away as red fox, ” noted kenneth combs, the president of the liberty school alumni association. these students were given a bus voucher of up to $ 15 a week to get back and forth to school on public buses. the school was strict and administrators believed in corporal punishment. many of the students reminisced about being paddled by their teachers, but also how it made them stronger. some even said that teachers would show up at their homes to make sure parents were aware of their mistakes. while these rough days in education are now gone, the lasting memory of the influence of the liberty school can be felt. many of the students left the area, making their homes across the united states. hazard independent schools board member dennis smith attended saturday ’ s reunion as a representative to show the board ’ s support for the school ’ s alumni. “ it is important to share the great memories that you have had here, ” said smith. as a way of honoring the memory of the school and its students, people in attendance released balloons for those that have passed away since the last reunion. the former liberty dragons that were in attendance ended the ceremony, honoring the school by singing the school song. the last line sums up how many of these students feel about their school : “ dear old liberty high school, i ’ m in love with you. ”


keeping an eye on your bones many of us start to think about osteoporosis as we approach our senior years. after all, that ' s when bone loss occurs, right? wrong. doctors tend to treat patients with osteoporosis in their 60s, 70s, and older - - but bone loss begins much earlier. our bone mass peaks around age 20. bone loss can begin once peak bone mass is reached. those at high risk are more likely to lose bone mass early. when bone loss goes unchecked for years, the result is fractures - - often of the hip, spine, wrist, or leg bones. menopause speeds the process. that ' s why 80 percent of the more than 10 million americans with osteoporosis are women past menopause. in the first few years after menopause, bone loss accelerates ; after that, it continues, but at a slower rate. osteoporosis can strike men, too, but usually at a later age because they start with more bone. one in four men over 50 will end up with a fracture related to osteoporosis. to learn who needs help, the u. s. preventive services task force urges routine osteoporosis screening for all healthy women 65 and older. high - risk women should seek screening at age 60 or as advised by your doctor. the best screening method is a dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry ( dexa ) scan. medicare covers this non - invasive test for women 65 and older once every two years if they have certain risk factors for osteoporosis or are taking medicine to treat osteoporosis. several medications have been approved to treat osteoporosis, including calcitonin, bisphosphonates such as alendronate and risedronate, parathyroid hormone, and selective estrogen - receptor modulators such as raloxifene. according to the task force, each of these treatments has potential benefits and harms. prevention includes getting enough calcium and vitamin d. weight - bearing exercise helps, too. who ' s at high risk? women older than 65 white or asian women women with small bones women who are sedentary people with a family history of osteoporosis adults who are very thin people who break bones after age 45 because of " low trauma, " such as a fall while standing long - term corticosteroid users people who drink alcohol to


join for just $ 16 a year - discounts on travel and everyday savings - subscription to aarp the magazine - free membership for your spouse or partner vulvovaginitis, vulvitis, and vaginitis are general terms that refer to the inflammation of the vagina and / or vulva ( the external genital organs of a woman ). these conditions can be caused by bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections. also, vulvovaginitis can be caused by low estrogen levels ( called " atrophic vaginitis " ) or any type of allergic or irritation response from things such as spermicidal products, condoms, soaps, and bubble bath. in general, vulvovaginitis causes vaginal discharge, irritation, and itching. one of the most common reasons why women visit their doctor is because of a change in vaginal discharge. it is completely normal for a woman to have a vaginal discharge, the amount and consistency of which varies during the course of the menstrual cycle. each of the three most common types of vulvovaginitis will be described separately. bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginitis during the childbearing years. forty percent to 50 % of vaginitis cases are caused by bacterial vaginosis. the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis is difficult to determine but studies have proposed that 10 % to 41 % of bacterial vaginosis is not caused by a particular organism but is a change in the balance of normal vaginal bacteria. ninety percent of the bacteria found in a healthy vagina belong to the lactobacillus family. for unknown reasons, there is a shift in the bacterial population that results in overgrowth of other bacteria. patients suffering from bacterial vaginosis have very high numbers of bacteria such as gardnerella vaginalis, mycoplasmahominis, bacteroides species, and mobiluncus species. these bacteria can be found at numbers 100 to 1000 times greater than found in the healthy vagina. in contrast, lactobacillus bacteria are in very low numbers or completely absent from the vagina of women with bacterial vaginosis. author info : belinda rowland phd, the gale group inc., gale, detroit, gale encyclopedia of medicine, 2002this feature is for informational purposes only and should not be used to replace the care and information received from your healthcare provider. please consult a healthcare professional with any health concerns you may have. enter


a splendrous lotus with four superb petals for over 200 years, western scholars have struggled to understand hinduism, a faith whose followers seemed ( to outsiders ) to arbitrarily worship any one of a dozen gods as the supreme, a religion vastly diverse in its beliefs, practices and ways of worship. some indologists labeled the hinduism they encountered polytheistic ; others even coined new terms, like henotheism, to describe this baffling array of spiritual traditions. few, however, have realized, and fewer still have written, that india ' s sanatana dharma, or " eternal faith, " known today as hinduism and comprising nearly a billion followers, is a family of religions with four principal denominations saivism, shaktism, vaishnavism and smartism. this single perception is essential for understanding hinduisim and explaining it accurately to others. contrary to prevailing misconceptions, hindus all worship a one supreme being, though by different names. for vaishnavites, lord vishnu is god. for saivites, god is siva. for shaktas, goddess shakti is supreme. for smartas, liberal hindus, the choice of deity is left to the devotee. each has a multitude of guru lineages, religious leaders, priesthoods, sacred literature, monastic communities, schools, pilgrimage centers and tens of thousands of temples. they possess a wealth of art and architecture, philosophy and scholarship. these four sects hold such divergent beliefs that each is a complete and independent religion. yet, they share a vast heritage of culture and belief karma, dharma, reincarnation, all - pervasive divinity, temple worship, sacraments, manifold deities, the guru - shishya tradition and the vedas as scriptural authority. in this eight - page insight, drawn from satguru sivaya subramuniyaswami ' s dancing with siva, we offer a synopsis of these four denominations, followed by a point - by - point comparison. each of hinduism ' s philosophies, schools and lineages shares a common purpose : to further the soul ' s unfoldment to its divine destiny. nowhere is this process better represented than in the growth of the renowned lotus, which, seeking the sun, arises from the mud to become a magnificent flower. its blossom is a promise of purity and perfection. saivite hindus worship the supreme god as siva, the compassionate one. saivites esteem self discipline and philosophy and follow


, seeking the sun, arises from the mud to become a magnificent flower. its blossom is a promise of purity and perfection. saivite hindus worship the supreme god as siva, the compassionate one. saivites esteem self discipline and philosophy and follow a satguru. they worship in the temple and practice yoga, striving to be one with siva within. shaktas worship the supreme as the divine mother, shakti or devi. she has many forms. some are gentle, some are fierce. shaktas use chants, real magic, holy diagrams, yoga and rituals to call forth cosmic forces and awaken the great kundalini power within the spine. vaishnavites worship the supreme as lord vishnu and his incarnations, especially krishna and rama. vaishnavites are mainly dualistic. they are deeply devotional. their religion is rich in saints, temples and scriptures. smartas worship the supreme in one of six forms : ganesha, siva, sakti, vishnu, surya and skanda. because they accept all the major hindu gods, they are known as liberal or nonsectarian. they follow a philosophical, meditative path, emphasizing man ' s oneness with god through understanding. what is the deeply mystical saiva sect? saivism is the world ' s oldest religion. worshiping god siva, the compassionate one, it stresses potent disciplines, high philosophy, the guru ' s centrality and bhakti - raja - siddha yoga leading to oneness with siva within. aum. seated on nandi, his bull mount, the perfect devotee, lord siva holds japa beads and the trident, symbol of love - wisdom - action, and offers blessings of protection and fearlessness. mount kailas, his sacred himalayan abode, represents the pinnacle of consciousness. saivism is ancient, truly ageless, for it has no beginning. it is the precursor of the many - faceted religion now termed hinduism. scholars trace the roots of siva worship back more than 8, 000 years to the advanced indus valley civilization. but sacred writings tell us there never was a time when saivism did not exist. modern history records six main schools : saiva siddhanta, pashupatism, kashmir saivism, vira saivism, siddha siddhanta and siva advaita. saivism ' s grandeur and beauty are found in a practical culture, an enlightened view of


pashupatism, kashmir saivism, vira saivism, siddha siddhanta and siva advaita. saivism ' s grandeur and beauty are found in a practical culture, an enlightened view of man ' s place in the universe and a profound system of temple mysticism and siddha yoga. it provides knowledge of man ' s evolution from god and back to god, of the soul ' s unfoldment and awakening guided by enlightened sages. like all the sects, its majority are devout families, headed by hundreds of orders of swamis and sadhus who follow the fiery, world - renouncing path to moksha. the vedas state, " by knowing siva, the auspicious one who is hidden in all things, exceedingly fine, like film arising from clarified butter, the one embracer of the universe by realizing god, one is released from all fetters. " aum namah sivaya. what is the magic and power of shaktism? shaktism reveres the supreme as the divine mother, shakti or devi, in her many forms, both gentle and fierce. shaktas use mantra, tantra, yantra, yoga and puja to invoke cosmic forces and awaken the kundalini power. aum. shakti, depicted in her green form, radiates beauty, energy, compassion and protection for followers. wearing the tilaka of the shakta sect on her forehead, she blesses devotees, who shower rosewater, hold an umbrella and prostrate at her feet. while worship of the divine mother extends beyond the pale of history, shakta hinduism arose as an organized sect in india around the fifth century. today it has four expressions devotional, folk - shamanic, yogic and universalist all invoking the fierce power of kali or durga, or the benign grace of parvati or ambika. shakta devotionalists use puja rites, especially to the shri chakra yantra, to establish intimacy with the goddess. shamanic shaktism employs magic, trance mediumship, firewalking and animal sacrifice for healing, fertility, prophecy and power. shakta yogis seek to awaken the sleeping goddess kundalini and unite her with siva in the sahasrara chakra. shakta universalists follow the reformed vedantic tradition exemplified by sri ramakrishna. " left - hand " tantric rites


to awaken the sleeping goddess kundalini and unite her with siva in the sahasrara chakra. shakta universalists follow the reformed vedantic tradition exemplified by sri ramakrishna. " left - hand " tantric rites transcend traditional ethical codes. shaktism is chiefly advaitic, defining the soul ' s destiny as complete identity with the unmanifest, siva. central scriptures are the vedas, shakta agamas and puranas. the devi gita extols, " we bow down to the universal soul of all. above and below and in all four directions, mother of the universe, we bow. " aum chandikayai namah. what is the devotional vaishnava sect? vaishnavism is an ancient hindu sect centering on the worship of lord vishnu and his incarnations, especially krishna and rama. largely dualistic, profoundly devotional, it is rich in saints, temples and scriptures. aum. vishnu is the infinite ocean from which the world emerges. he stands on waves, surrounded by the many - headed seshanaga, who represents agelessness and is regarded as an extension of divine energy and an incarnation of balarama, lord krishna ' s brother. the worship of vishnu, meaning " pervader, " dates back to vedic times. the pancharatra and bhagavata sects were popular prior to 300 bce. today ' s five vaishnava schools emerged in the middle ages, founded by ramanuja, madhva, nimbarka, vallabha and chaitanya. vaishnavism stresses prapatti, single - pointed surrender to vishnu, or his ten or more incarnations, called avataras. japa is a key devotional sadhana, as is ecstatic chanting and dancing, called kirtana. temple worship and festivals are elaborately observed. philosophically, vaishnavism ranges from madhva ' s pure dualism to ramanuja ' s qualified nondualism to vallabha ' s nearly monistic vision. god and soul are everlastingly distinct. the soul ' s destiny, through god ' s grace, is to eternally worship and enjoy him. while generally nonascetic, advocating bhakti as the highest path, vaishnavism has a strong monastic community. central scriptures are the vedas, vaishnava agamas, itihasas


and enjoy him. while generally nonascetic, advocating bhakti as the highest path, vaishnavism has a strong monastic community. central scriptures are the vedas, vaishnava agamas, itihasas and puranas. the bhagavad gita states, " on those who meditate on me and worship with undivided heart, i confer attainment of what they have not, and preserve what they have. " aum namo narayanaya. what is the universalistic smarta sect? smartism is an ancient brahminical tradition reformed by shankara in the ninth century. worshiping six forms of god, this liberal hindu path is monistic, nonsectarian, meditative and philosophical. aum. adi sankara lived from 788 to 820 ce, a mere 32 years, yet he gave hinduism a new liberal denomination smartism. here, wearing sacred marks, he holds his writings and is flanked by the six deities of the smarta altar : surya the sun, siva, shakti, vishnu, kumaran and ganesha. smarta means a follower of classical smriti, particularly the dharma shastras, puranas and itihasas. smartas revere the vedas and honor the agamas. today this faith is synonymous with the teachings of adi shankara, the monk - philosopher known as shanmata sthapanacharya, " founder of the six - sect system. " he campaigned india - wide to consolidate the hindu faiths of his time under the banner of advaita vedanta. to unify the worship, he popularized the ancient smarta five - deity altar ganapati, surya, vishnu, siva and shakti and added kumara. from these, devotees may choose their " preferred deity, " or ishta devata. each god is but a reflection of the one saguna brahman. shankara organized hundreds of monasteries into a ten - order, dashanami system, which now has five pontifical centers. he wrote profuse commentaries on the upanishads, brahma sutras and bhagavad gita. sankara proclaimed, " it is the one reality which appears to our ignorance as a manifold universe of names and forms and changes. like the gold of which many ornaments are made, it remains in itself unchanged. such is brahman, and that art thou. " aum namah sivaya


which appears to our ignorance as a manifold universe of names and forms and changes. like the gold of which many ornaments are made, it remains in itself unchanged. such is brahman, and that art thou. " aum namah sivaya. comparing the four major denominations as just seen, the spectrum of hindu religiousness is found within four major sects or denominations : saivism, shaktism, vaishnavism and smartism. among these four streams, there are certainly more similarities than differences. all four believe in karma and reincarnation and in a supreme being who is both form and pervades form, who creates, sustains and destroys the universe only to create it again in unending cycles. they strongly declare the validity and importance of temple worship, in the three worlds of existence and the myriad gods and devas residing in them. they concur that there is no intrinsic evil, that the cosmos is created out of god and is permeated by him. they each believe in maya ( though their definitions differ somewhat ), and in the liberation of the soul from rebirth, called moksha, as the goal of human existence. they believe in dharma and in ahimsa, noninjury, and in the need for a satguru to lead the soul toward self realization. they wear the sacred marks, tilaka, on their foreheads as sacred symbols, though each wears a distinct mark. finally, they prefer cremation of the body upon death, believing that the soul will inhabit another body in the next life. while hinduism has many sacred scriptures, all sects ascribe the highest authority to the vedas and agamas, though their agamas differ somewhat. here, now, is a brief comparison of these four denominations. on the personal god / goddess saivism : personal god and temple deity is siva, neither male nor female. lords ganesha and karttikeya are also worshiped. shaktism : personal goddess and temple deity is shri devi or shakti, female, worshiped as rajarajeshvari, parvati, lakshmi, sarasvati, kali, amman, etc. the divine mother. vaishnavism : personal god and temple deity is vishnu, male. his incarnations as rama and krishna are also worshiped, as well as his divine consort, radharani. smartism : personal god and temple deity is ishvara, male or female, worshiped as vishnu, si


is vishnu, male. his incarnations as rama and krishna are also worshiped, as well as his divine consort, radharani. smartism : personal god and temple deity is ishvara, male or female, worshiped as vishnu, siva, shakti, ganesha and surya or any deity of devotee ' s choice, e. g., kumara or krishna. on the nature of shakti saivism : shakti is god siva ' s inseparable power and manifest will, energy or mind. shaktism : shakti is an active, immanent being, separate from a quiescent and remote siva. vaishnavism : no special importance is given to shakti. however, there are parallels wherein the divine consorts are conceived as the inseparable powers of vishnu and his incarnations : e. g., krishna ' s radharani and rama ' s sita. smartism : shakti is a divine form of ishvara. it is god ' s manifesting power. on the nature of personal god saivism : god siva is pure love and compassion, immanent and transcendent, pleased by our purity and sadhana. shaktism : the goddess shakti is both compassionate and terrifying, pleasing and wrathful, assuaged by sacrifice and submission. vaishnavism : god vishnu is loving and beautiful, the object of man ' s devotion, pleased by our service and surrender. smartism : ishvara appears as a human - like deity according to devotees ' loving worship, which is sometimes considered a rudimentary self - purifying practice. on the doctrine of avatara saivism : there are no divine earthly incarnations of the supreme being. shaktism : the divine mother does incarnate in this world. vaishnavism : vishnu has ten or more incarnations. smartism : all deities may assume earthly incarnations. on the soul and god saivism : god siva is one with the soul. the soul must realize this advaitic ( monistic ) truth by god siva ' s grace. shaktism : the divine mother, shakti, is mediatrix, bestowing advaitic moksha on those who worship her. vaishnavism : god and soul are eternally distinct. through lord vishnu ' s grace, the soul ' s destiny is to worship and enjoy god. smartism : ishvara and man


devotion, followed by internalized worship, or yoga, and its meditative disciplines. union with god siva comes through the grace of the satguru and culminates in the soul ' s maturity in the state of jnana, or wisdom. saivism values both bhakti and yoga, devotional and contemplative sadhanas, or disciplines. shaktism : the spiritual practices in shaktism are similar to those in saivism, though there is more emphasis in saktism on god ' s power as opposed to being, on mantras and yantras, and on embracing apparent opposites : male - female, absolute - relative, pleasure - pain, cause - effect, mind - body. certain sects within shaktism undertake " left - hand " tantric rites, consciously using the world of form to transmute and eventually transcend that world. the " left - hand " approach is somewhat occult in nature ; it is considered a path for the few, not the many. the " right - hand " path is more conservative in nature. vaishnavism : most vaishnavites believe that religion is the performance of bhakti sadhanas, devotional disciplines, and that man can communicate with and receive the grace of the gods and goddesses through the darshan ( sight ) of their icons. the paths of karma yoga and jnana yoga lead to bhakti yoga. among the foremost practices of vaishnavites is chanting the holy names of the avataras, vishnu ' s incarnations, especially rama and krishna. through total self - surrender, prapatti, to vishnu, to krishna or to his beloved consort radharani, liberation from samsara ( the cycle of reincarnation ) is attained. smartism : smartas, the most eclectic of hindus, believe that moksha is achieved through jnana yoga alone defined as an intellectual and meditative but non - kundalini - yoga path. jnana yoga ' s progressive stages are scriptural study ( shravana ), reflection ( manana ) and sustained meditation ( dhyana ). guided by a realized guru and avowed to the unreality of the world, the initiate meditates on himself as brahman, absolute reality, to break through the illusion of maya. devotees may also choose from three other non - successive paths to cultivate devotion, accrue good karma and purify the mind. these are bhakti yoga


note to students, parents and teachers : this educational insight is hinduism today magazine ' s response to the controversy in california over the way hinduism is taught in public - school history books. it is a 16 - page lesson on hindu history, beliefs and practices for sixth graders written from the hindu point of view. it is historically sound and acceptable in content and tone to the various denominations of the hindu community. the problem with every existing textbook for this grade level is that hinduism is presented negatively, incompletely and inaccurately. this lesson is patterned after a typical chapter on the other faiths in these same books. it deliberately does not follow the specific california standards for presenting the hindu religion because we believe them to be deeply flawed and contrary to the state ' s own general rule that teaching material must : 1 ) be historically accurate, 2 ) " instill in each child a sense of pride in his or her heritage " and 3 ) avoid " adverse reflection " on a religion. it is our intent that this lesson will serve as a model for us textbooks, providing an authentic depiction of the eminent history and traditions of the faith while giving 10 - year - old hindu students justifiable pride in their religion. in most states teachers are allowed to supplement the textbooks with additional material. this lesson may be offered as a more accurate basis for the classroom study of the origins and development of hinduism in ancient india. hinduism today ' s teaching standards : at the beginning of each of these chapters sections, we present our outline for hinduism in 6th grade history books. it is intended to replace existing lists of required topics, such as those found in the california standards. 1. explain the similarities between indus - sarasvati civilization and later hindu culture. 2. discuss why the aryan invasion theory has been disputed by many scholars. 3. discuss the social and political system and advancement of science and culture. 4. explain the development of religion in india between 1000 bce and 500 ce. what you will learn... 1. many hindu religious practices are seen in the archeological remains of the indus - sarasvati civilization. 2. the sacred texts of hinduism are in the sanskrit language and were originally memorized but unwritten. 3. ancient indian art and science were highly developed. the big idea : hinduism developed over thousands of years in india. key terms : indus and sarasvati rivers ; vedas ; sanskrit if you lived then... your house is built on a wide, waterless riverbed. your father tells you it was once the giant sarasvati river,


india. key terms : indus and sarasvati rivers ; vedas ; sanskrit if you lived then... your house is built on a wide, waterless riverbed. your father tells you it was once the giant sarasvati river, five kilometers across. there is not enough rain to provide for the family ' s crops and cattle. travelers tell of another great river, the ganga, hundreds of miles away. your father and other villagers decide they must move. how would you feel about the long journey? building background india ' s known history begins with the indus - sarasvati civilization, 5, 500 years ago. we know from archeology that this culture shows many features of later hindu practice. understanding ancient indian history the early cities of india developed along the indus and sarasvati rivers starting around 3500 bce. they are called the indus - sarasvati civilization or, sometimes, the harappan culture. it was the largest and most advanced civilization in the ancient world. but the mighty sarasvati river dried up, and what was once a fertile area became a desert. the people of the region moved to other parts of india and beyond. by 2000 bce the civilization had entered a period of decline. the religion of the indus - sarasvati people a great many artifacts have been discovered from the indus - sarasvati cities. these include pottery, seals, statues, beads, jewelry, tools, games, such as dice, and children ' s toys, such as miniature carts. the flat, stone seals have pictures and writing on them. scholars have not yet agreed on what the mysterious script on the seals means. they show deities, ceremonies, symbols, people, plants and animals. we learn from them that people at that time followed practices identical to those followed by hindus today. one seal shows a meditating figure that scholars link to lord siva, while others show the lotus posture used by today ' s meditators. the swastika, a sacred symbol of good luck used throughout hindu history, is common. there are statues, including a small clay figure with its hands pressed together in the traditional hindu greeting of " namaste. " a figurine of a married woman shows a red powder called sindur in the part of her hair. hindu women today follow this same custom as a sign of their married status. the pipal tree and banyan tree are depicted often. these remain sacred to hindus to this day. the central holy books of hinduism are the four vedas. hindus regard


hindu women today follow this same custom as a sign of their married status. the pipal tree and banyan tree are depicted often. these remain sacred to hindus to this day. the central holy books of hinduism are the four vedas. hindus regard them as spoken by god. they are in sanskrit. the vedas were not written down but memorized. students might spend twelve years learning these scriptures. some would memorize one veda, others all four. even today there are priests who can chant an entire veda - - as many as 10, 500 verses - - from memory. the relationship between the people of the indus - sarasvati civilization and those who composed the vedas is not clearly understood. we know that the rig veda describes the sarasvati as the " most mighty of rivers " flowing from the himalayan mountains to the ocean. therefore, the holy texts had to be composed well before 2000 bce - - by which time the river had dried up. the vedas describe a powerful and spiritual people, their clans, kings and emperors. their society was complex. the economy included agriculture, industry, trade, commerce and cattle raising. the vedas contain thousands of hymns in praise of god and the gods. they describe a form of fire worship, yajna, around a specially - built brick fire altar. in several indus - sarasvati cities archeologists have unearthed what look like fire altars. the aryan invasion theory many school books present an " aryan invasion " of india. it is the theory that aryan invaders came from central asia in 1500 bce and conquered the indigenous indus - sarasvati civilization. it was these foreigners, the theory states, who wrote the rig veda in sanskrit. the theory was proposed in the 19th century by scholars in europe, based on language studies. in part, it tried to explain why sanskrit is so closely related to european languages, including english. many scholars now dispute this theory because all the evidence for it is questionable. additionally, modern scientists have found no biological evidence, such as dna, that people came from outside india in significant numbers since at least 6, 000 bce. many common explanations about indian history and culture are based on the aryan invasion theory. those who defend it claim that sanskrit, the caste system and hindu ways of worship came from outside india. if you are studying india in school, you may read about this outdated theory. as the indus - sarasvati culture declined, many of its people migrated to other places. they settled mostly in north and central india


of worship came from outside india. if you are studying india in school, you may read about this outdated theory. as the indus - sarasvati culture declined, many of its people migrated to other places. they settled mostly in north and central india, especially along the ganga river system. they interacted with tribes who had lived in those areas from ancient times. around 1000 bce, the tamil - speaking dravidian people in the south had separately developed a sophisticated language and culture. because of inadequate archeological research, we do not know a lot about this period. however, by 600 bce, india had developed a common culture from north to south and east to west. by this time the social, religious and philosophical ideas and practices central to hinduism are fully evident. these are in continuity with the religion of the indus - sarasvati culture, the teachings of the vedas, dravidian culture and elements of the tribal religions. hindu public worship, described in the vedas, took place in temporary shelters built for that purpose. the earliest mention of permanent temples for the worship of god is in the grihya sutras, around 600 bce. a distinctive feature of india at this time was the varna or class system. society was classified into groups with specific occupations. these groups tended to become hereditary. there were four broad classes - - priests, warriors, merchants and workers ( including craftsmen ). the system provided order and stability to society. later on, the varnas divided into hundreds of sub - sections called jatis ( castes ). individual jatis developed a strong identity and pride in their occupation. from time to time people would move from one caste to another, or establish new ones. the evolving caste system became unfair to the people at the very bottom of the social order. though caste is still an important factor in arranging marriages, caste discrimination is illegal in modern india. women have always been held in high regard in india. some of india ' s foremost religious and political leaders are women. hinduism is the only major religion in which god is worshiped in female form. life in ancient times was hard work for both men and women. the women were responsible for running the household ; the men for their craft or farm, as well as security. in general, women had fewer property rights than men, but received lighter punishments for crimes and paid fewer taxes. they participated equally with their husband in religious ceremonies and festival celebrations. some women were highly educated, and a few even composed several of the holy vedic hymns. the period from 1000 bce


than men, but received lighter punishments for crimes and paid fewer taxes. they participated equally with their husband in religious ceremonies and festival celebrations. some women were highly educated, and a few even composed several of the holy vedic hymns. the period from 1000 bce through the gupta period up to the mid - 6th century ce was a time of great advancement. hindus discovered the zero and established the counting method, including the decimal system, we use today. their astronomers knew that the earth orbits the sun and calculated the length of a year with great precision. medicine was so advanced that doctors were performing complex surgery not equaled in europe until the 18th century. in ancient times india was one of the most advanced and wealthy nations on earth. since ancient times, a quarter of the world ' s people have lived in india. impact today : the disputed aryan invasion theory is still taught as fact in most books on india continuity : unbroken connection or line of development hereditary : passed from parents to children timeline : early indian history 5000 bce : beginning of indus - sarasvati cities 2600 - 2000 bce : height of indus - sarasvati civilization. the city of lothal includes large buildings and an enclosed harbor. 2000 bce : sarasvati river dries up. people move to north and central india. 600 bce : india is a unified culture at this time. large cities flourish in the gangetic plains. indian physician sushruta develops complex methods of surgery. tamil language flourishes in the south. first mention of temple worship appears in the grihya sutras. 500 bce : magadha empire in the north and pandyan kingdom in the south flourish. buddhism and jainism, offshoots of hinduism, become prominent religions. 321 bce : foundation of the pan - indian maurya empire. time of great advancement in science, statecraft, economy, architecture, music and art. 200 bce : tiruvalluvar composes tirukural, one of india ' s greatest scriptures on ethics 200 ce : hindu influence starts to spread into what is now cambodia, thailand, malaysia and indonesia. in 1200 ce, the hindu temple called angkor wat is built in cambodia. it is the world ' s largest religious structure. 320 ce : gupta empire reigns over most of india, with tamil kingdoms in far south. this is the golden age of india and hinduism, with respect and tolerance for all religions. section 1 assessment reviewing ideas, terms and people 1. a. explain : what happened to the sarasvati river? b. analyze


kingdoms in far south. this is the golden age of india and hinduism, with respect and tolerance for all religions. section 1 assessment reviewing ideas, terms and people 1. a. explain : what happened to the sarasvati river? b. analyze : what customs from modern hinduism are depicted in artifacts of the indus - sarasvati civilization? 2. elaborate : what are the advantages of a hereditary occupation? what are the disadvantages? 3. a. summarize : how are women regarded in hindu society? b. recall : what are some of the great scientific achievements in ancient india? 4. a. explain : how were the vedas preserved? b. list : what kind of information is in the vedas? c. explain : why is it important that the rig veda mentions the sarasvati river as a " mighty river? " 5. analyze : what does your school history book say about the aryan invasion? how does this lesson differ? section two : hindu beliefs and scriptures hinduism today ' s teaching standards : 5. explain the basic hindu beliefs regarding god, the gods and goddesses, dharma, karma and reincarnation. describe basic hindu practices. 6. discuss the hindu principles of nonviolence and religious tolerance. 7. describe the vedas and their upanishads, ramayana, mahabharata ( including the bhagavad gita ) and other important hindu scriptures. what you will learn... 1. hindus believe in a one supreme god and also many gods and goddesses. 2. dharma, karma and reincarnation are central hindu beliefs. there is a special emphasis on nonviolence. 3. vedas are the primary hindu scriptures. there are other important scriptures as well. the big idea : hindus believe every soul will ultimately achieve god realization. key terms : sanatana dharma, brahman, deva, puja, karma, reincarnation, if you lived then... the king has passed a new law increasing the taxes on farmers. the farmers in your village have not had a good year. the harvest is smaller than usual. the new tax may mean people will go hungry. some in the village want to attack the tax collectors. others want to lie about the amount of harvest. still others say a peaceful protest will cause the king to change his mind on the tax increase. how would you respond to the tax increase? why? building background : from its beginnings, hinduism has been an open - minded religion. it is a basic hindu


others say a peaceful protest will cause the king to change his mind on the tax increase. how would you respond to the tax increase? why? building background : from its beginnings, hinduism has been an open - minded religion. it is a basic hindu belief that there are many ways to approach god. hinduism does not dictate one way as the only way. hindus believe " truth is one, paths are many " and that every person eventually finds spiritual salvation. religion permeates the hindu ' s daily life hindus base their way of life upon their religion. the hindu culture comes from hindu beliefs. the key beliefs are in a one supreme god, subordinate gods and goddesses, heaven worlds, the divinity of the soul, dharma, karma, reincarnation, god realization and liberation from rebirth. god realization means the direct and personal experience of the divine within oneself. the original sanskrit name for hinduism is sanatana dharma, meaning " eternal religion. " belief in god and the gods and goddesses hindus believe in and worship a one supreme god. in the scriptures, the supreme god is called brahman or bhagavan, worshiped as both male and female. brahman is all - powerful, all - knowing, all - loving and present in all things. god created everything in the universe out of himself. this creation is not separate from him. he guides the evolution of everything over vast spans of time. ultimately, he absorbs the universe back into himself. this cycle of creation, preservation and absorption repeats without end. the supreme god is both transcendent and immanent. these are two key philosophical concepts. as transcendent, god exists beyond the physical universe. as immanent, his divine form pervades all nature and humanity. in hinduism, the soul is called atman. god exists within each soul. the chandogya upanishad explains it like this : " what you see when you look into another person ' s eyes, that is atman, immortal, beyond fear ; that is god. " hinduism has different branches with varying beliefs and practices. the four major branches are saiva, shakta, vaishnava and smarta. saivas and shaktas call the supreme god siva, though shaktas worship the female aspect of god. vaishnavas call him vishnu. smartas may choose one of six deities to worship as the supreme. by whichever name or form, he is the same, one supreme god. the rig veda says


are many ways to worship the divine. dharma, karma and reincarnation dharma means righteousness, divine law, ethics, religion, duty, justice and truth. dharma means the proper way one should live one ' s life. to follow dharma, one should be religious, truthful, kind, honest and generous. dharma includes the practice of nonviolence, called ahimsa in sanskrit. it is the ideal of not injuring others in thought, word or action. karma, a central hindu belief, is the law of cause and effect. it means that anything you do will eventually return to you in this or future lives. if we do something selfish or hateful, we will in time experience the same pain and suffering we caused to others. if our acts are good and kind, we will receive goodness and kindness. reincarnation means literally to " re - enter the flesh. " it is the belief that the soul, atman, is reborn in a new body, experiencing many lifetimes. the purpose of rebirth is to progressively achieve spiritual maturity and god realization. eventually each soul learns to live by religious principles and avoid creating negative karma. the process of reincarnation continues through many lives until the soul achieves liberation. hinduism ' s sacred scriptures the four vedas are the holiest scriptures for all hindus. the upanishads, an important part of the vedas, explain the hindu philosophy. the next most important scriptures, also in sanskrit, are the agamas. there are specific agamas for each major tradition in hinduism - - saiva, shakta and vaishnava. the agamas explain philosophy, personal conduct, worship and temple construction. there are hundreds of other scriptural texts dealing with religious and secular law, government, social order, economics, ecology, health, architecture, science, music, astronomy and many other subjects. the puranas are encyclopedic accounts of the forms and avatars of god, the many subordinate gods and divine beings, creation, spiritual teachings, historical traditions, geography and culture. the tirukural is a tamil masterpiece on ethics and moral living. the yoga sutras of patanjali explore yoga and meditation. the ramayana and mahabharata are two sacred epic histories of india. the ramayana is the story of lord rama, who is the seventh incarnation of lord vishnu, and his divine wife sita. this 24, 000 - verse poem describes prince rama ' s birth, his banishment to a forest for 14


india. the ramayana is the story of lord rama, who is the seventh incarnation of lord vishnu, and his divine wife sita. this 24, 000 - verse poem describes prince rama ' s birth, his banishment to a forest for 14 years, the abduction of sita by the demon ravana and rama ' s victory over ravana. the ramayana remains immensely popular to this day in india and southeast asia. the mahabharata, " great india, " is a 78, 000 - verse story of a massive war that took place in ancient times between the pandavas and their cousins, the kauravas, for the throne of a great kingdom. it also describes the nature of self and the world, karma, important family lineages of india, human loyalties, saints and sages, devotion to god and the ideals of dharma. lord krishna, the eighth incarnation of lord vishnu, is a key figure in the epic. a central episode called the bhagavad gita narrates krishna ' s dialogue with the pandava archer, arjuna, on the day of the battle. it is one of the most popular and revered among vaishnava and smarta scriptures. hindu sacred music, dance, drama and the arts draw heavily on the ramayana, the mahabharata and the many puranas. the hindu principle of ahimsa, or nonviolence, is important today. mahatma gandhi, a devout hindu, said, " nonviolence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. it is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man. " by nonviolent means gandhi largely won india ' s independence, using peaceful protests, boycotts, strikes and speeches. in the 1950s, martin luther king, jr. studied gandhi ' s methods and went to india to meet his followers. he learned how india ' s nonviolent movement worked and applied the same methods to fight for and win civil rights for america ' s black minority. aung san suu kyi, a devout buddhist, has campaigned without violence for years to win democracy for the people of her native myanmar ( burma ). in 1991 she won the nobel peace prize for her peaceful struggle against the country ' s military dictatorship. another example is cesar chavez, who won rights for california farm workers using nonviolent methods. analysis skill : what are the advantages of nonviolence over violence in bringing about social change? subordinate : lower in rank, less important per


military dictatorship. another example is cesar chavez, who won rights for california farm workers using nonviolent methods. analysis skill : what are the advantages of nonviolence over violence in bringing about social change? subordinate : lower in rank, less important pervade : to be present throughout encompass : to surround and hold within consecrated : made sacred through ceremony invoke : summon a deity ; appeal to secular : activities or things not related to religion section 2 assessment reviewing ideas, terms and people 1. a. define : what is sanatana dharma? b. explain : what is a deva? c. elaborate : what are the two key terms used by hindus to describe the supreme god? 2. categorize : what are the four main branches of hinduism? 3. a. recall : why do hindus pray first to lord ganesha? b. identify : what are the two most popular incarnations of lord vishnu? c. explain : what is the purpose of the hindu puja? 4. a. explain : what is karma? b. illustrate : what are some examples of following dharma? c. explain : what is the purpose of reincarnation? 5. summarize : make a list of hindu scriptures, starting with the vedas. 6. evaluate : why do hindus believe that there are many ways to approach the supreme god? 7. understanding nonviolence : write a paragraph explaining your way to deal with the tax increase example given on page six. do you think a nonviolent approach would succeed? sacred texts : an excerpt from the upanishads translated by swami prabhavananda and frederick manchester the upanishads are the part of the vedas that teach philosophy. the word upanishad means " sitting by devotedly, " as a student sits near his guru to learn. this excerpt is taken from the kena upanishad. it explains the nature of the supreme god, called brahman in sanskrit. try to sum up the meaning of each sentence in your own words. once the gods won a victory over the demons, and though they had done so only through the power of brahman, they were exceedingly vain. they thought to themselves, " it was we who beat our enemies, and the glory is ours. " brahman saw their vanity and appeared before them as a nature spirit. but they did not recognize him. then the other gods said to the god of fire, " fire, find out for us who this mysterious nature spirit is. "


ours. " brahman saw their vanity and appeared before them as a nature spirit. but they did not recognize him. then the other gods said to the god of fire, " fire, find out for us who this mysterious nature spirit is. " " yes, " said the god of fire, and approached the spirit. the spirit said to him : " who are you? " " i am the god of fire. as a matter of fact, i am very widely known. " " and what power do you wield? " " i can burn anything on earth. " " burn this, " said the spirit, placing a straw before him. the god of fire fell upon it with all his might, but could not consume it. so he ran back to the other gods and said, " i cannot discover who this mysterious spirit is. " then said the other gods to the god of wind : " wind, can you find out for us who he is? " " yes, " said the god of wind, and approached the spirit. the spirit said to him : " who are you? " " i am the god of wind. as a matter of fact, i am very widely known. i fly swiftly through the heavens. " " and what power do you wield? " " i can blow away anything on earth. " " blow this away, " said the spirit, placing a straw before him. the god of wind fell upon it with all his might, but was unable to move it. so he ran back to the other gods and said, " i cannot discover who this mysterious spirit is. " then said the other gods to indra, greatest of them all, " o respected one, find out for us, we pray you, who he is. " " yes, " said indra and humbly approached the spirit. but the spirit vanished, and in his place stood goddess uma, well adorned and of exceeding beauty. beholding her, indra asked : " who was the spirit that appeared to us? " " that, " answered uma, " was brahman. through him it was, not of yourselves, that you attained your victory and your glory. " thus did indra, and the god of fire, and the god of wind, come to recognize brahman, the supreme god. philosophy : a theory or attitude that guides behavior vain : excessively proud consume : to destroy completely, as by fire adorned : beautifully dressed beholding : looking at something remarkable attained : won


of wind, come to recognize brahman, the supreme god. philosophy : a theory or attitude that guides behavior vain : excessively proud consume : to destroy completely, as by fire adorned : beautifully dressed beholding : looking at something remarkable attained : won ; achieved understanding sacred texts 1. analyzing : hindus believe that the supreme god is immanent. that means he exists everywhere in the universe, in everyone and everything. how does this belief appear in the story? 2. comparing : what is the difference between brahman, the supreme god, and the other gods introduced here - - indra, the god of fire and the god of wind? 3. one verse says that the gods were vain. what test did the supreme god put them through? 4. indra took a different approach to finding out who the spirit was. why did he succeed when the others failed? section three : hinduism in practice hinduism today ' s teaching standards 8. describe the spread of hinduism outside of india in ancient and modern times. 9. describe the daily observances of hindus, home and temple worship, religious teachers and the major festivals. 10. explain how hinduism has survived over the last 5, 000 years. what you will learn... 1. hinduism has spread outside of india several times. 2. hinduism is the third largest religion in the world. 3. hindus practice religion at home and in temples and through the many festivals. the big idea : hinduism is the oldest world religion flourishing today. key terms : samskara, bindi, puja, swami, kumbha mela if you lived then... you are born in fiji in 1910. your parents were brought from india by the british to work in the sugarcane fields as indentured laborers. now they are free of debt and own farmland. the public school is ok, but your parents want you to go to the best private school. the principal there says you must leave hinduism and convert to his religion before you can enroll. what do you think your parents would do? building background : hinduism is the only major religion from the distant past that is still vibrant today. it survived because of its tradition of home - centered worship, because of its rich teachings and many religious leaders, and because it is not merely tolerant of other religions but respects the validity of all spiritual paths. traditions and holy days hinduism is the oldest living religion in the world. there are today nearly a billion hindus worldwide, 95 percent of whom live on the indian subcontinent. hinduism continues to thrive for many


other religions but respects the validity of all spiritual paths. traditions and holy days hinduism is the oldest living religion in the world. there are today nearly a billion hindus worldwide, 95 percent of whom live on the indian subcontinent. hinduism continues to thrive for many reasons. its followers find answers to their deepest questions about the mysteries of life. with personal religious practices, pilgrimage to sacred shrines, temple - and home - centered worship, hindus strive for god realization. and through celebration of the yearly cycle of vibrant and colorful festivals, they experience great blessings and joy. there are five basic practices, pancha nitya karmas, often observed by hindus. they are to : 1 ) worship daily, 2 ) follow dharma, 3 ) observe the samskaras ( rites of passage ), 4 ) celebrate the holy days and 5 ) go on pilgrimage to sacred places. other practices include meditation, chanting of mantras, study of scripture, hatha yoga and other yoga techniques, and simple austerities, such as fasting. there are many samskaras, including a child ' s name - giving ceremony, the first feeding of solid food, the beginning of formal education and marriage. it is a common practice for hindu women to wear a bindi, a red dot on the forehead. a similar mark, called tilaka, is worn by men at the temple or on ceremonial occasions. this forehead mark symbolizes many things, especially spiritual vision. worship in the home every hindu home has a place of worship. it may be as simple as a shelf with pictures of god or an entire room dedicated to worship. many families have a spiritual guide or guru whose picture is displayed in the shrine. there, the family may light a lamp, ring a bell and pray daily. the most devout hold a formal morning worship ritual. they offer flowers, incense, lights and food to god while chanting sacred verses. individual members will often go to the shrine for blessings before leaving for school or work. at other times one may sit alone in the shrine, pray and chant the names of god, read from scripture, meditate silently or sing devotional songs. hindus prefer to live within a day ' s journey of a temple. the temple is a special building, revered as the home of god. the main deity is enshrined in the temple ' s central sanctum. in india, there are hundreds of thousands of temples, most quite ancient. temples in india can be enormous, covering many acres, having vast pillared hallways that can accommodate 500, 000 devotees


the religious ministers of hinduism. many swamis teach, others run large institutions that perform social service for their communities, and still others live alone and meditate long hours each day in their pursuit of divine enlightenment. special among these are the holy gurus. gu means darkness and ru means remover. so guru literally means " the one who removes darkness. " these men and women are great religious teachers, some with millions of followers. several gurus have popularized the hindu practice of yoga by establishing training centers all over the world. no one person or institution is in charge of hinduism. instead, there are thousands of independent spiritual traditions, monastic orders and religious institutions. the yearly festival cycle there are many religious festivals celebrated by hindus each year. they are observed at home, in temples and public places. most hindu festivals are observed according to an ancient solar - lunar calendar. several festivals honor the avatars of lord vishnu. for example, ram navami celebrates the birth of lord rama in march / april. krishna janmashtami, in july / august, celebrates the birth of lord krishna. mahasivaratri takes place in february / march, when devotees fast and worship the transcendent lord siva all night in the temple. diwali, or dipavali, is the biggest festival of the year. it is dedicated to lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, and takes place in october / november. navaratri is the second largest festival. it lasts nine days and takes place in september / october. it is dedicated to the worship of the goddess, shakti. in her three forms : durga, the goddess of protection ; lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, and sarasvati, the goddess of knowledge. holi, in march / april, is a highly spirited festival where everyone sprinkles each other with colored water and powders. it signifies the triumph of good over evil and marks the beginning of the winter crop harvest. vaikasi visakham ( may / june ) is sacred to hindus, buddhists and sikhs. guru purnima is a special festival to honor one ' s spiritual teacher, or guru. it takes place on the full moon day in july. there are also many social festivals in india, such as pongal. it is held in january and celebrates the incoming harvest. one special festival, the kumbha mela, takes place in a twelve - year cycle. hindu saints and millions of devotees travel to certain sacred rivers at an auspicious time for worship. the


held in january and celebrates the incoming harvest. one special festival, the kumbha mela, takes place in a twelve - year cycle. hindu saints and millions of devotees travel to certain sacred rivers at an auspicious time for worship. the 2001 kumbha mela was held at prayag ( modern allahabad ) in north india. it was attended by 70 million people, including 30 million on january 24 alone. this was the largest religious gathering ever held on the earth. hinduism is the oldest world religion. it accepts that there are many ways to worship god. it has endured for so long because the religion and culture have instilled in each hindu a unique and strong sense of identity and community. the rig veda concludes, " let there be everlasting unity and peace among all human beings. " hindu migration through the centuries : hinduism has spread outside of india in several waves. first it was adopted by cultures throughout southeast asia through the 12th century ce. second, in the 19th century many hindus moved to the various european colonies, such as south africa, the caribbean and fiji. and most recently, hindus migrated to more than 150 countries in the 20th century. the biggest hindu festival of the year is diwali, or dipavali, the festival of lights, celebrating the victory of good over evil, light over darkness. it takes place for five days around the new moon in october / november. it also honors the return of lord rama to ayodhya after 14 years in exile. lakshmi, the goddess of wealth is invoked for prosperity, and her presence is felt in every home. hindus thoroughly clean the house, take a special bath and put on new clothes. thousands of small lamps, including traditional clay oil lamps ( pictured at right ), are placed everywhere and fireworks signal hope for mankind. it is a national holiday in india and in many countries with large hindu populations. some hindu festivals take place mostly at home, such as raksha bandhan, which is on the full moon in july / august. sisters tie a rakhi, or colored thread, around the wrist of their brothers. in return, the brother gives his sister a present and promises to protect her. the rakhi can also be given to anyone chosen as an " adopted brother. " analysis skill : how do festivals help remind people to be more kind and generous to one another? the impact today : there are hindu temples in nearly every country of the world indentured : under contract to work for a certain number of years aus


" analysis skill : how do festivals help remind people to be more kind and generous to one another? the impact today : there are hindu temples in nearly every country of the world indentured : under contract to work for a certain number of years austerity : a difficult practice of self - denial and discipline meditate : think deeply about, go within yourself or seek god within mendicant : a holy person who lives by begging auspicious : a favorable time - - for the mela, as determined by the hindu calendar section 3 assessment reviewing ideas, terms and people 1. a. list : what are the five basic practices of hinduism? b. define : what does the bindi, red dot, signify? c. explain : how do hindus use their home shrine room? 2. list : what are the various kinds of priests and holy men and women in hinduism? 3. a. explain : what is the year ' s biggest hindu festival? b. define : what is the meaning of the rakhi bracelet? c. recall : what is special about the kumbha mela? d. elaborate : why has hinduism lasted so long? 4. list : make a list of three columns. in the first column write the name of a major hindu festival. in the second, put the time of year it occurs. in the third list what it celebrates. 5. understanding hindu practices : why do you think hindus want to live near a temple? chapter one standards assessment directions : read each question and circle the letter of the best response 1. evidence for what form of worship in the vedas was found by archaeologists in the ruins of the indus - 2. the indus - sarasvati civilization ended because : 3. the aryan invasion theory was based upon : 4. which discovery was not made in ancient india? 5. evidence of hindu temple worship can be as early as : 6. which of these descriptions does not apply to women in ancient india? 7. which of these words does not describe the hindu concept of the supreme god? 8. hindus believe that the devas, such as lord ganesha or goddess lakshmi, are like : 9. which of the following is not used in nonviolent protests? 10. the hindu scriptures include : 11. hindus believe that every other religion : 12. how many countries do hindus live in today? 13. the saints of hinduism are : 14. the biggest religious event in the world is : internet resources : go to http : / / www. hinduismto


james e. west was an attorney active with juvenile cases in washington dc. he was recruited in 1911 as executive secretary, in part because boyce wanted the bsa based in natioanal capital to demonstrate the organization ' s national character. west changed his title to chief scout executive. he more than any other person created a well - organized national structure that was a key to the bsa ' s growth and reputation. he intended to make scouting only a temporary diversion from his legal career, but that changed with the tremendous growth of the movement. west remained chief scout executive from 1911 until he retired in 1943. scouting founder willam d. boyce did not get along with west. boyce saw scouting has his own organization. as a result of the quarel and differences of opinion, west had boyce ' s name virtually deleted from bsa records. west also had problems with ernest thompson seaton another founder of the scouting movement. both seaton and west were strong - willed individuals. they had conflicting ideas on how scouting should develop. seton was deeply committed to the ethos of scouting saw west as a city lawyer and simple administrator / he challenged west ' s authority to control the young program ' s development. west controlled the bsa organization and power base, and forced seton out in 1916. seaton ' s writing was removed from the boy scout handbook. drspite seaton ' s departure, like boyce, these men left an indelible impression on american scouting. west for many years resisted the creation of a cubbing program for younger boys. james was born in washington, d. c. ( 1876 ). his father died at about the time james was born. his mother had to be hospitalized with tuberculosis when jimmie was still very young ( 1882 ). james was placed in the washington city orphan home. after which his mother died, leaving him an orphan. james called jummie had a rough childhood. when his mother contracted tuberculosis he was placed in the washington city orphan home ( 1882 ). there was no extended family to take him in. he apparently contracted the disease from her. he may have contracted polilo as well. he was reported as a cripped boy. one leg did not develop properly and was shorter than the other. at the orphanage, because of his disability, james was given work assignments with girls - - sewing and caning chairs. he turned to reading. he virtually took over the orphanage library. he decided he wanted to enter the local public school. the orphanage staff was concerned it


because of his disability, james was given work assignments with girls - - sewing and caning chairs. he turned to reading. he virtually took over the orphanage library. he decided he wanted to enter the local public school. the orphanage staff was concerned it would interfere with his chores ( stoking the coal furnace and feeding chickens ). he began in the 5th grade. james graduated with honors from business high school ( 1895 ). at the highschool he edited the school newspaper, served as the football team ' s business manager, and occassionally taught match when the teacher was absent. despite the lack of family support, west mamaged to go to college and graduate from law school, a major accomplishment at the time. after leaving the orphanage, he worked as a tutor and a bicycle mechanic ( 1896 ). he attended national law school while supporting himself as the assistant to the general secretary of the ymca. here he developed an interest in youth work. he earned his bachelor of laws ( 1900 ) and master of laws ( 1901 ). he was admitted to the washington, d. c. bar. the spanish american war interupted his studies. west volunteered during the spanish - american war and worked as a clerk. after the war he worked as a clerk in the war office. president theodore roosevelt appointed him to the board of pension appeals in the department of the interior ( 1902 ). he played an important role in creating the juvenile court system, helping to convince congress to pass a law. another impressive accomplishment for such a young man. west became a successful attorney in washington dc. perhaps because of his background, he became active with juvenile cases. west became a a mason and joined the knights of pythias. he became the sunday school superintendent for the mount pleasant congregational church. he got involved with youth work. west was willing to do the mundane organizational and administrative work that did not appeal to others. he became interesting in the boys ' brigade. this was a predecessor to the boy scouts more closely tied to christian churches. it proved to be stronger in britain, but was organized in many british colonies and the unitd states. he worked as finance chairman for the boys brigade and the secretary of the washington playground association which eventually develope into the playground association of america. he lsubsequently served as secretary of the national child rescue league whoch worked to find homes for orphaned children. west was appointed as secretary of the white house conference on dependent children. here he worked for reforms in the operation of orphanages. thus at


. west provided the organizational skill needed to build scouting into the largest and most effective youth organization in the country. west remained chief scout executive from 1911 until he retired in 1943 - - a rather long 6 months. when he retired in 1943, dr. west was recognized throughout the country as the true architect of the boy scouts of america. he more than any other person created a well - organized national structure that was a key to the bsa ' s growth and reputation. he intended to make scouting only a temporary diversion from his legal career, but that changed with the tremendous growth of the movement. scouting founder willam d. boyce did not get along with west. boyce saw scouting as his own organization. he did not want to involve himself in day to day operations, but he wanted to control the organization. as a result, of the quarel and differences of opinion, west had boyce ' s name virtually deleted from bsa records. west also had problems with ernest thompson seaton another founder of the scouting movement. both seaton and west were strong - willed individuals. they had conflicting ideas on how scouting should develop. seton was deeply committed to the ethos of scouting saw west as a city lawyer and simple administrator. he challenged west ' s authority to control the young program ' s development. west controlled the bsa organization and power base, and forced seton out in 1916. seaton ' s writing was removed from the boy scout handbook. drspite seaton ' s departure, like boyce, these men left an indelible impression on american scouting. west married marion speaks ( june 19, 1907 ). the wests had five children. james " jimmie " ellis west was born ( december 25, 1909 ). arthur was born ( 1912 ). marion ws born ( 1914 ). jimmie died of pneumonia while marion was pregnant with helen ( 1916 ) bob was born ( 1917 ). west published occassional articles for boys ' life as well as a mumber of books. lone scout of the air ( 1927 ) was a biography of charles lindbergh. the boy scout ' s book of true adventure ( g. p. putnam ' s sons : new york, 1931 ) was an account of 14 honorary scouts. there was a foreword by theodore roosevelt and biographical notes by west. the boy scout ' s book of honor ( 1931 ) was edited by west. he - who - sees - in - the - dark ( 1932 ) was the boys ' story of frederick burnham, the american scout.


roosevelt and biographical notes by west. the boy scout ' s book of honor ( 1931 ) was edited by west. he - who - sees - in - the - dark ( 1932 ) was the boys ' story of frederick burnham, the american scout. it was written by west and peter o. lamb and illustrated by baden - powell. west ' s last book was making the most of yourself ( 1941 ). navigate the historic boys ' uniform chronology pages : [ return to the main chronologies page ] [ the 1840s ] [ the 1850s ] [ the 1860s ] [ the 1870s ] [ the 1880s ] [ the 1890s ] [ the 1900s ] [ the 1910s ] [ the 1920s ] [ the 1930s ] [ the 1940s ] [ the 1950s ] navigate the historic boys ' uniform web site : [ return to the main biography page ] [ activities ] [ biographies ] [ chronologies ] [ countries ] [ essays ] [ garments ] [ organizations ] [ religion ] [ other ] [ introduction ] [ bibliographies ] [ contributions ] [ faqs ] [ questions ] [ unknown images ] [ boys ' uniform home ] navigate the historic boys ' uniform web organization pages : [ boys ' brigade ] [ camp fire ] [ hitler youth ] [ national ] [ pioneers ] [ royal rangers ] [ scout ]


joseph bradley varnum, collection of u. s. house of representatives about this object after serving nine terms in the house, two of them as speaker, joseph varnum of massachusetts resigned his house seat to serve as a senator. on this date, the house passed h. r. 7, “ an act fixing the military peace establishment of the united states, ” creating a military academy for u. s. soldiers in west point, new york. in the 5th congress ( 1797 – 1799 ), robert harper of south carolina proposed “ a military school, and a corps constantly existing, in which officers may always be found fit to command troops. ” harper reasoned that if “ an army or revenue were wanted, they could at any time be raised ; but good officers and military science could not be created without much previous application, by practice, and a course of study. ” ultimately, the south carolinian believed that such a school would help to ensure “ the safety of [ the ] country when it is known that such a class of men exists to any considerable degree. ” president thomas jefferson, who had long promoted the idea of creating a national university to benefit society as a whole, found the military academy proposal appealing. jefferson encouraged his secretary of war, henry dearborn, to form such a school in 1801. introduced by joseph varnum of massachusetts, a veteran of the american revolution who assisted in suppressing shays ’ rebellion in 1786, the west point bill passed on a 71 to 12 vote. the senate added amendments to the bill and passed it on march 5, 1802. the house concurred with the amendments 10 days later, and sent it to president jefferson, who signed the bill into law on march 16, 1802.


good answer by fishtoaster. the science is ancient, discovered by archimedes. 1 : any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. in other words, if you put a ball, with volume 1 litre completely under water, there is an upwards force on the ball ( buoyancy or flotation ) equal to the weight of 1 litre of water. ( i. e. 1 kilogram - force or 9. 81 newtons ) 2 : ( corollary ) any floating object displaces its own weight of fluid. if we place a floating object of mass 1 kilo, it will displace exactly 1 kilo of water, or 1 litre of water. if the volume of our object is less than 1 litre, it will float. so, with a hydrometer, it is weighted such that the submerged volume at the 1. 000 reading is exactly equal to the weight of the hydrometer. if we dissolve solids into the water ( sugar ) that volume of water is heavier, and less of it needs to be displaced in order for the hydrometer ' s weight to be matched, and the hydrometer floats higher.


steel is one of the world ’ s most important engineering and construction materials, and increasingly a material of choice in commercial and residential applications. although no one is certain when it was first used, a british inventor named henry bessemer is credited with creating the first technique by which steel could be mass - produced. today, the metal is produced by adding a small amount of carbon to iron ore, and removing impurities, such as sulfur and phosphorous. small amounts of alloying metals, such as nickel, manganese, chromium and vanadium may also be added. facts about steel - there are currently more than 3, 500 different grades, most of which have been developed within the last few decades. the eiffel tower, if it were built using modern varieties of steel, would require only one - third as much steel as was used in 1889 when it was constructed. - the recent economic boom in china and india has caused a massive increase in it ’ s demand. - china is the world ’ s top producer, followed by japan, russia, and the united states, respectively. the physical properties of steel offer significant advantages over concrete, wood, and other building materials. here are some of these advantages : - it is highly recyclable. in the united states, more steel is recycled than plastic, glass and aluminum combined, making it the most recycled material nationally. the reason for this is threefold : first, by virtue of its magnetic properties, steel can be easily separated from the waste stream. second, recycling saves the steel industry an enormous amount of energy — enough to power 18 million homes for one year, according to the steel recycling institute. third, recycled steel loses none of its properties, making the recycling process simple and efficient. - it ’ s use saves trees. a typical 2, 000 - square - foot house, which requires 26, 700 board feet to build, would require the use of 102 trees, according to the the idaho forest products commission. - more windows can be integrated in structures of steel construction, due to elevated mechanical properties of the metal. windows reduce energy consumption and increase the comfort of building occupants. - steel has the highest strength - to - weight ratio of any comparable construction material, making it among the most durable. - steel conforms to any aesthetic. the availability of finishes, facades and other wall claddings allows builders to craft steel structures in any fashion. - there is an unlimited production capacity. steel ’ s main ingredient – iron – is one of the most


steel conforms to any aesthetic. the availability of finishes, facades and other wall claddings allows builders to craft steel structures in any fashion. - there is an unlimited production capacity. steel ’ s main ingredient – iron – is one of the most common metals in the earth ’ s crust. the united states ’ structural steel industry has the capacity to produce 6 million tons of structural steel per year, which is comfortably more than what will be needed in the foreseeable future. - steel is economical due to its enhanced quality and reduced costs owing to off - site fabrication and rapid construction. - steel is non - combustible, which allows for lower insurance costs. steel in residential construction steel has long been a staple in commercial construction, but the material has seen recent use in residences, as well. increasing lumber prices and a need to conserve timber products, as well as design elements such as resistance to termites, are fueling the transition to steel in the residential construction market. in addition, steel offers excellent earthquake, fire - and wind - resistance. steel ceiling joists can span greater distances than wooden ones, allowing for a broader range of design possibilities for builders and architects. a disadvantage, however, is that steel readily conducts heat and cold, which may degrade a home ’ s energy efficiency. contractors can mitigate this potential by wrapping steel framing in insulation board, as well as by placing insulation batts between the studs. also, noise due to thermal expansion and contraction, as well as that produced by heavy rain, may cause irritation for occupants. steel is often used in houses in the following applications : - rebar within concrete foundations ; - floor joists, floor bearers and columns used to raise houses off the ground ; - wall framing ; and - battens, trusses and roof sheeting. fyi, steel is an excellent building material for residences as well as commercial buildings. if you are really interested in building with steel, framing with steel has obvious advantages over wood. yet building with steel requires skills that can present challenges to the wood - frame builder or framer. the following book explains the secrets of steel framing techniques for building homes — whether pre - engineered or built by stick framing. it shows, in step - by - step instructions how to build with steel. it shows you the techniques, tools and materials — even how to estimate steel - framing costs. you ’ ll find instructions for designing for steel, tools and fasteners you ’ ll need, foundations and anchoring, installing floor joists, standing


human blood - - it drives mosquitoes wild. today marlene cimmons of the national science foundation ( nsf ) spotlights chemical ecologist walter leal, professor of entomology, university of california, davis, on the livescience web site. this interesting feature takes a behind - the - scenes look at leal, a brazilian - born scientist trained in three countries : brazil, japan and the united states. his research, partly funded by a nsf grant, has received international acclaim. last year he was elected a fellow of the 6000 - member entomological society of america, a prestigious honor reserved for only 10 or fewer scientists a year. leal, who focuses his research on how insects detect smells, is not shy about being a human subject. or human pincushion. cimmons wrote about how leal " rolled up his sleeves " when he and his colleagues were looking for the substance that would lure mosquitoes into a blood meal. " and they found it - - nonanal, a substance made by humans and birds that creates a powerful scent that culex mosquitoes find irresistible. " leal also recalls the time when he was searching for beetles in mexico and mosquitoes went after him with a vengeance. " they ' ll go through anything, even jeans, as long as they know there is a blood vessel on the other side, " leal told cimmons. " they can sense the heat. " indeed, some folks just seem to attract more than their share of mosquitoes. only the female mosquitoes bite - - they need a blood meal to develop their eggs. related links : uc davis researchers identify dominant chemical that attracts mosquitoes to humans groundbreaking research on deet


robots game activity bring the stack of crc index cards you developed in lab yesterday to lecture, one for each class you hope to design in your robots program. this activity will involve elaboration of these cards, giving greater specificity to responsibilities and describing each class ' s attributes. your task in class is to embellish these cards as follows : - each card should list of member functions and instance variables of the class. ( instance variables are the private variables. ) insofar as possible, you should give the type / class of all parameters and return values of the member functions, and the types of the instance variables. - one additional card lists non - member functions ( if any ) along with the purpose of each. again, give the type / class of all parameters and return values. - number all member functions and procedures in the order you intend to code and test them. you ' ll put the number ( 1 ) in front of all methods and procedures you can test on their own without writing any others. put a ( 2 ) in front of procedures you can ' t write until you ' ve written procedures from ( 1 ), and so forth. - identify with a ( * ) all methods which appear challenging to write. these are ones which you hope you can break up later into smaller procedures once you ' ve thought about the robots program more.


in a previous column about the stress of working in an “ open ” office, i suggested that the popular practice of listening to music with earbuds or headphones not only cuts down on background noise but may also give employees a sense of control over their aural environment. but does having a constant soundtrack to your day also distract you from the task at hand? that depends on the task. research shows that under some conditions, music actually improves our performance, while in other situations music makes it worse — sometimes dangerously so. absorbing and remembering new information is best done with the music off, suggests a 2010 study published in applied cognitive psychology. adults aged 18 to 30 were asked to recall a series of sounds presented in a particular order. participants ’ performance suffered when music was played while they carried out the task as compared to when they completed the task in a quiet environment. nick perham, the british researcher who conducted the study, notes that playing music you like can lift your mood and increase your arousal — if you listen to it before getting down to work. but it serves as a distraction from cognitively demanding tasks. that finding is key to understanding another condition under which music can improve performance : when a well - practiced expert needs to achieve the relaxed focus necessary to execute a job he ’ s done many times before. a number of studies have found, for example, that surgeons often listen to music in the operating room and that they work more effectively when they do. a study in the journal of the american medical association reported that surgeons carrying out a task in the laboratory worked more accurately when music that they liked was playing. ( music that they didn ’ t like was second best, and no music was least helpful of all. ) ( more : remember more without trying ) the doctors listening to their preferred music were also the most relaxed, as revealed by measurements of their nervous system activity. still, surgeons might want to ask others in the operating room for their opinions on playing music : one survey of anaesthetists found that about a quarter felt that music “ reduced their vigilance and impaired their communication with other staff, ” and about half felt that music was distracting when they were dealing with a problem with the anesthesia. ( and who would want to be the patient in that situation? ) research suggests that singing along might even heighten the distraction. a study presented earlier this month at the international conference on traffic and transport psychology, reported that singing along with music in a car may slow drivers ’ responses to potential hazards. christina rudin - brown


the economic security of unmarried women today nearly half of women are unmarried - - a transformational societal change from 1960 when only one - third of women were unmarried. and today virtually every woman will spend at least part of her adult life as the sole supporter of herself or her family. with so many women living on their own, it is crucial that lawmakers take seriously unmarried women ' s economic security needs. unfortunately, the economic circumstances of unmarried women are troubling. they face greater economic insecurity compared to the general population or their married counterparts by almost any measure. they must confront disproportionate unemployment, poverty, and lack of health insurance, as well as other hardships. despite being just under half of the female population, they represent 63 percent of unemployed women, 60 percent of women without health insurance, and three - quarters of women in poverty. there are many roots of these inequities. first, like all women, unmarried women face gender - based wage discrimination and segregation into lower - paying occupations, and they earn less on average than married women. second, many unmarried women hold low - wage jobs that do not support an adequate standard of living, especially for a family or a woman living on one income. and these low - wage jobs often do not provide benefits like health insurance, sick time, or other basic necessities. factors like race or sexual orientation too often result in additional discrimination and unequal job opportunities. third, many unmarried women have family responsibilities - to their partners, children, parents, or extended family - but too many workplaces are not family friendly. for many unmarried women, finding quality child or elder care is difficult and may be very expensive - more even than their own income. finally, the definition of " family " in policy is outdated, stuck in the 1950s notion of a nuclear family that excludes too many of today ' s nontraditional families. many policies, particularly sharing of health insurance and retirement plans, are based on one ' s marital status regardless of the fact that nearly half of the population today is unmarried. the combination of these factors puts too many unmarried women in a unique but unfortunately precarious economic position. despite the economic disparities unmarried women face, they make major contributions to the economy and their communities. most unmarried women work outside the home, and they are more than a fifth of the nation ' s workers. they are a sizeable and growing consumer group, too, who are already demonstrating their economic prowess and independence by purchasing homes, representing a


. most unmarried women work outside the home, and they are more than a fifth of the nation ' s workers. they are a sizeable and growing consumer group, too, who are already demonstrating their economic prowess and independence by purchasing homes, representing a fifth of homebuyers in 2008. they are also heads of households and caregivers who are taking care of our elders and raising the next generation, and they are serving as the economic decision makers for enormous numbers of people - affecting all major sectors of our economy. but their potential contribution is unrealized. fortunately, many current and proposed policies will benefit unmarried women. this report outlines an economic security agenda for unmarried women that focuses on the key areas of legislation in the 111th congress that would benefit them, including good jobs ; policies for single mothers and their children ; quality, affordable health care ; adequate, affordable housing ; financial protection ; and a secure, dignified retirement. the report is intended to serve as a resource for policymakers and advocates concerned about the economic security of unmarried women. it examines legislation under discussion, rather than ideal recommendations, and there is ample room for improvement, which will be examined in future work at the center for american progress and by women ' s voices. women vote. still, each of the new laws and proposed policy changes described in this report has its place in an agenda to improve unmarried women ' s economic conditions. together, this legislation would make significant progress. congress doesn ' t need to wait to get started on this agenda, either. the top four policy proposals described in this report that are likely to move through congress quickly and would have a significant impact on the economic security of unmarried women are : - the health care system overhaul currently pending in congress, which would fill a major gap in public policy by greatly expanding the availability and affordability of health insurance. - a proposed reauthorization and expansion of the child care and development block grant, which provides subsidies for child care to low - income families. - the expected reauthorization of the workforce investment act, which congress can use to focus on the workforce development needs of single women. bills such as the pathways advancing career training act and the women win jobs act would target opportunities for job training and good jobs to women. - the paycheck fairness act, which the senate is expected to consider this year and the house passed in january 2009. women continue to face gender - based pay discrimination, and this bill would strengthen legal protections against wage discrimination. unmarried women - - and our country - -


sixty - seven years ago today a united states army airforce b - 29 called the enola gay dropped an atomic bomb its makers ’ quaintly named “ little boy ” on the japanese city of hiroshima. between 90, 000 and 140, 000 mostly civilians died as a result of this devastating attack. in 1962 the american trappist monk thomas merton wrote a letter to the hon. shinzo hamai who was the mayor of hiroshima. in his letter, merton wrote, it is my conviction that the people of hiroshima stand today as a symbol of the hopes of humanity. it is good that such a symbol should exist. the events of august 6, 1945, give you the most solemn right to be heard and respected by the whole world. but the world only pretends to respect your witness. in reality it cannot face the truth which you represent. but i wish to say on my own behalf and on behalf of my fellow monks and those who are like - minded, that i never cease to face the truth which is symbolized in the names hiroshima, nagasaki. ( the hidden ground of love, 380, 381 ) merton did not disclose in his letter what he believed to be the truth that the world “ cannot face ” that is represented by hiroshima. four days after the bombing of hiroshima a second atomic bomb rained death upon nagasaki killing an estimated 70, 000 and leaving several hundred thousand others diseased and dying. the truth we do not want to see that confronts us in hiroshima and nagasaki is that we human beings are capable of committing cold - blooded acts of violence against predominantly civilian populations in an attempt to protect what we perceive to be our own interests. merton went on in his letter to the mayor of hiroshima to write, i wish to say on my own behalf and on behalf of my fellow monks and those who are like - minded, that i never cease to face the truth which is symbolized in the names hiroshima, nagasaki. each day i pray humbly and with love for the victims of the atomic bombardments which took place there. all the holy spirits of those who lost their lives then, i regard as my dear and real friends. i express my fraternal and humble love for all the citizens of hiroshima and nagasaki. ( the hidden ground of love, 381 ) merton understood the deep truth to which the writer of the letter to the ephesians pointed when he wrote for this reason i bow my knees before the father, from whom every family in heaven and on earth takes its name. ( ephesians 3 : 14,


deep truth to which the writer of the letter to the ephesians pointed when he wrote for this reason i bow my knees before the father, from whom every family in heaven and on earth takes its name. ( ephesians 3 : 14, 15 ) if “ every family in heaven and on earth takes its name ” from the same “ father ”, then we are all connected. every human being who has ever taken up space on this earth, is my brother or my sister. there is, according to the writer of ephesians, only one human family. we are not separated by ethnicity, cultural barriers, or artificial national boundaries. we are all linked by our common parentage. the japanese people who were slaughtered and maimed in hiroshima and nagasaki were not separate from their killers. the atomic bombs killed the brothers and sisters of those who dropped the bombs. “ little boy ” destroyed the family members of those who ordered the bombing. we who appear to have benefited from the carnage of hiroshima bear the terrible legacy of the annihilation of hundreds of thousands of our brothers and sisters. until we find the courage to acknowledge the monstrous fratricide for which we are guilty, we will never truly confront the violence that lies coiled in our hearts. no weapons will preserve us from the unacknowledged darkness beneath the surface of our civilized exterior. we who deny our complicity in the dark realities of the past are doomed to repeat its errors. we do well on this day to remember the horror of hiroshima.


selection of diamonds these diamonds are from a collection held at the natural history museum, london, uk. “ an oblique photograph of mount etna looking to the southeast taken by astronauts onboard the international space station on october 30, 2002. the dark plume rising from the top of the volcano is an ash cloud. the broad white cloud streaming from areas of lower elevation is smoke produced by forest fires ignited as a hot lava flow moved through a pine forest. the ash and smoke caused air traffic to be diverted and forced the closing of roads, schools and businesses. ” “ many species of insects are found in the green river formation including dragonflies. the wetland margins of fossil lake provided ideal breeding and foraging opportunities. national park service photo. ” mars exploration rover on the surface of mars, artwork. “ the first of two identical nasa rovers, spirit, landed on mars on 4 january 2004. the second, opportunity, landed on the other side of the planet on 24 january 2004. the rovers are powered by solar panels ( flat, across centre ) and are mobile. cameras mounted on the mast give scientists panoramic views of the martian surface. this enables them to instruct the rovers which rocks to analyse and where to look for water. tools on board the golf buggy - sized rovers include spectrometers for analysing rock samples, a microscope and an abrasion tool. each rover has a 90 - day mission on the surface of mars. ” geological time : late jurassic, 150, 8 - 148, 5 ma found in germany sand, light micrograph “ sand is a loose collection of fragments of rock, shell and coral. this sand was collected from a beach in villefranche on france ’ s mediterranean coast. magnification : x15 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. ” geological time : late cretaceous, 75 - 71 ma found in mongolia locality : ohio, usa atlantis, south africa geological time : early cretaceous, 130 - 125 ma cyanotrichite, cu4al2 ( so4 ) ( oh ) 12. 2h2o migmatite gneiss, sw montana. geological time : late cretaceous, 89 ma found in argentina


west valley college r. lopez natural provinces of california the first step in learning about the geology of california is learning its geography. 1 ) on a sketch a map of california, be able to outline the natural provinces, and name them. 2 ) name at least two famous valleys in the basin and range province of california. 3 ) why is the basin and range so arid? 4 ) what is the general geologic structure of the sierra nevada? 5 ) what was the tectonic setting of mesozoic california and the sierra nevada batholith? 6 ) what is the approximate thickness of sedimentary rocks beneath the central great valley, and what was the source of the sediments. 7 ) when was the largest historical earthquake in california, where did it occur, and what was its geological significance? 8 ) what two major factors may have played a role in the 1980 mammoth lakes earthquake swarm? 9 ) what are horst and grabens? what are normal faults? what type of stress is associated with normal faults? 10 ) what are range front faults? what is the significance of the owens valley quake of 1872? 11 ) what are pleistocene lakes? what two lines of evidence support high water stands in the basins of the basin and range? 12 ) the rocks of the klamath province are most like those of what other province? 13 ) what age and type of rocks occur in the klamath province? what are accreted terranes? what is an ophiolite? 14 ) what is the general age and rock type found in the cascade range and the modoc plateau, and why are the landforms in these provinces so different? 15 ) what is the plate tectonic setting of the cascade range? 16 ) what tectonic plate is subducting off of northern california to form the california cascades? 17 ) why is the modoc plateau a plateau? what are fissure eruptions? 18 ) what major geologic structures define the nw and sw boundaries of the mojave desert? 19 ) the colorado desert province is the on - land extension of what major geologic structure ( see p. 392 )? 20 ) is the salton trough below sea level? what is the geologic structure of the salton trough? 21 ) what evidence do the salton buttes have that supports the structure implied for the question above? 22 ) how did the salton sea form? ( see page 243 ) 23 ) what faults border the ne and sw boundaries of the salton trough? 24 ) rocks of the peninsular range are most