minister, ionnis paraskevopoulos, received me courteously, he could make no commitments, saying only that the greek government would probably approve any plan first approved by makarios. meetings with his beatitude i arrived to find nicosia an armed camp with barbed wire demarcating a so - called " green line " separating the greek and turkish communities. access from one zone to another was restricted to designated check points. jeeps containing british forces with tommy guns and cypriote police roamed the area and patrolled the neutral zone that lay between the separate rolls of barbed wire. on my first meeting with his beatitude ( as archbishop makarios was addressed ) on february 12, i was accompanied by joseph sisco, the assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs ; his deputy. jack jernagan ; and frazer wilkins, the united states ambassador to cyprus. british interests were brilliantly represented by sir cyril pickard, assistant under secretary of state for the commonwealth relations office, who was, at the time. acting high commissioner for cyprus. makarios received us on the porch of his residence, formerly the residence of the british colonial governor. resplendent in the full regalia of his ecclesiastical office, he wore a tall black head - covering with a mantia in the rear, while about his neck was a gold chain, from which depended a large medallion known as a panagia. it contained a representation of christ holding a book in his left hand while the fingers of the right hand were frozen in the gesture of giving blessing. resting on the archbishop ' s chest, the medallion symbolized a " confessor from the heart " to remind the wearer that he was always to have god in his heart. i saw few signs of that in the days that followed. after the traditional tiresome pleasantries, the archbishop led us to his study, where he went through an astonishing striptease, removing his gold chain, his head covering, and his robes until reduced to shirt sleeves. newspaper pictures of the archbishop, with his beard and clerical trappings, had given me an impression of a venerable ecclesiastic. now i found myself facing a tough, cynical man of fifty - one, far more suited to temporal command than spiritual inspiration. ( as i commented later to president johnson, " he must be cheating about his age ; no one could acquire so much guile in only fifty - one years. " ) since he had spent some months in a seminary near boston, he spoke only slightly accent


i commented later to president johnson, " he must be cheating about his age ; no one could acquire so much guile in only fifty - one years. " ) since he had spent some months in a seminary near boston, he spoke only slightly accented english, and his conversation was marked by a whimsical, often macabre humor that both amused and appalled me. of medium height, with eyes that peered through narrow eyelids, he seemed about to relish the fencing match in which we were to engage. our morning meeting was relatively calm and uneventful. as we explained our respective positions, makarios gave nothing away. when we parted for lunch, he carefully rerobed, putting on all his paraphernalia for the photographers who assaulted us on the porch : when we returned for our afternoon meeting, he once again repeated his strip - tease. i can describe the afternoon session only as " bloody. " the archbishop was unrelenting in repeating a litany he knew i would never accept. the whole matter must be submitted to the un security council ; and the united nations must guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of cyprus. that meant, as i told my british colleague later, that makarios ' s central interest was to block off turkish intervention so that he and his greek cypriotes could go on happily massacring turkish cypriotes. obviously we would never permit that. much to my delight, my british colleague, sir cyril pickard, proved tough and resourceful. in the great tradition of british proconsuls, he was deeply dedicated to stopping the wanton killing and returning peace to the island. nor did he bother with diplomatic politesse in expressing his contempt for the bloody - mindedness that makarios and his government were displaying. after pickard had denounced the archbishop in devastating language for the outrages inflicted on the turkish cypriotes, i spent the next forty - five minutes telling off makarios and his ministers. i spoke, as i telegraphed the president that night, " in a fashion remote from diplomatic exchanges, " describing in lurid detail the consequences if he persisted in his cruel and reckless conduct. the turks, i said, would inevitably invade, and neither the united states nor any other western power would raise a finger to stop them. though makarios tried to conceal his discomfiture, i had the odd feeling as we left the room that, as i reported to the president, " even his beard seemed pale. " that night i conversed with


to stop them. though makarios tried to conceal his discomfiture, i had the odd feeling as we left the room that, as i reported to the president, " even his beard seemed pale. " that night i conversed with the president and secretary rusk through the scrambledcand hence securecteletype in the embassy, telling them that, in my view, a blow - up was exceedingly possible and that overwhelming pressure must be brought on makarios " to frighten him sufficiently to consider some move to halt the killing. " three or four vignettes of my cyprus days stand out sharply in my memory. a massacre took place in limassol on the south coast in which, us i recall, about fifty turkish cypriotes were killedcin some cases by bulldozers crushing their flimsy houses. as makarios and i walked out of the meeting together on the second day, i said to him sharply that such beastly actions had to stop, that the previous night ' s affair was intolerable, and that he must halt the violence. with amused tolerance, lie replied, " but, mr. secretary, the greeks and turks have lived together for two thousand years on this island and there have always been occasional incidents ; we are quite used to this. " i was furious at such a bland reply. " your beatitude, " i said, " i ' ve been trying for the last two days to make the simple point that this is not the middle ages but the latter part of the twentieth century. the world ' s not going to stand idly by and let you turn this beautiful little island into your private abattoir. " instead of the outburst i had expected, he said quietly, with a sad smile, " oh, you ' re a hard man, mr. secretary, a very hard man! " at another point in our conversation on the second day, i spoke so heatedly at his apparent indifference to bloodshed that i heard myself saying, " for christ ' s sake. your beatitude, you can ' t do that! " crealizing as i spoke that it was scarcely an appropriate diplomatic reply, even to an irreligious ecclesiastic. also on the second day, when we sat down around the table, he said, with obvious amusement, " i know you ' re a famous lawyer, mr. secretary. mr. spyros kyprianou, my foreign minister, is also a lawyer and so is mr. g


sat down around the table, he said, with obvious amusement, " i know you ' re a famous lawyer, mr. secretary. mr. spyros kyprianou, my foreign minister, is also a lawyer and so is mr. glafkos clerides, my minister of justice. " then he added with a chuckle, " i think i must be the only layman in the room. " on the third daycand final morningcthe archbishop and i had a quiet talk alone in his study. rather whimsically, he said, " i like you, mr. secretary, you speak candidly and i respect that. it ' s too bad we couldn ' t have met under happier circumstances. then, i ' m sure, we could have been friends. " a brief pause and then he said. " we ' ve talked about many things and we ' ve been frank with one another. i think it right to say that we ' ve developed a considerable rapport. yet there ' s one thing i haven ' t asked you and i don ' t know whether i should or not, but i shall anyway. do you think i should be killed by the turks or the greeks? better by the greeks, wouldn ' t you think? " " well, " i replied, " i agree that we ' ve talked frankly to one another about many things and that we have established a rapport. but as to the matter you ' ve just raised with me. your beatitude, that ' s your problem! " one final incident during my stay in cyprus sticks in my mind. quite by accident while i was in cyprus, british prime minister sir alex douglas - home, and british foreign secretary " rab " butler, were paying a working visit to president johnson. each night i carried on a long teletype conversation directly with them and secretary rusk. late in the night of the second day, i teletyped that i wanted to make one final effort to get the archbishop in line by offering a new variant of our proposal. after discussion back and forth in which both the president and prime minister took part, i received their blessing to go ahead. the next day, i played my final card but still could not budge makarios. i sent a message around the diplomatic circuit advising of what i had done and received an angry rocket from duncan sandys, vehemently complaining that i had put forward a proposal that differed from those on which he and i had agreed. " i hope


i sent a message around the diplomatic circuit advising of what i had done and received an angry rocket from duncan sandys, vehemently complaining that i had put forward a proposal that differed from those on which he and i had agreed. " i hope, " he wired, " that such conduct will not be repeated. " apparently he was still smarting because i had rebuked him when he had put our proposals prematurely to kyprianou. i replied with a personal message that he had no basis for a sense of outrage. the proposal i made to his beatitude was, i wrote, approved by the president of the united states and the prime minister of great britain, adding, " should i seek higher authority? " sandys replied promptly with a message apologizing for the " misunderstanding " and inviting me to lunch with him at his house sunday in london. it was a pleasant lunch, and he and i have remained friends to this day. continued efforts to avoid disaster convinced that only time and events could shake the archbishop, i flew back to ankara to see inonu and tell the turks that we had not given up ; in going forward through un channels we would make sure that the united nations took no action derogating from their intervention rights under the accords. inonu reluctantly agreed but emphasized that if there were further serious violence on the island, turkey would no longer stand still. on the night of february 14, i flew to london intending to meet with my british colleagues the next morning. because the embassy residence was filled with other visitors, my staff and i were housed in a west end hotel, the grosvenor house. i was tired and disheartenedcso deeply concerned at the danger of an imminent greek - turkish war that i could not sleep. after several hours of fretting over the problem, i devised one last card to be played. at three in the morning, i aroused my staff and began to dictate. by six o ' clock, with a draft in shape for final typing, i decided to walk over to the chancery and get ready for the day. on the way, i bought a copy of the telegraph, which had my picture on the front page. when i reached the chancery, the marine guard refused to admit me. " you claim to be the under secretary of state, but how do i know? " inspired, i showed him a copy of the newspaper. it proved an adequate laissez - passer. i promptly telegraphed the president


to admit me. " you claim to be the under secretary of state, but how do i know? " inspired, i showed him a copy of the newspaper. it proved an adequate laissez - passer. i promptly telegraphed the president advising him of my proposal, which, i said, i was putting to the british solely as an idea of my own that did not in any way represent the views of my government. makarios, i argued, would never agree to a peace - keeping force even half - way adequate to do the job, and, " if he does agree, it will only be after the cypriotes have exhausted all pettifogging possibilities to try to get the security council to nullify the turks ' rights of intervention. " " the greek cypriotes, " i wrote, " do not want a peace - keeping force ; they just want to be left alone to kill turkish cypriotes. " meanwhile, i emphasized, the turks would not wait for a protracted security council hassle. my new plan sought to create a peace - keeping force not requiring the consent of the makarios government. to do that, the three guarantor powerscbritain, greece, and turkeycshould take joint action to exercise the rights of intervention provided by the london - zurich accords. they should move forces into cyprus simultaneously. those forces would be broken into small units that would be billeted together. all patrols would be organized on the pattern followed in vienna during the four - power occupation after world war iiconly this time, three, rather than four men in a jeepcand all operations would be conducted together. the force would stay in cyprus until an effective international force, within the framework of the united nations, had not only been created but was actually on the ground, or until a political settlement had " been reached and translated into a viable organic document. " there were, as i saw it, a number of advantages to the scheme. it would assure the turks that their cypriote community was protected while the un proceedings plodded their weary way. it would avoid any suggestion of a partition and discourage communal massacres, since members of the two communities would not have to fear the intervention of a hostile force. the three powers could answer international criticism on the ground that they were acting under the terms of the treaty. if the british went along with my scheme, i had no doubt that inonu would accept it. but the british wanted above all to divest themselves of responsibility


answer international criticism on the ground that they were acting under the terms of the treaty. if the british went along with my scheme, i had no doubt that inonu would accept it. but the british wanted above all to divest themselves of responsibility for cyprus ; my scheme would reinject them into the mess. as a result, i returned to the united states without anything clearly in place to stop the war. falling back on the united nations when i reported to the president, he agreed that the united states had gone as far as we should to try to deflect a tribal conflict. now our only available course was to work through the united nations. on february 15, britain and cyprus requested an emergency session of the security council, and the debate opened on february 18. for the time being, the day - to - day action shifted largely to ambassador adlai stevenson, although i retained the overall direction of strategy. there is no point in recounting the wearisome maneuvering that went on during the un proceedings. we wanted to install a un force as quickly as possible, while assuring that the resolution did not nullify the intervention rights of the guarantor powers, since the turks would not stand still for that. we sought also to keep the soviet union as far as possible out of the action. after masterful politicking by stevenson and our un mission, the security council, on march 5, resolved to create a peace - keeping force and provided for the appointment of a mediator. though we hailed the resolution as avoiding the immediate danger of a blow - up, none of us saw it as more than a temporary respite. the parties most directly interested interpreted the resolution in opposite ways : makarios regarded it as foreclosing the turkish right to intervene ; the turks saw it as preserving their intervention rights. weakness of greek government meanwhile, greek politics took a discouraging turn. when, on february 19, seventy - six - year - old george papandreou won a landslide victory. as head of the center union party, he had been in the opposition for half a century ; he knew how to oppose but had neither taste nor talent for positive action. a hopelessly weak leader, he found it expedient to play along with makarios and the advocates of enosis. to a large extent, as i saw it, he was under the influence of his son, andreas papandreou, for many years a professor of economics in several american universities, who was trying to gain


acheson at his home in washington on february 27 ; he came to lunch the following day, and i found him willing to consider a mission that would inevitably be complex, frustrating, and of indefinite duration. he knew the high stakes involved, because he fully understood the importance of stability on nato ' s southern flank. in spite of the arrival of the un force, fighting again broke out. on april 13, prime minister papandreou of greece mischievously announced a campaign for self - determination for cyprus, which would, of course, mean turning the island over to the greek cypriotes. when the un mediator. ambassador tuomioja, returned in discouragement from talks with greek, turkish and cypriote leaders, secretary - general u thant put forward his own peace plan. he also appointed an ex - president of ecuador, galo - plaza lasso, to undertake direct negotiations with the leaders of the two communities. using the logic - chopping for which the un is notorious, he distinguished galo - plaza ' s duties from those of tuomioja on the grounds that galo - plaza would seek to restore order while tuomioja sought a long - term solution. forestalling an imminent invasion on tuesday, june 2, ruth and i were hosts at a reception for prime minister eshkol of israel and his wife. with secretary rusk in new delhi for the funeral of prime minister nehru, i was acting secretary. that night we received a " critic " message from our ambassador in ankara, raymond hare, that the turkish security council had decided to invade cyprus. turkish forces were already deployed in the iskenderun area with the mission of establishing a " political and military beachhead " on cyprus. by such a show of force, the turks hoped to negotiate a satisfactory settlement. the news came at an extremely awkward time. i was scheduled to leave the following eveningcjune 4cfor a meeting with president de gaulle in paris, then go on for a cyprus discussion with the british on monday ending my trip at the closing sessions of the unctad conference in geneva. secretary rusk returned on the morning of june 4 and undertook to prepare a message for the president to send inonu, which, it was agreed, i would review before departing at 7 : 30 that evening. when i saw rusk before leaving for the airport, he showed me a draft on which he was still working. " that, " i said, " is the most brutal diplomatic note i have ever seen. " indeed


7 : 30 that evening. when i saw rusk before leaving for the airport, he showed me a draft on which he was still working. " that, " i said, " is the most brutal diplomatic note i have ever seen. " indeed, the secretary, aided by assistant secretary of state harlan cleveland and his deputy, joseph sisco, had produced the diplomatic equivalent of an atomic bomb. " i think that may stop inonu from invading, " i said, " but i don ' t know how we ' ll ever get him down off the ceiling after that. " the secretary looked at me with a sweet smile. " that ' ll be your problem, " he said. the letter stated : turkish military intervention, the letter continued, would lead to a clash with greece. it would cause violent repercussions in the and wreck any hope of un assistance in settling the island crisis. it would " lead to the slaughter of tens of thousands of turkish cypriotes. " the letter continued, because this was certain to create an explosion in ankara, i discussed with secretary rusk the desirability of my going straight to ankara, but we agreed it would be awkward for me to break my appointment the next day with president de gaulle. during the night, i telephoned to washington once or twice from my plane to see if there had been any second thoughts. after a long visit with de gaulle i went on to london for a meeting on monday with the british foreign secretary during which we discussed cyprus, among other things. then i flew to geneva to address the unctad conference, which was just winding up three months of meetings with nothing accomplished. after my speech on wednesday night. dean rusk telephoned to tell me that the president was worried about cyprus and thought more should be done ; rusk would call me later. i knew we had arranged for general lemnitzer to fly to ankara as soon as we received the news of the impending invasion and i had learned that, after receiving the president ' s letter, inonu had indefinitely postponed the invasion. but i was worried about the wounded state of our relations with the turks... [ the next day ] i met with prime minister papandreou in athens at seven. i did not expect much to come from that session and nothing did. he lacked the force to make hard decisions and the meeting confirmed my belief that he would be of little use in solving the cyprus headache. still i tried hard to force him to face the reality of greece '


to come from that session and nothing did. he lacked the force to make hard decisions and the meeting confirmed my belief that he would be of little use in solving the cyprus headache. still i tried hard to force him to face the reality of greece ' s predicament. cyprus had become a major threat to the peace of the world, and greece had considerable responsibility for what had happened. too much time had already been wasted. now the matter must be settled definitively. i told papandreou that i had talked not only with the british but with general de gaulle, had taken soundings of the opinion of most of the nato countries, and had found everywhere " a common anxiety to see the problem resolved rapidly. " i then told papandreou of the letter president johnson had sent to inonu, of which papandreou had not heard. i left little room for nuances. this time disaster had been avoided only by the president ' s forceful intervention and his adamant insistence that there be no war between nato allies. but, if greece did not show greater cooperation, we would not take such a hard line again. papandreou seemed old, tired, and incapable of facing reality. the time, he maintained, was not propitious for a cyprus settlement. that, i said, was completely wrong. greece, he maintained, needed a cyprus solution based on enosis. that, i replied, was total fantasy ; turkey would never accept it and turkey was not only larger and militarily stronger than greece but had a major logistical advantage in any conflict over cyprus. papandreou then contended that the " turbulence " over cyprus resulted only from turkey ' s invasion threats. i told him that, though i had heard all that before, it simply was not true. he was, i felt sure, too well acquainted with philosophy to believe such a simplistic explanation of a complex problem of causality. he knew better than to think that in attacking the turkish minority, the greek cypriotes were merely responding to a fear of external intervention. when i pressed him to undertake talks with inonu, he shied away. against all the evidence, he still seemed to assume that greece could pursue its goal of enosis without danger of the turks invading cyprus, since he apparently took it for granted that the united states would always stand ready to thwart the turks. though i tried to convince him that that was dangerous nonsense, he seemed too feeble to grasp a fresh idea. before leaving, i


cyprus, since he apparently took it for granted that the united states would always stand ready to thwart the turks. though i tried to convince him that that was dangerous nonsense, he seemed too feeble to grasp a fresh idea. before leaving, i asked papandreou to visit president johnson and he accepted, but we did not discuss dates. although i was disappointed by his obtuseness, i did find his attitude toward makarios more realistic. the archbishop had, i gathered, alarmed responsible greek opinion by his " flirtations with moscow and khrushchev. " he had, papandreou suggested, been a nuisance during the cyprus crisis, and he implied that the archbishop might be excluded from any negotiations aimed at settling it, which, of course, was exactly what i had in mind. moreover, papandreou acknowledged that other nations besides greece and turkey had an interest in peaceful settlement ; the " major powers, " he said, " must take a hand. " meeting with inonu i left athens late that night and arrived in ankara about two in the morning. before going to bed, i was briefed by our ambassador, raymond hare. an astute and experienced professional diplomat, he reported a conversation with a high turkish official who had said, " we understand why it may have been necessary to administer a bitter pill, but we cannot understand why it had to have a bitter coating as well. " i was to meet with foreign minister feridun cemal erkin at 9 : oo a. m. ; i was not looking forward to the appointment. i liked the foreign minister ; he was an experienced diplomat who could see the problem in its larger global context, but it was his job to express the views of his government and of the turkish people at the sudden freshet of ice water we had dumped on them. i did my best but reserved my most effective arguments for prime minister inonu. inonu received me correct but was far more reserved than when we had met previously. he was deeply troubled and personally hurt by the scolding he had received from the president. i reassured him regarding the warmth of america ' s friendship for turkey and our desire to cooperate closely with the turks in resolving a festering quarrel that could result in a major war. america, i told him, was not partial to the greek side ; indeed, we recognized that the greek cypriote majority had largely created the problem by terrorizing the turkish cypriotes. i made clear that we totally mist


result in a major war. america, i told him, was not partial to the greek side ; indeed, we recognized that the greek cypriote majority had largely created the problem by terrorizing the turkish cypriotes. i made clear that we totally mistrusted makarios. i then described in detail my talk with papandreou and my disappointment that i had not persuaded him to stop calling for enosis, emphasizing the significance of what i took to be papandreou ' s own increasing disenchantment with makarios and his indication that makarios need not be included in any negotiations. the greek government, at long last, i said, is beginning to recognize that makarios is an enemy of its longer - range interests. prime minister inonu replied in measured tones ; my visit, i thought, had somewhat mollified him, and he seemed particularly interested in what i had just told him. america ' s attempt to promote a settlement based on strong principles was, he agreed, an encouraging development, but experience had shown that principles are sometimes abandoned when the time comes to translate them into concrete measures. he did, however, concede that, if i were correct in my appraisal of papandreou ' s changed attitude towards makarios, that was one of " the first rays of light in the dark situation. " after the meeting, inonu took me aside to say that president johnson ' s letter had, as he saw it, included " all the juridical thunderbolts that could be assembled. as a result, of course, he committed some errors and said some unjust things. our foreign office will have to answer the thunderbolts. " i interpreted this as reflecting inonu ' s desire to warn us not to take their counter - reaction so seriously as to prejudice longer - term relations. we had unquestionably said harsh things to the turkish government ; as a matter of self - respect, they would have to say harsh things back. but we should not let that interfere with the friendship essential to both of us. i was airborne again at 12 : 30, and i asked the pilot to take us non - stop to washington, where we arrived at 5 : 30 that afternoon. during the entire thirteen hours, i dictated steadily to two secretaries and, by the time i arrived in washington. i had a memorandum ready for the president that not only gave a full report of my trip but recommended dial he immediately invite first inonu and then


entire thirteen hours, i dictated steadily to two secretaries and, by the time i arrived in washington. i had a memorandum ready for the president that not only gave a full report of my trip but recommended dial he immediately invite first inonu and then papandreou to washington. our only hope of a settlement now lay in bringing those two leaders together, so that they could reach an understanding that did not involve makarios. if the president worked each of them over separately, we might he able to bring that about. i was met at andrews field and taken directly to the president. it was june 11, 1964, when i returned to washington. within a few hours, we had invited prime minister inonu to visit on june 22 and prime minister papandreou, on june 24. visits of two prime ministers the two visits took place on schedule. as i expected, the president greatly liked prime minister inonu, with whom he could talk straight - forwardly. if the greek leader had shown anything like the same understanding, serious progress could have been made. but, as i had feared, the papandreou visit came to little. though we took the greek prime minister to mount vernon on the president ' s launch, the sequoia, and the president, dean acheson, and i all pushed him hard, he remained unresponsive. we were dealing with two old men. though inonu was at the time eighty - one years old and papandreou seventy - seven, inonu, with his brilliant past, seemed far the younger. papandreou gave the appearance of flaccidity : a tired, slightly befuddled old man who could only repeat the banal slogans he had inherited when he took office and who seemed incapable of comprehending the larger issues. the joint communique president johnson and prime minister inonu issued on june 23 had stated that the discussions proceeded from " the present binding effects of existing treaties. " now papandreou, in a press conference, contradicted that assertion. the 1959 london - zurich accords were, he said no longer valid. greece supported independence for cyprus and its right to self - determination. it would not negotiate directly with the turkish government because " no one is more competent to do that than the united nations mediator. " acheson tries his hand although dean acheson had for some time been helping me review all possible settlement plans, the time had now come to bring him directly into the negotiations


no one is more competent to do that than the united nations mediator. " acheson tries his hand although dean acheson had for some time been helping me review all possible settlement plans, the time had now come to bring him directly into the negotiations so we could have a strong, forceful, and resourceful representative concentrating on the problem. i, therefore, suggested to secretary - general u thant of the united nations on june 26 that the greek and turkish representatives be asked to meet with acheson, who, i said, was almost a legendary figure in greece and turkey. as i feared, u thant resisted the proposal on jurisdictional grounds, since it implied that the united states might be taking the diplomatic initiative away from the united nations. if we were to have such a meeting, it should certainly not be in america. why not geneva? though i expressed reluctance, i had already thought of geneva as a fall - back. but his next stipulation was not so easy to accept. it would be necessary, he insisted, that un mediator tuomioja, rather than acheson, ask the greek and turkish representatives to meet with him at geneva. when i protested that nothing could be accomplished without the presence of american authority represented by acheson, he conceded that acheson could establish himself near the site of the negotiations to be consulted to the extent that any of the participants wished. though i protested that that was not a practical arrangement, u thant showed the kind of burmese stubbornness i had seen on other occasions. he feared a possible soviet charge that the united states had taken over the negotiations and did not wish to give makarios a basis for insisting that his government be represented at the geneva talks. i reported to the president that we would probably have to make do with this awkward improvisation ; otherwise, the secretary - general would refuse un sponsorship, and the greeks would never participate. even in the wings, acheson was such a strong personality that he could make his views felt. i then met with prime minister inonu, who was at the moment at the united nations. as expected, he readily agreed to having the turkish and greek delegates meet with acheson in geneva but would not commit his government to refrain from a military solution if the talks should fail. papandreou balked as usual. he would not agree to an american representative at the geneva meeting. as a compromise, it was agreed that acheson should go to geneva and set himself up " in the next room or the next building " so as


, he might, i thought, be easier to work with than makarios, so we established an underground contact with socrates iliades, who was grivas ' s lieutenant and director of the defense of cyprus. meanwhile, grivas returned to cyprus with a plan for enosis that provided protection for the turkish cypriotes remaining on the island and compensation for those wishing to leave. the fact that the grivas plan also called for the ouster of makarios enhanced its attractiveness. these schemes were all upset when makarios encouraged the greek cypriotes to attack turkish cypriote villages. in retaliation, on august 7, four turkish air force jets strafed the cypriote town of polis. the next day, thirty turkish jets flew low over greek cypriote towns on the island ' s north coast. finally, on august 9, turkey sent sixty - four jets on another strafing and bombing foray against northwest cyprus. the war was rapidly escalating. in washington, we set up a twenty - four - hour cyprus command post, and i spent the following three nights sleeping in my office. secretary rusk would arrive early each morning and, in deference to his georgian palate, we would have hominy grits for breakfast. on sunday, august 12, i instructed our ambassador in athens, henry labouisse, to urge papandreou to stop makarios from further assaults on turkish cypriotes. we should press papandreou to abandon " horse - trading or equivocation or passionate oratory " and act incisively to restore peace, making clear to him that makarios was calling for military intervention by the soviet union and that it was " utterly essential " to keep the russians, egyptians, and other foreign troops out of cyprus. at the same time, we warned makarios that he would be publicly branded as a murderer if his units continued to harass the cypriote turks. even moscow had apparently been shaken by the course events were following, for on that same sunday, august 12, khrushchev sent word to makarios that, while he sympathized with the cyprus government, a cease - fire would be an " important contribution. " with the soviets offering him no assistance, makarios grumpily accepted a un call for a cease - fire, with turkey following suit. our political talks were making little progress, and on august 18, acheson telexed me that, in his view, the chances


assistance, makarios grumpily accepted a un call for a cease - fire, with turkey following suit. our political talks were making little progress, and on august 18, acheson telexed me that, in his view, the chances of obtaining a quick greek - turkish settlement on cyprus were " about the same as the odds on goldwater. " we should, he advised, liquidate our efforts and let him come home, though he would continue to keep in touch with greece and turkey to prevent cyprus from being transformed " into a russian mediterranean satellite. " i urged acheson to stay on. to " liquidate " the geneva operations would please makarios and make him even more intransigent. if his beatitude ever decided that the united states had grown indifferent, he would recklessly attack the turkish cypriotes, and the turks would be forced to intervene. i pointed out to acheson that his negotiating efforts had already yielded some useful results. they had persuaded papandreou to negotiate with turkey and to accept a turkish base on cyprus ; they had even got general grivas to consider such a base. at the same time, they had eased some of turkey ' s initial demands. since there was a six - hour difference between the united states and geneva, i followed the practice with acheson of talking to him around 2 : 00 a. m. washington time on a scrambled teletype in the operations center at the state department, while he sat at the other end in the consulate in geneva. that night, after a long session of arguing over the teletype, i ended my peroration to acheson with " aux armes, citoyens. " if the geneva enterprise must die, i contended, its burial should be conducted not " by an orthodox archbishop but by the son of an episcopal bishop, " which, of course, meant acheson. acheson had tried with great skill and exceptional patience to settle a problem created by the wicked and the weak. a man of rare quality, i admired him enormously, and one of my most cherished possessions is a handwritten note commenting on something i had written. sent two weeks before his death, it concluded with the cheering admonition : " keep on making sense ; you have the field to yourself. " end of the crisis in the end, the crisis momentarily subsided. pressed by america and the united nations and denied aid by the soviets, makarios ' s position was weakened, particularly with general grivas challenging


have the field to yourself. " end of the crisis in the end, the crisis momentarily subsided. pressed by america and the united nations and denied aid by the soviets, makarios ' s position was weakened, particularly with general grivas challenging his hold over the island. a un force was in place, and. for the time being, a precarious peace was maintained. that, of course, was not the end of the cyprus story... during my years in the state department, secretary rusk and i worked on a completely alter ego basis ' which meant that, when rusk was away, he did not, as he made clear, " take the keys of his office with him. " as acting secretary of state, i was in a position, when necessary, to move incisively, with the president ' s approval ; rusk established the same ground rules with my successor, nicholas katzenbach. the importance of such an arrangement was disclosed in july 1974cten years after the crisis i have just described. this time, unhappily, the united states failed to respond. trying to run the state department singlehandedly from an airplane. secretary kissinger knew nothing about cyprus and did not bother to inform himself. as a result, he absent - mindedly let the greek junta mount a coup in cyprus that incited a turkish invasion. when the turks swarmed across the island, the nixon administrationcunder pressure from the greek lobbycstopped arms shipments to turkey and alienated the eastern anchor of our southern flank defense. as of this writing, 36 percent of cyprus, including the most attractive tourist areas, remains under occupation by the turkish army. greece and turkey are at sword ' s point and both are on uneasy terms with the united states and nato. makarios is dead, and the partition that might have solved cyprus ' s problems has now been achieved by force and in a manner tragically unfair to the greek cypriotes. the moral is clear : effective diplomacy for a great nation requires a constant high - quality institutional vigilance. that is not possible when all decisions are preempted by an individual virtuoso with a lust for travel. about george ball = s diplomacy, the british journalist christopher hitchens writes : at every stage of the drama... the weakness and errors of cypriots were exploited and compounded by external intervention..... perhaps most of all it was true when the united states government, in the words of george ball, >


it ' s a long - shot safety campaign known in shorthand as " zero deaths. " cutting the death toll to zero in crashes across all forms of transportation is an aggressive and perhaps unrealistic goal, but illinois and more than half of the other states are working on it. the long - sought target has been virtually achieved over the last four years by u. s. commercial aviation. airlines operating in the u. s. have not suffered a fatal accident since the crash of a colgan air commuter jet near buffalo, n. y., on feb. 12, 2009. but over the same four - year period, more than 100, 000 people have perished in wrecks on highways and other roads across america. the death toll has exceeded 32, 000 people each year nationally in recent years and peaked at 43, 510 in 2005, according to the national highway traffic safety administration. almost 1, 000 fatalities occurred in illinois in 2012. totally eliminating vehicle crashes is not practical, at least not unless technology ever reaches the point of removing driver behavior and human error from the equation, experts say. so the immediate focus is on putting an end to crashes that lead to fatalities. the roots of the program can be traced to sweden, where 16 years ago safety officials declared that zero crash deaths is the only morally acceptable goal. the illinois department of transportation adopted the goal of zero roadway fatalities in 2009 when it revised the state ' s strategic highway safety plan. about 30 states have established their own programs aimed literally at driving down the death toll to zero. a new study by the university of minnesota evaluating the effectiveness of zero - death programs found that the states that have worked the longest promoting the four " e ' s " of safety — enforcement, education, engineering and emergency medical services — have been the most successful at reducing crash fatalities. washington state in 2000 and minnesota in 2003 were the first states to adopt the zero - fatality goal, the study said. utah and idaho also operate successful programs in which the study determined that a statistically significant fewer number of crash fatalities occurred after the zero - death initiatives were introduced. " the evidence from our evaluation showed that active programs work, " said lee w. munnich jr., the study ' s lead researcher and director of the center for excellence in rural safety at the university of minnesota. " one of the keys is to prioritize and delegate funds and get more engagement from different agencies to produce the biggest bang for the buck. " targeting resources directly on the problem, whether it ' s beefed


safety at the university of minnesota. " one of the keys is to prioritize and delegate funds and get more engagement from different agencies to produce the biggest bang for the buck. " targeting resources directly on the problem, whether it ' s beefed - up police enforcement in specific locations or redesigning roads to slow traffic where accidents are prevalent, has had the biggest effect on reducing fatalities, the researchers found. " the toughest challenges are the behavioral ones, where drivers know they shouldn ' t be doing what they are doing, such as drinking and driving, but they do so anyway, " munnich said. raising the public ' s awareness about the costs to society caused by crashes that result in deaths and serious injuries will help drive down accidents, officials said. " people say, ' ah, you can ' t get there. ' that is the response you always get " to the zero - deaths program, said john webber, interim director of idot ' s traffic safety division. " when we ask people what would be an acceptable goal statewide, people say less than 1, 000 crash fatalities a year, " webber said. " but when it comes to their family, the answer is zero. if all families feel that way, then why is zero an impossible goal? " as a starting point, reducing roadway carnage by half in the u. s. is considered an attainable mark by many traffic safety authorities. illinois has accomplished that since the 1960s and ' 70s, the most recent period in which crash fatalities exceeded 2, 000 annually in the state. in those days, many drivers and their passengers didn ' t wear seat belts, if their vehicles were even equipped with the devices. anti - lock brakes, air bags and life - saving crunch zones on vehicles did not exist. today, illinois has work to do before crash deaths would be halved again, or reduced further toward the zero target. in 2012, 962 people were killed in vehicle accidents in the state, up 44 deaths from 2011, according to idot. the numbers have been up and down over roughly the past decade, with the high point occurring in 2003, when 1, 454 people died on the roads in illinois. the annual death totals have been below 1, 000 since 2009, and state officials say part of the reason is that more drivers and passengers are buckling up. however, driving in general, tracked by the number of vehicle miles traveled, has gone down in recent years, because of several key factors that include an escalation in gas prices and


the reason is that more drivers and passengers are buckling up. however, driving in general, tracked by the number of vehicle miles traveled, has gone down in recent years, because of several key factors that include an escalation in gas prices and the pocketbook impact of the great recession on driving behavior, officials said. the state seat - belt law has been toughened twice in the last 10 years. in july 2003, the law was amended to authorize police to stop a vehicle if the officer observes either the driver or front seat passengers not wearing a safety belt. last year, the law was revised to require all occupants to wear a safety belt. idot officials said an increase in the rate of seat - belt use — it ' s about 94 percent on average statewide — correlates directly with the reduction in crash fatalities. accident investigations show that about half of the victims who died in crashes were not wearing their seat belts, officials said. males 16 to 34 years old represent a big portion of seat - belt law violators, especially in situations where alcohol is involved, authorities said. targeting this group through police enforcement, particularly in the 9 p. m. to 6 a. m. period, and education, including the in - your - face running tally of crash fatalities that idot has been running on highway message boards since 2012, are part of the zero - death campaign, officials said. " those are the folks involved or dying in crashes these days, " webber said. " getting them to buckle up is a start. but the real message is that there is no safe amount of alcohol because judgment, reaction and perception changes. until we get drunk driving under control, we are not going to get to zero deaths. " contact getting around at email @ example. com or c / o the chicago tribune, 435 n. michigan ave., chicago, il 60611 ; on twitter @ jhilkevitch ; and at facebook. com / jhilkevitch. read recent columns at chicagotribune. com / gettingaround.


a putnam county teacher is crediting the newspapers in education program for improved test scores. in fact, a marquee at poca middle school expresses thanks to charleston newspapers. louann godbey, eighth - grade west virginia history teacher at poca middle, credits the nie program for playing a role in a six - point increase in westest scores from 2011 to 2012. " i truly believe that our weekly newspaper sessions played a big part in helping my students achieve higher test scores, " she said. each wednesday, her students are given about 45 minutes to read the newspaper. half of the time is to be spent reading section - front news articles. then they may move on to sports, cartoons or anything they enjoy reading. " if i give assignments, i find they are reading for answers instead of content, " she said. " i want them to enjoy the experience of reading the paper. " newspapers are an excellent source for teaching west virginia history and current events, she said. students look forward to the arrival of the newspapers, and she shares them with the seventh - grade teacher. she added that poca middle has an excellent staff, achieved adequate yearly progress, and was named an exemplary school. renee daly, nie coordinator for charleston newspapers, said she often gets positive feedback from teachers who take advantage of the program, and others climb on board after learning about it. " i got two new schools today, " said daly, who added that 34 schools throughout west virginia are now getting newspapers through the program that was established 17 years ago.


the u. s. military originally had a virtual monopoly of certain communications channels. it was one of the few entities to be using internet, and it used many areas of the spectrum untouched by civilian communications. however, with the digital revolution and the expansion of civilians onto the internet and increasing using of the digital spectrum, the military is finding adapting to the deprivation of these bands difficult. last year during the bandwidth auction, the portion of the spectrum used by the b - 2 bomber ' s raytheon apq - 181 radar was accidentally sold to an obscure multinational organization according to military. com. as a result, u. s. taxpayers will be footing the over $ 1b usd bill to replace the radar in the 20 remaining jets. with users demanding video - ready smartphones, high - speed mobile internet, and other emerging applications, the military is finding that the spectrum is quickly disappearing, and it ’ s having trouble finding areas for its own sensitive technologies. other expensive losses abound. the joint tactical information distribution system, a costly system used to get awacs targeting data to f - 22 fighter jets has " limited supportability outside the continental u. s. " another key issue is the steady creep of civilian communications into the spectrum used for flight - test telemetry. while there are workarounds to gather some additional information, telemetry data remains essential to testing both manned and unmanned aircraft and protecting pilots from failures. ultimately, more data takes more bandwidth - - an unalterable fact - - and to achieve higher frequencies more power is required. this places inherent limitations to the amount of data capable of being communicated over the spectrum. military designers are in a sticky situation as they can ' t compress their data, in many cases, like civilian applications. " this is not a cell phone, ” said darrell ernst. " you can ' t ask the pilot to wait while you redial. " ernst works for the mitre corp., a member of a u. s. - european delegation trying to raise international awareness of bandwidth issues, and estimates that by 2020 the air force will need 600 mhz of spectrum for telemetry data. currently the only vacant spot suggested to them is the 5091 and 5150 mhz band. the air force is eager to occupy even this meager 59 mhz offer. states mr. ernst, " if [ the flight - test community ] can get in there and start using it, we can be established as the primary user and it will be hard for them to throw us out. "


people with high - level spinal cord injuries typically lose control of their arms and legs meaning they can no longer get around without some sort of adaptive assistance device. quadriplegics have long relied on a type of control system for electric wheelchairs called the sip - and - puff system. this type of control system allowed the user to move forward and backwards in an electric wheelchair by sipping a straw or blowing into it. a group of researchers at the georgia institute of technology ( git ) has devised a new method of controlling a power chair for those who no longer had functionality in their arms and legs. the new system uses the patient ’ s tongue to control the chair or to control the mouse cursor on a computer screen. maysam ghovanloo, an assistant professor in the school of electrical and computer engineering at git said, " this clinical trial has validated that the tongue drive system is intuitive and quite simple for individuals with high - level spinal cord injuries to use. trial participants were able to easily remember and correctly issue tongue commands to play computer games and drive a powered wheelchair around an obstacle course with very little prior training. " the clinical trial was conducted at the shepherd center in atlanta and involved the attachment of a small magnet, roughly the size of a grain of rice, to the tongue of the patient with a tissue adhesive. the magnet was used as a tracer to allow the magnetic field sensors to register its movements. the users of the system wore sensors that look like headphones on the head to track the magnet. the researchers say that the nerve that controls the tongue in patients with high - level spinal injury is typically not affected in the injury. software translates the movement of the magnet into motion for the chair via wireless connectivity with a computer attached to the chair. the chair motion can be controlled in a constant setting that allows the chair user to move along an arc or in a control method for new users that only allows one motion at a time. according to the researchers, the tongue drive system can be used to create as many movement commands as the user can comfortably remember.


in the fall of 2010, a number of high - profile suicides brought attention to the problem of bullying in schools. this year, the lgbt community worked to change laws and save lives. after helping to push through policies in the dallas and fort worth school districts, as well as a few others around the state, the lgbt community focused on passing statewide anti - bullying legislation in the 2011 session of the legislature. equality texas made the legislation a priority and a number of bills were introduced. in february, equality texas hosted a lobby day. several hundred people from around the state participated. among them were fort worth city councilman joel burns, suicide victim asher brown ’ s parents — amy and david truong — and a group of 10 students from youth first texas. burns and the truongs met with key legislators including members of the committees that would hear the bills. the students from yft spoke to their senators and representatives telling their own stories of being bullied. legislators not usually considered allies were visibly moved by stories of violence in schools in their hometowns. equality texas board chair anne wynn, executive director dennis coleman and deputy director chuck smith spent the spring lobbying on behalf of the bills. the organization arranged for the truongs as well as the parents of montana lance and jon carmichael, two other texas suicide victims, to testify at committee hearings. as originally crafted, the bills specified categories that would be covered. national studies have shown that the more specific the law, the more effective it is in protecting lgbt students. when sexual orientation and gender identity are not specified, school staff often ignore anti - gay bullying. but to increase the chances that anti - bullying legislation would pass, several bills were combined and all references to specific groups, including sexual orientation and gender identity, were deleted. the new anti - bullying “ super bill ” passed unanimously in the senate and by a wide margin in the house — and was eventually signed by republican gov. rick perry. under the new law, for the first time, the bully rather than the victim can be transferred to another classroom or school. parental notification rules were strengthened and protections added for the person reporting the bullying. the definition of bullying now includes electronic means, or cyberbullying. and every school district must adopt an anti - bullying policy, including any necessary procedures to address the prevention, investigation and reporting of incidents. a second bill also passed that provides money for counseling services, which includes services for both the bully and the victim. school staff already receive training to recognize potential suicide risks. that training


document management with oracle text june 12, 2003 a few years ago, many projects started using the multimedia capability of oracle databases. powerful procedures for handling image, audio, video and the text data in various formats are incorporated in the database kernel code ; even the default database installation has multimedia objects installed. storing, retrieving and searching the text from documents stored inside the oracle database are the most common usage of multimedia database capabilities. this feature, incorporated into the product was formerly known as context, later known as intermedia text ( imt ) and with the database version 9. x, it is known as oracle text. this article covers : document index type oracle text is an extension to the oracle database that allows searching specific words in the tables of documents, using standard sql expressions. oracle text is integrated in a number of oracle products such as portal, ifs and applications. supported document types are text, html, doc, xls, ppt, pdf and xml documents. txt / html data content will be stored in the clob column and other formatted document content in the blob column. the content can " also " stored outside of database via bfiles. for any kind of data content, the text engine is used for indexing and retrieving. overview of the oracle text product development : there are three different index types : context, catalog and ctxxpath. they are used all for document indexing, but each has a different functionality. context index is a " domain " index used for fast retrieval of unstructured text. dml processing on a context index is deferred. the actual index updates do not take place until an index sync is performed. catalog ( ctxcat ) index is an online, " catalog " index, efficient for searching between small, simple text fields and with queries using some structured criteria, ( usually numbers or dates ). this index type supports only a basic functionality provided in a context index. a catalog index has all the characteristics of the normal database index. ctxxpath index is a special index installed during an oracle text install. this index uses oracle text code and can be created only on


save the children and oxfam released a joint report today entitled " a dangerous delay : the cost of late response to early warnings in the 2011 drought in the horn of africa ". the report argues that early warning systems performed, but decision makers did not respond to them. in an interview justin forsyth the head of save the children uk likened the situation to an alarm bell that had a very delayed effect. a lot of people were harmed by the delayed response and the cost of dealing with hunger and malnutrition was much higher than if it had been addressed earlier. so why the delay? using forsyth ' s analogy, either policymakers did not hear the alarm, did not trust it, or although hearing and believing the alarm, they simply could not respond to it quickly enough. the report makes some good recommendations about amplifying the alarm ( via the media and building up capacity of those to communicate the significance of the alarm up the decision chain ). it also makes good recommendations about helping people respond to it more quickly once they believe it ( emergency response funds, insurance, greater joint programming between development and humanitarian groups ). the one area that the report is relatively silent on is whether the policymakers believe the signals. the report focuses on the case where the signals were right and outlines the cost of ignoring them, but policymakers might argue : what about the costs of acting when the signals were wrong? as researchers, we should be analysing, ex post, the frequency with which the early warning signals get it right. if we can attach a probability to the predictive power of the signals, then when the next signal goes off policymakers can better assess the risks of responding to a non crisis against the risks of responding late to an emerging crisis. in other words, how often will the signal get it right? it ' s not pretty, but i would not be surprised if this is the kind of calculation that is often made.


the flu bug can bite your dog, too if your dog begins to sniffle, cough and sneeze, get ready for some rough days ahead because those are signs that your pet may be coming down with the flu. like people, dogs also can be stricken and they even have their own highly contagious - and sometimes life - threatening - influenza virus, a leading veterinary expert says. story continues below a book about a rescue dog that will touch your heart the hunt of her life, a full - color book by newspaper journalist and mysettersam. com publisher joseph a. reppucci, is must reading for animal lovers of all ages. it has 60 color photos of dogs to illustrate the compelling story of samantha, an unwanted rescue dog adopted at age 2 by mr. reppucci. travel with them along a trail of life filled with surprising twists, sudden turns, mystery and even what some call a miracle. and when the journey is finished, you may never look at people and their pets, motherhood - and perhaps even god - in the same way. the hunt of her life will take you on a captivating journey - a trip like no other - that will touch your heart. for more details and to order, go to themysettersam e - storealso find the hunt of her life on : facebook / thehuntofherlifeamazon. com click here to look inside the book story continues here about 80 percent of the dogs exposed to the virus become infected and develop flu - like symptoms, according to cynda crawford, a veterinarian at the university of florida, who has studied the virus since its outbreak in 2004. dogs lack a preexisting immunity, therefore canines of any breed, age or health status are susceptible. " fortunately, most dogs recover within two weeks without any further health complications, " dr. crawford told mysettersam. com. " however, some dogs progress to pneumonia, which is usually due to secondary bacterial infections. while the overall mortality rate for canine influenza is low, the secondary pneumonia can be life - threatening. " treatment consists mainly of supportive care - including administering of antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections - while the virus runs its course, much like with human influenza, dr. crawford said. dogs with pneumonia are likely to need intensive care in a hospital. pet parents who have dogs at high risk of contracting canine influenza - like those that spend time in shelters, boarding and training facilities, day care centers, dog shows, veterinary clinics, pet stores and


pneumonia are likely to need intensive care in a hospital. pet parents who have dogs at high risk of contracting canine influenza - like those that spend time in shelters, boarding and training facilities, day care centers, dog shows, veterinary clinics, pet stores and grooming parlors - should consider getting their pets vaccinated, dr. crawford said. " although the vaccine may not prevent infection, efficacy trials have shown that vaccination significantly reduces the severity and duration of clinical illness, including the incidence and severity of damage to the lungs, " crawford states. " in addition, the vaccine reduces the amount of virus shed and shortens the shedding interval, " dr. crawford said. " this means that vaccinated dogs that become infected have less illness and are not as contagious to other dogs. these benefits are similar to those provided by influenza vaccines used in other species, including humans. " according to dr. crawford, who has been studying the canine virus since its discovery in 2004, canine influenza has been documented in 30 states and the district of columbia. it can occur year - round. a dog can get the virus by contact with infected dogs or by aerosols generated by coughing and sneezing, dr. crawford said. the virus can also contaminate kennel surfaces, food and water bowls, collars and leashes, and the hands and clothing of people who handle infected dogs. " fortunately, the virus is easily inactivated by washing hands, clothes and other items with soap and water, " she said. the vaccine, developed by intervet / schering - plough animal health, recently received approval for use from the u. s. department of agriculture. it is administered by subcutaneous injection in two doses, two to four weeks apart. the vaccine may be given to dogs age six weeks or older and can be given annually to ensure more comprehensive protection. " we developed the vaccine in response to the growing problem of the disease, " christopher pappas jr., a veterinarian for intervet / schering - plough animal health, states in a media release. " we are pleased that our expertise in respiratory disease and vaccines can help prevent costly outbreaks and keep dogs healthier. " the american veterinary medical association, which in 2006 advocated the necessity of developing such a vaccine, lauded the news of the federal government ' s approval of the vaccine. " the avma is pleased that the usda has approved the use of a vaccine in dogs to help prevent the spread of canine influenza and to


necessity of developing such a vaccine, lauded the news of the federal government ' s approval of the vaccine. " the avma is pleased that the usda has approved the use of a vaccine in dogs to help prevent the spread of canine influenza and to help keep dogs healthy, " lynne white - shim, assistant director in the avma scientific activities division, told mysettersam. com. " shortly after the emergence of canine influenza, some people were not convinced that the disease existed and consequently did not believe a vaccine should be developed, " dr. white - shim explained. " when avma examined the issue, we learned that the disease was sickening racing greyhounds and dogs in some shelters. thus, avma has been an advocate for the development of an efficacious vaccine to protect those dogs at significant risk. " dr. white - shim urges dog owners to consult with their veterinarians about whether their pet should be vaccinated. " as with all vaccinations, the veterinarian and dog owner should discuss individual disease risks to determine if the vaccine is recommended, " she said. the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals, in conjunction with the morris animal foundation of denver, has launched a study of canine influenza in hopes of better understanding the virus and developing treatments. " canine influenza is a newly emerging disease that does not discriminate by breed or age, " aspca veterinarian miranda spindel states in a media release. " it is critical that we gain a better understanding of the transmission of civ in order to limit its effects. " in addition to examining the spread of the virus among shelter dogs, the study will determine whether a rapid " bedside " test can be effectively used for screening dogs upon entering a shelter. if such a test were available, dogs could be tested and kept separate from the main shelter population and treated to help prevent the spread of the virus. the study will try to determine how the virus changes over time, a process known as " genetic drift. " as with human flu viruses, animal influenza viruses constantly evolve. new strains can develop that require new vaccines. according to the american veterinary medical association, dogs and other companion pets also can get flu viruses - like the h1n1 virus - from people. so far, four ferrets in oregon and a cat in iowa have gotten the h1n1 virus a short time after people in their households had the illness. no dogs have gotten the h1n1 virus. dr


high temperatures increase health risks for people with diabetes ( bpt ) - for the nearly 26 million americans living with diabetes, high temperatures and increased sun exposure can pose particularly dangerous health risks. during warm weather, experts caution that people with diabetes must take extra care to avoid serious, heat - related conditions. " heading to the beach, the pool or the park is a great way to cool down and stay in shape when the temperature rises, but people with diabetes may not realize the heat can place them at greater risk for serious, heat - related illness, " says dr. deneen vojta, senior vice president and chief clinical officer of unitedhealth group ' s diabetes prevention and control alliance ( dpca ). " diabetes actually impairs a person ' s ability to sweat, which means that hot, humid weather can dangerously reduce the body ' s regulation of blood sugar levels. that ' s why it is critical that people with this disease take proper precautions to avoid conditions like heat exhaustion and heat stroke. " vojta offers seven simple tips that may help people with this disease to stay active, healthy and safe when temperatures are high : 1. check your blood sugar levels often. changes in activity and heat levels can affect your body ' s insulin needs. 2. wear sunblock. sunburn can tax your body and trigger increased blood glucose levels. 3. stay cool. take regular breaks from the heat in air - conditioned areas or designated cooling centers, if possible. make sure to exercise in an air - conditioned place or exercise during early morning and evening hours when temperatures are cooler. 4. keep medication and supplies cool and away from direct sunlight. extreme temperatures and sunlight can have a damaging effect on diabetes medication such as insulin, causing the drug to break down or become less effective. 5. stay hydrated. dehydration stresses the body and affects glucose levels. 6. avoid caffeine and alcohol in high temperatures. both alcohol and caffeine have diuretic effects that can increase risks of dehydration. 7. be alert for common signs of heat exhaustion. signs of serious health - related illnesses can include : heavy sweating, paleness, muscle cramps, tiredness, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting and fainting. vojta advises that people with diabetes should be on the lookout for signs of heat exhaustion or heat stroke and seek medical attention right away if they experience symptoms. additional resources on managing and preventing diabetes can be found by visiting the websites of the american diabetes association (


now that you ' re comfortable using the mysql client tools to manipulate data in the database, you can begin using php to display and modify data from the database. php has standard functions for working with the database. first, we ' re going to discuss phps built - in database functions. we ' ll also show you how to use the pear database functions that provide the ability to use the same functions to access any supported database. this type of flexibility comes from a process called abstraction. abstraction is the information you need to log into a database that is placed into a standard format. this standard format allows you to interact with mysql as well as other databases using the same format. similarly, mysql - specific functions are replaced with generic ones that know how to talk to many databases. in this chapter, you ' ll learn how to connect to a mysql server from php, learn how to use php to access and retrieve stored data, and how to correctly display information to the user. the basic steps of performing a query, whether using the mysql command - line tool or php, are the same : connect to the database. select the database to use. build a select statement. perform the query. display the results. we ' ll walk through each of these steps for both plain php and pear functions. when connecting to a mysql database, you will use two new resources. the first is the link identifier that holds all of the information necessary to connect to the database for an active connection. the other resource is the results resource. it contains all information required to retrieve results from an active database query ' s result set. you ' ll be creating and assigning both resources in this chapter.


faeces, electric eels and fruit would power conceptual communities designed by bartlett school of architecture graduate catrina stewart. the city farmhouse project proposes housing communities on stilts above clusters of public toilets, where visitors would be required to donate faeces and urine on arrival. electricity would be generated from methane gas released when the harvested excrement is broken down. faeces and urine could also be used to produce compost and water for community gardens. streetlights would be powered by fruit acid and elevators would be powered by electric eels, kept as pets by residents. other recent architecture graduate projects include an upside - down skyscraper and a tower that shoots artificial bees into the air - see all our stories about this years graduate shows here. here are some more details from catrina stewart : london city farmhouse the city farmhouse project is a prototype that looks at forming new self - sufficient communities, which integrate agriculture and housing within the city of london. the farmhouses and vertical colour gardens will be open to the public, and will rely on its colours and visitors to achieve self - sufficiency. visitors and residents will be expected to make a donation of faeces and urine when they visit the building. these will be used to produce water, compost and electricity for the farmhouses. methane gas released by the waste produced in biogas digesters can then be used directly or to produce electricity. without its public toilets the community would not be able to survive. the more visitors the building can attract the more power, food and water will be produced. new public toilets will be erected across the borough in order to collect human waste to power the farmhouses. new communities will begin to grow around the more popular public toilets, creating new farmhouses. the farmhouse project explores the use of colour to attract people to the building and entice them into using the public toilets by using the same principles used for colour in marketing and advertising. colours are therefore used less for their aesthetics and more for their functional properties. nothing in the farmhouse is disposed of, everything is recycled and reused to fuel something else. old and new technologies are used to harness energy and food from almost anything, animals are no longer used for their meat but rather as a source of energy. cows are farmed for their methane gas, electric eels are kept as pets to power the elevators in the building and fruits are used to to power the street lights.


wikipedia reached the magical figure of 10 million articles on wednesday, when an article about a 16th century goldsmith named nicholas hilliard was created on the hungarian version of the site. wikipedia was launched in jan. 2001 by jimmy wales and larry sanger and has since reached a landmark : it now boasts 10 million articles across the site that runs in 250 languages. it is the largest and fastest - growing reference site on the internet. you can tell wikipedia ' s clout as soon as you try and do a google search on almost anything ; google places high importance on wikipedia results so whenever you search wikipedia will almost always be in the top 10 search results. wikipedia through their wikimedia foundation made this announcement about reaching 10 million articles. they said the 10 millionth article was created at 5 : 07 p. m. pdt on march 26. the article is a short biography of 16th century english goldsmith and painter nicholas hilliard. it was created in hungarian by a user named pataki marta. compared to wikipedia, a regular encyclopedia ( such as a 26 volume britannica encyclopedia ) has 29, 800 articles and sells for $ 749. the biggest part ow wikipedia is its english version which boasts more than 2. 3 million articles. it ' s also free to use. wikipedia also recently secured $ 3 million in funding from alfred p. sloan foundation and $ 500, 000 from vinod khosla and his wife neeru.


area history of the doan brook 1796 : first permanent settler came to the cleveland area. 1799 : nathaniel and sarah doan and their six children settled beside the doan brook. this area became the ford on the main road between buffalo and cleveland ; now it ' s the intersection of euclid avenue and east 105th street ). 1811 : jacob russell, a revolutionary war veteran, purchased 475 acres of land in the upper doan brook watershed. they return the following year to build a cabin, plant crops, and relocate their extended family of 20. it is now the intersection of south park boulevard and lee road. 1822 : the north union shaker community was started by ralph russell, jacobrussell ' s son, who had become a shaker. the community, with as many as 300 members, originally occupied the area along lee rd. between shaker blvd. and south park. the shakers built the two shaker lakes, lower lake and horseshoe lake, on doan brook to power their sawmills, grist mills and woolen mill. early 1880s : jephtha wade, william gordon, john d. rockefeller, laura rockefeller, nathan ambler and other philanthropists donated land along doan brook to create the line of parks along the stream from lake erie to horseshoe lake in shaker lakes. the cleveland parks commission built roadways to connect the parks and commissioned architect charles schweinfurth to design bridges to carry streetcar lines across the lower park areas. inner - city cleveland residents and workers gain access to the parks. may 1896 : in all, almost 44, 000 people are reported to have walked or driven along the brook in rockefeller park, showing the popularity of the park in this age. 19th century : doan ' s corners and the north union shaker flourished. much of the surrounding areas became farms and villages, including the village of glenville, located near the brook valley between doan ' s corners and lake erie. 1900 : the doan brook watershed began to develop. 1930 : nearly the entire watershed in shaker heights, cleveland heights and cleveland was developed. 1960 : citizens opposed and defeated the clark and lee freeways extension plan. the freeway would have paved over doan brook and its parks from lower shaker lake to horseshoe lake and beyond. 1970 : dike 14 - dredge spoil disposal area at the mouth of doan brook began to be constructed by the corps of engineers. 1974 : the cities of cleveland heights, shaker heights, and cleveland with interested citizens form the


earth shattering secrets for building record setting and winning mousetrap cars and racers. here you will find all the latest and greatest untold construction secrets so you can build your very own mousetrap vehicle. the objective is to build a vehicle that is powered solely by a standard - sized mouse trap that will travel and stop closest to a finish line located 5 - meters from the start line in the shortest amount of time. by definition a vehicle is a device with wheels and / or runners. launching a ball or another object from the mouse trap will be ruled illegal. the entire vehicle must leave the start line and travel as one unit. 1. the vehicle must be powered by a single victor brand mouse trap measuring : 1 - 3 / 4 inches x 3 - 7 / 8 inches. 2. the mouse trap cannot be physically altered except for the following : - holes can be drilled only to mount the mouse trap to a frame - the mouse trap ' s snapper arm may be cut and lengthened 3. the vehicle may not start with additional potential and / or kinetic energy other than what can be stored in the mouse trap ' s spring. 4. the spring from the mouse trap cannot be altered or heat treated. 5. the mouse trap ' s spring cannot be wound more than its normal travel distance or 180 degrees. 6. vehicles must be self - starting. 7. the vehicles must steer itself and may not receive a push in any direction in order avoid a collision. 8. the timing of the vehicle will begin when any part of the vehicle passes over the start line and will ends when the vehicle comes to rest. 9. the distance from the target will be measured from the point of the vehicle that first passed the start line to the finish line or target. 10. the instructor has the final decision as to the appropriateness of any additional items that might be used in the construction of the vehicle. running the contest the course will be a smooth level floor such as a gymnasiums or a non - carpeted hallway. the winner will be that vehicle that has obtained the lowest score any of the three attempts. any ties will be decided by a single run off between the tied vehicles. the scoring will be the total of the time in seconds added to the distance from the finish line in centimeters. score = time ( s ) + distance from finish line ( cm ). * can ' t find what you ' re looking for? ask doc fizzix »


in 1811, joseph fourier, the 43 - year - old prefect of the french district of isere, entered a competition in heat research sponsored by the french academy of sciences. the paper he submitted described a novel analytical technique that we today call the fourier transform, and it won the competition ; but the prize jury declined to publish it, criticizing the sloppiness of fourier ' s reasoning. according to jean - pierre kahane, a french mathematician and current member of the academy, as late as the early 1970s, fourier ' s name still didn ' t turn up in the major french encyclopedia the encyclopdia universalis. now, however, his name is everywhere. the fourier transform is a way to decompose a signal into its constituent frequencies, and versions of it are used to generate and filter cell - phone and wi - fi transmissions, to compress audio, image, and video files so that they take up less bandwidth, and to solve differential equations, among other things. it ' s so ubiquitous that " you don ' t really study the fourier transform for what it is, " says laurent demanet, an assistant professor of applied mathematics at mit. " you take a class in signal processing, and there it is. you don ' t have any choice. " the fourier transform comes in three varieties : the plain old fourier transform, the fourier series, and the discrete fourier transform. but it ' s the discrete fourier transform ( dft ) that accounts for the fourier revival. in 1965, the computer scientists james cooley and john tukey described an algorithm called the fast fourier transform, which made it much easier to calculate dfts on a computer. all of a sudden, the dft became a practical way to process digital signals. to get a sense of what the dft does, consider an mp3 player plugged into a loudspeaker. the mp3 player sends the speaker audio information as fluctuations in the voltage of an electrical signal. those fluctuations cause the speaker drum to vibrate, which in turn causes air particles to move, producing sound. an audio signal ' s fluctuations over time can be depicted as a graph : the x - axis is time, and the y - axis is the voltage of the electrical signal, or perhaps the movement of the speaker drum or air particles. either way, the signal ends up looking like an erratic wavelike squiggle. but when you listen to the sound produced from that squiggle, you can clearly distinguish all the instruments in a symphony orchestra, playing


speaker drum or air particles. either way, the signal ends up looking like an erratic wavelike squiggle. but when you listen to the sound produced from that squiggle, you can clearly distinguish all the instruments in a symphony orchestra, playing discrete notes at the same time. that ' s because the erratic squiggle is, effectively, the sum of a number of much more regular squiggles, which represent different frequencies of sound. " frequency " just means the rate at which air molecules go back and forth, or a voltage fluctuates, and it can be represented as the rate at which a regular squiggle goes up and down. when you add two frequencies together, the resulting squiggle goes up where both the component frequencies go up, goes down where they both go down, and does something in between where they ' re going in different directions. the dft does mathematically what the human ear does physically : decompose a signal into its component frequencies. unlike the analog signal from, say, a record player, the digital signal from an mp3 player is just a series of numbers, representing very short samples of a real - world sound : cd - quality digital audio recording, for instance, collects 44, 100 samples a second. if you extract some number of consecutive values from a digital signal - - 8, or 128, or 1, 000 - - the dft represents them as the weighted sum of an equivalent number of frequencies. ( " weighted " just means that some of the frequencies count more than others toward the total. ) the application of the dft to wireless technologies is fairly straightforward : the ability to break a signal into its constituent frequencies lets cell - phone towers, for instance, disentangle transmissions from different users, allowing more of them to share the air. the application to data compression is less intuitive. but if you extract an 8x8 block of pixels from an image, each row or column is simply a sequence of eight numbers - - like a digital signal with eight samples. the whole block can thus be represented as the weighted sum of 64 frequencies. if there ' s little variation in color across the block, the weights of most of those frequencies will be zero or near zero. throwing out the frequencies with low weights allows the block to be represented with fewer bits but little loss of fidelity. demanet points out that the dft has plenty of other applications, in areas like spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and quantum computing. but ultimately, he says, " it ' s


what you should know : alcohol intoxication is a harmful physical condition caused when you drink more alcohol than your body can handle. it is also called ethanol poisoning, or being drunk. after you leave : you may be given medicine to manage the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication. take your medicine as directed. contact your primary healthcare provider if you think your medicine is not helping or if you have side effects. tell him if you are allergic to any medicine. keep a list of the medicines, vitamins, and herbs you take. include the amounts, and when and why you take them. bring the list or the pill bottles to follow - up visits. keep the list with you in case of emergency. follow up with your primary healthcare provider as directed : write down your questions so you remember to ask them during your visits. limit or avoid alcohol : men should not have more than 2 drinks per day. women should not have more than 1 drink per day. a drink is 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1½ ounces of liquor. do not drive or operate machines when you drink alcohol : make sure you always have someone to drive you when you drink alcohol. learn ways to manage stress. deep breathing, meditation, and listening to music may help you cope with stressful events. talk to your caregiver about other ways to manage stress. for more information : - alcoholics anonymous web address : http : / / www. alcoholics - anonymous. org. contact your primary healthcare provider if : - you need help to stop drinking alcohol. - you have trouble with work or school because you drink too much alcohol. - you have physical or verbal fights because of alcohol. - you have questions or concerns about your condition or care. seek care immediately or call 911 if : - you have sudden trouble breathing or chest pain. - you have a seizure. - you feel sad enough to harm yourself or others. - you have hallucinations ( you see or hear things that are not real ). - you cannot stop vomiting. - you were in an accident because of alcohol. © 2013 truven health analytics inc. information is for end user ' s use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. all illustrations and images included in carenotes® are the copyrighted property of the blausen databases or truven health analytics. the above information is an educational aid only. it is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. talk to


how to turn your garden into a wildlife habitat part of green living is creating a balance between human civilization and the animal world. by turning your garden into a place where wildlife can make homes, feed, and breed safely without danger from pesticides and other chemicals, you help undo the damage to the many species of garden birds, insects, mammals, and amphibians that were once very common in your area but are now thinned out due to changes in farming methods and disappearing natural habitat. you may think all insects are unwanted visitors to your garden, but that ’ s not the case at all. a bug is your friend if it helps pollinate your plants or controls the population of bad bugs. for example, honey bees are nature ’ s great pollinators ; dragonflies eat mosquitoes ; and ground beetles feed on root maggots, caterpillars, and slugs. make your garden as varied as possible to attract as many species as possible : plants like roses, honeysuckle, and lavender each attract different insects like bees and butterflies. fuchsia and geraniums encourage hummingbirds to visit. find more information about which native plants from your area attract helpful critters by talking to your local garden store expert or by combing the internet. a woodpile encourages another set of garden dwellers. you may find frogs in the woodpile if it ’ s damp. and if it ’ s big enough to offer a safe place, a rabbit may move in. a wildflower patch can encourage native insects ( including butterflies ) and birds to linger in your garden. growing a wildflower patch can be as simple as planting a wildflower mix seed packet that ’ s available at garden stores. a pond created from an old bath or basin draws everything from dragonflies and frogs to birds and snails. change the water in your pond regularly to prevent it from becoming a mosquito breeding ground, or use a mosquito dunk — a small tablet you drop into the water to kill mosquito larvae. the biological control versions of the dunks contain bacteria that destroy the larvae and are much better for the environment than chemical versions. hedges are great for attracting birds and insects and providing protected space for small animals to make their homes. grow as many different hedge plants as possible together in your hedge because each different plant attracts different species. trees and shrubs that produce fruit, berries, and seeds are sources of food for your furry and feathered friends. boxes and feeders attract birds, bats, and bugs galore and provide cheap entertainment. after you spend the


we recognise that early childhood is key to young children ’ s development. by the age of 3 years 80 % of their brain is developed and so it is important that the foundations of mathematical thinking, language and skills are supported from birth. so, how can we as practitioners ( and parents ) help children become confident in using and thinking about numbers and maths. follow and build on children ’ s interest – notice their interests and extend them. an example of this is seen in the learning story the yoghurt tubs which started when a bag of yoghurt tubs was brought into pre - school. look at the story and see where the practitioner and children brought the activity. make sure that language and activities are integrated and embedded within the curriculum – in other words make the experience real and relevant for children. remember, they learn best when they can connect or identify with ideas. in one of the learning stories a child asked ‘ can i bring rainbow ( a teddy ) on a trip? ’ this started the children thinking about travel, distance, countries and led them on to making flags. equip and prepare the environment – think about materials that engage or fascinate children, that stimulate their thinking and provide some element of challenge. remember, mathematical thinking, language and activities happen in every area of the service tea sets, pots, pans and cooking containers – a great opportunity to match up cups and saucers ( have enough for a group ) to put lids on pots, to use baking implements such as measuring jugs and spoons, timers, pastry shape cutters dressing - up clothes and jewellery pencils and paper ( making lists, taking orders ) cash register and money empty boxes / packages of different sizes ( organising the stock by size ) large hollow blocks, ramps, boards lego, stickle bricks, interlocking train tracks tape measure, spirit level plastic plumbing pipes and connectors pictures of different buildings table top toy area deck of card, jig - saws, floor puzzles, board games, games with dice, peg board, threading, sorting sets, sequencing games ( dominos ), mosaics, magnetic shapes and tiles creative art area : paint and a variety of brushes ( chubby to fine ) markers, crayons, chalk, pencils, charcoal, pastels paper – a variety of sizes, shapes, textures, colours ( sugar, crepe, tissue, card, paper plates ) used cards and magazines sellotape, glue, insulating tape different fabrics, buttons, sequins,


pastels paper – a variety of sizes, shapes, textures, colours ( sugar, crepe, tissue, card, paper plates ) used cards and magazines sellotape, glue, insulating tape different fabrics, buttons, sequins, collage materials a water tray that allows 3 or 4 children play together a sand tray that allows a number of children play together jugs, funnels, water wheels, water pump, sieve, moulds, spades, bucket / container items that float and sink assortment of items that are the same but different ( stones of different shapes, weights and sizes ) swings, slides ( learn about movement, speed, force, push - pull ), bikes and trikes ( direction and speed ), sand and water area ( volume, displacement kites ( wind, velocity ), skittles ( number, force ) taking and making opportunities to help children think logically and solve problems equipping the setting both indoors and outdoors with interesting open ended materials that offer possibilities for the children introducing mathematical language in very real contexts so that children have plenty of experience in understanding concepts of up and down ; in and out ; over and under ; more and less and so on allowing time and space for children to think, process and ask questions encouraging thinking skills by asking real and relevant questions, in constructing, the question can be asked ‘ how many wheels do you need to build the truck? ’ for maths week 2012 we have been sharing ideas on promoting the following maths concepts in your service – number, pattern, shape and space, and measuring and comparisons. we hope you find these find these useful in supporting positive attitudes and confidence in maths for the children in your care. a very big thank you to the children and staff at the abc club in meath, and all the learning story participants, for the use of their photo ’ s, video ’ s and wonderful stories. when early years educators have a sound knowledge of mathematics and the benefits of play, and the connections between them, there is great potential for early childhood experiences that extend young children ’ s mathematical understandings and attitudes. last but not least, an important part of mathematical play is that it should be fun! “ we can influence young children ’ s keenness to learn mathematics by making the tasks we do of interest to them … by showing that we really think maths is important and fun ” 1 1montague - smith, ann. mathematics in nursery education. london : david fulton publishers, 2nd ed. 2003


a kid ' s guide to arab american history : more than 50 activities chicago review press publication date : january 2013 digital book format : pdf ( adobe drm ) you save : $ 3. 00 ( 21 % ) many americans, educators included, mistakenly believe all arabs share the same culture, language, and religion, and have only recently begun immigrating to the united states. a kid ’ s guide to arab american history dispels these and other stereotypes and provides a contemporary as well as historical look at the people and experiences that have shaped arab american culture. each chapter focuses on a different group of arab americans including those of lebanese, syrian, palestinian, jordanian, egyptian, iraqi, and yemeni descent and features more than 50 fun activities that highlight their distinct arts, games, clothing, and food. kids will love dancing the dabke, constructing a derbekke drum, playing a game of senet, making hummus, creating an arabesque design, and crafting an egyptian - style cuff bracelet. along the way they will learn to count in kurdish, pick up a few syrian words for family members, learn a yemeni saying, and speak a little iraqi. short biographies of notable arab americans, including actor and philanthropist danny thomas, singer paula abdul, artist helen zughaib, and activist ralph nader, demonstrate a wide variety of careers and contributions.