( edit – please take note of the addendum at the bottom ) from the official groundhog day website, punxsutawney phil : ( adapted from “ groundhog day : 1886 to 1992 ″ by bill anderson ) groundhog day, february 2nd, is a popular tradition in the united states. it is also a legend that traverses centuries, its origins clouded in the mists of time with ethnic cultures and animals awakening on specific dates. myths such as this tie our present to the distant past when nature did, indeed, influence our lives. it is the day that the groundhog comes out of his hole after a long winter sleep to look for his shadow. if he sees it, he regards it as an omen of six more weeks of bad weather and returns to his hole. if the day is cloudy and, hence, shadowless, he takes it as a sign of spring and stays above ground. the groundhog tradition stems from similar beliefs associated with candlemas day and the days of early christians in europe, and for centuries the custom was to have the clergy bless candles and distribute them to the people. even then, it marked a milestone in the winter and the weather that day was important. according to an old english song : if candlemas be fair and bright, come, winter, have another flight ; if candlemas brings clouds and rain, go winter, and come not again. according to an old scotch couplet : if candlemas day is bright and clear, there ’ ll be twa ( two ) winters in the year. another variation of the scottish rhyme : if candlemas day be dry and fair, the half o ’ winter to come and mair, if candlemas day be wet and foul, the half of winter ’ s gone at yule. the roman legions, during the conquest of the northern country, supposedly brought this tradition to the teutons, or germans, who picked it up and concluded that if the sun made an appearance on candlemas day, an animal, the hedgehog, would cast a shadow, thus predicting six more weeks of bad weather, which they interpolated as the length of the “ second winter. ” pennsylvania ’ s earliest settlers were germans and they found groundhogs to in profusion in many parts of the state. they determined that the groundhog, resembling the european hedgehog, was a most intelligent and sensible animal and therefore decided that if the sun did appear on february 2nd, so wise an animal as the groundhog would see its shadow and


of the state. they determined that the groundhog, resembling the european hedgehog, was a most intelligent and sensible animal and therefore decided that if the sun did appear on february 2nd, so wise an animal as the groundhog would see its shadow and hurry back into its underground home for another six weeks of winter. the germans recited : for as the sun shines on candlemas day, so far will the snow swirl until the may. this passage may be the one most closely represented by the first punxsutawney groundhog day observances because there were references to the length of shadows in early groundhog day predictions. another february 2nd belief, used by american 19th century farmers, was : groundhog day – half your hay. new england farmers knew that we were not close to the end of winter, no matter how cloudy february 2nd was. indeed, february 2nd is often the heart of winter. if the farmer didn ’ t have half his hay remaining, there may have been lean times for the cows before spring and fresh grass arrived. the ancient candlemas legend and similar belief continue to be recognized annually on february 2nd due to the efforts of the punxsutawney groundhog club. from offering support of political events, to rooting for area sports teams, to becoming the star of a hollywood movie, punxsutawney phil has increasingly been in the public eye. early observances of phil ’ s predictions were conducted privately in the wooded areas that neighbor the town. today ’ s celebration sees tens of thousands of visitors from all over the world as revelers await phil ’ s appearance as most fans wait to see their favorite rock stars. the punxsutawney spirit newspaper is credited with printing the news of the first observance in 1886 ( one year before the first legendary trek to gobbler ’ s knob ) : “ today is groundhog day, and up to the time of going to press the beast has not seen his shadow. ” over the course of phil ’ s appearances, phil has had numerous noteworthy highlights : during prohibition phil threatened to impose 60 weeks of winter on the community if he wasn ’ t allowed a drink. in 1958 phil announced that it was a “ united states chucknik, ” rather than a soviet sputnik or muttnik that became the first man - made satellite to orbit earth. in 1981 phil wore a yellow ribbon in honor of the american hostages in iran. phil traveled to washington dc in 1986 to meet with president reagan. he was joined


##utnik or muttnik that became the first man - made satellite to orbit earth. in 1981 phil wore a yellow ribbon in honor of the american hostages in iran. phil traveled to washington dc in 1986 to meet with president reagan. he was joined by groundhog club president jim means, al anthony and bill null. phil met pennsylvania governor dick thornburg in 1987. in 1993, columbia pictures released the movie groundhog day starring bill murray. phil appeared on the oprah winfrey show in 1995. in the years following the release of the movie, record crowds numbering as high as 30, 000 have visited gobbler ’ s knob in punxsutawney! in 2001, phil ’ s prediction was shown live on the jumbotron at times square in new york city. pennsylvania governor ed rendell attended the ceremonies, making him the first sitting governor ever to do so. the above website will have a live simulcast for the sunrise festivities. i have been to two of these events. they are quite interesting indeed. the amount of booze consumed overnight by the throng is terrific. it ’ s a great party and something everyone should see at least once. the celebration of groundhog day began with the germans, pennsylvania ’ s earliest settlers. they brought with them the legend of candlemas day, which states “ for as the sun shines on candlemas day, so far will the snow swirl in may … ”. the settlers found that groundhogs were plentiful and were the most intelligent and sensible animal to carry on the legend of candlemas day. addendum : happy birthday andrew breitbart! you were an inspiration!


the most remote places on earth did you know that about 10 percent of the earth is more than 48 hours away ( by way of land travel ) from the nearest city? take that to “ jeopardy. ” with roads, airplanes, satellites, and whatever else is out there taking pictures and measurements along the way, the true sense of remoteness is almost nonexistent. recently, i even posted on an island only accessible by a 30 - hour boat ride. even remoteness can be subjective, though. is it inaccessibility, isolation, both? this article, from howstuffworks. com, lists a point in northern china ( eurasian pole of inaccessibility ) as the farthest from any ocean, at 1, 553 miles. and the farther from any land? point nemo, found in the south pacific, is a full 1, 553 miles from any mainland surface. if visiting the most isolated people in the world interests you, head to tristan da cunha ( the population is only 270 and it ’ s nearly 3, 000 kilometers from south africa, its closest mainland ). it was once an important maritime stop to the cape of good hope. ships have virtually stopped heading that way because of the suez canal, and the only other visitors consist of the occasional fisherman and a pair of u. k. doctors that arrive once a year. posted on september 29, 2009 by jon wick


vietnam war summary written by tim nash history of war - vietnam war in a summary of vietnam war between communist north vietnam and capitalist south vietnam which commenced in 1964 and concluded in 1975. it was fought in southern vietnam and bordering areas of cambodia, laos and in the bombing of north vietnam. the capitalist south vietnam forces were assisted by troops from the united states, australia, new zealand, and south korea. at the height of the war in 1969 this force comprised 800, 000 + troops. the communist north vietnamese forces were assisted by the ussr in providing non combatant military aid and also the national liberation front a communist lead south vietnamese gorilla ’ s. although not as well equipped they were large in number. this conflict is know as the second indochina war and was part of a larger conflict involving the neighboring countries of cambodia and laos, the vietnamese know this conflict as the american war ” ( vietnamese chien tranh chong my cuu nuoc, which translates into english as " war against the americans and to save the nation " ) ” the first indochina war was fought in the 1950 ’ s between the french government and ho chi minh communist army. this first war was the direct successor leading to the second indochina war ; the vietnamese people felt that the colonial powers were trying to control their country which they had done for century ’ s. the french government relinquished their control of vietnam cambodia and laos in 1954. american, australian and new zealand military advisers were sent to the region in the late 50 ’ s and early 60 ’ s to assist the capitalist south vietnamese government in their war against the communist north. but was realized by 1964 that the south vietnamese government needed help in winning this battle, combat troops entered the region. the conflict reached its peak in 1969 where some 900, 000 us solders were involved in the conflict. in a summery of vietnam war peace negotiations commenced in the early 1970 ’ s between both sides in an attempt to end the conflict and bring stability to the region. in january 1973 suspension of military action by us and coalition troops was ordered by then us president nixon. at this time us, australia, new zealand, and south korean troops began withdrawing from the region. the paris peace accord was signed that year officially ending us and allied involvement in the vietnam conflict. by 1975 no american, australian, new zealand, and south korean were in the region peace did not last long however in early 1975 the communist north vietnamese invaded south vietnam, without their allies they were overwhelmed, on july 2nd 1976 the socialist republic of vietnam was born, people supporting the capitalist south


yangon : dozens of rare british spitfire fighter planes buried in myanmar during world war ii are to be dug up under an agreement between the government and an aviation enthusiast. the iconic single - seat aircraft are believed to have been hidden — unassembled in crates — by the former colonial power to prevent them falling into japanese hands almost seven decades ago. there could be as many as 140 of the aircraft buried in the country formerly known as burma, according to a local geophysicist who has been involved in the search since 1999. “ in the first year, we will dig up 60 aircraft, ” soe thein told afp, adding that work to retrieve them would start next month. “ the next year in the second phase, i expect to dig up another 50. ” based on a survey of hundreds of witnesses, the team plans to dig in various locations including in yangon, northern kachin state and central mandalay. if successfully excavated, some of the spitfires are expected to be returned to britain, which ruled myanmar until independence in 1948 but was temporarily forced out of much of the country in 1942 by invading japanese forces. “ we want to strengthen relations between britain and our country and benefit millions of people in the world who want to see spitfires, ” said local businessman htoo htoo zaw who is involved in the project. the project is the result of more than a decade of searching former airforce bases in myanmar by british farmer and aviation aficionado david cundall using radar technology. “ i ’ m only a small farmer, i ’ m not a multi - millionaire and it has been a struggle. it took me more than 15 years but i finally found them, ” cundall told british newspaper the daily telegraph earlier this year. “ spitfires are beautiful aeroplanes and should not be rotting away in a foreign land. they saved our neck in the battle of britain and they should be preserved, ” he added. “ they were just buried there in transport crates, ” cundall said. “ they were waxed, wrapped in greased paper and their joints tarred. they will be in near perfect condition. ” about 20, 000 spitfires were built by britain from 1938 - 1948. the planes captured the public imagination during the battle of britain when the royal air force prevented the german luftwaffe from invading in 1940. today just a few dozen are still in flying condition. an agreement on retrieving the historic planes was signed by a transport ministry senior official with cundall and h


animation of annular solar eclipse, january 26, 2009 the following animation shows the annular solar eclipse for january 26, 2009. the icon of the sun can be seen moving across towards the left in the animation. a white, round icon that represents the moon is seen underneath the icon of the sun. the red part at the center of the moving shadow shows the area where the annular solar eclipse is most visible. the darkest area around it depicts where the eclipse ’ s visibility is 90 percent or greater. the next surrounding shaded area is where the eclipse ’ s visibility is 50 percent or more. the outermost area with the lightest shading shows where the eclipse ’ s visibility is between zero and 50 percent. please click on the play button to view the animation. the pause button can also be used to temporarily suspend the animation. - moon calculator – find times for moonrise, moonset and more - moon phase calculator – calculate moon phases for any year - sunrise calculator – find times for sunrise, sunset and more - day and night world map – see which parts of the earth are currently illuminated by the sun - annular solar eclipse on january 26, 2009 - general information on solar and lunar eclipses - tips for eclipse enthusiasts - the history of the solar eclipse - calendar for 2013 - calendar generator – create a calendar for any year - duration between two dates – calculates number of days


humorous speech contest humorous speech is 5 to 7 minutes in length. humorous speaking, which must be substantially original. any quoted material must be identified during the presentation. the speech must be a thematic in nature ( opening, body, and close ) and not be an act or a monologue. it should be " clean " humor ; avoid objectionable language, anecdotes, and material. vocal variety, gestures, and speech content all play a part in a successful humorous speech. typically, clubs begin holding their contest in july. area contests are held in august with the division contest in september. the district 58 contest will be held at the fall conference held in october. judging criteria - humorous speech contest - speech development is the way the speaker puts ideas together so the audience can understand them. the speech is structured around a purpose, and this structure must include an opening, body, and conclusion. a good speech immediately engages the audience ' s attention and then moves forward toward a significant conclusion. this development of the speech structure is supported by relevant examples, illustrations, facts, and figures, delivered with such smoothness that they blend into the framework of the speech to present the audience with a unified whole. - effectiveness is measured in part by the audience ' s reception of the speech, but a large part is your subjective judgement of how the speech came across. you should ask yourself such questions as " was i able to determine the speaker ' s purpose? " " did the speech relate directly to that purpose? " " was the audience ' s interest held by the speaker? " " was this speech subject appropriate for this particular audience? " - speech value justifies the act of speaking. the speaker has a responsibility to say something meaningful and original to the audience. the listeners should feel the speaker has made a contribution to their thinking. the ideas should be important ones, although this does not preclude a humorous presentation of them. - audience response indicates the level to which the speaker has affected the emotions and response of the audience. an increasing level of interest may be indicated by reduced audience movement, greater eye contact and laughter at appropriate cues. - physical presentation of a speech carries part of the responsibility for effective communication. the speaker ' s appearance should reinforce the speech, whether profound, sad, humorous, or instructional. body language should support points through gestures, expressions, and body positioning. - voice is the sound that carries the message. it should be flexible, moving from one pitch level to another for emphasis, and should have a variety of rate and volume


find the right spot and dig the ideal place to dig a snow cave is relatively flat and already has around 5 feet of snow. forest area is best because tree growth ensures that the spot isn ' t an avalanche path. according to the northwest weather and avalanche center, two snow - shoers in the cascades were killed in 2001 after setting up an emergency camp in an avalanche shoot. the accident could have easily been avoided if they had chosen a more suitable spot. forested areas are also a great choice because the trees will create snow drifts that are easier to dig into. always start by digging a trench first. the trench allows you to get deep enough in the snow to begin tunneling into the wall. shed layers as you warm up to avoid sweating, but always wear a waterproof layer between you and the snow. even though the digging will cause you to warm up, the most important goal is to stay dry. the mouth of the cave should be just small enough to fit through to avoid wind exposure. tunnel at an upward angle so that the entrance is lowest spot of the cave - - this will allow ventilation without sacrificing any warmth your body contributes. also, be aware of how close you are to the surface. the thicker the walls and ceiling of the snow cave, the more insulation it will offer, and the less likely it will be to collapse in sudden temperature changes. dig a cold sink the design of your snow cave will determine the lowest temperatures it will reach. by digging a hole deeper than the area you ' ll be sleeping in, or by building an elevated platform to sleep on, you allow the coldest air to drop below you. the hole, or cold sink, ideally will double as the entrance to the cave so that oxygen can circulate. round out the inside using your gloves, smooth out any rough edges, especially in the ceiling of the cave. the humidity of your breath and your general body heat will gradually cause melting on this inside of the cave and droplets will collect on any sharp points. as miserable as sleeping in snow sounds, it ' s even worse getting damp under a constant water drip. create a ventilation hole one of the most important parts of building a snow cave is also the easiest to forget. puncture a hole the size of a baseball in the ceiling all the way to the surface. snow is incredibly good at insulating warmth, but it holds gasses just as well. carbon dioxide just from breathing can reach dangerous levels without ventilation. furthermore, if you light a candle or a portable


traveling to lake titicaca, and at an altitude of over 3, 000 m, the train journey across the mountainous terrain of the puna high plateau is acknowledged as one of most beautiful railway journeys in peru. for 3, 500 m, the yellowish - brown grassland of the wetlands of puna dominate the landscape of the truly breathtaking high plateau and after several hours, the spectacular journey reaches lake titicaca, legendary birthplace of inca culture. located in the centre of the andes and at an altitude of nearly 4, 000 m, lake titicaca covers an area of 8, 300 square kilometres and has a depth of almost 300 m. the western area of the lake contains a fascinating artificial island world known as the ‘ floating islands of the ancient people of uru ’. the ‘ islands ’ are floating mats of dried - out totora, a reed - like papyrus that grows in the dense areas of the lake ’ s marshy shallows. it is no wonder that the inca people believed that this watery region was a holy lake. in inca mythology, the ‘ children of the sun ’, manco capac and mama ocllo, emerged from the depths of lake titicaca to create their glorious and mystical empire. global treasures - history ' s most protected monuments - heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live today, and what we pass on to future generations. our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. places as unique and diverse as the wilds of east africa ' s serengeti, the pyramids of egypt, the great barrier reef in australia and the baroque cathedrals of latin america make up our world ' s heritage. join us as we explore one of these protected monuments.


wharton, john austin [ 1828 - 65 ] wharton, john austin ( 1828 – 1865 ). john austin wharton, confederate major - general, the son of sarah ann ( groce ) and william harris wharton, was born near nashville, tennessee, on july 3, 1828. wharton was brought to galveston as an infant and spent his early years on a brazoria county plantation. at the age of eight he was sent to the home of his uncle, leonard w. groce, for instruction under a mr. deans from boston, who later founded a school at galveston which wharton attended until he was fifteen. from 1846 to 1850 wharton attended south carolina college ( now the university of south carolina ), where he served as a commander in the student cadet corps. in 1848 he married eliza penelope johnson, daughter of david johnson, the governor of south carolina. following college, wharton returned to texas and studied law with former united states senator william preston, jack harris, and elisha m. pease, all well - known and successful lawyers. after he was licensed to practice, wharton established the firm of wharton and terry with clint terry at brazoria. in 1860 wharton served as a breckinridge presidential elector and later represented brazoria county at the state secession convention, voting for secession. in addition to his career in law and politics, wharton was also a planter of considerable means. the 1860 tax roll for brazoria county showed that he owned $ 167, 004 of taxable property, including 135 slaves. when the war began wharton was elected captain of company b, eighth texas cavalry, better known as terry ' s texas rangers. he rose to command the regiment after the deaths of col. benjamin f. terry and lt. col. thomas s. lubbock. wharton led his troop with distinction at the battle of shiloh, where he was wounded. his leadership in the course of gen. braxton bragg ' s 1862 kentucky invasion earned him a promotion to the rank of brigadier general on november 18, 1862. his actions at the battle of chickamauga in the fall of 1863 earned him another promotion, to the rank of major general. in february 1864 the general was transferred to richard taylor ' s trans - mississippi department in louisiana. upon his arrival he was assigned to lead the cavalry and took part in the closing scenes of the red river campaign. on april 6, 1865, while visiting gen. john b. magruder ' s headquarters at the fannin hotel in houston, wharton was killed by


ulbrich : glossary abrasion : a roughening or scratching of a surface due to abrasive wear. on aluminum parts, also known as a rub mark or traffic mark. abrasion - resistant steels ( ar ) : a family of steel products developed for those applications involved in sliding and / or impact abrasion. abrasive wear : the removal of material from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. the particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn. contrast with adhesive wear. accelerated corrosion test : a test conducted under controlled conditions that are considerably more severe than those natural conditions whose effects are presumably being investigated. the advantages of such a test is the relatively short time required. results are useful for qualitative comparisons, but are not reliable for predicting anticipated life in actual service. accordion reed steel : hardened, tempered, polished and blued or yellow flat steel with dressed edges. carbon content about 1. 00 %. material has to possess good flatness, uniform hardness and high elasticity. acid steel : steel melted in a furnace with an acid bottom and lining and under a slag containing an excess of an acid substance such as silica. acid - brittleness : brittleness resulting from pickling steel in acid ; hydrogen, formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is partially absorbed by the metal, causing acid brittleness. age - hardening : a process of aging that increases hardness and strength and usually decreases ductility. ( see precipitation heat treatment ) air - hardening steel : a steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. such steels attain their martensitic structure without going through the quenching process. additions of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and manganese are effective toward this end. the term should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2 in. or more in diameter. aircraft quality : denotes material for important or highly stressed parts of aircraft for other similar purposes ; such materials are extremely high quality requiring closely controlled, restrictive and special practices in their manufacture. aging : a process generally accelerated by temperature, wherein changes in mechanical properties occur in certain metals. these changes generally raise room temperature hardness, tensile and yield strength, while lowering ductility. aisi : american iron and steel institute. published steel


. aging : a process generally accelerated by temperature, wherein changes in mechanical properties occur in certain metals. these changes generally raise room temperature hardness, tensile and yield strength, while lowering ductility. aisi : american iron and steel institute. published steel products manual to stainless and heat resisting steels which provides information concerning tolerances, chemical analysis, definitions of technical terms and other related subjects which have been developed in the manufacture and use of stainless steels. alclad : composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion - resistant aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of structurally stronger aluminum alloy. the coatings are anodic to the core so they protect exposed areas of the core electrolytically during exposure to corrosive environment. alloy : a material that has metallic properties and is composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal ( i. e. steel is an alloy of carbon in iron ; stainless steel is an alloy of carbon, chromium and sometimes nickel in iron. ) alloying elements : those elements in alloys which are deliberately added during melting and refining to enhance the properties of that alloy. alloy steel : an iron - based mixture is considered to be an alloy steel when manganese is greater than 1. 65 %, silicon over 0. 5 %, copper above 0. 6 %, or other minimum quantities of alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, or tungsten are present. an enormous variety of distinct properties can be created for the steel by substituting these elements in the recipe. alpha brass : a copper - zinc alloy containing up to 38 % of zinc. used mainly for cold working. alpha bronze : a copper - tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. commercial forms contain 4 or 5 % of tin. this alloy is used in coinage, springs, turbine, blades, etc. alpha iron : the polymorphic form of iron, stable below 1670°f, has a body centered cubic lattice, and is magnetic up to 1410°°f. aluminizing : forming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal by hot dipping, hot spraying, or diffusion. annealing : a process involving heating to a temperature at or above critical and cooling at a controlled rate, usually applied to induce softening. the process could alter mechanical properties, physical properties or micro structure. anodizing : ( aluminum adic oxide coating ) a process of coating aluminum by anodic treatment resulting in a thin film of


controlled rate, usually applied to induce softening. the process could alter mechanical properties, physical properties or micro structure. anodizing : ( aluminum adic oxide coating ) a process of coating aluminum by anodic treatment resulting in a thin film of aluminum oxide of extreme hardness. a wide variety of dye - colored coatings are possible by impregnation in process. aod ( argon oxygen decarburization ) : this term refers to both the process and the vessel that is used for the process in which hot metal from an electric furnace is refined to a chemical specification by blowing a mixture of gases ( a combination of inert gas and oxygen ) under the hot metal surface. the result removes carbon from ferroalloys to achieve a certain chemical specification. the economics of this process have indicated that this method is ideally suited for producing stainless, plus high and low - alloy steels. arc furnace : an arc furnace is a melting device that gets its heat - generating capacity from the introduction of an electric arc to a charge of scrap materials and ferroalloys. this caused the melt - down to a liquid state known as " hot metal ". arc welding : a group of welding processes wherein the metal or metals being joined are coalesced by heating with an arc, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal. astm : american society for testing materials is a voluntary standards development system. it is a non - profit organization which provides a forum for producers, users, consumers, and those having a general interest to meet on common ground and write standards for materials, products, systems and services. austempering : quenching a ferrous alloy from a temperature above the transformation range, in a medium having a rate of heat abstraction high enough to prevent the formation of high - temperature transformation products, and then holding the alloy, until transformation is complete, at a temperature below that of pearlite formation and above that of martensite formation. automatic gauge control : using hydraulic roll force systems, steelmakers have the ability to control precisely their steel sheet ' s gauge ( thickness ) while it is traveling at more than 50 miles per hour through the cold mill. using feedback or feed - forward systems, a computer ' s gap sensor adjusts the distance between the reduction rolls of the mill 50 - 60 times per second. these adjustments prevent the processing of any off - gauge steel sheet.


cholesteatoma is a type of skin cyst located in the middle ear. cholesteatoma can be a birth defect ( congenital ), but it more commonly occurs as a complication of chronic ear infection. poor function in the eustachian tube leads to negative pressure in the middle ear. this pulls a part of the eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) into the middle ear, creating a pocket or cyst that fills with old skin cells and other waste material. the cyst can become infected. the cyst may get bigger and break down some of the middle ear bones or other structures of the ear, affecting hearing, balance, and possibly function of the facial muscles. chole ra, sudhoff hh. chronic otitis media, mastoiditis, and petrositis. in : cummings cw, flint pw, haughey bh, et al, eds. otolaryngology : head & neck surgery. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2010 : chap 139. © 2011 university of maryland medical center ( ummc ). all rights reserved. ummc is a member of the university of maryland medical system, 22 s. greene street, baltimore, md 21201. tdd : 1 - 800 - 735 - 2258 or 1. 866. 408. 6885


antebellum and civil war america, 1784 - 1865 1789 : born sept. 15 in burlington, nj 1790 - 1791 : moves with family to lake otsego in new york 1800 : sister hannah dies 1803 : enrolls at yale 1806 - 1807 : sails on stirling 1808 - 1809 : serves in u. s. navy 1809 : father dies 1811 : marries susan de lancey ; settles in new rochelle, ny ; daughter elizabeth born 1813 : daughter elizabeth dies ; daughter susan born 1815 : daughter caroline born 1817 : daughter anne born 1818 : builds house in scarsdale, ny ; mother dies 1819 : daughter maria born 1820 : publishes precaution 1821 : son fenimore born ; publishes the spy 1822 : moves to new york city ; founds bread and cheese club 1823 : publishes the pioneers ; son fenimore dies ; suffers “ bilious attack ” 1824 : publishes the pilot ; son paul born 1825 : publishes lionel lincoln 1826 : publishes the last of the mohicans ; travels to europe and settles in france ; serves as u. s. consul for lyons, france 1827 : publishes the prairie and the red rover 1828 : publishes notions of the americans 1829 - 1830 : lives in italy and france 1831 : publishes the bravo 1832 : publishes the heidenmauer and the headsman 1833 : returns to united states 1834 : purchases otsego hall in cooperstown 1835 : publishes the monikins 1836 : publishes sketches of switzerland 1837 : sues newspapers for libel 1838 : publishes the american democrat, chronicles of cooperstown, homeward bound, and home as found 1839 : publishes history of the navy of the united states of america 1840 : publishes the pathfinder 1841 : publishes the deerslayer 1842 : publishes the two admirals and the wing - and - wing 1843 : publishes the battle of lake erie, wyandotte, and ned myers, or a life before the mast 1844 : publishes afloat and ashore and miles wallingford 1845 : publishes satanstoe and the chainbearer 1846 : publishes the redskins, the lives of distinguished naval officers, and jack tier 1846 : publishes the crater 1848 : publishes the oak openings ; or the bee hunter 1849 : publishes the sea lions 1850 : publishes the ways of the hour 1851 : dies sept. 14 in cooperstown, ny home as found features a biographical sketch and links to other cooper sites. “ abbildungen aus james fenimore coopers pages and pictures ” features illustrations of cooper, otsego hall, and more. james fenimore cooper :


ny home as found features a biographical sketch and links to other cooper sites. “ abbildungen aus james fenimore coopers pages and pictures ” features illustrations of cooper, otsego hall, and more. james fenimore cooper : the leather - stocking tales, volume i, edited by blake nevius, contains full texts of the pioneers, the last of the mohicans, and the prairie, along with a detailed chronology of cooper ’ s life. “ fenimore cooper ’ s literary offenses, ” a humorous treatment of cooper ’ s writing by mark twain, criticizes the author ’ s dialogue, verisimilitude, and more. james fenimore cooper, 1789 - 1851 by mark canada one of the more controversial figures in american literature, james fenimore cooper occupies the strange position of being among the first and the last of america ’ s great novelists. he is first in time, preceding nathaniel hawthorne, herman melville, and mark twain and, some would argue, influencing some or all of these writers in one way or another. he may be among the last in artistic achievement, however, as critics sometimes call attention to what they perceive as flaws in his characterization and other aspects of his novels. in any case, cooper is an important figure in american literature, known particularly for his creation of the idealized hero natty bumppo and for his treatment of the american frontier in the leather - stocking tales, a series of five novels that include the pioneers ( 1823 ), the last of the mohicans ( 1826 ), and the deerslayer ( 1841 ). by the time cooper was born — on sept. 15, 1789, in burlington, new jersey — the frontier was disappearing from the northeastern united states. indeed, his father, william cooper, would become a major figure in the civilization of the wilderness. in 1790, the elder cooper brought his family to lake otsego in upstate new york and established a settlement that would bear his name, cooperstown. some three decades later, his son would recapture some scenes from his childhood in cooperstown in his novel the pioneers, even modeling marmaduke temple ’ s home on his own father ’ s otsego hall. while he was still a boy, cooper left the settlement for new haven, connecticut, where he enrolled at yale in 1803 at the age of 13. not exactly a model student, cooper was expelled from yale when he was a junior. according to tradition, he played a number of pranks involving,


settlement for new haven, connecticut, where he enrolled at yale in 1803 at the age of 13. not exactly a model student, cooper was expelled from yale when he was a junior. according to tradition, he played a number of pranks involving, among other things, a donkey in a professor ’ s chair and gunpowder in a student ’ s door. in 1806, he went to sea as a sailor - before - the - mast on the stirling, a merchant vessel that traveled to the isle of wight, london, and spain. after a brief stint in the u. s. navy, he married susan augusta de lancey in 1811. as their family grew — susan gave birth to five daughters over the next eight years, eventually giving birth to two sons, as well — the coopers moved around new york, trying farming at various locations. by 1819, cooper was in debt, despite the $ 50, 000 inheritance he received after his father ’ s death in 1809. in 1820, according to legend, cooper became exasperated with a novel he was reading and threw it down, saying he could do better. his wife challenged him to live up to his word, and he wrote a novel of manners called precaution ( 1820 ). his next novel, a revolutionary war novel called the spy ( 1821 ), was highly successful, and cooper was on his way. over the next three decades, he published some 30 novels, the most noteworthy being those of the leather - stocking tales, a series of five novels featuring the frontier hero natty bumppo. not merely winning over readers, cooper did something few writers of literature managed to do in america at that time : he made a tidy income from his books. according to blake nevius, cooper expected to make $ 20, 000 in 1831 ( 1325 ). nevertheless, cooper also managed to anger many americans in the later decades of his life, when he expressed some controversial political opinions, criticized american culture, and sued several newspapers for libel. in fenimore cooper : a study of his life and imagination, stephen railton writes : “ in his books, cooper quarreled with his country ; in life, with his neighbors and countrymen ; and in reality, with himself ” ( 8 ). the latter part of cooper ’ s life was marked by a combination of wanderings and a return to his roots. in 1826, he took his family to europe, partly to benefit his health and the education of his children, and the family spent the next seven years traveling and living in such


was marked by a combination of wanderings and a return to his roots. in 1826, he took his family to europe, partly to benefit his health and the education of his children, and the family spent the next seven years traveling and living in such places as paris, france ; berne, switzerland ; and florence, italy. after returning to the united states, cooper bought otsego hall, the home where he had grown up in cooperstown, and moved there. it was here that he died on september 14, 1851. he was buried, along with other members of his family, in cooperstown. in a preface he wrote for an 1850 edition of his most famous novels, cooper wrote : “ if anything from the pen of the writer of these romances is at all to outlive himself, it is, unquestionably, the series of ‘ the leather - stocking tales. ’ to say this, is not to predict a very lasting reputation for the series itself, but simply to express the belief it will outlast any, or all, of the works from the same hand ” ( 844 ). today, a century and a half after cooper wrote those words, titles such as the bravo and satanstoe would probably elicit only blank stares from many english professors, while the last of the mohicans and the name of natty bumppo are likely familiar even to people who have never read a novel. indeed, in his creation of the frontier hero natty bumppo — known variously as the leather - stocking, hawk - eye, pathfinder, and deerslayer — and the novels recounting his adventures, cooper made a lasting and important contribution to american literature. as donald a. ringe has noted, cooper may have based the character of bumppo on an old hunter named david shipman who came to his house in cooperstown when cooper was a boy ( viii ). it has also been suggested, however, that the legendary frontiersman daniel boone and general george washington served as models for cooper ’ s character. boone had blazed the wilderness road into kentucky back in 1775, and washington had led the continental army in its defeat of the british in the american revolution between 1775 and 1783. like the legends that surround men such as these, cooper ’ s portrayal of his hero is highly idealized. natty bumppo is a noble, wise figure who demonstrates extraordinary physical prowess — in short, the exemplar of a certain brand of man. in the pioneers, for example


, cooper ’ s portrayal of his hero is highly idealized. natty bumppo is a noble, wise figure who demonstrates extraordinary physical prowess — in short, the exemplar of a certain brand of man. in the pioneers, for example, he staunchly stands by his principles of individual liberty, has intimate knowledge of the wilderness, and is a master of both the rifle and the fishing spear. what perhaps makes him most notable among all this is his intimacy with nature. indeed, it is this intimacy that makes bumppo so distinctively an american hero. from the early pioneering efforts by john smith and the puritans at least until the virtual disappearance of the frontier at the end of the nineteenth century, america was in part a mysterious, challenging, and promising wilderness — in the famous words of pilgrim william bradford, “ a hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men ” ( 29 ). bumppo, like many literary creations who would follow him, not only occupied this wilderness, but also became a part of it. bumppo ’ s difficult relationship with the civilization that was encroaching upon this wilderness is one of cooper ’ s most important and influential themes. in the pioneers, for example, bumppo deplores the settlers ’ wasteful destruction of nature, their attempts to regulate interactions with it, even what he perceives as their unmanly habit of shooting pigeons with a cannon instead of a rifle ( 249 ). in the american novel and its tradition, richard chase writes : in different terms the contradiction between the values of a traditional society and those of the lone individual in the marginal hinterland is as much a part of faulkner ’ s view of things as it was of cooper ’ s. with some modification the same contradiction lies behind the works of melville and mark twain, among others. it is clear that crotchety as cooper ’ s thinking sometimes was, he exemplified a dilemma, and explored some of the aesthetic uses to which it might be put, that was not peculiar to him but was at the heart of american culture. ( 52 ) cooper may have done more than set a precedent for later american heroes and treatments of civilization and the wilderness, however. several writers, including d. h. lawrence and richard slotkin, have suggested that he helped create an american myth. in studies in classic american literature, lawrence discussed the portrayal of bumppo in cooper ’ s the deerslayer in this way : “ you have there the myth of the essential white america. all the other stuff,


helped create an american myth. in studies in classic american literature, lawrence discussed the portrayal of bumppo in cooper ’ s the deerslayer in this way : “ you have there the myth of the essential white america. all the other stuff, the love, the democracy, the floundering into lust, is a sort of by - play. the essential american soul is hard, isolate, stoic, and a killer ” ( quoted in slotkin 466 ). slotkin writes in regeneration through violence that cooper ’ s “ vision of the mythic hero became a figure in the popular imagination, to which all subsequent versions of the hero had perforce to refer, whether in emulation or denigration ” ( 468 ). indeed, in “ james fenimore cooper : myth - maker and christian romancer, ” charles a. brady suggests that “ cooper ’ s genius was mythopoeic rather than comic ;... dealing at its rare purest, in archetypes rather than types ” ( 12 ). cooper ’ s achievement and influence, in short, was large. “ the imaginative debt that such minor nineteenth century novelists as simms and stowe owed to cooper is obvious, ” railton notes, “ and in general popular fiction remained in the mode that coper had shaped for it until after the civil war. yet it is equally true to say that cooper first established many of the themes with which the major authors of the century would deal ” ( 3 ). railton further points out that contemporaries sir walter scott and honore de balzac regarded cooper as one of the finest novelists in the world ( 4 ). neverthless, his reputation has suffered considerably so that scholars are inclined to place him beneath nathaniel hawthorne, herman melville, and others who followed him. railton suggests a number of reasons for this position, noting that cooper did not produce a masterpiece on the level of the scarlet letter or moby - dick and that his work suffers from “ contradictions ” ( 4 - 6 ). as mark twain pointed out in “ fenimore cooper ’ s literary offenses, ” cooper ’ s novels also tend to strain some readers ’ expectations of realism in areas such as dialogue. in the pioneers, for instance, a character threatened by a forest fire proclaims : “ let us endeavor to retire ” ( 411 ). indeed, cooper ’ s leather - stocking tales are best read as fancifiul romances and thus do not fit the strict definition of “ novel


by a forest fire proclaims : “ let us endeavor to retire ” ( 411 ). indeed, cooper ’ s leather - stocking tales are best read as fancifiul romances and thus do not fit the strict definition of “ novel ” as a highly realistic form. as chase argues in the american novel and its tradition, however, many of america ’ s greatest “ novels ” — including the scarlet letter and moby - dick — are actually romances. the chief problem in cooper ’ s literature may be simply its lack of polish and originality. all other considerations aside, novels such as moby - dick and adventures of huckleberry finn shine because of their lyrical, highly crafted prose. despite notable digressions, these novels also have a quality of tightness about them. melville used a lot of words, and twain a lot of scenes, but one rarely has the sense that they have wasted them. cooper, on the other hand, appears to have written without the deliberation that one might expect of a great novelist. his daughter, susan fenimore cooper, who had worked for him, provides this glimpse into her father ’ s creative process : “ on this occasion, as on all others when writing a book, he first adopted some general leading idea, sketched vaguely in his mind a few of the more prominent characters, and then immediately began his work in its final shape, leaving the details to suggest and develop themselves during the progress of the volume. excepting when writing history, he is not known to have ever drawn up a written plan, and in one or two instances only were a few brief notes thrown on paper, regarding some particular chapter. in all the details he depended in a great measure on the thought and feeling of the moment ” ( qtd. in railton 25 - 26 ; see “ pages and pictures, ” from writings of james fenimore cooper, 29 - 30 ). furthermore, railton explains that “ he regularly sent manuscript to the publisher without waiting until he had finished the tale ” ( 23 ). cooper also paid little attention to revision. in a letter quoted by railton, cooper admits : “ i ought in justice to myself to say, that in opposition to a thousand good resolutions, the pioneers, has been more hastily and carelessly written than any of my books — not a line has been copied, and it has gone from my desk to the printers — i have not to this moment been able even to read it — “ ( 23 ). finally,


more hastily and carelessly written than any of my books — not a line has been copied, and it has gone from my desk to the printers — i have not to this moment been able even to read it — “ ( 23 ). finally, as railton notes, cooper was not one to provide readers with highly original conceptions. “ no writer was more committed than cooper to contemporary literary conventions, ” railton writes. “ he was, for example, simply unable to conceive a tale without a love story, without a comic character, without a narrow escape.... in the nineteenth century literary conventions fulfilled the terms of an unwritten, tacit contract that a popular novelist had agreed upon with his audience : readers demanded novelty and suspense, but they also expected to be entertained in a familiar way, and the writer was pledged to satisfy those expectations ( 27 ). cooper may have fulfilled those expectations and thus enjoyed great popular success, but he may have done so at the expense of artistry. in an essay entitled “ fenimore cooper ’ s literary offenses, ” mark twain writes of cooper ’ s novel the deerslayer : a work of art? it has no invention ; it has no order, system, sequence, or result ; it has no lifelikeness, no thrill, no stir, no seeming of reality ; its characters are confusedly drawn, and by their acts and words they prove that they are not the sort of people the author claims that they are ; its humor is pathetic ; its pathos is funny ; its conversations are — oh! indescribable ; its love - scenes odious ; its english a crime against the language. counting these out, what is left is art. i think we must all admit that. ( 1250 ) art or no art, james fenimore cooper created an influential character in natty bumppo and helped launch a literary discussion of the relationship between humanity and nature in america. it is for these contributions he is perhaps best remembered. bradford, william. of plymouth plantation. the american tradition in literature. vol. 1. ed. george perkins, et al. 7th ed. new york : mcgraw - hill, 1990. 26 - 41. brady, charles a. “ james fenimore cooper : myth - maker and christian romancer. ” american classics revisited. ed. howard c. gardiner. new york : charles scribner ’ s sons, 1958. chase, richard. the american novel and its tradition. garden city, n.


: myth - maker and christian romancer. ” american classics revisited. ed. howard c. gardiner. new york : charles scribner ’ s sons, 1958. chase, richard. the american novel and its tradition. garden city, n. y. : doubleday, 1957. cooper, james fenimore. the pioneers. james fenimore cooper : the leather - stocking tales, volume i. new york : library of america, 1985. 1 - 465. - - -. “ preface to the leather - stocking tales. ” the american tradition in literature. vol. 1. ed. george perkins, et al. 7th ed. new york : mcgraw - hill, 1990. nevius, blake. “ chronology. ” james fenimore cooper : the leather - stocking tales, volume i. new york : library of america, 1985. 1319 - 1331. railton, stephen. fenimore cooper : a study of his life and imagination. princeton : princeton university press, 1978. ringe, donald. “ introduction. ” the pioneers. new york : penguin, 1988. vii - xxii. slotkin, richard. regeneration through violence. twain, mark. “ fenimore cooper ’ s literary offenses. ” the unabridged mark twain. philadelphia : running press, 1976.


international pops elimination network ( ipen ) - date submitted : 1 nov 2011 - stakeholder type : major group - name : international pops elimination network ( ipen ) - submission document : download full submissiondraft ipen submission un conference on sustainable development rio + 20 june 2012 thank you for the opportunity to provide input and comment to the uncsd secretariat? s preparation of the zero draft for the outcome document for adoption by governments at rio + 20. ipen the international pops elimination network ( ipen ) was formed in response to the global recognition of the need to eliminate persistent organic pollutants. since its inception in 1998, ipen has grown to a global network of over 700 public interest non - governmental organisations ( ngos ) from more than 100 countries united in support of the common goal of a? toxics - free future.? ipen facilitates the engagement of public interest ngos in efforts to eliminate pops and other persistent toxic substances ( pts ), and works for a world where exposure to chemicals is no longer a significant source of harm to public health and the environment. ipen has emerged as a broad - based international chemical safety network with a global reach. it has the ability to translate chemical policy into concrete action on the ground and provides developing country ngos with a voice at international forums. this submission was prepared on behalf of ipen ( the international pops elimination network ) and its participating organizations by : dr mariann lloyd - smith phd ( law ) senior advisor, ipen senior advisor, national toxics network inc. email @ example. com www. ipen. org www. ntn. org. au skype - mariannls introduction the chemical industry plays a significant role in the global economy with sales in 2007 of more than three trillion u. s. dollars. 1 a steadily increasing share of the world? s chemical production is shifting to developing and transition countries 2 and by 2020 developing countries are expected to lead in highvolume chemicals production. 3 the united nations environment programme ( unep ) has noted rapidly rising import and use of chemicals in developing countries and estimates that by 2020, they could account for one - third of global consumption. 4 almost all developing countries are increasing their use of pesticides and industrial chemicals, including substances contained in consumer and commercial products such as plastics, paints, adhesives, dyes, metals, and so forth. 5 to achieve a sustainable future where individuals and societies can truly have green livelihoods, a sustainable chemical industry is essential. many chemicals still on the market are simply unmanage


paints, adhesives, dyes, metals, and so forth. 5 to achieve a sustainable future where individuals and societies can truly have green livelihoods, a sustainable chemical industry is essential. many chemicals still on the market are simply unmanageable and industry can no longer be allowed to outsource its harmful impacts and expect communities to pay the? costs?. achieving a sustainable chemical industry is a significant challenge for rio + 20. this submission will address this challenge and identify expectations and desired outcomes of rio + 20. expectations for the outcome of rio + 20 expectation 1 - taking stock a generation on a prime expectation of rio + 20 is a? taking stock of progress? against the goals and objectives of the previous rio earth summit in 1992 and the outcomes of the world summit on sustainable development ( wssd ). it has been a generation since rio and it is time to both assess progress and reinvigorate the rio principles of intergenerational equity, precaution, right to know, polluter pays and participation. in 1992, governments meeting at the rio earth summit acknowledged that chemical contamination could be a source of? grave damage to human health, genetic structures and reproductive outcomes, and the environment.? 6 the subsequent chapter 19 of agenda 21 focused on environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, and in particular, the needs of developing countries when faced with the chemical hazards of their rapidly industrialising economies. 1 international council of chemical associations, icca review 2007? 2008, 2009, http : / / www. iccachem. org / iccadocs / 01 _ icca _ review2007 _ 2008. pdf 2 oecd, oecd environmental outlook to 2030, 2008. 3 oecd, oecd environmental outlook for the chemical industry, 2001. 4 governing council of the united nations environment programme, financing options for chemicals and wastes ( unep / gcss. xi / inf8 ), december 18, 2009, http : / / www. unep. org / dec / pdf / chemicalfinancing / k0953863 - % 20gcss - xi - inf8. pdf 5 joe digangi, civil society actions for a toxics - free future, new solutions, vol. 21 ( 3 ) 433 - 445, 2011 6 agenda 21, chapter 19, environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, including prevention of illegal international traffic in toxic & dangerous products, section 19. 2 available at http : / / www. un.


( 3 ) 433 - 445, 2011 6 agenda 21, chapter 19, environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, including prevention of illegal international traffic in toxic & dangerous products, section 19. 2 available at http : / / www. un. org / esa / dsd / agenda21 / res _ agenda21 _ 19. shtml yet, 20 years on, toxic chemicals contaminate all living things, including vulnerable populations such as children and indigenous peoples. since1992, many more new synthetic chemicals have been manufactured and released into the environment, with estimates of over 1, 500 new chemicals being introduced each year. approximately 80, 000 are currently in use. the vast majority of pesticides and industrial chemicals have still not been adequately tested for their long term health and environmental impacts, particularly in terms of emerging concerns such as endocrine disruption and the impacts of mixtures of chemicals, which is how they occur in the environment. the little information that does exist is often not available to workers and exposed communities, particularly in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. the developing world still faces dirty industries setting up in countries with limited capacity and compliance, as well as the escalating threats of ever increasing waste streams and illegal dumping by developed countries. in particular, the quantity of hazardous electronic waste finding its way to developing countries is still growing exponentially. a generation on, our water, soil, air and food chain are contaminated with toxic persistent chemicals and? toxic trespass? of our bodies and those of wildlife continues unabated! it is essential that rio + 20 reviews its past and takes stock of progress against chapter 19 of agenda 21. it should also assess the lack of progress in regards to the wssd 2020 goal and incorporate activities that would address the systematic failings into its outcomes. to achieve a sustainable future, rio + 20 will need to develop a program to eliminate the toxic legacy faced by countries as a result of unsound chemicals management and provide concrete and measureable deadlines crucial to ensure focus, credibility and public trust. 4. specific elements : a. objectives of the conference : reinvigorate rio principles and wssd objectives pertaining to chemicals and waste rio + 20 provides an appropriate opportunity to reinvigorate the original rio principles and wssd objectives pertaining to chemicals and waste. chapter 19 -? environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals? - focused on the generation, harmonisation and dissemination of chemical data, and strengthening capacity for chemical management. it contained specific reference to the right of communities


the rio principles, their implementation by all governments and to the wssd 2020 goal. these are essential to achieving a sustainable future and green livelihoods. rio + 20 must reaffirm the central role of sustainable development in the international agenda and revive public trust in sustainable development as a policy that can finally make a positive breakthrough. it is necessary to acknowledge that certain industries, which cannot fulfill these principles, cannot be part of a sustainable future. clear criteria need to be developed to encourage sustainable investments into chemical industry that will help to phase out unsustainable chemical production. 7 saicm overarching policy strategy, para 15 ( b ) ( i ) 8 strategic approach to international chemicals management ( saicm ), overarching policy strategy, paragraph 13 commitment to the chemical management objectives to ensure intergenerational equity two decades after the rio earth summit, babies are born pre - polluted with hundreds of manmade toxic chemicals present in their small bodies. the developing foetus is contaminated by chemicals bio - accumulated in the mother? s body and that readily cross over the placental barrier. newborns take more in through breast milk or formula, and as they grow are exposed to hazardous chemicals through residues in their food, indoor and outdoor air pollution, and through household products and contaminated house dust. 9 many of the synthetic chemicals they are exposed to are persistent and bio - accumulative, remaining in the human body long after exposure. there are still no regulatory approaches to assess the combined impacts of the chemical soup to which children are exposed. the unique vulnerability of children to hazardous chemicals was recognised by the intergovernmental forum on chemical safety, the word health organisation ( who ), the united nations children? s fund ( unicef ) and unep 10 when they identified a growing number of children? s health impacts from chemical exposure. these include asthma, birth defects, ( eg, hypospadias ), behavioural disorders, learning disabilities, autism, cancer, dysfunctional immune systems, neurological impairments, and reproductive disorders. 11 the who has estimated that three million children under the age of five die every year due to environmental hazards. 12 all children, both in the developing and developed world, are affected by exposure to hazardous chemicals. in 2004, the european union? s ministerial conference on children? s environmental health concluded that reducing exposure to hazardous chemicals could save the lives of many children. for rio + 20, to achieve real sustainability, the impacts of our chemical activities, products, and waste on future generations must be addressed


ministerial conference on children? s environmental health concluded that reducing exposure to hazardous chemicals could save the lives of many children. for rio + 20, to achieve real sustainability, the impacts of our chemical activities, products, and waste on future generations must be addressed in the rio + 20 outcomes. all governments and intergovernmental organisations will need to ensure a long term, sustainable, intergenerational commitment to chemical reform. 9 lloyd - smith, mariann ; sheffield - brotherton, bro, ' children ' s environmental health : intergenerational equity in action? a civil society perspective. ' annals of the new york academy of sciences, volume 1140, number 1, october 2008, pp. 190 - 200 ( 11 ) 10 ifcs children and chemical safety working group. 2005. chemical safety and children? s health : protecting the world? s children from harmful chemical exposures - a global guide to resources, october. 11 unep, unicef & who. 2002. children in the new millennium : environmental impact on health. available at www. unep. org, www. unicef. org and www. who. int. 12 world health organization / children? s environmental health. available at http : / / www. who. int / ceh / en / accessed 23 / 3 / 2009 specific elements : sound management of chemicals to achieve sustainable development in february 2006, ministers of over 140 governments endorsed the strategic approach to international chemicals management ( saicm ) high level declaration, which states : the sound management of chemicals is essential if we are to achieve sustainable development, including the eradication of poverty and disease, the improvement of human health and the environment and the elevation and maintenance of the standard of living in countries at all levels of development. 13 many developing and transition countries continue to face bourgeoning industrial growth as industries, many of them hazardous, set up where there are few regulations and little capacity to control effluent, air pollution and waste. while there is a global consensus that sound management of chemicals is an integral part of the sustainable development agenda and that an inability to manage chemicals can negatively affect development and poverty reduction initiatives, sound chemicals management has not been successfully integrated into development assistance. some of the problems stem from limited resources, the multitude of other obligations, and the urgent need to address other global environmental issues such as climate change. however, another obstacle includes the view that chemicals management is an environmental issue not a health and development concern. hence there is not a strong demand by developing countries to include chemical safety in development


urgent need to address other global environmental issues such as climate change. however, another obstacle includes the view that chemicals management is an environmental issue not a health and development concern. hence there is not a strong demand by developing countries to include chemical safety in development assistance. while donor countries insist on country driven programs, there remains a disconnect between chemical safety and the development agenda. as sound chemical management is essential to achieve the millennium development goals, rio + 20 outcomes must ensure that chemical safety and chemical policy reform occupies a place at the core of the economic and development policy agenda. rio + 20 must recommend that sound chemical management be taken into account while determining the direction of all international development assistance. in order to achieve this, ipen offers the following model for rio + 20 activities : in 2007, ipen collaborated with unep chemical and the saicm secretariat to initiate and coordinate the global ngo saicm outreach campaign. 14 the purpose of the campaign was to raise awareness about saicm and to secure commitments from ngos in all regions to undertake efforts to elevate the threats posed by toxic chemicals. the campaign targeted not only environmental ngos, but also organisations from other sectors including 13 united nations environment programme, strategic approach to international chemicals management : saicm texts and resolutions of the international conference on chemicals management, 2006, http : / / www. saicm. org / documents / saicm % 20texts / saicm _ publication _ eng. pdf 14 see global saicm outreach campaign. available at http : / / www. ipen. org / campaign health, agriculture and labour. as a result of the campaign, more than one thousand ngos in over 100 15 countries endorsed a civil society statement supporting saicm and its objectives, committing themselves to contribute to the saicm implementation. the campaign spread the message for the need for chemical management to ensure the protection of human health and the environment but also human rights and national development. this model could be utilised as an activity from rio + 20 to assist in achieving greater awareness of the role of chemical management in sustainable development. sound management of chemicals to ensure the protection of human rights the protection of the environment is a vital part of contemporary human rights doctrines. it affects the right to life and the right to health. the international court of justice has found that damage to the environment undermines all human rights spoken of in the universal declaration and other human rights instruments. 16 in 2001, the united nations human rights committee found that? living in a pollution - free world is a basic human right? 17 and those who


to the environment undermines all human rights spoken of in the universal declaration and other human rights instruments. 16 in 2001, the united nations human rights committee found that? living in a pollution - free world is a basic human right? 17 and those who pollute violate these rights. it was noted that,? human rights cannot be secured in a degraded or polluted environment? and that? the fundamental right to life is threatened by exposures to toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, and contaminated drinking water.? the rise of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, degenerative diseases and mental health have all shown to have links to pollution of air, water and / or food. who has assessed almost a quarter of all disease is caused by environmental exposure, which can be averted. 18 their report,? preventing disease through healthy environments - towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease,? shows that in one way or another, the environment significantly affects more than 80 % of major diseases. the convention on the rights of the child 19 recognises the dangers of environmental pollution 20 and places an onus on all parties to ensure the 15 see http : / / www. ipen. org / campaign / signed. html 16 case concerning the gabcikovo - nagymaros project ( hungary v slovakia ), 1997 icj rep 7 ; ( 25 september ; sep op., judge weeramantry ), 4. ; also see per c g weeramantry j, in his separate opinion in the international court of justice? s decision in gabcikovo - nagymaros project ( hungary v slovakia ) 1997 icj 97 at 110 ; 37 ilm 162 at 206 ( 1998 ). 17 press release, 27 apr 2001? living in a pollution - free world a basic human right? available at http : / / www. grida. no / news / press / 2150. aspx 18 who media release? almost a quarter of all disease caused by environmental exposure? 16 june 2006 | geneva available at http : / / www. who. int / mediacentre / news / releases / 2006 / pr32 / en / index. html 19 convention on the rights of the child, opened for signature 20 november 1989, 1577 unts 3 ( entered into force 2 september 1990 ). australia ratified the crc on 17 december 1990. 20 article 24 2 ( c ) to combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, in


unts 3 ( entered into force 2 september 1990 ). australia ratified the crc on 17 december 1990. 20 article 24 2 ( c ) to combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, iner alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking - water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution ; healthy development of the child, to the maximum extent possible. to achieve this, the epigenetic basis of health and disease must also be considered, for once there is a mutation in a gene, this intergenerational impact cannot easily be remedied. all children have a right to a healthy, toxic - free environment with clean air, clean water and food free from chemical residues, as well as safe and toxic - free toys. the human rights of indigenous people are also badly affected by chemical contamination. under the declaration on the rights of indigenous people 2007, 21 indigenous people have the right to practice and revitalise their cultural practices, customs and institutions ; however, the ongoing contamination of the food chain seriously threatens indigenous peoples? right and need to consume traditional foods. in the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants ( pops ) 2001 preamble, arctic peoples are given special consideration which acknowledges that the arctic ecosystems and indigenous communities are particularly at risk because of the biomagnification of pops in their traditional foods. the blood and breast milk of arctic peoples are contaminated with the full suite of pops chemicals and their metabolites. the level of perfluorooctanoate ( pfoa ), a carcinogen and immunotoxin, is doubling in the arctic environment every 5 years. perfluorooctanesulfonate ( pfos ), a newly listed pops chemical with no known breakdown, already contaminates every aspect of the arctic environment and its inhabitants. despite this, governments permit the continuation of this pollution by allowing a wide range of acceptable uses and exemptions for pfos. rio + 20 outcomes must include active support for activities to reduce chemical contamination to protect basic human rights. they need to facilitate the phase - out of all ongoing uses and exemptions for pops, which are transboundary, intergenerational poisons that cannot be managed. rio + 20 must provide a clear pathway for global phase - out of particularly hazardous chemicals, specifically pbts ( persistent bioaccumulative toxins ), vpvbts, (


, intergenerational poisons that cannot be managed. rio + 20 must provide a clear pathway for global phase - out of particularly hazardous chemicals, specifically pbts ( persistent bioaccumulative toxins ), vpvbts, ( very persistent, very bioaccumulative toxins ), genotoxics, carcinogens, chemicals affecting the immune and nervous system, and endocrine disruptors. the saicm emerging policy issue on endocrine disruptors needs to be supported. recommendations for rio + 20 specific chemical safety activities needed to achieve a sustainable future - life cycle analysis and polluter pays - to achieve a sustainable future, rio + 20 outcomes must support a move away from the standard risk assessment paradigm to an assessment of the complete life cycle of a chemical, product or activity. understanding the systems of production, distribution, use, and disposal reveals a more 21 see united nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, ga resolution 61 / 295, un doc a / 61 / l. 67 ( 2007 ) at article 5, 9 and 11 complete view of chemical relationships and where a given chemical may create threats to human health or the environment. 22 through a life cycle approach, the full cost of a product or activity can be properly assessed, ensuring extended producer responsibility for all aspects and impacts of the chemical? s life cycle. a polluter pays approach is essential, as countries can no longer afford to pay the bourgeoning costs of chemical contamination and hazardous waste management in terms of adverse environmental health impacts and the economic imposts on the public purse. currently, much of the cost of chemical production, use and waste management has been externalized as costs to governments and society. these encompass legacy issues such as obsolete stockpiles, contaminated sites and children whose development has been impaired as a result of pre - natal and post - natal chemical exposure ; others whose health has been injured as a result of chemical exposure, eg, workers ; those providing health care services to such people ; property owners or users whose property value decreases as a result of chemical contamination ; fishers, hunters, small farmers, and others whose livelihoods are impaired by chemical contamination ; indigenous peoples whose way of life has been undermined through contamination of their traditional foods ; people whose water supply is contaminated ; and others. externalities of modern industrial agriculture include depletion of water, soil, and biodiversity ; pollution by pesticides and fertilizers ; loss of livelihoods and knowledge, and the resulting economic and social costs to communities


is contaminated ; and others. externalities of modern industrial agriculture include depletion of water, soil, and biodiversity ; pollution by pesticides and fertilizers ; loss of livelihoods and knowledge, and the resulting economic and social costs to communities. these externalities retard economic productivity, harm the environment, and impose additional burdens on a country? s health delivery and education systems. while the polluter pays principle and its internalization of costs helps address these impacts, economic instruments that internalize costs of chemicals management have not been widely implemented. rio + 20 outcomes should provide support for cost internalization mechanisms as an effective method to provide the resources needed to establish infrastructure and foster investment in safer practices and in the substitution of less hazardous chemicals and materials. rio + 20 outcomes must support a cradle - to - cradle approach to product design, giving due consideration to the chemical components and an acceptance of what is not recyclable, should be degradable. - substitution and elimination of hazardous substances in consumer products - in most countries, the consumption of products containing hazardous chemicals is increasing, resulting in a growth in emissions from the 22 geiser, k., redesigning chemicals policy : a very different approach, new solutions, vol. 21 ( 3 ) 329 - 344, 2011 manufacture and use of products as well as a massive growth in the waste generated. saicm acknowledged fundamental changes are needed in the way products are manufactured, consumed and managed in their waste or recycling phase. many low quality products are supplied to and also made in developing countries and economies in transition, including cosmetics, household goods, paints, toys and other goods for children that are contaminated with a range of heavy metals and chemicals. in most cases, no information on contents of hazardous chemicals in products is available to governments or civil society and there remains inadequate public awareness of health risks associated with many products. lead content in paint is a pertinent example. lead levels in paint sold in developing countries are significantly higher than those of developed countries. lead is renowned for its toxic effects, particularly on children, and the removal of lead from paint is an iconic intergenerational and equity issue, which needs immediate global attention. while right - to - know about product ingredients will help drive cleaner production, the onus must remain with manufacturers and governments to ensure hazardous substances are eliminated from consumer products and substituted with safer ingredients. rio + 20 outcomes will need to ensure not only a reduction in product obsolescence but chemical management reforms based on green product design, substitution and the elimination of


manufacturers and governments to ensure hazardous substances are eliminated from consumer products and substituted with safer ingredients. rio + 20 outcomes will need to ensure not only a reduction in product obsolescence but chemical management reforms based on green product design, substitution and the elimination of toxic substances. a primary outcome of rio + 20 outcomes must be a complete phase - out of toxic substances from all children? s products, including toys, by 2020. - addressing the toxic ewaste trade - many developing countries already facing their own domestic waste pressures are experiencing import of hazardous waste, particularly electronic waste, from other countries, including developed countries. the export of old computers to? bridge the digital divide? is still being used as an excuse for toxic waste dumping on some of the poorest communities and countries in the world. it is estimated that between 50 % and 80 % of ewaste collected for recycling in the developed countries each year is being exported. developed countries have not invested in adequate ewaste recycling / treatment facilities and have not provided adequate legislation, monitoring and compliance to stop the toxic exports. the lack of adequate infrastructure in developing countries to manage ewaste safely results in the burning of ewaste in open air or dumping in sewers, rivers or on the ground, with global impacts. the phenomenal growth in ewaste requires that all countries develop sound capacity to prevent, minimise, re - use or recycle materials from ewaste. active support must be given to green product design to design - out toxic components in electronics, as well as green procurement policies. to achieve sustainability, rio + 20 outcomes need to support countries and help build capacity for the prevention, management and recycling of ewaste. rio + 20 should encourage all governments to ensure prompt ratification and entry into force of the basel ban amendment by 2016 at the latest to assure developing countries are not dumping grounds for external toxic waste. - hazardous stockpiles and destruction technologies - many developing and transition countries have large stockpiles of obsolete pesticides that pose a serious threat to human health and the environment in these countries themselves and in neighbouring countries as well. these legacy stockpiles need an international approach to ensure their destruction using environmentally sound techniques. in the last decade, the availability of non - incineration destruction facilities has been seriously impaired through a lack of institutional support. while these technologies are still available, the market approach has resulted in the preference for what appears to be cheaper incineration options. this is despite emitting air pollutants and producing toxic ash requiring permanent storage


impaired through a lack of institutional support. while these technologies are still available, the market approach has resulted in the preference for what appears to be cheaper incineration options. this is despite emitting air pollutants and producing toxic ash requiring permanent storage, as well as ongoing public opposition in all continents. rio + 20 outcomes need to provide support for non - incineration destruction technologies to urgently address the legacy wastes. rio + 20 outcomes must provide awareness - raising and capacity - building for developing countries and countries in transition to help them resist the attempts to push through old incineration technologies. - ban highly hazardous pesticides - the agricultural use of pesticides that are highly hazardous to human health and the environment is long overdue for replacement by sustainable alternatives. as part of its commitment to implementing the objectives of saicm, the food and agriculture organisation ( fao ) has called for the global phase - out of highly hazardous pesticides and has developed criteria to identify them. these include pesticides that are highly acutely toxic ( who classes 1a and 1b ), carcinogenic, mutagenic, reproductive toxins, those listed under the stockholm or rotterdam conventions, or pesticides with active ingredients and formulations that have shown a high incidence of severe or irreversible adverse effects on human health or the environment. 23 fao has also called for the use of these pesticides to be replaced by an ecosystem approach to agriculture based on biological process and the use of 23 http : / / www. fao. org / agriculture / crops / core - themes / theme / pests / pm / code / hhp / en / pesticides only as a last resort. 24 this approach echoes that of the un special rapporteur on the right to food, who found that in order to combat hunger and malnutrition, states should implement policies to adopt agroecological practices, as agroecology raises productivity, reduces rural poverty, improves nutrition and contributes to adapting to climate change. 25 a world bank report on community managed sustainable agriculture in india found that non - pesticide management of the agro - ecosystem significantly increases farmers? net income, improves household food security and reduces environmental damage. 26 the agroecological approach to agriculture in place of the use of highly hazardous pesticides is also supported by the united nations conference on trade and development ( unctad ) ; 27 the united nations environment programme ( unep ) in its report on the green economy ; 28 and the international assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology


pesticides is also supported by the united nations conference on trade and development ( unctad ) ; 27 the united nations environment programme ( unep ) in its report on the green economy ; 28 and the international assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development ( iaastd ), a world bank initiative in partnership with fao, unep, undp, who, governments, civil society, the private sector and scientific institutions. 29 despite this high level support for replacing hazardous pesticides with an agroecological approach to food production, little progress has been made. many governments and others continue to believe, despite abundant evidence to the contrary, that chemical - based agriculture is the only way to feed the world. in ignorance, many farmers continue to use highly hazardous pesticides, poisoning themselves, their families, future generations and the environment, usually also diminishing their potential returns and food security. rio + 20 outcomes must provide a process for the global phase - out of highly hazardous pesticides and endorse and actively support an agroecological approach to agriculture. - achieving mercury phase - out through a global treaty - the impacts on human health from exposure to mercury are well documented, with children most at risk from its neurotoxicity. the current negotiations need to result in a convention text that covers the full life cycle of mercury in all media, including in products and waste streams. bat / bep ( best 24 fao. 2010. report of the twenty - second session of the committee on agriculture, rome, 29 november? 3 december 2010. rome. also see fao, 2011. save and grow : a policymaker? s guide to the sustainable intensification of smallholder crop production. http : / / www. fao. org / ag / save - and - grow 25 report to un human rights council, march 2011, by un special rapporteur on right to food, oliver de schutter : agro - ecology and the right to food ) 26 kumar tv, raidu dv, killi j, pillai m, shah p, kalavadonda v, lakhey s. 2009. ecologically sound, economically viable community managed sustainable agriculture in andra pradesh, india. the world bank, washington dc. 27 united nations conference on trade and development ( unctad ), feb 2011 :? assuring food security in developing countries under the challenges of climate change : key trade and development issues of a fundamental transformation of agriculture? http : / / www. un


united nations conference on trade and development ( unctad ), feb 2011 :? assuring food security in developing countries under the challenges of climate change : key trade and development issues of a fundamental transformation of agriculture? http : / / www. unctad. org / en / docs / osgdp20111 _ en. pdf 28 unep green economy report : towards a green economy : pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication, 2011 http : / / www. unep. org / greeneconomy / v2 / greeneconomyreport / tabid / 29846 / default. aspx 29 iaastd : the international assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development, 2008. http : / / www. agassessment. org / available techniques / best environmental practice ) should be required for all new and existing release sources, as well as adequate financial and technical assistance for developing and transition countries to assist them in meeting bat / bep requirements and other aspects of treaty implementation. all parties should be required to develop a national goal consistent with treaty goals for reducing and eliminating its mercury emissions, and implement education, training and awareness - raising with regard to the action plan. the treaty should address both large and small scale mining and refining operations, and in particular address artisanal small scale gold mining ( asgm ). mercury imports and other sources of mercury supply for asgm should be banned and measures to prohibit, restrict, or discourage should include child labour. importantly, all mercury waste must be covered by the treaty. rio + 20 outcomes should support the development of an effective and comprehensive mercury treaty. - interaction of climate change and chemicals - in 2011, unep acknowledged that chemical management reform needs to be undertaken in the context of the growing interaction of climate change on chemical releases, transport, degradation, exposure and toxicity. 30 the report by the united nations environment program ( unep ) and the arctic monitoring and assessment programme ( amap ) expert group,? climate change and pops : predicting the impacts,? concludes that higher temperatures increase primary emissions and releases of pops. temperature also changes rates of mobilisation from materials, products or stockpiles and alters use patterns, eg, increased demand for disease vector control / ddt. it was demonstrated that increased exposure to pops also results from secondary re - volatilisation and re - mobilisation from sinks, eg, melting of ice, glaciers and permafrost, flooding of contaminated lands, waste sites and landfills


was demonstrated that increased exposure to pops also results from secondary re - volatilisation and re - mobilisation from sinks, eg, melting of ice, glaciers and permafrost, flooding of contaminated lands, waste sites and landfills, as well as increase partitioning of pops from water to atmosphere. there is already evidence of increased remobilization of pops and heavy metals from glacial and permafrost melt. while enhanced degradation of pops due to temperature increases is possible, if microorganisms have a higher degradation capacity, this could also lead to increased formation of toxic transformation products. pops exposure has direct impacts on individuals and populations, including endocrine effects on reproduction, immunosuppression and epigenetic effects ( heritable changes ) at cellular level. temperature has been shown to affect pops toxicity, and climate change impacts on salinity, ocean acidification, eutrophication and water oxygen levels could ( either alone or in combination ) enhance the toxic effects of pops. 30 climate change and pops : predicting the impacts, report of the united nations environment program ( unep ) / arctic monitoring and assessment programme ( amap ) expert group, january 2011 available http : / / chm. pops. int rio + 20 outcomes must ensure a coordinated and global response to counteract immediate, medium and long - term effects on human health and ecosystems of concurrent exposure to pops and changing climates. rio + 20 outcomes should endorse the precautionary approach to guide development of policy actions to address combined negative impacts of climate change and pops, including support for mitigation activities with co - benefits. - support for zero waste and recycling and the removal of single use plastics - to achieve sustainability, societies and governments must succeed in implementing zero waste policies, 31 which requires improvement of product design and content to better ensure the ease and safety of recycling. industries and governments have argued that recycling costs are in some cases more than the production of new items, but this fails to assess the full costs of the life cycle impacts including the waste phase and the impact on finite resources. a pertinent example is the cost of plastic marine debris. the plastic? gyres? of the pacific, atlantic and indian oceans are growing as the result of low recycling rates for plastic. either via direct dumping, river transport or unsecured landfill, waste plastics find their way to the ocean vortices. as plastics do not biodegrade easily in the environment, the amount of plastic in the vortices


rates for plastic. either via direct dumping, river transport or unsecured landfill, waste plastics find their way to the ocean vortices. as plastics do not biodegrade easily in the environment, the amount of plastic in the vortices is increasing substantially. about 250 billion pounds of plastic raw material are produced annually worldwide with unintentional releases to the environment during manufacturing and transport. plastic pellets are now widely distributed through the world? s ocean along with plastic wastes. 32 the plastic accumulates pollutants including nonylphenols, dde and pcb, which can be up to one million times more concentrated on the surface of the pellets than in the ambient seawater. this high accumulation potential means that plastic resin pellets serve both as a global transport medium and a source of toxic chemicals in the marine environment. mortality due to plastic ingestion is now common in seabirds, marine mammals and sea turtles. the extent to which the ingestion of hazardous chemical components attributes to wildlife deaths is not available. to achieve sustainability, rio + 20 outcomes will need, as a priority, to ensure single use plastics are phased - out and provide a clear path to a global reduction of plastic use and disposal. 31 zero waste is a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life cycles so that all products are reused. saicm agreement refers to? zero waste resource management, waste prevention, substitution and toxics use reduction, to reduce the volume and toxicity of discarded materials? 32 mato, isobe, takada, kahnehiro, ohtake, and kaminuma. plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment environ. sci. technol. 2001, 35, 318 - 324 - ensure precautionary principle and adequate assessment is applied to nanotechnology and nanomaterials - in recent years, a wide variety of nanomaterials ( substances smaller than 100 nanometers in size ) have been added to an increasing numbers of consumer products used in day - to - day life, eg., food packaging, sunscreens, clothing ( odor - resistant textiles ), pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agrochemicals, household appliances, and medical devices. this is despite the lack of adequate toxicity assessment, labeling, government regulation or environmental monitoring ; and despite the saicm requirement for publically available information about all stages of a chemical? s life - cycle, including in products. there is huge uncertainty regarding the health impacts


the lack of adequate toxicity assessment, labeling, government regulation or environmental monitoring ; and despite the saicm requirement for publically available information about all stages of a chemical? s life - cycle, including in products. there is huge uncertainty regarding the health impacts and toxicity of nanoparticles. 33 without mandatory labelling and registration of nano - products, no one, not even governments, knows which products contain nanoparticles. surveys show that many companies do not conduct risk assessments. 34 yet both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that manufactured nanoparticles, now in widespread commercial use, pose new toxicity risks 35 including asbestos - like pathogenicity and the onset of mesothelioma in test mice, 36 and granulomas, lesions, cancer or blood clots. 37 there is evidence that some nanoparticles can cross the placenta, posing particular risks to developing embryos. 38 nanoparticles have been shown to have a potential for biomagnification and bioaccumulation in the environment, 39 and a recent study provides clear evidence that nanoparticles 33 nel a, xia t, li n ( 2006 ) toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. science vol 311 : 622 - 627 ; oberdorster g, et al., ( 2005 ).? principles for characterising the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials : elements of a screening strategy?. particle and fibre toxicology 2 : 8. 34 helland a et al., ( 2008 ) risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials : a survey of industrial approaches. environ. sci. technol. 42 : 640? 646 ; helland a. et al., ( 2008 ) precaution in practice : perceptions, procedures, and performance in the nanotech industry. j ind ecol 12 ( 3 ) : 449 - 458. 35 for example see ashwood p, thompson r, powell j. 2007. fine particles that adsorb lipopolysaccharide via bridging calcium cations may mimic bacterial pathogenicity towards cells. exp biol med 232 ( 1 ) : 107 - 117 ; brunner t, et al., ( 2006 ) in vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles : comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. environ sci technol 40 : 4374 - 4381 ; limbach l,


in vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles : comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. environ sci technol 40 : 4374 - 4381 ; limbach l, wick p, manser p, grass r, bruinink a, stark w. 2007. exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells : influence of chemical composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress. environ sci technol 41 : 4158 - 4163 ; long t, saleh n, tilton r, lowry g, veronesi b. 2006. titanium dioxide ( p25 ) produces reactive oxygen species in immortalized brain microglia ( bv2 ) : implications for nanoparticle neurotoxicity. environ sci technol 40 ( 14 ) : 4346 - 4352. 36 poland c, duffin r, kinloch i, maynard a, wallace w, seaton a, stone v, brown s, macnee w, donaldson k. 2008. carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity display asbestos - like pathogenic behaviour in a pilot study. nat nanotechnol, published online : 20 may 2008 ( doi : 10. 1038 / nnano. 2008. 111 ) ; takagi a, hirose a, nishimura t, fukumori n, ogata a, ohashi n, kitajima s, kanno j. 2008. induction of mesothelioma in p53 + / - mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi - wall carbon nanotube. j toxicol sci 33 : 105 - 116. 37 ballestri m, baraldi a, gatti a, furci l, bagni a, loria p, rapana r, carulli n, albertazzi a. 2001. liver and kidney foreign bodies granulomatosis in a patient with malocclusion, bruxism, and worn dental prostheses. gastroenterol 121 ( 5 ) : 1234? 8 ; gatti a. 2004. biocompatibility of micro - and nano - particles in the colon. part ii. biomaterials 25 : 385 - 392 ; gatti a, rivasi f. 2002. biocompatibility of micro - and nanoparticles. part i : in liver and kidney. biomaterials 23 : 2381?