“ from outside in the fields came a sickening smack of an axe on a tree. then we heard the tree fall. the very last truffula tree of them all. ” – from the lorax, dr. seuss this spring, a motion picture version of dr. seuss ’ s the lorax hit the big screen with a not - so - subtle environmental message about the threat timber harvesting poses to the environment. published in 1971, the book tells the story of a business, led by the “ once - ler, ” that cuts down all the trees in the truffula forest, destroying wildlife habitat, the air, and water in the process. the lorax, a friendly, furry creature that “ speaks for the trees, ” announces what he thinks has caused this catastrophe, scolding the businessman, “ sir, you are crazy with greed. ” forty years after the book was published, however, a different story has been written in forests across the globe. rather than being at odds, the once - ler and the lorax have found a common interest in making sure forests grow and expand ― and many of the world ’ s forests have benefitted. in the industrialized world, instead of the scarcity seuss predicted, forests are plentiful. last year was the international year of the forest, and the united nations offered some good news. for the last two decades, total land area covered by forest in the northern hemisphere ― where forestry is particularly active ― has increased. despite the implication that economic growth, or as seuss has the once - ler say, “ biggering, and biggering, and biggering, ” would lead to environmental destruction, the nations where growth has been most steady are the ones enjoying the best environmental outcomes. not only are nations in the northern hemisphere seeing forestland expand, but wood is increasingly recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly building materials. at the university of washington, researchers compared the environmental impact of building with either wood, concrete, or steel. the hands - down winner for lower energy use, less waste and less water use was wood. while concrete and steel can be mined only once, trees are constantly replacing themselves. one thing seuss got right was that once the once - ler cut all the trees down, his business went down with them. foresters understand this. destroying a forest by cutting down every last tree makes no sense, and so there are more trees in american forests today than there were just a


once - ler cut all the trees down, his business went down with them. foresters understand this. destroying a forest by cutting down every last tree makes no sense, and so there are more trees in american forests today than there were just a few decades ago. indeed, the economic value of the trees ensures forests are replanted and available for wildlife and future generations. even companies not planning on harvesting in 60 years recognize that land with 20 - year old trees is more valuable than land with no trees at all. replanting isn ’ t just good for the environment, it ’ s good for business. this is not to say the world ’ s forests are forever safe, or to dismiss the impact deforestation has on the environment. the enemy in these areas, however, is more likely to be poverty than industry. few people realize the most common use for trees across the globe is as firewood to heat a home and cook a meal. these trees are not cut down by machines, but by people struggling to meet the needs of daily living. it is true that government regulation of forestry is stricter today than it was forty years ago. it is also true, however, that we are still harvesting a significant amount of wood in the northern hemisphere, while preserving vast areas for future generations. sawmills are making the most of every part of the tree, literally using lasers to measure the best way to saw the log. technology has made effective regulation possible by using every tree wisely and limiting short - term pressures to overharvest. forty years after he sprang from the imagination of dr. seuss, the lorax would be happy to see that, far from disappearing, many forests today are thriving. they are there because the real story of the forests has not been about an unending battle between the fictional lorax and the hard - hearted once - ler, but a friendship that understands that both benefit from healthy forests that future generations can enjoy. todd myers is the environmental director at washington policy center. he has more than a decade of experience in environmental policy and is the author of the book eco - fads : how the rise of trendy environmentalism is harming the environment. he is a guest contributor for cascade policy institute, oregon ’ s free market public policy research center.


| line 10 : | | line 10 : | the oldest manuscripts of gregorian chants were written using a graphic notation which uses a repertoire of specific signs called [ [ neume ] ] s ; each neume designates a basic musical gesture ( see [ [ musical notation ] ] ). as books, made of [ [ vellum ] ] ( prepared sheepskins ), were very expensive, the text was abbreviated wherever possible, with the neumes written over the text. this was a notation without lines and no exact melodic contour could be deciphered from it, which implies that the repertoire was learnt by rote the oldest manuscripts of gregorian chants were written using a graphic notation which uses a repertoire of specific signs called [ [ neume ] ] s ; each neume designates a basic musical gesture ( see [ [ musical notation ] ] ). as books, made of [ [ vellum ] ] ( prepared sheepskins ), were very expensive, the text was abbreviated wherever possible, with the neumes written over the text. this was a notation without lines and no exact melodic contour could be deciphered from it, which implies that the repertoire was learnt by rote. revision as of 05 : 19, february 6, 2011 gregorian chant is the central tradition of western plainchant, a form of monophonic liturgical music within western orthodoxy that accompanied the celebration of mass and other ritual services. it is named after pope gregory i, bishop of rome from 590 to 604, who is traditionally credited for having ordered the simplification and cataloging of music assigned to specific celebrations in the church calendar. the resulting body of music is the first to be notated in a system ancestral to modern musical notation. in general, the chants were learned by the viva voce method, that is, by following the given example orally, which took many years of experience in the schola cantorum. gregorian chant originated in monastic life, in which celebrating the ' divine office ' eight times a day at the proper hours was upheld according to the rule of st. benedict. singing psalms made up a large part of the life in a monastic community, while a smaller group and soloists sang the chants. in its long history, gregorian chant has been subjected to many gradual changes and some reforms. gregorian chant was organized, codified, and notated mainly in the frankish lands of western and central europe during the 10th to 13th centuries, with later additions and redactions, but the texts and many of the melodies have ant


and some reforms. gregorian chant was organized, codified, and notated mainly in the frankish lands of western and central europe during the 10th to 13th centuries, with later additions and redactions, but the texts and many of the melodies have antecedents going back several centuries earlier. although popular belief credited pope gregory the great with having personally invented gregorian chant ( in much the same way that a biblical prophet would transmit a divinely received message ), scholars now believe that the chant bearing his name arose from a later carolingian synthesis of roman and gallican chant, and that at that time the attribution to gregory i was a " marketing ruse " to invest it with a sanctified pedigree, as part of an effort to create one liturgical protocol that would be practised throughout the entire holy roman empire. gregorian chants are organized into eight modes ( scales ). typical melodic features include characteristic incipits and cadences, the use of reciting tones around which the other notes of the melody revolve, and a vocabulary of musical motifs woven together through a process called centonization to create families of related chants. although the modern eight - tone major and minor scales are strongly related to two of these church modes ( the ionian and aeolian, respectively ), they function according to different harmonic rules. the church modes are based on six - note patterns called hexachords, the main notes of which are called the dominant and the final. depending on where the final falls in the sequence of the hexachord, the mode is characterized as either authentic or plagal. modes with the same final share certain characteristics, and it is easy to modulate back and forth between them ; hence, the eight modes fall into four larger groupings based on their finals. the oldest manuscripts of gregorian chants were written using a graphic notation which uses a repertoire of specific signs called neumes ; each neume designates a basic musical gesture ( see musical notation ). as books, made of vellum ( prepared sheepskins ), were very expensive, the text was abbreviated wherever possible, with the neumes written over the text. this was a notation without lines and no exact melodic contour could be deciphered from it, which implies that the repertoire was learnt by rote. gregorian chant was traditionally sung by choirs of men and boys in churches, or by monastics in their chapels, and is commonly heard in celebrations of the western riteliturgies. it is the music of the roman


repertoire was learnt by rote. gregorian chant was traditionally sung by choirs of men and boys in churches, or by monastics in their chapels, and is commonly heard in celebrations of the western riteliturgies. it is the music of the roman rite, performed in the mass and the monastic office. development of earlier plainchant singing has been part of the christian liturgy since the earliest days of the church. until the mid - 1990s, it was widely accepted that the psalmody of ancient jewish worship significantly influenced and contributed to early christian ritual and chant. this view is no longer generally accepted by scholars, due to analysis that shows that most early christian hymns did not have psalms for texts, and that the psalms were not sung in synagogues for centuries after the destruction of the second temple in ad 70. however, early christian rites did incorporate elements of jewish worship that survived in later chant tradition. canonical hours have their roots in jewish prayer hours. " amen " and " alleluia " come from hebrew, and the threefold " sanctus " derives from the threefold " kadosh " of the kedusha. the new testament mentions singing hymns during the last supper : " when they had sung the hymn, they went out to the mount of olives " template : bibleverse. other ancient witnesses such as pope clement i, tertullian, st. athanasius, and egeria confirm the practice, although in poetic or obscure ways that shed little light on how music sounded during this period. the 3rd - century greek " oxyrhynchus hymn " survived with musical notation, but the connection between this hymn and the plainchant tradition is uncertain. musical elements that would later be used in the roman rite began to appear in the 3rd century. the apostolic tradition, attributed to the theologian hippolytus, attests the singing of hallel psalms with alleluia as the refrain in early christian agape feasts. chants of the office, sung during the canonical hours, have their roots in the early 4th century, when desert monks following st. anthony introduced the practice of continuous psalmody, singing the complete cycle of 150 psalms each week. around 375, antiphonal psalmody became popular in the christian east ; in 386, st. ambrose introduced this practice to the west. scholars are still debating how plainchant developed during the 5th through the 9th centuries, as information from this period is scarce. around 410, st. augustine described the responsor


in 386, st. ambrose introduced this practice to the west. scholars are still debating how plainchant developed during the 5th through the 9th centuries, as information from this period is scarce. around 410, st. augustine described the responsorial singing of a gradual psalm at mass. at ca. 520, benedictus of nursia established what is called the rule of st. benedict, in which the protocol of the divine office for monastic use was laid down. around 678, roman chant was taught at york. distinctive regional traditions of western plainchant arose during this period, notably in the british isles ( celtic chant ), spain ( mozarabic ), gaul ( gallican ), and italy ( old roman, ambrosian and beneventan ). these traditions may have evolved from a hypothetical year - round repertory of 5th - century plainchant after the western roman empire collapsed. origins of the new traditionroman rite. according to james mckinnon, the core liturgy of the roman mass was compiled over a brief period in the 8th century in a project overseen by chrodegang of metz. other scholars, including andreas pfisterer and peter jeffery, have argued for an earlier origin for the oldest layers of the repertory. scholars debate whether the essentials of the melodies originated in rome, before the 7th century, or in francia, in the 8th and early 9th centuries. traditionalists point to evidence supporting an important role for pope gregory the great between 590 and 604, such as that presented in heinrich bewerunge ' s article in the catholic encyclopedia. scholarly consensus, supported by willi apel and robert snow, asserts instead that gregorian chant developed around 750 from a synthesis of roman and gallican chant commissioned by carolingian rulers in france. during a visit to gaul in 752 – 753, pope stephen ii had celebrated mass using roman chant. according to charlemagne, his father pepin abolished the local gallican rites in favor of the roman use, in order to strengthen ties with rome. in 785 – 786, at charlemagne ' s request, pope hadrian i sent a papal sacramentary with roman chants to the carolingian court. this roman chant was subsequently modified, influenced by local styles and gallican chant, and later adapted into the system of eight modes. this frankish - roman carolingian chant, augmented with new chants to complete the liturgical year, became known as " gregorian. " originally the chant was probably so named


styles and gallican chant, and later adapted into the system of eight modes. this frankish - roman carolingian chant, augmented with new chants to complete the liturgical year, became known as " gregorian. " originally the chant was probably so named to honor the contemporary pope gregory ii, but later lore attributed the authorship of chant to his more famous predecessor gregory the great. gregory was portrayed dictating plainchant inspired by a dove representing the holy spirit, giving gregorian chant the stamp of holy authority. gregory ' s authorship is popularly accepted as fact to this day. dissemination and hegemony gregorian chant appeared in a remarkably uniform state across europe within a short time. charlemagne, once elevated to holy roman emperor, aggressively spread gregorian chant throughout his empire to consolidate religious and secular power, requiring the clergy to use the new repertory on pain of death. from english and german sources, gregorian chant spread north to scandinavia, iceland and finland. in 885, pope stephen v banned the slavonic liturgy, leading to the ascendancy of gregorian chant in eastern catholic lands including poland, moravia, slovakia, and austria. the other plainchant repertories of the christian west faced severe competition from the new gregorian chant. charlemagne continued his father ' s policy of favoring the roman rite over the local gallican traditions. by the 9th century the gallican rite and chant had effectively been eliminated, although not without local resistance. the gregorian chant of the sarum rite displaced celtic chant. gregorian coexisted with beneventan chant for over a century before beneventan chant was abolished by papal decree ( 1058 ). mozarabic chant survived the influx of the visigoths and moors, but not the roman - backed prelates newly installed in spain during the reconquista. restricted to a handful of dedicated chapels, modern mozarabic chant is highly gregorianized and bears no musical resemblance to its original form. ambrosian chant alone survived to the present day, preserved in milan due to the musical reputation and ecclesiastical authority of st. ambrose. gregorian chant eventually replaced the local chant tradition of rome itself, which is now known as old roman chant. in the 10th century, virtually no musical manuscripts were being notated in italy. instead, roman popes imported gregorian chant from the german holy roman emperors during the 10th and 11th centuries. for example, the credo was added to the roman rite at the behest of the german emperor henry ii in 1014. reinforced by the legend of


popes imported gregorian chant from the german holy roman emperors during the 10th and 11th centuries. for example, the credo was added to the roman rite at the behest of the german emperor henry ii in 1014. reinforced by the legend of pope gregory, gregorian chant was taken to be the authentic, original chant of rome, a misconception that continues to this day. by the 12th and 13th centuries, gregorian chant had supplanted or marginalized all the other western plainchant traditions. later sources of these other chant traditions show an increasing gregorian influence, such as occasional efforts to categorize their chants into the gregorian modes. similarly, the gregorian repertory incorporated elements of these lost plainchant traditions, which can be identified by careful stylistic and historical analysis. for example, the improperia of good friday are believed to be a remnant of the gallican repertory. early sources and later revisions the first extant sources with musical notation were written around 930 ( graduale laon ). before this, plainchant had been transmitted orally. most scholars of gregorian chant agree that the development of music notation assisted the dissemination of chant across europe. the earlier notated manuscripts are primarily from regensburg in germany, st. gall in switzerland, laon and st. martial in france. gregorian chant has in its long history been subjected to a series of redactions to bring it up to changing contemporary tastes and practice. the more recent redaction undertaken in the benedictine abbey of st. pierre, solesmes, has turned into a huge undertaking to restore the allegedly corrupted chant to a hypothetical " original " state. early gregorian chant was revised to conform to the theoretical structure of the modes. in 1562 – 63, the council of trent banned most sequences. guidette ' s directorium chori, published in 1582, and the editio medicea, published in 1614, drastically revised what was perceived as corrupt and flawed " barbarism " by making the chants conform to contemporary aesthetic standards. in 1811, the french musicologist alexandre - etienne choron, as part of a conservative backlash following the liberal catholic orders ' inefficacy during the french revolution, called for returning to the " purer " gregorian chant of rome over french corruptions. in the late 19th century, early liturgical and musical manuscripts were unearthed and edited. earlier, dom prosper gueranger revived the monastic tradition in solesmes. re - establishing the divine office was among his priorities, but no proper chantbooks existed


in the late 19th century, early liturgical and musical manuscripts were unearthed and edited. earlier, dom prosper gueranger revived the monastic tradition in solesmes. re - establishing the divine office was among his priorities, but no proper chantbooks existed. many monks were sent out to libraries throughout europe to find relevant chant manuscripts. in 1871, however, the old medicea edition was reprinted ( pustet, regensburg ) which pope pius ix declared the only official version. in their firm belief that they were on the right way, solesmes increased its efforts. in 1889, after decades of research, the monks of solesmes released the first book in a planned series, the paleographie musicale. the incentive of its publication was to demonstrate the corruption of the ' medicea ' by presenting photographed notations originating from a great variety of manuscripts of one single chant, which solesmes called forth as witnesses to assert their own reforms. the monks of solesmes brought in their heaviest artillery in this battle, as indeed the academically sound ' paleo ' was intended to be a war - tank, meant to abolish once and for all the corrupted pustet edition. on the evidence of congruence throughout various manuscripts ( which were duely published in facsimile editions with ample editorial introductions ) solesmes was able to work out a practical reconstruction. this reconstructed chant was academically praised, but rejected by rome until 1903, when pope leo xiii died. his successor, pope pius x, promptly accepted the solesmes chant — now compiled as the liber usualis — as authoritative. in 1904, the vatican edition of the solesmes chant was commissioned. serious academic debates arose, primarily owing to stylistic liberties taken by the solesmes editors to impose their controversial interpretation of rhythm. the solesmes editions insert phrasing marks and note - lengthening episema and mora marks not found in the original sources. conversely, they omit significative letters found in the original sources, which give instructions for rhythm and articulation such as speeding up or slowing down. these editorial practices has placed the historical authenticity of the solesmes interpretation in doubt. ever since the restoration of chant was taken up in solesmes, there have been lengthy discussions of exactly what course was to be taken. some favored a strict academic rigour and wanted to postpone publications, while others concentrated on practical matters and wanted to supplant the corrupted tradition as soon as possible.


, there have been lengthy discussions of exactly what course was to be taken. some favored a strict academic rigour and wanted to postpone publications, while others concentrated on practical matters and wanted to supplant the corrupted tradition as soon as possible. roughly a century later, there still exists a breach between a strict musicological approach and the practical needs of church choirs. thus the established performance tradition since the onset of the restoration is at odds with musicological evidence. in his motu proprio tra le sollecitudini, pius x mandated the use of gregorian chant, encouraging the faithful to sing the ordinary of the mass, although he reserved the singing of the propers for males. while this custom is maintained in traditionalist catholic communities, the catholic church no longer persists with this ban. vatican ii officially allowed worshipers to substitute other music, particularly sacred polyphony, in place of gregorian chant, although it did reaffirm that gregorian chant was still the official music of the catholic church, and the music most suitable for worship. gregorian chant is, of course, vocal music. the text, the phrases, words and eventually the syllables, can be sung in various ways. the most straightforward is recitation on the same tone, which is called " syllabic " as each syllable is sung to a single tone. likewise, simple chants are often syllabic throughout with only a few instances where two or more notes are sung on one syllable. " neumatic " chants are more embellished and ligatures, a connected group of notes, written as a single compound neume, abound in the text. melismatic chants are the most ornate chants in which elaborate melodies are sung on long sustained vowels as in the alleluia, ranging from five or six notes per syllable to over sixty in the more prolix melismas. gregorian chants fall into two broad categories of melody : recitatives and free melodies. the simplest kind of melody is the liturgical recitative. recitative melodies are dominated by a single pitch, called the reciting tone. other pitches appear in melodic formulae for incipits, partial cadences, and full cadences. these chants are primarily syllabic. for example, the collect for easter consists of 127 syllables sung to 131 pitches, with 108 of these pitches being the reciting note a and the other 23 pitches flexing down to g. liturgical recitatives are commonly found in the accentus chants of the liturgy, such as the intonations of


sung to 131 pitches, with 108 of these pitches being the reciting note a and the other 23 pitches flexing down to g. liturgical recitatives are commonly found in the accentus chants of the liturgy, such as the intonations of the collect, epistle, and gospel during the mass, and in the direct psalmody of the office. template : listen psalmodic chants, which intone psalms, include both recitatives and free melodies. psalmodic chants include direct psalmody, antiphonal chants, and responsorial chants. in direct psalmody, psalm verses are sung without refrains to simple, formulaic tones. most psalmodic chants are antiphonal and responsorial, sung to free melodies of varying complexity. antiphonal chants such as the introit, and communion originally referred to chants in which two choirs sang in alternation, one choir singing verses of a psalm, the other singing a refrain called an antiphon. over time, the verses were reduced in number, usually to just one psalm verse and the doxology, or even omitted entirely. antiphonal chants reflect their ancient origins as elaborate recitatives through the reciting tones in their melodies. ordinary chants, such as the kyrie and gloria, are not considered antiphonal chants, although they are often performed in antiphonal style. template : listen responsorial chants such as the gradual, alleluia, offertory, and the office responsories originally consisted of a refrain called a respond sung by a choir, alternating with psalm verses sung by a soloist. responsorial chants are often composed of an amalgamation of various stock musical phrases, pieced together in a practice called centonization. tracts are melismatic settings of psalm verses and use frequent recurring cadences and they are strongly centonized. template : listen gregorian chant evolved to fulfill various functions in the roman catholic liturgy. broadly speaking, liturgical recitatives are used for texts intoned by deacons or priests. antiphonal chants accompany liturgical actions : the entrance of the officiant, the collection of offerings, and the distribution of sanctified bread and wine. responsorial chants expand on readings and lessons. the non - psalmodic chants, including the ordinary of the mass, sequences, and hymns, were originally intended for congregational singing. the structure of their texts largely defines their musical style. in sequences, the same melodic phrase is repeated in each couplet


non - psalmodic chants, including the ordinary of the mass, sequences, and hymns, were originally intended for congregational singing. the structure of their texts largely defines their musical style. in sequences, the same melodic phrase is repeated in each couplet. the strophic texts of hymns use the same syllabic melody for each stanza. template : main early plainchant, like much of western music, is believed to have been distinguished by the use of the diatonic scale. modal theory, which postdates the composition of the core chant repertory, arises from a synthesis of two very different traditions : the speculative tradition of numerical ratios and species inherited from ancient greece and a second tradition rooted in the practical art of cantus. the earliest writings that deal with both theory and practice include the enchiriadis group of treatises, which circulated in the late ninth century and possibly have their roots in an earlier, oral tradition. in contrast to the ancient greek system of tetrachords ( a collection of four continuous notes ) that descend by two tones and a semitone, the enchiriadis writings base their tone - system on a tetrachord that corresponds to the four finals of chant, d, e, f, and g. the disjunct tetrachords in the enchiriadis system have been the subject of much speculation, because they do not correspond to the diatonic framework that became the standard medieval scale ( for example, there is a high f #, a note not recognized by later medieval writers ). a diatonic scale with a chromatically alterable b / b - flat was first described by hucbald, who adopted the tetrachord of the finals ( d, e, f, g ) and constructed the rest of the system following the model of the greek greater and lesser perfect systems. these were the first steps in forging a theoretical tradition that corresponded to chant. around 1025, guido d ' arezzo revolutionized western music with the development of the gamut, in which pitches in the singing range were organized into overlapping hexachords. hexachords could be built on c ( the natural hexachord, c - d - e ^ f - g - a ), f ( the soft hexachord, using a b - flat, f - g - a ^ bb - c - d ), or g ( the hard hexachord, using a b - natural, g - a - b ^ c - d


soft hexachord, using a b - flat, f - g - a ^ bb - c - d ), or g ( the hard hexachord, using a b - natural, g - a - b ^ c - d - e ). the b - flat was an integral part of the system of hexachords rather than an accidental. the use of notes outside of this collection was described as musica ficta. gregorian chant was categorized into eight modes, influenced by the eightfold division of byzantine chants called the oktoechos. each mode is distinguished by its final, dominant, and ambitus. the final is the ending note, which is usually an important note in the overall structure of the melody. the dominant is a secondary pitch that usually serves as a reciting tone in the melody. ambitus refers to the range of pitches used in the melody. melodies whose final is in the middle of the ambitus, or which have only a limited ambitus, are categorized as plagal, while melodies whose final is in the lower end of the ambitus and have a range of over five or six notes are categorized as authentic. although corresponding plagal and authentic modes have the same final, they have different dominants. the existent pseudo - greek names of the modes, rarely used in medieval times, derive from a misunderstanding of the ancient greek modes ; the prefix " hypo - " ( under, gr. ) indicates a plagal mode, where the melody moves below the final. in contemporary latin manuscripts the modes are simply called protus authentus / plagalis, deuterus, tritus and tetrardus : the 1st mode, authentic or plagal, the 2nd mode etc. in the roman chantbooks the modes are indicated by roman numerals. - modes 1 and 2 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on d, sometimes called dorian and hypodorian. - modes 3 and 4 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on e, sometimes called phrygian and hypophrygian. - modes 5 and 6 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on f, sometimes called lydian and hypolydian. - modes 7 and 8 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on g, sometimes called mixolydian and hypomixolydian. although the modes with melodies ending on a, b, and c are sometimes referred


are common, and larger skips far more common than in other plainchant repertories such as ambrosian chant or beneventan chant. gregorian melodies are more likely to traverse a seventh than a full octave, so that melodies rarely travel from d up to the d an octave higher, but often travel from d to the c a seventh higher, using such patterns as d - f - g - a - c. gregorian melodies often explore chains of pitches, such as f - a - c, around which the other notes of the chant gravitate. within each mode, certain incipits and cadences are preferred, which the modal theory alone does not explain. chants often display complex internal structures that combine and repeat musical subphrases. this occurs notably in the offertories ; in chants with shorter, repeating texts such as the kyrie and agnus dei ; and in longer chants with clear textual divisions such as the great responsories, the gloria, and the credo. chants sometimes fall into melodically related groups. the musical phrases centonized to create graduals and tracts follow a musical " grammar " of sorts. certain phrases are used only at the beginnings of chants, or only at the end, or only in certain combinations, creating musical families of chants such as the iustus ut palma family of graduals. several introits in mode 3, including loquetur dominus above, exhibit melodic similarities. mode iii ( e authentic ) chants have c as a dominant, so c is the expected reciting tone. these mode iii introits, however, use both g and c as reciting tones, and often begin with a decorated leap from g to c to establish this tonality. similar examples exist throughout the repertory. the earliest notated sources of gregorian chant ( written ca. 950 ) used symbols called neumes ( gr. sign ( of the hand ) to indicate tone - movements and relative duration within each syllable. a sort of musical stenography that seems to focus on gestures and tone - movements but not the specific pitches of individual notes, nor the relative starting pitches of each neume. given the fact that chant was learned in an oral tradition in which the texts and melodies were sung from memory, this was obviously not necessary. the neumatic manuscripts display great sophistication and precision in notation and a wealth of graphic signs to indicate the musical gesture and proper pronunciation of the text. scholars postulate that this practice may have been derived from cheironomic


not necessary. the neumatic manuscripts display great sophistication and precision in notation and a wealth of graphic signs to indicate the musical gesture and proper pronunciation of the text. scholars postulate that this practice may have been derived from cheironomic hand - gestures, the ekphonetic notation of byzantine chant, punctuation marks, or diacritical accents. later adaptations and innovations included the use of a dry - scratched line or an inked line or two lines, marked c or f showing the relative pitches between neumes. consistent relative heightening first developed in the aquitaine region, particularly at st. martial de limoges, in the first half of the eleventh century. many german - speaking areas, however, continued to use unpitched neumes into the twelfth century. additional symbols developed, such as the custos, placed at the end of a system to show the next pitch. other symbols indicated changes in articulation, duration, or tempo, such as a letter " t " to indicate a tenuto. another form of early notation used a system of letters corresponding to different pitches, much as shaker music is notated. dom. e. cardine ( see below under ' rhythm ' ), ornamental neumes have received more attention from both researchers and performers. b - flat is indicated by a " b - mollum " ( lat. soft ), a rounded undercaste ' b ' placed to the left of the entire neume in which the note occurs, as shown in the " kyrie " to the right. when necessary, a " b - durum " ( lat. hard ), written squarely, indicates b - natural and serves to cancel the b - mollum. this system of square notation is standard in modern chantbooks. < ref > tags exist, but no < references / > tag was found


mounted arc tube | mounted arc tube. | in some ways, gases are a pain from a sample point of view. with the exception of chlorine and bromine they all look exactly the same : like nothing at all. my beautiful set of noble gas flasks is beautiful because of the flasks, not what ' s in them, which is indistinguishable from plain air or vacuum. ( so much so that i got them for a bargain price because the seller thought the were empty. ) but set up an electric current through almost any gas, and things are completely different. the current ionizes the gas, and when the electrons fall back into their orbits, they emit light of very specific frequencies. these spectral lines can easily be seen with even a very cheap pocket spectroscope, and they give the glowing tubes very unusual colors. so unusual in fact that they are basically impossible to photograph. the pictures here simply don ' t look at all like the real colors of these tubes, which cannot be represented by the limited red, green, and blue mixtures available in computer or printed photographs. david franco helped arrange these tubes, which were made by a guy who specializes in noble gas tubes and geissler tubes ( click the source link ). i have tubes installed in each of the five stable noble gas spots in the table, hooked up underneath to a high voltage transformer. they are really quite beautiful. on my noble rack page i have all the pictures collected, along with pictures of arcs i made in my other collection of noble gas flasks. source : special effects neon contributor : theodore gray acquired : 22 november, 2002


mind and language 20 ( 2 ) : 241 - 57 ( 2005 ) | abstract | | anosognosia is literally ‘ unawareness of or failure to acknowledge one ’ s hemi - plegia or other disability ’ ( oed ). etymology would suggest the meaning ‘ lack of knowledge of disease ’ so that anosognosia would include any denial of impairment, such as denial of blindness ( anton ’ s syndrome ). but babinski, who introduced the term in 1914, applied it only to patients with hemiplegia who fail to acknowledge their paralysis. most commonly, this is failure to acknowledge paralysis of the left side of the body following damage to the right hemisphere of the brain. in this paper, we shall mainly be concerned with anosognosia for hemiplegia. but we shall also use the term ‘ anosognosia ’ in an inclusive way to encompass lack of knowledge or acknowledgement of any impairment. indeed, in the construction ‘ anosognosia for x ’, x might even be anosognosia for some y. | | keywords | | amnesia belief delusion epistemology impairment | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles elizabeth leritz, chris loftis, greg crucian, william j. friedman & dawn bowers ( 2004 ). self - awareness of deficits in parkinson disease. clinical neuropsychologist 18 ( 3 ) : 352 - 361. oliver h. turnbull, karen jones & judith reed - screen ( 2002 ). implicit awareness of deficit in anosognosia? an emotion - based account of denial of deficit. comment. neuro - psychoanalysis 4 ( 1 ) : 69 - 86. vilayanur s. ramachandran ( 1995 ). anosognosia in parietal lobe syndrome. consciousness and cognition 4 ( 1 ) : 22 - 51. drakon nikolinakos ( 2004 ). anosognosia and the unity of consciousness. philosophical studies 119 ( 3 ) : 315 - 342. lisa bortolotti, rochelle cox & amanda barnier ( 2011 ). can we recreate delusions in the laboratory? philosophical psychology 25 ( 1 ) : 109 - 131. paul m. jenkinson, nicola m. j. edelstyn, justine l. drakeford & simon j. ellis ( 2009 ). reality monitoring in anosognosia for hemiplegia. consciousness and cognition 18 ( 2 ) : 458 - 470. martin


( phys. org ) - - this image, taken by the nasa / esa hubble space telescope, shows a detailed view of the spiral arms on one side of the galaxy messier 99. messier 99 is a so - called grand design spiral, with long, large and clearly defined spiral arms giving it a structure somewhat similar to the milky way. lying around 50 million light - years away, messier 99 is one of over a thousand galaxies that make up the virgo cluster, the closest cluster of galaxies to us. messier 99 itself is relatively bright and large, meaning it was one of the first galaxies to be discovered, way back in the 18th century. this earned it a place in charles messiers famous catalog of astronomical objects. in recent years, a number of unexplained phenomena in messier 99 have been studied by astronomers. among these is the nature of one of the brighter stars visible in this image. cataloged as ptf 10fqs, and visible as a yellow - orange star in the top - left corner of this image, it was first spotted by the palomar transient facility, which scans the skies for sudden changes in brightness ( or transient phenomena, to use astronomers jargon ). these can be caused by different kinds of event, including variable stars and supernova explosions. what is unusual about ptf 10fqs is that it has so far defied classification : it is brighter than a nova ( a bright eruption on a stars surface ), but fainter than a supernova ( the explosion that marks the end of life for a large star ). scientists have offered a number of possible explanations, including the intriguing suggestion that it could have been caused by a giant planet plunging into its parent star. this hubble image was made in june 2010, during the period when the outburst was fading, so ptf 10fqss location could be pinpointed with great precision. these measurements will allow other telescopes to home in on the star in future, even when the afterglow of the outburst has faded to nothing. a version of this image of messier 99 was entered into the hubbles hidden treasures competition by contestant matej novak. hidden treasures is an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public. the competition is now closed and the winners will be announced soon. explore further : hubble reveals the ring nebula ' s true shape


( phys. org ) - - an essay on robots by a professor in japan over 40 years ago has just got its official translation. many in robotics and other science circles will say better late than never for an official translation of yasahiro mori ' s paper, the uncanny valley which was published in a japanese journal called energy 42 years earlier. the essay has generated interest about the extent and limitations of making robots more and more human - like in human - robot interaction. an english translation was done in 2005 but the translation that has been authorized and and reviewed by mori was published tuesday in ieee spectrum. i have noticed that, in climbing toward the goal of making robots appear human, our affinity for them increases until we come to a valley ( figure 1 ), which i call the uncanny valley. that observation from his original essay is what sparked conversations and interest among robotic designers over the years. mori maintains that humans are drawn to human - like robots with positive feelings of affinity until the robot moves or reveals itself in such a way that triggers the persons realization that it is not human. then it becomes uncanny or in popular - culture terms, creepy. affinity is lost. in his essay, mori expressed this experience in a graph, and he also offered an example, the prosthetic hand. the human being gets an eerie sensation, he said, when realizing that the hand is not real. we could be startled during a handshake by its limp boneless grip together with its texture and coldness. when this happens, we lose our sense of affinity, and the hand becomes uncanny. in mathematical terms, this can be represented by a negative value. he adds that when a prosthetic hand that is near the bottom of the uncanny valley starts to move, the sensation of eeriness intensifies. the official translation on tuesday is accompanied by an interview with mori, who can look at the validity of his remarks 42 years later, when robotics has gone through so many developments. a counterpoint to the popularity of moris essay has been the contention that the essay was an essay, after all, of limited scientific value. mori said, i have read that there is scientific evidence that the uncanny valley does indeed exist ; for example, by measuring brain waves scientists have found evidence of that. i do appreciate the fact that research is being conducted in this area, but from my point of view, i think that the brain waves act that way because we feel eerie. it still doesn ' t explain why we feel eerie to begin with. mori said


do appreciate the fact that research is being conducted in this area, but from my point of view, i think that the brain waves act that way because we feel eerie. it still doesn ' t explain why we feel eerie to begin with. mori said that pointing out the existence of the uncanny valley was intended as advice for people who design robots rather than a scientific statement itself. mori said he still thinks that designers should steer clear of making robots too lifelike, falling into the valley. i have no motivation to build a robot that resides on the other side of the valley why do you have to take the risk and try to get closer to the other side? he said he did not even find it interesting to develop a robot that looks exactly like a human. mori spoke approvingly about asimo as invigorating, a robot inviting positive feelings but appearing as different from humans. the two translators of the essay are karl f. macdorman, associate professor of human computer interaction at the school of informatics, indiana university. and norri kageki, a journalist who writes about robots. explore further : robots learn to take a proper handoff by following digitized human examples more information : spectrum. ieee. org / automaton / robotics / humanoids / the - uncanny - valley


statistical modeling could help us understand cosmic accelerationdecember 24th, 2010 in physics / general physics ( physorg. com ) - - while it is generally accepted by scientists that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate, there are questions about why this should be so. for years, scientists have been trying to determine the cause of this behavior. one of the theories is that dark energy could be the cause of cosmic acceleration. in order to test theories of dark energy, a group at los alamos national laboratory in new mexico and the university of california santa cruz came up with a technique designed to test different models of dark energy. we are trying to investigate what could be behind the accelerated expansion of the universe, katrin heitmann, one of the los alamos scientists tells physorg. com. our technique is based on data, and can be used to evaluate different models. heitmann and her collaborators created their method based on gaussian process modeling ; the implementation was led by tracy holsclaw from uc santa cruz. were using statistical methods rather than trying to come up with different models. our process takes data from different sources and then uses it to look for certain deviations from what we assume in a cosmological constant. the groups work can be seen in physical review letters : nonparametric dark energy reconstruction from supernova data. many scientists think that dark energy is driving the accelerated expansion of the universe, heitmann says. if this is the case, it is possible to characterize it via its equation of state w ( z ). the redshift evolution of the equation of state parameter w ( z ) would show some indication of a dynamical origin of dark energy. heitmann points out that in such a case, there could be an infinite number of models. we cant test all those models, she says, so we have to do an inverse problem. we have data and we can characterize the underlying cause of the accelerated expansion. it assumes that w is a smoothly varying function, and a dynamical dark energy theory would fit that. we can use data and analyze it to see if we can find indications that dark energy really is behind accelerated expansion. the los alamos and university of california, santa cruz team first tested their statistical technique on simulated data in order see whether the method was reliable. after we saw that it was, heitmann says, we tried it on currently available supernova data. so far, their analysis has not revealed that a dynamical dark energy is


technique on simulated data in order see whether the method was reliable. after we saw that it was, heitmann says, we tried it on currently available supernova data. so far, their analysis has not revealed that a dynamical dark energy is behind the accelerated expansion ( the cosmological constant is a very special case of dark energy and is still in agreement with the data ), but heitmann doesnt think that means that the door is closed on dynamical dark energy theories as the cause of acceleration in the expanding universe. the data so far is limited, and better data is coming in every day, she says. additionally, the group hopes to include other data in their statistical analyses. our technique allows for the input of data from cosmic microwave background and baryon acoustic oscillations as well, and thats what we want to add in next. if this technique does identify a dynamical dark energy as the reason behind accelerated expansion of the universe, it could mean revisiting the basics of what we know about the workings of the universe. if we do find the time dependence that supports the idea of dark energy as this mechanism, then we can go back to the theory approach. we would have an idea of which models could better explain universes expansion history and ultimately develop a self - consistent theory with no ad hoc assumptions. more information : tracy holsclaw, ujjaini alam, bruno sanso, herbert lee, katrin heitmann, salman halbib, and david higdon, nonparametric dark energy reconstruction from supernova data, physical review letters ( 2010 ). available online : link. aps. org / doi / 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 105. 241302 copyright 2010 physorg. com. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or part without the express written permission of physorg. com. " statistical modeling could help us understand cosmic acceleration. " december 24th, 2010. http : / / phys. org / news / 2010 - 12 - statistical - cosmic. html


in the karlsruhe physics course one defines the term " substance - like " quantity : let my cite the definition from a paper by falk, herrmann and schmid : " there is a class of physical quantities whose characteristics are especially easy to visualize : those extensive physical quantities to which a density can be assigned. these include electric charge, mass, amount of substance ( number of particles ), and others. because of the fundamental role these quantities play throughout science and because such quantities can be distributed in and flow through space, we give them a designation of their own : substance - like. " are there examples of extensive quantities, which are not substance - like? i think volume is one example, since it seems to make no sense to assign a density to it, are there others? now the authors write that a quantity can only be conserved if it is substance - like, let my cite this from an other publication : f. herrmann, writes : " it is important to make clear that the question of conservation or non - conservation only makes sense with substance - like quantities. only in the context of substance - like quantities does it make sense to ask the question of whether they are conserved or not. the question makes no sense in the case of non - substance - like quantities such as field strength or temperature. " so my second question is : why has a conserved quantity to be substance like? it would be great if one could give me a detailed explanation ( or a counterexample if he thinks the statement is wrong ). are there resources where the ideas cited above are introduced with some higher degree of detail and rigour?


major section : documentation acl2 documentation strings make special use of the tilde character ( ~ ). in particular, we describe here a ` ` markup language ' ' for which the tilde character plays a special role. the markup language is valuable if you want to write documentation that is to be displayed outside your acl2 session. if you are not writing such documentation, and if also you do not use the character ` ~ ', then there is no need to read on. three uses of the tilde character ( ~ ) in documentation strings are as follows. below we explain the uses that constitute the acl2 markup language. the other uses of the tilde character are of the following form. indicates the end of a documentation section ; see doc - string. indicates the literal insertion of a tilde character ( ~ ). this directive in a documentation string is effective only during the processing of part 2, the details ( see doc - string ), and controls how much is shown on each round of moreprocessing when printing to the terminal. if the system is not doing moreprocessing, then it acts as though the ~ ] is not present. otherwise, the system put out a newline and halts documentation printing on the present topic, which can be resumed if the user types moreat the terminal. ~ key [ arg ] before launching into an explanation of how this works in detail, let us consider some small examples. here is a word that is code : ~ c [ function - name ]. here is a phrase with an ` ` emphasized ' ' word, ` ` not ' ' : do ~ em [ not ] do that. here is the same phrase, but where ` ` not ' ' receives stronger emphasis ( presumably boldface in a printed version ) : do ~ st [ not ] do that. here is a passage that is set off as a display, in a fixed - width font : ~ bv this passage has been set off as ` ` verbatim ' '. the present line starts just after a line break. normally, printed text is formatted, but inside ~ bv... ~ ev, line breaks are taken literally. ~ evin general, the idea is to provide a ` ` markup language ' ' that can be reasonably interpreted not only at the terminal ( via doc ), but also via translators into other languages. in fact, translators have been written into texinfo and html. let us turn to a more systematic consideration of


[ arg ] print arg as ` ` code ' ', such as in a fixed - width font ~ ef end format ; balances ~ bf ~ eid [ arg ] ` ` end implementation dependent ' ' - - ignores argument at terminal. ~ em [ arg ] emphasize arg, perhaps using italics ~ eq end quotation ; balances ~ bq ~ ev end verbatim ; balances ~ bv ~ i [ arg ] print arg in italics font ~ id [ arg ] ` ` implementation dependent ' ' - - ignores argument at terminal. ~ il [ arg ] print argument as is, but make it a link ( for true hypertext environments ) ~ ilc [ arg ] same as ~ il [ arg ], except that arg should be printed as with ~ c [ arg ] ~ l [ arg ] ordinary link ; prints as ` ` see : doc arg ' ' at the terminal ( but also see ~ pl below, which puts ` ` see ' ' in lower case ) ~ nl print a newline ~ par paragraph mark, of no significance at the terminal ( can be safely ignored ; see also notes below ) ~ pl [ arg ] parenthetical link ( borrowing from texinfo ) : same as ~ l [ arg ], except that ` ` see ' ' is in lower case. this is typically used at other than the beginning of a sentence. ~ sc [ arg ] print arg in ( small, if possible ) capital letters ~ st [ arg ] strongly emphasize arg, perhaps using a bold font ~ t [ arg ] typewriter font ; similar to ~ c [ arg ], but leaves less doubt about the font that will be used. ~ terminal [ arg ] terminal only ; arg is to be ignored except when reading documentation at the terminal, using : doc. style notes and further details it is not a good idea to put doc - string tilde directives inside ~ bv... ~ ev. do not nest doc - string tilde directives ; that is, do not write the ~ c [ ~ il [ append ] function... but note that the ` ` equivalent ' ' expression the ~ ilc [ append ] function... is fine. the following phrase is also acceptable : ~ bfthis is ~ em [ formatted ] text. ~ efbecause the nesting is only conceptual, not literal. we recommend that


ilc [ append ] function... is fine. the following phrase is also acceptable : ~ bfthis is ~ em [ formatted ] text. ~ efbecause the nesting is only conceptual, not literal. we recommend that for displayed text, should usually each be on lines by themselves. that way, printed text may be less encumbered with excessive blank lines. here is an here is some normal text. now start a display : ~ bv 2 + 2 = 4 ~ ev and here is the end of that paragraph. the analogous consideration applies to here is the start of the next paragraph. ~ efas well as you may ` ` quote ' ' characters inside the arg part of ~ key [ arg ], by preceding them with ~. this is, in fact, the only legal way to use a newline character or a right bracket ( ] ) inside the argument to a doc - string tilde directive. write your documentation strings without hyphens. otherwise, you may find your text printed on paper ( via tex, for example ) like this - - here is a hyphe - nated word. even if what you had in mind was : here is a hyphe - nated word. when you want to use a dash ( as opposed to a hyphen ), consider using ~ -, which is intended to be interpreted as a ` ` dash. ' ' for example : this sentence ~ - which is broken with dashes ~ - is boring. would be written to the terminal ( using doc ) by replacing ~ - with two hyphen characters, but would presumably be printed on paper with a dash. be careful to balance the ` ` begin ' ' and ` ` end ' ' pairs, such as ~ ev. also, do not use two ` ` begin ' ' ~ bv ) without an intervening ` ` end ' ' directive. it is permissible ( and perhaps this is not surprising ) to use the doc - string part separator between such a begin - end pair. because of a bug in texinfo ( as of this writing ), you may wish to avoid beginning a line with ( any number of spaces followed by ) the - character or the ` ` paragraph ' ' directive, ~ par, is rarely if ever used. there is a low - level capability, not presently documented, that interprets two successive newlines as though they were this is useful for the html driver. for further details, see the authors of


directive, ~ par, is rarely if ever used. there is a low - level capability, not presently documented, that interprets two successive newlines as though they were this is useful for the html driver. for further details, see the authors of acl2. emacs code is available for manipulating documentation strings that contain doc - string tilde - directives ( for example, for doing a reasonable job filling such documentation strings ). see the authors if you are interested. we tend to use ~ em [ arg ] for ` ` section headers, ' ' such as ` ` style notes and further details ' ' above. we tend to use ~ st [ arg ] for emphasis of words inside text. this division seems to work well for our texinfo driver. note that arg to be printed in upper - case at the terminal ( using arg to be printed at the terminal as though arg were not marked for emphasis. our texinfo and html drivers both take advantage of capabilities for indicating which characters need to be ` ` escaped, ' ' and how. unless you intend to write your own driver, you probably do not need to know more about this issue ; otherwise, contact the acl2 authors. we should probably mention, however, that texinfo makes the following requirement : when using one of the special characters }, you must immediately follow this use with a period or comma. also, the emacs ` ` info ' ' documentation that we generate by using our texinfo driver has the property that in node names, : has been replaced by ( because of quirks in info ) ; so for example, the ` ` proof - checker ' ' s, is documented under rather than under we have tried to keep this markup language fairly simple ; in particular, there is no way to refer to a link by other than the actual name. so for example, when we want to make invisible link in ` ` code ' ' font, we write the following form, which : should be in that font and then both be in that font and be an invisible link.


recently, the u. s. preventive services task force ( uspstf ), a government - funded group of independent experts, addressed a comprehensive review of the available data on ways to detect maltreatment of children. in a sobering acknowledgment, the uspstf believes that there is not much that can be done to detect cases of child maltreatment that aren ’ t glaringly obvious. there ’ s simply not enough research to make a case for advising physicians to take specific actions during well - child visits, for example, to help determine which children are at risk. in 2010, nearly 700, 000 children were victims of abuse and neglect ; 1, 537 of them died. [ from : child abuse : why it ’ s so hard to determine who ’ s at risk, january 23, 2013 ] the report continued : the researchers at ohsu analyzed 11 studies that evaluated the effectiveness of child abuse and neglect prevention programs or interventions that took place in clinics — such as meetings with a social worker, for example. they gave parents questionnaires that assessed such risk factors as substance abuse, depression, stress and attitudes toward physical punishment — as well as noting whether parents were concerned that their child may have been physically or sexually abused. doctors discussed the risk factors with parents and referred them to social workers if needed. after three years, researchers found that parents who took part in risk assessments and received social work referrals, if necessary, had decreased incidences of abuse, fewer reports to child protective services ( cps ) and better adherence to immunization schedules. and still, no official correlation was made as to which parenting preparation programs work better : those made available through adoption agencies, or those made available by non - profit programs like nurse partnership programs for at - risk first - time mothers. contrary to the report findings, i believe there is an easy way to determine who is at highest risk of experiencing hidden domestic violence and child abuse. based on a 2006 study conducted in australia, a staggering statistic was revealed : children under five living with a non - biological or step - parent are up to 77 times more likely to die from a violence - related injury than those living with their biological families. i think for the sake of abuse study and domestic violence prevention, and for the sake of a child ' s best - interest, it really behooves those concerned about the rise of child abuse rates in the usa to keep a closer eye on today ' s foster / adoptive home, and those seeking


prevention, and for the sake of a child ' s best - interest, it really behooves those concerned about the rise of child abuse rates in the usa to keep a closer eye on today ' s foster / adoptive home, and those seeking the adoption - - option for themselves. interestingly, while i have found many abuse studies correlate child abuse / neglect with drug and alcohol abuse and family structure breakdown, few mention the effect poor parent preparation has on child safety and wellness in the home. and so the cycle of unrecognized abuse continues, especially when where one or both parents caring for a child are rather unprepared and clueless when it comes to demonstrating good positive parenting skills - - the type of skills that help raise a child from being a dependent needy creature to becoming an adult who is loving, confident, and very capable of independent living. recently i myself have been posting many pieces related to the un - fitness of a foster / adoptive parent, and how this itself is creating an alarming end - result in the form of abused adoptees. [ see : stigmas and reputations that need to be clarified and discrimination in adoptionland is not a bad thing ] in private, i have been receiving more and more complaints coming from adoptive mothers claiming they don ' t know what to do with the adopted problem - child in their lives, or those who don ' t know how to support out of control amothers because those mothers seem so clueless when it comes to meeting the most basic needs of an adopted child.. in turn, the women who contact me seek parenting advice and my personal opinion, because i have become so vocal via the ppl pages. not surprisingly, i find many of these overwhelmed women are not liking my honest response to their replies, even if all claim they respect the blunt angry adoptee ' s pov. my response to them reflects all that i myself post here on ppl ; i remind them, as mothers, they own a major on - going responsibility to the relationship that makes a promise to a child.... that promise being, " i will not leave you, like others did ". my general response to most also includes the following observations and comments : - adoption is a choice, and a major sacrifice. as such, much independent thought, investigation and study should go into what it means to become an adoptive parent before one foolishly falls in love with a photo. - adoption requires a significant amount of teaching and instruction, not to mention follow - up


. as such, much independent thought, investigation and study should go into what it means to become an adoptive parent before one foolishly falls in love with a photo. - adoption requires a significant amount of teaching and instruction, not to mention follow - up monitoring and guidance because today ' s adoptable children are far more troubled and traumatized than most want to think or believe. - adapting to adoption, for the child, is not an easy process. it can take years, ( if not a life - time ), to " get over " what caused the adoption relationship in the first place. this difficulty in adaption can easily manifest itself in " unwanted behaviors ". it ' s the aps job to accept and assist in the process, not punish the adoptee for negative opinions. - parenting, no matter how good or bad the child, is not easy. only a fool thinks being a parent is going to be a breeze. as a mother myself, i can ' t count how many times i wanted to take a pick - ax to my head. why should amothers not feel the same? good parenting, for all, requires an ability to teach with love, forgiveness, and acceptance. anything less is not as good. - adoption requires ongoing support in the form of talk - behavioral therapy, both for the ap and the adoptee, as exampled in the article, romanian foster care : equipping carers to help challenging children after spending seven years at ppl, posting as i do, what type of amothers contact me? i ' d like to introduce ppl readers to the three general types of amothers who, in spite of really good intentions, became a clueless unprepared ap, which roughly translates into this : an adoptive parent who is a real dangerous hazard to the adopted child cursed with many complex " special needs ". i will refer to these types of amothers as : in order to get a better understanding of fail - fueled adoptive parenting, one must know a little background information about each. each woman represents very different backgrounds and lifestyles, showing us just how diverse the adoptive mother population really is these days. each represents the new " normal " we see in marital / sexual relationships found in the usa. one is in a traditional marriage ( heterosexual ) ; one is in an " untraditional " marriage ( same - sex ) ; and one represents the modern - day spinster - - the older single - woman who decided creating a family for herself does not require marriage,


traditional marriage ( heterosexual ) ; one is in an " untraditional " marriage ( same - sex ) ; and one represents the modern - day spinster - - the older single - woman who decided creating a family for herself does not require marriage, first. in terms of their own childhood experiences, one am came from a very abusive / dysfunctional family. the parenting role - modeling was so bad, she was repulsed by her own genetic material and the idea of reproducing. it ' s fascinating to note how she thought putting an end to biologic - transfer would put an end to pathological parenting, as if learned behaviors could not be passed onto a child, biologically related, or not, another am came from an unremarkable family, and the third am came from " the greatest parents in the world " and according to her, she had the best childhood any person could ask for, somehow making her most fit to parent a child who turned - out to be nothing like any child found in her family.. in spite of these major differences, these three very different women share some very significant commonalities. each entered adoption with the belief that she had all that ' s needed be a really great ( adoptive ) mom. each adopted a child with the conviction that all a needy child ( " orphan " ) needs is love, and love is enough to make the parent - child relationship thrive and reward itself. each adopted at least one " orphan " with very complex " special needs ". each chose her adoption agency with the same belief and confidence : " this agency will provide all the information, tools, and support i need to help me make the perfect family, through adoption ". each used a private adoption agency, one that specialized in ica. sadly, and not all that surprising to me, each found herself in the all - too familiar scenario found in adoption - relationships that often end in disruption. each adoptive mother freely admitted she was unable to bond to one or more adopted child, claiming " the child is too much ; he / she scares me ; the child is too difficult ". for these women, and so many adopters just like them, the " forever family " complete with " unconditional love " ( promised through an adoption agreement ) has become contingent upon one thing : the adopted child ' s behavior has to be " good ", and not at all scary or too demanding or difficult. what baffles me is, with so much information now available through the internet and various adoption websites /


contingent upon one thing : the adopted child ' s behavior has to be " good ", and not at all scary or too demanding or difficult. what baffles me is, with so much information now available through the internet and various adoption websites / support groups, how is today ' s pap so unprepared and clueless? how is it possible for any pap to lack a decent understanding of core adoption issues ( like how stress affects the traumatized child ) and what it takes to properly parent today ' s " orphan " sent from abroad? while i could revert to my old ways, and simply hate all adopters, i feel it ' s important to share what it is i have learned through ppl and the stories shared with me by some really good ( patient!! ) amoms. the shortcomings found in the overwhelmed amothers i chose to write about were made worse by and through the private adoption agencies they used, and the american adoption industry, as a whole. the list of failures begins with the absence of the simplest of all parent - teaching lessons all paps need to know and recognize as seriously significant : to my knowledge, no agency addresses abuse statistics, as they relate to the female - child relationship. not one amother who contacts me has any knowledge just how easy it is for a woman to abuse a child with seemingly willful " bad behavior ", and this blows my mind because it shows how little women know about the reasons and causes of violence against children. it then comes as no surprise to me that not one amother who contacts me is familiar with lloyd demause ( an adoptive father ) and his work, the history of child abuse and the evolution of childhood, two very compelling reads since the first piece begins with the following : in several hundred studies published by myself and my associates in the journal of psychohistory, we have provided extensive evidence that the history of childhood has been a nightmare from which we have only recently begun to awaken. the further back in history one goes - - and the further away from the west one gets - - the more massive the neglect and cruelty one finds and the more likely children are to have been killed, rejected, beaten, terrorized and sexually abused by their caretakers. indeed, my conclusion from a lifetime of psychohistorical study of childhood and society is that the history of humanity is founded upon the abuse of children. just as family therapists today find that child abuse often functions to hold families together as a way of


, my conclusion from a lifetime of psychohistorical study of childhood and society is that the history of humanity is founded upon the abuse of children. just as family therapists today find that child abuse often functions to hold families together as a way of solving their emotional problems, so, too, the routine assault of children has been society ' s most effective way of maintaining its collective emotional homeostasis. most historical families once practiced infanticide, erotic beating and incest. most states sacrificed and mutilated their children to relieve the guilt of adults. even today, we continue to arrange the daily killing, maiming, molestation and starvation of children through our social, military and economic activities. i would like to summarize here some of the evidence i have found as to why child abuse has been humanity ' s most powerful and most successful ritual, why it has been the cause of war and social violence, and why the eradication of child abuse and neglect is the most important social task we face today how does this all fit with other failures found in and through the adoption process? in my mind, any adoption agency that does not help educate pap about the effects poor parenting has on a child, and any agency that does not help prepare an ap for the stress and strain child behavior can bring ( and easily trigger an unprepared parent ), that agency is not ensuring a child ' s best interests and greatest needs ( safety and guidance ) are not going to be met through adoption. in amk ' s case, the very reputable adoption agency ( with a very long history of great success with foreign adoptions ) failed both amother and achildren put in her care, in many ways. first, this agency encouraged her to become a mega - adopter. ( at no point did they tell this married woman, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 children with extensive " special needs " was too many for two average adults to handle ). second, this agency did not tell her that the third child she was going to receive had been sexually abused, repeatedly. she was approved over and over again to " save orphans " but she was given no tools, no guidance, no preparation in terms of what is needed to help heal and re - mold such a wounded child. instead, she was encouraged to adopt more children with " special needs ". the end - result was tragic, yet not at all surprising : the most difficult child, the one with the most complex emotional needs, not only became sexual


a wounded child. instead, she was encouraged to adopt more children with " special needs ". the end - result was tragic, yet not at all surprising : the most difficult child, the one with the most complex emotional needs, not only became sexual with the family pet, he became sexual with the youngest child with the most physical deformities. that third adopted child among seven was eventually sent to live in a rtc. if / when he will get out has yet to be determined. all children in that home had to endure what should have been prevented, through the very " reputable " adoption agency. in aml ' s case, the private adoption agency she used promoted itself as an agency that was going to help save abandoned orphans, and promote single - parent / glbt adoptions. the two children put in her care both have very different personalities and needs. the oldest child is male, and an obvious favorite to the women in - charge. his temper tantrums are many ; their excuses for his behaviors are shameful. the younger child, a girl, has been almost forgotten. her neglect and feelings of displacement manifest themselves when she is at other people ' s homes. [ she has become a real social terror. ] home - life is rather trraditional : one partner works full - time, assuming the more traditional " male " role, while the other stays home, favoring the son. no agency rep visits this family to see how many times they have moved, switched schools, and changed various parts of their lives, all to please the young spoiled unhappy prince they have at home. i strongly believe it will only be a matter of time before the neglected little girl will act - out more, no doubt " shocking " both clueless women approved to adopt when they should otherwise have been told " no! ". but try warning them about that... amm, in my mind, represents the worst and most typical of unprepared clueless aps out there. she asserts herself as the victim of a difficult adoption, and is in constant need of sympathy. she claims she has read all the best adoption books, has spoken to all the social workers, and has consulted every ap she knew and knows as to how to parent an angry adoptee. the adopted child was abandoned by his birthmother ; before living in - care, he lived on the streets. he was moved to america, thanks to this single - woman ' s dream to have a child who will love her un


adoptee. the adopted child was abandoned by his birthmother ; before living in - care, he lived on the streets. he was moved to america, thanks to this single - woman ' s dream to have a child who will love her unconditionally. since his stay, he has been bullied at school ; he has been made fun by others because he has an accent and is not as quick as fellow students, making work at school very difficult. as a single - parent, with no family support system, she has been left alone to be all roles and fulfill all the many needs a young boy in that situation really needs. she is expected to be mothering nurturer, mentoring male - figure and round - the - clock care - taker, all while she goes to work / earn an income for herself and her son. she gets no breaks, and is unable to recognize how firm boundaries and set limits are an act of love to a child living in single - parent chaos. while i really empathize with her many difficult struggles, my empathy is limited since she, more than the other two, sees herself as the victimized martyr who never asked to be hated by the child who never asked to be " saved " by a single - female american adopter. it ' s hard to pity the woman who failed to see how difficult single - parenting a child ( now a growing teenage boy ) would be for her and the child who was handed a rough life. as a result, many of his own unresolved abandonment / adoption issues have morphed into something much bigger and complicated. it ' s hard to support the amother who does not want to follow advice that involves more work and therapy, but instead complains how all she wanted was love, not the " scary bully " she got through an adoption plan. to date, she ' s torn : does she use the ever - popular underground adoptive parent networks that help re - home unwanted adoptees, or does she stay with her " forever " son, even if doing so would require a lot more work from her. these are difficult choices for a woman who had a dream childhood but now finds her own dream - family ( made possible through private adoption ) got too rough and out of control, and not at all as described by the pro - adoption brochures promoted by the community she molded herself into. truth be told, it would not surprise me one bit if the aml and amm types are blogging all their woes on


the induction lamp is one of the newer technologies in lighting. this new tech lamp offers high efficacy and a very long life. with a shape similar to that of an incandescent lamp, it is useful in a variety of applications : - hard - to - reach areas - lobbies and atriums - decorative street lighting - hazardous areas compared with the incandescent lamp, the induction bulb is about four times as efficient and lasts over 40 times longer. in fact, this lamp and generator system are rated at 100, 000 hours, as compared to incandescents, which burn only 750 to 2, 500 hours. when compared to metal halide lamps of similar wattages, the induction lamp lasts up to 10 times longer, has higher color rendering, starts instantly, and does not require the warm - up period of metal halide lamps. the induction lamp operates without an electrode. at the center of the lamp is the induction coil, powered by an electronic unit at the base of the lamp, which produces a magnetic field that produces light. this coil is sometimes referred to as an energy - coupling antenna. the glass assembly surrounding the induction coil contains a mercury electron - ion plasma material, which is energized in a magnetic field producing uv light. the inner portion of the glass is lined with a phosphor coating very similar to that in fluorescent lamps. the induction lamp offers many features that make it an attractive light source. with such a long rated life, these lamps seldom need replacing, rendering them virtually maintenance - free. this is particularly useful in applications where lamp replacement is cumbersome and expensive, as in some outdoor applications and in hard - to - reach areas. the induction lamp is also durable, and its light output is not significantly influenced by ambient temperature. this makes the induction lamp ideal for outdoor applications, where durability is certainly a high priority. - ultra - long life - - 100, 000 hours rated life - white light, excellent color rendering ( 80 + cri ) with choice of color temperatures - no color shift - high reliability - - instant start when cold and re - starting when hot - low emi complies with fcc non - consumer limits


individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | philosophy index : aesthetics · epistemology · ethics · logic · metaphysics · consciousness · philosophy of language · philosophy of mind · philosophy of science · social and political philosophy · philosophies · philosophers · list of lists - main article : inductive deductive reasoning in traditional aristotelian logic, deductive reasoning is inference in which the conclusion is of no greater generality than the premises, as opposed to inductive reasoning, where the conclusion is of greater generality than the premises. other theories of logic define deductive reasoning as inference in which the conclusion is just as certain as the premises, as opposed to inductive reasoning, where the conclusion can have less certainty than the premises. in both approaches, the conclusion of a deductive inference is necessitated by the premises : the premises can ' t be true while the conclusion is false. ( in aristotelian logic, the premises in inductive reasoning can also be related in this way to the conclusion. ) - all men are mortal. - socrates is a man. - therefore socrates is mortal. - the picture is above the desk. - the desk is above the floor. - therefore the picture is above the floor. - all birds have wings. - a cardinal is a bird. - therefore a cardinal has wings. - every criminal opposes the government. - everyone in the opposition party opposes the government. - therefore everyone in the opposition party is a criminal. this is invalid because the premises fail to establish commonality between membership in the opposition party and being a criminal. this is the famous fallacy of the undistributed middle. | basic argument forms of the calculus | | modus ponens | | [ ( p → q ) ∧ p ] q | | if p then q ; p ; therefore q | | modus tollens | | [ ( p → q ) ∧ ¬q ] ¬p | | if p then q ; not q ; therefore not p | | hypothetical syllogism | | [ ( p → q ) ∧ ( q → r ) ] ( p → r ) | | if p then q ; if q then r ; therefore, if p then r | | disjunctive syllogism | | [ ( p ∨ q ) ∧ ¬p ] q | | either p or q ; not p ; therefore, q | | constructive dilemma | | [ ( p →


p then r | | disjunctive syllogism | | [ ( p ∨ q ) ∧ ¬p ] q | | either p or q ; not p ; therefore, q | | constructive dilemma | | [ ( p → q ) ∧ ( r → s ) ∧ ( p ∨ r ) ] ( q ∨ s ) | | if p then q ; and if r then s ; but either p or r ; therefore either q or s | | destructive dilemma | | [ ( p → q ) ∧ ( r → s ) ∧ ( ¬q ∨ ¬s ) ] ( ¬p ∨ ¬r ) | | if p then q ; and if r then s ; but either not q or not s ; therefore rather not p or not r | | simplification | | ( p ∧ q ) p | | p and q are true ; therefore p is true | | conjunction | | p, q ( p ∧ q ) | | p and q are true separately ; therefore they are true conjointly | | addition | | p ( p ∨ q ) | | p is true ; therefore the disjunction ( p or q ) is true | | composition | | [ ( p → q ) ∧ ( p → r ) ] [ p → ( q ∧ r ) ] | | if p then q ; and if p then r ; therefore if p is true then q and r are true | | de morgan ' s theorem ( 1 ) | | ¬ ( p ∧ q ) ( ¬p ∨ ¬q ) | | the negation of ( p and q ) is equiv. to ( not p or not q ) | | de morgan ' s theorem ( 2 ) | | ¬ ( p ∨ q ) ( ¬p ∧ ¬q ) | | the negation of ( p or q ) is equiv. to ( not p and not q ) | | commutation ( 1 ) | | ( p ∨ q ) ( q ∨ p ) | | ( p or q ) is equiv. to ( q or p ) | | commutation ( 2 ) | | ( p ∧ q ) ( q ∧ p ) | | ( p and q ) is equiv. to ( q and p ) | | association ( 1 ) | | [ p ∨ ( q ∨ r ) ] [ ( p ∨ q ) ∨ r ] | | p or ( q or r )


and q ) is equiv. to ( q and p ) | | association ( 1 ) | | [ p ∨ ( q ∨ r ) ] [ ( p ∨ q ) ∨ r ] | | p or ( q or r ) is equiv. to ( p or q ) or r | | association ( 2 ) | | [ p ∧ ( q ∧ r ) ] [ ( p ∧ q ) ∧ r ] | | p and ( q and r ) is equiv. to ( p and q ) and r | | distribution ( 1 ) | | [ p ∧ ( q ∨ r ) ] [ ( p ∧ q ) ∨ ( p ∧ r ) ] | | p and ( q or r ) is equiv. to ( p and q ) or ( p and r ) | | distribution ( 2 ) | | [ p ∨ ( q ∧ r ) ] [ ( p ∨ q ) ∧ ( p ∨ r ) ] | | p or ( q and r ) is equiv. to ( p or q ) and ( p or r ) | | double negation | | p ¬¬p | | p is equivalent to the negation of not p | | transposition | | ( p → q ) ( ¬q → ¬p ) | | if p then q is equiv. to if not q then not p | | material implication | | ( p → q ) ( ¬p ∨ q ) | | if p then q is equiv. to either not p or q | | material equivalence ( 1 ) | | ( p ↔ q ) [ ( p → q ) ∧ ( q → p ) ] | | ( p is equiv. to q ) means, ( if p is true then q is true ) and ( if q is true then p is true ) | | material equivalence ( 2 ) | | ( p ↔ q ) [ ( p ∧ q ) ∨ ( ¬q ∧ ¬p ) ] | | ( p is equiv. to q ) means, either ( p and q are true ) or ( both p and q are false ) | | exportation | | [ ( p ∧ q ) → r ] [ p → ( q → r ) ] | | from ( if p and q are true then r is true ) we can prove ( if q is true then r is true, if p is true ) | | importation | | [ p


[ p → ( q → r ) ] | | from ( if p and q are true then r is true ) we can prove ( if q is true then r is true, if p is true ) | | importation | | [ p → ( q → r ) ] [ ( p ∧ q ) → r ] | | tautology | | p ( p ∨ p ) | | p is true is equiv. to p is true or p is true | in more formal terms, a deduction is a sequence of statements such that every statement can be derived from those before it. it is understandable, then, that this leaves open the question of how we prove the first sentence ( since it cannot follow from anything ). axiomatic propositional logic solves this by requiring the following conditions for a proof to be met : a proof of α from an ensemble σ of well - formed - formulas ( wffs ) is a finite sequence of wffs : - βn = α and for each βi ( 1 ≤ i ≤ n ), either - βi ∈ σ - βi is an axiom, - βi is the output of modus ponens for two previous wffs, βi - g and βi - h. different versions of axiomatic propositional logics contain a few axioms, usually three or more than three, in addition to one or more inference rules. for instance, gottlob frege ' s axiomatization of propositional logic, which is also the first instance of such an attempt, has six propositional axioms and two rules. bertrand russell and alfred north whitehead also suggested a system with five axioms. for instance a version of axiomatic propositional logic due to jan lukasiewicz ( 1878 - 1956 ) has a set a of axioms adopted as follows : - [ pl1 ] p → ( q → p ) - [ pl2 ] ( p → ( q → r ) ) → ( ( p → q ) → ( p → r ) ) - [ pl3 ] ( ¬p → ¬q ) → ( q → p ) and it has the set r of rules of inference with one rule in it that is modu ponendo ponens as follows : - [ mp ] from α and α → β, infer β. the inference rule ( s ) allows us to derive the statements following the axioms or given wffs of the ensemble σ. natural deductive logic edit in


| | ( 1 ) | | ( p → q ) | | a | | 3 | | ( 3 ) | | p | | a ( for raa ) | | 1, 2, 3 | | ( 5 ) | | q ∧ ¬q | | 2, 4, ∧i | an example of the proof of a sequent ( a theorem in this case ) : | ∨ ¬p | | assumption number | | line number | | formula ( wff ) | | lines in - use and justification | | 1 | | ( 1 ) | | ¬ ( p ∨ ¬p ) | | a ( for raa ) | | 2 | | ( 2 ) | | ¬p | | a ( for raa ) | | 2 | | ( 3 ) | | ( p ∨ ¬p ) | | 2, ∨i | | 1, 2 | | ( 4 ) | | ( p ∨ ¬p ) ∧ ¬ ( p ∨ ¬p ) | | 1, 2, ∧i | | 1 | | ( 5 ) | | ¬¬p | | 2, 4, raa | | 1 | | ( 7 ) | | ( p ∨ ¬p ) | | 6, ∨i | | 1 | | ( 8 ) | | ( p ∨ ¬p ) ∧ ¬ ( p ∨ ¬p ) | | 1, 7, ∧i | | ( 9 ) | | ¬¬ ( p ∨ ¬p ) | | 1, 8, raa | | ( 10 ) | | ( p ∨ ¬p ) | | 9, dn | each rule of system l has its own requirements for the type of input ( s ) or entry ( es ) that it can accept and has its own way of treating and calculating the assumptions used by its inputs. - jennings, r. e., continuing logic, the course book of ' axiomatic logic ' in simon fraser university, vancouver, canada - zarefsky, david, argumentation : the study of effective reasoning parts i and ii, the teaching company 2002 - abductive reasoning - correspondence theory of truth - defeasible reasoning - hypothetico - deductive method - inductive reasoning - propositional calculus - retroductive reasoning | general : philosophy : eastern - western | history of philosophy : ancient - medieval - modern | portal | | lists : basic topics | topic list | philosophers | philosophies | glossary of philosophical " isms " | philosophical movements | publications | category listings


philosophy : eastern - western | history of philosophy : ancient - medieval - modern | portal | | lists : basic topics | topic list | philosophers | philosophies | glossary of philosophical " isms " | philosophical movements | publications | category listings... more lists | | branches : aesthetics | ethics | epistemology | logic | metaphysics | philosophy of : education, history, language, law, mathematics, mind, philosophy, politics, psychology, religion, science, social philosophy, social sciences | | schools : agnosticism | analytic philosophy | atheism | critical theory | determinism | dialectics | empiricism | existentialism | humanism | idealism | logical positivism | materialism | nihilism | postmodernism | rationalism | relativism | skepticism | theism | | references : philosophy primer | internet encyclo. of philosophy | philosophical dictionary | stanford encyclo. of philosophy | internet philosophy guide | cs : dedukce da : deduktion de : deduktion es : razonamiento deductivo fr : deduction logique ko : 연역법 hr : dedukcija he : דדוקציה hu : dedukcio nl : deductieno : deduksjon ( filosofi ) nn : deduksjonru : дедукция sl : dedukcija sv : deduktionuk : дедукція zh : | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |


methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | | pacinian corpuscle, with its system of capsules and central cavity. | a. arterial twig, ending in capillaries, which form loops in some of the intercapsular spaces, and one penetrates to the central capsule. b. the fibrous tissue of the stalk. n. nerve tube advancing to the central capsule, there losing its white matter, and stretching along the axis to the opposite end, where it ends by a tuberculated enlargement. | gray ' s | | subject # 233 1060 | | pacinian capsule labeled at bottom. | the pacinian corpuscle is oval shaped and approximately 1 mm in length. the entire corpuscle is wrapped by a layer of connective tissue. it has 20 to 60 concentric lamellae composed of fibrous connective tissue and fibroblasts, separated by gelatinous material. the lamellae are very thin, flat, modified schwann cells. in the center of the corpuscle is the inner bulb, a fluid - filled cavity with a single afferent unmyelinated nerve ending. pacinian corpuscles detect gross pressure changes and vibrations. any deformation in the corpuscle causes action potentials to be generated, by opening pressure - sensitive sodium ion channels in the axon membrane. this allows sodium ions to influx in, creating a receptor potential. these corpuscles are especially susceptible to vibrations, which they can sense even centimeters away. pacinian corpuscles cause action potentials when the skin is rapidly indented but not when the pressure is steady, due to the layers of connective tissue that cover the nerve ending. it is thought that they respond to high velocity changes in joint position. see also edit - virginia commonwealth university - anatomy atlases - microscopic anatomy, plate 06. 124 - dictionary at emedicine lamellated + corpuscles | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |


methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | psychological operations ( psyop, psyops ) are techniques used by military and police forces to influence a target audience ' s emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and behavior. target audiences can be governments, organizations, groups, and individuals, and are used in order to induce confessions, or reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorable to the originator ' s objectives. this concept has been used by military institutions throughout history, but it is only since the 20th century that it has been accorded the organizational and professional status it enjoys now. in the german bundeswehr, the zentrum operative information and its subordinated bataillon fur operative information 950 are responsible for the psyop efforts ( called operative information in german ). both the center and the battalion are subordinate to the new streitkraftebasis ( joint services support command, skb ) and together consist of about 1, 000 soldiers specialising in modern communication and media technologies. one project of the german psyop forces is the radio station stimme der freiheit ( voice of freedom ), heard by thousands of afghans. another is publication of various newspapers and magazines in kosovo and afghanistan. united kingdom edit in the british armed forces, psyops are handled by the tri - service 15 psychological operations group. united states edit - main article : psychological operations ( united states ) the purpose of united states psychological operations ( psyop ) is to induce or reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorable to u. s. objectives. in the united states department of defense, dedicated psychological operations units exist only in the united states army. however, the united states navy also plans and executes limited psyop missions. unlike some countries, united states psyop units and soldiers of all branches of the military are prohibited by law from conducting psyop missions on domestic audiences. while united states army psyop units may offer non - psyop support to domestic military missions, they can only target foreign audiences. within the u. s. psychological operations community, the correct acronym is psyop without the " s " at the end, as noted in fm 33 - 1 - 1. nato references will alternately list the capability as psyop or psyops, depending on the source ' s nation of origin. during the waco siege, the fbi and batf conducted psychological operations on the men, women and children inside the mount carmel complex. this included using loud speakers to play sounds


or psyops, depending on the source ' s nation of origin. during the waco siege, the fbi and batf conducted psychological operations on the men, women and children inside the mount carmel complex. this included using loud speakers to play sounds of animals being slaughtered, drilling noises and clips from talk shows about how david koresh was much hated. in addition, very bright, flashing lights were used at night. see also edit - psychological warfare - information warfare - psychological operations ( united states ) - 15 psychological operations group ( british armed forces ) - political warfare executive - psychological warfare division it is possible that psyops, using a combonation of the patriot act and the rave act, could engage in psychological warfare on those who produce, promote, or organize events centered around electronic music. these acts allow governmental agencies on all levels to coordinate and engage in psychological warfare against innocent civilians who use the electronic medium as a tool to create art. these acts could potentially lead to a constitutional conflict in regards to the quartering of troops as stated in the bill of rights. - psywar. org — psychological operations and black propaganda the history of psychological warfare / psyop with an extensive library of aerial propaganda leaflets. - iws — the information warfare site - u. s. — psyop producing mid - eastern kids comic book - the institute of heraldry — psychological operations - oss — development of psychological warfare ( wwii ) - clandestine radio - it : operazioni psicologiche - fi : psykologinen operaatio | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |


- mobile air quality studies ( maqs ) - an international project ( 2010 ) - due to an increasing awareness of the potential hazardousness of air pollutants, new laws, rules and guidelines have recently been implemented globally. in this respect, numerous studies have addressed traffic - related exposure to particulate matter using stationary technology so far. by contrast, only few studies used the advanced technology of mobile exposure analysis. the mobile air quality study ( maqs ) addresses the issue of air pollutant exposure by combining advanced high - granularity spatial - temporal analysis with vehicle - mounted, person - mounted and roadside sensors. the maqs - platform will be used by international collaborators in order 1 ) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to road structure, 2 ) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to traffic density, 3 ) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to weather conditions, 4 ) to compare exposure within vehicles between front and back seat ( children ) positions, and 5 ) to evaluate " traffic zone " - exposure in relation to non - " traffic zone " - exposure. primarily, the maqs - platform will focus on particulate matter. with the establishment of advanced mobile analysis tools, it is planed to extend the analysis to other pollutants including including no2, so2, nanoparticles, and ozone.