model t car by henry ford was a revolution, often called the tin lizzie it put america on wheels in 1908. the model t car was the first affordable car ever made and it democratized automobile ownership around the world. the model t car creation led to the invention of suburbs, motels, drive - throughs, drive - ins and a long list of other model t car pop culture phenomena. model t car the model t car painting dawn of a new day by artist james lumbers was inspired while he was walking through the grassy wooded field and found an abandoned old model t car. the evolution of the model t painting model t car sketches back at the studio, james lumbers was feeling passionately inspired by the abandoned decaying model t car. james lumbers penciled an idea of the model t car on paper and then proceeded to paint some colour into the model t car image. the first model t car sketch and the first model t car color sketch can be seen below. the model t car – 12 steps to the dawn of a new day model t painting the model t car painting took several months to develop the idea of the abandoned model t with the past & present concept that canadian artist james lumbers is renowed for all over the world. this past & present concept is known by james lumbers ’ enthusiasts & art collectors as “ moments in time painting collections ”. james lumbers worked on this concept for the old model t car found in an overgrown trail in the woods in his studio in florida. armed with his model t car pencil sketch & model t automobile colored image he further developed the dawn of a new day model t car painting. below his a 12 step process showing the evolution and a detailed progression of the model t car painting. model t car painting – dawn of a new day original painting this original model t car painting dawn of a new day by james lumbers along with the original model t car pencil sketch & model t car color sketch is part of a privately held collection that his valued at over $ 30, 000. for those model t car enthusiasts & james lumbers art collectors the ford model t car original painting has been made available as limited collector edition giclee prints for an affordable price ranging from $ 285, $ 342 & $ 1200 depending if you would like a paper giclee print, or artist proofs ( aps ) paper giclee print or canvas giclee print. once the limited edition collection is sold out the only place you will be able to attain this model t car painting


like a paper giclee print, or artist proofs ( aps ) paper giclee print or canvas giclee print. once the limited edition collection is sold out the only place you will be able to attain this model t car painting ( dawn of a new day ) will be in the secondary art market. the price in the secondary art market may be higher depending on the popularity and demand of the model t automobile painting. traditionally, james lumbers artwork are highly sought after in the secondary art market and are sold at a high premium. model t car giclee prints – about the publisher – miroarts publishing inc. miroarts publishing inc whom is the exclusive publisher & distributor of james lumbers artwork has reproduced the original ford model t car painting ( dawn of a new day ) into limited editions of high quality model t car paper giclee prints & model t automobile canvas giclee prints. the limited edition collections are small – 350 signed & numbered model t car paper giclee prints, 35 signed & numbered artist proofs ( aps ) model t automobile paper giclee prints and 50 signed & numbered model t car canvas giclee prints. all ford model t automobile paper & canvas giclees are signed & numbered by james lumbers. a certificate of authenticity is supplied with each reproduction by miroarts publishing inc. to assure the authenticity of the ford model t car giclee print. model t car enthusiasts & james lumbers art collectors can purchase the ford model t painting ( dawn of a new day ) online at www. miroarts. com


walk through the streets of the average portuguese village during the day and you may wonder if the place has been abandoned. in the intense summer heat it seems most people shelter away from the sun inside the white - washed walls of their homes until the early evening, when the main square becomes a hive of social activity. wander into the tiny village of luz on the banks of the alqueva lake in the alentejo region of portugal and the daytime emptiness hides a rather unique story. the modern houses give a clue that there ’ s something different about this village, but its real secrets ( and many generations of history ) can never again be discovered by taking a simple stroll. the reason for this eternal mystery is found in the lake ; it is here that the old village lies submerged, flooded by the waters of europe ’ s largest man - made lake less than 10 years ago. when the reservoir was planned the government faced a tough decision. the old village of luz was below the proposed water - line of the planned reservoir, but the benefits that the project would bring were such that the village could not be spared. would they relocate people to the nearest town? perhaps disperse the 300 - odd residents around the local villages? after consultation with the villagers the authorities undertook what is considered to be a unique resettlement plan : they rebuilt luz a couple of kilometres away on higher ground. those who had a house would get another, with the same amount of land. people would live next to their old neighbours where possible, although the road layout was modernised. and the church, the social hub of the village for generations, would be rebuilt with the important relics moved across to the new structure. even the cemetery would be relocated, a traumatic process for many people and one that needed to be carried out with the utmost sensitivity. people moved into the new luz in november 2002 and the old buildings were destroyed before the waters of the lake claimed them forever. you can follow the line of a road to the south of the village as it drops into lake, emerging in the distance – a visible sign that things were not always as they now appear. thankfully the memories of old luz, and of the whole process of moving a village, were captured on film and can be seen at the excellent museum at the edge of the village. the museum contains ethnographic exhibits from traditional life in luz, but without doubt the highlight is the film that follows a dozen or so villagers as they prepare for the move, say goodbye to their old homes and move reluctantly to the new village. it is


on may 7 - 9, the cdc division of nutrition, physical activity, and obesity, hosted a conference on weight of the nation™ in washington, d. c. the conference served to highlight progress in the prevention and control of obesity through policy and environmental strategies. the weight of the nation is also the title of an hbo documentary films and institute of medicine ( iom ) film series that premieres may 14 and 15. hbo ’ s the weight of the nation website explains that each of the four films in the series will feature “ case studies, interviews with our nation ’ s leading experts, and individuals and their families struggling with obesity. ” the first film examines the scope of the obesity epidemic and explores the serious health consequences of being overweight or obese. the second discusses what science has shown about how to lose weight, maintain weight loss and prevent weight gain ; the third focuses on obesity in children. the fourth film, titled challenges, offers a systems perspective on the combined effects of the major driving forces causing the obesity epidemic. these include complex social and environmental factors — such as agriculture, economics, and food marketing ; cultural and behavioral factors — such as american food culture and physical inactivity ; and evolutionary biology. any explanation of the obesity epidemic has to consider both genetics and the environment. one explanation that is often cited is the mismatch between today ’ s environment and “ energy - thrifty genes ” that emerged in the distant past, when food sources were unpredictable. current research on genetic variation that affects response to changes in diet and physical activity is still at an early stage. an updated feature on obesity and genetics is available from cdc ’ s office of public health genomics, along with a new page summarizing some genetic research findings related to obesity.


on this day in 1836, the city of davenport was platted and named. in order to understand the weight of history behind that simple sentence, one would have to look back at least to the treaty, signed on september 21, 1832, that ended the black hawk war and sold the land west of the mississippi river to the united states government. chief keokuk, considered by the united states to be the official leader of the sac - fox tribes, presented several acres on the bank of the mississippi to marguerite leclaire, who was the granddaughter of acoqua, a sac chief, and wife to antoine leclaire, a government translator who assisted with the treaty. a condition of this gift was that the leclaires build their home on the exact spot where general scott signed the treaty. in the spring of 1833, antoine built a log cabin on the site, later replacing it with a small clapboard house. according to historian franc wilkie, * two other men had a prior claim to the gifted land. forestalling a challenge, antoine bought this quarter section from “ dr. spencer and mr. mccloud ” for the boggling price ( at the time ) of “ one hundred and fifty dollars! “ mr. wilkie went on to comment that “ a splendid illustration is the sale of the immense fortunes made in the west by... judicious investment. ” but antoine had plans. in the fall of 1835, he formed a company to organize the establishment of a town near what had come to be called the treaty house. among these gentlemen were col. george davenport, major thomas smith, alexander mcgregor, levi s. colton, philip hambaugh, and captain james may. the company decided on the specific location of the new town with an eye to drainage, water power, and freedom from mosquito - laden marshes. they paid antoine $ 1, 750 for this perfect site, in which he retained an eighth interest. it was decided to name the town after col. george davenport. * * and on may 14 of the following year, major gordon, a stockholder in the company, surveyed and laid the town out in a pattern of 7 blocks by 6 blocks - between front street ( now river drive ) to 6th street, and from warren street on the east side to harrison on the west. davenport has grown just a little since then, beginning with antoine leclaire ’ s first addition in 1841, which added main and brady streets to the west side. from 42 blocks to 62 square miles


manoj nair of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration has devised a new possible method of detecting a deadly tsuami long before the wave crests to dangerous heights. and, in a bit of good news, much of it is already in place. in a new study in next month ’ s earth, planets, and space, nair modeled the massive 2004 tsunami in the indian ocean and found that a tsunami picking up steam as it moves across the ocean emits a tiny electromagnetic signature of of about 500 millivolts. that ’ s enough to have an effect on the communication cables that stretch across the ocean floor, carrying internet messages and phone calls. the electromagnetic signal “ is very small compared to a 9 - volt battery, but still large enough to be distinguished from background noise on a magnetically quiet day, ” said nair [ daily camera ]. nair says this kind of system could be a lower - cost alternative to the bottom pressure arrays that directly measure large movements of water. “ what we argue is that this is such a simple system to set up and start measuring, ” nair says. “ we have a system of submarine cables already existing. the only thing we probably need is a voltmeter, in theory ” [ wired. com ]. oleg godin, one of nair ’ s research partners, said any small improvement could make a huge difference. “ if you detect tsunamis in the deep ocean — and that ’ s what we ’ re working on — meaning far from shore, you have hours, certainly tens of minutes, to warn people, ” he said. “ if people are well educated, a 15 - minute warning is enough to save everybody ” [ daily camera ]. 80beats : south pacific tsunami kills more than 100 people 80beats : geologists find one cataclysmic tsunami in every 600 years of thai dirt 80beats : haiti earthquake may have released 250 years of seismic stress image : flickr / epugachev


the lake tahoe area on the california - nevada border can be appreciated from a variety of perspectives : some people focus on the stunningly beautiful alpine lake nestled in the sierra nevada range, while others see it as a mecca for skiers and winter sports enthusiasts. when climate scientists look around, though, they see change. two recent studies suggest that global warming is already altering that beloved ecosystem. the first report ( pdf ), produced by researchers at the uc davis tahoe environmental research center, predicts that snowpack melts over the next century will have a drastic impact on both winter tourism and the water supply. the average snowpack in the northern sierra nevada mountains that ring the lake on the california - nevada border will decline by 40 to 60 percent by 2100 “ under the most optimistic projections, ” says the report from three researchers at the university of california, davis. under less optimistic models, the melt - off could be accelerated. by the end of the century, precipitation in the region “ could be all rain and no snow, ” and peak snowmelt in the upper truckee river — which is the largest tributary flowing into lake tahoe — could occur four to six weeks earlier by 2100, the report says. [ new york times ] the changes to the region ’ s hydrology could lead to new problems with runoff, erosion, and overflowing stormwater basins. while the researchers note that there is always some uncertainty when predicting far into the future, they also point out that the computer models they used are based on 100 years of data describing the changes in temperature and precipitation that have already occurred in the tahoe area. the second study, published in the journal geophysical research letters, used infrared ( heat ) measurements from satellites to examine the changes to the planet ’ s lakes. two nasa scientists used satellite data to look at 104 large inland lakes around the world. they found that on average they have warmed 2 degrees [ celsius ] since 1985. that ’ s about two - and - a - half times the increase in global temperatures in the same time period. [ ap ] lakes in the the northern hemisphere ’ s mid and upper latitudes showed the most warming. that includes lake tahoe, which has heated up by 3 degrees celsius since 1985, putting it behind only russia ’ s lake ladoga. 80beats : water maps show stress spread out across the planet 80beats : water woes : the southwest ’ s supply dwindles ; china ’ s behemoth plumbing project goes on 80


remixing melville : moby dick meets the digital generation in a traditional english class, a teacher might assign herman melville ’ s famous novel moby dick in small chunks. students might complete their reading ( or not ), discuss major themes and perhaps write an essay at the end of the unit. but if a student never gets past the first few pages, the rest of that unit is lost. it ’ s become a common refrain that traditional education isn ’ t serving a generation of students whose lives outside of school are completely disconnected from what happens inside. but there are plenty of teachers working hard to make reading material relevant to students, including a team of researchers from university of southern california annenberg ’ s innovation lab that includes henry jenkins and erin reilly. they ’ ve created a model of what they call participatory learning that engages students with materials on a personal level, often by incorporating different types of media into the classroom and offering varying points of entry to a text. most recently, the team has put together a teacher ’ s strategy guide, reading in a participatory culture : remixing moby - dick in the english, classroom and an interactive digital book, flows of reading, to provide models of their approach. moby dick is a notoriously difficult book. “ this book defeated me as an advanced placement kid, ” henry jenkins said. he remembers hating the book, gritting his teeth to get through it and writing the worst essay of his high school career. that ’ s why he was so impressed by the work of the playwright ricardo pitts - wiley who was teaching moby dick to incarcerated youth in rhode island, many of whom read below grade level. pitts - wiley asked his students to reinterpret the novel in the context of their own lives. in their retelling captain ahab became a powerful drug dealer trying to avenge the death of his loved ones. his drug crew is forced to decide how far they ’ ll go for their charismatic leader. together with his students pitts - wiley turned their re - interpretation into a play : moby dick : then and now. the students understood the themes when placed into familiar context and related to the character ’ s struggles when the story was no longer placed in an era and industry unfamiliar to them. [ related reading : how can teachers prepare kids for a connected world? ] pitts - wiley ’ s work correlates strongly to the research jenkins has been doing on weaving more varieties of media into the classroom in order to make the learning experience more partici


reading : how can teachers prepare kids for a connected world? ] pitts - wiley ’ s work correlates strongly to the research jenkins has been doing on weaving more varieties of media into the classroom in order to make the learning experience more participatory, creative, multidisciplinary, and therefore meaningful to students. he teamed up with wyn kelley a melville scholar from mit, and a team of educational experts to design a curriculum around moby dick that would build in remixing, reinterpretation, and multimedia elements. they tested their new curriculum in six different schools. “ we want to raise a generation of kids who have a mouse in one hand and a book in the other, ” said jenkins. to do that the curriculum focuses on melville as a master mash - up artist of 19th century culture ; his book includes shakespeare plays, the bible, whaling culture and more. from there, the door is open for classes to discuss how remixed elements are allusions and what happens to a text when an author incorporates the work of others. “ culture matters, history matters, the goal is to foster old fashioned close reading, ” jenkins said. a typical assignment might ask students to take one page of moby dick, highlight words they don ’ t know, define terms, draw pictures and share with one another. the idea is to focus closely in order to incite curiosity about the whole. and to let students creatively express their opinions and thoughts about the book, hopefully with a better understanding of what their own remixing might add to the broader cultural body of work around moby dick. if this sounds a little messy and confusing – it is. that was the feedback teachers gave jenkins ’ team when they piloted these participatory learning strategies in the classroom. teacher ’ s felt uncertain whether learning was taking place in this non - linear style. one teacher came to realize that if a student could get a purchase on the text anywhere, they understood how much more there is to learn about the book. “ that ’ s a different kind of learning outcome than we usually get when we convince people they ’ ve exhausted a book, that they ’ ve gotten it, when they ’ ve only touched it superficially, ” jenkins said. he sees the goal as both teaching something about moby dick in the moment as well as fostering a community of readers who know that reading melville in high school english doesn ’ t mean they ’ ve conquered it. [ related reading : how do we define and measure ' deeper learning '?


about moby dick in the moment as well as fostering a community of readers who know that reading melville in high school english doesn ’ t mean they ’ ve conquered it. [ related reading : how do we define and measure ' deeper learning '? ] “ we may be romanticizing what people got out of moby dick in the traditional classroom, ” jenkins said. “ this is just taking ownership over that and allowing students to pursue their passion and interests. ” piloting this curriculum jenkins ’ team found that it worked less effectively when teachers used it more traditionally. “ the closer we got to traditional school, the more they shut down, ” jenkins said. “ no curriculum is idiot proof. you have to get teachers who understand the participatory mindset. ” the other part of the project, flows of reading, helps encourage participation around literature and models an expanded approach to literacy and the reading and writing that make up the discipline. the digital book allows readers to follow hyperlinks, enjoy embedded video content, and add to an online space for related work. it broadens the model beyond moby dick and applies it to reading at all age levels from a wordless picture book to the hunger games and lord of the rings. it offers four pathways or ways to view a text. motives for reading this pathway and assorted material address the idea that people read various kinds of textual content for all kinds of reasons. reading a website may be different from reading a book, but they both require literacy and are appropriate at different points. this pathway explores how seemingly different kinds of reading might be more akin than they seem. adaptation and remixing while the book encourages students to elaborate and create material based on parts of a text that speak to them, this section also discusses appropriate and respectful adaptation and remixing. it brings in the ethics of attribution and fair use. negotiating cultural spaces this pathway discusses the various identities that each person brings to reading whether it is gender, ethnicity, specific experiences or anything else that shapes the reading process. continuities and spaces these are “ the spaces where your imagination can go wild, ” said erin reilly, who led the effort to create flows. this pathway explores how to creatively share stories and layer upon the original. throughout the research and implementation of this project jenkins and reilly knew they ’ d need to think about assessment. they brought in dan hickey from indiana university to help develop assessments that are immediate and happen as part of the learning process. the state standards are a minimum, reilly and jenkins maintain


last wednesday the national academy of sciences held a press conference in washington, dc, to introduce its newly completed report on priorities for the coming decade in solar and space physics. daniel baker of the university of colorado chaired the committee that wrote the report. thomas zurbuchen of the university of michigan was the vice chair. together, they summarized the report ’ s highlights for the assembled reporters, scientists, and bureaucrats. like its counterparts in astronomy and planetary science, the latest solar and space physics decadal survey is more than just a shopping list of missions and facilities. its authors begin by defining their field in a broad and inspiring way : we live on a planet whose orbit traverses the tenuous outer atmosphere of a variable magnetic star, the sun. this stellar atmosphere is a rapidly flowing plasma — the solar wind — that envelops earth as it rushes outward, creating a cavity in the galaxy that extends to some 140 astronomical units ( au ). there, the inward pressure from the interstellar medium balances the outward pressure of the solar plasma forming the heliopause, the boundary of our home in the universe. earth and the other planets of our solar system are embedded deep in this extended stellar atmosphere or “ heliosphere, ” the domain of solar and space physics. the report goes on to review past and present accomplishments in solar and space physics before defining the four overarching goals that guided the committee members as they drew up their final recommendations : - determine the origins of the sun ’ s activity and predict the variations in the space environment. - determine the dynamics and coupling of earth ’ s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and atmosphere and their response to solar and terrestrial inputs. - determine the interaction of the sun with the solar system and the interstellar medium. - discover and characterize fundamental processes that occur both within the heliosphere and throughout the universe. as i listened to baker and zurbuchen ’ s presentation, it became clear that two other overarching considerations informed the report. the first is a conceptual emphasis on viewing earth ’ s aurorae, the solar wind, coronal mass ejections, and other heliospheric phenomena as part of a single system. it will be interesting to see whether this systemic view becomes manifest in journals, conferences, and courses. i, for one, have tended to think of solar physics as belonging more to astronomy than to heliospheric physics. the second consideration is a realistic and — to use baker ’ s word — responsible approach to costs. the committee


courses. i, for one, have tended to think of solar physics as belonging more to astronomy than to heliospheric physics. the second consideration is a realistic and — to use baker ’ s word — responsible approach to costs. the committee retained aerospace corp, a nonprofit consultancy based in el segundo, california, to carry out an independent cost appraisal and technical evaluation ( cate ) of potential missions. for the most part, the total cost of the committee ’ s recommended suite of programs lies within the budget envelope that nasa provided the committee for the years 2013 – 22. physicists who remember chuckling when they first encountered the zeroth law of thermodynamics might be amused to learn that the committee ’ s first recommendation is also numbered zero — for good reason. as nasa and nsf, the other principal sponsor of heliospheric research, look to future missions and facilities, the committee recommends that they first complete their current program. among the lineup is solar probe plus ( shown here in an artist ’ s impression ). the ambitious mission, whose price tag is $ 1. 4 billion, aims to fly as close as possible to the sun to determine how the solar corona is heated and how the solar wind is accelerated. diversify, realize, integrate, venture, educate the committee ’ s second recommendation, numbered 1. 0, is to implement an initiative that goes by the acronym drive ( for “ diversify, realize, integrate, venture, educate ” ). as far as i can tell, drive aims to reorganize and reinvigorate the way researchers and their students practice heliospheric science. surprisingly, given its high priority, drive is not expensive. the committee projects that the initiative will cost at most about $ 50 million a year. to fulfill the goals embodied by its name, drive seeks to make research opportunities more accessible to universities through small and mid - sized missions, including the shoebox - sized spacecraft called cubesats. funding the analysis and interpretation of data adequately is a key element of drive, as is fostering interdisciplinary approaches to heliospheric research. indeed, the committee urges nasa and nsf to establish heliospheric science centers, where observers, theorists, and modelers can work together to solve the grand challenges of solar and space physics. when baker and zurbuchen introduced drive, it sounded somewhat woolly to me. now, having read the drive section of the report, i think it ’ s a bold and worth


work together to solve the grand challenges of solar and space physics. when baker and zurbuchen introduced drive, it sounded somewhat woolly to me. now, having read the drive section of the report, i think it ’ s a bold and worthwhile model that could be profitably emulated in other fields, such as green energy or neuroscience. but to be effective, drive will probably need a light administrative structure. accelerate and expand the heliophysics explorer program! recommendation 2. 0 seeks to revitalize nasa ’ s explorer program of modestly sized and priced spacecraft. begun in 1958, the program, according to the committee, is “ arguably the most storied scientific spaceflight program in nasa ’ s history. ” despite its success, which includes three nobel prizes, funding for the explorer program fell in 2004 and has languished since. to quote the report : the medium - class ( midex ) and small - class ( smex ) missions of the explorer program are ideally suited to advancing heliophysics science and have a superb track record for cost - effectiveness. since 2001, 15 heliophysics explorer mission proposals have received the highest category of ranking in competition selection reviews, but only 5 have been selected for flight. thus there is an extensive reservoir of excellent heliophysics science to be accomplished by explorers. because midex and smex missions are comparatively cheap, developing and launching more of them would not require a big outlay. the committee recommends that nasa augment the current explorer program for solar and space physics by $ 70 million per year. in addition to more money for the explorer program, the committee also recommends establishing a faster, more nimble way of accommodating missions of opportunity — that is, missions that are conceived in response to new technologies, new scientific knowledge, or new partnership opportunities with other space agencies. nasa : let academia lead space science perhaps by coincidence, a commentary by baker appeared in nature two weeks before his committee released its report. entitled “ nasa : let academia lead space science, ” the commentary urged the space agency to fund more missions that are small enough in scope that university - based principal investigators ( pis ) can develop and lead them. whether baker ’ s fellow committee members endorsed his commentary is not clear. they do, however, evidently share his belief in the merits of pi - led missions. recommendation 3. 0 calls for nasa to transform its solar terrestrial probes program from a large, centrally directed program to “ a moderate - sized, competed, pi - led mission line that is


share his belief in the merits of pi - led missions. recommendation 3. 0 calls for nasa to transform its solar terrestrial probes program from a large, centrally directed program to “ a moderate - sized, competed, pi - led mission line that is cost - capped at approximately $ 520 - million per mission. ” the stp program aims to elucidate the physics of the sun ’ s influence on earth, on the other bodies in the solar system, and on the interstellar medium. to avoid the risk that a competitive free - for - all would omit important aspects of stp science, the committee outlined three kinds of missions that it would like to see fly : - imap ( interstellar mapping and acceleration probe ) to characterize the zone where the sun ’ s magnetohydrodynamic influence ceases to prevail in the solar neighborhood. - dynamic ( dynamical neutral atmosphere ) to study how earth ’ s ionosphere and thermosphere influence, and are influenced by, processes that occur at lower and higher altitudes. - medici ( magnetosphere energetics, dynamics, and ionospheric coupling ) to determine how the magnetosphere - ionosphere - thermosphere system responds to solar and magnetospheric forcing. the committee ’ s enthusiasm for modest missions is not unbridled, however. in the committee ’ s view, tackling the problem of how and why the sun varies is a job for large, integrated missions. nasa ’ s living with a star program already includes the solar probe plus and the radiation belt storm probes missions. recommendation 4. 0 is for geospace dynamics constellation, a set of six formation - flying spacecraft that will characterize how the energy of geomagnetic storms is deposited and transformed in earth ’ s atmosphere. recharter the national space weather program in march 1989 a geomagnetic storm caused the collapse of hydro - quebec ’ s electricity grid. five months later another geomagnetic storm shut down electronic trading on toronto ’ s stock exchange. anticipating such storms — or space weather — and predicting their effects is more important, now that the world ’ s electrical infrastructure has expanded, the number of earth - orbiting satellites has increased, and telecommunications have become economically and socially more important. the current solar cycle, the 24th since records began in 1755, is set to peak next year. to monitor the cycle ’ s activity, the us relies on a set of spacecraft, such as the solar and heliospheric observatory, whose principal purpose is basic research


the 24th since records began in 1755, is set to peak next year. to monitor the cycle ’ s activity, the us relies on a set of spacecraft, such as the solar and heliospheric observatory, whose principal purpose is basic research and whose engineering lifetimes are coming to an end. to avoid gaps in coverage, the committee recommends that nasa, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, and the department of defense should plan ahead and plan together. of particular importance, the committee says, is maintaining a permanent monitoring capability at l1, the first lagrange point of the sun – earth system. lying between the two bodies 1. 5 million km from earth, l1 is an ideal vantage for tracking solar activity. the us has a comprehensive plan, the national space weather program, for dealing with space weather. the trouble is, as the committee puts it, “ implementation of such a program would require funding well above what the survey committee assumes to be currently available. ” accordingly, the committee recommends that the nswp should be rechartered under the auspices of the national science and technology council and should include the active participation of the office of science and technology policy and the office of management and budget. the plan should build on current agency efforts, leverage the new capabilities and knowledge that will arise from implementation of the programs recommended in this report, and develop additional capabilities, on the ground and in space, that are specifically tailored to space weather monitoring and prediction. i haven ’ t read all 455 pages of the committee ’ s report. in venturing to summarize it, i have no doubt missed some important points and emphases. but what i have read has impressed me. here is a plan to study the heliosphere as a system in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and cost - effective way. i hope its recommendations are heeded.


ancient roman proverbs can certaintly be confusing, but they are certainly rich in meaning. here are some of my favorite proverbs : adversus solem ne loquitor literally means, “ do not speak against the sun. it ’ s used when someone is arguing or advocating something that is obviously and blatantly wrong. since the sun is guaranteed to exist forever ( assuming that a geologic catastrophe doesn ’ t occur ), the proverb is saying that one shouldn ’ t argue against something that is so likely as the sun ’ s existence. ignis aurum probat literally means, “ the fire tests the gold ”. when ancient roman blacksmiths refined gold, they would do so in a hot fire. therefore this phrase is used when someone ’ s character is being “ refined ” by adversity. aquila non capit muscas means the eagle does not catch flies. in ancient rome, eagles were considered majestic animals. conversely, flies were considered insignificant and a nuisance. therefore this proverb was used to imply that people of high rank ( the eagle ) won ’ t have the time or patience to deal with trifling matters ( flies ). hic abundant leones means “ here the lions abound ”. the lions are a metaphor for the unknown, like uncharted territory. when the ancient romans were first starting to conquer other nations, some of the territories on their maps were labeled with this phrase. auribus teneo lupum literally means, “ i grasp a wolf by the ears ”. it ’ s supposed to convey a situation where you are damned if you do and damned if you don ’ t. in other words, grabbing on to the wolf ’ s ears or letting go could both end in disaster. in cauda venenum which means, “ poison in the tail ” is a metaphor of a scorpion sting. this phrase is used when a situation starts without a hitch and becomes deadly in the end. una hirundo non facit ver means, “ one swallow does not make a summer ”. in ancient rome, swallows were considered good fortune. therefore it means that one good outcome ( or swallow ) doesn ’ t guarantee that a situation will be successful in every single instance.


an epic spanning more than half a century of taiwan ' s history, this breathtaking historical novel traces the fortunes of the pengs, a family of hakka chinese settlers, across three generations from the 1890s, just before taiwan was ceded to japan as a result of the sino - japanese war, through world war ii. li qiao brilliantly re - creates the dramatic world of these pioneers - - and the colonization of taiwan itself - - exploring their relationships with the aboriginal peoples of taiwan and their struggle to establish their own ethnic and political identities. this carefully researched work of fiction draws upon li ' s own experiences and family history, as well as oral and written histories of the era. originally published in chinese as a trilogy, this newly translated edition is an abridgement for english - speaking readers and marks the work ' s first appearance in the english - speaking world. it was well - received in taiwan as an honest - - and influential - - recreation of taiwan ' s history before the relocation of the republic of china from the mainland to taiwan. because li ' s saga is so deeply imbued with the unique culture and complex history of taiwan, an introduction explaining the cultural and historical background of the novel is included to help orient the reader to this amazingly rich cultural context. this informative introduction and the sweeping saga of the novel itself together provide an important view of taiwan ' s little known colonial experience.


climate action for nature " it is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. it is the one that is the most adaptable to change. " - charles darwin ecco scientists recognize that climate change has the potential to jeopardize much of the regional conservation and restoration work that has been done over the past 30 years. as a member of chicago wilderness ( cw ), an alliance of over 250 organizations dedicated to restoring biodiversity in the region, the team helped to develop and launch the cw climate action plan for nature ( capn ) in 2010. this plan specifically addresses climate change impacts to the natural communities spanning across a four - state region and represents an ecosystem - based approach to responding to climate change. the capn complements the chicago climate action plan, focused on human health and the built and natural environments within the city of chicago, and ecco ecologists work collaboratively with chicago ' s department of environment on urban ecosystem adaptation strategies. the team serves on the cw climate change task force and is leading several of the efforts to implement the capn, including developing climate clinics aimed at building the capacity of cw members to put the plan ' s actions into practice. in spring 2011 ecco ecologists completed a revision of cw ' s biodiversity recovery plan, a road map to restoration and management in the region, that incorporates climate change impacts to biodiversity. these “ climate - smart ” management practices are intended to not only protect current conservation investments, but also increase the likelihood natural resources can continue to provide the ecological services both human and natural communities rely upon as the environment continues to shift. to subscribe to the bi - monthly chicago wilderness learn more about ecco ' s work engaging chicago communities in climate action


should you choose to learn bsl using makaton principles, the vocabulary stages are as follows : mum, dad, brother, sister, drink, drink of water, biscuit, dinner x2, food, toilet, bed, chair, table, washbasin, bath, shower, house, home, car, bus, i, me, you, where, what, here, there, to sleep, to drink, to eat x2, to look, to see, to stand, to get up, to sit, to wash x2, to bath, to shower, to go, to come x2, to give x2, more, good x2, ok, bad, please, thank you, hello, good morning, goodbye. man, lady, boy, girl, baby, bread, butter, egg, chapatti, dal, rice, yoghurt, noodles, milk, tea, coffee, juice, sugar, cake, jam, ice cream, knife, to cut with knife, fork, spoon, plate, cup, door, window x2, fire, radiator, tv, lamp, phone, to phone, dog, cat, bird, tree, flower, book, teddy, doll, bricks, ball, and, hot x2, cold, clean, dirty. chocolate, crisps, sweet, cigarette, banana, orange, apple, fish, rabbit, chicken, horse, cow, pig, sheep, butterfly, boat, train, plane, bike, to have, to run, to walk, to kick, to dig, to ride, to ride a horse, to ride a bike, to swim, to jump, to jump off, to jump on, to jump over, to climb x2, to fall off, to fall over, to smoke, big, small, little, up, down, my, your, mine, yours, sorry, now. teacher, boss, friend, children, name, school, work, outside, cupboard, pen, pencil, paper, scissors, picture, sand, water, string, paint, key, box x2, to put, to create, to do, to sew x2, to cook x2, to sing, to play, to know, to think, to work, to read, to write, to draw, to paint, to colour, to cut, to teach, to build x2, to create, to break, we x2, us x2, they x2


, to think, to work, to read, to write, to draw, to paint, to colour, to cut, to teach, to build x2, to create, to break, we x2, us x2, they x2, them x2, in x2, on, under. nurse, doctor, milkman, milkwoman, postman, postwoman, policeman, policewoman, police officer, firefighter, ambulanceman, ambulancewoman, shop, supermarket, road, garden, blaze, postbox, money, bag, letter, stamp, time, watch, to carry, to throw, to catch, to stop, to help x2, to like, to want, to love, to quarrel, quick, fast, slow, happy, sad, difficult, easy, hard, soft, strong, heavy, clever, angry, frightened, to be patient, trouble, mistake, but. country, town, sea, cinema, disco, holiday, to start, to end x2, to bring, to ask, to talk, to listen, to hear, can, to forget, to grow x2, same, different, new, old, beautiful, smart, nice, kind, our x2, ours x2, their x2, theirs x2, another, with, who, which, colour, black, blue, brown, green, orange, red, white, yellow. 1 - 10, how, how much, how many, how old, many, a lot, some, few, time, hour, today, tomorrow, yesterday, next week, last week, next year, last year, long time ago, saturday, sunday, night, day, when, always, again, late, early, before, after, wages, to buy, to save, careful, expensive, sun, rain, wind, snow, stars, moon, sky, snowman. to choose, to win, to dance, to find, to understand, to remember, birthday, party, present, balloon, photo, camera, mirror, radio, newspaper, video camera, video tape, video recorder, music, stereo x2, audio tape, cassette player, cd, computer, first, last, next, over, through, near x2, between, lucky, hungry, thirsty, worried, true, why, because. deaf, blind, communication problem, medicine, tablet, injection, operation, sick, ill, pain, dead x2, hearing aid x2


what is christian ethics? the article tries to define “ what is precisely christian ethics ” by systematically drawing the general question, “ what is ethics to conclude with a specific definition of a christian ethics from a jungle of definitions. christian ethics is one of many ways of reflecting ethical values but is a very distinctive one, as it is determined by theological premises of christian faith about a loving god. outline of christian ethics a rough outline of christian ethics is : “ discipline of reflection and analysis that lies between christian theology on one side and social science on the other, or simply put, between faith and the facts. christian theology transmits faith – premises that validate its moral norms while sciences that study empirical human behaviour bring understanding of complex factors involving reasons of human nature and cultural situations surrounding the problem of choice and decision. without sciences, christian ethics become moralistic, unrealistic and irrelevant to problems in decision a person must make. vise versa, without christian ethics, any decision based on data of social sciences, the choices in actions become unprincipled, normless and anomic. when a problem is encountered with above sketch it “ is - ought ” problem. “ what is called the naturalistic fallacy is the flaw of believing that moral is “ ought ” is derived only from empirical “ is. ” for instance, a news poll of how women should dress is not a sole criterion for deciding how the women should behave in public. in christian ethics moral “ ought ” should come from the theological faith – premises affirm the transcendental will of god. how the will is understood is now subject of enquiry by the author. the main types of ethical theories are between teleological and deontological ethics. roman catholics ethics are more teleological as it is based more on aristotle ’ s eudaimonia ( or “ well being ). it translates that telos into viseo dei, the vision of god, to be attained by diligent cultivation of good habits of virtues, which leads one to beatific vision. another example is the protestant ethics of the social gospel movement, whose goal is the kingdom on earth, toward which we will progress by systematic changes in the economic order. roman catholics also have deontological ethics in the form of papacy encyclicals, which lay down rules for her members in matters regarding divorce, contraception etc which protestants refer to bible as the authority in which they found god ’ s commands toward such actions. roman catholic ethics another way of looking at the difference among the christian


of looking at christian ethics is christ and culture issue. these are ways of explaining norms of christian life that exists between demands of god in christ and demands of secular culture in which christians live and work. troelttsch developed three typologies. 1. a compromise between church and world where worldly things are renewed, accepted and blessed as christian. 2. a sect - type where total withdrawal of worldly things and live in obedience to god, like the quakers. 3. christian mysticism, similar to the sect - type but is more individualistic. richard niebuhr ’ s expanded on troeltsch ’ s typology and came up with five different ways to show how christians have tired to live within the tension between their culture and the moral demands of god in christ. christ against culture on one extreme, the ideal that denounces the world, the flesh and the devil and tries to preserve its ethical pristine. on other extreme, the ‘ christ of culture, ’ accommodates christ to various moral norms of secular culture, making him hero of secular values and thus resolving the tension. between these two poles, lies three more types : christ above culture, ’ is a more catholic approach, ‘ christ and culture in paradox, ’ is a type of luther ’ s ethics, and lastly “ christ transforming the culture. example of the last type is the aim of the calvinists and puritans that seeks to mould the political order after the model of the kingdom of god of righteousness. the protestant social gospel movement is another group, which fought to transform the capitalistic economy from competitiveness to communal type of compassionate justice. what do we make of christian ethics after divergence and convergence of these traditions? what does it mean to be a christian in these jungles of ethical backgrounds? what do we have in common? since an issue can be approached from different angles, one can hear conflicting answers and can be confusing at times. yet within this seemly chaotic ethical situation, remains integrity of christian ethics. within this difference is a shared faith premises, a trust in the loving god who is the sovereign power of all. his will for mankind is made known through jesus christ. christian ethics, despite its diversity, consists in faithful and obedient response to that will by actions that seek the well - being of neighbours near and far. this is the ‘ one ’ shared though many varied historical and contemporary answers to the question, “ what is christian ethics? god is the final authority of the human reason and decisions


morphology : megaladapis edwardsi had molars that were narrow with well - developed shearing crests ( fleagle, 1988 ). this species lacked upper incisors ( fleagle, 1988 ). the dental formula of this species was 0 : 1 : 3 : 3 on the upper jaw and 2 : 1 : 3 : 3 on the lower jaw ( martin, 1990 ). this species had a mandibular condyle which resembled that found in members of the extant genus lepilemur ( martin, 1990 ). the nasal region of this species was pronounced ( fleagle, 1988 ). this species had a fused mandibular symphysis ( fleagle, 1988 ). the snout was long and the cranium was long and flat with a small braincase ( fleagle, 1988 ). the forelimbs of this species were long relative to the hindlimbs ( fleagle, 1988 ). the phalanges of this species were long and curved and the trunk was also long ( fleagle, 1988 ). the limbs of this species were relatively robust ( fleagle, 1988 ). this species had an average body mass of around 140. 0 kilograms ( fleagle, 1988 ). the intermembral index of this species was 120 ( fleagle, 1988 ). range : megaladapis edwardsi was found on the island of madagascar ( fleagle, 1988 ). based upon dental morphology this was a folivorous species ( fleagle, 1988 ). based upon postcranial remains this species was most likely a terrestrial quadruped ( fleagle, 1988 ). this species probably also climbed vertical trunks and fed on leaves from a clinging position ( fleagle, 1988 ). fleagle, j. g. 1988. primate adaptation and evolution. academic press : new york. martin, r. d. 1990. primate origins and evolution : a phylogenetic reconstruction. princeton university press : princeton, new jersey.


eleven years ago today, al gore, for one important moment, was the most powerful man in our republic. the day before, the supreme court, in a 5 - 4 vote, halted the partial recount of presidential ballots in florida that gore had requested. but that did not mean the 2000 presidential election was over. george w. bush could not declare victory until gore conceded defeat. this is our protocol in every presidential election, whether the results are clear on election night or weeks later. our democratic political system works only when the losers give their consent to be governed by the winners. the first signal that this consent is granted comes with the losing candidate ’ s concession. at this moment, following a hard - fought election where passions have run high, the concession begins the process of reuniting an intensely divided country. yet this vital service to the nation provided by losing presidential candidates is seldom appreciated. it may seem unthinkable that gore would not have conceded, particularly in the wake of the supreme court ’ s decision, yet he had supporters who urged him to push on and further challenge the legitimacy of the results. he had, after all, won the national popular vote. in many countries, losing candidates do not peacefully accept defeat, and their obstinacy leads to political chaos, riots and sometimes civil war. gore understood the risks to america from a prolonged dispute over an unresolved election. our democratic political system works only when the losers give their consent to be governed by the winners. so, on dec. 13, 2000, gore choose to begin a process of healing. he did not merely concede, he gave a remarkably upbeat and friendly concession speech and quoted an earlier losing candidate, stephen douglas, who pledged to abraham lincoln upon losing the 1860 presidential election, “ partisan feeling must yield to patriotism. i ’ m with you, mr. president, and god bless you. ” most presidential elections are close, with roughly half having been won with 51 percent or less of the popular vote. this even division in our partisan alignment means supporters of either party have a reasonable expectation of victory, so defeat can come as a shock. despite this, from our first losing presidential candidate, thomas jefferson in 1796 ( george washington won the first two presidential elections unopposed ), to our most recent, john mccain, america has been blessed with men who have set aside crushing personal disappointment and embraced their responsibility to help maintain national unity. in a society that worships winners, unsuccessful presidential candidates are considered losers, no matter how successful they were before and


, john mccain, america has been blessed with men who have set aside crushing personal disappointment and embraced their responsibility to help maintain national unity. in a society that worships winners, unsuccessful presidential candidates are considered losers, no matter how successful they were before and after the election. as john w. davis, the democratic nominee in 1924 and a brilliant constitutional lawyer, put it after his losing candidacy was vilified, “ i believe i have been a fair success in life except as a candidate for president. ” it is often the losing candidate who is prophetic, while time proves that it was the winning candidate who was stuck in the past. winning the presidency does not guarantee the winner will leave a great mark upon history ; the office has certainly had its share of non - entities. many losing candidates, though, helped bring into being political dynamics that still define our politics. men like henry clay, william jennings bryan, thomas dewey, barry goldwater and george mcgovern have created, transformed and realigned our political parties. losing campaigns typically are the first to break barriers and expand participation. these include the first catholic to be nominated for president, as well as the first woman and the first jew to be named as vice presidential nominees. whether breaking barriers or introducing new policies, it is often the losing candidate who is prophetic, while time proves that it was the winning candidate who was stuck in the past. andrew jackson is an american icon, yet it was his nemesis clay who more clearly understood that america ’ s future was as an industrial power, not a bucolic republic of yeoman farmers. the democrat bryan was considered a radical, yet the reforms he advocated — creating the federal reserve, enacting pure food and drug laws, granting women the right to vote and enacting a federal income tax — all became law within years of his candidacies. adlai stevenson first raised the idea of a nuclear test ban during his 1956 campaign, while goldwater ’ s 1964 campaign, which analysts at the time thought had “ discredited conservatism, ” famously laid the groundwork for ronald reagan to be elected 16 years later. despite their belief that voters made the wrong choice, our losing presidential candidates have been almost unfailingly gracious, and suffered the wounds of defeat with good humor. sometimes that humor is self - effacing, as when goldwater lamented that america “ is a great country where anybody can grow up to become president — except me. ” and sometimes the humor is pointed, as when


grief is a natural process, an intense fundamental emotion, a universal experience which makes us human. it is a process that entails extremely hard work over a period of many painful months or years. people grieve because they are deprived of a loved one ; the sense of loss is profound. the loss of a spouse, child or parent affects our very identities — the way we define ourselves as a husband, wife, parent or offspring. moreover, grief can arise from the survivor ' s sudden change in circumstances after a death and the fear of not knowing what lies ahead. the death of someone close can be a life - changing experience. if you are the primary caregiver of someone you love, this experience can affect every aspect of your life for some time. it is natural to grieve the death of a loved one before, during and after the actual time of their passing. the process of accepting the unacceptable is what grieving is all about. if someone has had a prolonged illness or serious memory impairment, family members may begin grieving the loss of the person ' s " former self " long before the time of death. this is sometimes referred to as " anticipatory grief. " anticipating the loss, knowing what is coming, can be just as painful as losing a life. family members may experience guilt or shame for " wishing it were over " or seeing their loved one as already " gone " intellectually. it is important to recognize these feelings as normal. ultimately, anticipatory grief is a way of allowing us to prepare emotionally for the inevitable. preparing for the death of a loved one can allow family members to contemplate and clear unresolved issues and seek out the support of spiritual advisors, family and friends. and, depending on the impaired person ' s intellectual capacity, this can be a time to identify your loved one ' s wishes for burial and funeral arrangements. a death that happens suddenly, unexpectedly, is an immeasurable tragedy. this type of loss often generates shock and confusion for loved ones left behind. incidents such as a fatal accident, heart attack, or suicide can leave family members perplexed and searching for answers. in these cases, family members may be left with unresolved issues, such as feelings of guilt that can haunt and overwhelm a grieving person. these feelings may seem to take over your life at first. but over time it is possible to get past these thoughts and forgive yourself and your loved one. give yourself plenty of time ; it ' s virtually


and overwhelm a grieving person. these feelings may seem to take over your life at first. but over time it is possible to get past these thoughts and forgive yourself and your loved one. give yourself plenty of time ; it ' s virtually impossible to makeyourself " move on " before you ' re ready. people experiencing the sudden loss of a loved one have a particular need for support to get through the initial devastating shock, pain and anger. family members, close friends, and clergy can be vital lifelines for the griever. how long does grieving last? grief impacts each individual differently. recent research has shown that intense grieving lasts from three months to a year and many people continue experiencing profound grief for two years or more. others ' response to this extended grieving process may sometimes cause people to feel there is something wrong with them or they are behaving abnormally. this is not the case. the grieving process depends on the individual ' s belief system, religion, life experiences, and the type of loss suffered. prolonged bereavement is not unusual. many people find solace in seeking out other grievers or trusted friends. however, if feelings of being overwhelmed continue over time, professional support should be sought. symptoms of grief grief can provoke both physical and emotional symptoms, as well as spiritual insights and turmoil. physical symptoms include low energy or exhaustion, headaches or upset stomach. some people will sleep excessively, others may find they are pushing themselves to extremes at work. these activity changes may make an individual more prone to illness. it is important to take care of yourself during this period of bereavement by maintaining a proper diet, exercise and rest. taking care of your body can help heal the rest of you, even if you do not feel inclined to do so. emotional symptoms include memory gaps, distraction or preoccupation, irritability, depression, euphoria, wailing rages and passive resignation. some people identify strongly with the person who died and his / her feelings. if you have experienced a loss and are hurting it is reasonable that your responses may seem " unreasonable. " nonetheless, it is important not to judge yourself too harshly as you experience conflicting and overwhelming emotions. like grief itself, people ' s coping strategies vary. some people cope best through quiet reflection, others seek exercise or other distractions. some have a tendency to engage in reckless or self - destructive activities ( e. g., excessive drinking ). it is vital to obtain


' s coping strategies vary. some people cope best through quiet reflection, others seek exercise or other distractions. some have a tendency to engage in reckless or self - destructive activities ( e. g., excessive drinking ). it is vital to obtain support in order to regain some sense of control and to work through your feelings. a trained counselor, support group, or trusted friend can help you sort through feelings such as anxiety, loss, anger, guilt, and sadness. if depression or anxiety persist, a doctor or psychiatrist may prescribe antidepressant drugs to help alleviate feelings of hopelessness. spirituality : you may feel closer to god and more open to religious experiences than ever before. conversely, many people express anger or outrage at god. you may feel cut off from god or from your own soul altogether — a temporary paralysis of the spirit. if you are a person of faith, you may question your faith in god, in yourself, in others or in life. a member of the clergy or spiritual advisor can help you examine the feelings you are experiencing. learning to deal with grief is learning to live again. stages of grief often portrayed as a grief " wheel, " these stages do not necessarily follow a set order. some stages may be revisited many times as an individual goes through a grieving period. - emotional release. - depression, loneliness and a sense of isolation. - physical symptoms of distress. - feelings of panic. - a sense of guilt. - anger or rage. - inability to return to usual activities. - the gradual regaining of hope. - acceptance as we adjust our lives to reality. most people who have lost someone close go through all or some of these stages, although not necessarily in this specific order. this kind of healthy grieving can help a person move through a significant loss with minimal harm to self, either physical or mental. often family members and caregivers are faced with the decision to allow someone to die naturally or to prolong their death and maintain life through artificial means. physician training, hospital and nursing home policies often dictate the use of " heroic means " to sustain life. " reviving " a very ill person after a stroke or using a respirator for someone deemed medically " brain dead " are standard procedures used in many hospitals. if at all possible, it is important to learn and document a person ' s wishes about using artificial life support beforeany crisis arises. a living will or durable power of attorney for health care ( dpahc ) expresses a person ' s wishes


. if at all possible, it is important to learn and document a person ' s wishes about using artificial life support beforeany crisis arises. a living will or durable power of attorney for health care ( dpahc ) expresses a person ' s wishes when he or she can no longer speak for him / herself. these documents can help instruct hospitals or nursing homes on an appropriate course of action to be taken at a critical moment. by law, all hospitals must now inform patients about their right to fill out these documents. when a person is confused, or otherwise unable to express preferences, family members are often put in the position of becoming surrogate decision makers. such decisions present a thorny array of medical, legal, and moral questions. decisions to provide or withhold life support are based on personal values, beliefs, and consideration for what the person might have wanted. such decisions are painful. family members should give themselves ample time to cope with these life and death decisions and to process feelings of doubt or blame which may surface. tips for helping the bereaved - be available. offer support in an unobtrusive but persistent manner. - listen without giving advice. - do not offer stories of your own. this can have the effect of dismissing the grieving person ' s pain. - allow the grieving person to use expressions of anger or bitterness, including such expressions against god. this may be normal behavior in an attempt to find meaning in what has happened. - realize that no one can replace or undo the loss. to heal, the individual must endure the grief process. allow him / her to feel the pain. - be patient, kind and understanding without being patronizing. don ' t claim to " know " what the other person is feeling. - don ' t force the individual to share feelings if he / she doesn ' t want to. - physical and emotional touch can bring great comfort to the bereaved. don ' t hesitate to share a hug or handclasp when appropriate. - be there later, when friends and family have all gone back to their routines. - remember holidays, birthdays, and anniversaries which have important meaning for the bereaved. offer support during this time. don ' t be afraid of reminding the person of the loss ; he / she is already thinking about it. practical assistance for the bereaved things a person can do without asking : - send a card or flowers. - bring food. - water or mow their lawn. - donate blood. -


loss ; he / she is already thinking about it. practical assistance for the bereaved things a person can do without asking : - send a card or flowers. - bring food. - water or mow their lawn. - donate blood. - contribute to a cause which is meaningful to your friend or family member. things a person can do to help but should ask first : - offer to stay in the home to take phone calls, receive food and guests. - offer child care on a specific date. - offer to care for pets. - offer transportation. ballard, e. l., managing grief and bereavement : a guide for families and professionals caring for memory impaired adults and other chronically ill persons, duke family support program, durham, nc. bozarth - campbell, a., 1982, life is goodbye, life is hello, compcare publications, minneapolis, mn. harris lord, j., 1990, beyond sympathy, pathfinder publishing, ventura, ca. sankar, andrea, 1991, dying at home : a family guide for caregiving, johns hopkins university press, baltimore, md. westberg, granger e., 1976, good grief, philadelphia : fortress press. caring for a dying relative : a guide for families, d. doyle, 1994, 2001 evans road, cary, nc 27513, oxford university press. ( 919 ) 677 - 0977. on death and dying, elisabeth kubler - ross, 1969, the macmillan co., new york, ny. available at bookstores or p. o. box 1387, bryan, tx 77806. ( 800 ) 364 - 2665. don ' t take my grief away, doug manning, 1979, p. o. box 42467 n. w. expressway, suite 100, oklahoma city, ok 73116, in - sight books. ( 800 ) 658 - 9262. dying at home : a guide for caregiving, andrea sankar, 1991, the johns hopkins university press, 701 w. 40th st., baltimore, md 21211 - 2190. < < span class = " bodycopy " / > how can i help? / what will help me?, james e. miller, 1994, willowgreen publishing, 509 w. washington blvd., p. o. box 25180, fort wayne, in. ( 219 ) 424 - 7916. managing grief and bereavement : a guide for


1994, willowgreen publishing, 509 w. washington blvd., p. o. box 25180, fort wayne, in. ( 219 ) 424 - 7916. managing grief and bereavement : a guide for families and professionals caring for memory impaired adults and other chronically ill persons ( booklet ), 1993, duke family support program, duke university medical center, durham, nc 27710. ( 919 ) 660 - 7510. family caregiver alliance 785 market street, suite 750 san francisco, ca 94103 web site : www. caregiver. org family caregiver alliance ( fca ) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through education, services, research and advocacy. through its national center on caregiving, fca offers information on current social, public policy and caregiving issues and provides assistance in the development of public and private programs for caregivers. for residents of the greater san francisco bay area, fca provides direct family support services for caregivers of those with alzheimer ' s disease, stroke, head injury, parkinson ' s and other debilitating disorders that strike adults. center for loss and life transition 3735 broken bow road fort collins, co 80526 foundation for hospice and home care 513 c street, ne washington, dc 20002 - 5809 national hospice organization 1901 n. moore st., suite 901 arlington, va 22209 national research and information center ( death, grief and funerals ) 2250 east devon ave., suite 250 des plaines, il 60018 reviewed by patrick arbore, ed. d., center for elderly suicide prevention & grief related services, and andrew scharlach, ph. d., professor, school of social welfare, university of california, berkeley. prepared by family caregiver alliance in cooperation with california ' s caregiver resource centers, a statewide system of resource centers serving families and caregivers of brain - impaired adults. funded by the california department of mental health. printed december 1996. © all rights reserved. e - mail to a friend


caring for a loved one with dementia poses many challenges for families and caregivers. people with dementia from conditions such as alzheimer ’ s and related diseases have a progressive brain disorder that makes it more and more difficult for them to remember things, think clearly, communicate with others, or take care of themselves. in addition, dementia can cause mood swings and even change a person ’ s personality and behavior. this fact sheet provides some practical strategies for dealing with the troubling behavior problems and communication difficulties often encountered when caring for a person with dementia. ten tips for communicating with a person with dementia we aren ’ t born knowing how to communicate with a person with dementia — but we can learn. improving your communication skills will help make caregiv - ing less stressful and will likely improve the quality of your relationship with your loved one. good communication skills will also enhance your ability to handle the difficult behavior you may encounter as you care for a person with a dementing illness. 1. set a positive mood for interaction. your attitude and body language communicate your feelings and thoughts stronger than your words. set a positive mood by speaking to your loved one in a pleasant and respectful manner. use facial expressions, tone of voice and physical touch to help convey your message and show your feelings of affection. 2. get the person ’ s attention. limit distractions and noise — turn off the radio or tv, close the curtains or shut the door, or move to quieter sur - roundings. before speaking, make sure you have her attention ; address her by name, identify yourself by name and relation, and use nonver - bal cues and touch to help keep her focused. if she is seated, get down to her level and maintain eye contact. 3. state your message clearly. use simple words and sentences. speak slowly, distinctly and in a reassuring tone. refrain from raising your voice higher or louder ; instead, pitch your voice lower. if she doesn ’ t understand the first time, use the same wording to repeat your message or ques - tion. if she still doesn ’ t understand, wait a few minutes and rephrase the question. use the names of people and places instead of pronouns or abbreviations. 4. ask simple, answerable questions. ask one question at a time ; those with yes or no answers work best. refrain from asking open - ended ques - tions or giving too many choices. for example, ask, “ would you like to wear your white shirt or your blue shirt? ” better still,


; those with yes or no answers work best. refrain from asking open - ended ques - tions or giving too many choices. for example, ask, “ would you like to wear your white shirt or your blue shirt? ” better still, show her the choices — visual prompts and cues also help clar - ify your question and can guide her response. 5. listen with your ears, eyes and heart. be patient in waiting for your loved one ’ s reply. if she is struggling for an answer, it ’ s okay to suggest words. watch for nonverbal cues and body language, and respond appropriately. always strive to listen for the meaning and feelings that underlie the words. 6. break down activities into a series of steps. this makes many tasks much more manageable. you can encourage your loved one to do what he can, gently remind him of steps he tends to forget, and assist with steps he ’ s no longer able to accomplish on his own. using visual cues, such as showing him with your hand where to place the dinner plate, can be very helpful. 7. when the going gets tough, distract and redirect. when your loved one becomes upset, try changing the subject or the environment. for example, ask him for help or suggest going for a walk. it is important to connect with the person on a feeling level, before you redirect. you might say, “ i see you ’ re feeling sad — i ’ m sorry you ’ re upset. let ’ s go get something to eat. ” 8. respond with affection and reassurance. people with dementia often feel confused, anxious and unsure of themselves. further, they often get reality confused and may recall things that never really occurred. avoid trying to convince them they are wrong. stay focused on the feelings they are demonstrating ( which are real ) and respond with verbal and physical expressions of comfort, support and reassurance. sometimes holding hands, touching, hugging and praise will get the person to respond when all else fails. 9. remember the good old days. remembering the past is often a soothing and affirming activity. many people with dementia may not remember what happened 45 minutes ago, but they can clearly recall their lives 45 years earlier. therefore, avoid asking questions that rely on short - term memory, such as asking the person what they had for lunch. instead, try asking general questions about the person ’ s distant past — this information is more likely to be retained. 10. maintain your sense


avoid asking questions that rely on short - term memory, such as asking the person what they had for lunch. instead, try asking general questions about the person ’ s distant past — this information is more likely to be retained. 10. maintain your sense of humor. use humor whenever possible, though not at the person ' s expense. people with dementia tend to retain their social skills and are usually delighted to laugh along with you. handling troubling behavior some of the greatest challenges of caring for a loved one with dementia are the personality and behavior changes that often occur. you can best meet these challenges by using creativity, flexibility, patience and compassion. it also helps to not take things personally and maintain your sense of humor. to start, consider these ground rules : we cannot change the person. the person you are caring for has a brain disorder that shapes who he has become. when you try to control or change his behavior, you ’ ll most likely be unsuccessful or be met with resistance. it ’ s important to : try to accommodate the behavior, not control the behavior. for example, if the person insists on sleeping on the floor, place a mattress on the floor to make him more comfortable. remember that we can change our behavior or the physical environment. changing our own behavior will often result in a change in our loved one ’ s behavior. check with the doctor first. behavioral problems may have an underlying medical reason : perhaps the person is in pain or experiencing an adverse side effect from medications. in some cases, like incontinence or hallucinations, there may be some medication or treatment that can assist in managing the problem. behavior has a purpose. people with dementia typically cannot tell us what they want or need. they might do something, like take all the clothes out of the closet on a daily basis, and we wonder why. it is very likely that the person is fulfilling a need to be busy and productive. always consider what need the person might be trying to meet with their behavior — and, when possible, try to accommodate them. behavior is triggered. it is important to understand that all behavior is triggered — it doesn ’ t occur out of the blue. it might be something a person did or said that triggered a behavior or it could be a change in the physical environment. the root to changing be - havior is disrupting the patterns that we create. try a different approach, or try a different consequence. what works today, may not tomorrow. the multiple factors that influence troubling behaviors and the natural


. the root to changing be - havior is disrupting the patterns that we create. try a different approach, or try a different consequence. what works today, may not tomorrow. the multiple factors that influence troubling behaviors and the natural progression of the disease process means that solutions that are effective today may need to be modified tomorrow — or may no longer work at all. the key to managing difficult behaviors is being creative and flexible in your strategies to address a given issue. get support from others. you are not alone — there are many others caring for someone with dementia. call your local area agency on aging, the local chapter of the alzheimer ’ s association, a caregiver resource center or one of the groups listed below in resources to find support groups, organizations and services that can help you. expect that, like the loved one you are caring for, you will have good days and bad days. develop strategies for coping with the bad days ( see the fca fact sheet, dementia, caregiving and controlling frustration ). the following is an overview of the most common dementia - associated behaviors with suggestions that may be useful in handling them. you ’ ll find additional resources listed at the end of this fact sheet. people with dementia walk, seemingly aimlessly, for a variety of reasons, such as boredom, medication side effects or to look for “ something ” or someone. they also may be trying to fulfill a physical need — thirst, hunger, a need to use the toilet or exercise. discovering the triggers for wandering are not always easy, but they can provide insights to dealing with the behavior. make time for regular exercise to minimize restlessness. consider installing new locks that require a key. position locks high or low on the door ; many people with dementia will not think to look beyond eye level. keep in mind fire and safety concerns for all family members ; the lock ( s ) must be accessible to others and not take more than a few seconds to open. try a barrier like a curtain or colored streamer to mask the door. a “ stop ” sign or “ do not enter ” sign also may help. place a black mat or paint a black space on your front porch ; this may appear to be an impassable hole to the person with dementia. add “ child - safe ” plastic covers to doorknobs. consider installing a home security system or monitoring system designed to keep watch over someone with dementia. also available are new digital devices that can be worn like a watch or clipped on a belt that use global


- safe ” plastic covers to doorknobs. consider installing a home security system or monitoring system designed to keep watch over someone with dementia. also available are new digital devices that can be worn like a watch or clipped on a belt that use global positioning systems ( gps ) or other technology to track a person ’ s whereabouts or locate him if he wanders off.. put away essential items such as the confused person ’ s coat, purse or glasses. some individuals will not go out without certain articles. have your relative wear an id bracelet and sew id labels in their clothes. always have a current photo available should you need to report your loved one missing. consider leaving a copy on file at the police department or registering the person with the alzheimer ’ s association safe return program ( see resources ). tell neighbors about your relative ’ s wandering behavior and make sure they have your phone number. the loss of bladder or bowel control often occurs as dementia progresses. sometimes accidents result from environmental factors ; for example, someone can ’ t remember where the bathroom is located or can ’ t get to it in time. if an accident occurs, your understanding and reassurance will help the person maintain dignity and minimize embarrassment. establish a routine for using the toilet. try reminding the person or assisting her to the bathroom every two hours. schedule fluid intake to ensure the confused person does not become dehydrated. however, avoid drinks with a diuretic effect like coffee, tea, cola, or beer. limit fluid intake in the evening before bedtime. use signs ( with illustrations ) to indicate which door leads to the bathroom. a commode, obtained at any medical supply store, can be left in the bedroom at night for easy access. incontinence pads and products can be purchased at the pharmacy or supermarket. a urologist may be able to prescribe a special product or treatment. use easy - to - remove clothing with elastic waistbands or velcroo closures, and provide clothes that are easily washable. agitation refers to a range of behaviors associated with dementia, including irritability, sleeplessness, and verbal or physical aggression. often these types of behavior problems progress with the stages of dementia, from mild to more severe. agitation may be triggered by a variety of things, including environmental factors, fear and fatigue. most often, agitation is triggered when the person experiences “ control ” being taken from him. reduce caffeine intake, sugar and junk food. reduce noise, clutter or the number of persons


of things, including environmental factors, fear and fatigue. most often, agitation is triggered when the person experiences “ control ” being taken from him. reduce caffeine intake, sugar and junk food. reduce noise, clutter or the number of persons in the room. maintain structure by keeping the same routines. keep household objects and furniture in the same places. familiar objects and photographs offer a sense of security and can suggest pleasant memories. try gentle touch, soothing music, reading or walks to quell agitation. speak in a reassuring voice. do not try to restrain the person during a period of agitation. keep dangerous objects out of reach. allow the person to do as much for himself as possible — support his independence and ability to care for himself. acknowledge the confused person ’ s anger over the loss of control in his life. tell him you understand his frustration. distract the person with a snack or an activity. allow him to forget the troubling incident. confronting a confused person may increase anxiety. repetitive speech or actions ( perseveration ) people with dementia will often repeat a word, state - ment, question or activity over and over. while this type of behavior is usually harmless for the person with dementia, it can be annoying and stressful to caregivers. sometimes the behavior is triggered by anxiety, boredom, fear or environmental factors. provide plenty of reassurance and comfort, both in words and in touch. try distracting with a snack or activity. avoid reminding them that they just asked the same question. try ignoring the behavior or question and distract the person into an activity. don ’ t discuss plans with a confused person until immediately prior to an event. you may want to try placing a sign on the kitchen table, such as, “ dinner is at 6 : 30 ” or “ lois comes home at 5 : 00 ” to remove anxiety and uncertainty about anticipated events. learn to recognize certain behaviors. an agitated state or pulling at clothing, for example, could indicate a need to use the bathroom. seeing a loved one suddenly become suspicious, jealous or accusatory is unsettling. remember, what the person is experiencing is very real to them. it is best not to argue or disagree. this, too, is part of the dementia — try not to take it personally. if the confused person suspects money is “ missing, ” allow her to keep small amounts of money in a pocket or handbag for easy inspection. help them look for the object and then distract them into another activity. try to learn where the


personally. if the confused person suspects money is “ missing, ” allow her to keep small amounts of money in a pocket or handbag for easy inspection. help them look for the object and then distract them into another activity. try to learn where the confused person ’ s favorite hiding places are for storing objects, which are frequently assumed to be “ lost. ” avoid arguing. take time to explain to other family members and home - helpers that suspicious accusations are a part of the dementing illness. try nonverbal reassurances like a gentle touch or hug. respond to the feeling behind the accusation and then reassure the person. you might try saying, “ i see this frightens you ; stay with me, i won ’ t let anything happen to you. ” restlessness, agitation, disorientation and other troubling behavior in people with dementia often get worse at the end of the day and sometimes continue throughout the night. experts believe this behavior, commonly called sundowning, is caused by a combination of factors, such as exhaustion from the day ’ s events and changes in the person ’ s biological clock that confuse day and night. increase daytime activities, particularly physical exercise. discourage inactivity and napping during the day. watch out for dietary culprits, such as sugar, caffeine and some types of junk food. eliminate or restrict these types of foods and beverages to early in the day. plan smaller meals throughout the day, including a light meal, such as half a sandwich, before bedtime. plan for the afternoon and evening hours to be quiet and calm ; however, structured, quiet activity is important. perhaps take a stroll outdoors, play a simple card game or listen to soothing music together. turning on lights well before sunset and closing the curtains at dusk will minimize shadows and may help diminish confusion. at minimum, keep a nightlight in the person ’ s room, hallway and bathroom. make sure the house is safe : block off stairs with gates, lock the kitchen door and / or put away dangerous items. as a last resort, consider talking to the doctor about medication to help the agitated person relax and sleep. be aware that sleeping pills and tranquilizers may solve one problem and create another, such as sleeping at night but being more confused the next day. it ’ s essential that you, the caregiver, get enough sleep. if your loved one ’ s nighttime activity keeps you awake, consider asking a friend or relative, or hiring someone, to take


night but being more confused the next day. it ’ s essential that you, the caregiver, get enough sleep. if your loved one ’ s nighttime activity keeps you awake, consider asking a friend or relative, or hiring someone, to take a turn so that you can get a good night ’ s sleep. catnaps during the day also might help. ensuring that your loved one is eating enough nutritious foods and drinking enough fluids is a challenge. people with dementia literally begin to forget that they need to eat and drink. complicating the issue may be dental problems or medications that decrease appetite or make food taste “ funny. ” the consequences of poor nutrition are many, including weight loss, irritability, sleeplessness, bladder or bowel problems and disorientation. make meal and snack times part of the daily routine and schedule them around the same time every day. instead of three big meals, try five or six smaller ones. make mealtimes a special time. try flowers or soft music. turn off loud radio programs and the tv. eating independently should take precedence over eating neatly or with “ proper ” table manners. finger foods support independence. pre - cut and season the food. try using a straw or a child ’ s “ sippy cup ” if holding a glass has become difficult. provide assistance only when necessary and allow plenty of time for meals. sit down and eat with your loved one. often they will mimic your actions and it makes the meal more pleasant to share it with someone. prepare foods with your loved one in mind. if they have dentures or trouble chewing or swallowing, use soft foods or cut food into bite - size pieces. if chewing and swallowing are an issue, try gently moving the person ’ s chin in a chewing motion or lightly stroking their throat to encourage them to swallow. if loss of weight is a problem, offer nutritious high - calorie snacks between meals. breakfast foods high in carbohydrates are often preferred. on the other hand, if the problem is weight gain, keep high - calorie foods out of sight. instead, keep handy fresh fruits, veggie trays and other healthy low - calorie snacks. people with dementia often have difficulty remembering “ good ” hygiene, such as brushing teeth, toileting, bathing and regularly changing their clothes. from childhood we are taught these are highly private and personal activities ; to be undressed and cleaned by another can feel frightening, humiliating and embarrassing. as a result,


hygiene, such as brushing teeth, toileting, bathing and regularly changing their clothes. from childhood we are taught these are highly private and personal activities ; to be undressed and cleaned by another can feel frightening, humiliating and embarrassing. as a result, bathing often causes distress for both caregivers and their loved ones. think historically of your loved one ’ s hygiene routine – did she prefer baths or showers? mornings or nights? did she have her hair washed at the salon or do it herself? was there a favorite scent, lotion or talcum powder she always used? adopting — as much as possible — her past bathing routine may provide some comfort. remember that it may not be necessary to bathe every day — sometimes twice a week is sufficient. if your loved one has always been modest, enhance that feeling by making sure doors and curtains are closed. whether in the shower or the bath, keep a towel over her front, lifting to wash as needed. have towels and a robe or her clothes ready when she gets out. be mindful of the environment, such as the temperature of the room and water ( older adults are more sensitive to heat and cold ) and the adequacy of lighting. it ’ s a good idea to use safety features such as non - slip floor bath mats, grab - bars, and bath or shower seats. a hand - held shower might also be a good feature to install. remember — people are often afraid of falling. help them feel secure in the shower or tub. never leave a person with dementia unattended in the bath or shower. have all the bath things you need laid out beforehand. if giving a bath, draw the bath water first. reassure the person that the water is warm — perhaps pour a cup of water over her hands before she steps in. if hair washing is a struggle, make it a separate activity. or, use a dry shampoo. if bathing in the tub or shower is consistently traumatic, a towel bath provides a soothing alter - native. a bed bath has traditionally been done with only the most frail and bed - ridden patients, soaping up a bit at a time in their beds, rinsing off with a basin of water and drying with towels. a growing number of nurses in and out of facilities, however, are beginning to recognize its value and a variation — the “ towel bath ” — for others as well, including people with dementia who find bathing in the tub or shower uncomfortable or unpleasant. the towel bath uses a large bath towel and wash


, however, are beginning to recognize its value and a variation — the “ towel bath ” — for others as well, including people with dementia who find bathing in the tub or shower uncomfortable or unpleasant. the towel bath uses a large bath towel and washcloths dampened in a plastic bag of warm water and no - rinse soap. large bath - blankets are used to keep the patient covered, dry and warm while the dampened towel and washcloths are massaged over the body. for more information, see the book bathing without a battle, ( details in the recommended reading section below ), or visit www. bathingwithoutabattle. unc. edu /. additional problem areas dressing is difficult for most dementia patients. choose loose - fitting, comfortable clothes with easy zippers or snaps and minimal buttons. reduce the person ’ s choices by removing seldom - worn clothes from the closet. to facilitate dressing and support independence, lay out one article of clothing at a time, in the order it is to be worn. remove soiled clothes from the room. don ’ t argue if the person insists on wearing the same thing again. hallucinations ( seeing or hearing things that others don ’ t ) and delusions ( false beliefs, such as someone is trying to hurt or kill another ) may occur as the dementia progresses. state simply and calmly your perception of the situation, but avoid arguing or trying to convince the person their perceptions are wrong. keep rooms well - lit to decrease shadows, and offer reassurance and a simple explanation if the curtains move from circulating air or a loud noise such as a plane or siren is heard. distractions may help. depending on the severity of symptoms, you might consider medication. sexually inappropriate behavior, such as masturbating or undressing in public, lewd remarks, unreasonable sexual demands, even sexually aggressive or violent behavior, may occur during the course of the illness. remember, this behavior is caused by the disease. talk to the doctor about possible treatment plans. develop an action plan to follow before the behavior occurs, i. e., what you will say and do if the behavior happens at home, around other adults or children. if you can, identify what triggers the behavior. verbal outbursts such as cursing, arguing and threatening often are expressions of anger or stress. react by staying calm and reassuring. validate your loved one ’ s feelings and then try to distract or redirect his attention to something else. “ shadowing ” is when a person with dementia


and threatening often are expressions of anger or stress. react by staying calm and reassuring. validate your loved one ’ s feelings and then try to distract or redirect his attention to something else. “ shadowing ” is when a person with dementia imitates and follows the caregiver, or constantly talks, asks questions and interrupts. like sundowning, this behavior often occurs late in the day and can be irritating for caregivers. comfort the person with verbal and physical reassurance. distraction or redirection might also help. giving your loved one a job such as folding laundry might help to make her feel needed and useful. people with dementia may become uncooperative and resistant to daily activities such as bathing, dressing and eating. often this is a response to feeling out of control, rushed, afraid or confused by what you are asking of them. break each task into steps and, in a reassuring voice, explain each step before you do it. allow plenty of time. find ways to have them assist to their ability in the process, or follow with an activity that they can perform. credits and recommended reading bathing without a battle, by ann louise barrick, joanne rader, beverly hoeffer and philip sloane, ( 2002 ), springer publishing, ( 877 ) 687 - 7476. caring for a person with memory loss and confusion : an easy guide for caregivers, ( 2002 ), journeyworks publishing, santa cruz, ca, ( 800 ) 775 - 1998. communicating effectively with a person who has alzheimer ' s, ( 2002 ), mayo clinic staff, www. mayoclinic. com / invoke. cfm? id = az00004 steps to enhancing communications : interacting with persons with alzheimer ' s disease. chicago, il : alzheimer ' s association, 1997. ( brochure ) order no. ed310z cost : single copy free, call 800 / 272 - 3900 steps to understanding challenging behaviors : responding to persons with alzheimer ’ s disease, ( 1996 ), alzheimer ’ s association, chicago, il. ( 800 ) 272 - 3900. the validation breakthrough : simple techniques for communicating with people with “ alzheimer ' s - type dementia, ” naomi feil, 2nd edition 2002, health professions press, baltimore, md, ( 410 ) 337 - 8539. understanding difficult behaviors : some practical suggestions for coping with alzheimer ' s disease and related illnesses, a. robinson, b. spencer, and l. white, (