endearingly dubbed the ' garden of england ' by natives, kent ' s claim to fame can be summarised in two words : organic produce. this verdant south east county provides an estimated forty per cent of the uk ' s ' homegrown ' organic fruit and veg, coupled with a significant contribution of hops to microbreweries throughout england. with a temperate climate and very little precipitation during key ' growing ' months, kent was the ideal location for the introduction of mediterranean and south american fruits during the 1600 ' s. both the morello cherry and kentish red made rich pairings with white meats such as duck and turkey, subsequently fueling a surge in fruity jams supplied exclusively to the court of king henry viii. cider making continues to thrive in the region and many of our homegrown apples and pears continue to be sourced by major supermarket chains. lesser discussed are kentish desserts, which, given the diversity of its fruit and grain industries, have survived over eons to become firm staples in modern family homes. from flat griddled cakes and fruity pies, to the old delicacy of lamb ' s tail pie, kentish cuisine is as variegated and homely as that of any of its northerly counterparts. for scrumptious cottages in kent. best described as a cross between a classic english teacake and donut - shaped modern bagels, huffkins are a kentish staple rumoured to date back to the 16th century. huffkins are predominantly flat, oval shaped cakes with a hole at the centre for hot, sweet fillings, such as stewed cherries or pear. although eaten year round, huffkins are particularly popular during the harvest months of september and october, traditionally flavoured with hops and eaten hot, with a serving of steaming cherry preserve to sweeten. lamb ' s tail pie thought to originate from the romney marsh area of kent, lamb ' s tail pie dates back to the 1700 ' s when breeding cattle were first introduced onto the romney marshes. such was the ratio of salt in the grasses, farmers discovered their lamb meat to be far more tender than of cattle grazing elsewhere, promptly starting a demand for this finer texture and the evolution of everyday lamb stew into lamb ' s tail pie. traditionally, lamb ' s tails were docked at birth, therefore the pie was an annual delicacy, only made during lambing season. after boiling, the tails would be skinned and slow - cooked with root vegetables, such as


s tail pie. traditionally, lamb ' s tails were docked at birth, therefore the pie was an annual delicacy, only made during lambing season. after boiling, the tails would be skinned and slow - cooked with root vegetables, such as onion, potato and carrots for up to three hours. encased within a shortcrust pastry, the mixture was topped with peas and sliced hard - boiled eggs, with a pinch of parsley or mint to season, then baked until a delicious golden brown. lamb ' s tail pie is fairly uncommon on the menus of kent today, however, may still be found on occasion at old kentish pubs, paired with local ales. whitstable dredgerman ' s breakfast a classic english seaside town with sweeping promenades and a rickety old peer, it ' s difficult to believe whitstable was once an industrious fishing port. in the 19th century, oysters were netted in droves to satisfy london markets and later, the archaic wheelers oyster market also set up shop here. in need of a hearty warm up prior to embarking out on the high seas, fishermen would congregate within seafront cafes for their daily fill : whitstable dredgerman ' s breakfast. it ' s essentially a toasted sandwich laden with freshly caught oysters and streaked bacon, dripping through with fat to soak the bread. a simple, yet filling starter prior to braving the winds off the south east coast, it was washed down with strong black tea to aid digestion. kent lent pie lent, a time of acknowledged abstinence for many was also a grueling hardship for churchgoing natives with a sweet tooth. according to foodies, kent lent pie was borne from the desire of two folkestone cooks, to create a dish that would not breach the church ' s rules on foods that could not be eaten. made from shortcrust pastry, double cream, milk and eggs, kent pudding pie is essentially a cheesecake, seasoned with nutmeg and occasionally filled with raisins or currants. its simplicity was key to its acceptance among churchgoers and many still consume it today during the abstinence period. what yummy local kent meals stand out for you?


michaela binder, durham university sudan has perhaps one of the richest and most fascinating archaeological records in the world. construction projects such as roads and dams are an increasing threat to its cultural heritage which prompts a large number of salvage excavations by sudanese and international teams. accordingly, as a large number of archaeological sites are cemeteries, the amount of human remains housed in museums and universities for use in research is steadily growing. despite the fact sudan has many excellent archaeologists, the scientific potential of human remains – which can increase our knowledge about many aspects of past human cultures – is not fully harnessed. this is mainly due to the fact that there is relatively little training in the study of human remains within the country itself. recognising this problem, the british museum ’ s amara west project has instigated a bioarchaeology field school, generously funded by the institute of bioarchaeology. i am currently in khartoum running a one - week workshop at the national council of antiquities and museums ( ncam ). over the course of the workshop, nine participants, including senior members of ncam and archaeologists from the universities of khartoum, shendi, bahri ( juba ) and wadi al - nil, will gain a basic understanding of the study of human remains, the methods involved and the potential information that can be obtained. during the first few days, we have been busy learning about the anatomy of the human skeleton. following practice on a plastic skeleton, the participants get hands - on experience with skeletons excavated at the meroitic cemetery at berber, by workshop participant mahmoud suleiman bashir, an inspector at ncam. we have also visited excavations at al - khiday near khartoum, a multi - period site with cemeteries of the pre - mesolithic, neolithic and meroitic periods, where tina jakob of durham university, who works on the human remains of al - khiday, gave a talk about her research. you can read more about our discoveries at amara west on the british museum website where we have uploaded new pages about the excavation of a ramesside house at the town, and post - new kingdom burials in cemetery c.


an efficient solar harvest solar power could be harvested more efficiently and transported over longer distances using tiny molecular circuits based on quantum mechanics, according to research inspired by new insights into natural photosynthesis. incorporating the latest research into how plants, algae and some bacteria use quantum mechanics to optimize energy production via photosynthesis, ucl scientists have set out how to design molecular circuitry that is 10 times smaller than the thinnest electrical wire in computer processors. published in nature chemistry, the report discusses how tiny molecular energy grids could capture, direct, regulate and amplify raw solar energy. solar fuel production is all about energy from light being absorbed by an assembly of molecules ; this electronic excitation is subsequently transferred to a suitable acceptor. for example, in photosynthesis, antenna complexes capture sunlight and direct the energy to reaction centers that then carry out the associated chemistry. in photosynthesis chlorophyll captures sunlight and directs the energy to special proteins that help make oxygen and sugars. this is no different in principle than a solar cell. in natural systems energy from sunlight is captured by colored molecules called dyes or pigments, but it is only stored for a billionth of a second. this leaves little time to route the energy from pigments to the molecular machinery that produces fuel or electricity. the key to transferring and storing energy very quickly is to harness the collective quantum properties of antennae, which are made up of just a few tens of pigments. recent studies have identified quantum coherence and entanglement between the excited states of different pigments in the light - harvesting stage of photosynthesis. although this stage of photosynthesis is highly efficient, it remains unclear exactly how or if these quantum effects are relevant. dr alexandra olaya - castro, co - author of the paper from ucl ’ s department of physics and astronomy said : “ on a bright sunny day, more than 100 million billion red and blue colored photons strike a leaf each second. ” “ under these conditions plants need to be able to both use the energy that is required for growth but also to get rid of excess energy that can be harmful. transferring energy quickly and in a regulated manner are the two key features of natural light harvesting systems. “ by assuring that all relevant energy scales involved in the process of energy transfer are more or less similar, natural antennae manage to combine quantum and classical phenomena to guarantee efficient and regulated capture, distribution and storage of the sun ’ s energy. ” summary of lessons from nature about concentrating and


the president, in his inaugural address, told america and the world that if god " truly " created us " equal, " biblically condemned homosexual relations are morally equivalent to biblically affirmed heterosexual relations. twisting scripture. twisting truth. some thoughts about what he said : the president ' s carefully crafted words created pictures of pilgrims on a journey. pilgrims making progress. a picture of secular progressivism and relative truth, wrapped in the original intent of our founding fathers and god ' s plan for mankind as revealed in his word. he spoke of a people and a country " without boundaries. " while it is true our pursuit of excellence and achievement is nearly limitless - - - the sky is the limit, it is equally true that morality has boundaries. freedom, as the founders understood it, was freedom to do the morally right thing, not license to do anything and everything. and they made it abundantly clear their understanding of freedom and morality was based on biblical teaching. our country was founded on judeo - christian values and principles, not evolving moral " truth. " the president said, " our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like everyone else under the law, for if we are truly created equal, then surely their love and commitment to one another must be equal as well. " there is no question all people must be treated with equal dignity and respect. but should the most fundamental component of human culture, marriage and family, be redefined to conform to a sexual behavior in order to prove respect or tolerance? in the context of his speech, his recent statements and his actions to move the homosexual agenda forward, this is the message : if homosexual behavior is not elevated, affirmed and treated as normal, moral and equal to heterosexual relationships, then god didn ' t create us equal. or. those who oppose normalizing homosexual behavior and redefining marriage are taking a stand against god. if you oppose redefining marriage, or " marriage equality " on the journey as the president ' s sees it, you oppose both god and the original intent of the founding fathers. this is a deceptive message which twists the truth. and it twists scripture. god ' s word is abundantly clear on homosexual behavior. he loves the person and extends forgiveness and restoration to them, as he does to all of us, but not license to behave as we may be inclined to behave. the president ' s narrative reminds me of an ancient conversation that also involved removing boundaries and relative, evolving truth. a journey without moral boundaries. right and wrong


does to all of us, but not license to behave as we may be inclined to behave. the president ' s narrative reminds me of an ancient conversation that also involved removing boundaries and relative, evolving truth. a journey without moral boundaries. right and wrong. " has god indeed said, ' you shall not eat of every tree of the garden '? " he said. she replied, " we can eat it all, except this one. if we eat of this fruit, we will die. " " surely you won ' t die, " he replied. both of them knew god is love. " no, " he said, " god ' s word doesn ' t mean that, you misunderstand. if you eat that fruit, you will actually ' be like god ' - - - equal to god. and you will know good and evil " ( gen. 3 ). when we reach equality with god, why would we need his word to teach us the difference between good and evil? we then define it for our own journey. evolving truth. no moral restraint or boundaries. a journey without boundaries. america is on the wrong path. we need spiritual restoration, so political restoration can begin. may god help us to seek spiritual restoration and renewal through repentance and recommitment to his truth. that is the journey our founding fathers envisioned and god intended for every human being. be vigilant. be prayerful. be discerning. be active. be blessed.


the last week has been a banner one for finding additional images of long - lost vehicles. first, we found the color images of the brooks stevens fc - 150 commuter, and now, thanks to bob stinnette, we have three more images of the mysterious mars express. bob wrote on his my hemmings page that his father, robert b. stinnette, took the photos sometime in the late 1930s on u. s. route 1 just north of richmond, virginia. we know from automotive historian bob cunningham that the mars express first appeared on american roads in 1934, promoting the pan american petroleum corporation. as an account in the tuscaloosa news from june 14, 1934, reported, pan american advertised the mars express as a 1, 000 mph car that “ follows scientific forecasts of 50 years in the future. ” there will be decorated automobiles of the newest type accompanying the rocket car. and a special auto will carry the “ man from mars, ” who depicts the characters that we will see journeying to earth perhaps from our neighboring planets. the car ’ s complete streamline effect will help to make possible the unbelievable speeds of the future – speeds of 1, 000 and more miles an hour. to eliminate useless weight, while retaining essential strength, the car has an aluminum body, painted copper. its overall length is 20 feet, width 7 feet, height 6 feet. the rocket car has powerful radio, two loudspeakers and microphone. on the dashboard, ahead of the driver ’ s seat is a planetary map … a well - known artist ’ s fanciful idea of the heavens. the cabin is beautifully finished in fine tan leather. here you see the control board, with strange instruments predicted for rocket car tours – switches for humidimeter, velocimeter, disintegrator ray and oxygen tanks. pan am is the first to build an actual practical car following rocket car lines. that last claim appears to be just as fanciful as the rest of the claims made about the car. either way, the mars express next shows up in 1938, just a few days after orson welles ’ s radio broadcast of the war of the worlds, with the somewhat more plausible claim of being able to run 115 mph with a supercharged ford v - 8 engine powering it. however, pan - american no longer associated itself with the car ; instead, peter vacca ( sometimes referred to as peter vacco ) of buffalo, new york, claimed to have spent $ 16, 000 building the car. the man in st


machines that “ destroy ” the earth ( nov, 1946 ) machines that “ destroy ” the earth intricate mechanisms at new york planetarium show how celestial forces could burn, blast or freeze the world. by harry samuels three times a day in five spectacular ways the earth “ dies ” in the hayden planetarium in new york. first performed in 1939, the planetarium ’ s sky drama was shut down by the war in 1941 and was not resumed until recently. the new “ end of the world ” show is considerably more vivid than its prewar predecessor because of added startling effects and more authentic background material worked out by the planetarium technical and scientific staffs. the pictures and captions on the accompanying pages explain how these effects are obtained. scientists and othersa€ ” mostly others - have predicted a possible end to the world in the near future as a result of chain reactions set off by the use of atomic energy. the varieties of cosmic destruction depicted in the planetarium show are, however, many millions of years distant by estimates of most astronomers. the planetarium audience, seated under a huge dome, is transported through time and space to the center of central park in new york on a day billions of years in the future. the earth comes to its end the first time as the result of the misbehavior of the sun. the sun bursts into a nova, or new star, something that more than 10 other self - illuminated, gigantic heavenly bodies do each year ( psm, july ’ 46, p. 108 ). the sudden, cataclysmic flood of heat and energy generated by the blast shrivels the earth to death. next, the planetarium onlookers watch the other, but equally final, extremea€ ” the eventual cooling of the sun to a degree where our globe becomes bleak and frozen and can no longer sustain life. gordon a. atwater, planetarium chairman, says this cooling of the sun is an almost certain eventuality unless it has some unknown and inexhaustible means of renew - ing its energy. in the third preview of doom, the earth and all the other planets of our solar system are innocent victims of a celestial hit - and - run accident. the sun explodes as the result of a collision with a star from far out in space. the fourth possible end of the world occurs when a mysterious wanderer from space, a comet with a flaming tail, appears on the celestial stage. it approaches the earth at bewildering speed. closer and closer it


the rainforest pyramid, which opened in 1993, is a ten - story glass pyramid that recently underwent a massive enhancement project to make it better for both visitors and its animal and plant residents. the rainforest pyramid has shared the wonders of the asian, african, and american rainforests with millions of visitors. it has also brought attention to the dangers rainforests are facing and the endangered species that inhabit them. the popular moody gardens attraction is a great entertainment destination, but it is also the center point of moody gardens rainforest conservation efforts. over the years, moody gardens has shown its dedication to saving the rainforest in a variety of ways. in the last decade, moody gardens purchased 2, 215 acres of rainforest in panama for protected reserves. we have also collected over $ 69, 000 for research and conservation in central and south america to help preserve the diminishing rainforests in those regions. moody gardens contributed to purchasing land in peru to help complete the renuperu ethno botanical garden at the amazon center for environmental education and research. other funds from moody gardens have been donated to support the belizean ministry of natural resources as they try to save the mountain pine ridge forests area from the devastation caused by a massive pine beatle infestation. we also contributed to the rainforest foundation to help indigenous people preserve their land from being taken over. moody gardens contributes to helping save the rainforest through our animal programs and our research efforts. we stand by our mission : “ moody gardens is a public, non - profit educational destination utilizing nature in the advancement of rehabilitation, conservation, recreation, and research. ” to learn more about our rainforest conservation efforts, come visit our rainforest pyramid. you can make a trip out of your visit by staying with us at the moody gardens hotel, one of the best places to stay in galveston.


fda ’ s approval of truvada, a once - a - day oral combination of tenofovir and emtricitabine, for pre - exposure prophylaxis ( or prep, a method for preventing hiv infection ) arrived during a chorus of optimism surrounding major developments in the fight against aids. at conferences in the uk and the us last month, the possibility and even likelihood of an aids - free generation in our lifetime graced the lips of innumerable activists, academics and government officials including secretary of state hillary clinton and nih director francis collins. “ i honestly believe, ” rock star sir elton john told an audience at the international aids conference in washington dc, “ that before i die, i will more or less be seeing the remains, the last remaining people infected with aids. ” much of this optimism is a result of the hiv prevention trials network ( hptn ) – an international collaborative clinical trials network – and the findings from its key study, hptn - 052. that study was halted last april after demonstrating that hiv - infected individuals, when treated with antiretroviral therapy ( art ), experienced an astonishing 96 % reduction in transmission of hiv to an uninfected partner. prior to that discovery, the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ), in partnership with the bill and melinda gates foundation and gilead sciences, sponsored the iprex study, which looked at uninfected men who have sex with men, and transgendered women who have sex with men, with an eye toward prevention. that study, which served as the basis for truvada ’ s prep indication approval, found that study participants who took a daily dose of truvada experienced an average of 43. 8 % fewer hiv infections than those receiving placebo. study participants who said they took the drug 90 % of the time – 100 % representing perfect, daily adherence – had 72. 8 % fewer hiv infections, a finding that points to the necessity of adherence for full benefit. combine these studies with viral load testing capabilities and comprehensive educational measures, and the picture starts to look almost rosy, despite a continuing need for access to education, testing and art in many parts of the world. the case for treating hiv - positive patients with art as a preventative measure – known as treatment as prevention, or tasp – is easily justified in environments where healthcare coverage is accessible and affordable, particularly for patients who want to begin treatment earlier. as for prescribing truva


with art as a preventative measure – known as treatment as prevention, or tasp – is easily justified in environments where healthcare coverage is accessible and affordable, particularly for patients who want to begin treatment earlier. as for prescribing truvada in “ high - risk individuals ” as a protective measure, many questions remain, not least of which is cost - effectiveness. of the 48, 000 to 56, 000 new hiv infections in the us each year, 56 % to 61 % occur among men having sex with men ( msm ), according to original research published in the annals of internal medicine last april. within the msm population, researchers designated 20 % as “ high - risk ; ” in the high - risk population, truvada provided considerable savings, with a caveat. “ because prep provides the most value in reducing hiv transmission when used in high - risk msm, efficient clinical prep will depend on a clinician ’ s ability to identify high - risk msm, ” according to the authors. indeed, it will be critical for physicians to determine who ’ s high risk and who isn ’ t, by asking questions about frequency of condom use and the number of sexual partners a man has had in the last year ; the research points to diminishing returns cost - wise when prep is used in larger msm populations, beyond the highest - risk populations. at the joint international association of physicians in aids care ( iapac ) and british hiv association ( bhiva ) conference in london, michael horberg, director of hiv / aids at kaiser permanente, estimated that prep treatment – including lab work and appointments, would cost private payers approximately $ 17, 450 for the first year of treatment. these costs are estimated for msm populations only. at the same conference, jim rooney, gilead ’ s vp, medical affairs, said stakeholder meetings were underway in the us to get feedback on prep use in msm populations, but “ subsequent meetings have included discussion of prep in heterosexuals as well. ” gilead will provide education via third parties, and will not promote the drug directly, said rooney. will payers get behind an expensive preventative treatment that only makes sense for patients carefully selected by physicians educated on high - risk msm lifestyles, and willing to ask the necessary questions? will payers pony up for a treatment that only works half of the time if patients don ’ t strictly adhere to the daily dose? truvada looks to be a solid test case in the ongoing


while typically thought of as three sisters, according to mythology, the real number of them are unknown. virgil, the classical roman poet, was first to recognize the three known furies. their names are alecto ( which means " unceasing " ), megaera ( " grudging " ), and tisiphone ( " avenging murder " ). they tend to appear as women with serpent wreathes on their heads, blood running from their eyes and the wings of a bat or bird. and occasionally even the body of a dog. when they ' re not pursuing wrongdoers on earth, the furies are thought to spend most of their time in tartarus, which is in the underworld below hades, torturing damned souls. | ' orestes pursued by the furies ' ( 1921 ) by john singer sargent | - on a rare few occasions, they would be called to punish a god, but mostly, they sought justice on mortals who broke laws such as murdering kin or breaking oaths. - a common greek story featuring the furies is " eumenides " by aeschylus. the furies torment orestes until he begs the goddess athena to convince the furies to leave him alone. - the furies are known to be just, so if one repents, they will stop tormenting the person and sometimes bestow upon them blessings. good links to check out for more information :


the study of motion is often called kinematics. we will begin our study with one dimensional kinematics. we will later expand to 2 and 3 dimensional kinematics after we have studied vectors. we can give the position of an object in relation to a reference point. there are a number of variables we can use for position, such as x, d, or s. the official metric unit for position is the meter ( abbreviated m ). the meter was first defined in terms of the circumference of the earth on a meridian passing through paris. it is now defined in terms of the speed of light. when working with other scales, it might be convenient to use other metric units such as the nanometer ( nm ), the centimeter ( cm ), and the kilometer ( km ). we will often use exponential notation. exponential notation is convenient for expressing very large and small numbers. for instance, 12, 300 would be expressed as 1. 23 x 10, 000 or 1. 23 x 104 so 3. 14 km = 3140 m = 3. 14 x 103 m for small numbers, 0. 000345 = 3. 45 x 10 - 4 a micrometer, 1 μm = 10 - 6 m the width of a human hair on average is 10 μm. this would be 10 x 10 - 6 m. the wavelength of a helium - neon laser is 633 nm = 633 x 10 - 9 m = 6. 33 x 10 - 7 m the common metric units are given in powers or 3. the kilometer is 1000 m. although the 100 centimeters = 1 meter it is not actually a common unit. 1 millimeter = 1mm = 10 - 3 m 1 micrometer = 1um = 10 - 6 m 1 nanometer = 1nm = 10 - 9 m 1 picometer = 1pm = 10 - 12 m 1 femotometer = 1fm = 10 - 15 m also known as a fermi except for kilometer, we often do not use the larger metric prefixes for distance. but they are used for frequencies and other units in physics. 1 kilometer = 1 km = 1000 m = 103 m megameter = 1mm = 106 m gigameter = 1gm = 109 m terrameter = 1 tm = 1012 m common british imperial units for measuring distance include the inch, the foot, the yard, and the mile. an easy way to remember the conversion from meters to miles can be remembered in terms of track and field. the loop in a track


1012 m common british imperial units for measuring distance include the inch, the foot, the yard, and the mile. an easy way to remember the conversion from meters to miles can be remembered in terms of track and field. the loop in a track is ¼ mile long. it is also known as the 400 m race, so 1 mile is approximately = 1600 m. engineers in america commonly use imperial units. very small measurements for the purposes of manufacturing are given in 1 / 1000ths of an inch. when dealing with astronomical distances there are other units we might use such as the light - year, the parsec, or the astronomical unit. the light - year is the distance light will travel in one year. an object which is one parsec away has one arc - second of parallax from earth. an astronomical unit is the average distance from the earth to the sun. distance vs displacement in physics we often study the change in position of an object. if we are only examining the change in position from the start of our observation to the end, we are talking about displacement. we ignore how we get from point a to point b. we are only concerned with how the crow flies. if we are concerned with our path, we are working with distance ( see figure a ). for example, let us suppose i were to talk around the perimeter of a square classroom ( see figure b ). the classroom is 10 meters on a side. at the end of my trip i return to my original starting position. the distance traveled would be 40 m. the displacement would be zero meters because displacement only depends on the starting and ending positions. the other important distinction between distance and displacement is that distances do not have a direction. if you were wearing a pedometer is would record distance. the odometer on a car records distance. displacement has a direction and a magnitude. magnitude is a fancy physics term for size or amount. for instance, suppose i walked 10 m north, 10 m east, 10 south, and then 5 m west ( see figure c ). my distance traveled would be 35 m. there is a magnitude but no net direction. since we can describe distance with just a magnitude ( but no direction ) we call it a scalar. but my displacement would be 5 m due east. as displacement has both a magnitude and a direction, we call it a vector. we measure time in seconds. we will use the variable t for time. the elapsed time for a certain action would be δt.


5 m due east. as displacement has both a magnitude and a direction, we call it a vector. we measure time in seconds. we will use the variable t for time. the elapsed time for a certain action would be δt. the greek letter delta, δ, is used to represent a change in a quantity. if we are talking about a reoccurring event ( such as the orbit of the earth around the sun ) we talk about the period of time t, with a capitol t. for longer periods of time we will often use the conventional minutes, hours, days, or years. for shorter periods of time will often use exponential notation or may use milliseconds, microseconds, picoseconds, or femtoseconds. for instance, chemical reactions may often take place on the picosecond timescale. just as when you dance under a strobe like at a cool school dance you can see your movements in stop action. scientists use pulsed lasers with picosecond and femtosecond pulses to examine dynamics at the molecular level. speed and velocity building on changes in position and changes in time, we can examine the rate at which these changes in position take place. how fast are we moving? you probably use the terms speed and velocity interchangeably in your everyday vernacular, but in physics they have distinct meanings. speed is a scalar and has no direction. speed can be defined as speed = distance / elapsed time velocity is a vector. we could consider velocity to be speed in a given direction. to calculate the average velocity over a period of time, we use displacement and elapsed time. where v is velocity, x is position, t is time. the greek letter delta, δ, means a change in a quantity, such as the change in position or the change in time. the bar over the velocity v means the terms in averaged. for instance, δx = xf – xo, or the change is position equals the difference of the final position and the original positions. our first set of problems will involve the above kinematic equation. problem solving method when solving physics problems, it is useful to follow a simple problem solving strategy. although at first, it may be easy to solve some problems in your head, by following this strategy you will develop good problem solving habits. just as you must develop good habits by brushing your teeth every day, you should attempt to follow the following methodology for solving physics problems. the


be easy to solve some problems in your head, by following this strategy you will develop good problem solving habits. just as you must develop good habits by brushing your teeth every day, you should attempt to follow the following methodology for solving physics problems. the first step is step 0 because it does not always apply. step 0 : draw a picture of the problem if appropriate. step 1 : write down the given information step 2 : write down the unknown quantity you are trying to find out step 3 : write down the physics equations or relationships that will connect your given information to the unknown variables. step 4 : perform algebraic calculations necessary to isolate the unknown variable. step 5 : plug in the given information to the new equation. cancel appropriate units and do the arithmetic. example 1 : a robot travels across a countertop a distance of 88. 0 cm, in 30 seconds. what is the speed of the robot? in this case, we do not need to do any algebra. significant figures : at this point we should not how many significant figures our answer has. your final answer cannot have more information that your original data. we were presented with a distance and a time with only 3 significant figures, therefore our final answer cannot have more precision than this. now let us look at a problem which does require some algebra. example 2 : the sr - 71 blackbird could fly at a speed of mach 3, or 1, 020 m / s. how much time would it take the sr - 71 to take off from los angeles and fly to new york city via a path which is a distance of 5500 miles. you should note that you need to convert miles to meters, remembering that 1 mile = 1600 m first we need to algebraically isolate the variable t. first we multiply both sides by t, and t cancels on the right hand side of the equation. then dividing both sides by v gives us now, plugging in for distance and speed gives us note the units and the number of significant digits. because one piece of our original data ( distance ) only had two significant digits, we have to round off our final answer to 2 significant digits. also, look at the cancelation of units. the meters in the units cancel. our units have the reciprocal of a reciprocal, thus the final units are in seconds, which you might have guessed since we are working with time. for ease of perspective we converted these units into minutes. average velocity vs instantaneous velocity another important distinction is finding an average value or the velocity versus the velocity at a


when a person has a heart attack, the heart repairs its damaged muscle by forming scar tissue. as a result, the heart never truly goes back to the way it was. but when a zebrafish has a heart injury, like having a large chunk of it chopped off, it grows a brand new piece to replace it. two independent reports published in the journal nature show that within days of an injury to its heart, the zebrafish has the remarkable ability to regenerate most of the missing cardiac tissue using mature heart cells – not stem cells, as some researchers had suspected. the findings help explain why human beings can ’ t regenerate a heart or missing limbs. the reports contradict a previous study ( pdf ) done by one of the research teams in 2006 that suggested that stem cells, the general all - purpose cells that develop into all the mature and functional cells of the body, were responsible for self - repair. the finding suggest that doctors have been on the wrong track with recent stem cell - based therapies for heart attack patients. many heart patients have received injections of stem cells, often ones taken from their own bone marrow. but the beneficial effects have generally been unremarkable [ the new york times ]. in one study, a team led by chris jopling and juan carlos izpisua belmonte genetically engineered the fish ’ s heart muscle cells so that when they proliferated they would synthesize a fluorescent green protein [ the new york times ]. then they chopped off part of the fish ’ s heart and watched to see if the fish would employ stem cells to regrow the heart or use mature heart muscle cells, known as cardiomyocytes. in just a few days, scientists found the zebrafish had regrown the missing piece of heart. on further observation, scientists found that all the cells in the new part of the heart glowed green, proving that existing heart muscle cells were the principal or only source of the new tissue [ the new york times ]. further experiments showed that the cardiomyocytes near the injury site seem to take a step backward in development, detaching from one another and losing their typical shape — presumably to make it possible for them to start dividing again as they replenish the lost tissue [ sciencenow ]. experiments conducted by kenneth poss, the researcher behind the 2006 study, showed similar results. both teams say the next step is to identify the cellular signals that trigger the regeneration process. the scientists say that prior to heart failure, mammalian heart cells


]. experiments conducted by kenneth poss, the researcher behind the 2006 study, showed similar results. both teams say the next step is to identify the cellular signals that trigger the regeneration process. the scientists say that prior to heart failure, mammalian heart cells go into a state called hibernation, where the muscle cells stops contracting in an effort to save themselves. hibernating cardiomyocytes are also seen in zebrafish, but unlike the mammal cells, the fish cells then take another step and begin proliferating. scientists are trying to understand what gives the fish cells the ability to start multiplying, and hope to conduct further studies on mice to see whether mammalian cells can be induced to follow suit. “ maybe all they need is a bit of push in the right direction, ” jopling said [ healthday news ]. 80beats : injecting special protein could make hearts heal themselves 80beats : could stem cells patch up a broken heart? 80beats : researchers could grow replacement tissue to patch broken hearts 80beats : harvesting infant hearts for transplants raises ethical questions 80beats : the upside of nuclear testing : traceable radioactivity in our heart cells image : chris jopling. the green - glowing heart cells are shown at 7, 14, and 30 days after injury.


as a native marylander, i ’ ve had many discussions with friends about whether we can call it a southern state. you could say it ’ s in “ dixie, ” which ( according to one historical interpretation from this civil war fact book ) means south of the mason - dixon line. one could also argue that because it fought for the north in the civil war, maryland should be considered a northern state. however, we can ’ t forget that maryland was a slave state that was chock full of southern sympathizers during the war. for evidence, just look up the official state song that remains on the books. you might be surprised ( or perhaps offended ) at the lyrics. according to this npr story, a group of active fourth - graders were certainly offended when linda tuck, a school library “ media specialist, ” led their study and discussion of the song. here are some of the lines seen as offensive : “ the despot ’ s heel is on thy shore, maryland! ” “ huzza! she spurns the northern scum! ” by the way, that “ despot ” refers to the revered abraham lincoln. james ryder randall wrote the poem in 1861, after riots in baltimore led to the deaths of a few civilians, according to dissonance by david detzer. tuck took a vote and found that the school children wanted to see the lyrics changed. they then wrote letters to state delegates, and now a bill is in the works. delegate pamela beidle, who introduced the bill, wants to use a different poem written in 1894 for the lyrics of the song. according to a local news article, the bill does have its critics, who say that the song ’ s a reminder of a part of maryland ’ s history that is too often forgotten. others would simply rather leave it up to voters.


for more trusted health news and information, visit cbs boston ' s chicago ( ap ) — exposure to the chemical bisphenol - a before birth could affect girls ’ behavior at age 3, according to the latest study on potential health effects of the compound used in the manufacturing of some plastic drink bottles and food can linings. wbz newsradio 1030 ′ s diane stern reports preschool - aged girls whose mothers had relatively high urine levels of bpa during pregnancy scored worse but still within a normal range on behavior measures including anxiety and hyperactivity than other young girls. read : bpa info for parents the results are not conclusive and experts not involved in the study said factors other than bpa might explain the results. the researchers acknowledge that “ considerable debate ” remains about whether bpa is harmful, but say their findings should prompt additional research. the researchers measured bpa in 244 cincinnati - area mothers ’ urine twice during pregnancy and at childbirth. the women evaluated their children at age 3 using standard behavior questionnaires. nearly all women had measurable bpa levels, like most americans. but increasingly high urine levels during pregnancy were linked with increasingly worse behavior in their daughters. boys ’ behavior did not seem to be affected. the researchers said if bpa can cause behavior changes that could pose academic and social problems for girls already at risk for those difficulties. “ these subtle shifts can actually have very dramatic implications at the population level, ” said joe braun, the lead author and a research fellow at harvard ’ s school of public health. for every 10 - fold increase in mothers ’ bpa levels, girls scored at least six points worse on the questionnaires. the study was released online monday in pediatrics. linda birnbaum, director of the national institute of environmental health sciences and the national toxicology program, said the study contributes important new evidence to “ a growing database which suggests that bpa exposure can be associated with effects on human health. ” grants from that federal agency helped pay for the study. the food and drug administration has said that low - level bpa exposure appears to be safe. but the agency also says that because of recent scientific evidence, it has some concern about potential effects of bpa on the brain and behavior in fetuses, infants and small children. the fda is continuing to study bpa exposure and supports efforts to minimize use in food containers. bpa has many uses, and is found in some plastic bottles and coatings in metal food cans. it was widely used in plastic baby bottles and sip


the fda is continuing to study bpa exposure and supports efforts to minimize use in food containers. bpa has many uses, and is found in some plastic bottles and coatings in metal food cans. it was widely used in plastic baby bottles and sippy cups but the industry phased out that use. braun said it ’ s possible that exposure to bpa during pregnancy interferes with fetal brain development, a theory suggested in other studies, and that could explain the behavior differences in his study. why boys ’ behavior wasn ’ t affected isn ’ t clear. but bpa is thought to mimic the effects of estrogen, a female hormone. the researchers evaluated other possible influences on children ’ s behavior, including family income, education level and whether mothers were married, and still found an apparent link to bpa. but dr. charles mckay, a bpa researcher and toxicologist with the connecticut poison control center, said the researchers failed to adequately measure factors other than bpa that could explain the results. for example, there ’ s no information on mothers ’ eating habits. that matters because mothers ’ higher bpa levels could have come from eating lots of canned foods instead of healthier less processed foods, which might have affected fetal brain development. the american chemistry council, a trade group whose members include companies that use bpa, said the research “ has significant shortcomings … and the conclusions are of unknown relevance to public health. ” ( copyright 2011 by the associated press. all rights reserved. )


partnership is the most common form of business organisation in india. partnership firms are governed by the provisions of the indian partnership act, 1932. the act lays down the rules relating to formation of partnership, the rights and duties of partners and dissolution of partnership. it defines partnership as a " relationship between persons who have agreed to share the profits of business carried on by all or any of them acting for all ". this definition gives three minimum requirements to constitute a partnership : - - there must be an agreement entered into orally or in writing by the persons who desire to form a partnership. - the object of the agreement must be to share the profits of business intended to be carried on by the partnership. - the business must be carried on by all the partners or by any of them acting for all of them. under the act, persons who have entered into partnership with one another are individually called as ' partners ' and collectively as ' firm ' and the name under which they run their business is called the ' firm name '. provisions relating to taxation of partnership firms partnership firm is subjected to taxation under the income tax act, 1961. it is the umbrella act for all the matters relating to income tax and empowers the central board of direct taxes ( cbdt ) to formulate rules ( the income tax rules, 1962 ) for implementing the provisions of the act. the cbdt is a part of department of revenue in the ministry of finance. it has been charged with all the matters relating to various direct taxes in india and is responsible for administration of direct tax laws through the income tax department. the income tax act is subjected to annual amendments by the finance act, which mentions the ' rates ' of income tax and other taxes for the corresponding year. under the income tax act, the partnership firm is taxed as a separate entity, distinct from the partners. in the act, there is no distinction between assessment of a registered and unregistered firms. however, the partnership must be evidenced by a partnership deed. the partnership deed is a blue print of the rights and liabilities of partners as to their capital, profit sharing ratio, drawings, interest on capital, commission, salary, etc, terms and conditions as to working, functioning and dissolution of the partnership business. under the act, a partnership firm may be assessed either as a partnership firm or as an association of persons ( aop ). if the firm satisfies the following conditions, it will be assessed as a partnership firm, otherwise it will be assessed as an aop : - - the


be assessed either as a partnership firm or as an association of persons ( aop ). if the firm satisfies the following conditions, it will be assessed as a partnership firm, otherwise it will be assessed as an aop : - - the firm is evidenced by an instrument i. e. there is a written partnership deed. - the individual shares of the partners are very clearly specified in the deed. - a certified copy of partnership deed must accompany the return of income of the firm of the previous year in which the partnership was formed. - if during a previous year, a change takes place in the constitution of the firm or in the profit sharing ratio of the partners, a certified copy of the revised partnership deed shall be submitted along with the return of income of the previous years in question. - there should not be any failure on the part of the firm while attending to notices given by the income tax officer for completion of the assessment of the firm. it is more beneficial to be assessed as a partnership firm than as an aop, since a partnership firm can claim the following additional deductions which the aop cannot claim : - - interest paid to partners, provided such interest is authorised by the partnership deed. - any salary, bonus, commission, or remuneration ( by whatever name called ) to a partner will be allowed as a deduction if it is paid to a working partner who is an individual. the remuneration paid to such a partner must be authorised by the partnership deed and the amount of remuneration must not exceed the given limits.


between the two world wars, the dominant trend in hungarian history writing was geistesgeschichte, as represented by the works of gyula szekfu, balint homan, gyula kornis, tibor joo, jozsef deer, and peter vaczy. fully versed in the works of ranke, meinecke, dilthey and lamprecht, gyula szekfu, the most outstanding of these historians, was also the one to conclude that hungarian history would lend itself admirably to a consistent synthesis. in his a magyar allam eletrajza ( 1918 ), and in his bethlen gabor ( 1929 ), szekfu expressly models his approach on meinecke ' s, and tells the entire story from the vantage point of raison d ' etat and the national point of view. this meant that for him, the central issue of hungarian history was the territorial integrity of historic hungary, the hungary of st. stephen. this particular outlook is even more evident in szekfu ' s harom nemzedek ( 1920 ), the veritable bible of the period. here, he depicts the nineteenth - century hungarian liberals responsible for the disintegration effected by trianon. blinded by the political tradition of the nobility ' s struggle for hungarian independence throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries - ran szekfu ' s indictment of the liberals - they construed the word " freedom " to mean " independence from the habsburgs ", and failed to realize that the territorial integrity of historic hungary ( i. e., hungarian rule over the nationalities ) could be maintained only with the support of an outside great power, namely, the habsburg empire. ( this correlation was something that szechenyi had recognized, and szekfu, accordingly, esteemed him as by far the greatest hungarian. ) one finds the same train of thought in all the sections that szekfu wrote of magyar tortenet ( hungarian history, 1929 - - 1933 ), a seven - volume synthesis he published together with balint homan. ( szekfu authored the period stretching from king matthias corvinus and the renaissance to the date of publication ). in the final analysis, at every stage of hungary ' s history, we find him dividing the leading politicians into two groups : those who believed in " small hungary " and those who believed in " greater hungary ". the " small hungarians " were those whose primary goal was


, at every stage of hungary ' s history, we find him dividing the leading politicians into two groups : those who believed in " small hungary " and those who believed in " greater hungary ". the " small hungarians " were those whose primary goal was national independence from the habsburgs. but this aspiration of theirs, he maintained, was motivated not by some lofty ideal, the love of freedom, for example, but by selfish " class interest " ( the nobility ' s determination to protect its privileges ), coupled with a passion for dissension and upheaval inherited from their eastern ancestors. another name for this " passion " was protestantism, which, as szekfu saw it, was ab ovo inspired by the resolve to spark denominational conflict and create disorder. the " great hungarians ", on the other hand, had always appreciated that the great power status of the habsburg empire was a historical necessity. they recognized the need for political compromise, and strove to promote social reform, and the nation ' s material improvement and intellectual progress ( naturally, with habsburg support ). szekfu ' s synthesis presents the baroque culture of the eighteenth century as the zenith of hungarian history, a time when the country ' s territorial integrity had been more or less restored, when religious ( protestant vs. catholic ) and political ( estates vs. absolutism ) in - fighting no longer undermined the unity of the nation, when the country ' s economic and cultural development picked up momentum, and its resettlement began. even in the late ' 30s, szekfu was very much preoccupied by matters of external politics and national sovereignty. in his allam es nemzet ( state and nation, 1942 ), he rejected both the french notion of a political nation and the german " ethnic nation " concept, and presented a uniquely hungarian notion, one rooted in st. stephen ' s tolerance toward the " foreigners ". it was a nation concept which guaranteed the country ' s minorities a high degree of autonomy, while its raison d ' etre was to safeguard, and / or to restore hungary ' s territorial integrity. " a nepiseg tortenete " ( ethnohistory ) written in 1931, was the most comprehensive formulation malyusz would ever give of his program. the study starts with a definition of the notion of " the ethnic ". as opposed to " the national ", the conscious expression of a people ' s cultural and political aspirations, " the ethnic " was shorthand for the spontaneous


of his program. the study starts with a definition of the notion of " the ethnic ". as opposed to " the national ", the conscious expression of a people ' s cultural and political aspirations, " the ethnic " was shorthand for the spontaneous ways and cultural preferences of a particular people. the best way to get started in ethnohistorical research, he went on to say, was to write " synthetic " local and / or county histories. by " synthetic " he meant just the opposite of the village by village approach of the prewar county histories : the historian was to focus on the small, organically - related historico - geographical units - estates, valleys, plains, and so on - units he would later call " cultural regions ", and whose study he expected to reveal an entire network of southern, eastern and northern cultural contacts. malyusz honed his theory by clashing swords with proponents of the most powerful historical ideology of his time. taking a direct stab at geistesgeschichte, its preoccupation with western cultural influences and its exclusive reliance on the evidence of the written word, he set ethnohistory the task of concentrating on " spontaneous " cultural elements such as roads, means of transportation, architecture, systems of local political and administrative organization, and " anthropological " data of every kind that might serve to give an accurate picture of the day - to - day life of the people. malyusz ' s views on the nature and techniques of ethnohistory, were thus fully developed by the time he came to give his " introduction to ethnohistory " course ( i. e., the series of lectures that form the core of the volume under review ) in the 1936 - - 37 academic year. ( as the editor makes clear, only the lectures delivered in the second semester have been found among malyusz ' s extant papers. ) one of the issues addressed in the lectures was the matter of the " auxiliary disciplines " which malyusz proposed to " modify " with a view to making them integral parts of the science of ethnohistory. he was particularly enthusiastic about the potential of ethnography and of linguistics, attaching great importance to the study of dialects ( and their exact geographic mapping ), and to tracing the origins of place names and personal names. he was also keen to have his students learn to use questionnaires, and to set up the institutional framework of ethnohistorical research. malyusz


geographic mapping ), and to tracing the origins of place names and personal names. he was also keen to have his students learn to use questionnaires, and to set up the institutional framework of ethnohistorical research. malyusz ' s ethnohistory was the revival of the positivist traditions of the nineteenth century. the legacy of positivism, as his contemporaries were quick to point out, was evident in his preoccupation with the collective, and with the law - like regularities of development, and in his concentration on cultural history. but ethnohistory proposed to give an account of cultural development with full regard to its grounding in economic history and historical geography. instead of political and administrative units, it took organically related historical and / or geographic regions for its units of analysis, and investigated them at all levels and with all the tools that we have come to associate with microhistory and microgeography. so far, so good. the picture is tainted, however, by the fact that the contemporary inspiration of malyusz ' s ethnohistory was the volkstumskunde associated with aubin, kotzschke, keyser, and spamer in the inter - war years. volkstumskunde itself harked back to the nation concept espoused by herder, arndt, fichte and the brothers grimm, which posited race and ethnicity as the basis of nationhood, and defined national affiliation in terms of a community of descent, language and culture. it was an approach humanist in inspiration, but wide open to racist exploitation. thus it was that by the turn of the century, the pan - german movement had made it into an ideology of world domination, oneserving to substantiate their doctrine of the germans ' racial superiority over the slavs. allied with ostforschung, another fin - de - siecle intellectual trend, volkstumskunde came to present german history as essentially a crusade to spread german culture ( the german " cultural ground " ), principally toward the east. empire building and " civilizing " - founding cities, introducing the german legal system, organizing churches - was, on this view, at the very heart of german history, as was the struggle for pan - german unification. ( paradoxically, for all its chauvinism, volkstumskunde proved to be a highly fruitful trend in german historiography. as opposed to


heart of german history, as was the struggle for pan - german unification. ( paradoxically, for all its chauvinism, volkstumskunde proved to be a highly fruitful trend in german historiography. as opposed to the tradition represented by troeltsch, meinecke, and below - concentrating on the state, the history of ideas and " great personalities " - volkstumskunde explored collective phenomena and material culture for sources of historical evidence, and encouraged a basically interdisciplinary approach. ) considered purely as a methodology, volkstumskunde, like malyusz ' s ethnohistory, would have had the potential for providing relatively impartial, in - depth depictions of particular segments of the past. there is, however, no way to disregard their political and ideological thrust. malyusz ' s introductory lecture to the second semester of his course on ethnohistory ( pp. 19 - - 46 ) leaves absolutely no doubt as to his explicitly political agenda. his studies of the early 1930s on the new german nationalism bear this out. post - war europe, he noted ( and would continue to reiterate for another decade ), had given rise to a new kind of nationalism, one predicated not on state formations, but on ethnicity. perhaps the most problematic aspect of malyusz ' s concept of an " ethnic nation " was that it necessitated his precluding the country ' s jews from the body politic. " let us exclude the jewry from our nation ", he wrote ; " let us dismiss, in amicable accord, all those who do not, in their heart of hearts, feel that they are thoroughly hungarian ". admittedly, malyusz was not a racist : he did not believe that history was, in essence, the struggle of the various races for lebensraum, with the superior races winning. in fact, in his " a nepiseg tortenete " of 1931, he criticized german historians for identifying " culture " with german culture. the task facing hungarian historians, he insisted, was to preserve for posterity what the magyars had achieved jointly with the slavs in the way of culture. malyusz ' s cultural nationalism was anti - german in several respects. for one thing, his very emphasis on the autonomy of hungarian culture implied resistance to hitler ' s attempts at expansionism. but there was also another side to it. malyusz ' s cultural nationalism - as he himself admitted


german in several respects. for one thing, his very emphasis on the autonomy of hungarian culture implied resistance to hitler ' s attempts at expansionism. but there was also another side to it. malyusz ' s cultural nationalism - as he himself admitted - was meant to lay the groundwork for revisionism. his resolute underscoring of the strength and autonomy of hungarian culture was meant to provide an alternative to szekfu ' s vision of a hungary whose fortunes were irrevocably tied to that of the habsburgs. given the opportunity, malyusz was suggesting, hungary would be capable of carrying through a territorial revision on its own. all in all, however, malyusz might most equitably be judged as having posited - as opposed to szekfu ' s concept of nation as state - the concept of nation as culture. for all its manifest ideological and political bias, in respect of methodology, ethnohistory anticipated our current approach to social history. in publishing malyusz ' s lectures for the first time ever in book form, the editor of the volume under review has enabled non - historians, too, to draw their own conclusions about the more universal lessons of ethnohistory. the lesson might prove as timely as the german revisitation of volkstumskunde has proved to be.


some time in the past, before the ice age, most of western north america ( and probably the whole world ) was accurately mapped by a technologically advanced people. who these people were and what technology they used is lost to us, but their maps remain as evidence that they did indeed accomplish the task. these ancient source maps were used by mapmakers in the 1600 to 1700s to fill in the vast unknown areas on the western side of north america. the recent mapmakers had no idea what was there, nor did anyone else, but they had source maps that showed the area as an island and they used them to fill in the gaps. when were these source map made? they had to be made before the end of the ice age, because at the end of the ice age, the great ice dam holding back water in a huge lake finally gave way and the grand canyon was carved in just a few weeks. the grand canyon does not appear on any maps of california as an island that i have found, and is certainly not on the map used for this study, the vingboons map of 1651. in fact, on the vingboons map, two rivers cross the location of the grand canyon. this creates a problem, because the ice age supposedly reached a maximum 18, 000 years ago ( see wikipedia article ), putting the date for modern man well before that. this pushes the date back into the realm of the neanderthals, or even into the paleolithic period, when we were supposed to be only capable of using stone tools. an even greater problem is that the map also had to predate the uplift of the nevada - utah - wyoming area that followed the end of the latest continental drift event in north america. ( see wikipedia, farallon plate ) according to continental drift theory, when the continents spread apart, the north america continental plate was pushed over an oceanic plate, which was forced down into the mantle of the earth. the lighter minerals floated up against the bottom of north america, under the nevada - utah - wyoming area. this area was lifted up from sea level ( at least in nevada, where the map shows where the sea encroached ) to over 7, 000 feet elevation in central nevada, and similarly across all three states. the routes of rivers changed. the rio grande, shown on the vingboons map as the rio de norte, which used to flow into the gulf of california, was forced to flow to the gulf of mexico. the map places a geologically recent date


routes of rivers changed. the rio grande, shown on the vingboons map as the rio de norte, which used to flow into the gulf of california, was forced to flow to the gulf of mexico. the map places a geologically recent date on continental uplift, the uplift having happened after the map was made, putting it within the historical presence of humans on earth. unfortunately, geology dates the north american continental drift events to the jurassic period, 200, 000, 000 to 150, 000, 000 years ago. how will science deal with the loss of 150, 000, 000 years? since it requires abandoning a well entrenched worldview, it is most likely that the vast majority of academia will simply ignore this study and its implications. in the following series of articles, i analyze the johannes vingboons “ california as an island ” map area by area. we will see that the makers of the original map possessed a detailed knowledge of the geography of western north america. correlation of features on the map to actual locations demonstrates that the map is very accurate. after the analysis of the map i have included some information on the historical mapmaking and exploration of this area by the spanish after the arrival of columbus. the spanish were extremely slow to explore this area, and the information they had was not allowed to be made public because they needed to protect information on their trade routes from their competitors. vingboons was not using spanish information to present california as an island. these articles are my work and the result of my research. i have referenced all the sources i have used. none of these sources presents “ california as an island ” as anything more than a myth. i graduated from ucla in 1976 from the school of engineering. i followed the course of study in chemical engineering. i was introduced to the whole topic of california as an island in about 2008 by cliff paiva, who was also researching the locations of features on the map. we have taken different paths in our efforts to decipher the map, but i much appreciate cliff ’ s getting me started. if you have any questions regarding these articles, you can email me at email @ example. com


character counts! in jacksonville is working to bring character and and awareness to our community. we create a shared language by educating on the six pillars of character : trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring & citizenship. trustworthiness. respect. responsibility. fairness. caring. citizenship. the six pillars of character are ethical values to guide our choices. the standards of conduct that arise out of those values constitute the ground rules of ethics, and therefore of ethical decision - making. there is nothing sacrosanct about the number six. we might reasonably have eight or 10, or more. but most universal virtues fold easily into these six. the number is not unwieldy and the six pillars of character can provide a common lexicon. why is a common lexicon necessary? so that people can see what unites our diverse and fractured society. so we can communicate more easily about core values. so we can understand ethical decisions better, our own and those of others. the six pillars act as a multi - level filter through which to process decisions. so, being trustworthy is not enough — we must also be caring. adhering to the letter of the law is not enough — we must accept responsibility for our action or inaction. the pillars can help us detect situations where we focus so hard on upholding one moral principle that we sacrifice another — where, intent on holding others accountable, we ignore the duty to be compassionate ; where, intent on getting a job done, we ignore how. in short, the six pillars can dramatically improve the ethical quality of our decisions, and thus our character and lives. people are not things, and everyone has a right to be treated with dignity. we certainly have no ethical duty to hold all people in high esteem, but we should treat everyone with respect, regardless of who they are and what they have done. we have a responsibility to be the best we can be in all situations, even when dealing with unpleasant people. the golden rule — do unto others as you would have them do unto you — nicely illustrates the pillar of respect. respect prohibits violence, humiliation, manipulation and exploitation. it reflects notions such as civility, courtesy, decency, dignity, autonomy, tolerance and acceptance. civility, courtesy and decency a respectful person is an attentive listener, although his patience with the boorish need not be endless ( respect works both ways ). nevertheless, the respectful person treats others with consideration, and doesn ’ t resort to intimidation, coercion or violence except in


transformations in the coordinate plane transformations in the coordinate plane are often represented by " coordinate rules " of the form ( x, y ) - - > ( x ', y ' ). this means a point whose coordinates are ( x, y ) gets mapped to another point whose coordinates are ( x ', y ' ). when possible, simple formulas are given for x ' and y ' in terms of x and y. for example, ( x, y ) - - > ( x + y, x – y ) is a coordinate rule for some transformation and maps the points ( 0, 0 ), ( 2, 0 ), ( 2, 5 ), and ( 0, 5 ) as follows : ( 0, 0 ) - - > ( 0, 0 ) ( 2, 0 ) - - > ( 2, 2 ) ( 2, 5 ) - - > ( 7, – 3 ) ( 0, 5 ) - - > ( 5, – 5 ) this transformation is not an isometry ( it changes the size of any figure ) and the image of the blue rectangle with those vertices is the red rectangle : translations of geometric figures in the coordinate plane can be determined by translating the x - and y - coordinates of points. horizontal and vertical translations are the easiest. all other translations can be thought of as a composition of horizontal and vertical translations. the following examples illustrate this. example 1 : give a coordinate rule for translating a figure horizontally by 3 units. solution : a horizontal translation just changes the x - coordinates of all points, so the rule is ( x, y ) a ( x + 3, y ). to illustrate, the blue rectangle with vertices ( 0, 0 ), ( 2, 0 ), ( 2, 5 ), and ( 0, 5 ) is translated to the red rectangle with coordinates ( 3, 0 ), ( 5, 0 ), ( 5, 5 ), and ( 3, 5 ) : example 2 : give a coordinate rule for a translation by a distance of 4 units at 30o. solution : consider a point with coordinates ( x, y ) and its image with coordinates ( p, q ) draw a right triangle with the point and its image as the endpoints of the hypotenuse. this is a 30 - 60 - 90 triangle, so the side opposite the 30o angle is half the hypotenuse and the other side is that times the square root of 3. therefore we have the following picture : from this picture


. this is a 30 - 60 - 90 triangle, so the side opposite the 30o angle is half the hypotenuse and the other side is that times the square root of 3. therefore we have the following picture : from this picture we see that and q = x + 2 therefore the coordinate rule is : ( x, y ) - - > when a point is reflected in a line, the line is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining the point and its image. we will only consider coordinate rules for reflections in horizontal and vertical lines, and in the lines y = x and y = – x since the rules for lines in general involve messy details beyond the scope of this course. example 3 : give a coordinate rule for reflecting in the line vertical line x = 3. solution : consider a point ( x, y ) and its image ( p, q ) : the y - coordinate of the image is the same as the y - coordinate of the preimage, so q = y. since the line x = 3 bisects the segment from the point to its image, the horizontal distances from the point to the line and its image to the line are equal, so 3 – x = p – 3 adding 3 to both sides tells us that p = 6 – x. therefore the coordinate rule is : ( x, y ) - - > ( 6 – x, y ) example 4 : give a coordinate rule for reflecting in the line y = x. solution : again let the point and its image have coordinates ( x, y ) and ( p, q ), respectively. the line y = x is a 45o line through the origin, and the relation between the point and its image looks like this : if we draw horizontal and vertical segments from the axes through the points and to the line y = x, we have the following : since the green line is at 45o, we can focus on two squares to see that q = x and p = y : thus, the coordinate rule is : ( x, y ) - - > ( y, x ) that is, when reflected in the line y = x, the coordinates of any point are transposed. coordinate rules for reflections in general, the following coordinate rules for reflections can easily be established : reflection in x - axis : ( x, y ) - - > ( x, – y ) reflection in y - axis : ( x, y ) - - > ( – x, y ) reflection in y = x : ( x


established : reflection in x - axis : ( x, y ) - - > ( x, – y ) reflection in y - axis : ( x, y ) - - > ( – x, y ) reflection in y = x : ( x, y ) - - > ( y, x ) reflection in y = – x : ( x, y ) - - > ( – y, – x ) we will only consider rotations about the origin of multiples of 90o. example 5 : give a coordinate rule for a rotation about the origin of 90o ( counterclockwise ). solution : such a rotation is equivalent to reflections in two lines that intersect at the origin and are 45o apart. we could use the x - axis as the first line and the line y = x as the second. the composite of these reflections is : ( x, y ) - - > ( x, – y ) - - > ( – y, x ) that is, a rotation about the origin of 90o has the coordinate rule : ( x, y ) - - > ( – y, x ) coordinate rules for rotations in general, we can state the following coordinate rules for ( counterclockwise ) rotations about the origin : for a rotation of 90o : ( x, y ) - - > ( – y, x ) for a rotation of 180o : ( x, y ) - - > ( – x, – y ) for a rotation of 270o : ( x, y ) - - > ( y, – x ) dilations in the coordinate plane first consider dilations with the origin as center. then the coordinate rule for a dilation with scale factor k is simply this : ( x, y ) - - > ( kx, ky ). example 6 : triangle abc has coordinates a ( – 1, – 3 ), b ( 1, 1 ) and c ( 2, – 3 ). triangle def has coordinates d ( 2, 6 ), e ( – 4, 6 ) and f ( – 2, – 2 ). show that triangle dfe is the image of triangle abc under a dilation with center at the origin, and find the scale factor. solution : the image of a is given by ( – 1, – 3 ) - - > ( – 1k, – 3k ). if d is that image, then – 1k = 2 and – 3k = 6. both give k = – 2. if we apply this dilation


1, – 3 ) - - > ( – 1k, – 3k ). if d is that image, then – 1k = 2 and – 3k = 6. both give k = – 2. if we apply this dilation to b and c, we find that f is the image of b and e is the image of c. dilations with center other than the origin a dilation with any point other than the origin as the center of dilation can be accomplished by first translating the center of dilation and figure so the origin becomes the center, and then translating back : example 7 : find a coordinate rule for the dilation with center ( 5, – 3 ) and scale factor 2. solution : if ( x, y ) is a point on a figure to be dilated, we first translate left 5 and up 3. this gives us the point ( x – 5, y + 3 ), and the origin becomes the center of the dilation. the dilation now gives us ( 2x – 10, 2y + 6 ). then we translate back - - that is, right 5 and down 3, which gives us ( 2x – 10 + 5, 2y + 6 – 3 ). so the coordinate rule is : ( x, y ) - - > ( 2x – 5, 2y + 3 ) return to lesson 5


celebrate being an american on the fourth of july, constitution day, citizenship day, and other special days, but don ' t stop there. celebrate year - round with children ' s books for younger kids to kids in middle school. these recommended children ' s books include books about the constitution and the declaration of independence, a children ' s cookbook, a poetry book, book of tall tales, stories about the white house and its occupants, an illustrated version of the poem " america the beautiful, " and children ' s books about some of our important national symbols, like the statue of liberty. keep scrolling down to see all 10 of the books i recommend. 1. lady liberty : a biography doreen rappaport ’ s lady liberty : a biography is the story of the statue of liberty, from the idea to the planning, fundraising and building to the celebration when it was completed. the book, in picture book format, features large and dramatic watercolor, ink and pencil illustrations by matt tavares. i recommend lady liberty for children eight and older, younger if they have visited the statue of liberty. because of the dramatically told story and the large amount of fascinating information in the book, i would also highly recommend lady liberty for teens and adults. compare prices. ( candlewick press, 2008. isbn : 9780763625306 ) read my review of lady liberty : a biography. 2. our white house : looking in looking out our white house : looking in looking out is a large book, with a great many entries by a variety of authors and illustrators, and including both historical fiction and nonfiction. while the book is sometimes confusing, it is filled with fascinating stories and facts, presented in a variety of ways. the book should be of interest to 9 - 14 year olds and to families looking for a book related to american history to enjoy together. compare prices. ( candlewick press, 2008. isbn : 9780763620677 ) read my review of our white house : looking in looking out. 3. america the beautiful chris gall ' s powerful artwork is the perfect complement to the words of the poem " america the beautiful " by katharine lee bates. the illustrations are reminiscent of wpa murals. even children who are used to singing " america the beautiful, " the song based on bates ' poem, may not have really thought about the meaning of the words until seeing this book. compare prices. ( little, brown and co., 2004. isbn : 0316737437 )


the beautiful, " the song based on bates ' poem, may not have really thought about the meaning of the words until seeing this book. compare prices. ( little, brown and co., 2004. isbn : 0316737437 ) read my review of america the beautiful. 4. celebrate independence day if you are looking for a nonfiction children ' s books about independence day for kids in elementary school, i recommend celebrate independence day by deborah heiligman. the book is illustrated with high quality color photographs, accompanied by brief paragraphs that stress the history of independence day in the u. s. and fourth of july traditions and festivities. compare prices. ( national geographic society, 2007. isbn : 9781426300752 ) read my review of celebrate independence day. 5. shh! we ' re writing the constitution i recommend this book for 8 - 12 year olds, particularly on constitution day. jean fritz, who is known for her children ’ s books about american history, wrote the book. award - winning artist tomie depaola provided the entertaining illustrations. while the subject is serious and the content rich with information, the author and illustrator tackle the serious subject matter with enough humor to keep the readers ’ interest. compare prices. ( putnam publishing group. 1987. isbn : 0399214038 ) 6. the united states cookbook as the subtitle states, this children ’ s cookbook contains recipes for “ fabulous food and fascinating facts from all 50 states. ” for each state, there ’ s a map, illustrations of several state symbols, information about the state, fun food facts about the state, plus a recipe related to the state. recipes include key lime pie from florida and swedish meatballs from minnesota. the cookbook also contains sections on cooking skills and safety rules. compare prices. ( john wiley & sons, 2000. isbn : 9780471358398 ) 7. the declaration of independence this nonfiction book contains the full text of the declaration of independence inscribed by sam fink and accompanied by his witty illustrations. the book also contains a four - page 1748 - 1776 events chronology, a four - page glossary, and a page of recommended online and print resources. i recommend it for children 10 - 14 and would include it on your constitution day and citizenship day booklist. compare prices. ( scholastic inc., 2000. isbn : 9780439407007 ) 8. american tall tales the nine stories in mary pope osborne ’ s 115 - page collection of american


your constitution day and citizenship day booklist. compare prices. ( scholastic inc., 2000. isbn : 9780439407007 ) 8. american tall tales the nine stories in mary pope osborne ’ s 115 - page collection of american tall tales feature, among others, paul bunyan, johnny appleseed, john henry, and sally ann thunder. a u. s. map shows the location of each tale. each story includes historical notes and contains a number of colorful wood engravings by michael mccurdy. compare prices. ( alfred a. knopf, 1991. isbn : 0679800891 ) 9. uncle sam and old glory delno c. west and jean m. west provide a brief look at 15 different american symbols, each illustrated with a handsome woodcut by christopher manson. the symbols include the american flag, smoky the bear, the liberty bell, and uncle sam. while i would not have selected all of the symbols chosen, i ’ d recommend the book. compare prices. ( atheneum books for young readers, 2000. isbn : 0689820437 ) 10. my america : a poetry atlas of the united states this book of poetry selected by lee bennett hopkins is divided into sections representing different regions of the u. s., each with a map and information about the states. the illustrations, paintings by stephen alcorn, and the poetry, such as nikki giovanni ’ s “ knoxville, tennessee, ” create a sense of place for the reader. compare prices. ( simon & schuster, 2000. isbn : 0689812477 )


this story also appeared on america public media ' s marketplace. kai ryssdal : there are now, the united nations tells us, seven billion people on the planet. sooner rather than later - - another 30, 35 years or so - - there ' s going to be more than nine billion. that ' s a whole lot of mouths to feed. so today we ' re starting a year - long series about the global food system, and how we ' re going to feed those nine billion people - - if we ' re going to be able to feed ' em at all. we start at dinner. you can think of the world ' s food system as a giant potluck dinner. woman : hello, come in! ryssdal : the first thing that strikes you is the abundance. there ' s a huge table, it ' s piled with food. and the smells - - ryssdal : wow, what is that? woman : it ' s goat stew. try some! ryssdal : fifty years ago, people were eating a lot less on average, especially meat. man : have a hamburger. it ' s delicious. ryssdal : back in the ' 60s and ' 70s, about a billion people - - one in every three human beings - - were hungry. millions of people were dying in famines in china, africa, bangladesh. people worried there was no way to keep up with an exploding population. but then came the green revolution. and over the course of just a couple of decades, global food production skyrocketed. famines are now actually pretty rare. we ' re producing more food, and we ' re better at dealing with emergencies. but even with that, things aren ' t exactly working. down at this end of the room, there ' s a family sitting on the floor with a few grains of something, looks like millet. the number of chronically hungry people in the world is still around a billion. granted that ' s one in seven of us - - not one in three - - but still, it ' s a lot. and clearly something ' s out of whack, because there are also about a billion obese people worldwide. actually, a lot of things are out of whack. back here in the kitchen, the water system ' s all messed up - - there ' s too much in some places, not enough in others. there ' s a big pile of rotting - - something - - over there, and man, it '


here in the kitchen, the water system ' s all messed up - - there ' s too much in some places, not enough in others. there ' s a big pile of rotting - - something - - over there, and man, it ' s getting hot. and crowded, too. there ' s hardly any room to move. here comes another busload of people - - and they look hungry, too. ryssdal : a question you might draw from such a scene setter is : now what the heck do we do? more than nine billion people. so over the course of the next year, in collaboration with homelands productions and pbs newshour, we ' ll be looking at what we have do now to be able feed ourselves in the future. maybe one place to start is science. can ' t we just research and develop our way out of this? it ' s worked before. here ' s jon miller. reporter jon miller : i figured mexico was a good place to go to take a look into the scientific pipeline. this is where farmers thousands of years ago transformed a grass called teosinte into what we now know as corn. it ' s also where scientists in the 1950s and ' 60s developed the semi - dwarf wheat varieties that launched the green revolution. my first stop is where a lot of that work was done, at the international maize and wheat improvement center outside mexico city. i ' m here watching technicians clean and sort experimental corn seeds to go out around the world. i ask research director marianne banziger if there ' s some big game - changer on the horizon. she says, basically, forget about it. marianne banziger : it is not just one solution. i mean, our action plans are 10 approaches. and the 10 approaches are not just breeding, they ' re about really looking at the whole livelihood of a farm family. reporter : so the idea isn ' t just to increase the total amount of food the world produces. it ' s also to make life better for the two billion or so people who depend on farming for their food and livelihood. because ironically, most of the world ' s poorest and hungriest people are in the food production business. if they can produce more, the thinking goes, everybody benefits. banziger says for most crops, a good place to start is by closing what ' s known as the " yield gap. " that ' s the difference between what farmers could be producing, using existing technology, and what they actually do produce.


banziger says for most crops, a good place to start is by closing what ' s known as the " yield gap. " that ' s the difference between what farmers could be producing, using existing technology, and what they actually do produce. banziger : in africa, under the best conditions, you can get 10 times more yield than what farmers get today. on average, i would say in africa we can increase production four or five times. reporter : in asia and latin america, she figures output could double. actually realizing those gains - - well, that ' s the challenge. people speaking spanish : buenos dias, hola, hola. porfirio bastida para servirles. reporter : i go on a little field trip to see porfirio bastida, who farms just over an acre of corn near the mexico city airport. the city ' s been creeping closer and closer, sucking up water and land. people speaking spanish : esta bien. buenos dias. pasenle! reporter : for the last three years, bastida has been practicing what ' s known as " conservation agriculture " - - he doesn ' t plow and he doesn ' t hoe and he lets the stalks and leaves of the corn plants stay in the field after harvest. american farmers have been doing this for decades to control erosion, but here it ' s a pretty radical departure from the way people normally farm. porfirio bastida : mire, en primer lugar, hemos visto que, pues, ya no tenemos suficiente agua. interpreter : yeah, so basically porfirio is saying that they decided to use conservation agriculture because they don ' t have much water available for their crops. when they keep all the organic material on the soil, that helps the field to retain humidity. reporter : bastida says he ' s using much less water now, and he ' s harvesting twice as much corn. plus it ' s less work. still, of all the farmers in this area, so far only he and his wife have adopted the method. take - home message : it takes time for new things to catch on. i spend the next day tromping around cornfields with fernando castillo, a mexican geneticist who teaches at a nearby university. fernando castillo : que es lo que mas le intereseria? farmer : primero las plagas. reporter : working with a tiny budget, he helps local farmers improve the way they


, a mexican geneticist who teaches at a nearby university. fernando castillo : que es lo que mas le intereseria? farmer : primero las plagas. reporter : working with a tiny budget, he helps local farmers improve the way they select the corn they ' ll save for planting the next season. these are traditional varieties, not hybrids or gmos, and since mexico is where corn comes from, there ' s lots of genetic diversity in any given field. castillo says with a little tutoring, mexico ' s 2. 8 million corn farmers can accomplish much more than a few plant breeders with ph. ds. castillo : farmers have worked for years, and they have learned from their parents and grandparents the local conditions and the management. so most of it is based on local knowledge and local resources. reporter : castillo says the process could raise mexican corn yields by 2 percent per year, which is just about what ' s needed to keep up with the demand. but he ' s been at this for 15 years, and he ' s still just working with a handful of farmers. around the world, thousands of scientists are hacking away at thousands of problems. some are experimenting with " agro - ecological " methods - - mixing different crops and trees and animals to diversify diets and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. others are trying to breed crops that resist insects or diseases, or that tolerate flooding or drought. some of this stuff is pretty ambitious. matthew reynolds : this field contains the first experiment of the wheat yield consortium in mexico. reporter : matthew reynolds is a wheat specialist at the maize and wheat center. he ' s heading a global push to make wheat plants much more efficient at converting sunlight into grain. there ' s a parallel effort going on in rice. reynolds : this is actually a very interesting area, the spike photosynthesis, because no one has ever systematically tried to improve this photosynthesis of the spikes. reporter : it ' s not just about the spikes - - those are the parts of the plants with the seeds on them - - it ' s about fundamentally changing the way the plant works. reynolds says the research will take 20 or 30 years to bear fruit - - if it bears fruit at all. but it could increase wheat yields by 50 percent. reynolds : so what are the odds? the answer to that question is more : what are the consequences if we fail? reporter : but no one is really counting on the project succeeding - - there are just too many scientific uncertainties. so the


. reynolds : so what are the odds? the answer to that question is more : what are the consequences if we fail? reporter : but no one is really counting on the project succeeding - - there are just too many scientific uncertainties. so the strategy for now is to keep working on as many fronts as possible. with climate change, and another two or three billion people coming, i ask marianne banziger if it ' ll be enough. banziger : we can feed the world in 2050. maize is the livelihood for 900 million poor people. wheat feeds more than 1. 2 billion poor people. so it is a little bit absurd to think that the resources are not there. they are there. reporter : still, everyone i talk to here says no matter how generous the funding, no matter how good the science, it won ' t make a difference if government policies aren ' t right. that means fair prices for farmers and help when crops fail. it means access to land and roads and warehouses and markets. it means education and nutrition programs and family planning. but you can ' t just wait for all those things and then call in the scientists. because if there ' s one resource scientists need more than anything, it ' s time. in texcoco, mexico, i ' m jon miller for marketplace. ryssdal : food for 9 billion is a collaboration between marketplace, homelands productions, pbs newshour and the center for investigative reporting.


investigation of neurofeedback with real - time fmri in healthy volunteers and patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders - many people can learn to use feedback about brain activity to modify that activity, but is it not known if people with tourette syndrome can modify their brain activity. - researchers have evidence that certain areas of the brain are involved in causing tics in people with tourette syndrome. if people with tourette syndrome can use feedback about brain activity to modify activity in those parts of the brain, they may be able to modify their brain activity to help control the tics. - to determine if people with and without tourette syndrome can learn to use thought to control brain activity. - to test whether people who have tourette syndrome can learn to control brain activities, possibly helping to control tics. - healthy volunteers ages 18 and older who are right - handed and are willing to not consume caffeine or alcohol for 24 hours before the study visit. - patients with tourette syndrome who have tics that can be observed and studied. - all participants must be able to undergo magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scans. - healthy volunteers ( two visits to the nih clinical center over a 2 - to 4 - week period ; visit may last up to 3 hours ) : - screening visit, including physical examination and medical history, and a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scan if the individual has not had one performed at the national institutes of health in the past year. - study visit : functional mri ( fmri ) scan to allow researchers to see if volunteers can learn to control their brain activity during a scan. volunteers will be asked to complete tasks as directed during the fmri scan. - patients with tourette syndrome ( three or four outpatient visits over a 4 - to 6 - week period ; each visit may last up to 4 hours ) : - screening visit, including physical examination and medical history, and an mri scan if the individual has not had one performed at the national institutes of health in the past year. - evaluation visit to ask questions about tourette symptoms and to have patients complete questionnaires about their tics and their mental health. - study visit : fmri scan to allow researchers to see if patients can learn to control their brain activity during a scan. patients will be asked to complete tasks as directed during the fmri scan. - final visit : researchers will ask questions about tic symptoms, have patients complete questionnaires, and perform a brief exam. afterward, patients will have an fmri scan similar to


be asked to complete tasks as directed during the fmri scan. - final visit : researchers will ask questions about tic symptoms, have patients complete questionnaires, and perform a brief exam. afterward, patients will have an fmri scan similar to the previous one. - all participants will be paid a small amount of money in compensation for their participation in the study. | study design : | | time perspective : prospective | | official title : | | investigation of neurofeedback with real - time fmri in healthy volunteers and patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders | | study start date : | | april 2009 | the objective of this study is to see if healthy volunteers and patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders such as tourette syndrome ( ts ) are able to learn how to alter their brain activity using feedback during functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ), and whether such feedback training can lead to improvement in symptoms in ts patients. this study is to be carried out in three phases. in phase 1 we will study the feedback technique using fmri with right - handed adult healthy volunteers, in phase 2 we intend to study if right - handed adult patients with ts are also able to learn the feedback technique, and in phase 3 we intend to study whether feedback training with fmri leads to improvement in symptoms in ts patients and whether patients were able to retain the ability to alter their brain activity. phase 1 : healthy volunteers will be shown an image that corresponds to their brain activity being measured continuously during fmri scanning and asked to attempt to alter this activity first with a simple finger - tapping task and then with their thoughts. phase 1 will require two visits ( one screening and one scanning ) ( completed ). phase 1a : a pilot study evaluating the ability of healthy volunteers to learn to modulate their own brain connectivity using feedback of connectivity patterns between two motor regions during a real - time fmri paradigm. phase 1a will require three visits ( one screening and two scanning with evaluation ). phase 2 : ts patients will be studied to see if they can learn to alter their brain activity in a similar way as the healthy volunteers. patients will have their symptoms videotaped and a brief interview after scanning. phase 2 will require three visits ( one screening, one evaluation, and one scanning ). phase 3 : the effect of altering brain activity in a specific brain area on symptoms in ts patients will be studied. patients will be asked to continue to focus their thoughts as they did during feedback scanning any time that they feel an urge prior to a tic or