allergy tests are used to find the substances that are causing an allergic reaction. an allergic reaction is an immune system response to a substance in the environment known as a trigger. the healthcare professional may perform or order allergy tests on people with suspected allergies. skin testing is usually not done on children younger than age 3. it may be done on older individuals to determine the triggers that are causing allergic reactions in the person. before the procedure, a person should not take medicines, such as antihistamines, that could block a skin reaction and thus cause the test to turn out falsely negative. there are many methods of allergy testing. skin tests are used to identify specific allergens that are known to cause symptoms. the healthcare professional will select skin tests based on a person ' s particular history. test solutions are made from extracts of various inhaled, ingested, or injected substances. test solutions available include extracts from tree, grass, and weed pollens ; dust mites ; animal dander ; insect venoms ; foods ; and penicillin and penicillin derivatives. for the prick skin test, a small amount of the substance thought to cause the allergic reaction is placed on the skin. this substance is called an allergen. the skin is then pricked or scratched. this allows the substance to get under the skin ' s surface. if the person is allergic, the skin will usually get red and swell within about 20 minutes. another skin test is called an intradermal test. a small amount of the allergen is injected beneath the skin. this more sensitive test is often used when the prick test has produced a negative or uncertain result in reaction to suspected inhaled allergens. an elimination diet test may be used to diagnose food allergies. for this test, a person goes several weeks without eating any of the foods that may be causing the problem. foods are returned to the diet one at a time. if allergic symptoms come back after eating a certain food, that food is probably causing the problem. if a specific food is suspected, it can be given to the person under controlled conditions. if a reaction occurs, this food is the likely cause. the best way to test for food allergies is by using an oral food challenge. this test can be used even with small children. the suspected food is removed from the diet. after 4 to 5 days, the food should be eaten on an empty stomach. this is the best time to watch for a reaction. parents can keep a food


test can be used even with small children. the suspected food is removed from the diet. after 4 to 5 days, the food should be eaten on an empty stomach. this is the best time to watch for a reaction. parents can keep a food diary for their children. this can help identify the foods causing the problems. blood tests measure antibodies to a particular allergen in blood. one blood test for allergies is called a radioallergosorbent test, abbreviated as rast. in a true allergic reaction, substances called ige antibodies appear in the bloodstream. the body makes ige antibodies to attack bacteria and other harmful substances. rast measures allergen - specific ige. compared to skin tests, rast has the disadvantage of limited allergen selection and reduced sensitivity. a newer version of a blood test is called the immunocap. a recent study indicated that the immunocap test was significantly more accurate than the older blood tests. another study compared the accuracy of skin testing to blood testing for cat allergy. this study reported that skin testing and blood testing were approximately equal in accuracy. other blood tests, such as an eosinophil count, may be used to support an allergy diagnosis. provocative testing is the direct application of an allergen to the eyes, nose, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract by oral administration. it may be helpful in cases where a person has had a large number of positive skin tests. provocative testing is the only way to check for allergies to food additives. this type of testing may produce a severe allergic reaction and is used rarely.


adaptive release - create multiple rules for a content item adaptive release allows instructors and course designers to release course content based on rules that they create ; in other words, you can control what content is made available to which students and under what conditions they are allowed to see it. rules can be created for individuals or groups, based on criteria related to date, time, assessment scores or attempts, and the review status of other items in the course. by the time you finish this tutorial you should be able to 1. create multiple rules 2. set criteria 2. use an items contextual menu to access adaptive release. to do this select the double down arrow positioned next to the item title. - adaptive release – used to create basic rules for an item. in this tool only one rule per item may be created. for instance, instructors can create one rule containing multiple criteria which makes users satisfy all restriction before gaining access to the item. - adaptive release : advanced – this feature allows instructors to create multiple rules per item. for example, if different rules apply for different groups in a course this feature should be used. when an item has multiple rules applied to it users need to satisfy the criteria of only one rule to gain access. 3. for the purpose of this tutorial we will use adaptive release : advanced to create a rule with multiple criteria and multiple rules. 6. a success message appears at the top of the screen. now select create criteria. you can create criteria according to date, grade, membership and review status. for content to be visible to a user the user must satisfy all the criteria in a rule. 7. membership criteria allows content to be displayed to specific users and groups. use the username field to enter individual users and the course - groups field to select available course groups. all groups can be selected, even those that are unavailable. to select one or more course groups highlight the group name and select the right arrow. 8. now add another criterion. adding criteria to the rule will narrow the ability of users to view the content item. select create criteria > date. 10. when multiple criteria are added to a rule. the word and appears between each criteria. this means that all of the rules criteria must be met before the item is released. 11. now create a new rule. in creating a new rule a different option or path for releasing the content will be available. the content will be released if any one of the rules is satisfied. 14. content items can be released based on an attempt ( a ) or score


what took place this past month at hadassah hospital ’ s department of neurology was not expected even by the most senior neurologists. an als patient, a chronic disease with no known cure that causes a slow and painful process of muscular dystrophy - who was wheelchair - bound and had difficulty speaking and breathing, underwent an complete turnaround. from being handicapped and dependent on others for his most basic daily needs, suddenly rabbi rafoel shmuelevitz stood on his feet, and returned to teaching at the flagship mir yeshiva, which he heads. the treatment that is responsible, it appears, for the dramatic improvement in his condition was developed by the israeli biotechnology company brainstorm, and is based on stem cells. this is the first time that someone who has been treated with stem cells has regained abilities which were previously lost. despite the great caution that is guiding the doctors as they discuss the rabbi ’ s condition, it is difficult to ignore the excitement which surrounds even the most stern of staff members when they talk about the turnaround that the rabbi has experienced … rabbi rafoel shmuelevitz recalls, “ i couldn ’ t talk. it was difficult for me to breathe, and my lack of balance made it impossible to get up from my wheelchair. even when they supported me i was able to walk only with difficulty. my students couldn ’ t understand me when i spoke. ” … in 2010, after a series of tests at minnesota ’ s mayo clinic, his doctors told him the difficult news, rabbi shmuelevitz had als [ also known as lou gehrig ' s disease ], which is considered the most severe known neuromuscular disease. als patients gradually lose all of their motor abilities, until they eventually lose their ability to breathe and die from suffocation. the vast majority of patients die within three to five years following diagnosis. a small number of patients, for example physicist stephen hawking, manage to survive for years, but are almost unable to function. “ the american doctors and the israeli doctor who treats me, professor menachem sade of wolfson hospital, agreed that the only possible way to improve my condition would be to receive stem cell treatment at hadassah, ” explains the rabbi. “ that was my final hope. ” “ a few days after the treatment, my whole life began to change. ” last may, the ministry of health granted approval to the israeli biotechnology company brainstorm, specializing in the development of technologies and medications based on stem cells,


final hope. ” “ a few days after the treatment, my whole life began to change. ” last may, the ministry of health granted approval to the israeli biotechnology company brainstorm, specializing in the development of technologies and medications based on stem cells, and the hadassit company associated with hadassah medical center, to begin a clinical trial of a new treatment based on cell therapy, which is meant to delay or stop the degeneration of nerve cells in als patients … this is the first treatment of its kind in history. because of the severity of his condition, and the fact that he was suffering from two different muscular diseases, the rabbi was not allowed to participate in the clinical trial … however he was given the treatment as a “ compassionate treatment, ” intended for patients who have no other hope. a month ago, the rabbi was given the treatment for the first time, and the effect on him was incredible. “ a few days after the treatment, my whole life began to change, ” he says with a smiling face. “ my speech began to improve, it became easier to breathe and i began to walk unassisted. i am even able to climb stairs. my students understand every word i say. it ’ s truly a miracle from heaven. i am a new person as a result of the treatment i received. ” “ it ’ s hard to describe the excitement that took hold of us as a result of the amazing results of this treatment, ” says brainstorm president chaim leibovitch … also the doctors could not remain apathetic to the amazing effect of the treatment on the rabbi ’ s condition. “ the change that occurred in him was huge, and also the objective improvement in his functioning was extremely impressive, ” explains one of the hospital ’ s doctors with excitement. “ from being handicapped, a person who couldn ’ t walk and couldn ’ t talk, a significant amount of his abilities have returned … there is no doubt that a great drama is taking place here. we need to remember that we are talking about a single isolated case. on the other hand, even isolated reports like this can also signal a medical breakthrough. ” encouraging results, even if they are on a smaller scale, have also been witnessed among some of the 12 patients participating in the clinical trial … as is the way of the world, the rabbi and his students see things a little differently [ from the doctors ]. his students talk about “ mass prayer rallies ” and “ a miracle. ” at the same time that top medical minds were labor


… as is the way of the world, the rabbi and his students see things a little differently [ from the doctors ]. his students talk about “ mass prayer rallies ” and “ a miracle. ” at the same time that top medical minds were laboring to rehabilitate the rabbi ’ s systems at the hospital, at the mir yeshiva the top minds were constantly reading psalms for his recovery, and learning pages of gemara in order to “ tip the scale ” in the upper worlds in favor of the 74 - year - old rabbi, who has stood for close to 30 years at the head of one of the largest yeshivot in the world ( with over 7000 students ). such a dramatic improvement in such a nearly hopeless situation has very rarely ever been witnessed. “ the rabbi ’ s family decided when they started treatment to turn to all of the yeshivot in the world to request assistance, ” says the rabbi ’ s assistant. an emotional plea went out in the name of important rabbis to pray for the rabbi ’ s recovery, and his full name was released for special “ mee sheberach ” prayers worldwide. when the rabbi was lying on the treatment table at the hospital, thousands of students gathered to read psalms at the lakewood yeshiva in new jersey, at the ponevitch yeshiva in bnei brak, and at jerusalem ’ s mir yeshiva. “ the rabbi saw the announcement that went out with his name and broke out into tears, ” his assistant says. “ during the two or three days that he was at the hospital, the prayers didn ’ t stop. after that we returned home, and an extreme improvement began in his condition. he got up and started walking, even without support … everyone who saw him said that this was a revealed miracle, that this is simply a new human being. ” at this stage, of course, it is still difficult to state whether we are talking about a miracle or just a historic medical breakthrough, which will grant hope to patients suffering from one of the most difficult and cruel diseases that exists. but about one thing nobody is arguing : such a dramatic improvement in such a nearly hopeless situation has very rarely ever been witnessed in the natural world. this article originally appeared in yediot achranot. with thanks to jewishmom. com


tip of the week when it comes to keeping young walkers safe on america ' s roads, the country has made great strides : child pedestrian deaths have plunged 53 percent and injuries are down 44 percent since 1995, according to a study by safe kids worldwide and fedex. still, the study also indicates that bigger steps are needed to improve pedestrian safety overall, and particularly for teenagers. daily, more than 61 children seek medical attention for injuries sustained while walking, and more than 500 children die every year in pedestrian accidents. teenagers between the ages of 14 and 19 are now the most at - risk age group, accounting for 50 percent of child pedestrian injuries in the past five years. the death rate among teens is now twice that of younger children. " the study, ‘ walking safely : a report to the nation, ’ tells us two things, " says kate carr, president and ceo of safe kids worldwide. " while our focus on younger kids, through programs such as ' walk this way, ' has made a tremendous difference, we need to turn the spotlight - and our collective efforts - on this disturbing trend impacting our teenagers. " safe kids worldwide and fedex offer some tips for helping make child pedestrians safer. - whenever possible, cross the street at the corners, using traffic signals and crosswalks. most walking injuries happen mid - block or someplace other than at intersections. - look left, right and left again before crossing the street. keep looking and listening while crossing. - walk, don ' t run, when crossing the street. - walking on sidewalks or paths is always best, but if not available, walk facing traffic as far to the left as possible. - remove headphones when crossing the street. it ' s important to minimize distractions and listen to what ' s going on around you. - if you need to use your phone, stop walking. - drivers are more distracted than ever, so try to make eye contact with drivers before you step into the road. family movie night length : 108 minutes review : " wreck - it ralph " could easily be called " video game story. " why? in pixar ’ s " toy story, " toys come to life when humans aren ’ t around. in walt disney ’ s " wreck - it ralph, " video game characters come to life when humans aren ’ t around. here, disney tries its best to capture the pixar magic, and while " ralph " is no " toy story, " it doesn ’ t scrimp on the entertainment value. it ’ s


to life when humans aren ’ t around. here, disney tries its best to capture the pixar magic, and while " ralph " is no " toy story, " it doesn ’ t scrimp on the entertainment value. it ’ s like a really good hamburger. very satisfying, yet pixar is still filet mignon. – bob tremblay, ghns " on a dark wing, " by jordan dane synopsis : five years ago, abbey chandler cheated death. she survived a horrific car accident, but her " lucky " break came at the expense of her mother ' s life and changed everything. after she crossed paths with death — by taking the hand of an ethereal boy made of clouds and sky — she would never be normal again. now she ' s the target of death ' s ravens and an innocent boy ' s life is on the line. when nate holden — abbey ' s secret crush — starts to climb alaska ' s denali, the angel of death stalks him because of her. and abbey finds out the hard way that death never forgets. - harlequin did you know a study published in the journal addiction says that kids who smoke menthol cigarettes are more likely to become addicted to smoking than those who smoke regular cigarettes. gatehouse news service


animal rights articles moo - ving people toward compassionate living visit the all - creatures. org home page. write us with your comments : email @ example. com canberra kangaroo cull - may 2008 from the life and death of kangaroos updated news may 16, 2009 : another slaughter. a few weeks ago, the department of defence in australia began to shoot up to 7, 000 kangaroos living on the giant majura military base in canberra, act. about 3500 to 4000 have already been shot at night. on may 14, 2009, an injunction was granted by a court to halt the killing temporarily until further investigations into the reasonableness of the kill are held. the chief minister of the act, jon stanhope, says he will try to bring in new legislation which will allow the kill to resume. but at present the kangaroos have a reprieve until at least june. the blurry photo below, taken at night 3 km away from the shooting on the closed base, shows the rear lights of a truck, left, and a light trained on the bodies of recently shot kangaroos. those left alive were dispatched by extra shots from men in the truck. please sign the protest petition below this picture. this is another needless slaughter in a country with a miserable record of wildlife slaughter. on monday may 19, 2008, government contractors started killing the kangaroos on a former naval base in canberra, australia. by may 29 they ( 514 ) were dead. this is their story and the fight to save them. all of the kangaroos in the photograph above are now dead. they were needlessly killed in the last week of may 2008, following a worldwide campaign to save them. the area to which they were later driven and killed can be seen at the top of the image. this site forms part of the national archive at the national library of australia. contractors drive about fifty kangaroos toward the kill area. few remain, although it is expected roundups of remaining animals will go on until at least the weekend. it appears that even the very old animals, with less than a year or so to live, will be killed - and the youngest as well. although thousands of individuals have come together in ever increasing numbers on the internet to protest this act of callousness, most of the citizens of canberra have remained apathetic. many people who ride their bicycles past the scene above show not the slightest concern for the welfare of the animals. when all is said and done, their death can be put at the feet of


most of the citizens of canberra have remained apathetic. many people who ride their bicycles past the scene above show not the slightest concern for the welfare of the animals. when all is said and done, their death can be put at the feet of a public which, to date, has no sensitivity to animal suffering. a visitor, who drove 600 miles to the site, arrived today to ask, ' where are the thousands of protestors? ' when told there were only a half dozen protesting tonight at the site, he yelled, ' why? ' why indeed. on the other hand, the many thousands of people here in australia and overseas who are appalled by this action have renewed their determination to end such horrors. the practices of those who conducted the killing have, for the first time, been comprehensively documented by modern media, and australian government will have a lot of explaining to do to an increasingly critical world. may 26, 2008 world wide protest against the continuing kill increases. a number of australian filmmakers are already beginning documentaries. this ' cull, ' which defence and the act government, would be quickly concluded and forgotten, has galvanised hundreds of animal care organisations throughout the country. an australia wide network involving thousands of people disgusted by this kill is being constructed. all the audiovisual footage of the cull has been sent to a large number of databases for future publication in this country and overseas. today the killing continued, but at a slower pace. most killing is now attempted in the early morning and later afternoon. a disturbing and illegal move has seen the contracted security guards join the ' cull ' to herd the kangaroos. protestors and even press photographers are also being filmed by this new alliance. may 24, 2008. the killing goes on. the contractors, this time aided by guards ( an act quite out of their jurisdiction ) have been herding the kangaroos. 100 ( perhaps more ) kangaroos now appear to remain. this photograph shows some herded into the area close to the killing area. all are terribly stressed ( note the arm licking ). those who visited the site today, animal carers and media people, have been shocked, and many have vowed not to rest until the world sees this cold brutality. one of the most experienced wildlife campaigners in australia stated that it was the most sickening spectacle he has ever witnessed. the photographs below suggest, but do not fully depict, the living horror. it is interesting to note that no local sitting politician has attended the site to witness the suffering of these animals


stated that it was the most sickening spectacle he has ever witnessed. the photographs below suggest, but do not fully depict, the living horror. it is interesting to note that no local sitting politician has attended the site to witness the suffering of these animals. the so - called ecologically conscious greens party here have ignored it. five kangaroos escaped today by squeezing under the boundary fence. it is becoming harder and harder for the perpetrators to force the roos into the kill zone - they are running in the opposite direction when the door is opened. but it is a losing battle. i will only add that the remaining kangaroos have learned not to approach the killing circle. to counteract this ' beaters ' have used a kind of hessian net to force the animals forward. it is worth noting that the perpetrators are scientists, accompanied by students, not farmers or outback hillbillies. their version of science allows the utmost dissociation. naturally, those who have witnessed the slaughter, some over days, are very angry indeed. i note that public intellectuals are considering writing a critique of anthropocentric science in an entire issue of a forthcoming well - known journal ; several film makers are working on a documentary of the events ; australia zoo ( wildlife warriors ) have now condemned the cull - the world now knows more about australia ' s culture of wildlife abuse. and the world is not amused. of course, there have been reactions. a handful of locals gathered near the site to celebrate the ' success ' of the cull with a banner inviting those passing to a barbeque of ' roo steaks. ' they were pictured on page one of the local paper. australia has a long way to go before a sincere acknowedgement of animal consciousness and suffering develops. they remain objects to be controlled, managed, exploited and killed. may 22, 2008. after eight protestors were arrested when they staged an indigenous re - occupation at the site, the killers have been darting animals as fast as possible. the same kind of events happened at the site : earlier today a kangaroo trapped in the killing area tried to jump over the walls - witnesses saw half its body appear above the hessian - - which must have been 5 - 6 metres high ( see pic below ) then it fell to its death, shot by a dart gun loaded with very potent drug ( s ). it was a sight that moved onlookers to tears and rage. a campaign to arrest vocal protestors is underway. about 7 pm : carol


it fell to its death, shot by a dart gun loaded with very potent drug ( s ). it was a sight that moved onlookers to tears and rage. a campaign to arrest vocal protestors is underway. about 7 pm : carol drew arrested outside the main gate. the two images directly above are from an official report. all other images on this site are © ray drew 2008 and must not be used without the written permission of the photographer, ray drew. it ' s over. a crane was there at 10 am, and it removed the remaining chiller boxes at noon. all day i heard the clink and clang of the temporary fences being dismantled – the same sound i heard when some kangaroos, in panic, ran into them last week. i sat next to an old guy, a survivor kangaroo, who was feeding in a remote corner of the site. i am sure i knew him - - he had half an ear torn off from a battle some time ago – and by that i recognised an old friend. someone appeared through the bush and joined me. we sat there together for quite a time. as the last fences go, the site has an ugly emptiness of death after a plague. i passed the place ( above ) where fifty or so animals used to lie by the water, some occasionally bathing, and all that remains are pockets of flattened grass. this series of events have changed our lives. all those who witnessed it from the fence were sickened by what they saw - - animal careers, experienced press photographers, lawyers, writers, teachers. some of us have dedicated ourselves to work for the kangaroos. some have rededicated themselves. some have formed new relationships, some may have lost theirs. some are preparing for court. there are many stories. some have sworn to leave canberra. all will never be quite the same. it was the first kangaroo massacre, as far as i know, that has been fully ‘ outed ’, and it revealed the dark underside of european australia, a society that has never accepted the landscape and its wildlife. we also saw cold bureaucracy at work, and with it, a neo - cartesian scientism. these events have been comprehensively photographed, videoed, and recorded, live. and the world knows about it. i have always believed ( and discovered ) that showing or publicly ‘ outing ’ once hidden atrocities works powerfully to end them, whether it be in a mental institution, a prison, an abattoir, or a kangaroo ‘ cull ’.


. i have always believed ( and discovered ) that showing or publicly ‘ outing ’ once hidden atrocities works powerfully to end them, whether it be in a mental institution, a prison, an abattoir, or a kangaroo ‘ cull ’. in this case we saw, in this decimation, acts of murder of another mammal carried out with dissociated sadism ; we saw young phd students herding the animals and we saw security guards joining in. almost depraved, other than that, were the rationalisations for the killing and the disinformation in which allegedly respected academics took part : ludicrous, if not so tragic. i do believe that we have given the perpetrators a hell of a shock. but of course they ’ ll try it again, and again. and they will be answered. for more pictures and information, visit the life and death of kangaroos. for actions to take visit our alert of may 16, 2009. return to animal rights articles please help our efforts we welcome your comments : fair use notice : this document may contain copyrighted material whose use has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owners. we believe that this not - for - profit, educational use on the web constitutes a fair use of the copyrighted material ( as provided for in section 107 of the us copyright law ). if you wish to use this copyrighted material for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. all creatures animal rights article : justice, peace, love, compassion, ethics, organizations, bible, god, lord, jesus, christ, holy spirit, grass roots, animals, cruelty free, lifestyle, hunting, fishing, traping, farm, farming, factory, fur, meat, slaughter, cattle, beef, pork, chicken, poultry, hens, battery, debeaking. thee is also a similarity to the human aspects of prolife, pro life, pro - life, abortion, capital punishment, and war. | home page | animal issues | archive | art and photos | articles | bible | books | church and religion | discussions | health | humor | letters | links | nature studies | poetry and stories | quotations | recipes | what ' s new? | thank you for visiting all - creatures. org.


science fair project encyclopedia in differential geometry, a pseudo - riemannian manifold is a smooth manifold equipped with a smooth, symmetric, ( 0, 2 ) tensor which is nondegenerate at each point on the manifold. this tensor is called a pseudo - riemannian metric or, simply, a ( pseudo - ) metric tensor. the key difference between a riemannian metric and a pseudo - riemannian metric is that a pseudo - riemannian metric need not be positive - definite, merely nondegenerate. since every positive - definite form is also nondegenerate a riemannian metric is a special case of a pseudo - riemannian one. thus pseudo - riemannian manifolds can be considered generalizations of riemannian manifolds. every nondegenerate, symmetric, bilinear form has a fixed signature ( p, q ). here p and q denote the number of positive and negative eigenvalues of the form. the signature of a pseudo - riemannian manifold is just the signature of the metric ( one should insist that the signature is the same on every connected component ). note that p + q = n is the dimension of the manifold. riemannian manifolds are simply those with signature ( n, 0 ). pseudo - riemannian metrics of signature ( p, 1 ) ( or sometimes ( 1, q ), see sign convention ) are called lorentzian metrics. a manifold equipped with a lorentzian metric is naturally called a lorentzian manifold. after riemannian manifolds, lorentzian manifolds form the most important subclass of pseudo - riemannian manifolds. they are important because of their physical applications to the theory of general relativity. a principal assumption of general relativity is that spacetime can be modeled as a lorentzian manifold of signature ( 3, 1 ). just as euclidean space can be thought of as the model riemannian manifold, minkowski space with the flat minkowski metric is the model lorentzian manifold. likewise, the model space for a pseudo - riemannian manifold of signature ( p, q ) is with the metric some basic theorems of riemannian geometry can be generalized to the pseudo - riemannian case. in particular, the fundamental theorem of riemannian geometry is true of pseudo - riemannian manifolds as well. this allows one to speak of the levi - civita connection on a pseudo - riemannian manifold along with the associated curvature tensor.


science fair project encyclopedia united states marshals service the united states marshals service, part of the united states department of justice, is the united states ' oldest federal law enforcement agency. their mission is to protect the federal courts and ensure the effective operation of the judicial system. since 1789, u. s. marshals and their deputies have provided many different services, from taking the census to protecting the president. today, the marshals service is responsible for providing protection for the federal judiciary, transporting federal prisoners, protecting endangered federal witnesses and managing assets seized from criminal enterprises. in addition, the men and women of the marshals service are responsible for 55 percent of arrests of federal fugitives. the united states marshals service is based in alexandria, virginia and is headed by a director, who is assisted by a deputy director. the headquarters serves to provide command and control and cooperation for the disparate elements of the service. the headquarters is divided into several divisions headed by assistant directors and directly controls the special operations group and several other organizations. the federal court system is divided into 12 regions, each having a us marshal who is also the district us marshal for the united states district courts in which the region is headquartered. each of the 94 federal judicial districts has a us marshal, an assistant us marshal and as many deputy and special deputy us marshals as needed. the director and each united states marshal is appointed by the president of the united states and is confirmed by the senate. the district us marshal is tradionally appointed from a list of qualified law enforcement persons for that district or state. each state has at least one district, while several have three or more. the offices of u. s. marshal and deputy marshals were created by the first congress in the judiciary act of 1789, the same legislation that established the federal judicial system. special deputies were allowed to be recruited as local hires or as temporary transfers to the marshals ' service of other federal law enforcement officers. marshals were also authorised to swear in a posse to assist them in manhunts and other duties. the marshals were given extensive authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts and to carry out all lawful orders issued by judges, congress, or the president. the marshals and their deputies served the subpoenas, summonses, writs, warrants, and other process issued by the courts, made all the arrests, and handled all the prisoners. they also disbursed the money. the individual deputy marshals have been portrayed as legendary heroics in the


to cooperate with a marshal resulted in a $ 5000 fine and imprisonment, a stiff penalty for those days. in the 1960s the marshals were on the front lines of the civil rights movement, mainly providing protection to volunteers. in 1962 john f. kennedy ordered the marshals to accompany james meredith, an african - american, who wished to register at the university of mississippi. their presence on the campus provoked riots at the university, requiring president kennedy to send in the army to pacify the crowd. just as america has changed over the past two centuries, so has its federal justice system – from the original 13 judicial districts, to 94 districts spanning the continent and beyond ; and with tens of thousands of federal judges, prosecutors, jurors, witnesses, and defendants involved in the judicial process. the marshals service has changed with it, not in its underlying responsibility to enforce the law and execute the orders issued by the court, but in the breadth of its functions, the professionalism of its personnel, and the sophistication of the technologies employed. these changes are made apparent by an examination of the contemporary duties of the modern marshals service. except for suits by incarcerated persons or ( in some circumstances ) by seamen, u. s. marshals no longer serve process in private civil actions filed in the u. s. federal courts. under the federal rules of civil procedure, process may be served by any u. s. citizen over the age of 18 who is a not a party or an attorney involved in the case. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


| after feasting on the first thanksgiving dinner, the pilgrim fathers, who couldn ' t watch football because they had no electricity, were enjoying each other ' s company when the subject of livestock came up. talk turned to trade, and before the afternoon had ended with leftovers, a series of trades ended with five of the families trading away one of the animals they had brought on the mayflower and getting in return an animal brought to the new world by one of the others. given the historical recording of america ' s first swap meet below, can you determine the name ( one was called annie ) and kind of animal each forefather family traded and which animal they received in return? - the pilgrim family that traded kate received the sheep in return. - the whites acquired the horse after all the swapping was done. - neither the cow nor the goat ended up going home to the hopkins farm.. - the forefather family that owned the horse thanksgiving morning ended up owning bessie thanksgiving night. - the allertons were thankful to get ownership of prissy at the end. - molly wasn ' t the animal the hopkinses ' traded away. - bessie wasn ' t the sheep. - the mullinses traded away the family pig ; they never had ownership of kate during all the trading back and forth. - the brewsters weren ' t the pilgrims who traded away their goat. - after all the swapping back and forth, no two families ended up simply trading the animals they owned to each other.


healthcare and decision - making in dementia consent to medical treatment consent to treatment is covered by section 6 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 of 17 august 1992. according to this act, patients must be cared for on the basis of a mutual understanding, which means that they must consent to treatment. if they refuse a particular treatment, the doctor must propose another medically acceptable alternative to which they are in agreement. in certain circumstances, a person can be treated against his / her will ( please refer to the section on forced internment ). concerning patients who are unable to consent, section 6. 2 and 6. 3 of the act on the status and rights of patients states : “ if a major patient because of mental disturbance or mental retardation or for other reason cannot decide on the treatment given to him / her, the legal representative or a family member or other person closely connected to the patient has to be heard before making an important decision concerning treatment to assess what kind of treatment would be in accordance with the patient ' s will. if this matter cannot be assessed, the patient has to be given a treatment that can be considered to be in accordance with his / her personal interests. ” “ in cases referred to in paragraph 2, the patient ' s legal representative, a close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient, must give their consent to the treatment. in giving their consent, the patient ' s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient must respect the patient ' s previously expressed wishes or, if no wishes had been expressed, the patient ' s well - being. if the patient ' s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient forbid the care or treatment of the patient, care or treatment must, as far as possible in agreement with the person who refused consent, be given in some other medically acceptable manner. if the patient ' s legal representative, close relative or other person closely connected with the patient disagree on the care or treatment to be given, the patient shall be cared for or treated in accordance with his or her best interests. ” ( 9. 4. 1999 / 489 ) however, a person / persons who make a decision on behalf of a patient cannot forbid treatment which is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the patient ( section 9 ). consent in case of emergency section 8 of the act on the status and rights of patients deals with emergency treatment. it states : “ a patient has to


is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the patient ( section 9 ). consent in case of emergency section 8 of the act on the status and rights of patients deals with emergency treatment. it states : “ a patient has to be given treatment necessary to ward off a hazard imperilling his / her life or health even in cases where it is not possible to assess the patient ' s will because of unconsciousness or other reason. however, if the patient has earlier steadfastly and competently expressed his / her will concerning treatment given to him / her, he / she must not be given treatment that is against his / her will. ” the right to refuse treatment a competent patient has the right to refuse treatment. according to the act on the status and rights of patients ( section 6. 1 ), if a patient refuses a particular treatment, the doctor must propose another medically acceptable alternative to which they are in agreement. health care proxies also have the right to refuse treatment on behalf of an incompetent patient. according to section 6. 3 of the act on the status and rights of patients, if the patient ' s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient forbid the care or treatment of the patient, care or treatment must, as far as possible in agreement with the person who refused consent, be given in some other medically acceptable manner. however, section 9 stipulates that health care proxies cannot forbid treatment which is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the patient. the right to withdraw consent competent patients have the right to withdraw consent. consent to non - conventional treatment competent patients have the right to give consent to non - conventional treatment. consent to the donation of organs and / or human tissue it is possible for patients to consent to the donation of organs and human tissue through advance directives. health care proxies can give such consent after the death of the patient. consent to research act n° 488 on medical research came into force on 1 november 1999. in this act, medical research is defined as being research which interferes with the integrity of a human being or a human embryo or foetus and whose intention is to increase knowledge of the cause, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment or prevention of the disease or its nature in general. paragraph 7 deals with consent from disabled subjects. this includes people who are unable to give their consent due to a mental health disorder, mental handicap or other equivalent reason. research can only be


, treatment or prevention of the disease or its nature in general. paragraph 7 deals with consent from disabled subjects. this includes people who are unable to give their consent due to a mental health disorder, mental handicap or other equivalent reason. research can only be carried out on such people if the same scientific results could not be attained using other subjects and provided that the risk of causing damage or stress is limited. furthermore, research can only be carried out if it could be expected to be directly beneficial to the participant or to other people either of the same age or with the same medical condition. even if these conditions have been fulfilled, the participant ' s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient must give written consent after having received the necessary relevant information. the consent has to be given in accordance to the presumed will of a participant. the provisions of article 6 also apply in that consent can be withdrawn at any time before completion of the research. finally, if the participant objects to any procedure used as part of the research, he or she must not be forced to undergo the procedure. advance directives and health care proxies the legal status of advance directives advance directives have legal status in finland according to section 8 of the act on the status and rights of patients ( no. 785 / 92 of 17 august 1992 ). section 8 of the act on the status and rights of patients deals with emergency treatment. a situation could arise whereby a patient, who is in need of emergency treatment, is unconscious or unable to express his / her will. according to section 8, doctors cannot give a treatment that is against his / her will, as expressed steadfastly and competently at some point in the past. in the sense that this section refers to the necessity to respect the previously expressed wishes of a person who is no longer able to state his / her preference regarding treatment, this can be considered as legitimising a kind of advance directive. paragraph 6. 3 of the act on the status and rights of patients can also be interpreted as involving the possible use of advance directives in substitute decision making with regard to care. there are three categories of people who can decide on behalf of a person with incapacity : - the legal representative who could be either a guardian who is entitled to represent his / her client in issues linked to the client ’ s person or a person appointed by the patient such as a power of attorney or continuing power of attorney in health care issues. - a family member or - another person who


who is entitled to represent his / her client in issues linked to the client ’ s person or a person appointed by the patient such as a power of attorney or continuing power of attorney in health care issues. - a family member or - another person who is closely connected to the patient. these people are not placed in any order of priority. however, the ministry of social affairs and health has plans to alter the act on the status and rights of patients in such a way that there would be a priority list of the proxy decision makers. after the alteration the possible legal representative would have priority to make decisions. conditions surrounding the writing, validity and registering of an advance directive a person must have sufficient capacity to make a valid advance directive. competence is presumed unless proven otherwise. in case of doubt, a doctor should assess a person ’ s capacity. there is no set procedure for writing or registering advance directives but they should be recorded in the patient ’ s medical file. an advance directive can be made orally ( e. g. by a person in hospital ) or in writing. if made in writing, it is advisable to have two witnesses. a doctor and / or lawyer may be involved in the process of making an advance directive but this is not necessary. advance directives are not limited to a set period of time. there is a new decree from the ministry of social affairs and health on medical files ( 30. 3. 2009 / 298 ). paragraph 18. 4 of the decree on medical files states that if a patient wishes to express ( orally ) his / her steadfast will regarding future medical treatment, it should be recorded clearly, along with his / her signature, in the medical files. it is also possible to attach a separate advance directive to the medical files. what an advance directive can cover the act on the status and rights of patients states that in emergency situations “ doctors cannot give a treatment that is against the will of a patient, as expressed steadfastly and competently at some point in the past ”. in literature on jurisprudence it is interpreted that an advance directive can cover at least the following : - the treatment of medical conditions ; - care and welfare decisions ; - life - supporting treatment ; - life - saving treatment ; and - the appointment of a health care proxy. nowadays, in practice, there are also so - called positive advance directives. these documents can express many kinds of wishes e. g. what kind of food and drinks the person likes, what their favourite clothing is etc. obligation to


care proxy. nowadays, in practice, there are also so - called positive advance directives. these documents can express many kinds of wishes e. g. what kind of food and drinks the person likes, what their favourite clothing is etc. obligation to comply with instructions contained in an advance directive in the case of emergency treatment, advance directives are legally binding. in literature on jurisprudence it is interpreted that they are legally binding in other cases too. at least it is good medical practice to comply with them. the ministry of social affairs and health has plans to alter the act on the status and rights of patients. after the alteration, doctors will not obliged to comply with advance directives if it is obvious that the advance directive is based on a person ’ s false perception of their health condition, the nature of the illness or the effectiveness of the treatment methods and medication proposed. similarly, doctors should not comply with an advance directive if the patient ’ s will concerning treatment and care has changed for the above - mentioned or a similar reason. if it would be against a doctor ’ s personal beliefs to comply with instructions contained in an advance directive, the doctor must find a colleague who is willing to take over the treatment of the patient. amending, renewing and cancelling advance directives an advance directive can be amended, renewed or cancelled at any time. this can be done verbally, in writing or through behaviour which clearly indicates this decision. it is not necessary for a person to have full legal capacity ( i. e. in every domain ) as a greater level of capacity is needed to write an advance directive than to cancel it. this has been discussed in medical circles as well as in literature on jurisprudence. access to information / diagnosis the right to be informed section 5 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 / 92 of 17 august 1992 contains the following provisions regarding the patient ' s right to be informed : " a patient shall be given information about his / her state of health, the significance of the treatment, various alternative forms of treatment and their effects and about other factors related to his / her treatment that are significant when decisions are made on the treatment given to him / her. however, this information shall not be given against the will of the patient or when it is obvious that giving the information would cause serious hazard to the life or health of the patient, health care professionals should try to give the information in such a way that the patient can understand it. if the health care professional does not know the language used by


obvious that giving the information would cause serious hazard to the life or health of the patient, health care professionals should try to give the information in such a way that the patient can understand it. if the health care professional does not know the language used by the patient or if the patient because of a sensory handicap or speech defect cannot be understood, interpretation should be provided if possible. " the above text can be interpreted as granting patients the right to be informed of the diagnosis. under section 9. 1 of the act on the status and rights of patients, “ the right to be informed and the powers of the patient ' s representative ”, allows for information to be given to certain people in order to enable them to make decisions and consent on behalf of the person with incapacity. the text is as follows : “ in the circumstances referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 of section 6, the patient ’ s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient shall be entitled to receive any information regarding the patient ' s state of health that may be required to enable them to express an opinion and give their consent. ( 9. 4. 1999 / 489 ) ” access to medical files as a general rule, only the patient has access to his / her medical records. health care professionals and other people who are working in the medical domain cannot give information about a patient to outsiders without the written consent of the patient. ( see section 13 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 / 92 ) the right to designate another person to be informed on one ’ s behalf under the government ’ s proposal of the act on the status and rights of patients ( 185 / 1991 ) the legal representative is either a person appointed by a patient or a guardian ( appointed by a court ). if a patient has appointed someone to make health care decisions on his / her behalf ( for example via an advance directive ), such person has the right to be informed regarding the patient ’ s state of health as stated in section 9. 1 of the act on the status and rights of patients ( see above ). a patient can also appoint a “ continuing power of attorney in health care issues ” in advance of his / her incapacity ( please see the act on continuing powers of attorney ( 648 / 2007 ) ). such donee is also a legal representative and also has the right to be informed under section 9. 1 of the act on the status and rights of patients. a legal representative ( guardian ), relatives


of attorney ( 648 / 2007 ) ). such donee is also a legal representative and also has the right to be informed under section 9. 1 of the act on the status and rights of patients. a legal representative ( guardian ), relatives and people who are close to the person with dementia can also be informed on his / her behalf although in their case, they would not actually have been designated by the person with dementia. the doctor ’ s right to withhold information section 5 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 / 92 of 17 august 1992 states that a doctor has the right to withhold information : “ when it is obvious that giving the information would cause serious hazard to the life or health of the patient. ” see section “ access to information ” above the patient ’ s right to refuse information section 5 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 / 92 of 17 august 1992 contains the following provisions regarding the patient ’ s right to refuse information : “.. information shall not be given against the will of the patient. ” see section “ access to information ” above confidentiality / disclosure of information to other people section 10 of the constitution states that the private life, honour and home of every person shall be secured and that detailed provisions on the protection of personal data shall be prescribed by act of parliament. patients must be treated in such a way that their human dignity is not violated and that their convictions and privacy are respected ( section 3 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 / 92 ). apart from the exception contained in section 9. 1 of the act on the status and rights of patients, information about patients is confidential. section 13 of the act on the status and rights of patients ( no. 785 / 92 ) covers the confidentiality of information in patients ' medical files. as stated above in “ the right to access medical files ”, health care professionals and other people who are working in the medical domain cannot give information about a patient to outsiders without the written consent of the patient. section 13. 3 of section 13 of this act includes further provisions : - information included in patient documents may be given if there are express provisions on giving it or on the right of access to it in the law ; - information necessary for the arranging of examination and treatment of the patient may be given to another health care unit or health care professional, and a summary of the treatment provided may be given to the health care unit or the health care


it in the law ; - information necessary for the arranging of examination and treatment of the patient may be given to another health care unit or health care professional, and a summary of the treatment provided may be given to the health care unit or the health care professional that referred the patient for treatment and to a physician possibly appointed to be responsible for the care of the patient in accordance with the patient ' s or his / her legal representative ’ s oral consent or consent that is otherwise obvious from the context ; and - information necessary for arranging and providing the examination and care of a patient may be given to another finnish or foreign health care unit or health care professional, if the patient, owing to a mental health disturbance, mental handicap or for a comparable reason is not capable of assessing the significance of the consent and he / she has no legal representative, or if the patient cannot give the consent because of unconsciousness or for comparable reason ; - information about the identity and state of health of a patient may be given to a family member of the patient or to other person close to the patient, if the patient is receiving treatment because of unconsciousness or for another comparable reason, unless there is reason to believe that the patient would forbid this ; and - information on the health and medical care of a deceased person provided when the person was still living may be given, upon a justified written application, to anyone who needs the information in order to find out his / her vital interests or rights, to the extent that the information is necessary for that purpose ; the acquiring party may not use or forward the information for some other purpose. section 13 of the act on the status and rights of patients ( 30. 6. 2000 / 653 ) specifically addressed the issue of confidentiality of information contained in patients ’ records. paragraph 13. 1 states that information contained in patients ’ records shall be confidential. paragraph 13. 2 states that health care professionals and other people working in or for health care units shall not disclose to outsiders information contained in a patient ’ s medical records without the written consent of the patient. if the patient is not capable of giving such consent, it can be given by his / her legal representative. in this act, the term “ outsiders ” refers to people other than those who are involved in the care of the patient or in carrying out tasks related to the person ’ s care within or on behalf of a health care unit. the obligation to respect confidentiality remains in force even when the person is no longer employed or carrying out tasks on behalf of the health care unit. end


carrying out tasks related to the person ’ s care within or on behalf of a health care unit. the obligation to respect confidentiality remains in force even when the person is no longer employed or carrying out tasks on behalf of the health care unit. end - of - life care and issues decisions about palliative care are made by a doctor but need to be discussed with the patient or patients ’ health care proxy / proxies. special leave for carers in paid employment the act on support for informal care ( 937 / 2005 ) came into effect at the beginning of 2006. support for informal care is a statutory social service. the municipality is responsible for organising the support within the limits of its resources. the purpose of the act is to promote informal care that is in the interests of the person cared for ( the client ) by securing sufficient access to social welfare and health care services and by safeguarding the continuity of care. support for informal care encompasses necessary services for the client, and compensation, leave and support services for the informal carer. in section 5. 2 of the act it is stated that if, during a heavy period of care ( e. g. looking after a terminally ill person ), a carer is unable to go to work, he / she receives a minimum allowance of eur 600 / month. active euthanasia is not permitted. a competent patient may, however, refuse life - saving or life - sustaining treatment or write in an advance directive the kind of treatment that he / she would like to refuse in the future, should it be needed. healthcare professionals who respect such wishes, which could be described as passive euthanasia, would not be prosecuted. healthcare proxies cannot forbid treatment which is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the person they are representing. assisted suicide is not considered a criminal act under the penal code of finland ( 39 / 1889 and subsequent amendments ). homicide, murder and killing the penal code of finland ( 39 / 1889 ; amendments up to 650 / 2003 as well as 1372 / 2003, 650 / 2004 and 1006 / 2004 included ) includes the following articles which related to homicide, murder and poisoning : chapter 21 - homicide and bodily injury ( 578 / 1995 ) section 1 - manslaughter ( 578 / 1995 ) ( 1 ) a person who kills another shall be sentenced for manslaughter to imprisonment for a fixed period of at least eight years. ( 2 ) an attempt is punishable. section 2 - murder ( 57


##er ( 578 / 1995 ) ( 1 ) a person who kills another shall be sentenced for manslaughter to imprisonment for a fixed period of at least eight years. ( 2 ) an attempt is punishable. section 2 - murder ( 578 / 1995 ) ( 1 ) if the manslaughter is ( 2 ) committed in a particularly brutal or cruel manner ; ( 3 ) committed by causing serious danger to the public ; or ( 4 ) committed by killing a public official on duty upholding the peace or public security, or because of an official action ; and the offence is aggravated also when assessed as a whole, the offender shall be sentenced for murder to life imprisonment. ( 2 ) an attempt is punishable. section 3 - killing ( 578 / 1995 ) ( 1 ) if the manslaughter, in view of the exceptional circumstances of the offence, the motives of the offender or other related circumstances, when assessed as a whole, is to be deemed to have been committed under mitigating circumstances, the offender shall be sentenced for killing to imprisonment for at least four and at most ten years. ( 2 ) an attempt is punishable. section 8 - negligent homicide ( 578 / 1995 ) a person who through negligence causes the death of another shall be sentenced for negligent homicide to a fine or to imprisonment for up to two years. section 9 - grossly negligent homicide ( 578 / 1995 ) if in the negligent homicide the death of another is caused by gross negligence, and the offence is aggravated ( also when assessed as a whole ), the offender shall be sentenced for grossly negligent homicide to imprisonment for at least four months and at most six years. the national advisory board on health care ethics ( etene ) ( 2008 ), old age and ethics of care. report 2008, helsinki. ( www. etene. org / e / documents ) sulkava, raimo : practice of competence assessment in dementia : finland. in book stoppe, gabriela ( edit. ) ( 2008 ), competence assessment in dementia. on behalf of the european dementia consensus network, springer verlag. p. 109 - 111. please refer to the section on consent. last updated : wednesday 27 april 2011


keynes at the border? wednesday, april 15, 2009 a common fallacy holds that imposing taxes on imports and rebating taxes on exports would stimulate the economy. a common fallacy holds that border tax adjustments — imposing taxes on imports and rebating taxes on exports — would enhance american exports and reduce imports. the reasoning behind this mistake is simple enough. a border adjustment seems to provide a subsidy to exporters and to levy a tariff on importers. border adjustment proponents, noting that international trade rules allow nations to border adjust consumption taxes such as european - style value added taxes, urge the adoption of a consumption tax in the united states so that we can border adjust and enhance our trade competitiveness. yet, such an argument ignores an essential truth about imports and exports : over the long term, exports and imports must be equal. we can think of a country like a household. purchases are paid for from the proceeds of sales, and sales are made for the purpose of additional purchases. in the long run, purchases and sales must be equal. a nation ’ s trade policy works the same way. over a nation ’ s history, the value of exports in current dollars must equal the value of imports in present value. any attempt to permanently increase exports and decrease imports is futile. what would actually happen if we border adjusted imports and exports is that exchange rate movements would offset the trade effects and the dollar would appreciate. the key variable is the real exchange rate, which determines the terms at which a country buys and sells. ( for the united states, the real exchange rate is the value of the dollar in terms of foreign currency — the nominal exchange rate — multiplied by the u. s. price level and divided by the foreign price level. ) the real exchange rate adjusts to keep the present discounted value of exports and imports equal. the adoption of a border adjustment by the united states would trigger an increase in the real exchange rate that would offset the perceived boost to exports and the perceived restraint on imports. the argument for border tax adjustments ignores an essential truth about imports and exports. imagine, for the moment, that one euro and one dollar have the same value under the current trade regime. if a firm in the united states wanted to import one euro ’ s worth of german chocolate, the cost of the chocolate to the importer would be one dollar. now, let ’ s imagine that we institute a 25 percent border adjustment. the cost of the chocolate to the importer would increase to €1. 33 ( 25 percent of 1. 33 is


the chocolate to the importer would be one dollar. now, let ’ s imagine that we institute a 25 percent border adjustment. the cost of the chocolate to the importer would increase to €1. 33 ( 25 percent of 1. 33 is 0. 33 ). at the same time, the dollar would appreciate to €1. 33 ; conversely, one euro would be worth 75 cents. at the new exchange rate, the €1. 33 chocolate would still cost the importer one dollar, so there would be no net increase in cost. the same dynamics would be at play in the case where the united states is an exporter. imagine that a german importer wants to buy one dollar worth of florida oranges, which would cost one euro under the current trade regime. under the border adjustment, the united states would rebate the american exporter 25 percent, so the cost to the german importer would decrease to 75 cents. because the dollar would appreciate to €1. 33, however, the cost to the german importer would still be one euro. there would be no competitive advantage for u. s. exports. these examples reveal that the impact on overall trade flows would be neutral. even if a border adjustment could permanently increase exports and reduce imports, the impact of the change would be disastrous for an economy. in that case, the united states would send more goods and services, produced by our own labor and resources, abroad while receiving fewer goods and services in return. because imports are the gain from trade while exports are the cost of trade, a permanent increase in net exports would reduce our standard of living. although attractive at face value, the desire to permanently increase exports and reduce imports reflects the misguided view known as mercantilism, the doctrine that adam smith condemned so forcefully in 1776. even if a border adjustment could permanently increase exports and reduce imports, the impact would be disastrous for an economy. ironically, a border adjustment would result in a one - time wealth transfer from american to foreign asset holders. a border adjustment would tax the consumption of americans financed by their holdings of foreign assets and would exempt from the tax base the consumption of foreigners financed by their holdings of american assets. consequently, the value of foreign assets held by americans would decline while the value of american assets held by foreigners would appreciate. the popularity of keynesian stimulus during the current recession has led to a renewed interest in border adjustments as a way to stimulate aggregate demand. but a border adjustment would not produce permanent changes in trade patterns. in addition,


assets held by foreigners would appreciate. the popularity of keynesian stimulus during the current recession has led to a renewed interest in border adjustments as a way to stimulate aggregate demand. but a border adjustment would not produce permanent changes in trade patterns. in addition, the desire to provide a permanent boost to the economy through a border adjustment constitutes a misunderstanding of keynesianism. sound keynesian policies seek to make output more stable throughout the business cycle by increasing aggregate demand in a downturn and restraining demand during an upturn ; they do not permanently boost aggregate demand in a futile effort to permanently raise output. supporters of consumption taxation in the united states often rely on misperceptions about border adjustments in order to make their case. there are compelling reasons to adopt a consumption tax in the united states, including simplification and enhanced capital accumulation. the ability to border adjust is immaterial. the border adjustment fallacy should not obscure the real case for consumption taxation. alan viard is resident scholar at the american enterprise institute. he was a senior economist at the federal reserve bank of dallas and an assistant professor of economics at ohio state university. he has also worked for the treasury department ’ s office of tax analysis, the white house ’ s council of economic advisers, and the joint committee on taxation of the u. s. congress. this article was adapted by amy roden, a research assistant at aei, and scott ganz, aei ’ s program manager for economic policy studies, from a longer paper. further reading : viard recently released tax policy lessons from the 2000s ( aei press, 2009 ), a collection of essays which explore the role taxes play in setting policy and their effect on businesses ' financial and investment decisions. findings were discussed at this aei event. image by darren wamboldt / the bergman group.


where art and science meet artist peter trusler and paleontologists patricia vickers - rich and thomas h. rich collaborate to bring long - extinct species to life on the page australian artist peter trusler has a talent for portraying long - extinct creatures and the landscapes in which they lived in ways consistent with the best scientific evidence. his engrossing illustrations have appeared in books, scientific exhibitions, popular publications, even on australian postage stamps. for more than 30 years trusler also has collaborated with patricia vickers - rich, professor of paleontology and founding director of the monash science centre at monash university, and her husband, thomas h. rich, senior curator of vertebrate paleontology at museum victoria. in the the artist and the scientists : bringing prehistory to life ( cambridge university press, 2010 ) — excerpted below — trusler, vickers - rich and rich explore the fertile opportunities for provocation, when established ideas are challenged, and for education when meticulous art and science connect. peter trusler : “ with respect to art in general, pablo picasso is reported to have exclaimed that photography had thankfully released us from those shackles of realistic representation. so true, but for all major advances there is a frame of reference, or a point of relativity, beyond which this may not hold. regrettably, something is often lost when another thing is gained. i often bear this cliche in mind. in circumstances where i have the opportunity to compare a well presented, old lithographic drawing of a specimen with an equivalent photograph, i have found that, contrary to popular opinion, the drawing can be superior.... “ [ a ] drawing is a complex synthesis of information, which embodies a hierarchy of decisions. it contains a system of weighted emphases that can filter out extraneous or irrelevant information. drawings deal with surfaces, form and content and matters of understanding, for they are time intensive. drawings are expressions that embody research and development. they are never bland, factual presentations, no matter how simple or realistic they may appear. the specimen ’ s image has been considered, and not shot! one can, therefore, read the mind of the individual who rendered it. this is not to say that an astute photographer cannot effect many of the same processes with skillful camera technique … “ the intrinsic difference for me … is one of cognition. ” patricia vickers - rich and thomas h. rich : “ the association and friendship between the three of us spans more than


photographer cannot effect many of the same processes with skillful camera technique … “ the intrinsic difference for me … is one of cognition. ” patricia vickers - rich and thomas h. rich : “ the association and friendship between the three of us spans more than three decades. it began when we two scientists were on the hunt for an artist who had the skills that would allow precise scientific information to be conveyed in imagery alongside the detailed scientific descriptions of the ancient marsupial, diprotodon. the condition of the specimens to be ‘ presented, ’ to both the general public and to other researchers, was incomplete. what we needed was an artist able to synthesize images that combined these fragments and information from various disciplines. the images required a three - dimensional quality that drew observers in, communicating to them intimate details of anatomical form. but, more than just revealing the essence of the scientific descriptions, these images needed to challenge the viewer to ask more questions …. “ we have, through our work together, continued to find each other ’ s different perspectives and approaches informative. we have been able to disagree, challenge each other and spend long hours discussing the direction of each of the projects highlighted within these chapters. we have enjoyed exploring new territory — new techniques, novel materials and subjects …. [ t ] hroughout our work together, we have respected each other ’ s independence... ” in sightings, american scientist publishes examples of innovative scientific imaging from diverse research fields. » post comment


in the course of human history, few events come along that are so indelible that people remember where they were, what they were doing, and how they felt at one exact moment. for many of my contemporaries, the assassination of john f. kennedy in 1963 brings back vivid memories of the day when the united states ’ camelot came to an abrupt end. the tragedy of 9 / 11 is one such event. the unspeakable terror of the events of september 11, 2001, will remain as the singular, horrific day that transformed the world and america in particular — and the way the world has evolved since that day. the politics surrounding 9 / 11 remain, and historians will surely debate its ramifications for decades to come : two wars that directly resulted from the attacks continue in their distinctive forms ; the patriot act remains fundamentally in force ; and guantanamo bay is still open. the human tragedies woven around the 2001 attacks will be commemorated in the coming days. nearly 3000 people lost their lives on 9 / 11 and it has been estimated that possibly over 10, 000 lost a relative in the world trade center. twenty - four canadians also perished that day. some remains have never been found, and for all who were involved in some capacity, the wounds have not healed. last year ’ s controversy over a mosque and community center near ground zero is clear evidence that time is moving ever so slowly. there will be many accounts and testimonials about 9 / 11 in the days ahead. the official commemorations will recall the bravery and courage of the survivors and the first responders. we will be solemn, we will shed tears, we will remember, and most of all, we must never forget. as a quebecer and as a canadian, i can attest to the fact that our country felt the horror and the sadness of 9 / 11. it was not only an attack on the united states ; it was an assault on humanity, decency and the preciousness of life. innocent people that morning left their homes, families and friends to pursue their lives, duties and hopes. they all expected to be home later, chat with friends, have dinner with their loved ones, or tell a bedtime story to their children. there are no boundaries to this tragedy. to some extent, we were all victims of 9 / 11, and our most immediate reaction was to help, comfort and pray when the moment occurred — and in the days that followed. it has been said that when air travel was suspended over the skies of the united


first nations children have the right grow up safely at home, get a good education, be healthy, and be proud of their cultures it ’ s an obvious truth but it ’ s far from being a reality. as the auditor general of canada and many others have noted, the federal government provides less funding per child for many services for first nations children on reserves than the provinces provide for children in their jurisdictions. this is despite often higher costs of delivering such services in small and remote communities, and the greater need experienced by many first nations communities. the result of the denial of basic rights that most people in canada take for granted. the annual have a heart day campaign is about involving ordinary people across canada in demanding an end to this fundamentally unjust situation. the campaign is led by the first nations child and family caring, a dynamic non - profit organization led by dr. cindy blackstock which advocates for the rights of first nations children. the caring society says, “ have a heart day is about caring canadians working together to ensure first nations children have proper services that make them feel proud of who they are. ” amnesty international has worked alongside the caring society for years to raise awareness of the ongoing discrimination in the funding and quality of basic government services available to first nations children. also in february we will once again standing alongside dr. blackstock and the caring society as the long awaiting canadian human rights tribunal hearing into the society ’ s discrimination complaint against the federal government is finally heard. the caring society has made joining the have a heart day campaign easy. you can take part by sending a valentine ’ s day card or letter to the prime minister and your member of parliament, hosting a valentine ’ s day party to raise awareness in your school or community, or by spreading the word through social media like youtube, twitter, and facebook. last year, people across canada celebrated have a heart day in all sorts of energizing and creative ways. southeast child and family services in manitoba collected over 5000 valentine ’ s day cards to send to parliament. students at carleton university held a bake sale, and community members in saskatchewan celebrated with an educational puppet show. visit the have a heart day website at www. fncaringsociety / have - a - heart for more information, to send an e - valentine, or to order have a heart valentine ’ s cards, posters, bookmarks, and buttons! to find the contact details for you member of parliament, visit the parliament of canada website. however you take part in have a heart day, please let us know


beschreibunghenry van dyke was one of the most popular and enduring writers of the 20th century. his sermons, poems, and short stories, such as the story of the other wise man ( paraclete, over 28, 000 sold ) were well - loved by children and adults alike. a new volume, the first christmas tree and other stories combines two books by van dyke, the first christmas tree and the spirit of christmas, in a keepsake edition for the whole family. the first christmas tree and other stories features woodcut etchings, and comes in a hardcover, gift - sized format ideal for holiday gift - giving. children, parents, grandparents, teachers, pastors, and lovers of classic literature will welcome this new edition of a beloved christmas classic. the first christmas tree, a tale of the origin of the first christmas tree, was first written in 1897 and read aloud to van dyke ' s congregation at brick presbyterian church in new york city. set in 722 a. d., the story tells of how prince gregor, " a young boy with the spirit of a man, " and his hero, the daring winfried of england, journey through treacherous land to reach the heathen people of the forest on christmas eve. when they arrive, winfried rescues the heathen from an unspeakable evil, destroys the great oak tree where they worshiped their false god, and points to a young fir tree, " the tree of the christ - child, " as the people ' s new sign of worship, symbolizing laughter, songs, and rites of love. the spirit of christmas is comprised of stories and prayers including the christmas angel, a story of a child - angel who predicts the coming of christ as a baby in bethlehem, christmas giving and christmas living, a simple, charming message about how to give from the heart, and christmas prayers, with prayers for the home and for " lonely folks " at christmas.


john scarborough, owner of a large landed property in hertfordshire, resented the restrictions of the law of entail. he accordingly devised a scheme whereby he was able by a double marriage, one before and one after the birth of his eldest son, to declare him legitimate or not, as the future might make desirable. this eldest son, mountjoy, was a weak, easily led wastrel who developed into an inveterate gambler, and so encumbered the estate with postobits that at his father ' s death it would have gone to the moneylenders. the father, who valued his estate above his honor then declared mountjoy illegitimate, producing the certificate of the second marriage in proof. the post - obits now being valueless he quietly bought them up, once again making the estate unencumbered. augustus, the second son, finding himself an heir, soon enraged his father by exhibiting an unseemly haste to enter into his inheritance. to punish him, john made a new will, giving mountjoy all his property except that covered by the entail, and leaving augustus only the skeleton of the estate, with no money to maintain it. not satisfied in thus dashing his younger son ' s hopes, he then produced the first marriage certificate, making mountloy heir under the entail. at his father ' s death, mountjoy, again in funds, departed for monte carlo, and the assumption is that the estate would once again fall into the hands of the jews. "... a novel of property... cynical and, for its period, daring, shows his [ trollope ' s ] power of sustained and dexterous raillery. " - sadlier


the moravian church was founded in the 15th century, and is considered the first protestant denomination, based on the philosophies of jan hus. by the 18th century, members of the church had been forced out of their homelands in moravia and bohemia ( now part of the czech republic ), and some had ended up in herrnhut, germany. there, they set up schools where sons would be raised and educated while their parents were away doing missionary work. as the story goes, early one december some time in the mid - 19th century, a teacher at the herrnhut schools developed an art project for the students where they would use paper and glue to make a star - shaped polyhedron by attaching tall pyramids to a multifaceted geometrical solid ( image 2 ). this challenging math lesson yielded beautiful star shapes, which the students used as lanterns for christmas decorations ( tip : it worked out for them, but i wouldn ' t recommend combining fire and paper in your own home decor ). subsequently, the shape came to be known as the moravian star, and was primarily associated with advent and christmas decorations. around 1900, an industrial manufacture sprang up in herrnhut, mass - producing the star lanterns out of tin and glass. they also produced diy - type kits for people to assemble at home, out of paper punched with holes. the advent of mail - order and the increase in international travel meant that moravian stars became familiar in other parts of the world, as well, especially in the areas of pennsylvania and upstate new york where the moravian church had been going strong since the 18th century. not only is it surprising to think of a school craft project turning into an international piece of design, but it is even more surprising to realize that the complexity of the star form had only recently been understood by the most brilliant mathematicians. if we ' re going to get geometrical here, the moravian star is technically a great stellated dodecahedron, a form first identified by johannes kepler in 1619 and then again by louis poinsot ( who was unfamiliar with kepler ' s work ) in 1809 — just a few short decades before the herrnhut art project. the teacher responsible must therefore have been familiar with the most recent and complicated mathematical writings. of course, kepler and poinsot did not invent the great stellated dodecahedron, they just named and rationalized it. there is a mosaic representation of a small stellated dodecahedron ( small because its points are short, as opposed to the tall iso


poinsot did not invent the great stellated dodecahedron, they just named and rationalized it. there is a mosaic representation of a small stellated dodecahedron ( small because its points are short, as opposed to the tall isosceles points of the ' great ' version ) on the floor of san marco basilica in venice, attributed to paolo uccello in the 1450s ( image 3 ). and art and architecture from western islamic lands like morocco have been primarily based on geometrical patterns for centuries, yielding flat, two - dimensional variations on star shapes ( primarily 6 - and 8 - pointed stars ) in endless tessellations ( image 4 ), or concave three - dimensional star fragments in muqarnas ( image 5 ). perhaps this is the reason for the association of the star - shaped lanterns with moroccan design? i could find no historical moroccan, islamic or arabic lanterns shaped like a star. ( any readers know otherwise? ) while the moravian star might originally have been used as christmas decoration, it is above all a pleasing geometric form, and is now all but stripped of its religious or seasonal associations. at once complex and austere, it manages to be whimsical while also providing a pretty literal interpretation of starlight. images : 1 a ginger barber interior photographed by victoria pearson for house beautiful ; 2 herrnhuter - sterne. de ; 3 wikimedia commons ; 4 a zillij tile dado in marrakesh, via stars in symmetry, a great blog about islamic art and architecture ; 5 nasr al - molk mosque in shiraz, iran, via wikipedia ; 6 - 8 high street market ; 9 rum interior design via atsf ; 10 elements of style.


believing what jesus believed it has become increasingly popular to accept certain parts of the bible and to reject other parts. such amazing events as the miracle of creation, jonah ’ s being swallowed by a sea creature, and the flood of noah often are brushed aside as mere myth, while more “ credible ” things such as the teachings of jesus are accepted as fact. although this line of reasoning might have some initial appeal to our “ enlightened ” society that rejects biblical miracles off hand, it contains a major flaw. when the teachings of jesus are analyzed, it can be shown that jesus himself believed and taught the old testament stories that some label as myth. for instance, the story of jonah has come under attack due to its extraordinary details. according to the old testament scriptures, god ’ s prophet jonah disobeyed the lord and was swallowed by a great sea creature. for three days, he dwelt as a damp denizen of that creature ’ s belly, until finally he was vomited onto the land and given another chance to obey god. to certain scholars, the story of jonah finds a place in the scriptures, not as a factual narrative of a specific historical account, but as a myth or allegory. what did jesus believe about the story of jonah? his sentiments in this regard were emphatically stated. then certain of the scribes and pharisees answered him, saying, teacher, we would see a sign from thee. but he answered and said unto them, an evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign ; and there shall no sign be given it but the sign of jonah the prophet : for as jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the whale ; so shall the son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. the men of nineveh shall stand up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it : for they repented at the preaching of jonah ; and behold, a greater than jonah is here ( matthew 12 : 38 - 41 ). quite clearly, jesus accepted the story of jonah as an accurate description of a real, historical event. he included not only the fact that jonah spent three days in the belly of the fish, but also affirmed that the city of nineveh repented at the preaching of jonah. if the story of jonah were simply an allegory or myth, jesus ’ entire point about being in the belly of the earth for as long as jonah was in the belly of the fish would be weakened to


repented at the preaching of jonah. if the story of jonah were simply an allegory or myth, jesus ’ entire point about being in the belly of the earth for as long as jonah was in the belly of the fish would be weakened to the point of ridiculousness. for, if jonah wasn ’ t ever really in the belly of the fish, then what would that say about the son of man actually being in the belly of the earth? another story endorsed by christ is the formation of man and woman at the beginning of creation. some scholars, in an attempt to find a compromise between the bible and organic evolution, have postulated that the creation account of genesis need not be taken literally, and that room can be found in genesis to accommodate the idea that humans evolved gradually in earth ’ s recent past. what did jesus say about this idea? during his earthly sojourn, christ spoke explicitly regarding creation. in mark 10 : 6, for example, he declared : “ but from the beginning of the creation, male and female made he them. ” note these three paramount truths : ( 1 ) the first couple was “ made ” ; they were not biological accidents. interestingly, the verb “ made ” in the greek is in the aorist tense, implying point action, rather than progressive development ( which would be characteristic of evolutionary activity ). w. e. vine made this very observation with reference to the composition of the human body in his comments on 1 corinthians 12 : 18 ( 1951, p. 173 ). ( 2 ) the original pair was fashioned “ male and female ” ; they were not initially an asexual “ blob ” that eventually experienced sexual diversion. ( 3 ) adam and eve existed “ from the beginning of the creation. ” the greek word for “ beginning ” is arche, and is used of “ absolute, denoting the beginning of the world and of its history, the beginning of creation. ” the greek word for “ creation ” is ktiseos, and denotes the “ sum - total of what god has created ” ( cremer, 1962, pp. 113, 114, 381, emp. in orig. ). christ certainly did not subscribe to the notion that the earth is millions or billions of years older than humanity. accepting the testimony of jesus christ further demands that the global flood of noah be taken as a literal, historic event. the lord himself addressed the topic of the great flood in luke 17 : 26 - 30 ( cf. matthew


of years older than humanity. accepting the testimony of jesus christ further demands that the global flood of noah be taken as a literal, historic event. the lord himself addressed the topic of the great flood in luke 17 : 26 - 30 ( cf. matthew 24 : 39 ) when he drew the following parallel : and as it came to pass in the days of noah, even so shall it be also in the days of the son of man. they ate, they drank, they married, they were given in marriage, until the day that noah entered into the ark, and the flood came, and destroyed them all. likewise even as it came to pass in the days of lot ; they ate, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded ; but in the day that lot went out from sodom it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all : after the same manner shall it be in the day that the son of man is revealed ( emp. added ). the lord depicted an impending doom that was to befall the jews of his day who would not heed the word of god. for the purpose of this article, however, note the context in which jesus discussed the flood destruction of genesis 6 - 8. he placed the flood alongside the destruction of sodom, and he also placed it alongside the destruction of the ungodly at his second coming. john whitcomb correctly noted that the word “ all ” must refer to the totality of people on the entire earth in noah ’ s day, and in sodom during lot ’ s time. jesus ’ argument would be weakened considerably if some of the people on the earth, besides noah ’ s family, escaped the flood, or if certain sodomites survived the fiery destruction sent from heaven ( 1973, pp. 21 - 22 ). it is evident from the text that jesus affirmed that the same number of ungodly sinners who escaped the flood will be the same number of disobedient people who escape destruction at his second coming — none. from his remarks, one can clearly see that jesus accepted the genesis account of a global flood as a historical fact. the sayings of jesus contain numerous references to some of the old testament ’ s most extraordinary events. a person cannot consistently maintain a belief in jesus and his teachings, while denying the details of the accounts that he endorsed as factual. the testimony of jesus and the factual accuracy of the stories he commended stand together. cremer, h. ( 1962 )


august 15, 2012 in a recent article in scientific american, it was suggested that the u. s. should adopt higher standards in science, and that all 50 states should adopt them. when you check the literature on science standards, the main reason for aiming for higher standards ( raising the bar ) is because in the “ olympics ” of international academic test taking, the u. s. never takes home the gold. … read more july 31, 2012 guest post by anthony cody note : this is the first of five posts on the dialog between anthony cody and his readers, and the gates foundation. this post was originally published on anthony ’ s site over on education week teacher. this dialog is a major contribution to educational reform. anthony cody is one of the leading voices in america questioning the nature of present day reform. … read more may 30, 2012 in may, 2012, the national council on teacher quality ( nctq ) issued a report entitled : what teacher education programs teach about k – 12 assessment. anthony cody mentioned this study in a recent post entitled payola policy : nctq prepares its hit on schools of education. the title intrigued me, so i went over to the nctq website, and read and studied the report which is about what education courses teach about assessment. … read more may 16, 2012 sometime ago, we argued that there is little evidence that the national science education standards published in 1996 and the next generation science standards released for public view by achieve are any different than the content oriented projects of the 1960s. the disciplines and content areas of science were seen as fundamental in those earlier national science foundation funded projects such as pssc physics, cba chemistry, bscs biology, escp earth science, iscs, ips, and to the national science education standards published in the 1996. … read more may 15, 2012 note : this is the second in a series of posts on the next generation science standards. you can read the first one here. the next generation science standards ( ngss ) are the latest iteration of writing science objectives for the eventual purpose of testing students ’ knowledge of science. the objectives are developed by teams of experts, and rely on either their own domain analysis chart of science, or in this case the framework for k - 12 science education developed by another prestigious group of educators and scientists. … read more may 12, 2012 the next generation science standards are available for public view. follow this link to the science standards survey ( feedback ) website. according to achieve, inc., the corporation


tuesday, 8 june 2010, 20 : 00 – 21 : 00 santa fe convention center ballroom a presentation by maude barlow, national chairperson, the council of canadians, ottawa, ontario, canada the global water crisis now poses the greatest threat to human rights of our time. close to three billion people have no running water within a kilometer of their home, and every eight seconds a child dies of water borne disease. these deaths are totally avoidable. maude barlow will present her analysis of the ecological and human water crisis before us and her solution for a water secure future based on the core of principles of watershed restoration, water as a public trust and the human right to water. biographical information : maude barlow is the national chairperson of the council of canadians and senior advisor on water to the president of the united nations general assembly. she also chairs the board of washington - based food and water watch and is a councilor with the hamburg - based world future council. barlow is the recipient of eight honorary doctorates as well as many awards, including the 2005 right livelihood award ( known as the “ alternative nobel ” ), the citation of lifetime achievement at the 2008 canadian environment awards, and the 2009 earth day canada outstanding environmental achievement award. she is also the best - selling author or co - author of 16 books, including the recently released blue covenant : the global water crisis and the coming battle for the right to water.