by propping yourself up with pillows or elevating the head of your bed. - when heartburn strikes, have some milk or yogurt. - ask your doctor about taking calcium - based antacids. 4. constipation and hemorrhoids these two nuisances often work in tandem. pregnancy hormones, abetted by certain vitamin and iron supplements and, sometimes, a nausea - inspired diet of crackers and milk, can make your digestive tract sluggish. then constipation begets hemorrhoids, which can develop from straining. your burgeoning uterus also may contribute to hemorrhoids by decreasing the amount of blood flow into and out of your pelvic region. to keep things moving : - drink plenty of fluids. - eat lots of whole grains, fruits and vegetables. prunes, however unglamorous, really do work. - eat yogurt to aid digestion. - don ’ t delay when you get the urge to move your bowels. - avoid straining during bowel movements. keeping your feet on a step stool or box will help. - when hemorrhoids flare up, use flushable wipes instead of toilet paper, and sit in a shallow tub of very warm water. - do kegel exercises regularly to increase blood flow to your pelvic area. - ask your doctor if a change in your iron supplement might help. pregnancy hormones loosen your joints, while your ballooning breasts and belly play havoc with your center of gravity. no wonder backaches are among pregnancy ’ s most common complaints. “ there ’ s some controversy as to whether you can tone up a stretched muscle, so it ’ s important for women to start building their abdominal muscles [ which support


of gravity. no wonder backaches are among pregnancy ’ s most common complaints. “ there ’ s some controversy as to whether you can tone up a stretched muscle, so it ’ s important for women to start building their abdominal muscles [ which support the back ] early in pregnancy, before they get stretched out, ” says fitness trainer and childbirth education specialist bonnie berk, r. n., founder of motherwell maternity health and fitness in carlisle, pa. additionally : - when possible, don ’ t stand or sit for prolonged periods. - when you do stand or sit, rest one foot on a box, stool, low shelf or a couple of telephone books. in the kitchen, pull out a low drawer. - if you sleep on your side ( the left is preferable during pregnancy to allow for maximum flow of blood and nutrients to the placenta ), keep your knees bent and put a pillow between them ; tuck one under your abdomen, too, if it needs support. if you sleep on your back, use pillows to support your thighs and back. - get massages. ( make sure you find a qualified therapist. ) - stick to flat - heeled, supportive shoes. - bend at the hips, not the waist, and lift with your legs bent so you ’ re not using your back. - do pelvic tilts. - berk ’ s tip for toning abs : walk through water deep enough to cover your belly. “ the resistance of the water helps tone the muscles, ” she says. - consider a “ belly bra ” or other supportive device.


many flying fears stem from a lack of understanding of aerodynamics, and how the aircraft stays in the air. in this article i ’ m going to explain the basics for you, to help you gain more knowledge on the subject and overcome your fear of flying. it ’ s a common misconception that the aircraft ’ s engines keep the plane in the air, whereas it ’ s actually simple aerodynamics at work. a huge jet aircraft ( such as a 435ton boeing 747 ) can glide to safety with no engine power. the probability of losing all engines on a commercial aeroplane is minuscule to say the least – but even in the unlikely event of it happening, you can still land perfectly safely. so, why have engines? the engines simply keep the aircraft in the air for a longer period of time – and provide the necessary thrust to take - off. the basics of aerodynamics are split into these four forces ; lift – thrust – weight – drag for a aircraft to fly straight, and at a constant speed, then thrust must be equal to drag, and lift must be equal to weight. sounds slightly technical i know! the lift is mainly provided by the wings, and it ’ s the lift that keeps the aircraft in the air. whereas thrust is important to reach your destination, it only acts as a controller of speed ( by compensating for the drag ). if thrust is less than the drag, the aircraft will slow, and descend. but, the wings are still providing lift, which in turn is keeping the plane airborne, therefore, the descent will be slow. that is the basic explanation of how a huge jet aircraft can glide – even with complete engine loss. air is a liquid? not quite.. air behaves in a very similar way to water – and the mathematical relationships are identical. therefore, flying is very similar to swimming. in fact, many aerodynamic tests are carried out underwater. i hope that all makes sense. the reason i ’ m sharing this with you, is that your flying fear may be related to the fear of the aircraft falling out of the sky. now you can be rest assured that this can not happen – even in the highly unlikely event of a complete loss of engine power. i will be covering the excellent reliablility of modern jet engines in future articles, so stay tuned. i ’ ll also be covering aerodynamics in more detail soon … …


| when in doubt, tell the truth. - mark twain | ( january 19, 1994 ) from russia and from america comes a new information service called " friends and partners " - - one of the first information systems jointly developed by citizens of these two nations. it is hoped that it will contribute towards better understanding between our nations by providing instruction on our countries and cultures, by providing a common base of information about issues affecting relations between our countries, and by providing a common ' meeting place ' where folks can find and communicate with each other. if you wish to visit, the following uniform resource locator ( url ) will allow you to connect to the world wide web server : what are the potential uses? scientists should be able to use the service to find information about funding opportunities and exchange programs, access various databases and library resources, and locate potential colleagues and co - workers. teachers and educators at all levels should be able to find and contribute interesting and up - to - date material to assist in their instruction - - making their courses more ' alive ' and more pertinent to real world issues. folks in business should be able to learn about the economic environment and opportunities in both countries as well as the rules and laws pertaining to conducting business. artists from all fields ( and their patrons ) should be able to learn about, meet and work with each other. and people from all walks of life should be able to learn more about these two nations - - so closed off from one another for so many years. the primary motivation of this service is to help introduce new friendships and partnerships between our peoples. it hopes to build upon the excellent work already being accomplished by our governments and by the various groups, centers, and institutes who have been working for so many years towards this same goal of cooperation and friendship. perhaps the only difference from other efforts is the intention to use the world wide web on the internet as the method of communicating information. the world wide web was chosen because of its ability to handle mixed media ( text, graphics, audio, etc. ), the excellent graphic and non - graphic browsers available for free on the internet, and its ability to ' integrate ' information from all of the best internet - based tools and utilities - - listservers, gophers, wais indexes, ftp archives, etc. if you do not have a www browser, you can use our ' friends ' account. telnet to solar. ncsa. uiuc. edu. at the login : prompt, enter friends and


| 7127 | | 41853181 | | 47. 80 | | 51. 75 * * * * | | * * * * over 2, 000 of these accesses are from our own host machine - - reflecting over 400 telnet sessions from all over the world for our special ' friends ' account. weather information for moscow and st. petersburg has been updated ( this should soon be done automatically each day ). server statistics ( including access by country ) are now included as an option from the home page. current exchange rates for the russian currency have been updated ( on the economics / business page ). notice of the the financial / economic network has been added to the economics page as well as a description of the the russian graduate school of international business. we have also added a link to a gopher server in vienna, austria at the university of economics and business administration. a hook to the world wide web server about the east - west international conference on human - computer interaction has been added to the funding opportunities page. this server also contains hooks to several other interesting resources. a new section under " education " is being prepared on the alliance of universities for democracy. this is a consortium of over 70 universities devoted to " enhancing the role of higher education in promoting democratic institutions, economic development, and common moral and social values. " we welcome the efforts of " the alliance of universities for democracy " - - more information will appear soon - - look on the education page. under the music section, we have had two very generous offers for some digitized music : from the university of oregon, we are hoping to receive some ulaw files by the irkutsk philharmonic society. from san francisco, we will soon be posting some music played at the international accordion festival in vilnius this past year. these audio files should be available for your ' listening pleasure ' in a few more days. from site eskimo. com, we will soon provide a www version of their excellent glasnews newsletter. we have received several generous offers of software, fonts, etc. for helping with the display and printing of cyrillic text. we are planning to establish an ftp archive of such on our system with a hypertext reference from the f & p server. we have had several suggestions and offers of help for telecommunications and computing assistance from various companies and from the international science foundation. we received an offer from a school principal in the northeastern u. s. to begin work on an information ' exchange ' program with russian schools. we have had offers


of help for telecommunications and computing assistance from various companies and from the international science foundation. we received an offer from a school principal in the northeastern u. s. to begin work on an information ' exchange ' program with russian schools. we have had offers from vienna, austria and from moscow for the establishment of ' mirror ' servers to help speed access to the material from russia and from central and east european sites. natasha is actively working to establish a mirror server in pushchino. dirk van gulik is working to establish for us an interactive ' talk - room ' ( fascinating project - - you will see! ) we have received several offers to assist with such efforts as typing, transcription, and translation. we have received several offers to provide us with photographs and slides for publishing on the server. the server should have much additional ' graphic ' material in about a week. we received a very generous offer from the city university of new york for material describing all aspects of computer - aided language activities and natural language processing ( e. g., machine translation, text data - bases, language instruction - - native and foreign - - text analysis, and the linguistic dimensions of electronic communication ). we have received several notes from people who have made very open - ended offers of help. several more suggestions and offers of assistance will be summarized and posted here in the next digest. finally, in answer to a question we have seen a few times, there is once again, we thank each of you for your interest and hope to hear from many as we begin our work together on this service. please write with your comments, criticisms, and suggestions ( and, of course, those offers of help ). pushchino, moscow region greg cole, associate director national center for supercomputing applications the university of illinois at urbana - champaign once again, we thank each of you for your interest and hope to hear from many as we begin our work together on this service. please write with your comments, criticisms, and suggestions ( and, of course, those offers of help ). write to us with your comments and suggestions. f & p quick search about friends & partners isoc ' 95 paper ©1996 friends and partners


gardening articles : landscaping : : lawns, ground cover, & wildflowers lawn grass ( page 2 of 2 ) by national gardening association editors these are found throughout the south. often they are wide - bladed and coarse compared to the northern grasses. they put on vigorous growth during summer and go dormant and turn brown in winter. golf courses and some homeowners keep lawns green by overseeding with annual rye grass toward the end of the growing season. instead of being started from grass seed, lawns of warm - climate grasses are usually started from planting sprigs, plugs, or sod. bermuda grass. durable and heat - loving, bermudagrass is the most common of the warm - climate grasses. it does not do well in shade. hybrid bermuda grass is very soft and fine - bladed and is therefore a common choice for golf greens in southern regions. centipedegrass. this grass makes a good lawn in hot areas, although it is lighter green in color and subject to drought damage because of shallow roots. it does well in poor soil. st. augustine grass. st. augustine does well in shade and is fast - growing, but is subject to damage from chinch bugs. it prefers slightly alkaline soils over acid soils. zoysiagrass. this grass establishes slowly, but when it gets going forms a dense, wirey, fine - textured lawn and is resistant to heat and drought. it tolerates shade, where it grows slowly. zoysiagrass is relatively free of diseases and insect problems. many improved varieties are available. if you have deep shade, steep banks, or other problem areas, it might be worth investigating the many ground covers that can be used in place of grass lawns. photography by suzanne dejohn / national gardening association.


press release : adult education x dropouts = lose - lose problems that have been plaguing urban secondary schools may be shifting to adult education venues, according to a new study conducted by the graduate center, city university of new york, and commissioned by the u. s. department of education. researchers from the center for advanced study of education ( case ) at the graduate center examined five urban adult education programs and discovered a rise in enrollment among 16 - 20 year - old high school dropouts along with increases in the difficulties those students brought. overall, the results seem to indicate a lose - lose situation, with teenagers not getting the support services they need and adults being disrupted in their learning by needy teenagers. an exploratory case study, the report was commissioned to examine a perceived trend in the increasing effect of high school dropouts on adult education and to see if that perception held up and warranted further concern. the results serve as an alert to policymakers that this trend must be more comprehensively identified, evaluated, and remedied. the research focused on five adult education programs run by local education agencies ( leas ), which were promised anonymity in return for their participation. the total current enrollment of 16 to 20 year - olds at the sites was estimated at 35, 656, just short of 50 % of the total enrollment of 71, 981. although individual sites had different periods and methods of tracking the numbers, they collectively reported a significant increase in 16 to 18 years olds, along with a rise in the percentage those high school age students represented of their total student population. in all cases, the students were primarily black and hispanic, many scored low on standardized reading and mathematics tests, and most had either dropped out of or had been expelled from high school. interviews with teachers, administrators, and students revealed that many in the 16 - 20 year - old cohort were hard - working, motivated students. however, when compared with adult education students as a whole, the 16 - 20 year old students were perceived to be less motivated, more involved in drugs, more involved in gangs and fighting, more likely to exhibit behavior problems, more likely to manifest symptoms of learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder, and more often mandated to attend by courts and drug rehabilitation programs. the net result of the increase enrollment of 16 - 20 year old students was a direct negative impact on the adult education programs, along with a need for greater and different resources to deal with what is generally characterized as a dropout population. although it was not the intention


of the increase enrollment of 16 - 20 year old students was a direct negative impact on the adult education programs, along with a need for greater and different resources to deal with what is generally characterized as a dropout population. although it was not the intention to establish a causal link, the study did discuss a combination of factors contributing to the rise in teenage enrollment in adult education programs, including : a more flexible learning environment ; increasingly more difficult secondary school graduation standards ; students ' behavioral difficulties in high school ; an increase in referrals by the courts and drug rehabilitation agencies for ged instruction ; high school student and counselor misperceptions about the nature of the ged ; and more aggressive adult education marketing to a younger group because of reduced welfare - related adult enrollments. in all, research areas the study investigated included : principal investigators included : bert flugman, ph. d., director, center for advanced study in education, graduate center of the city university of new york ; dolores perin, ph. d., associate professor, teachers college, columbia university ; and seymour spiegel, m. ed., project director, center for advanced study in education, graduate center of the city university of new york. the study was funded by the office of vocational and adult education of the u. s. department of education. - relevant federal, state, and local policies - changes in adult education enrollment - qualitative and quantitative student characteristics - reasons for increased 16 - 20 year - old enrollment in adult education - program characteristics - program effectiveness and strategies the complete study, including recommendations, at www. 16to20ae. org. the center for advanced study in education ( case ) conducts basic and applied research : 1 ) to broaden the knowledge and understanding of current urban educational policies and trends, 2 ) to improve the quality of educational practice in urban school districts, and 3 ) to provide research findings upon which local, state, and federal agencies can fashion educational and fiscal policy. case also serves as a forum for the deliberation and analysis of educational policy issues, promotes interdisciplinary initiatives in seeking solutions to educational problems, and functions as a clearinghouse for educational research strategies and for the dissemination of research findings. the graduate center is the doctorate - granting institution of the city university of new york. the only consortium of its kind in the nation, the graduate center draws its faculty of more than 1, 600 members mainly from the cuny senior colleges and cultural and scientific institutions throughout new york city. established in 1961, the graduate center has grown


what is bankruptcy? bankruptcy is a legal procedure that provides a financial fresh start to people who cannot pay their debts. it is a serious step and should not be considered a quick fix for money woes. bankruptcy should only be pursued as a last resort when all other attempts to solve financial problems fail. there are three types of bankruptcy : - chapter 13 is for an individual who is temporarily unable to pay their debts and wants to pay them in installments over a period of time. you can usually keep your property, but you must earn wages or have some other source of regular income and you must agree to pay part of that income to creditors. a federal court must approve your repayment plan and your budget. a trustee is appointed and will collect the payments from you, pay your creditors, and make sure you abide by the terms of your repayment plan. - chapter 11 is primarily for the reorganization of a business. under chapter 11, you may continue to operate a business, but your creditors and the court must approve a plan to repay debts. no trustee is appointed unless a judge decides that one is necessary. if a trustee is appointed, the trustee takes control of your business and property. - chapter 7 is for debtors who cannot pay their debts. under chapter 7, you may be able to keep certain property and a trustee may take control of the remaining property of value and sell it to pay creditors. bankruptcy does not fix a bad credit history and it remains on your credit record for up to 10 years. it may be a roadblock to getting a mortgage or credit card. and, not all debt can be cleared up through bankruptcy. for example, you must still pay taxes, alimony, child support, student loans, and court fines. check with a financial counselor to find out if it ' s really necessary for you to file bankruptcy. instead, you may be able to reach an agreement with your creditors.


i find this fascinating.... stanford researchers ' cooling glove ' better than steroids ' – and helps solve physiological mystery, too the temperature - regulation research of stanford biologists h. craig heller and dennis grahn has led to a device that rapidly cools body temperature, greatly improves exercise recovery, and could help explain why muscles get tired. by max mcclure the rapid thermal exchange device, nicknamed ' the glove, ' creates a vacuum to draw blood to the surface of the palms. cold circulating water cools the blood, which returns to the heart and rapidly lowers the body ' s core temperature. " equal to or substantially better than steroids … and it ' s not illegal. " this is the sort of claim you see in spam email subject lines, not in discussions of mammalian thermoregulation. even the man making the statement, stanford biology researcher dennis grahn, seems bemused. " we really stumbled on this by accident, " he said. " we wanted to get a model for studying heat dissipation. " but for more than a decade now, grahn and biology professor h. craig heller have been pursuing a serendipitous find : by taking advantage of specialized heat - transfer veins in the palms of hands, they can rapidly cool athletes ' core temperatures – and dramatically improve exercise recovery and performance. the team is finally nearing a commercial version of their specialized heat extraction device, known as " the glove, " and they ' ve seen their share of media coverage. but what hasn ' t been discussed is why the glove works the way it does, and what that tells us about why our muscles become fatigued. for heller and grahn, the story starts, improbably, with a longstanding question about bears. black bears are extremely well - insulated animals, equipped with a heavy coat of fur and a thick layer of subcutaneous fat that help them maintain their body temperature as they hibernate through winter. but once spring arrives and temperatures rise, these same bears face a greater risk of overheating than of hypothermia. how do they dump heat without changing insulation layers? heller and grahn discovered that bears and, in fact, nearly all mammals have built - in radiators : hairless areas of the body that feature extensive networks of veins very close to the surface of the skin. rabbits have them in their ears, rats have them in their tails, dogs have them in their tongues. heat transfer with


in radiators : hairless areas of the body that feature extensive networks of veins very close to the surface of the skin. rabbits have them in their ears, rats have them in their tails, dogs have them in their tongues. heat transfer with the environment overwhelmingly occurs on these relatively small patches of skin. when you look at a thermal scan of a bear, the animal is mostly indistinguishable from the background. but the pads of the bear ' s feet and the tip of the nose look like they ' re on fire. these networks of veins, known as avas ( arteriovenous anastomoses ) seem exclusively devoted to rapid temperature management. they don ' t supply nutrition to the skin, and they have highly variable blood flow, ranging from negligible in cold weather to as much as 60 percent of total cardiac output during hot weather or exercise. coolers and vacuums in humans, avas show up in several places, including the face and feet, but the researchers ' glove targets our most prominent radiator structures – in the palms of our hands. the newest version of the device is a rigid plastic mitt, attached by a hose to what looks like a portable cooler. when grahn sticks his hand in the airtight glove, the device creates a slight vacuum. the veins in the palm expand, drawing blood into the avas, where it is rapidly cooled by water circulating through the glove ' s plastic lining. the method is more convenient than, say, full - body submersion in ice water, and avoids the pitfalls of other rapid palm - cooling strategies. because blood flow to the avas can be nearly shut off in cold weather, making the hand too cold will have almost no effect on core temperature. cooling, grahn says, is therefore a delicate balance. " you have to stay above the local vasoconstriction threshold, " said grahn. " and what do you get if you go under? you get a cold hand. " even in prototype form, the researchers ' device proved enormously efficient at altering body temperature. the glove ' s early successes were actually in increasing the core temperature of surgery patients recovering from anesthesia. " we built a silly device, took it over to the recovery room and, lo and behold, it worked beyond our wildest imaginations, " heller explained. " whereas it was taking them hours to re - warm patients coming into the recovery room, we were doing it in eight, nine minutes.


the recovery room and, lo and behold, it worked beyond our wildest imaginations, " heller explained. " whereas it was taking them hours to re - warm patients coming into the recovery room, we were doing it in eight, nine minutes. " but the glove ' s effects on athletic performance didn ' t become apparent until the researchers began using the glove to cool a member of the lab – the confessed " gym rat " and frequent coauthor vinh cao – between sets of pull - ups. the glove seemed to nearly erase his muscle fatigue ; after multiple rounds, cooling allowed him to do just as many pull - ups as he did the first time around. so the researchers started cooling him after every other set of pull - ups. " then in the next six weeks he went from doing 180 pull - ups total to over 620, " said heller. " that was a rate of physical performance improvement that was just unprecedented. " the researchers applied the cooling method to other types of exercise – bench press, running, cycling. in every case, rates of gain in recovery were dramatic, without any evidence of the body being damaged by overwork – hence the " better than steroids " claim. versions of the glove have since been adopted by the stanford football and track and field teams, as well as other college athletics programs, the san francisco 49ers, the oakland raiders and manchester united soccer club. the elegant muscle but what does overheating have to do with fatigue in the first place? much of the lab ' s recent research can be summed up with grahn ' s statement that " temperature is a primary limiting factor for performance. " but the researchers were at a loss to understand why until recently. in 2009, it was discovered that muscle pyruvate kinase, or mpk, an enzyme that muscles need in order to generate chemical energy, was highly temperature - sensitive. at normal body temperature, the enzyme is active – but as temperatures rise, some of the enzyme begins to deform into the inactive state. by the time muscle temperatures near 104 degrees fahrenheit, mpk activity completely shuts down. there ' s a very good biological reason for this shutdown. as a muscle cell increases its activity, it heats up. but if this process continues for too long, the cell will self - destruct. by shutting itself down below a critical temperature threshold, mpk serves as an elegant self - regulation system for the muscle. " your muscle cells are saying, " you can ' t work that


the angel gabriel interrupts mary at her devotions and announces, " you shall conceive and bear a son, and you shall give him the name jesus. " ( luke 1 : 31 ) in an attitude of humility, mary sits on the plain tiled floor, eyes downcast, and raises her hands in surprise. gabriel, dressed in white with multi - colored wings, kneels and points towards the circular window above, indicating the presence of god. with his other hand he draws back the curtain of the canopy. dieric bouts painted the scene in a lucid and spatially convincing setting. the room at the left is simply described : a barrel ceiling, a marble column with two steps leading up to the room, and a stained glass window. a mood of solemnity, suitable for prayer, pervades the scene. in this somber setting bouts ' s use of bright red for the drapery seems unusual. it may signify the passion, forecasting the death of christ, or it may be purely decorative since bouts used this color in other compositions. the annunciation belongs to a set of five paintings that originally constituted a polyptych representing scenes from the life of jesus christ. it was probably the upper left panel of an altarpiece that included paintings of the adoration of the magi, entombment ( upper right ), resurrection ( lower right ), and perhaps the crucifixion in the center.


electrical inductance sensors are non - contact devices that measure the inductance of an electrical component or system. they consist of a wire loop or coils and are relatively inexpensive. inductance, the property of a circuit or circuit element to oppose a change in current flow, refers to the capacity of a conductor to produce a magnetic field. the standard unit of inductance is the henry ( h ). because the henry is a large unit, electrical inductance sensors often measure inductance in microhenry ( µh ) or millihenry ( mh ) levels. electrical inductance sensors contain a nickel - iron core shaft that rotates within the coil around the material. the inductance measured by an electrical inductance sensor depends on the number of turns in the coil, the type of material around which the coil rotates, and the radius of the coil. with the rotation of the shaft, displacement occurs within the coil and generates inductance. this displacement produces signals that can be measured by an inductance meter and recorded. most inductance meters are digital, hand held devices suitable for measuring inductance of very low value. the results of the inductance calculation can be plotted as a graph for future study. selecting electrical inductance sensors requires a careful analysis of product specifications and application requirements. most electrical inductance sensors have a standard accuracy variance of less than 0. 5 % when measured on full scale. for best results, an electrical inductance sensor should be able to generate an output signal of at least 4 - 20 ma. typically, a sensor ’ s measurement range is approximately 30 % of the coil diameter. for high precision measurements, the thickness of the coil should be at least 0. 025 inches ( in. ). electrical inductance sensors are used in many different applications. some electrical sensors are used in the automotive industry and the power industry. other electrical sensors are used in constructing planar transformers, generating electrical magnetic fields, and monitoring the inductance of an electrical component. electrical sensors such as electrical inductance sensors are widely used for detecting the presence of electrical voltage in equipments, and defective grounds.


please note that the topic hubs developed by this center have been archived and are no longer being updated. glrppr has converted several of its topic hubs to libguides, which allowed for integration of some social features. view the converted hubs, as well as other libguides related to pollution prevention and sustainability, in the university of illinois ' libguides community. regulatory integration : browse by keyword air pollution / air quality / air quality control / alabama / awards / california / case studies / cleaner production / compliance / connecticut / construction contracts / drinking water / energy policy / enforcement / environmental auditing / environmental policy / factory and trade waste / federal government / fiberglass / florida / georgia / government agencies / great lakes region / groundwater / hazardous waste / hazardous waste disposal / hazardous waste generators / illinois / incentives / indiana / inspection / iowa / laws and legislation / legislative bodies / legislators / licenses / local government / manufacturers / massachusetts / michigan / minnesota / municipal government / nebraska / new jersey / ohio / permits / potw / public works / remediation / standards / state governments / styrene / sustainable development / technical assistance / texas / united states. environmental protection agency / virginia / waste / waste disposal / waste management / waste reduction / wastewater / water pollution / water quality / wisconsin alphabetical listing of reference documents by title note : [ pdf ] links require acrobat reader from adobe. clean energy - environment guide to action [ pdf ] abstract : the clean energy - environment guide to action identifies and describes 16 clean energy policies and strategies that states have used to meet their clean energy objectives. it describes how states are successfully expanding the role of clean energy in the u. s. energy system and shares the experience and lessons learned from successful state clean energy policies. epa developed the guide to action to help states learn from each other as they develop their own clean energy programs and policies. state energy offices, public utility commissions, environmental regulators, other state policymakers, and their stakeholders can use the guide to analyze and implement policies and programs that effectively integrate clean energy into a low - cost, clean, reliable energy system for their state. states participating in the clean energy - environment state partnership will use the guide to action to develop a clean energy - environment state action plan for using new or existing policies and programs to increase the use of cost - effective clean energy. ( pdf format ; length : 361 pages ) source : u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) environmental council of the states abstract :


action plan for using new or existing policies and programs to increase the use of cost - effective clean energy. ( pdf format ; length : 361 pages ) source : u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) environmental council of the states abstract : environmental council of the states ( ecos ), is a national non - profit, non - partisan association of state and territorial environmental commissioners. source : environmental council of the states illinois epa : regulatory integration abstract : this portion of the illinois epa office of pollution prevention ( opp ) web site provides an overview of opp ' s efforts to work with the agency ' s regulatory programs to integrate p2 into their mainstream functions. included are brief summaries of " special regulatory integration projects " in which opp has partnered with regulatory programs on targeted efforts to promote p2 during inspection activities. source : illinois environmental protection agency ( epa ) indiana department of environmental management pollution prevention regulatory integration abstract : goal : develop, in coordination with the program offices, recommendations and make decisions on implementation for specific pollution prevention integration goals and projects for the permitting, compliance assurance and enforcement programs. source : idem oppta integrating p2 into the permit writing process [ pdf ] abstract : this report from the kansas sbeap provides guidance for permit writers in promoting pollution prevention. ( pdf format ; length : 8 pages ) source : kansas small business environmental assistance program ( sbeap ) pollution prevention institute ( ppi ) iowa department of natural resources ( dnr ). abstract : this collaborative effort within the dnr? s assistance and regulatory units improves communication between businesses whose waste production is regulated by the dnr and its problem - solving resource units. source : iowa department of natural resources ( dnr ). is epa ' s performance track running off the rails? abstract : since its creation in 2000 as a program that relaxes regulatory oversight on companies with exemplary environmental performance, the u. s. epa? s performance track has come under fire for bending over backward in favor of polluters. when first enacted, performance track was touted as a voluntary means to improve habitat protection, water and energy use, and waste reduction? areas over which the epa has little regulatory authority. but moves to abolish the reporting that could help improve pollution technologies, together with changes that might allow companies to break their promises, have placed performance track under scrutiny. article by janet pelley. source : environmental science & technology measuring pollution prevention ( p2 ) regulatory integration : review of other states? efforts and recommendations for action ( 2000 ) [


allow companies to break their promises, have placed performance track under scrutiny. article by janet pelley. source : environmental science & technology measuring pollution prevention ( p2 ) regulatory integration : review of other states? efforts and recommendations for action ( 2000 ) [ pdf ] abstract : this report, compiled by the tellus institute for the ohio epa, offers a review of the breadth and depth of the efforts by 11 state p2 programs to measure the progress of their p2 regulatory integration activities. source : tellus institute ( for the ohio epa ) michigan clean corporate citizen ( c3 ) program abstract : this portion of the michigan department of environmental quality web site describes the clean corporate citizen ( c3 ) program and provides links to all related annual reports, application forms, and other documentation. the c3 program allows regulated establishments that have demonstrated environmental stewardship and a strong environmental ethic through their operations in michigan to be recognized as clean corporate citizens. the c3 program is built on the concept that these michigan facilities can be relied upon to carry out their environmental protection responsibilities without rigorous oversight, and should enjoy greater permitting flexibility than those that have not demonstrated that level of environmental awareness. clean corporate citizens who voluntarily participate in this program will receive public recognition and are entitled to certain regulatory benefits, including expedited permits. source : michigan department of environmental quality ( deq ) michigan department of environmental quality : regulatory integration abstract : this portion of the michigan deq environmental assistance division web site provides an overview of the agency ' s regulatory integration efforts. included are information on the agency ' s staff awards, p2 and drinking water, p2 integration tools, p2 financial assistance, and p2 field services, as well as issues of p2 revue and related links. source : michigan department of environmental quality ( deq ) national environmental performance track abstract : designed to motivate and reward facilities that go beyond compliance with regulatory requirements to attain levels of environmental performance that benefit people, communities, and the environment. source : u. s. epa ny : first lady silda wall spitzer announces green building initiatives abstract : first lady silda wall spitzer and david d. brown, executive director of the dormitory authority of the state of new york ( dasny ), today announced two important initiatives to promote the construction of green homes and state - owned buildings throughout the state. building on her effort to encourage homeowners throughout the state to incorporate simple energy reduction features into their homes, the first lady announced that the administration will offer legislation that offers a direct incentive to homeown


homes and state - owned buildings throughout the state. building on her effort to encourage homeowners throughout the state to incorporate simple energy reduction features into their homes, the first lady announced that the administration will offer legislation that offers a direct incentive to homeowners who build or renovate homes that meet green building criteria. the amount of the incentive will be based on the size of the home, with a cap of $ 10, 000 per home, and help offset the typical 5 percent increase in construction costs when " green " or " sustainable " features are incorporated. the dormitory authority announced that beginning in 2008, all new state construction projects and major renovations managed by the dormitory authority will meet leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) standards established by the united states green building council. the leed green building rating system is an internationally recognized program for the design, construction, and maintenance of high - performance green buildings. leed addresses all aspects of building construction and operation, including energy efficiency, land use, water conservation and re - use, indoor air quality, renewable energy, non - toxic landscaping practices, and recycling. source : dormitory authority of the state of new york ohio environmental protection agency abstract : oh epa uses innovation, quality service, and public involvement to ensure a safe and healthy environment for all ohioans. their mission is to protect the environment and public health by ensuring compliance & demonstrating stewardship. source : ohio environmental protection agency ongoing efforts by state regulatory agencies to integrate pollution prevention into their activities abstract : while the vast majority of state p2 initiatives remain focused on providing non - regulatory assistance to industry, there is an increasing effort in many states to modify regulatory programs to incorporate p2 approaches. source : u. s. epa, office of pollution prevention and toxics pollution prevention regulatory integration case studies [ pdf ] abstract : case studies provided by individuals and organizations actively working to integrate p2 into core environmental regulatory programs. includes state, national, and international projects. source : national pollution prevention roundtable pollution prevention integration and innovation ( p2i2 ) workgroup pollution prevention success stories abstract : this document highlights 26 p2 success stories spread over a wide spectrum. included are examples of successful regulatory integration. text version available at http : / / www. epa. gov / p2 / docs / p2case. txt. source : us epa small business assistance? permit primer ( wisconsin ) abstract : the permit primer is an interactive web page that helps wisconsin businesses determine which environmental permits and licenses they need. it also links users to


p2case. txt. source : us epa small business assistance? permit primer ( wisconsin ) abstract : the permit primer is an interactive web page that helps wisconsin businesses determine which environmental permits and licenses they need. it also links users to pollution prevention tips, contacts, statutes and more. includes sections on water supply, storm water, solid waste, hazardous waste, waterway and wetland permits, and air. source : wisconsin department of natural resources state regulatory innovations laws? comparison [ pdf ] abstract : comparison of state laws that authorize regulatory innovation pilot projects. brief overview & description of each law, requirements for environmental performance, stakeholder process, waiver authority & termination process. source : minnesota pollution control agency summary : ohio epa p2 integration activities ( thru july 1999 ) [ pdf ] abstract : annotated list of ohio epa p2 integration accomplishments and activities until july 1999. serves as a baseline for measurement of p2 integration progress at ohio epa. source : ohio epa, office of pollution prevention toxic use reduction institute ( turi ) : government programs abstract : policy research assesses, develops, and evaluates specific initiatives that public agencies can implement to reduce the use of toxic chemicals and the generation of toxic byproducts by industry and communities. the institute also has worked with environmental agencies to help them more fully integrate pollution prevention into their public administration activities and operations. source : toxic use reduction institute ( turi ) wisconsin department of natural resources cooperative environmental assistance ( cea ) abstract : the cea bureau coordinates and integrates p2, waste reduction, and other voluntary approaches to environmental protection within wi dnr, and investigates and supports innovative, non - regulatory incentives to promote environmental protection. source : wisconsin department of natural resources wisconsin green tier program abstract : building on the successes of the environmental cooperation pilot program, green tier creates co - benefits for businesses aspiring to differentiate themselves by systematically delivering superior environmental performance. green tier is based on a collaborative system of contracts and charters crafted jointly by participating businesses and the dnr. these contracts and charters streamline environmental requirements in many cases and encourage new environmental technologies. source : wisconsin department of natural resources


encyclopedia vol. 2 appendix part 1 fossils and strata the only past evidence available to us of the evolution from one species through transitional species to others is the fossil record in the sedimentary * mcloughlin assures us that the proof of evolution is available, and that it is to be found in the evidence in the rocks. [ after considering archbishop ussher ' s famous chronology as being a search for the limits of time on our planet : ] " today we continue archbishop ussher ' s search, but we now use a far more accurate source of information than his bible. from the beginning of its history, the earth has maintained a detailed geological journal.. " * j. c. mcloughlin, archosauria ( 1979 ), p. 1. the case for evolution rests in the rocks. " if evolution has taken place, there [ on the rocks ] will its mark be left : if it has not taken place, there will be its refutation. " h. enoch, quoting t. h. huxley in evolution or creation, ( 1966 ), p. 51. * pierre grass agrees. " naturalists must remember that the process of evolution is revealed only through fossil forms. a knowledge of paleontology is, therefore a prerequisite ; only paleontology can provide the evidence of evolution and reveal its course or mechanism. " * pierre paul grasse, evolution of living organisms ( 1977 ), p. 4. the evidence for the theory that counts will be evidence shown in the " the really crucial evidence for evolution must be provided by the paleontologist whose business it is to study the evidence of the fossil record. " * w. e. le gros clark ( 1955 ), p. 7. it can provide us with the only evidence available. " evolution, if it has occurred, can in a rather loose sense be called a historical process ; and therefore, to show that it has occurred, historical evidence is required.. the only evidence available is that provided by the fossils. " * w. r. thompson, introduction to * charles darwin, origin of the species ( 1956 ed. ). but the truth is that the geological evidence is of little help to the evolutionary " geology, however, has been notably unforthcoming, and instead of being the chief support of darwin ' s theory, it is one of its moat serious weaknesses. " * gertrude himmelfarb, darwin and the darwinian revolution ( 1962 ), p. 330. facts supporting evolution are not to be found


of being the chief support of darwin ' s theory, it is one of its moat serious weaknesses. " * gertrude himmelfarb, darwin and the darwinian revolution ( 1962 ), p. 330. facts supporting evolution are not to be found in the fossils, so faith alone must suffice. " the more one studies paleontology, the more certain one becomes that evolution based on faith alone, exactly the same sort of faith which it is necessary to have when one encounters the great mysteries of religion. " * louis trenchard more, the dogma of evolution ( 1925 ). [ dean of graduate school of university of cincinnati, and a * darwin ' s champion and " bulldog " admitted the total absence of evidence from the strata for evolutionary theory. " to say, therefore, in the admitted absence of evidence [ for evolution ], that i have any belief as to the mode in which the existing forms of life have originated would be using words in a wrong sense.. i have no right to call my opinion anything but an act of philosophical faith. " * thomas henry huxley, discourses biological and geological ( 1896 ad. ), pp. 256 - 257. * allen deplores the sorry state of historical geology, which encompasses both paleontology ( fossil study ) and stratigraphy ( strata study ), which is supposed to provide us with evidence from the past for the evolution of plants, animals, and man. " because of the sterility of its concepts, historical geology, which includes paleontology and stratigraphy, has become static and unproductive. current methods.. of establishing chronology are of dubious validity. worse than that, the criteria of correlationthe attempt to equate in time, a synchronize the geological history of one area with that of anotherare logically vulnerable. the findings of historical geology are suspect because the principles upon which they are based are either inadequate, in which case they should be discarded or reformulated. most of us refuse to discard or reformulate, and the result is the present deplorable state of our discipline. " * robin s. allen, " geological correlation anal paleoecology, " bulletin of the geological society of america, january 1948, p. 2. a london anatomy professor summarizes it in this manner : " paleontology, or the study of fossils, provides the really crucial evidence concerning the evolution of the hominidae in the past. however extensive and compelling it may be, the evidence for evolution


anatomy professor summarizes it in this manner : " paleontology, or the study of fossils, provides the really crucial evidence concerning the evolution of the hominidae in the past. however extensive and compelling it may be, the evidence for evolution based on the study of red living today can be only indirect.. direct evidence of evolution must depend on actual demonstration from the fossil record of a succession of stages representing the transformation of ark ancestral into a descendant type.. that evolution did occur can be scientifically established only by fossilized representative samples of those intermediate types that have been postulated on the basis of indirect evidence. " * michael day, article, " man, " in encyclopedia britannica, vol. 11 ( 19n ed. ), p. 420. 2. the fossil hunters millions of fossil specimens have boon located, preserved, shipped to universities and museums for study and categorization and then stored. how do men obtain and process 1 - selecting the area to search. fossil seekerswhether they be amateur rock hounds, pebble puppies, or professional paleontologists ; first go to locations where larger quantities of fossils have been discovered. for example, if one wants to find dinosaurs he will probably go to colorado, wyoming, or alberta, canada. the best collecting areas are those places where wind, water, or highway excavation has cut deep into the rocks and exposed large areas. in such paces, one does not have to dig as far to find fossils. 2 - beginning the search.. plants or invertebrate ( backboneless ) animals will be found inside rocks, so the fossil hunter split rocks open to locate them. to find the larger animals, a search is made for fragments of bone which might be sticking out of the ground. then other bones must be found that match it the searcher begins with larger tools, but switches to smaller ones when he comes to the bones. final cleaning of skeletons is done with small awls and paintbrushes, 3. protecting the finds in the field. as each bone is uncovered, it is given a protective coating of shellac or a quick - drying plastic. then it is covered with strips of wet paper, over which are wrapped strips of burlap dipped in plaster of paris. this forms a protective " jacket " larger bones may be strengthened by placing sticks inside the jacket. when the plaster has hardened, the specimen is rolled over and a jacket is placed on the 3 - protecting the finds in the field. as. as each bone is uncovered,


" jacket " larger bones may be strengthened by placing sticks inside the jacket. when the plaster has hardened, the specimen is rolled over and a jacket is placed on the 3 - protecting the finds in the field. as. as each bone is uncovered, it is given a protective coating of shellac or a quick - drying plastic. then it is covered with strips of wet paper, over which are wrapped strips of burlap dipped in plaster of saris. this forms a protective " jacket. " larger bones may be strengthened by placing sticks inside the jacket. when the plaster has hardened, the specimen is rolled over and a jacket is places do the other side. 4 - final work back in the museum. 4 - final work back in the museum. final work back in the museum. final work back in the museum. upon arriving at the museum, it is then fully uncovered, given a better cleaning, and plaster is added to fill out broken or missing parts. the piece is then classified and either added to the already, huge fossil stockpiles, or, if it is a particularly good specimen, it may be put on display. specimens for display are mounted. for a shelf mount, specimens are merely cleaned and set on a shelf for people to look at. for a bas - relief mount, technicians clean off the best side of the skeleton, strengthen the other side with plaster, and then fasten the slab to the wall. for a free mount, each bone is removed from the rock, cleaned, and strengthened. then a small model is made to indicate the position of all the bones in the finished mount. a steel framework is welded together, and the bones are fastened to the outside of the framework, hiding the steel. once completed, the skeleton appears to stand by itself. 5 - has it been worth it? when you stop to think about it, millions of man - hours and entire lives have been devoted to the urgent task of finding transitional species. but it has been a total failure ; all the paleontologists have found have been distinct species. in addition, there is nothing inherent in the fossils or the strata by which to date any of the rocks or their contents. 3. the experts speak the scientists themselves recognize that the flaws! n the fossil evidence are simply too great. the rocks and their fossils simply do not support evolutionary theory : * charles darwin recognized in his time that the fossil evidence was lacking for the origin of species and their transition from one species to another. but he said that later fossil discoveries would vindicate


. the rocks and their fossils simply do not support evolutionary theory : * charles darwin recognized in his time that the fossil evidence was lacking for the origin of species and their transition from one species to another. but he said that later fossil discoveries would vindicate his position. yet a century of fossil exploration has failed to do that. " darwin set aside most of the fossil evidence for evolution with the proposal that it was massively incomplete. but there were polemic rather than scientific reasons for this attitude because he insisted on gradualistic evolution which most fossils did not substantiate. but the fossil record can no longer be set aside as woefully incomplete. more than 100 years of study demand instead that the gradualistic concept be reassessed. " * j. b. waterhouse, " the role of fossil communities in the biostratigraphical record and in evolution, " in * j. gray and * a. j. " historical biogeography, plate tectonics, and the changing environment " ( 1979 ), in proceedings of the 37th annual biology colloquium ( 1979 ), p. 249 - 250. so little paleontolgical evidence is available, that darwinism has to be read into the rocks,, not out of them! " the record of the rocks is decidedly against evolutionists. " * sir william dawson, geologist. the fossilized record book declares that evolution is based on faith alone. the more one studies paleontology, the more certain one becomes that evolution is based on faith alone ; exactly the same sort of faith which it is necessary to have when one encounters the great mysteries of religion. the changes that are noted as time progresses show no orderly and no consecutive evolutionary chain, and above all, they give us no clue whatever as to the cause of variations. evolutionists would have us believe that they have photographed a succession of fauna and flora, and have arranged them on a vast moving picture 51m. the evidence from paleontology is for discontinuity [ separate species ] ; only by faith and imagination is there continuity [ evolution ] of variation. " * louis t. more, the dogma of evolution, also presented in a series of lectures delivered at princeton university. the fossil evidence provides no particular evidence in support of " the fossil record doesn ' t even provide any evidence in support of darwinian theory except in the weak sense that the fossil record is compatible with it ; just as it is compatible with other evolutionary theories, and revolutionary theories, and special creationist theories


" the fossil record doesn ' t even provide any evidence in support of darwinian theory except in the weak sense that the fossil record is compatible with it ; just as it is compatible with other evolutionary theories, and revolutionary theories, and special creationist theories and even ahistorical [ nonhistorical ] theories. " * david b. kitts, " search for the holy transformation, " paleobiology, vol. 5, summer 1979, p. 353. " no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory of evolution over special creation. " * mark ridley, " who doubts evolution? " new scientist, vol. 90, june 25, 1981, p. 831. " but the facts of paleontology conform equally well with other interpretations.. e. g., divine creation, etc., and paleontology by itself can neither prove nor refute such ideas. " * dwight davis, " comparative anatomy and the evolution of vertebrates. " in * jepsen, * mayr and * simpson ( sort. hors ), genetics, paleontology and evolution ( 1949 ), p. 74. " the fossil evidence could be consistent with the idea of a great designer. " * carl sagan, cosmos ( 1980 ). p. 29. adherence to darwin ' s theory has locked paleontologists into a position which their research does not vindicate : " contrary to popular myths, darwin and lyell were not the heroes of true science.. paleontologists have paid an exorbitant price for darwin ' s argument. we fancy ourselves as the only true students of life ' s history, yet to preserve our favored account of evolution by natural selection we view our data as so bad that we never see the very process we profess to study. " * stephen jay gould, " evolution ' s erratic pace, " natural history, vol. 88, may 1977, p. 12, 14. [ gould is a professor at harvard university teaching geology, biology, and the history of science. ] the fossil hunters have little hope that their profession will accomplish its task within the foreseeable future. " likewise, paleontologists do their best to make sense out of the fossil record and sketch in evolutionary sequences or unfossilized morphologies without realistic hope of obtaining specific verification within the foreseeable future. " * donald r. griffin, " a possible window on the minds of


to make sense out of the fossil record and sketch in evolutionary sequences or unfossilized morphologies without realistic hope of obtaining specific verification within the foreseeable future. " * donald r. griffin, " a possible window on the minds of animals, " american scientist, vol. 84, september - october 1978, p. 534. the geologic column theory of evolution is supposed to show gradual evolutionary progression of life forms, but it fails to do just that : five - kingdom system may appear, at first glance, to record an inevitable progress in the history of life that i have often opposed in these columns. increasing diversity and multiple transitions seem to reflect a determined and inexorable progression toward higher things. but the paleontolgical record supports no such interpretation. there has been no steady progress in the higher development of organic design. " * stephen j. gould, natural history, 85 ( 8 ) : 37 ( 1978 ). not only christians, but scientistsand even paleontologistsare coming to the conclusion that darwin ' s theory is incorrect. " evolution.. is not only under attack by fundamentalist christians, but is also being questioned by reputable scientists. among paleontologist, scientists who study the fossil record, there is growing dissent from the prevailing view of darwinism. " * james gorman, " the tortoise or the hare? " discover, october 1980, p. the facts written in the rocks are totally separate from the theories taught by " so the geological time scale and the basic facts of biological change over time are totally independent of evolutionary theory. " in the years after darwin, his advocates hoped to find predictable progressions. in general, these have not been foundyet the optimism has died hard, and some pure fantasy has crept into textbooks. " * david m. " evolution and me fossil record " in science, july 17, 1981, p. 289. evolutionary theory is a false science, founded on assumptions based on assumptions. " through use or abuse of hidden postulates, of bolo, often ill - founded extrapolations, a pseudoscience has been seated. it is taking root in the very heart of biology and is leading astray many biochemists and biologists, who sincerely believe that the accuracy of fundamental concepts has been demonstrated, which is not the case. " * p. grasse, in the evolution of living organisms ( 1977 ), p. 8. the transitional forms are just not there. " the extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil


has been demonstrated, which is not the case. " * p. grasse, in the evolution of living organisms ( 1977 ), p. 8. the transitional forms are just not there. " the extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record persists as the trade secret of paleontology. the evolutionary trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips and nodes of their branches ; the rest is inference, however reasonable, not the evidence of fossils. " op. cit., p. 14. only the fossil record can provide past evidence of evolution, and this it does not do. " although the fossil record forms our only direct evidence of the course of evolutionary.. history, it is notoriously incomplete. " * j. w. valentine, " phanerozoic taxonomic diversity : a test of alternate models, " in science, if evolutionary theory had been correct, vast numbers of transitional species ought to have been found. " even if a number of species were known to biology which were indeed perfectly intermediate, possessing organ systems that were unarguably transitional in the sense required by the evolutionary model of nature, to refute typology and securely validate evolutionary claims would necessitate hundreds of thousands or even thousands [ of thousands ] of different species, all unambiguously intermediate in terms of their overall biology and the physiology and anatomy of all their organ systems. " * michael denton, in evolution : a theory in crisis ( 1985 ), p. 117. * hoffman tells us that all the arguments among the fossil hunters may have helped them understand what they are trying to accomplish, but it has not helped them accomplish it. the task before them has been to provide evidence of evolution. " all the recent paleobiological debates have, in my opinion, contributed much to the conceptualization of paleobiological research itself, but nothing to evolutionary biology. this is not to say that paleobiologists cannot contribute to evolutionary biology. i contend only that they have not done so. " * a. hoffman, " paleobiology at the crossroads : a critique of some modern paleobiological research programs, " in dimensions of darwinism ( 1983 ), p. 241. a leading expert on fossils suggests not only that transitional fossil species are not existent, but that the theory being pursued is a will - of - the - wisp that is little more than a scholastic myth : " i conclude that instances of fossils overturning theories of relationship based on recent organisms are


transitional fossil species are not existent, but that the theory being pursued is a will - of - the - wisp that is little more than a scholastic myth : " i conclude that instances of fossils overturning theories of relationship based on recent organisms are very rare, and may be nonexistent. it follows that the widespread belief that fossils are the only or best means of determining evolutionary relationships is a myth. tracing how this myth came to be an article of faith among biologists [ an ' idol of the academy ' ] should be an interesting study in the sociology of science ; it seems to have followed, as an unquestioned corollary, from acceptance of evolution. " * colin patterson, " significance of fossils in determining evolutionary relationships, " in annual review ecology and systematics ( 1981 ), p. 218. the evidence is lacking for the theory that living forms all descended from a common ancestor. " the attempt to explain all living forms in terms of an evolution from a unique source, though a brave and valid attempt, is one that is premature and not satisfactorily supposed by present - day evidence. " * g. kerkut, in implications of evolution ( 1977 ), p. 6. pitman provides us with an excellent summary of the problem : " cambrian rocks exhibit an explosion of life, so termed. all kingdoms and subkingdoms are represented in the geologic record from here onward. so are all classes except vertebrates, insects, moss corals, and the extinct trilobites and graptolites. divisions of the plant kingdom, except algae and fungi, appear later. no new phylum ( a division ) has arisen for 350 million years, and there is a complete absence of transitional series between any two phyla. in excess of 5, 000 species adorn the cambrian layers. " * michael pitman, adam and evolution ( 1984 ), p. 190. here is a companion statement : " evolution has to explain not only persistent species but persistent kinds. as regards classification, all kingdoms and subkingdoms are represented from the cambrian onward. all classes of the animal kingdom are represented from the cambrian onward except insects ( devonian onward ) and ( perhaps ) vertebrates and moss - corals from the ordovician [ onward ]. all phyla in the plant kingdom are represented from the triassic onward except bacteria, algae, ( algae, with bacteria and fungi, occur from the pre - cambrian onward ) ; mosses and horsetails


from the ordovician [ onward ]. all phyla in the plant kingdom are represented from the triassic onward except bacteria, algae, ( algae, with bacteria and fungi, occur from the pre - cambrian onward ) ; mosses and horsetails ( silurian onward ) ; diatoms ( jurassic onward ) and flowering plants ( cretaceous onward ). as we noted earlier, orders and families ( as well as kingdoms, phyla and classes ) appear suddenly in the fossil record, with no indication of transitional forms from earlier types. the is the case even for most genera and species. index - fossil sequences such as micraster, ammonites and trilobites indicate only variation ( ' microevolution ' ). " * op. cit., p. 236. the study of fossils reveals " vast stretches of little or no change and one evolutionary burst that created the entire system. " " increasing diversity and multiple transitions seem to reflect a determined and inexorable progression toward higher things. but the paleontological record supports no such interpretation. there has been no steady progress in the higher development of organic design. we have had, instead, vast stretches of little or no change and one evolutionary burst that created the entire system. " * stephen jay gould, " the five kingdoms, " in natural history, june - july 1976, p. 37. when new species did appear, they appeared suddenly, and with no links to previous species. " new species almost always appeared suddenly in the fossil record with no intermediate links to ancestors in older rocks of the same region. " * s. j. gould, " evolution ' s erratic pace, " in natural history, may 1977, p. 12. evolutionary theory is based on group preferences, rather than on any scientific data : " i know that at least in paleoanthropology, data are still so sparse that theories heavily influence interpretations. theories have, in the past, clearly reflected our current ideologies instead of actual data. " * david pilbeam, " rearranging our family tree, " in human nature june : 45 ( 1978 ). [ yale fossil experts well know that the evidence in the sedimentary rocks provides no defense against the creationist view that god created the world : " no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory of evolution as opposed to special creation. " * mark ridley, " who doubts evolution? " in new scientist, 90


" no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory of evolution as opposed to special creation. " * mark ridley, " who doubts evolution? " in new scientist, 90 : 830 - 831 ( 1981 ). ( oxford university zoologist. ) uniformitarianism vs. catastrophism the theory of uniformitarianism teaches that " all things continue as they were from the beginning " ( 2 peter 3 : 4 ; read 2 peter 3 : 3 - 7 ). this theory declares that all past history has been just like our own time in regard to flooding, atmospheric conditions, and orogenic ( mountain building ) activity. in contrast, creationists hold to the position that a massive cataclysm of immense proportions occurred only a few thousand years ago. that crisis was the genesis flood, recorded in genesis 8 to 9. * lyell was the first to widely champion the theory of " opposed to the line of thinking was sir charles lyell ( 1797 - 1875 ), a contemporary of cuvier, who held that earth changes were gradual, taking place at the same uniform slowness that they are today. lyell is thus credited with the propagation of the premise that more or less has guided geological thought ever since, namely, that the present is the key to the past. in essence, lyell ' s doctrine of uniformitarianism stated that past geological progress operated in the same manner and at the same rate it does today. " * j. h. zumberge, elements of geology, 2nd. edition, ( 1963 ), p. 200. the uniformitarian theory provides a neatly - wrapped package, inside of which is the evolutionary geologic theory : " this is the great underlying principle of modern geology and is known as the principle of uniformitarianism.. without the principle of uniformitarianism there could hardly be a science of geology that was more than pure description. " * william thornbury, principles of geomorphology ( 1954 ), pp. 16 - 17. " uniformitarian thinking compels us to recognize, in the record of the rocks, the slow unfolding of diverse sequence of events whose full display is beyond our comprehension. " * w. dickinson, " uniformitarianism and plate tectonics, " in science 174 : 107. ( we should here mention that there is a type of uniform pattern in nature with which we can well agree : the unalterable laws governing the natural world


dickinson, " uniformitarianism and plate tectonics, " in science 174 : 107. ( we should here mention that there is a type of uniform pattern in nature with which we can well agree : the unalterable laws governing the natural world. ) " uniformitarianism is a dual concept. substantive uniformitarianism ( a testable theory of geologic change postulating uniformity of rates of material conditions ) is false and stifling to hypothesis formation. methodological uniformitarianism ( a procedural principle asserting spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws ) belongs to the definition of science and is not unique to geology. " * stephen jay gould, " is uniformitarianism necessary? " american journal of science, vol. 263, march 1985, p. 223. ( harvard university. ) " substantive uniformitarianism as a descriptive theory has not withstood the test of new data and can no longer be maintained in any strict manner. " j. gould, " is uniformitarianism necessary? " in journal of paleontology, march, 1956, p. 227. it has been admitted that one reason uniformitarianism was adopted was as an attempt to explain geological evidence for the genesis flood in a totally different " frequently the doctrine of uniformitarianism is used fruitfully to explain the anti - catastrophist viewpoint of history. " * james w. valentine, " the present is the key to the present, " journal of geological education, vol. xiv, april 1986, p. 60. " it is both easy and tempting.. to adopt a neocatastrophist attitude to the fossil record.. this is a heady wine and has intoxicated paleontologists since the day when they could blame it all on noah ' s flood. " * derek v. alter, the nature of the stratigraphical record, p. 19. ) department of geology and oceanography, university cc " of swansea, england. ] " catastrophism is a fighting word among geologists. it is a theory based on divine intervention, and its adherents held that the history of the earth and life on it were moved by a series of disasters inspired by god. " * newsweek, december but there are other scientists who object, declaring that the uniformitarian theory is totally inaccurate, when viewed in accordance with the facts : " there are many other reasons why we should not blandly accept the doctrine of uniformitarianism. " * e. haylmun, " should we teach uniformitarian


the uniformitarian theory is totally inaccurate, when viewed in accordance with the facts : " there are many other reasons why we should not blandly accept the doctrine of uniformitarianism. " * e. haylmun, " should we teach uniformitarianism? " in journal of geological education, 19 ( 1971 ) p. 36. * dunbar was perhaps the leading geologic authority of the 1950s. here is his statement : " the uprooting of such fantastic beliefs [ of the catastrophist ] began with the scottish geologist, james hutton, whose theory of the earth, published in 1785, maintained that the present is the key to the past and that, given sufficient time, processes now at work could account for all the geologic features of the globe. this philosophy, which came to be known as the doctrine of uniformitarianism, demands an immensity of time ; it has not gained universal acceptance among intelligent and informed people. " * c. o. dunbar, historical geology, 2nd edition, ( 1960 ), p. 18. there are simply too many flaws in the uniformitarian theory. " the hurricane, the flood, or the tsunami may do more in an hour or a day than the ordinary processes of nature have achieved in a thousand years. " * derek v. ager, the nature of the stratigraphical record, p. 49. in fact, there are serious - minded scientists today who believe that catastrophic conditions have indeed occurred in the past. of late there has been a serious rejuvenation of catastrophism in geologic thought. this defies logic ; there is no science of singularities. if catastrophe is not a uniform process, there is no rational basis for understanding the past. for those who would return us to our babylonian heritage of ' science ' by revelation and possibility, we must insist that the only justifiable key to the past is probability and the orderliness of natural process ; if uniformity is not the key, there is no key in the rational sense, and we should pack up our boots and go home. " * b. w. brown, " induction, deduction, and irrationality in geologic reasoning, geology, vol. 2, september 1974, p. there are scientists who are anxious to get rid of the uniformitarian concept, declaring it to be foolishness : accepting the principle of the rare event as a valid concept made it even more desirable to retire the term ' uniformitarianism. ' " * p. " significance of the rare event in


of the uniformitarian concept, declaring it to be foolishness : accepting the principle of the rare event as a valid concept made it even more desirable to retire the term ' uniformitarianism. ' " * p. " significance of the rare event in geology, " in bulletin of the american association of petroleum geologists, 51 ( 1967 ) p. 2205. " substantive uniformitarianism as a descriptive theory has not withstood the test of new data and can no longer be maintained in any strict manner. " * s. gould, " is uniformitarianism useful, " in journal of geological education, 15 ( 1967 ) p. 150. " conventional uniformitarianism, or ' gradualism, ' i. e., the doctrine of unchanging change, is verily contradicted by all post - cambrian sedimentary data and the geotectonic histories of which these sediments are the record. " * p. " uniformitarianism is a dangerous doctrine, " in paleontology, 30 ( 1956 ) p. " the present is the key to the past " is the definition of " the present is the key to the past.. no causes whatever have from the earliest time.. to the present, ever acted, but those now acting : and they have never acted with different degrees of energy from that which they now exert. " * r. moors, the earth we live on ( 1911 ), pp. 145 - 146. even this standard definition of uniformitarianism is ridiculed by it seems unfortunate that uniformitarianism, a doctrine which has so important a place in history of geology, should continue to be misrepresented in introductory texts and courses by ' the present is the key to the past, ' a maxim without much credit. " * j. valentine, " the present is the key to the present, " in journal of geological education, 14 ( 1966 ) p. 59 - 60. " the present does not provide a complete key to the past, for we cannot find good samples today of all phenomena found in the ancient world. " * robert h. dots and " roger l. batten, evolution of the earth ( 1971 ), p. 210. there are scientists who recognize that the uniformitarianism view is too simplistic. for, indeed, how dare anyone try to specify what the world has been like through all past time? from a purely scientific point of view, it is unwise to accept uniformitarianism as unalterable dogma.. ( one


the past in terms of climate. " * robert h. dolt and * roger l batten, evolution of the earth ( 1971 ), p. 298. there is evidence of massive geological catastrophes at some time in " the diatomite fossil beds in santa barbara county, california, contain striking evidence of a sudden catastrophe. fish fossils are heavily matted together in foot - thick layers so well preserved they retain a fish odor when a fragment is broken. " there are many indications that the fish were suddenly trapped. the fossils show wide open gasping mouths, fins widely spread, back fiercely arched, body twisted, and head back. many fossil fish are partly on end through bedding planes of the rock. " a. von fange, " time upside down, " in creation research society quarterly, june 1974, p. 22 also see crsq, 6 ( 3 ) : 129 - 135 ). " over an area of more than 10, 000 sq. miles fish remains are found bearing unequivocally marks of violent death. the figures are contorted, contracted, curved ; the tail in many cases is bent around to the head, the spines stick out, the fins are spread to the full. " * h. miller, old red sandstones, pp. 221. consider this violation of uniformitarian theory : " the recent report of the discovery of a fossil skeleton of a baleen whale in a diatomaceous earth quarry in lompoc, california, should be of unusual interest to " ' the whale is standing on end in the quarry and is being exposed gradually as the diatomite is mined. only the head and a small part of the body are visible as yet. the modern baleen whale is 80 to 90 feet long and has a head of similar size [ to the one just discovered ], indicating that the fossil may be close to 80 feet long. ' " no comment was made concerning the implications of such a unique discovery. however, the fact that the whale is ' standing on end, ' as well as the fact that it is buried in diatomaceous earth, would strongly suggest that it was buried under very unusual and rapid catastrophic conditions. the vertical orientation of the whale is also very similar to observations of vertical tree trunks extending through several successive coal seams. such phenomena cannot easily be explained by uniformitarian theories, but fit readily into a historical framework based upon the recent and dynamic universal flood described in genesis. " larry s. helmick, " whale skeleton found in diatomaceous


successive coal seams. such phenomena cannot easily be explained by uniformitarian theories, but fit readily into a historical framework based upon the recent and dynamic universal flood described in genesis. " larry s. helmick, " whale skeleton found in diatomaceous earth quarry, " in creation research society quarterly, june 1977, p. 70. in graphic terms ( and one long sentence! ), a scientist lists a number of examples of catastrophes that can suddenly and unexpectedly occur : " hurricanes of global magnitude, of forests burning and swept away, of dust, stones, fire, and ashes falling from the sky, of mountains melting like wax, of lava flowing from riven ground, of boiling sea, of bituminous rain, of shaking ground and destroyed cities, of humans seeking refuge in caverns and fissures of the rock in the mountains, of oceans upheaved and falling on the land, of tidal waves moving toward the poles and back, of land becoming sea by submerging and the expanse of sea fuming into desert, islands born and others drowned, mountain ridges leveled and others rising, of crowds of rivers seeking new beds, of sources that disappeared and others that became bitter, of great destructions in the animal kingdom, of decimated mankind, of migrations, of heavy clouds of dust covering the face of the earth for decades, of magnetic disturbances, of changed climates, of displaced cardinal points and altered latitudes, of disrupted calendars and of sundials and water clocks that point to changed length of day, month, and year, mountains springing from plains and other mountains leveled, strata folded and pressed together and overturned and moved and put on top of other formations, melted rock flooding enormous areas of land with miles - thick sheets, ocean and lake shores tilted or raised or lowered as much as a thousand feet, whales cast out of oceans onto mountains. " * immanuel velikovsky, earth in upheaval ( 1955 ). so - called " index fossils " are the key to all geologic stratigraphic dating. yet, as we have observed earlier in this chapter, they constitute a woefully inadequate means of dating rocks. there simply is no reliable method of dating an " index fossil, " yet that is a fact which most geologists and paleontologists refuse to consider. here are admissions by experts that it is index fossils, and the theory behind them, which are the basis of fossil and strata dating : the fossils are dated by the fossils : " in each sedimentary strat


beginning of the 19th century, fossils have been and still are the best and most accurate method of dating and correlating the rocks in which they occur. " * derek ager, " fossil frustrations, " new scientist, november 10, 1983, p. 425. only the fossils are considered : " the character of the rocks themselves, their composition, or their mineral contents have nothing to do with settling the question as to the particular system [ age level ] to which the new rocks belong. the fossils alone are the means of correlation. " * henry shaler williams, geological biology ( 1895 ), p. 38. 6. circular reasoning " circular reasoning " is a method of false logic, by which " this is used to prove that, and that is used to prove this. " it is also called " reasoning in a circle. " over a hundred years ago it was described by the phrase, circulus in probando, which is latin for " a circle in a proof. " there are several types of circular reasoning found in support of evolutionary theory. one of these is the geological dating position that " fossils are dated by the type of stratum they are in, while at the same time the stratum is dated by the fossils found in it. " an alternative evolutionary statement is that " the fossils and rocks are interpreted by the theory of evolution, and the theory is proven by the interpretation given to the fossils and rocks. " in other chapters, we will find that circular reasoning is also used in regard to other evolutionary " proofs, " such as the origin of life, genetics, and mutations. the theory of natural selection is almost totally dependent on circular reasoning. as we will see below, geologists admit that this circular reasoning exists as a fundamental pillar of geological faith. for example, in a 1979 interview with * dr. donald fisher, the state paleontologist for new york, luther sunderland, asked him : " how do you date fossils? " his reply : " by the cambrian rocks in which they were found. " sunderland then asked him if this was not circular reasoning, and * fisher replied, " of course ; how else are you going to do it? " science newsletter, december 1986, p. 6. ) " the rocks do date the fossils, but the fossils date the rocks more accurately. stratigraphy cannot avoid this kind of reasoning.. because circularity is inherent in the derivation of time scales. " * j. e. o ' rourke, " pragmat


date the fossils, but the fossils date the rocks more accurately. stratigraphy cannot avoid this kind of reasoning.. because circularity is inherent in the derivation of time scales. " * j. e. o ' rourke, " pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraphy, " american journal of science, january 1976. the paleontology director of the field museum in chicago admits the problem exists. " the charge that the construction of the geologic scale involves circularity has a certain amount of validity. " * david m. raup, " geology and creationism, " field museum of natural history bulletin, march 1983, p. 21. ager bemoans the problem : " it is a problem not easily solved by the classic methods of stratigraphical paleontology, as obviously we will land ourselves immediately in an impossible circular argument if we say, firstly that a particular lithology [ theory of rock strata ] is synchronous on the evidence of its fossils, and secondly that the fossils are synchronous on the evidence of the lithology. " * derek v. ager, the nature of the stratigraphic record ( 1973 ), p. 62. but the experts have no clear - cut answer for extricating themselves from this dilemma, which * kitts says is caused by an acceptance of evolutionary theory : " but the danger of circularity is still present. for most biologists the strongest reason for accepting the evolutionary hypothesis is their acceptance of some theory that entails it. there is another difficulty. the temporal ordering of biological events beyond the local section may critically involve paleontological correlation, which necessarily presupposes the nonrepeatability of organic events in geologic history. there are various justifications for this assumption but for almost all contemporary paleontologists it rests upon the acceptance of the evolutionary hypothesis. " g. kitts, " paleontology and evolutionary theory, " in evolution, september 1974, no solid replies to the dilemma have been forthcoming : " the intelligent layman has long suspected circular reasoning in the use of rocks to date fossils and fossils to date rocks. the geologist has never bothered to think of a good reply, feeling the explanations are not worth the trouble as long as the work brings results. this is supposed to be hard - headed pragmatism. " * j. e. o ' rourke, " pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraply, " american journal of science, january 1976,


brings results. this is supposed to be hard - headed pragmatism. " * j. e. o ' rourke, " pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraply, " american journal of science, january 1976, p. 48. * west explains that the theory is based on the interpretation of fossils, and the fossil interpretation is based on the theory : " contrary to what most scientists write, the fossil record does not support the darwinian theory of evolution because it is this theory ( there are several ) which we use to interpret the fossil record. by doing so, we are guilty of circular reasoning if we then say the fossil record supports this theory. " * ronald r. west, " paleontology and uniformitarianism, " compass, may 1968, p. 218. the theory explains the rock strata and their contents, and they in turn explain the theory : material bodies are finite, and no rock unit is global in extent, yet stratigraphy aims at a global classification. the particulars have to be stretched into universals somehow. here ordinary materialism leaves off building up a system of units recognized by physical properties, to follow dialectical materialism, which starts with time units and regards the material bodies as their incomplete representatives. this is where the suspicion of circular reasoning crept in, because it seemed to the layman that the time units were abstracted from the geological column, which has teen put together from rock units. " * j. e. o ' rourke, " pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraphy, " american journal of science, january 1978, p. 49. the sequences of which creatures are ancestors and which are descendants both provesand is proven bythe theorized age and sequence of rock " the prime difficulty with the use of presumed ancestral - descendant sequences to express phylogeny is that biostratigraphic data are often used in conjunction with morphology in the initial evaluation of relationships, which leers to obvious circularity. " * b. schaeffer, * m. k hecht and * n. eldredge, " phylogeny and paleontology, " in * dobzhansky, * hecht and * steere ( eds. ), evolutionary biology, vol. 6 ( 1972 ), p. 39. according to * north, first came the theory that the strata had to be in a certain order, thus deciding the age of the fossils in it. then came the theory that the fossils in the rocks


. 6 ( 1972 ), p. 39. according to * north, first came the theory that the strata had to be in a certain order, thus deciding the age of the fossils in it. then came the theory that the fossils in the rocks decided the age of the strata they were in. " the paleontological time - scale rests squarely on the law of superposition [ which fossil strata is placed on top of which ]. from this unassailable foundation, the paleontologist became for more than a century the arbiter of all stratigraphic organization. but for geologists, the law of superposition presupposes the existence of decipherable geological sections, and every geological section must have a top and a base. [ every fossil strata must be identifiable, and have a top and a bottom. ] the paleontological succession was pieced together from hundreds of such sections, the tops and bases of which had been established by geologists on the ground. " the paleontologists ' wheel of authority turned full circle when he put this process into reverse and used his fossils to determine tops and bottoms for himself. in the course of time he came to rule upon stratigraphic order, and gaps within it, on a world - wide basis. " * f. k north, " the geological time - scale, " in royal society of canada special publication, 8 : 5 ( 1984 ). ( the order of fossils is determined by the rock strata they are in, and the strata they are in are derided by their tops and bottomswhich are deduced by the fossils in them. ) the ages are dated by the fossils, which is the basis for evolution, which is the determinate of the ages : " the geologic ages are identified and dated by the fossils contained in the sedimentary rocks. the fossil record also provides the chief evidence for the theory of evolution, which in turn is the basic philosophy upon which the sequence of geologic tees has been erected. the evolution - fossil - geologic age system is thus a closed circle which comprises one interlocking package. each goes with the other. " henry m. morris, the remarkable birth of planet earth ( 1972 ), pp. 7877. it cannot be denied that it is all one big circle : " it cannot be denied that, from a strictly philosophical standpoint, geologists are here arguing in a circle. the succession of organs has been determined by a study of their remains buried in the rocks, and the