the road from metro on zelena st. in a large corner building. getting in can be a little confusing. the friendly door staff will kindly point you to a door at the side of the building. here you pay your entrance fee, usually between 3 and 5 euros, and give you a ticket. take that ticket back to the doorman, and in you go. the first thing you ’ ll notice once inside is just what made this place legendary when it opened as lviv ’ s first hot spot. it features a giant vaulted ceiling with a ring of balconies surrounding the venue. really, it looks more like a church than a club. at the far end is a massive stage, and below that, a roomy dance floor, often packed with a writhing mass of some of this city ’ s older student crowd. beers here run a little bit more than your standard club, but their selection caters to a more refined pallet. the music and dress code here are also a bit more relaxed. tunes range from disco to rock, with a little techno and house thrown in. one distinguishing feature of the music is volume ; not cranked so loud you can ’ t hear yourself think, but not a library either. there is free coat check, and most patrons are dressed casually, which in lviv means like models on their day off. the stellar lighting also makes this place a popular venue for concerts. as lviv does not currently have a large music venue, many acts play picasso if they can secure a night. the club also hosts private parties and events, so call ahead to make sure you can get in that night pozitiff, 14 zelena st., + 38 ( 032 ) 294 90 5,. if you ’ ve been to metro club you may have noticed a long line of eager locals forming on a nearby staircase of an internet cafe. it may seem strange at first glance, but insiders know that this stylish crew has the right idea. they are trying to gain access to pozitiff - - lviv ’ s trendiest lounge. this place is not easy to get into, and there are no guarantees that your money, passport or even begging can ensure you gain entrance. it ’ s all the bouncers call. your best bet is to arrive with a small group of the most attractive people you can find. at this point the door man will either let you in, or not. if he does you ’ ll have negotiate an entrance fee. this cover charge usually depends on how


is to arrive with a small group of the most attractive people you can find. at this point the door man will either let you in, or not. if he does you ’ ll have negotiate an entrance fee. this cover charge usually depends on how cool and attractive your group is : the better - looking, the lower the fee. expect to pay close to 6 euros for entrance. once inside your senses are bombarded with sounds of local djs spinning lounge appropriate tunes, and the smell of cocktails. as entrance is so difficult, some patrons make the most of their trial, floating through the bar mingling, chatting and flirting. others, displaying the icy confidence that got them in in the first place simply recline in their booth and radiate cool. no matter how you choose to play this one, the drinks are reasonably priced, you ’ ll find enough friendly professionals to chat with and if you need to check your email, the internet cafe section remains operational even into the wee hours of a rocking party. zanzibar cool, funky leroy upmarket, mature crowd great pubs and bars abound in l ' viv but they can be hard to find, do your research as many are tired dens of misery. robert doms beer house while not exactly in the centre of town, robert doms pub is a must visit venue for any visitor to lviv. follow the tree lined street of kleparivska as it winds up and down hills until you reach the easy to spot entrance of this totally original beer hall and concert venue. it ’ s attached to the lvivske brewery. depending on the nights festivities you may have to pay a small cover charge, but it ’ s well worth it, as early evening acts often include international jazz bands, and late evening events often fall into the feverish dance music category. descend a flight of stairs past a charming little merchandise stand to the cavernous first room. sit down at a long beer garten style table and order a giant stein of the lvivske beer. the name, robert doms comes from the man who founded the brewery in 1715 ( also the name of their signature brew ). the food here is great, so even if you ’ ve already eaten, it ’ s suggested you order a salty snack from their german - style menu to accompany the delicious beer. the pub is often open late, so make an evening here. the underground location and stone walls give robert doms beer house great acoustics and an intimate feel. or, if you ’ re not in


- style menu to accompany the delicious beer. the pub is often open late, so make an evening here. the underground location and stone walls give robert doms beer house great acoustics and an intimate feel. or, if you ’ re not in the mood for music, head to the ajoining austrian style pub room. plush, wooden and well lit, this is a great place to watch a game of football with friends as the giant tv at the end of the room has a habit of sucking in peoples attention. kumpel mini - brewery and a beer restauraunt on mytna square kult cool underground bar blue bottle intimate, medieval pub filharmonia above kult, very cool underground feel. franz josef the twighlight zone. 24 hour outdoor freak show. see the local intelligentsia acting rather unintelligent. dublin irish pub irish pub with good food, english menu. staff no english though! while not the easiest place to find in lviv this heavily promoted irish style pub is both a favourite with locals as well as ex - pat patrons of the nearby kosmonaut hostel. you can find dublin pub in the busy courtyard just off doroshenka st. the name is written in cyrillic as well as latin, so have no fears there. dublin does a good job of not packing the tables in too tightly, you after you ’ ve grabbed a seat, don ’ t be shy to get up and wander around a little bit with a pint of any of their host of international beers in hand. if you happen to be hungry, you ’ ll be glad to know that the menu is in english ( though the staff don ’ t speak english ), and features many of the pub favourites you would expect at home. however, you ’ ll find that many of these dishes have been modified slightly as local ingredients are substituted for traditional ones. most dishes are reasonably priced and quite tasty. if you are feeling homesick, this is a good cure. if football is your thing, dublin pub spares no expense. if there is a game on, anywhere in the world, chances are dublin pub will be showing it live. however, if your side happens to be playing at the same time as any of ukraine ’ s club, or national teams you might want swallow your pride and join in, as you ’ re not likely to find anyone here who will permit you to change the channel. korzo irish pub though it may sometimes seem like it, not every bar or restaurant in


national teams you might want swallow your pride and join in, as you ’ re not likely to find anyone here who will permit you to change the channel. korzo irish pub though it may sometimes seem like it, not every bar or restaurant in lviv has some kind of theme or hook, and korzo pub is one of these places. located in the narrow brativ rohatinskiv street just off the main rynok, korzo is as close to your local pub as you ’ ll find in lviv. nothing too fancy here, just an oak bar, brass taps and well worn tables that have eavesdropped on hundreds of conversations, arguments and romantic encounters. the menu is actually one of the more familiar ones in the city, so if you are looking for a little taste of home this is probably your best bet. korzo also has a great selection of international spirits, so if you ’ re the kind of person who needs a shot of tequila to get the night going, this is your place. as the beer flows, you might want to try the fish soup, hearty and robust, locals say it is the perfect ballast to prevent a hangover the next morning. if quenching your thirst on a sunny afternoon of exploring is your goal, korzo has just installed on of lviv ’ s largest patios. with plenty of tables and shelter from the glorious sunshine, or menacing thunderstorm ( it ’ s really either, or, in this city ) the patio makes for pure people watching pleasure. l ' viv has a variety of hotels, hostels and apartments to suit all budgets and needs. the best deals for budget travellers ( 2 - 3 people ) are found with the lovely apartments for rent all over town - these can be found online ( preferably in russian ) or on arrival at the train station. expect to pay around 150 - 200 usd / mo. for a nice studio apartment with a kitchen, tv and a nice warm - water bathroom. the hostel scene is quite new in l ' viv so be sure to check reviews of hostels using well known booking agents and forums like hostelworld, hostelbooking and tripadvisor. coffee home hostel, 10 teatralna ( театральна ) street ( this is the information how to get to the hostel in lviv : adress coffee home hostel lviv lviv 10 teatralna str. from airport : 1 ) take a taxi to 10 teatralna str. ( ~ 40


. from €8. ( 49. 841424, 24. 029616 ) old ukrainian home hostel, 12 lepkogo ( лепкого ) street ( from airport : 1 ) take a taxi to 12, lepkoho str. ( ~ 50 uah ) 2 ) take a trolleybus # 9 to the end stop ( lviv national university ). then go right 300m. till 12, lepkoho str. from the bus station : 1 ) take a taxi to 12, lepkoho str. ( ~ 40 uah ) 2 ) take a minibus ( ‘ marshootka ’ ) # 3a to the end stop ( behind opera house ). then cross the road and go straight to horodotska str ( 500m ) till clothing store “ geox ”. opposite store you will find lepkoho str., find number 12 our hostel in lviv is there. from the railway station : 1 ) take a taxi to 12, lepkoho str., first floor. ( ~ 40 uah ) 2 ) take a minibus ( ‘ marshootka ’ ) # 31 till horodotska str, till clothing store “ geox ”. opposite store you will find lepkoho str., find number 12. 3 ) by foot : go 250m straight, make left on big street cross, go down the horodotska str ( 1400 m ) till clothing store “ geox ”. opposite store you will find lepkoho str., find number 12. ), + 38 067 911 1431 ( email @ example. com ),. checkin : 12am ; checkout : 11am. located in the centre of the city near the lviv national university. chamber hostel — 20 beds, english, spanish, russian speaking staff, free wi - fi, touristic information, free maps, breakfast, coffee & tea, linens & towels included, laundry. old ukrainian interior style. one bathroom with two showers. from €8. ( 49. 841829, 24. 020067 ) soviet home hostel, drukarska 3, top floor, door code 250 ( from airport : 1 ) take a taxi to 3, drukarska str. ( ~ 50 uah ) 2 ) take a trolleybus # 9 to the end stop ( lviv national university ). then go left to sichovyh st


airport : 1 ) take a taxi to 3, drukarska str. ( ~ 50 uah ) 2 ) take a trolleybus # 9 to the end stop ( lviv national university ). then go left to sichovyh striltsiv str. and go 300m. turn right to gnatuka str. and go 190m tillsvoboda avenue ( main avenue, shevchenko monument ). from svoboda avenue go ( 300m ) through the main square ( rynok square ) to pharmacy museum and on the left you will find 3, drukarska str. from the bus station : 1 ) take a taxi to 3, drukarska str. ( ~ 60 uah ) 2 ) take a minibus ( marshootka ) # 3a to pidvalna str. then cross the road and go straight to the main square ( rynok square ) in front of city hall ( building with a tower ), on the right side behind city hall you will find 3, drukarska str. from the railway station : 1 ) take a taxi to 3, drukarska str. ( ~ 40 uah ) 2 ) take a tram # 1 to the stop named main square ( rynok square ) in front of city hall ( building with a tower ), on the right side behind city hall you will find 3, drukarska str. 3 ) by foot : go 250m straight, make left on big street cross, go down the horodotska str till opera house, make right and go down svoboda avenue ( main avenue, shevchenko monument ). from svoboda avenue, go to 3, drukarska str. 2700m ( ~ 45 mins ) ), + 38 067 911 1431 ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. checkin : 12am ; checkout : 11am. - 2 $ discount for peace corps volunteers! soviet home is the place where comfort meets ussr! comfortable beds, hot shower, breakfast and soviet interior! from €8. ( 49. 842879, 24. 031992 ) hotel lviv. just off the main strip, two blocks north of the opera. inexpensive, no - frills, unfriendly, mainly 1 - 2 person rooms, many with nice views of lviv center - pick the ones facing the street ( obviously )


just off the main strip, two blocks north of the opera. inexpensive, no - frills, unfriendly, mainly 1 - 2 person rooms, many with nice views of lviv center - pick the ones facing the street ( obviously ). there is also a restaurant / bar and a currency exchange kiosk inside the lobby. retro hostel shevchenko, shevchenka prosp. 16, + 380 32 240 37 61. one of the biggest and most centrally located hostels in lviv. every room has a bathroom. privates and dorms on few floors, with nice outdoor common area ( table tennis, billiards, barbecue available free of charge ). there ' s a bar as well. from € 5. 50. central square hostel, 5 rynok square, + 380 95 225 66 54 ( email @ example. com ),. checkin : 12. 00 ; checkout : 11. 30. cozy hostel located in the heart of the city - 18 beds, english, polish, russian speaking staff, free wi - fi, tourist information, free maps, coffee & tea, linens & towels included, washing machine. also will show you the city. bed in dorm 95 uah, double room 350 uah. roxelana hostel ( lviv backpackers roxelana ), generala chuprenke 50 / 4, + 38 0974449789 ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. checkout : 12 : 00. accommodation within a majestic historical castle. this castle was once inhabited by a famous count. we are very near to the train station. offers discounts to nightclubs in town. offers deals on city tours, pub crawls, gun shooting experiences and famous russian saunas. helpful and friendly english staff. from €7. rynok square apartment, 16 rynok square ( across from main entrance to lviv town hall ), ( email @ example. com ),. checkin : flexible ; checkout : flexible. modern, clean and most central, seconds from lviv ' s cafes and most attractions. includes king size double bed and additional single bed optional. free tea, coffee, kitchen self catering, washing machine and powder, microwave, tv, bedding, towels. minimum stay 2 nights. discounts for stays over 3 nights. friendly owner speaks english, polish, ukrainian, can arrange transfers within ukraine and poland. €20 per person. the georgehouse hostel, 1 us


, tv, bedding, towels. minimum stay 2 nights. discounts for stays over 3 nights. friendly owner speaks english, polish, ukrainian, can arrange transfers within ukraine and poland. €20 per person. the georgehouse hostel, 1 ustyjanovycha 8 ( устияновича 8 ), + 380504306454 ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. checkout : 11am. georgehouse hostel offers 4 - bed and 8 - bed mixed dormitories, free wi - fi, maps, breakfast, linens & towels included, modern colourful design. free bed on your birthday ( with minimum stay two nights ). from 95 uah. the kosmonaut hostel, 4 tomashivskoho st., apt. 5 ( second floor ) - вул. томашівського, 4, кв. 5, + 38 0936554219 ( email @ example. com ),. 20 beds, 24 hour reception, english speaking staff. free wi - fi, tea, coffee, washing machine, rated the best hostel in ukraine by hostelworld. com 2008. for good reason too. with a central location, hot powerful showers and a friendly common room perfect for meeting other travellers, this hostel has it all. some additional attractions like bania, ak - 47 shooting trips etc. staff are very helpful. the kosmonaut relocated and the new address is 4 tomashivskoho st., apt. 5 ( second floor ). from €7. ( 49. 836419, 24. 028776 ) dekolotel, derevach village, 25 lvivska st., ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. checkin : 7 : 00 ; checkout : 11 : 00. family - friendly amenities, easily accommodates a family of up to 6 people, larger groups can also be housed upon agreement, 24 hour online reception, english speaking staff, breakfast at €5, tea, coffee, washing machine, fully - equiped kitchen area, game room, sauna, tv set, bathroom, located in a serene vicinity 10 minutes driving distance from the arena lviv stadium and 20 minutes in lviv. free parking available. transfers can be arranged. from €15 per person if more than 6 persons, or €60 for the place. up to 40 people can he accommodated.. cats ' house hostel,


arena lviv stadium and 20 minutes in lviv. free parking available. transfers can be arranged. from €15 per person if more than 6 persons, or €60 for the place. up to 40 people can he accommodated.. cats ' house hostel, 20 saksaganskoho st., apt. 4 ( second floor ) - вул. саксаганського, 20, кв. 4, + 38 0934837665 ( email @ example. com ),. 20 beds, 24 hour reception, english, ukrainian, russian speaking staff, free wi - fi, tea, coffee, breakfast, bed linen, towels, slippers included, washing machine, library, tourist assistance – information, maps, luggage storage. hostel is located in the old austrian house in the middle of the city near tram and bus stop. from €6. hotel dnister ( дністер ), mateyka st. 6, + 380 32 297 43 1,. $ 80 - $ 260. hotel george ( жорж ), pl. mickiewicz 1, + 380 322 725 952,. only some rooms have private bathrooms ( from $ 73 ). $ 38 - $ 121. hotel nton ( готельнтон ), shevchenka 154b ( вул. шевченка 154б ) ( 3 km from the downtown ), + 380 32 233 31 23,. hotel " nton " has been in operation since january 2001. offers more than 70 modern comfortable rooms equipped with phones, tv - sat, showers and bathrooms, air conditioning, hairdryers, refrigerators with mini - bars. hot & cold water is around a clock, heating is autonomous. services include restaurant, guarded parking place, 4 conference halls, business center and free wireless internet. the hotel transfer service brings you to the hotel and any destination point in the downtown or behind the city at any time. moreover the hotel also has fitness complex ' pharaoh ' ( offering pharaonic massage, fitness gym, solarium, sauna, turkish bath, jacuzzi, ir - sweating ). €28 - €55 ( breakfast included ). hotel volter ( готельволтер ), lypynskoho 60a ( 3 km from the downtown ), + 380 32 294 88 88,. offers


€55 ( breakfast included ). hotel volter ( готельволтер ), lypynskoho 60a ( 3 km from the downtown ), + 380 32 294 88 88,. offers 56 comfortable rooms of different categories, namely, standard, superior, semi - suite, deluxe suite, equipped according to modern norms and standards. includes round - the - clock hot and cold water supply, installed independent heating system, satellite television, telephone, hair - drier and mini - safe in each room. the restaurant ' s staff is available round - the - clock. €33 - €70 ( breakfast included ). reikartz dworzec lviv, gorodotskaya street, 107, 00 38 ( 032 ) 235 0 888,. it offers rooms with modern ambience, all of which have a private toilet and shower with bathtub, cable tv, internet access, and mini - bar. some of its amenities are fitness room / gym, a swimming pool, and a sauna. while staying here you can visit some tourist spots like church of st. olha and elizabeth, pharmacy museum, and the high castle park. best rates on official website start at eur 55. citadel inn ( citadel inn ), hrabovskoho street 11, + 380 32 235 76 30 ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. $ 150 - $ 430 ( breakfast included ). guest house andriivskyi,. levyts ' koho street 112., + 380 32 235 76 30 ( email @ example. com ),. $ 150 - $ 300 ( breakfast included ). the dialing code for lviv is + 380 32 ( 2 ). the telephone system was recently modified ; thus, to dial 6 - digit numbers, use the city prefix 322, but for 7 - digit numbers, use only 32. all calls to and from cell phones are treated as long distance calls. the telephone system was recently modified one more time, thus, you must not dial an 8 followed by the city / mobile prefix, followed by the phone number. some frequent mobile prefixes are 050, 067, 066, 096, and 097. the main mobile operators are kyivstar, beeline, and umc. you can buy a sim card or a balance replenishment card at many stores throughout lviv. internet cafes are plentiful. centrally located is chorna medeia on kryva l


operators are kyivstar, beeline, and umc. you can buy a sim card or a balance replenishment card at many stores throughout lviv. internet cafes are plentiful. centrally located is chorna medeia on kryva lypa. ukrainian cities are not dangerous, though a bit more precaution is required. common tricks include impersonating a police officer. in doubt ask an officer or tell him you ' re not following him. the first thing they try is to get you out of the tourists places in to areas where they can ' acquire ' a fine. openly robbing you or pick - pocketing happens less as the risks are bigger. it is essential to learn some ukrainian before visiting, or at the very least, learn the cyrillic alphabet. everyone can also read, speak and write in russian and aren ' t so prickly about it, although they ' d apreciate that you learn a few basic phrases in ukrainian as well. learn the cyrillic alphabet ( both the russian and ukrainian versions ) way in advance until you can write words with perfection, as many do not know the latin alphabet. german and, especially, polish ( as lvov used to part of poland ) is spoken well among people with mature memories of the interwar era. people selling you tickets at the train station will most likely not speak anything other than ukrainian or russian and may have no patience nor sympathy for you. ( neither will the people waiting behind you in line ). if you speak polish then surviving in lviv shouldn ' t be a problem, as many people understand it since it ' s quite close to ukrainian. some sales people will not know the latin alphabet, so make sure to carry a small note with your name written in cyrillic! queues in ukraine tend to be a chaotic mess, especially at stations. assert your place with an elbow and mean stare, because everyone else will, including the fifteen babushki pushing you to the side. make sure you get in the line for foreigners when you want to buy train tickets. no, the cashier will not speak english, but if you know the details of the train you want, just write them down! but if you go to a different line they ' ll just tell you to go to the foreigner ' s line, and then you will have wasted a lot of time waiting for nothing. there are many possible day trips from lviv. some options include nearby monasteries krekhiv and univ ; the beautiful carpathian mountains and their accompanying ski resorts are also not


line, and then you will have wasted a lot of time waiting for nothing. there are many possible day trips from lviv. some options include nearby monasteries krekhiv and univ ; the beautiful carpathian mountains and their accompanying ski resorts are also not far. for people who want to head south to transylvania, this is best done jumping buses to chernivtsi ( a bumpy 6, 5 hrs ride, or you can take one of overnight trains ). near chernivtsi, you can visit the lovely kamyanets - podilsky with its ancient castle. to suceava, the bus takes around 4 hours with border formalities. from suceava to bacau and finally to brasov, each bus will take about 4 hours on very bumpy roads. a quick and direct way to get to romania is to take the 601l train from lviv to solotvino ( transcarpathia oblast ) ; it departs lviv at 20 : 23 and arrives in solotvino at 9 : 47. cost of ticket costs less than 10 euros depending on whether one chooses 1st class " kupet " or 2nd class " platzkart ". solotvino is a very small town, and the border station ( which will be on the other side of the tisa river, or the right hand side of the train ) is not too hard to locate : when exiting the train, take a left until you approach the first road. at the road, take a right, and walk about 100m before coming to a three - way intersection ( there will be a monument in the middle. take a left onto the road that heads down into the river valley, and you ' ll come straight to the border station. you ' ll be treated very professionally, and possibly with preference over the romanian majority who cross the border to take advantage of the lower ukrainian prices. once you cross the border, you ' ll be in sighetu marmatiei, a charming and secluded town, and from here one can take advantage of the direct train to brasov / bucharest that leaves that afternoon around 4 - 5ish. update : starting december 2011 the train from sighetu marmatiei to brasov / bucharest is found under two different train numbers, but it is still a direct train - you don ' t have to change trains. the train leaves sighetu marmatiei at 17 : 11 ( local time ) and arrives to bucharest at 09 : 56. you can gett off


mount st. helens mount st. helens national volcanic monument is a united states national monument in southwest washington state that was the site of a massive volcanic eruption on may 18, 1980. it can be visited as a longish day trip from seattle or portland, or more conveniently as a side - trip while traveling between the two cities. on march 20, 1980, mount st. helens awakened from over 100 years of dormancy with a magnitude 4. 1 earthquake which began a series of events leading to eruption. steam and ash eruption started on march 27, and over the next two months the north side of the mountain started bulging at the rate of about 5 to 6 feet a day. then on may 18, 1980, at 8 : 32 a. m., a magnitude 5. 1 earthquake caused the bulging north face to collapse in one of the largest landslides in recorded history. the highly pressurized magma burst forth in an explosive eruption, sending super - heated volcanic gas and ash across a large portion of the united states, destroying hundreds of square miles of forest, and killing 57 people in what was the most destructive volcanic eruption in the united states. today, over a quarter century later, life is starting to return to the barren landscape surrounding the mountain. however, as the recent steam eruptions starting in october 2004 have illustrated, the danger of another catastrophic eruption is ever present. visiting mount st. helens national volcanic monument is to simultaneously witness the result of catastrophic destruction and see the result of rebirth. mount st. helens is a typical " stratovolcano, " the volcanic form most familiar from photographs of their typically conical profiles. the great 1980 eruption destroyed most of the volcanic cone, leaving a huge amphitheater on the north side that is well seen from the johnston ridge observatory / visitor center. current ( 2004 - 5 ) volcanic activity is building a new lava dome within this amphitheater, visible from the " volcanocam " at the observatory but not yet large enough to replace the destroyed cone. st. helens is still glaciated to some extent, despite its reduced altitude. one unexpected and remarkable bit of landscape on the mountain is the astonishing loowit falls, a waterfall that emerges directly from the amphitheater bearing meltwater from a glacier within the crater. this falls can be seen ( use binoculars ) from the observatory, but to get the best feeling for the incongruity of the falls - - it seems to emerge as though from the surface of the moon - - requires a hike on a trail that is closed


be seen ( use binoculars ) from the observatory, but to get the best feeling for the incongruity of the falls - - it seems to emerge as though from the surface of the moon - - requires a hike on a trail that is closed as of 2005 owing to the volcanic activity. flora and fauna most viewpoints on the monument ' s north, east, and south sides can be reached from memorial day until snow closes the roads, usually in late october. trails are generally open from june through october, although some lower elevation trails can be hiked all year. the mount st. helens visitor center ( highway 504 milepost 5 ) now operated by washington state parks is open during the winter, except winter holidays. the most popular tourist route into the mount st. helens area is via washington state route 504. it can be reached at castle rock ( exit # 49 ) off interstate 5 in washington, about one hour and 15 minutes north of portland and two hours south of seattle. from the east, there are three main routes. if using gps or computer routing, be sure it doesn ' t send you on unpaved, one - lane forest service roads unless that ' s what you want. from spokane, all three take roughly the same amount of time. monument passes are sold for single - day admission to the visitor centers along washington 504. golden passports are honored at mount st. helens. golden passports are available only to u. s. citizens or permanent residents online at www. natlforests. org, or at any u. s. forest service or national park service office. along washington 504 are three visitor centers. all except the first are closed from november to april. all three include video presentations, exhibits, and information desks : monument passes can be purchased at any of the three visitor centers. once of the most popular souvenir gift stores in the area is located at the mount st. helens forest learning center at milepost 33. 5. they carry ash products, souvenirs, jewelry and artglass made from the ash along with a selection of apparel, toys, lodge decor and other gifts relating to mount st. helens and the local region. dining options are very limited in the mount st. helens area once you leave i - 5 at exit 49. options on the upper highway 504 include the 19 mile cafe at milepost 19, the backwoods cafe at milepost 25, and the snackbar at the forest learning center at milepost 33. 5. you can get drinks


viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. eugene w. hilgard publications of professor eugene w. hilgard in the bulletin of the california agriculture experiment station eugene hilgard must have been an amazing scientist and person, but sadly most descriptions of him classify him only as " soil scientist ". he published a significant book, soils, towards the end of his career, but he was a member of the national academy of science and the first professor of agriculture in ( and later director of ) the university ' s experiment station when it was at berkeley. although hilgard hall on the berkeley campus houses the soils department today, nothing honors his contributions to the foundations of the grape and wine industry of california. below ( marked with an * ), are the title...


shots - health blog thu april 5, 2012 new type of resistant malaria appears on thai - burmese border malaria experts have been holding their breath and hoping it wouldn ' t happen. but it has. malaria parasites resistant to the last, best drug treatment, called artemisinin combination therapy, or act, are infecting people along the border of thailand and myanmar. this is 500 miles away from the first focus of act - resistant malaria in cambodia. and it ' s a different form of resistant malaria, which means it arose independently of the cambodian type rather than spreading from there. we ' re talking here about plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest and most common form of malaria. the discovery ruins the world health organization ' s hope that resistance to act might be stamped out for good in cambodia. now it ' s a two - front war. an international team of researchers is publishing the news in the lancet. meanwhile, many of the same scientists report in science that they ' ve zeroed in on changes in the parasite ' s genes that drive this new form of resistance. that gives hope that its spread may be monitored and that new drugs might someday be devised to foil resistance. but the bad news outweighs the good. the new resistance raises concern that the tantalizing prospect of eliminating malaria might slip away again, as it did when the parasite developed resistance to the drug chloroquine in the 1960s through the 1990s. more than 600, 000 people die of malaria each year, but the toll has been falling. artemisinin - based therapies are a big reason why the hope of eliminating malaria has been rising. other reasons are wide distribution of insecticide - treated bed nets to prevent mosquitoes from transmitting the parasite at night, and last fall ' s announcement that the first large field trial of a malaria vaccine reduced infections by 55 percent. " anti - malarial control efforts are vitally dependent on artemisinin combination treatments, " write anne - catrin uhlemann and david fidock of columbia university in a lancet editorial. " should these regimens fail, no other drugs are ready for deployment, and drug development efforts are not expected to yield new anti - malarials until the end of this decade. " thus, the new focus of resistant malaria is likely to stimulate urgent strategy sessions about whether it can be contained, as authorities still hope the cambodian outbreak might be. working against that is the fact that the new resistance involves myanmar, which has a lot of malaria and a


key : " s : " = show synset ( semantic ) relations, " w : " = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) " an example sentence " - s : ( n ) burning, combustion ( the act of burning something ) " the burning of leaves was prohibited by a town ordinance " - s : ( n ) burn, burning ( pain that feels hot as if it were on fire ) - s : ( n ) combustion, burning ( a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light ) - s : ( n ) electrocution, burning ( execution by electricity ) - s : ( n ) burning, burning at the stake ( execution by fire ) - s : ( n ) burning ( a form of torture in which cigarettes or cigars or other hot implements are used to burn the victim ' s skin ) - s : ( v ) burn, fire, burn down ( destroy by fire ) " they burned the house and his diaries " - s : ( v ) burn, glow ( shine intensely, as if with heat ) " the coals were glowing in the dark " ; " the candles were burning " - s : ( v ) burn, combust ( undergo combustion ) " maple wood burns well " - s : ( v ) bite, sting, burn ( cause a sharp or stinging pain or discomfort ) " the sun burned his face " - s : ( v ) burn, combust ( cause to burn or combust ) " the sun burned off the fog " ; " we combust coal and other fossil fuels " - s : ( v ) burn ( feel strong emotion, especially anger or passion ) " she was burning with anger " ; " he was burning to try out his new skies " - s : ( v ) burn, incinerate ( cause to undergo combustion ) " burn garbage " ; " the car burns only diesel oil " - s : ( v ) burn ( execute by tying to a stake and setting alight ) " witches were burned in salem " - s : ( v ) burn ( spend ( significant amounts of money ) ) " he has money to burn " - s : ( v ) burn ( feel hot or painful ) " my eyes are burning " - s : ( v ) cauterize, cauterise, burn ( burn, sear, or freeze ( tissue ) using a hot iron or electric current or a caustic agent ) " the surgeon cauterized the wart " - s :


unfortunately, gross food has become the norm in most supermarkets, with packaged food ingredient lists reading more like chemistry homework than something you ' d want your family to eat. but in many cases, marketers have figured out a way to keep toxic additives and disease - promoting food packaging off of the label, making your job as a consumer harder than ever. flame retardant – laced soda what it is : the toxic flame retardant chemical brominated vegetable oil, or bvo, was initially used to keep plastics from catching on fire. where it is : for decades, the food industry has been adding it to certain sodas, juices, and sports drinks, including mountain dew, fanta orange, sunkist pineapple, and some gatorade and powerade flavors. bvo ' s purpose? to keep the artificial flavoring chemicals from separating from the rest of the liquids. why it ' s bad : scientists have linked too much bvo to bromide poisoning symptoms like skin lesions, memory loss, and nerve disorders. what it is : titanium dioxide is a component of the metallic element titanium, a mined substance that is sometimes contaminated with toxic lead. where it is : commonly used in paints and sunscreens, big food corporations add it to lots of things we eat, too, including processed salad dressing, coffee creamers, and icing. why it ' s bad : the food industry adds it to hundreds of products to make dingy, overly processed items appear whiter. " white has long been the symbolic color of ' clean, ' " explains food industry insider bruce bradley, who shares the tricks, traps, and ploys of big food manufacturers on his blog, brucebradley. com. " funny, when you use real food, you don ' t need any of these crazy additives — i think i prefer the real deal. " what it is : maggots are fly larvae, tiny rice - shaped creatures that feast on rotting foods. where it is : the food and drug administration legally allows 19 maggots and 74 mites in a 3. 5 - ounce can of mushrooms. why it ' s bad : while maggots do have their place in the medical world — they can help heal ulcers and other wounds — most people think it ' s pretty gross to eat them! if you need another reason to ditch canned goods, consider this : most are lined with bisphenol a, or bpa, a plastic chemical that causes unnatural hormonal changes linked to heart attacks


it ' s pretty gross to eat them! if you need another reason to ditch canned goods, consider this : most are lined with bisphenol a, or bpa, a plastic chemical that causes unnatural hormonal changes linked to heart attacks, obesity, and certain cancers. cloned cow ' s stomach what it is : traditionally, cheese makers used rennet derived from the mucosa of a veal calf ' s fourth stomach to create the beloved, versatile dairy product. but bradley notes that cost and the limited availability of calf stomachs have led to the development of several alternatives, including vegetable rennet, microbial rennet, and — the food industry ' s rennet of choice — a genetically modified version derived from a cloned calf gene. where it is : it ' s used to make the vast majority of cheese sold in the united states. why it ' s bad : the long - term health effects of eating genetically engineered foods has never been studied in humans. and since gmo ingredients aren ' t listed on the label, it can be tough for consumers to avoid rennet from this source. " with all these rennet varieties often listed simply as " enzymes " on an ingredient panel, it can be very hard to know exactly what kind you ’ re eating when you buy cheese, " says bradley, author of the soon - to - be - released book, fat profits. what it is : grocery store meats are commonly infused with veterinary medicines, heavy metals, and staph bacteria, including the hard - to - kill, potentially lethal mrsa strain. where it is : unfortunately, the problem is far from rare. a study published last year in the journal clinical infectious diseases found that half of grocery store meat tested harbored staph bacteria. researchers id the overuse of antibiotics in industrial agriculture as a major cause in the rise of superbugs in our grocery store food. why it ' s bad : mrsa kills about 19, 000 people a year in america — that ' s more annual deaths than from aids in the u. s. purchasing grass - fed meat and eggs from organic farmers is a more sustainable choice. what it is : glyphosate, the active chemical ingredient in the popular weed killer, roundup, is a hormone - disrupting chemical now used primarily on corn and soy crops genetically engineered to withstand a heavy dousing of the chemical. nonorganic farmers dumped 57 million pounds of glyphosate on food crops in 2009, according to u.


hormone - disrupting chemical now used primarily on corn and soy crops genetically engineered to withstand a heavy dousing of the chemical. nonorganic farmers dumped 57 million pounds of glyphosate on food crops in 2009, according to u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) figures. where it is : roundup is so heavily used around homes and in farm fields that it ' s now being detected in streams, the air, and evenrain. because it ' s a systemic herbicide, it ' s actually taken up inside the plant … meaning we eat it. yep, it ' s legally allowed in our food, and in an amount that worries scientists. it ' s found in most nonorganic packaged foods because most contain corn - or soy - derived ingredients, the crops that are most often heavily doused with roundup. why it ' s bad : glyphosate exposure is linked to obesity, learning disabilities, birth defects, infertility, and potentially irreversible metabolic damage. to avoid pesticides in products, eat organic and avoided processed foods as much as possible. and use caution — " all natural " foods often are chockfull of pesticides and genetically engineered ingredients. what it is : it ' s a bitter, smelly, orange - brown substance known as castoreum, explains bradley. " in nature, it ' s combined with the beaver ' s urine and used to mark its territory. " where it is : it ' s used extensively in processed food and beverages, typically as vanilla or raspberry flavoring. why it ' s bad : this gross ingredient won ' t show up on the label. instead, companies using it in making processed food list it as " natural flavoring. " this poses a dilemma for vegans and vegetarians — and anyone who wants to avoid eating any creature ' s anal excretions. sex hormones in milk what it is : today ' s cows produce double the amount of milk they did just 40 years ago, thanks largely to a genetically engineered, synthetic hormone called recombinant bovine somatotropin, or rbst. where it is : it could be in milk that ' s not organic or not labeled as rbst free. why it ' s bad : scientists link rbst to prostate, breast, and colon cancers. it ' s banned in other countries, and although still legal here, many dairies are moving away from it due to consumer demand. choose organic milk to ensure that the


s bad : scientists link rbst to prostate, breast, and colon cancers. it ' s banned in other countries, and although still legal here, many dairies are moving away from it due to consumer demand. choose organic milk to ensure that the cows producing your milk are fed a diet free of antibiotics, hormones, and pesticides. what it is : phthalates are plasticizing chemicals used in everything from pesticides and fragranced soaps and shampoos to nail polish and vinyl shower curtains. where it is : a 2010 study published in the journal environmental health perspectivesfound phthalates are winding up in our food, too. the source could be direct exposure to pesticides containing the hormone - disrupting chemical. or to another potential source, human sewage sludge applied as a fertilizer to farm fields. the sludge can be tainted with shampoo chemicals that wash down the drain — it all winds up at the water - treatment plant, the source of the sludge. ( note : use of human sewage sludge is banned in organic farming. ) why it ' s bad : phthalate exposure, even in small amounts, has been linked to behavioral problems in children, allergies and asthma, eczema, and unhealthy changes in our hormonal systems. human hair and feathers what it is : l - cysteine is a non - essential amino acid made from dissolved human hair ( often from china ) or duck feathers. where it is : it ' s used as a commercial dough conditioner to improve the texture of breads and baked goods. why it ' s bad : eating something derived from the human body violates muslim beliefs. hair and duck feathers pose an ethical dilemma for vegans, too. bake your own homemade bread ( without hair and feathers ) using bread recipes from the rodale recipe finder. what it is : carmine, a bright red food colorant, is actually the crushed abdomen of the femaledactylopius coccus, an african beetle - like insect. where it is : look for it in red candies and red - tinted yogurts and juices ( particularly ruby red juices ) — it ' s often listed as carmine, crimson lake, cochineal, or natural red # 4 on ingredient labels, according to bradley. why it ' s bad : not only is the thought of eating bug juice gross, but it also poses an ethical issue for some vegetarians and vegans. what it is : factory - farm conditions are


4 on ingredient labels, according to bradley. why it ' s bad : not only is the thought of eating bug juice gross, but it also poses an ethical issue for some vegetarians and vegans. what it is : factory - farm conditions are rife with bacteria. on top of that, processing plants mix meat from hundreds or thousands of different cows, potentially creating a public health hazard in the mix. to try to make the meat " safer, " industry typically puts the beef through an ammonia gas bath. where it is : the usda deems the gross process safe enough, and allows the meat to be sold without any indication that it received the gas treatment. ( the process is banned in meats earning organic certification. ) why it ' s bad : you might order your burger with pickles or lettuce, but you likely don ' t want a side of ammonia, a poisonous gas. the kicker? evidence suggests that blasting beef with it might not even be fully effective at killing germs. look for organic, pasture - raised meats for a safer option. often, you can buy these meats directly from local, sustainable farmers. what it is : many artificial food dyes found in hundreds of everyday foods are made from petroleum - derived materials. where it is : dyes are used in cereals and candy to make them more " fun " for kids, in pickles to make them appear fresher, and in place of actual real ingredients in a variety of foods. example? betty crocker carrot cake mix is actually a carrot - free product, with " carrot flavored pieces " cooked up from corn syrup and artificial colors yellow 6 and red 40. why it ' s bad : orange and purple food dyes have been shown to impair brain function, while other dyes have been linked to adhd and behavioral problems in kids and brain cell toxicity. you ' re getting ripped off, too. it ' s cheaper for food companies to use fake dyes than real ingredients. ( tropicana twister cherry berry blast contains 0 percent berry and cherry juice, despite its name. ) what it is : depending on where your shrimp comes from, it could be tainted with chemicals used to clean filthy shrimp farm pens. just as gross, farmed shrimp from overseas is often full of antibiotics, mouse and rat hair, and pieces of insects. where it is : contaminated shrimp tends to come from critters imported from overseas shrimp farms. if you ' re looking for safer options, choose domestic shrimp


shrimp from overseas is often full of antibiotics, mouse and rat hair, and pieces of insects. where it is : contaminated shrimp tends to come from critters imported from overseas shrimp farms. if you ' re looking for safer options, choose domestic shrimp. why it ' s bad : only about 2 percent of all imported seafood is inspected, meaning this nasty stuff is making its way onto your plate. fda has published a guide called the defect level handbook that states exactly how much contamination is acceptable. and, okay, at these levels, every single one of these things is harmless. but they ' re pretty disgusting, nonetheless. - canned pineapple can pack in up to 20 % moldy fruit. - frozen broccoli must have an average of no more than 60 aphids or thrips or mites per 100 grams. - oregano can legally contain up to 1, 250 insect fragments per 10 grams. - peanut butter can contain one rodent hair per 100 grams. - cinnamon can carry up to 1 milligram of animal excrement per pound. - berries can harbor up to 4 larvae per 100 grams. - up to 10 percent of canned asparagus can harbor asparagus beetles or egg sacs. - as much as five percent of your maraschino cherries can legally contain maggots. - tomato paste is considered bad only if more than 45 percent contains mold. - chocolate is tainted when it averages 60 or more insect fragments per 100 grams. is ignorance bliss, or is it better to know what you are eating?


january, 1918 : neufchateau training area in january, 1918 the 26th “ yankee ” division concluded its preliminary training for the western front in the area of neufchateau in the vosges region of northeastern france. on january 23, word was suddenly received that the 26th division had been assigned to reinforce the depleted xi corps of the french 6th army on the chemin des dames front, north of soissons and the aisne river. hasty preparations were then made to complete the insurance forms, write home to loved ones and make ready for the move to the front. read about the neufchateau training area here. see original film of the 26th division at neufchateau here, including sam himself standing color guard following evening parade [ far right edge of frame at 06 : 19 ]. also, read sam ’ s january correspondence from liffol - le - grand as the winter continues, the men look forward to packages from home and sam suddenly hears word that he and the boys are finally heading for the front. january, 1919 : after the armistice on january 8, 1919 orders were received for the 26th division to begin preparations for return to the united states. movement orders were received on january 17, but the day prior to the 103rd infantry ’ s scheduled departure, their commander col. percy w. arnold was tragically killed in an accident. after burying their colonel with full military honors and much sadness, by january 21 the troops were finally marching to the trains which carried them to the embarkation area near le mans. read about life after the armistice here. read sam ’ s january correspondence from sarrey, france here as he struggles with the weather, the boredom of waiting and the frustration of hearing that other units which only recently arrived in france have already returned home. the soldier ’ s mail correspondence is published here according to the sequence in which it was written. therefore, letters are organized in “ reverse order ” with the most recent at the top. to read them chronologically, readers should start at the bottom and work upwards.


shots - health blog fri january 20, 2012 researchers agree to temporary halt for bird flu experiments originally published on mon january 23, 2012 3 : 41 pm scientists have said that they are voluntarily putting some controversial bird flu research on hold. the move to suspend the work for 60 days comes in response to critics who say their work is dangerous. people rarely get sick with bird flu, caused by the h5n1 virus, and when they do, they ' re generally not contagious. but researchers wanted to know if this potentially deadly virus might evolve and start a dangerous pandemic. so they tweaked its genes and made viruses that spread more easily between lab animals. critics say that was irresponsible, in part because these now transmissible viruses might escape from the lab. the scientists who did the work, as well as other flu experts from around the world, have just published a letter on the decision in two major research journals — science and nature. " we recognize that we and the rest of the scientific community need to clearly explain the benefits of this important research and the measures taken to minimize its possible risks, " the researchers write in the letter. " we propose to do so in an international forum in which the scientific community comes together to discuss and debate these issues. " during the pause, they say they will do no experiments with the lab - altered viruses, and they won ' t create any more like them. reports on the initial results and the possibility they might be published raised alarms about bioterrorism. " it ' s just a bad idea for scientists to turn a lethal virus into a lethal and highly contagious virus, " dr. thomas inglesby, a bioterrorism specialist and director of the center for biosecurity of the university of pittsburgh medical center told npr in november. " and it ' s a second bad idea for them to publish how they did it so others can copy it. " in december, a federal advisory panel said key details of the work shouldn ' t be published. update 5 : 29 p. m. : in a statement, national institutes of health officials noted that the world health organization is organizing " a forum for the international scientific community to discuss these issues in the coming weeks. " and the officials said, " we look forward to participating in this important dialogue. "


tiger conservation gains threatened by proposed dam as opposition to the dam project builds, the thai department of national parks, wildlife and plant conservation ( dnp ) and wwf today released rare video footage of a tigress and her two cubs in mae wong national park, close to the proposed dam construction site. the 20 - second footage, retrieved from camera traps in may, offers hope for the survival of the species and evidence of the success of joint efforts by the thai government, public sector and communities to manage and restore thailand ’ s western forest complex, a crucial tiger habitat. “ as tigers need large amounts of food, especially when they are nursing their young, the new footage indicates that prey in the mae wong - klong lan forests is abundant enough to support tiger reproduction and recovery, ” said rungnapa phoonjampa, manager of wwf - thailand ’ s mae wong - klong lan national parks tiger recovery programme. “ the camera traps captured many tiger prey species including gaur, barking deer, wild pig and deer, as well as other mammals, including tapir, serow, fea ' s muntjac and elephant. in all over 30 mammal species were captured on film. ” numbers of the indochinese tiger, found in thailand, cambodia, laos, myanmar and vietnam, are in steep decline due to shrinking habitat, the illicit trade in tiger parts for traditional medicines, and depletion of tiger prey species. fewer than 300 wild tigers are estimated to remain in thailand. camera traps are part of collective efforts by the dnp and wwf - thailand to track the tiger population in this part of the western forest complex, which includes 17 protected areas covering over 19, 000 km². camera trapping in mae wong has so far recorded the presence of 9 tigers and 2 cubs, much higher than initially expected by wwf researchers. one of these tigers was previously caught on camera in the huay kha khaeng wildlife sanctuary in july 2011, located 40 kilometres from mae wong, revealing the movement of tigers from huay kha khaeng into mae wong. the conservation efforts in mae wong and klong lan national parks build on commitments made at the 2010 tiger summit in st petersburg, russia. during this high - level summit, the thai government along with the 12 other tiger range states committed to doubling the numbers of wild tigers by 2022. they also presented the global tiger recovery programme, which aims to conserve and recover tiger populations and their prey and clamp down on poaching. “ the recent camera trap footage,


range states committed to doubling the numbers of wild tigers by 2022. they also presented the global tiger recovery programme, which aims to conserve and recover tiger populations and their prey and clamp down on poaching. “ the recent camera trap footage, along with the encouraging data we have on tiger prey species, shows the conservation work of the dnp and wwf - thailand is on the right track, ” added rungnapa. “ the mae wong and klong lan forests are not only critical tiger habitat, they are also home to other threatened species. by protecting the tigers, we really can protect so much more. ” however, the new thb 13 billion ( us $ 400 million ) dam project proposed for the mae wong river threatens the survival of thailand ’ s tigers and conservation work in mae wong national park, as well as the adjacent unesco world heritage site of huay kha khaeng wildlife sanctuary. the dam will destroy over 10 km² of the national park, submerging an area where sambar deer, an important prey species for tigers, are found and had through successful conservation efforts recovered to a healthy population. new access roads would also risk increasing poaching pressure. wwf and other ngos opposing the dam project have asked the government to consider alternative measures to mitigate flood and drought problems. these measures include better water management, improved irrigation, and building smaller dams outside protected areas. “ years of successful conservation efforts will be washed away if the dam construction goes ahead, “ added rungnapa. “ the mae wong dam must be stopped or we risk losing our tigers and so much more that thailand loves and reveres. ” for more information, please contact : dr rungnapa phoonjampa, manager, mae wong - klong lan national parks tiger recovery programme, wwf thailand, tel. + 66 86 612 1789, e - mail : email @ example. com ua - phan chamnan - ua, communications manager, wwf thailand, tel. + 66 2 619 8534 - 37 ext 106, + 66 81 928 2426, e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org


lower danube green corridor europe ' s most ambitious wetland project - effective protection for 1 million ha of existing and new protected areas. - restoration of 224, 000 ha of natural floodplain. - promotion of sustainable use and development along the lower danube. why protect and restore wetlands? wetlands are hotspots of biodiversity and provide a myriad of benefits and services, including flood protection, drinking water, nutrient removal, tourism and recreation, fish and fowl. 80 % of danube ' s wetlands have been lost in the past century because of human intervention. in addition, large parts of the danube are experiencing river bed erosion due to gravel extraction, dredging and dams, contributing to a lowering of water tables. lower danube green corridor facilitated by wwf, the lower danube green corridor agreement was signed in 2000 by the governments of romania, bulgaria, ukraine and moldova, recognizing a need and shared responsibility to protect and manage in a sustainable way one of the most outstanding biodiversity regions in the world. the lower danube green corridor declaration pledged to boost protection for 775, 000 ha of existing protected areas and bring another 160, 000 ha under protection along the river ’ s final 1000 kilometres. since 2000, wwf ' s activities have been focused on practical implementation of the lower danube green corridor through coordination and policy work with governments and other authorities ; demonstration projects ; and work with local stakeholders in particular to promote sustainable local development. along the lower danube green corridorafter squeezing through the iron gates gorge and dams between serbia and romania, the danube flows free for 1, 000 kilometers through romania, bulgaria, moldova and ukraine before emptying into the black sea. the lower danube is one of the last free - flowing stretches of river in europe. dependent on this part of the river are not only europe ’ s greatest natural treasures, but also the 29 million people who live in the lower danube river basin – people who directly benefit from the many services that the river provides, from drinking water to natural resources and recreation. in the lower danube the natural dynamics of the river have formed and re - formed nearly 200 islands that are home to rich floodplain ecosystems. the islands are important elements of the danube migration corridor – stepping stones for fish, fowl and other fauna as well as flora on their journeys up and down the river. the danube ’ s greatest jewel is its delta, europe ’ s largest remaining natural wetland area and, as regarded by wwf, among the 200 most valuable ecological areas on earth. a total of 5, 137 species have been identified along the lower stretch of


the danube ’ s greatest jewel is its delta, europe ’ s largest remaining natural wetland area and, as regarded by wwf, among the 200 most valuable ecological areas on earth. a total of 5, 137 species have been identified along the lower stretch of the river, including 42 different species of mammals, and 85 species of fish. the lower danube and danube delta are especially important as breeding and resting places for some 331 species of birds, including the rare dalmatian pelican, the white - tailed eagle, as well as 90 % of the world population of red - breasted geese. implementation to datein 2010, 10 years after the agreement was signed, the level of achievement was much higher than expected, with some 1. 4 million ha brought under protection to the benefit of some of europe ’ s most outstanding wildlife and in enhancing water security, flood control and recreational opportunities for the area ’ s 29 million people. running behind target however was the task of wetlands restoration with the countries slightly more than a quarter of the way to their target of restoring 224, 000 ha of former wetlands. - meander restoration is taking place on 3 of the danube ’ s tributaries. these model projects are the first of their kind in bulgaria. - with the support of the national forestry board, major steps have been taken to protect and sustainably manage floodplain forests, including successful restoration of the natural oak forest on bulgaria ' s danube islands. - dry and unproductive land in the danube delta has been transformed through restoration projects. it has turned into a mosaic of habitats that offer shelter and food for many species, including rare birds and valuable fish species, like pike and carp. the economic benefits of the restoration works in babina and cernovca ( 3, 680ha ), in terms of increased natural resources productivity ( fish, reed, grasslands ) and tourism, is about €140, 000 per year. - floodplains in the south of romania will be reconnected to the danube and land use changes will be promoted to offer a potential for sustainable tourism, natural reed harvesting, fishing and other sustainable economic activities. - a pilot project to demonstrate integrated management of the floodplain forest combining nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources will be launched on the danube islands. - the restoration of the island of carasuhat will begin in 2012. - a vision for the protection and restoration of the danube delta was developed by wwf and relevant authorities, including the odessa provincial government and water authorities and published in 2003. practical implementation of the vision


of the island of carasuhat will begin in 2012. - a vision for the protection and restoration of the danube delta was developed by wwf and relevant authorities, including the odessa provincial government and water authorities and published in 2003. practical implementation of the vision has moved forward since then. - dikes on tataru island in the danube delta were removed in 2003, restoring natural flooding to 800 ha. the former wetland areas have quickly revived. a herd of hardy cows has been introduced by wwf and the izmail forest administration, which controls the island, to help manage vegetation as well as provide income. tourism infrastructure is being developed on the island and the first tourists are arriving for angling and other recreation. - lake katlabuh ( 10, 000 ha ) is being reconnected to the danube system through construction by wwf and the odessa water management authority of a bridge and removal of a dike. the lake, which was separated from the natural flooding of the river in the 1970s, has been slowly dying, threatening fish stocks in the lake. - the restoration of ermakov island is also completed. - with the support of the local community, a new management plan is being implemented at lake beleu scientific reserve. this first attempt for an integrated management of wetlands will be expanded in the lower prut area as part of a trilateral biosphere reserve that is planned between moldova, romania and ukraine.


| harnessing the bacterial power of nanomagnets | nanometer - size magnets have wide - ranging uses, from directed cancer therapy and drug delivery systems to magnetic recording media and transducers. such applications require the production of nanoparticles with well - controlled size and tunable magnetic properties. the synthesis of such nanomagnets, however, often requires elevated temperatures and toxic solvents, resulting in high environmental and energy costs. metal - reducing microorganisms offer an untapped resource to produce these materials in an environmentally benign way. at the als, researchers from the university of manchester have shown that fe ( iii ) - reducing bacteria can be used to synthesize magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with high yields, narrow size distribution, and magnetic properties equal to the best chemically synthesized materials. a relatively unexplored resource for magnetic nanomaterial production is a type of subsurface microorganism capable of producing large quantities of nanoscale magnetite ( fe3o4 ) at ambient temperatures. metal - reducing bacteria live in soils deficient in oxygen and conserve energy for growth through the oxidation of hydrogen or organic electron donors, coupled to the reduction of oxidized metals such as fe ( iii ) - bearing minerals. this can result in the formation of magnetite via the extracellular reduction of amorphous fe ( iii ) - oxyhydroxides, releasing soluble fe ( ii ) and completely recrystallizing the amorphous mineral into a new phase. the manchester team developed a method for producing large quantities of highly crystalline magnetite and cobalt ferrite ( cofe2o4 ) nanoparticles using the fe ( iii ) - reducing bacterium, geobacter sulfurreducens. in particular, they demonstrated that cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with the high coercivity ( i. e., resistance to demagnetization ) important for applications can be manufactured through this biotechnological route. three samples containing increasing amounts of co in the biogenic magnetite structure were analyzed. x - ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed that the material is nanocrystalline. moreover, the coercivity of the samples increases with increasing co content, so that it can be tuned for specific applications. the cation distribution in the ferrite nanoparticles was investigated using x ray absorption ( xa ) and x - ray magnetic circular dichroism ( xmcd ) at the fe l


it can be tuned for specific applications. the cation distribution in the ferrite nanoparticles was investigated using x ray absorption ( xa ) and x - ray magnetic circular dichroism ( xmcd ) at the fe l2, 3 and co l2, 3 edges, measured at als beamline 4. 0. 2. an xmcd spectrum is obtained as the difference between two xa spectra measured in opposite external magnetic fields. magnetite has an inverse spinel crystal structure, which contains tetrahedral ( td ) and octahedral ( oh ) sites accommodating fe2 + and fe3 + cations. each specific cation in the spinel structure generates a unique xmcd signature determined by its valence state ( number of d electrons ), site symmetry ( i. e., td or oh ), and moment direction, which can be computed using atomic multiplet calculations. by fitting a weighted sum of these calculated spectra to the measured xmcd spectra, the site occupations of the fe cations can be obtained. the biogenic materials show a striking change with increasing co amount, namely a decrease in intensity of the leading negative peak in the fe l3 edge, which implies that co is predominantly replacing fe2 + cations in octahedral sites. similarly, the site occupancy and oxidation state of the co can be directly assessed by examining the co l2, 3 xa and xmcd spectra. the close similarity with the spectra for synthetically produced cofe2o4 thin films confirmed that the bacteria were able to suitably accommodate co in the ferrite structure with the co2 + residing primarily on oh sites. the xmcd measurements indicate a dramatic enhancement in the magnetic properties of biogenically produced nanoparticles when large quantities of co are introduced into the spinel structure, a major advance over previous biomineralization studies. inclusion of other transition metals into the spinel structure by fe ( iii ) - reducing bacteria to tailor the magnetic properties of nanoferrites could lead to a suite of materials required for different technological uses. the successful production of highly ordered crystalline nanoparticulate ferrites demonstrates the potential for scaled - up industrial manufacture of nanoparticles using environmentally benign and energy - efficient methodologies. research conducted by v. s. coker, n. d. telling, r. a. d. pattrick, c. i. pearce, j. r. lloyd, f. tuna


click the picture above to see two larger pictures show birthplace location | previous | | ( alphabetically ) | | next | | biographies index | | version for printing | giuseppe peano ' s parents worked on a farm and giuseppe was born in the farmhouse ' tetto galant ' about 5 km from cuneo. he attended the village school in spinetta then he moved up to the school in cuneo, making the 5km journey there and back on foot every day. his parents bought a house in cuneo but his father continued to work the fields at tetto galant with the help of a brother and sister of giuseppe, while his mother stayed in cuneo with giuseppe and his older brother. giuseppe ' s mother had a brother who was a priest and lawyer in turin and, when he realised that giuseppe was a very talented child, he took him to turin in 1870 for his secondary schooling and to prepare him for university studies. giuseppe took exams at ginnasio cavour in 1873 and then was a pupil at liceo cavour from where he graduated in 1876 and, in that year, he entered the university of turin. among peano ' s teachers in his first year at the university of turin was d ' ovidio who taught him analytic geometry and algebra. in his second year he was taught calculus by angelo genocchi and descriptive geometry by giuseppe bruno. peano continued to study pure mathematics in his third year and found that he was the only student to do so. the others had continued their studies at the engineering school which peano himself had originally intended to do. in his third year francesco faa di bruno taught him analysis and d ' ovidio taught geometry. among his teachers in his final year were again d ' ovidio with a further geometry course and francesco siacci with a mechanics course. on 29 september 1880 peano graduated as doctor of mathematics. peano joined the staff at the university of turin in 1880, being appointed as assistant to d ' ovidio. he published his first mathematical paper in 1880 and a further three papers the following year. peano was appointed assistant to genocchi for 1881 - 82 and it was in 1882 that peano made a discovery that would be typical of his style for many years, he discovered an error in a standard definition. genocchi was by this time quite old and in relatively poor health and peano took over some of his teaching. peano was about to teach the students about the area of a curved surface when he realised that


an error in a standard definition. genocchi was by this time quite old and in relatively poor health and peano took over some of his teaching. peano was about to teach the students about the area of a curved surface when he realised that the definition in serret ' s book, which was the standard text for the course, was incorrect. peano immediately told genocchi of his discovery to be told that genocchi already knew. genocchi had been informed the previous year by schwarz who seems to have been the first to find serret ' s error. in 1884 there was published a text based on genocchi ' s lectures at turin. this book course in infinitesimal calculus although based on genocchi ' s lectures was edited by peano and indeed it has much in it written by peano himself. the book itself states on the title page that it is : -... published with additions by dr giuseppe peano. genocchi seemed somewhat unhappy that the work came out under his name for he wrote : -... the volume contains important additions, some modifications, and various annotations, which are placed first. so that nothing will be attributed to me which is not mine, i must declare that i have had no part in the compilation of the aforementioned book and that everything is due to that outstanding young man dr giuseppe peano... peano received his qualification to be a university professor in december 1884 and he continued to teach further courses, some for genocchi whose health had not recovered sufficiently to allow him to return to the university. in 1886 peano proved that if f ( x, y ) is continuous then the first order differential equation dy / dx = f ( x, y ) has a solution. the existence of solutions with stronger hypothesis on f had been given earlier by cauchy and then lipschitz. four years later peano showed that the solutions were not unique, giving as an example the differential equation dy / dx = 3y2 / 3, with y ( 0 ) = 0. in addition to his teaching at the university of turin, peano began lecturing at the military academy in turin in 1886. the following year he discovered, and published, a method for solving systems of linear differential equations using successive approximations. however emile picard had independently discovered this method and had credited schwarz with discovering the method first. in 1888 peano published the book geometrical calculus which begins with a chapter on mathematical logic. this was


systems of linear differential equations using successive approximations. however emile picard had independently discovered this method and had credited schwarz with discovering the method first. in 1888 peano published the book geometrical calculus which begins with a chapter on mathematical logic. this was his first work on the topic that would play a major role in his research over the next few years and it was based on the work of schroder, boole and charles peirce. a more significant feature of the book is that in it peano sets out with great clarity the ideas of grassmann which certainly were set out in a rather obscure way by grassmann himself. this book contains the first definition of a vector space given with a remarkably modern notation and style and, although it was not appreciated by many at the time, this is surely a quite remarkable achievement by peano. in 1889 peano published his famous axioms, called peano axioms, which defined the natural numbers in terms of sets. these were published in a pamphlet arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita which, according to were : -... at once a landmark in the history of mathematical logic and of the foundations of mathematics. the pamphlet was written in latin and nobody has been able to give a good reason for this, other than : -... it appears to be an act of sheer romanticism, perhaps the unique romantic act in his scientific career. genocchi died in 1889 and peano expected to be appointed to fill his chair. he wrote to casorati, who he believed to be part of the appointing committee, for information only to discover that there was a delay due to the difficulty of finding enough members to act on the committee. casorati had been approached but his health was not up to the task. before the appointment could be made peano published another stunning result. he invented ' space - filling ' curves in 1890, these are continuous surjective mappings from [ 0, 1 ] onto the unit square. hilbert, in 1891, described similar space - filling curves. it had been thought that such curves could not exist. cantor had shown that there is a bijection between the interval [ 0, 1 ] and the unit square but, shortly after, netto had proved that such a bijection cannot be continuous. peano ' s continuous space - filling curves cannot be 1 - 1 of course, otherwise netto ' s theorem would be contradicted. hausdorff wrote of peano ' s result in gr


such a bijection cannot be continuous. peano ' s continuous space - filling curves cannot be 1 - 1 of course, otherwise netto ' s theorem would be contradicted. hausdorff wrote of peano ' s result in grundzuge der mengenlehre in 1914 : - this is one of the most remarkable facts of set theory. in december 1890 peano ' s wait to be appointed to genocchi ' s chair was over when, after the usual competition, peano was offered the post. in 1891 peano founded rivista di matematica, a journal devoted mainly to logic and the foundations of mathematics. the first paper in the first part is a ten page article by peano summarising his work on mathematical logic up to that time. peano had a great skill in seeing that theorems were incorrect by spotting exceptions. others were not so happy to have these errors pointed out and one such was his colleague corrado segre. when corrado segre submitted an article to rivista di matematica peano pointed out that some of the theorems in the article had exceptions. segre was not prepared to just correct the theorems by adding conditions that ruled out the exceptions but defended his work saying that the moment of discovery was more important than a rigorous formulation. of course this was so against peano ' s rigorous approach to mathematics that he argued strongly : - i believe it new in the history of mathematics that authors knowingly use in their research propositions for which exceptions are known, or for which they have no proof... it was not only corrado segre who suffered from peano ' s outstanding ability to spot lack of rigour. of course it was the precision of his thinking, using the exactness of his mathematical logic, that gave peano this clarity of thought. peano pointed out an error in a proof by hermann laurent in 1892 and, in the same year, reviewed a book by veronese ending the review with the comment : - we could continue at length enumerating the absurdities that the author has piled up. but these errors, the lack of precision and rigour throughout the book take all value away from it. from around 1892, peano embarked on a new and extremely ambitious project, namely the formulario mathematico. he explained in the march 1892 part of rivista di matematica his thinking : - of the greatest usefulness would be the publication of collections of all the theorems now known


extremely ambitious project, namely the formulario mathematico. he explained in the march 1892 part of rivista di matematica his thinking : - of the greatest usefulness would be the publication of collections of all the theorems now known that refer to given branches of the mathematical sciences... such a collection, which would be long and difficult in ordinary language, is made noticeably easier by using the notation of mathematical logic... in many ways this grand idea marks the end of peano ' s extraordinary creative work. it was a project that was greeted with enthusiasm by a few and with little interest by most. peano began trying to convert all those around him to believe in the importance of this project and this had the effect of annoying them. however peano and his close associates, including his assistants, vailati, burali - forti, pieri and fano soon became deeply involved with the work. when describing a new edition of the formulario mathematico in 1896 peano writes : - each professor will be able to adopt this formulario as a textbook, for it ought to contain all theorems and all methods. his teaching will be reduced to showing how to read the formulas, and to indicating to the students the theorems that he wishes to explain in his course. when the calculus volume of the formulario was published peano, as he had indicated, began to use it for his teaching. this was the disaster that one would expect. peano, who was a good teacher when he began his lecturing career, became unacceptable to both his students and his colleagues by the style of his teaching. one of his students, who was actually a great admirer of peano, wrote : - but we students knew that this instruction was above our heads. we understood that such a subtle analysis of concepts, such a minute criticism of the definitions used by other authors, was not adapted for beginners, and especially was not useful for engineering students. we disliked having to give time and effort to the " symbols " that in later years we might never use. the military academy ended his contract to teach there in 1901 and although many of his colleagues at the university would have also liked to stop his teaching there, nothing was possible under the way that the university was set up. the professor was a law unto himself in his own subject and peano was not prepared to listen to his colleagues when they tried to encourage him to return to his old style of teaching. the formulario mathematico


the university was set up. the professor was a law unto himself in his own subject and peano was not prepared to listen to his colleagues when they tried to encourage him to return to his old style of teaching. the formulario mathematico project was completed in 1908 and one has to admire what peano achieved but although the work contained a mine of information it was little used. however, perhaps peano ' s greatest triumph came in 1900. in that year there were two congresses held in paris. the first was the international congress of philosophy which opened in paris on 1 august. it was a triumph for peano and russell, who attended the congress, wrote in his autobiography : - the congress was the turning point of my intellectual life, because there i met peano. i already knew him by name and had seen some of his work, but had not taken the trouble to master his notation. in discussions at the congress i observed that he was always more precise than anyone else, and that he invariably got the better of any argument on which he embarked. as the days went by, i decided that this must be owing to his mathematical logic.... it became clear to me that his notation afforded an instrument of logical analysis such as i had been seeking for years... the day after the philosophy congress ended the second international congress of mathematicians began. peano remained in paris for this congress and listened to hilbert ' s talk setting out ten of the 23 problems which appeared in his paper aimed at giving the agenda for the next century. peano was particularly interested in the second problem which asked if the axioms of arithmetic could be proved consistent. even before the formulario mathematico project was completed peano was putting in place the next major project of his life. in 1903 peano expressed interest in finding a universal, or international, language and proposed an artificial language " latino sine flexione " based on latin but stripped of all grammar. he compiled the vocabulary by taking words from english, french, german and latin. in fact the final edition of the formulario mathematico was written in latino sine flexione which is another reason the work was so little used. peano ' s career was therefore rather strangely divided into two periods. the period up to 1900 is one where he showed great originality and a remarkable feel for topics which would be important in the development of mathematics. his achievements were outstanding and he had a modern style quite out of place in his own time. however this feel for


up to 1900 is one where he showed great originality and a remarkable feel for topics which would be important in the development of mathematics. his achievements were outstanding and he had a modern style quite out of place in his own time. however this feel for what was important seemed to leave him and after 1900 he worked with great enthusiasm on two projects of great difficulty which were enormous undertakings but proved quite unimportant in the development of mathematics. of his personality kennedy writes in : -... i am fascinated by his gentle personality, his ability to attract lifelong disciples, his tolerance of human weakness, his perennial optimism.... peano may not only be classified as a 19th century mathematician and logician, but because of his originality and influence, must be judged one of the great scientists of that century. although peano is a founder of mathematical logic, the german mathematical philosopher gottlob frege is today considered the father of mathematical logic. article by : j j o ' connor and e f robertson click on this link to see a list of the glossary entries for this page list of references ( 13 books / articles ) | | mathematicians born in the same country | additional material in mactutor | honours awarded to giuseppe peano | ( click below for those honoured in this way ) | speaker at international congress | | 1897 | cross - references in mactutor other web sites | previous | | ( alphabetically ) | | next | | biographies index | | history topics | | societies, honours, etc. | | famous curves | | time lines | | birthplace maps | | chronology | | search form | | glossary index | | quotations index | | poster index | | mathematicians of the day | | anniversaries for the year | joc / efr © december 1997 | school of mathematics and statistics | university of st andrews, scotland the url of this page is : |


is it rational to be ethical? many philosophers have wrestled with this most fundamental of questions, attempting to clarify whether humans are well served by ethical rules or whether they weigh us down. would we really be better off if we all gave in to the desire to just watch out for our own interests and take the greatest advantage to ourselves whenever we can? ayn rand, for one, thought that the only rational behavior is egoism, and books aiming at increasing personal wealth ( presumably at the expense of someone else ’ s wealth ) regularly make the bestsellers list. plato, kant, and john stuart mill, to mention a few, have tried to show that there is more to life than selfishness. in the republic, plato has socrates defending his philosophy against the claim that justice and fairness are only whatever rich and powerful people decide they are. but the arguments of his opponents — that we can see plenty of examples of unjust people who have a great life and of just ones who suffer in equally great manner — seem more convincing than the high - mindedness of the father of philosophy. kant attempted to reject what he saw as the nihilistic attitude of christianity, where you are good now because you will get an infinite payoff later, and to establish independent rational foundations for morality. therefore he suggested that in order to decide if something is ethical or not one has to ask what would happen if everybody were adopting the same behavior. however, kant never explained why his version of rational ethics is indeed rational. rand would object that establishing double standards, one for yourself and one for the rest of the universe, makes perfect sense. mill also tried to establish ethics on firm rational foundations, in his case improving on jeremy bentham ’ s idea of utilitarianism. in chapter two of his book utilitarianism, mill writes : “ actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness ; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. ” leaving aside the thorny question of what happiness is and the difficulty of actually making such calculations, one still has to answer the fundamental question of why one should care about increasing the average degree of happiness instead of just one ’ s own. things got worse with the advent of modern evolutionary biology. it seemed for a long time that darwin ’ s theory would provide the naturalistic basis for the ultimate selfish universe : nature red in tooth and claw evokes images of “ every man for himself, ” in pure randian style. in fact, herbert spencer popularized the infamous doctrine of “ social darwinism ”


provide the naturalistic basis for the ultimate selfish universe : nature red in tooth and claw evokes images of “ every man for himself, ” in pure randian style. in fact, herbert spencer popularized the infamous doctrine of “ social darwinism ” ( which darwin never espoused ) well before ayn rand wrote atlas shrugged. recently, however, several scientists and philosophers have been taking a second look at evolutionary theory and its relationship with ethics, and are finding new ways of realizing the project of plato, kant, and mill of deriving a fundamentally rational way of being ethical. elliot sober and david sloan wilson, in their unto others : the psychology and evolution of unselfish behavior, as well as peter singer in a darwinian left : politics, evolution and cooperation, argue that human beings evolved as social animals, not as lone, self - reliant brutes. in a society, cooperative behavior ( or at least, a balance between cooperation and selfishness ) will be selected in favor, while looking out exclusively for number one will be ostracized because it reduces the fitness of most individuals and of the group as a whole. all of this sounds good, but does it actually work? a recent study published in science by martin nowak, karen page and karl sigmund provides a splendid example of how mathematical evolutionary theory can be applied to ethics, and how in fact social evolution favors fair and cooperative behavior. nowak and coworkers tackled the problem posed by the so - called “ ultimatum game. ” in it, two players are offered the possibility of winning a pot of money, but they have to agree on how to divide it. one of the players, the proposer, makes an offer of a split ( $ 90 for me, $ 10 for you, for example ) to the other player ; the other player, the responder, has the option of accepting or rejecting. if she rejects, the game is over and neither of them gets any money. it is easy to demonstrate that the rational strategy is for the proposer to behave egotistically and to suggest a highly uneven split in which she takes most of the money, and for the responder to accept. the alternative is that neither of them gets anything. however, when real human beings from a variety of cultures and using a panoply of rewards play the game the outcome is invariably a fair share of the prize. this would seem prima facie evidence that the human sense of fair play overwhelms mere rationality and thwarts


variety of cultures and using a panoply of rewards play the game the outcome is invariably a fair share of the prize. this would seem prima facie evidence that the human sense of fair play overwhelms mere rationality and thwarts the rationalistic prediction. on the other hand, it would also provide ayn rand with an argument that most humans are simply stupid, because they don ’ t appreciate the math behind the game. nowak and colleagues, however, simulated the evolution of the game in a situation in which several players get to interact repeatedly. that is, they considered a social situation rather than isolated encounters. if the players have memory of previous encounters ( i. e., each player builds a “ reputation ” in the group ), then the winning strategy is to be fair because people are willing to punish dishonest proposers, which increases their own reputation for fairness and damages the proposer ’ s reputation for the next round. this means that — given the social environment — it is rational to be less selfish toward your neighbors. while we are certainly far from a satisfying mathematical and evolutionary theory of morality, it seems that science does, after all, have something to say about optimal ethical rules. and the emerging picture is one of fairness — not egotism — as the smart choice to make.


contrasting colors are used to indicate various anatomic structures in the human brain, making this high quality model perfect for beginning anatomy studies of the human brain. made of unbreakable vinyl, life - size and anatomically accurate. the human... this basic brain is medially divided, anatomically accurate, life - size and unbreakable! the structures of the brain are shown in one color, providing an introduction to the human nervous system and anatomy of the brain. structures of... this 4 - part brain is medially divided. all structures of the brain are hand - painted, numbered and identified in a product manual. the brain ' s right half can be disassembled into : - frontal with parietal lobes - brain stem with temporal and a very detailed model of the human brain which is medially divided. both halves of this brain can be disassembled into : - frontal with parietal lobes - temporal with occipital lobes - half of brain stem - half of cerebellum this midsagittally sectioned model is an original anatomic cast of a real human brain. the components of the brain ' s left half are : - frontal and parietal lobe - temporal and occipital lobe - encephalic trunk the c29 model shows a rat brain in approx. 6 - fold enlargement. sectioned medially, it can be disassembled into two halves. the right half of the model shows the structures of the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem, each of which is color - coded for... the spinal cord model illustrates the composition of the spinal cord, magnified to a scale of about 5 : 1. the spinal cord is formed by a central channel surrounded by " gray matter " with an outer layer of " white matter ". the base of... this glass block brain can add a spark to any office setting. modern data and laser technologies make this filigreed masterwork possible! selected 3b models are presented in 3d inside a cube made of high - quality optical glass. an unusually elegant gift... this colorful anatomical chart details the human vegetative nervous system. not only is the function of this part of the nervous system explained on this poster but the role the vegetative nervous system plays in the function of each organ is detailed... item : vr1610uu this anatomical poster of the human nervous system comes in full colorful detail.


of the nervous system explained on this poster but the role the vegetative nervous system plays in the function of each organ is detailed... item : vr1610uu this anatomical poster of the human nervous system comes in full colorful detail. the poster details the entire human nervous system including the human brain and spinal cord. the labeled poster of the anatomy of the nervous system is a great addition... item : vr1620uu this colorful anatomical poster focuses on the spinal nerves of the human nervous system. all the important spinal nerves and nerve sections are detailed in the poster. this spinal nerves of the human nervous system poster is a great addition to any... item : vr1621uu this poster contains images and useful information about the causes, affects, and possible treatments for strokes. in this chart the anatomy of the brain is detailed along with information on vascular occlusions and hemorrhages. the colorful images on... item : vr1627uu this colorful anatomical poster details alzheimer ' s disease. the causes, diagnosis, and effects of the disease are discussed on the chart. the anatomy poster includes important information about the stages of alzheimer ' s and available treatments. printed... item : vr1628uu parkinson ' s disease is a life changing condition. this anatomical chart presents useful information about it. clinical signs, therapy, causes and other information about parkinson ' s disease can all be found on this anatomy poster. included is a colorful... item : vr1629uu this colorful anatomical poster details headaches. related anatomy of the human head is shown in full detail. the chart includes information about causes of headaches and different types of headaches. printed on premium glossy ( 200g ) paper. convenient... item : vr1714uu


holding the harp - the harp with the floor, the player is sitting at the harp body allows it to rely on the right shoulder. in this position, the left side of harpist can reach even the bottom line, while the right - hand man is able to achieve the higher strings. playing the harp - the harp has a nylon or gut strings played with the first three fingers and thumb. the fingers are numbered from 1 to 4 with the thumb is number 1. the thumb is usually higher than the other fingers, which makes it easier to move. your elbows should be slightly raised, so that your wrists straight. make sure you ' re sitting in a chair that supports your back, to avoid possible damage. harp plucked strings, usually with chords or arpeggios. caring for the harp - it ' s always a good idea to keep the harp in a safe place, not the back door or in your kitchen. avoid places that are too wet or cold. if you do not use the harp, your shop, just in case. if the pedal harp, make sure the pedal is all flat before storing it. if you are transporting your harp, make sure you put it in your car with the top tray. you can wipe the harp, from time to time to dry and clean, soft cloth. if you notice any damage, go to the harp of technical experts.