thesis research, qualifying exams, and a teaching requirement. additional information on our graduate program can be found on the graduate program website. the pace of genetic advances during the last century has been unparalleled scientifically, and these discoveries have already made and are poised to make an incredible impact on the practice of medicine. currently, omim ( online mendelian inheritance in man ) lists thousands of identified disease genes, and likewise genetests lists thousands of diseases for which there are molecular tests. in this course we explore the precise molecular determinants of medical conditions and of human phenotypic variation that are being elucidated on a daily basis. clearly, a detailed understanding of the genetic basis of human disease will lead to more precise molecular assays and diagnostics, better - targeted treatments, and more efficient treatment plans overall. moreover, these developments will certainly affect all clinical specialties of the medical field since genetic components have a clear influence on a wide variety of human traits and conditions, from height and developmental birth defects to cancer susceptibility and neurological degeneration. we consider how these rapid advances can be utilized appropriately in a clinical environment as well as what ethical, legal, and societal implications all of these developments hold. this course is offered to first year medical students.


| gynecological cancers can occur in any of the female reproductive organs. these types of cancers might include : if some of the terms used in this section are unfamiliar to you, please use our glossary. the ovaries are a pair of female reproductive organs. they are located in the pelvis, one of each side of the uterus. each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. the ovaries have two functions : they produce eggs and female each month during the menstrual cycle an egg is released from one ovary. the egg travels from the ovary through a fallopian tube to the uterus. the ovaries are the main source of female hormones ( estrogen and progesterone ). these hormones control the development of female body characteristics such as breasts, body shape, and body hair. they also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. there are several types of ovarian cancer. most ovarian cancers are epithelial carcinomas, which begin in the lining of the ovary. ovarian cancer is hard to find early. often there are no symptoms in the early stages and in many cases the cancer has spread by the time it is found. symptoms may include a swollen or bloated feeling or general discomfort in the lower abdomen. these symptoms may be vague and may be caused by other conditions. ovarian cancer can be diagnosed with ultrasonography, ct or cat scans, a lower gi series or barium enema, an intravenous pyelogram ( ivp ) ( an x - ray of the kidneys and ureters taken after the injection of a dye, or through a biopsy. a biopsy is the only sure way to know if cancer is present. treatment for ovarian cancer depends on a number of factors, including the stage of the disease, the woman ' s age and general health. treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation or a combination of these. as in many other cancers ovarian cancer is best treated when it is discovered early. women who have regular pelvic examinations increase the chance that, if ovarian cancer occurs, it will be found before the disease causes see our resource page on gynecological return to top the uterus ( also called the womb ) is a hollow, pear - shaped organ located in a woman ' s lower abdomen between the bladder and the rectum. the narrow, lower portion of the uterus is the ce


##x is the narrow, lower portion of the uterus. it opens into the vagina ( birth canal ), which leads to the outside of the body. early cervical cancer seldom causes symptoms. it can be detected only by a pelvic exam and a pap test. if the pelvic exam or pap test shows any abnormality the doctor will do more tests to find out what the problem is. a biopsy is the only definitive test for cervical cancer. cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers. six percent of all cancers in women are cervical cancers. when cervical cancer spreads it usually travels through the lymphatic system. for this reason surgeons often remove lymph nodes near the uterus to learn whether they contain cancer cells. treatment for cervical cancer can include surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy or a combination of these depending on the stage of the cancer, and the general health of the woman. see our resource page on gynecological cancers. women facing gynecological cancers may wish to share their experiences on the web site eyes on the prize at http : / / www. eyesontheprize. org this site provides a caring, moderated environment in which women with reproductive cancers can express their experiences and share information. [ home ] [ specific cancers ] [ diagnosis ] [ treatment ] [ coping ] [ disclaimer ] [ breast ] [ colorectal ] [ gynecological ] [ head and neck ] [ leukemia ] [ lung ] [ urologic ] [ other ] material for this page excerpted from nih documents


for my 7th grade science fair project my dad helped me test the germs on people ’ s hands after washing them with different brands of soap. the goal was to see which hand soap was the most effective. i got to use petri dishes and watch bacteria grow. i thought it was super impressive. well, turns out teenagers today are really raising the bar. take brittany wenger from sarasota, florida who recently won this year ’ s google science fair for developing a computer program that helps doctors detect breast cancer using less invasive methods. puts my science fair project to shame! the 17 - year - old ran 7. 6 million trials and spent more than 600 hours coding the computer program which she has been working on since 7th grade. she hopes to continue to scale up the program so that it can be used in hospitals across the country. brittany ’ s project is impressive on many levels, especially when you consider how much women and girls are underrepresented in the computer science industry. she is happy to break stereotypes that say girls aren ’ t interested in computer programming or science. so, what does a remarkable young woman like this see for her future? “ i want to be on the frontier of cancer research, finding the cures that are going to save lives and doing things with computer science that can be the technologies of the future, ” says brittany. “ i also want to be a pediatric oncologist, so i hope to intertwine my passions for research, computer science and patient care in the future. ” i have no doubts that brittany won ’ t do just that. why do you think girls continue to be underrepresented in science and computer programming fields? related from care2 : photo by richard bowen used under a creative commons license. disclaimer : the views expressed above are solely those of the author and may not reflect those of care2, inc., its employees or advertisers.


avoiding h1n1 : wash your hands ; don ’ t touch your eyes, nose or mouth ; stay home if you ’ re sick. but what if you happen to be a cat? since few cats enjoy a 20 - second paw wash … the advice? stay away from people! according to a press release issued by the american veterinary medical association, a 13 - year old tabby in iowa has tested positive for the 2009 h1n1 influenza virus – marking the first time a cat has been diagnosed with this strain of influenza. how does a cat get swine flu? since the cat is exclusively an indoor cat who has zero contact with other animals, it is believed to have caught the virus from one of two members in the household who were sick with h1n1. the cat joins pigs, turkeys and several ferrets that have been diagnosed with h1n1. although many assume the opposite, it appears that in general, the disease spreads from people to animals, rather than the other way around. it ’ s fascinating how different strains of flu infect a wide variety of animals including seals, whales, horses, tigers, cats, dogs, ducks, and chickens. ( and i ’ m still scratching my head about how a seal gets the flu. ) as evidenced in the health blogs of the new york times and the wall street journal, the world of animal flu is a nimble one. when ducks get the flu, they may not show symptoms ( lucky ducks! ), but the virus replicates itself in their intestinal tracks and is then excreted into the wastewater where it may be a pathway for transmission to other animals ( like seals, i suppose ). when pigs get the flu, they sneeze, have a fever and stop eating. because pigs can be infected with both human flu strains and bird strains, they may serve as mixing bowls for new strains. companion animals have been known to contract flu from other species : canine influenza ( h3n8 ) originated in horses ( a dog with the flu may have a cough, a runny nose and a fever. and did you know you can get a flu shot for your dog? ) ; and cats can get avian influenza ( h5n1 ) from eating birds. but this is the first confirmed case of a cat getting h1n1 from a human. the symptoms of the cat ’ s h1n1 were lethargy, loss of appetite and trouble breathing – he had stopped cleaning himself, and also rested by


is the first confirmed case of a cat getting h1n1 from a human. the symptoms of the cat ’ s h1n1 were lethargy, loss of appetite and trouble breathing – he had stopped cleaning himself, and also rested by crouching on all four feet rather than sprawling out on his side as usual – a sign of respiratory discomfort. fortunately, the cat has fully recovered ; he was given fluids for dehydration and put on antibiotics to prevent a secondary bacterial infection. officials say pet owners should take the same precautions against spreading swine flu to pets as they would with humans. ( again, washing a cat ’ s paws??? ) dr. ann garvey, iowa ’ s state health veterinarian, said it is not yet known how sick cats or other pets could get from swine flu. “ because we haven ’ t seen that many cases, it ’ s difficult to give a blanket assessment on how sick it can make an animal, ” she said. it is also as yet to be determined whether or not a companion animal with h1n1 can then infect a healthy person. it serves as a poignant reminder that we really are all part of one big animal family … for more on h1n1, visit the care2 swine flu project, a collaboration between care2 causes and healthy & green living. care2, inc., its employees or advertisers.


nearly every day, we read about problems caused by invaders like the emerald ash borer killing trees across new york, west nile virus killing people across the united state ( 1, 499 so far ), zebra mussels clogging water intakes and changing the great lakes and hudson river ecosystems and burmese pythons eating everything in the everglades. if you ’ re like us, you are upset by the billions of dollars in economic costs, thousands of human deaths, and deep and irreversible ecological damage that these species cause. but what can any of us do to solve the problems caused by invasive species? here are a few suggestions. don ’ t add to the problem by releasing potentially harmful new invaders into the wild. don ’ t buy exotic new plants for your garden, unless they are already widely planted in your region or have been shown to be harmless. many of our most problematic invaders started out as “ desirable ” garden plants, or as insects or diseases hitchhiking on those plants. likewise, don ’ t release pets into the wild or dump your aquarium or bait bucket. every year, thousands of unwanted pets are dumped into the wild. besides being cruel to the pets, some of them ( like the burmese pythons in the everglades and the snakeheads that turned up in orange county ) end up creating big problems. and don ’ t try to smuggle fresh produce, live plants, or cute pets past the customs officials into the u. s. some of these smuggled items, or the diseases that they carry, get into the wild and cost us big bucks. don ’ t move dirty stuff into clean environments. for example, moving insect - infested firewood ( most firewood is insect - infested ) or boat trailers festooned with aquatic plants into regions not infested with pests are good ways to speed the spread of problematic invaders. don ’ t move firewood, and always clean your boat and trailer before launching them into a new lake or river. and use common sense about other practices that may move items contaminated with invaders from place to place. here are a few things that you needn ’ t worry about. you don ’ t need to go out and kill all of the non - native species in your yard, if they are harmless or already widely distributed in the region. it ’ s ok to plant non - native species that are already well - established in the region. even though invaders like oriental bittersweet and japanese barberry cause problems, they are


, if they are harmless or already widely distributed in the region. it ’ s ok to plant non - native species that are already well - established in the region. even though invaders like oriental bittersweet and japanese barberry cause problems, they are so widely spread through the hudson valley that one or two more or less in your yard won ’ t make any difference in the bigger picture. you don ’ t need to bother with weed pulls intended to rid the world of well - established species. however, you could help with campaigns that have specific, attainable goals, like removing an aggressive plant from a sensitive nature preserve, or pulling water chestnuts from a bay to allow boat access. but we are not going to solve the invasive species problem with just these individual actions. too many harmful species are coming into the country through pathways like ballast water and the pet and horticulture trades, which are not easily controlled by our individual actions. we need collective action to adopt and enforce laws and regulations. you can help spur these collective actions by writing to your elected representatives or to advocacy groups that are concerned with protecting the environment. tell them you ’ re concerned about our inadequate responses to the challenges of invasive species, or express your opinions about specific proposals for new laws or regulations. if you don ’ t know what laws or regulations are being discussed, visit the website of the national environmental coalition on invasive species at www. necis. net, which keeps track of important news about invasive species. your letters can serve as an important counterweight to powerful industry forces that are looking out for their own narrow interests at our expense. even if you don ’ t know about specific legislation, your expressions of concern can at least get your elected official to start thinking about ( or maybe even fixing ) this problem. you can help solve this important environmental problem.


piatus of mons ( secular name, jean - joseph loiseaux ), b. 5 aug., 1815 ; d. in the monastery of ste. claire, bruges, 21 april 1904. as a student of priesthood he distinguished himself in moral theology and canon law. after his ordination as a secular priest of the diocese of torunai, belgium, in 1838, he continued his study of canon law at louvain. in 1843 he was appointed a vicar of the cathedral of tournai, but the following year he went to rome, and there spent two years in the belgian college, studying canon law and working for the congregations. he returned to belgium in 1846 and the next year was appointed to the chair of canon law and ecclesiastical history at louvain. in 1847 in cooperation with abbe felise he founded the quarterly magazine, " melanges theologiques ", and later the " revue theologique " and the " nouvelle revue theologique ". the first was concerned chiefly with canon law ; the second with liturgy. he continued to edit the " nouvelle revue theologique " until 1895. when it passed into the hands of the redemptorists. he twice refused the bishopric of tournai. in 1871 he entered the order of capuchin friars minor. his chief works are : " praelectiones juris regularis ", a dissertation, " de sentia s. bonaventurae circa essentiam sacramenti poenitentiae " ; " traite du jubile ". he also wrote a great number of articles in theological reviews. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years,


for years now, we have been deluged with the news that the earth ’ s oceans are warming as a result of atmospheric changes due to the combustion of fossil fuels. typical of these was a 2005 story titled “ where ’ s the heat? think deep blue, ” from united press international, describing a recent paper in science by nasa climate modeler james hansen. upi ’ s “ space daily ” wrote that “ over the past ten years, the heat content of the ocean has grown dramatically. ” hansen ’ s study covered more than just the ocean surface temperature, which can fluctuate considerably from year to year. rather, by considering a much deeper layer of water ( the top 2, 500 feet ), hansen actually calculated the increasing amount of heat being stored. according to the upi story, this provided “ a match ” with computer model projections of global warming. the ocean is a huge tub that integrates and stores long - term climate changes. consequently, when computer models are based on ever - increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, the deep oceans warm, warm, and warm. like a big pot on a small burner, it takes time to start up, but once the process starts, nothing should be able to stop it. that ’ s the conventional wisdom of our climate models, but like the conventional wisdom on so many other aspects of life, it ’ s not true to nature. in the next few weeks, john lyman of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration will publish a paper in the refereed journal geophysical research letters showing that, globally, the top 2, 500 feet of the ocean lost a tremendous amount of heat between 2003 and 2005 — in fact, about 20 % of all the heat gained in the last half - century. needless to say, lyman ’ s figures have climate scientists scratching their heads. no computer model predicts such behavior. and further, the changes in surface temperatures haven ’ t corresponded ( yet? ) to the average changes at depth, although deep - water temperatures have also dropped some. nor has the sea level dropped by an amount commensurate with the cooling ( water volume varies slightly with temperature ). this last observation has led scientists to speculate that much more ice must be melting into the ocean than they normally assume — but no one has been able to find it, and it ’ s not for a lack of looking. there ’ s another hypothesis out there that has received very little attention. it has to do with the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere


no one has been able to find it, and it ’ s not for a lack of looking. there ’ s another hypothesis out there that has received very little attention. it has to do with the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere. if carbon dioxide increases at a constant rate, basic physics — as understood since the 1860s — says that surface temperature will rise, but that the rate of heating will become lower and lower. in other words, in order for temperatures to increase at a constant rate, as has been observed since 1975, carbon dioxide would have to go up at an ever - increasing rate. but the ocean is so vast and slow to change that it takes several decades to realize the heating caused by carbon dioxide. consequently, a change in the rate of carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere wouldn ’ t be noticed for 30 to 60 years, depending upon whose calculations one believes. between the time atmospheric carbon dioxide was first directly measured, at mauna loa, hawaii, in 1957, and 1975, it clearly increased exponentially. and once the ocean temperature began to rise, it did so at a constant rate. then, about 30 years ago, something very peculiar began to occur. since 1975, it has been impossible to tell whether the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide is increasing at an exponential or simply a constant rate. because of the lag time required for the oceans to register the change in carbon dioxide, it may not be a surprise that an interval of cooling has been detected. the timing is about right : around 30 years. but that ’ s just another climate change hypothesis that time will test. be forewarned, though. as we ’ ve learned from the completely unexpected cooling of the deep ocean that began in 2003, we know a lot less about climate change than we think.


la jolla ( cns ) - a protein studied as a potential treatment for cardiovascular disease could actually trigger heart failure, according to a study released wednesday by the sanford - burnham medical research institute in la jolla and the stanford university school of medicine. according to sanford - burnham, researchers have long sought ways to activate the apj protein, which sits on the surface of cells in many of the body ' s organs and senses changes to its external environment, as a way to treat heart disease. the latest research, published in thursday ' s edition of the journal nature, found that apj has a second function, reacting to internal mechanical changes within the organ. an enlarged heart, for example, could lead apj to respond in a way that sets a course toward heart failure, according to the study. a team led by pilar ruiz - lozano, formerly assistant professor at sanford - burnham and now associate professor of pediatrics at stanford, tested enlarged hearts in mice that didn ' t have the apj protein, and the organs kept functioning because they could not sense the danger. " in other words, without apj, ignorance is bliss - - the heart doesn ' t sense the danger and so it doesn ' t activate the hypertrophic pathways that lead to heart failure, " ruiz - lozano said. " this tells us that, depending on how it ' s done, activating apj might make matters worse for heart disease patients. " the benign function for apj comes when it binds with a hormone called apelin. previous studies showed that the combination of apj and apelin directs beneficial processes such as embryonic heart development, maintenance of normal blood pressure, and new blood vessel formation. apelin is not involved in the harmful actions by apj, which responds simply to changes within the organ, according to the research.


| « baring - gould, sabine | | bar kokba | | barlaam » | bar kok´ba : the name traditionally assigned to the leader of the great insurrection of the jews in palestine against the romans under the emperor hadrian in the years 132 - 135 ( see israel ). the roman historians spartian and dio cassius, however, give no name and do not even speak of one single prominent leader ; nor does the name occur on the coins struck during the revolt, or, according to derenbourg ( p. 423 ), in the rabbinical authorities. it rests on christian tradition beginning with justin martyr, an author likely to be well informed. in his larger “ apology " ( xxxi ) he speaks of the leader of the rising as barchochebas, saying that he inflicted severe penalties on the christians ( regarded as apostate jews ). eusebius ( hist. eccl., iv, viii, 4 ) reproduces this passage, with the variant spelling barchochebas, and confirms it in iv, vi, 2, where he says that the leader won his authority over the ignorant by basing on his name ( meaning “ star " or “ son of a star " ) the claim to have been sent directly by god as a light to the oppressed. beyond this eusebius appears to know nothing of him except that in the last decisive battle, at the present bittir ( 7 m. by rail s. w. of jerusalem ), in the eighteenth year of hadrian ( 134 - 135 ), he suffered the penalty of his deeds. that the jews had a native leader in this rising is clearly proved by the coins, both those which are adapted to jewish use from coins of vespasian and trajan, and must thus belong to this period, and those which on account of similarity of treatment are evidently of the same date ( cf. f. w. madden, history of jewish coinage, london, 1864, 203 sqq., and coins of the jews, 1881 ). the inscriptions of these give on the reverse sometimes “ in [ the year of ] the freedom of israel " alone, sometimes the same with the number 2 for the year, or “ year 1 of the deliverance of israel " ; on the obverse sometimes “ eleazar the priest " ( who must not be confounded with the uncle of bar kokba, the scribe eleazar ), sometimes “ jerusalem, ” claiming the right of


deliverance of israel " ; on the obverse sometimes “ eleazar the priest " ( who must not be confounded with the uncle of bar kokba, the scribe eleazar ), sometimes “ jerusalem, ” claiming the right of coinage for the city, and sometimes “ simeon, prince of israel. ” that 485 the leadership of simeon coincided with the priesthood of eleazar is shown by a distinct variety which names eleazar the priest on the obverse and simeon, without any title, on the reverse. according to the coins, therefore, during the time of the revolt, israel had a secular head of the name of simeon ; which leads to the hypothesis that the same man who inspired the people by the name of bar kokba was really called simeon. this theory finds support in certain coins which show the letters of the name of simeon on both sides of a temple portico above which is a star. moreover, the jewish accounts are consistent with it. the seder ‘ olam mentions the three and a half years of a native ruler as the epoch following the wars of vespasian and quietus, calling this ruler, however, “ bar kozeba. ” and the talmudic explanations to the mishnah treatise ma ‘ aser sheni, when they forbid the payment of tithes with money coined by rebels or otherwise unauthorized, give as examples that of “ ben kozeba " or the “ coins of kozeba " and the “ coins of jerusalem. ” by the analogy of the latter, the former might also be a local designation ( cf. i chron. iv, 22 ) ; but the variant form first given makes it much more probable that it is from the name of the ruler ; and there is no difficulty in identifying this ruler with the simeon already mentioned, especially as jewish tradition, quoting ( in the talmud on ta ‘ anit ) from rabbi akiba, shows how easy was the transformation of the name of ben kozeba into the form bar kocheba ( or bar kokba ), with its encouraging reference to the prophecy of balsam ( num. xxiv, 17 ). not much can be safely asserted of bar kokba ’ s personality and achievements, for the jewish sources mentioned above tell nothing trustworthy about him which is not already known from dio cassius, with the exception of his relations to akiba and to eleazar, whom, on suspicion of treachery, he is said to have killed with a kick.


nothing trustworthy about him which is not already known from dio cassius, with the exception of his relations to akiba and to eleazar, whom, on suspicion of treachery, he is said to have killed with a kick. the immense number of his adherents ( 200, 000 men, who had pledged themselves to the conspiracy by cutting off a finger ), the fabulous size of his citadel of bittir, and the awful bloodshed there, are merely imaginative projections from the natural facts of such a rising. as a consequence of his failure, bar kokba has lived in jewish memory as a deceiver ; but one who could bring about so vigorous and stubborn a revolt and dominate it to its close must have been a man of great power and determination, who had made the nation ’ s cause his own. bibliography : the principal source is dio cassius, historia romana, book lxix, chaps. 12 - 14, ed. f. g. sturz, 9 vols., leipsic, 1824 - 43 ; the samaritan book of joshua, ed. juynboll, leyden, 1848, may be used cautiously. consult j. hamburger, realencyklopadie fur bibel und talmud, vol. ii, leipsic, 1891 ; j. derenbourg, essai sur 1 ’ histoire et la geographie de la palestine, paris, 1867 ; idem, notes sur la guerre de bar kozeba, in melanges de l ’ ecole des hautes etudes, ib. 1878 ; h. gratz, geschichte der juden, iv, 137 sqq., leipsic, 1893 ; schurer, geschichte i, 682 - 685, 695 - 696, 765 - 772, eng. transl., i, ii, 297 - 301, 311 ; a. schlatter, die tage trajans and hadrians, gutersloh, 1897 ; je, ii, 506 - 509. | « baring - gould, sabine | | bar kokba | | barlaam » | disabled for this book printer - friendly version


announcement : addition of households with only cellular telephone service to the national immunization survey, 2011 before 2011, the national immunization survey ( nis ) used a random - digit – dialed, list - assisted landline telephone sample of households to monitor national, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among noninstitutionalized children aged 19 – 35 months and 13 – 17 years ( nis - teen ) in the united states. since nis was begun in 1994, landline telephone use has decreased while cellular telephone use has increased. by the second half of 2011, the proportion of children in the united states living in households with only cellular telephone service was 38. 1 % ( 1 ). at least one factor, poverty, has been associated both with having only cellular telephone service and lower vaccination coverage, increasing the potential for bias in landline telephone surveys because of a lack of a representative sampling frame ( 1 – 3 ). beginning in 2011, the nis sampling frame was expanded from a single landline frame to dual landline and cellular telephone sampling frames. this change increased the representativeness of the sample characteristics but had little effect on the final 2011 nis and nis - teen national estimates of vaccination coverage overall and when stratified by poverty status ( 4, 5 ). public health surveillance systems must occasionally change methods, and telephone surveys particularly need to include households with only cellular telephone service ( 6 ). the impact of this change on the validity of nis estimates will be monitored annually. further information, including a description of the dual landline and cellular sampling frames, specific weighting methods, and detailed national, state, and local area tables comparing estimates from the landline and dual frames by poverty level, is available at http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / stats - surv / nis / dual - frame - sampling - 08282012. htm. - blumberg s, luke j. wireless substitution : early release of estimates from the national health interview survey, july – december 2011. atlanta, ga : us department of health and human services, cdc ; 2012. available at http : / / www. cdc. gov / nchs / nhis. htm. accessed august 24, 2012. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years — united states, 2010. mmwr 2011 ; 60 : 1117 – 23. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among children aged 19 –


. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years — united states, 2010. mmwr 2011 ; 60 : 1117 – 23. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among children aged 19 – 35 months — united states, 2010. mmwr 2011 ; 60 : 1157 – 63. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years — united states, 2011. mmwr 2012 ; 61 : 671 – 7. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among children aged 19 – 35 months — united states, 2011. mmwr 2012. in press. - cdc. methodologic changes in the behavioral risk factor surveillance system in 2011 and potential effects on prevalence estimates. mmwr 2012 ; 61 : 410 – 3. use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the u. s. department of health and human services. all mmwr html versions of articles are electronic conversions from typeset documents. this conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the html version. users are referred to the electronic pdf version ( http : / / www. cdc. gov / mmwr ) and / or the original mmwr paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables. an original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the superintendent of documents, u. s. government printing office ( gpo ), washington, dc 20402 - 9371 ; telephone : ( 202 ) 512 - 1800. contact gpo for current prices. * * questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to firstname. lastname @ example. org.


cf foundation provides guidance on seasonal and h1n1 influenza september 22, 2009 - updated april 26, 2010 the cf foundation continues to monitor the seasonal and h1n1 flu situation closely. the foundation recommends that all people with cystic fibrosis and individuals living with them follow the recommendations of the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) on both seasonal and h1n1 flu prevention and vaccination. based on the cdc ’ s recommendations, the foundation urges everyone with cf and those who live in the same household to : - get the 2009 h1n1 vaccine as soon as possible. - follow your local care center ’ s recommendations on getting end - of - season vaccination for seasonal flu. some communities may still be experiencing seasonal flu. seasonal flu shots may be especially important if you ’ re planning to travel to certain areas, or for children under 9 who have only ever had one flu shot. - minimize the spread of germs by : - cleaning your hands often with soap and water or alcohol - based hand gel. - using a tissue when coughing or sneezing, then cleaning your hands. - avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth since germs are spread that way. - staying away from others if you are ill. - watch for symptoms of the flu and if they appear, call your doctor. symptoms include : - body aches and headache - fever and chills - increased cough - sore throat seasonal and h1n1 flu vaccines the seasonal flu vaccine is an important step in protecting against seasonal flu. vaccination is especially important for people at high risk of serious flu complications, such as people with cf. the 2009 seasonal flu vaccine was not designed to protect against the h1n1 flu. people at greatest risk for h1n1 flu – such as those with cf – should receive the h1n1 vaccine. vaccinations for people with cf are generally available at cf care centers. household members of people with cf also should receive the flu vaccinations. you can find the closest place to receive either the seasonal flu vaccine or h1n1 vaccine from the american lung association ’ s flu clinic locator web site. the fastest way to get the h1n1 vaccine may not be through your cf care center. the best way to protect against seasonal and h1n1 flu is by practicing good infection control. for more information on infection control or vaccinations, talk to your cf doctor. additional resources on seasonal and h1


roy j. plunkett roy j. plunkett with a cable insulated with teflon and a teflon - coated muffin tin. gift of roy plunkett. courtesy hagley museum and library. from the 1930s to the present, beginning with neoprene and nylon, the american chemical industry has introduced a cornucopia of polymers to the consumer. teflon, discovered by roy j. plunkett ( 1910 – 1994 ) at the dupont company ’ s jackson laboratory in 1938, was an accidental invention — unlike most of the other polymer products. but as plunkett often told student audiences, his mind was prepared by education and training to recognize novelty. as a poor ohio farm boy during the depression, plunkett attended manchester college in indiana. his roommate for a time at this small college was paul flory, who would win the 1974 nobel prize in chemistry for his contributions to the theory of polymers. like flory, plunkett went on to the ohio state university for a doctorate, and also like flory he was hired by dupont. unlike flory, plunkett made his entire career at dupont. reenactment of the 1938 discovery of teflon. left to right : jack rebok, robert mcharness, and roy plunkett. courtesy hagley museum and library. plunkett ’ s first assignment at dupont was researching new chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants — then seen as great advances over earlier refrigerants like sulfur dioxide and ammonia, which regularly poisoned food - industry workers and people in their homes. plunkett had produced 100 pounds of tetrafluoroethylene gas ( tfe ) and stored it in small cylinders at dry - ice temperatures preparatory to chlorinating it. when he and his helper prepared a cylinder for use, none of the gas came out — yet the cylinder weighed the same as before. they opened it and found a white powder, which plunkett had the presence of mind to characterize for properties other than refrigeration potential. he found the substance to be heat resistant and chemically inert, and to have very low surface friction so that most other substances would not adhere to it. plunkett realized that, against the predictions of polymer science of the day, tfe had polymerized to produce this substance — later named teflon — with such potentially useful characteristics. chemists and engineers in the central research department with special experience in polymer research and


laparoscopic total colectomy & ileoanal pullthrough coping for parents learning how to cope is easiest when parents, children, and health care professional work together as a team. child life specialists are available to help reduce any fears surrounding this experience. reason with your child appropriate to their stage of development. if your son or daughter has questions, always answer them honestly so they will be prepared for what will happen. children often sense when their parents, doctors, or nurses are hiding something from them. decide appropriate " advance notice " time. some children prefer to know well ahead of time what ' s coming, and some do better knowing closer to the time of the event ( for example, when a tube is going to be removed ). you know your child better than anyone. keep in mind that giving them too much advanced notice of events may make them unable to focus on anything else. many parents prefer to share information when medical team members are present. if your child is a teenager and expresses interest in speaking with his doctors or nurses, respect his / her wishes. if age appropriate, ask if they would like any comfort objects such as stuffed animals or musical tapes during the procedures. psychosocial support for you and your child is available during the hospitalization. parents often feel sad, fearful or helpless even if your doctor assures you that your child ' s prognosis is good. some may feel guilty thinking they may have done something to cause the disease or should have been able to do something to prevent it. although these kinds of questions are both common and normal, try to remember you are not to blame for your child ' s illness. don ' t hesitate to ask to meet with a social worker to discuss any concerns you may have.


taco usa : how mexican food conquered america / gustavo arellano. author : arellano, gustavo, 1979 - edition : 1st scribner hardcover ed. publisher : new york : scribner, 2012. isbn : 9781439148617 ( hbk. ) description : viii, 310 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. subject : cooking, mexican history. cooking, mexican united states history. food habits mexico history. food habits united states history. mexican american cooking history. cooking, american southwestern style history. contents : introduction : what ' s so cosmic about a burrito? - - you mean mexico gave the world more than just tacos? - - whatever happened to the chili queens and tamale kings? - - how did the taco become popular before mexicans flooded the united states? - - who were the enchilada millionaires, and how did they change mexican food? - - how did americans become experts at writing cookbooks on mexican food? - - whatever happened to southwestern cuisine? - - is tex - mex food doomed? - - what took the burrito so long to become popular? - - when did mexicans start making for food for mexicans? - - how did mexican food get into our supermarkets? - - is the tortilla god ' s favored method of communication? - - how did salsa become america ' s top - selling condiment? - - tequila? tequila! - - what are the five greatest mexican meals in the united states? - - what happens after the burrito has gone cosmic?


henry franklin battles / susan ( monks ) battles submitted by : archie ( bud ) and doris battles, grandson and wife. the henry franklin battles and susan monks families presumably came from alabama and settled around cameron, indian territory. henry franklin battles born 12 - 23 - 1851, enrolled at doaksville, indian territory and died 2 - 6 - 1936 at gowen, ok. his father was g. w. battles. susan ( monks ) battles born 12 - 23 - 1856 to f. m. and susan monks. she was enrolled in garris county and died 7 - 25 - 1937 at ashland, ok. it is presumed that around cameron, indian territory is where henry and susan met, married and started raising their family of four boys. from there, they moved to wilburton where they had one girl and two more boys. they farmed and the children went to a small school southwest of wilburton. they named it the battles school. later, some of the boys went to jones academy. later on, they were enrolled on the choctaw rolls and was allotted land around ashland, indian territory. they moved to their land where they farmed and horse raced. their children had all met, married and had children by this time. all of the grandchildren moved, with most of them going to salt plains, van horne and ashland. their children were : - william e. born 12 - 28 - 1872 and died 1 - 2 - 1950. his first wife was named martha then he married emma shaw ; - finis marion born 8 - 19 - 1878 and died 1 - 18 - 1958. he married maggie dunlap on 4 - 29 - 1906 ; - john marim born 5 - 22 - 1881 and died 1 - 21 - 1970. his first wife was cemie patrick then annie may chester ; - george washington born 8 - 21 - 1887 and died 4 - 5 - 1962. he married ola mae christian, 10 - 20 - 1907 ; - erma e. l. born 12 - 24 - 1888 and died 2 - 26 - 1975. she married jim carter ; - james ( jimmie ) ernest born 8 - 7 - 1893 and died 7 - 27 - 1974. he married walsie akin in 1912 ; - lester born 12 - 24 - 1896 and died 12 - 19 - 1965. his first wife was nellie parnell then he married mandy owensby ; - pearl clementine. clementine was married to # 3 son, john. children of george washington battles and minnie ola ( christian ) battles are : ve


19 - 1965. his first wife was nellie parnell then he married mandy owensby ; - pearl clementine. clementine was married to # 3 son, john. children of george washington battles and minnie ola ( christian ) battles are : venita jewell ( battles ) collie, born 11 - 13 - 1908 at ashland. she married jim colie and there were no children ; oran, born 8 - 13 - 1910 at ashland. his first wife was birtha? and they had one son, charles ; tollie ( dutch ), born 6 - 20 - 1920 at ashland and died 12 - 4 - 1953. he married alice? and they had four children : mary jo, richard, samuel and linda ; archie monroe ( bud ), born 7 - 14 - 1914 at wardville. he married willie doris lenox, 12 - 30 - 1937 and they had two sons ; kenneth hoyt and walter roy. kenneth was born 12 - 3 - 1939 and married mary alice hogan. walker roy was born 11 - 24 - 1942. his first wife was wilma sturgeion then he married gwen pola gormly. olen, born 11 - 22 - 1916 at ashland. his wife was joan ; henry franklin ( dink ), born 8 - 4 - 1914 at ashland and died 3 - 11 - 1942. he had no children ; lucille, born 12 - 30 - 1920 at ashland. she married loyd faris and they had two children, shirley and keith ; jake, born 4 - 19 - 1923 at gowen. his wife ’ s name was jean and they had two girls and one boy ; pauline, born 6 - 23 - 1928 at wardville. she married j. b. dave and they had one child, pamela ; george washington, jr. ( sam ), born 7 - 15 - 1930 at ashland. his wife ’ s name was wanda and they had two children, machala and rodney. all of the children were born in oklahoma within a few miles of each other.


october 25, 2012 contact : john ascenzi, children ' s hospital of philadelphia, 267 - 426 - 6055 or firstname. lastname @ example. org obese teenagers who don ’ t get the proper amount of sleep may have disruptions in insulin secretion and blood sugar ( glucose ) levels, say pediatric researchers. their study suggests that getting a good night ’ s sleep may stave off the development of type 2 diabetes in these adolescents. “ we already know that three out of four high school students report getting insufficient sleep, ” said study investigator dorit koren, md, a pediatric endocrinologist at the children ’ s hospital of philadelphia. “ our study found to keep glucose levels stable, the optimal amount of sleep for teenagers is 7. 5 to 8. 5 hours per night. ” she added that this is consistent with research in adults showing an association between sleep deprivation and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. the study appears online today in the journal diabetes care. the researchers studied 62 obese adolescents with a mean age of 14 years at the children ’ s hospital of philadelphia. over one and a half days, the children, who were white, african american and hispanic teenagers, underwent glucose testing and an overnight sleep study. in addition to measuring total sleep time, the scientists studied “ sleep architecture, ” analyzing stages of sleep such as slow - wave “ deep ” sleep and rapid eye movement ( dream ) sleep. the optimal sleep duration was neither too little nor too much, said koren ; both insufficient and excessive sleep were linked to higher glucose levels. while sleep stages did not predict glucose levels, lower duration of n3 ( “ deep ” sleep ) correlated with decreased insulin secretion. the current study was the first to associate sleep duration with glucose levels in children and to report a link between n3 sleep and insulin secretion. “ reduced insulin secretion may lead to the higher glucose levels that we found in subjects who had insufficient sleep, ” said koren. “ we will seek to confirm these findings with home - based studies of sleep patterns in obese teenagers. in the meantime, our study reinforces the idea that getting adequate sleep in adolescence may help protect against type 2 diabetes. ” funding support for the study came from the pennsylvania state tobacco settlement fund and the national center for research resources, ( part of the more information national institutes of health ). koren ’ s co - authors were lorraine e. levitt katz, m. d., paul r. gallagher, ma, robert i. be


gone are the days when web browsers were simply tools to access the internet. their basic function remains the same, but web browsers have improved so much that you can also do a lot of things other than using them for web browsing. communication and the internet have become an important part in today ’ s society and web browsers have played a major role. in fact, the internet would not become what it is now if not for the development of web browsers. two of the most popular web browsers today are google chrome and firefox. both web browsers have evolved over time and both of them are free to download and use. there are other popular web browsers but it is safe to say that chrome and firefox are the two most popular web browsers today. everybody has a preferred web browser. those who are on the internet for extended periods of time may even have a web browser that they have learned to trust. what makes a web browser popular? in the early days when the most popular web browser was internet explorer, mostly because it was the only one available for windows based computers, browsing the internet was a bit difficult. internet explorer was plagued with problems that made it crash every so often. internet connections weren ’ t that fast during those times. the only way to connect to the internet was through a dial - up connection, unless you worked for an internet service provider or a large company. ordinary people had to make do with a dial - up connection if they needed to get on the internet. slow internet connections sort of played down the faults of internet explorer, but this did not prevent others from developing web browsers to compete with ie. mozilla was one of the first browsers to compete with ie and it really did give ie a run for its money. web browsers need to keep up with faster internet connections when dsl home connections became popular and internet connection speeds became a whole lot faster, the importance of a reliable web browser became really evident. ie was left behind by a bunch of other web browsers. google, which was initially just a search engine tool, came up with its own web browser called google chrome and the battle of web browsers began. faster internet connection speeds meant that web browsers needed to be able to open web pages faster as well. people no longer wanted to wait for web pages to come up and ie which had an awful reputation seemed to disappear in the background. the first thing that people look for in a web browser is its ability to open web pages quickly


pages faster as well. people no longer wanted to wait for web pages to come up and ie which had an awful reputation seemed to disappear in the background. the first thing that people look for in a web browser is its ability to open web pages quickly. when chrome was released, it easily got the reputation of being the fastest web browser. however, firefox was not far behind and the latest release of firefox can easily match chrome ’ s speed in opening web pages. ease of use another factor that people look for in web browsers is its ease of use. some people think that the firefox design is simple but a bit too simple. chrome has managed to combine simplicity with functionality perfectly. it is simple and easy to use, yet a bit better designed than firefox. the internet would have limited functionality if you weren ’ t able to download files from it. file downloading is an area where firefox takes the lead. firefox has a fast file downloading time and in addition to this, it can also resume file downloads from where it was interrupted. this is was an ability that chrome initially did not have, but chrome extensions are now available that can resume an interrupted file download. unfortunately, a lot of people have already learned to trust firefox when it came to file downloading. security is a major factor when it comes to web browsing. chrome leads in this area, but you should not think that firefox is not secure. firefox is also a secure web browser even if chrome leads in security. as mentioned earlier, web browsers have evolved from just being simple browsing tools into browsing tools that we can use to do many other tasks as well on the internet. apps and extensions are the way that web browsers have evolved. both chrome and firefox have a lot of apps and extensions that you can choose from. in this area, chrome and firefox are pretty much the same. if you ’ re looking for the best web browser, it would be difficult to say that chrome is better than firefox or the other way around. both chrome and firefox are excellent web browsers. it really just boils down to which browser you have learned to trust over the years. some people have learned to trust chrome even though firefox has been around longer. firefox enthusiasts have stuck with this web browser over the years.


will this decade be more grim than the 1930s? the problem, from its neighbors ' point of view, with a unified germany is that its increased relative economic might and strategic importance casts a giant shadow across europe, relatively diminishing the global status and economic competitiveness of all other european countries. the issue from a german perspective is that a unified germany has enormous latent potential simply waiting to be unleashed to increase the gap between what the fatherland sees as its rightful place and the rest of europe. in imperial times, this conflict was expressed in terms of territorial ambitions, nationalistic fervor and military strength. ww i and ww ii were the ultimate results of the failure to dress this in any form other than military combat. british historian alan john percivale taylor explained this better than anyone to my generation. hopefully, we learned the diplomatic lessons and other than local conflicts ( notwithstanding that some of which have seen appalling losses of life and acts of brutality ), peace in most of europe has prevailed since 1945. less clear is whether the economic lessons of the inter - war period ( which certainly did so much to exacerbate the casus belli inherent in the versailles treaty ) have been taken to heart. the post - 1918 global landscape abounded with economic imbalances. the " war to end all wars " concluded with a soviet regime presiding over what had been the russian empire. germany came perilously close to a similar outcome following the kaiser ’ s ignominious capitulation while the austro - hungarian and ottoman empires were being sliced and diced into nascent nations. both france and britain were, like germany, heavily indebted to the global provider of capital, america, whose main achievement until the latter part of the distant war had been the accumulation of enormous quantities of global gold reserves which allowed the u. s. dollar to call the shots to all other global currencies until 1971. mckinsey ’ s study of the economic history of debt ( serious students should absorb rogoff and reinhart ’ s “ this time is different ” ) concludes that there are only four ways to deal with such an enormous build - up of debt : this is the current u. s. strategy, based on the monetarist shibboleth that increasing money supply ultimately creates inflation. this theory has never succeeded ( other than possibly one questionable instance in chile ) and has demonstrably failed. the main monetarist theory apologist, milton friedman, ( whose list of dangerous devotees is headed by


increasing money supply ultimately creates inflation. this theory has never succeeded ( other than possibly one questionable instance in chile ) and has demonstrably failed. the main monetarist theory apologist, milton friedman, ( whose list of dangerous devotees is headed by federal reserve chairman ben bernanke ) has excused the failures of monetarist policy by saying that all previous adherents failed because they didn ’ t do it enough. in other words, if something isn ’ t working then you need to do it more. in all previous crises, the markets imposed a limit to how far monetarist solutions could be pursued. america is getting close to this point now – every injection of stimulus having a smaller and shorter - lived effect than its predecessor with some estimates now indicating that each $ 1 of stimulatory input results in only 12 cents of additional output. that doesn ’ t mean that the current monetarist ideologues are ready to abandon their strategy ( it ’ s the only one they have ) but the realization that the naked emperors of monetarism are naked is as imminent now as it was in 1932 when hoover was forced to abandon the strategy. as, of course, was his successor, roosevelt, who added the firepower of what seemed to be unlimited leverage in a currency system that abandoned gold. the term " double - dip " was coined to describe the situation where recession / depression recurs because of the inability of central banks to maintain the effects of stimulatory output because of the law of diminishing returns. in the inter - war period, the weimar ’ s famous experiments with pursuing currency expansion to the ultimate extreme ( to try to repay its war debts and the versailles reparations ) led to the famous hyperinflation where marks became worth less than the actual cost of printing them. mr. bernanke ’ s complacent claims to be able to easily create inflation by harnessing the twin technologies of printing presses could well become his epitaph. this is the current german / ecb / euro zone core prescription for greece and its fellow " gipsis " ( greece, ireland, portugal, spain and italy ) as well as being the uk coalition ’ s self - prescribed foul - tasting medicine. it ’ s understandable that there are huge scars on the german psyche following the weimar period. however, like the monetarist inflationary theories, the tail - chasing dog on an ever - downward spiral of trying to reduce debt while gdp is being destroyed has rarely, if ever, proven successful


scars on the german psyche following the weimar period. however, like the monetarist inflationary theories, the tail - chasing dog on an ever - downward spiral of trying to reduce debt while gdp is being destroyed has rarely, if ever, proven successful in major debt episodes. inevitably it isn ’ t able to be pursued to its logical conclusion as people prove unwilling or unable to put up with it to that point. social tensions building globally as the ft pointed out last year, we should never forget that while hyper - inflation destroyed germany ' s last shreds of self - esteem, it was the austerity imposed by germany ' s creditors through the mechanisms of the bank of international settlements that led to the election of hitler and the nazi party. social tensions are building globally – from jasmine riots to arab springs and from tottenham court road to the recent euro zone election results. the results provide the glimmers of hope that some pressures can be released before austerity inevitably results again in self - appointed extreme dictatorships or military regimes. war event / subsequent peace dividend ultimately, ww ii did lead to the resolution of the 1929 - 1949 debt crisis. in that sense austerity did lead to the solution of the problem. i ’ ve previously described angela merkel as alaric, the 5th century leader of the goths who overthrew athens and rome by siege and starvation without a bullet needing to be fired in anger. globally, tensions between nations are on the rise again, as witnessed by the navies of china and the philippines standing off over a tiny pacific outcrop, iran has raised stakes in the straits of hormuz over nuclear aspirations, vladimir putin ' s rhetoric and actions tend to be inflammatory, roguish nations continue to develop nuclear programs and the us has increased military presence in asia pacific. global nuclear conflagration ought to be totally unthinkable, but sadly it isn ’ t. nations default when they can ’ t pay. this happened in the 1930s and has started happening again today. default, whether outright ( through debt repudiation ) or de facto ( currency / debt debasement ) is rarely orderly ( although greece managed to live in default for over 50 percent of the last two centuries ). it tends to happen when all other choices have been exhausted. whatever form it takes, if the conditions which led to the situation that caused it are changed, then it can be a base from which to achieve sustainable growth, cure dysfunctional banking and liquidate malinvestment, restoring


choices have been exhausted. whatever form it takes, if the conditions which led to the situation that caused it are changed, then it can be a base from which to achieve sustainable growth, cure dysfunctional banking and liquidate malinvestment, restoring social order at the same time. this is what happened in south east asia following the crises of 1997 and in iceland after 2007. what can we learn from our parents and grandparents? answer given below in an economic formula : ( santayana ’ s comments [ those not learning the lessons of history are destined to repeat them ] + mark twain ’ s " history doesn ’ t repeat, it rhymes " + einstein ’ s definition of madness [ doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results ] + hyman minsky ’ s observations that trying to cure debt bubbles with more debt only ends in eventual catastrophe ) = [ i ’ ve said many times before that liaquat ali ’ s “ lords of finance ” should be compulsory in schools everywhere ]. if we don ’ t learn lessons from 1930s parallels, there ’ s a very good chance that the outcomes of this decade might be > ( grim than that one was ). the author is paul gambles, managing partner and group chief investment officer, mbmg international.


the way we define things and how we name them determine how we view the world and, as a result, how we act and treat one another. modern neuroscience shows that human perceive not the thing itself but a copy, an illusion created by the human brain, a copy that is as created by mental beliefs and attitudes as much as it is generated by energies in the physical world. things are not as they appear, and how things appear can change over time. a story i heard today on the radio show “ this american life ” illustrates how powerful definitions are and what it can take to change them. “ 204 : 81 words, ” covers the history of how the american psychiatric association ( apa ) decided in 1973 that homosexuality was no longer a mental illness. it ’ s about both the power of a family story and a social label, artfully and informatively told by national public radio reporter alix spiegel. the story ’ s professional theme shows how the 81 words in american psychiatric association ’ s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( dsm ) that defined homosexuality as a disease were replace by 204 that say it is not. for years, psychiatrists treated it as a disease to be cured, and psychoanalysts probed patients to see where the causes lay in family history. i assume that “ this american life ” host ira glass and his crew decided to rebroadcast the show, originally aired in 2002, because the forthcoming fifth edition of the apa ’ s manual, dsm - 5, to be published in 2013, is now available for public comment. comments are due april 20, 2010. the story ’ s family theme focuses on the power of family stories. the reporter, spiegel, is the granddaughter of a man who played an important role in revising the dsm description of homosexuality. her family ’ s family story was more or less single - handedly responsible for the change. the granddaughter, in telling the history, found that the true story was much more complex and her grandfather ’ s role much less central, though still important. i am not sure how spiegel and her family changed through her telling of the story and the consequent shattering of the myth of her grandfather. i ’ d like to, for family stories provide a powerful organizing device for a family and the perception of its members. a change in the narrative generally changes the characters in the future, but his is not in spiegel ’ s scope. my personal interest centers on how things become named – more


a powerful organizing device for a family and the perception of its members. a change in the narrative generally changes the characters in the future, but his is not in spiegel ’ s scope. my personal interest centers on how things become named – more properly how people use language to designate aspects of human experience with words that have meanings upon which people act. “ 80 words ” recalled how appalled i am at the number of psychological experiences have been labeled diseases that should be treated by drugs. about two years ago, i got into a cab on the way home from midway airport and had a conversation with an extremely articulate and bright cab driver about philosophy, politics, and, of all things, drugs. when i mentioned that the drug seller ’ s on the streets of the city were not necessarily the biggest causes of the country ’ s drug problems, and my driver took that bait. “ oh yeah, the real pusherboys work for the big drug companies, ” he said. “ makes the guys on the street seem like rank amateurs, ” i replied in agreement. turned out we had both read an article in the chicago reader that week ( 2 / 14 / 08 ) called, “ how shy became sick. ” that article and the book it profiles, christopher lane ’ s shyness : how normal behavior became a sickness, provides a critical bit of history on the development of the psychological profession in recent years. it convinced me that if i had been in high school in the mid 90s rather than the mid 70s, i would have been on meds. i would have been a very different person, and not for the better, though it occurs to me that i was on meds not sanctioned by the psychological profession. but that ’ s a different story. “ 204 : 81 words ” is well worth the hour it takes to play.


when we ' re sick we want a quick cure. so we go to the doctor and ask for an antibiotic. sometimes doctors give in to the pressure to prescribe an antibiotic, even though it ' s not going to work for every illness. every time a person takes antibiotics, sensitive bacteria are killed, but resistant germs may be left to grow and multiply. repeated and improper uses of antibiotics are primary causes of the increase in drug - resistant bacteria, the centers for disease control and prevention says. americans waste money every year purchasing antibiotics to fight the common cold and other viral infections, which antibiotics cannot cure. the drugs can cure bacterial infections. the cdc says that $ 1. 1 billion is spent annually on unnecessary adult upper respiratory infection antibiotic prescriptions. it is estimated that more than 50 percent of antibiotics are unnecessarily prescribed. antibiotic resistance has been called one of the world ' s most pressing public health problems, and the best way to combat it, the cdc says, is not to take the medications when it ' s not necessary. antibiotic resistance is leading to higher treatment costs, longer hospital stays and unnecessary deaths. the cdc estimates that nearly 100, 000 people die from infections they pick up in the hospital every year. the vast majority are caused by bacteria that have developed resistance to the antibiotics used to treat them. overuse of antibiotics isn ' t only due to people overusing them. there ' s also a big problem with too many antibiotics being used in animals that are part of the food supply. " doctors and patients need to be much more careful about how they use antibiotics if we ' re going to preserve their power, " said jean halloran, director of food policy initiatives for consumers union. " but we also need to get smart about the overuse of antibiotics in food animals. it ' s time to stop the daily feeding of antibiotics to healthy food animals, which makes these life - saving medications less effective for people. " some 80 percent of all antibiotics sold in the u. s. are used on food animals, mostly to make them grow faster or prevent disease in unsanitary conditions. as a result of large - scale use of antibiotics in livestock production, most of the bugs that are vulnerable to the antibiotics are eventually killed off, leaving behind superbugs that are immune to one or more of the drugs. these superbugs spread on the farm and beyond, contributing to antibiotic resistance in hospitals and our communities. antibiotic - resistant superbugs from the farm are


go to this page for the form and instructions on out the the iowa site inventory form. the purpose of the " section 106 process " is to assure that no unnecessary harm comes to historic properties as a result of federal actions. it is also considered regulatory archaeology. under section 106 of the national historic preservation act of 1966 ( as amended ), federal agencies are required to take into account the effect of their proposed undertakings on properties listed in or eligible for inclusion in the national register of historic places. the federal agencies must allow the advisory council on historic preservation a reasonable opportunity to comment before proceeding with the project. the federal agencies are required to do this work before the expenditure of federal funds or the issuance of any licenses or permits. see the user ' s guide on the advisory council on historic preservation web site. the advisory council on historic preservation has established procedures for compliance with section 106. these regulations are presented in 36 cfr part 800. once a federal agency has identified that it has an undertaking, the agency must define the undertaking ' s area of potential effect. the area of potential effect must include areas directly or indirectly impacted by the action. for example, the area of potential effect for a natural gas pipeline would include not only the actual pipeline trench, but also includes the construction right - of - way, compressor stations, meter stations, staging areas, storage yards, access roads, and other ancillary facilities. the agency needs to consider the full range of effects that might occur. for example, a construction project might cause vibration impacts to historical archaeological sites that contain structural remains. note, too, that the area of potential effect might be different for aboveground resources subject to visual or audible effects. for example, effigy mounds national monument, with its setting high atop the bluffs, provides a spectacular view into the mississippi river valley. undertakings along the river can impact the view from effigy mounds ; thus, agencies planning undertakings in the valley might need to include this property in the area of potential effect. once the agency has defined the undertaking and the area of potential effect, it is ready to begin section 106 compliance. the regulations outline a five - step process. in step 1, the regulations require that the federal agency " make a reasonable and good faith effort to identify historic properties that may be affected by the undertaking and gather sufficient information to evaluate the eligibility of these properties for the national register. " the regulations also specify that " efforts to identify historic properties should follow the secretary ' s standards ( which are advisory ) and guidelines for


that may be affected by the undertaking and gather sufficient information to evaluate the eligibility of these properties for the national register. " the regulations also specify that " efforts to identify historic properties should follow the secretary ' s standards ( which are advisory ) and guidelines for archeology and historic preservation " ( 36 cfr part 800. 4a ( 2 ) ). particularly, the identification efforts should be consistent with the secretary of the interior ' s standards and guidelines for identification. in accordance with 36 cfr part 800. 4a ( 1 ), the agency official shall : the federal agency has ultimate authority in making determinations on proposed undertakings under the national historic preservation act ; shpo acts as a consulting party within the process and has no regulatory authority. as part of the identification process, an agency may need to have an identification survey ( phase ia reconnaissance survey or phase i intensive survey ) conducted in the area of potential effect particularly if no information on historic properties is available for the area of potential effect and there appears to be a potential for historic properties to be located within the area of potential effect. this survey is conducted to identify cultural resources that exist within the proposed project area. the majority of cultural resources found are often determined to not be significant, and thus, no further work is needed on them. however, phase i surveys sometimes identify sites that are potentially eligible for listing on the national register. such a finding would necessitate additional archaeological investigations in the form of phase ii testing, which involves detailed research to determine the significance and integrity of the sites. if the phase ii testing results in finding national register - eligible properties, then the project moves to step 2 in the section 106 process. step 2 involves carefully examining the project to determine whether it will have an effect on the identified historic properties. an effect occurs when " the undertaking may alter characteristics of the property that may qualify the property for inclusion in the national register. " if an effect is found, then the federal agency and the shpo consult to determine whether the effect is adverse. an undertaking is considered to have an adverse effect when the effect on the historic property may diminish the integrity of the property ' s location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. if there is an adverse effect, then the agency and the shpo consider ways to minimize the impact of the project on the resource. this is step 3. a decision should be made about what to do with the historic property. there are various ways to minimize the impact to the identified historic property that are discussed in


| glossary - sustainable development | page 7 of 9 sustainability has become one of the core issues of development. this means that investment in economic growth is pursued in ways that consider a long - term perspective and do not endanger the living standards, options and opportunities of future generations. originally it focused mainly on environmental dangers but in the context of late capitalism encompassing all sectors of life and the economy, cultural development has also been brought into the issue. based on the argument that development efforts have hitherto largely neglected cultural aspects, it has been suggested that the cultural indicators for policy agendas such as sustainable development, quality of life or human rights have also to be considered. among the indicators identified are cultural diversity, the dynamics and vitality of the cultural sector, or the opportunities for cultural access and participation, which should work as key criteria for ‘ cultural planning ’, an operational and analytical framework targeted at bringing cultural considerations into all processes of planning and development. in 1991 unesco created the world commission on culture and development. in its report ‘ our creative diversities ’ ( 1995 ), it devoted a separate chapter to the interdependency of culture and development. similarly, the council of europe declaration on cultural diversity ( 2001 ) states that “ sustainable development as defined in relation to cultural diversity, assumes that technological and other developments, which occur to meet the needs of the present, will not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs with respect to the production, provision and exchange of culturally diverse services, products and practices ”. meanwhile, sustainability has already become a key criterion for funding in the eu ( e. g. the structural funds ). an area identified for action is cultural heritage. to avoid ‘ sustainability ’ being reduced to a hollow phrase or to an argument promoting mainly preservation and conservation would mean looking at heritage as an ongoing capacity : heritage – tangible and intangible – should be continual and enriched by what is currently being produced or happening in the cultural field. heritage requires not only protection, but development.


curesearch for children ' s cancer funds and supportstargeted and innovative children ' s cancer research with measurableresults, and is the authoritative source of information and resourcesfor all those affected by children ' s cancer. a number of treatments are used for lymphoma in children, or non - hodgkin lymphoma ( nhl ). treatment plans are tailored to the specific type of nhl and its stage. not all patients will need all of these treatments, but it is important to know that most forms of nhl in children cannot be cured with surgery alone. chemotherapychemotherapy is the standard treatment for non - hodgkin lymphoma. it uses medications to kill cancer cells or to prevent them from multiplying and spreading. chemotherapy drugs can be given by mouth or through a needle into the vein or muscle. the drugs go into the bloodstream so that they reach all parts of the body ( systemic ) to kill cancer cells throughout the body. radiation therapyradiation therapy uses high - energy rays to kill cancer cells. radiation is rarely needed in the overall therapy of children with nhl. high dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy with stem cell transplantationif the lymphoma comes back after successful treatment ( relapse ) or if the lymphoma does not respond to conventional treatments ( refractory ), higher dose chemotherapy with or without radiation followed by a stem cell transplant ( rescue ) may offer the best chance of cure. there are two types of transplant and the type used will depend on the specific type of lymphoma and other factors. monoclonal antibody therapymonoclonal antibody therapy uses antibodies ( proteins ) made in a laboratory, which are able to recognize specific cancer cells by special “ markers ” on the cells. the antibodies attach to these markers, causing the cancer cells to die or preventing them from multiplying. monoclonal antibodies are given intravenously in the same way chemotherapy is given. the use of monoclonal antibodies is being evaluated for effectiveness when used in conjunction with chemotherapy. one monoclonal antibody that has proven useful in the treatment of nhl in adult patients is rituximab. causes of non - hodgkin lymphomaresearchers currently do not know what causes non - hodgkin lymphoma and only a few risk factors for non - hodgkin lymphoma are known for sure. genderboys are two to three times more likely to develop non -


do not know what causes non - hodgkin lymphoma and only a few risk factors for non - hodgkin lymphoma are known for sure. genderboys are two to three times more likely to develop non - hodgkin lymphoma before age 20 compared to girls. for every two girls diagnosed, about five boys are diagnosed. race and ethnicitycaucasian children are about 40 % more likely to develop non - hodgkin lymphoma compared to african american children. children with impaired immune system are more likely to develop non - hodgkin lymphoma than other children. for example, children with hiv ( the cause of aids ) or being treated to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant are more susceptible to nhl. children with these conditions are more at risk for non - hodgkin lymphoma, but they account for only a small fraction of cases. also, children with defects in their body ’ s ability to repair gene mutations, such as ataxia telangiectasia or fanconi anemia, are at increased risk to develop nhl. participate in research studiesresearchers are studying the causes of non - hodgkin lymphoma. if there is a research study " open " in cog, and your child is " eligible " you may be asked to participate. it is also possible that you may be asked to participate in more than one study. whether an individual is eligible for a particular study may depend on age, year of diagnosis and other information. researchers usually must limit their study to some of these characteristics to have a scientifically valid study. for example, a study might be restricted to patients diagnosed within certain years so the researchers can locate nearly all eligible families and avoid asking parents to recall events too far in the past. researchers investigating the causes of non - hodgkin lymphoma usually will interview one or both parents by telephone. during the interview, parents are asked questions about their experiences and those of their child. the purpose is to gather information that may or may not influence the risk of cancer. the researchers don ’ t know whether these things influence risk. they are asking the questions to find out more. sometimes, the researcher will ask for a small biological sample from you and your child, usually cheek cells, blood or hair. researchers may also ask for samples of dust or water from your home. the researchers use the information from the interviews and the samples to study whether genes or


ask for a small biological sample from you and your child, usually cheek cells, blood or hair. researchers may also ask for samples of dust or water from your home. the researchers use the information from the interviews and the samples to study whether genes or exposures such as medications, radon and chemicals alone or together make some people more likely to develop cancer. researchers design various studies to improve treatment and advance the understanding of cancer and its causes. clinical trials are carefully reviewed and must be approved through a formal scientific process before anyone can be enrolled. if there is a research study “ open ” that your child is “ eligible for, ” you may be asked to allow your child to participate. it is also possible that your child will be asked to participate in more than one study. whether an individual is eligible for a particular study may depend on age, location of the cancer, the extent of the disease and other information. researchers usually must limit their study to some of these characteristics to have a scientifically valid study. further, researchers must follow exactly the same restrictions throughout the study. if your child is eligible to participate in one or more study, your doctor will discuss these with you during an initial treatment conference ( also called informed consent conference ). the doctor will describe the study, potential risks of participation, and other information you need to decide whether or not you would like your child to participate in the study. you always have the choice to participate or not in research studies. if you do choose to have your child participate in a study, you doctor will explain what type of information you will receive about the results of the study. the overall results of the research study will be published to inform the public and other researchers. no study will publish any information that identifies an individual. visit the clinical trials section of this website to learn more about the various kinds of research studies.


illinois state archives abraham lincoln in illinois a selection of documents from the illinois state archives an act to permanently locate the seat of government of the state of illinois february 7, 1837 although a senate bill, this piece of legislation was written by abraham lincoln and helped mark one of the major accomplishments of his state legislative career. it was part of the numerous maneuvers by sangamon county legislators to move the state capital from vandalia to springfield. upon the organization of illinois as a territory in 1809, kaskaskia, located on the mississippi river in southwestern illinois, became the capital city. it continued as the capital when illinois became a state in 1818. illinois before the civil war was generally settled from south to north. this meant the population center of the state continuously moved northward. in 1820, the state moved the capital to the town of vandalia, which was farther north than kaskaksia. however, the statute moving the capital called for it to be reviewed after twenty years. lincoln and eight other legislators represented sangamon county, then a much larger area than it is today. the average height of these two senators and seven representatives was six feet tall, earning the delegation the nickname the " long nine. " going in to the tenth session of the illinois general assembly ( 1836 - 1838 ) lincoln led this bipartisan delegation, which was determined to have the capital relocated to springfield. stephen douglas, who opposed moving the capital to springfield, later said of the " long nine, " that " they used every exertion and made every sacrifice to secure the passage of the bill. " indeed, they would later be accused of voting for building projects in other legislators ' districts in exchange for the votes for springfield as state capital. this document calls for a joint house - senate meeting to vote on the location of a new capital. the joint house - senate vote actually took place february 28, 1837. it took four ballots before legislators selected springfield. its nearest rivals were alton, vandalia and jacksonville. springfield continues to serve as the state capital. shortly after the vote, on april 15, 1837, lincoln moved to springfield and joined the law firm of john todd stuart. points to consider why would vandalia only have been made a temporary capital city? why would the moving of the state capital be a major achievement for lincoln? why would lincoln move to springfield after this bill was passed?


lyndon johnson sends george ball to cyprus, 1964 george ball was one of america = s premier diplomats in the 1960s. he was under secretary of state in 1964 when he became involved in the cyprus problem. this excerpt is from his memoir. it demonstrates very clearly how the united states regarded the acyprus problem, @ mainly as a venue of superpower intrigue. the americans were concerned about cyprus becoming a amediterranean cuba, @ and their diplomacy was geared toward bringing cyprus under control of nato, possibly through adouble enosis. @ this 1982 excerpt from ball ' s memoir, the past has another pattern, is also valuable for insights into how high - level diplomacy was conducted. threat of greek - turkish war watching from washington, we could see that open warfare was imminent. since the turkish cypriote population was suffering the greater casualties, turkey was on the verge of intervening. to defuse the situation, sir duncan sandys, the british secretary of state for the commonwealth and colonies, proposed a peace plan calling for, among other things, the establishment of a british - controlled neutral zone in nicosia to keep the two communities apart. though that temporarily stowed the fighting, the two communities remained at sword ' s point. the turkish cypriotes declared the constitution dead, implying that, since the two communities could not live together, partition was the only solution. makarios demanded the abolition of the london - zurich accords and particularly their provisions for intervention by any of the three guarantor powers. cyprus was merely one more step in britain ' s painful shedding of empire, and london no longer had the will or the resources to preside over such a quarrel. thus i was not surprised when, on january 25, 1964, the british ambassador, sir david ormsby - gore, called to tell me that britain could no longer keep the peace alone and that an international force should be established on cyprus as soon as possible. such a force, the ambassador insisted, could be " broadly based " yet limited to detachments from nato nations. the british needed, most of all, our diplomatic support and a united states contingent with supplies and airlift for the international force. i stated emphatically that the united states did not want to get involved : we already had far too much on our plate. i was sick at heart at our deepening embroilment in vietnam ; at the same time, we faced mounting troubles in panama, had an irksome involvement in the congo, were disputing with the soviets over berlin


our plate. i was sick at heart at our deepening embroilment in vietnam ; at the same time, we faced mounting troubles in panama, had an irksome involvement in the congo, were disputing with the soviets over berlin, and foresaw mounting difficulties with indonesia. but the british were adamant. they would no longer carry the cyprus burden alone, even though involving the united nations risked giving the communist countries leverage in that strategically placed island. the united nations would dither and the turks would not wait ; tired of continued outrages against turkish cypriotes, they would invade. then we would have a full - scale war between two nato allies in the eastern mediterranean. reports from ankara were already indicating that the turks considered their ultimate military intervention as almost inevitablecout of their hands and to be determined by events. when i discussed the question with our un ambassador, adlai stevenson, he responded with far more heat than i had expected. during the " troubles " he had stayed for three days in archbishop makarios ' s residence and he regarded his former host with total contempt. the archbishop was, he said, a wicked, unreliable conniver who concealed his venality under the sanctimonious vestments of a religious leader ; the only way to deal with makarios, stevenson assured me, was by " giving the old bastard absolute hell. " in all the years i had known adlai i had never heard him speak of anyone with such vitriol. " i have sat across the table from that pious looking replica of jesus christ, " he said, " and if you saw him with his beard shaved and a push - cart, you would recall the old saying that there hasn ' t been an honest thief since barabbas. " the united states becomes involved i met with secretary robert mcnamara at five that afternoon ( january 25 ), and we reviewed the cyprus problem in all its complexities. though bob was as unhappy as i at any broadening of our responsibilities, he was fully aware that an exploding cyprus could not only endanger our mediterranean position but undermine the whole southern flank of nato. i discussed the matter later that evening with president johnson. his reluctance came through loud and clear, but he quickly grasped the seriousness of the cyprus problem and directed me to come up with an acceptable solution. i told bob mcnamara that before committing ourselves to the combined force we should insist on three conditions : that the duration of the force be limited to three months, that the turks and greeks agree not to


and directed me to come up with an acceptable solution. i told bob mcnamara that before committing ourselves to the combined force we should insist on three conditions : that the duration of the force be limited to three months, that the turks and greeks agree not to use their unilateral intervention rights for three months, and that they agree on a mediator who was not a representative of any of the guarantor powers but from another nato european country. finally, we would insist that the american contingent not exceed twelve hundred men, with the british agreeing to put in four thousand and the balance of ten thousand to come from other european nations. meanwhile, david bruce, our astute ambassador in london, was assuring me that we had no option but to participate ; otherwise, no other country would take action, and the turks would inevitably move. that advice was rein - forced when, that same day of january 28, 1064, turkish prime minister ismet inonu told our ambassador in ankara, raymond hare, that the turks were going to invade unless we gave them some kind of an answer by the next morning. in their anxiety to commit us, the british leaked my three conditions to the press prematurely, and i had to deal with an outraged president. moreover, i was annoyed that duncan sandys, without telling me, had on february 3 tried out our anglo - american proposal for a nato force on cypriote foreign minister spyros kyprianou, who was attending the london conference. when kyprianou reported our proposal to nicosia, makarios rejected it out of hand. if we were to work with the british, actions had to be carefully coordinated without the premature exposure of our thinking. meanwhile, violence continued in cyprus with hostages taken by each side ; on february 4, a bomb exploded in our embassy in nicosia. since the situation had now reached a critical flash point, we clearly needed someone on the spot not accredited to any one of the five nations actively involved. thus, on february 8, i flew to london. at the same time, a second level of activity was under way in new york, where stevenson was valiantly resisting the efforts of the cypriote ambassador to the united nations to get a un force appointed. at this moment the respective positions of the parties were : the turkish cypriotes demanded partition and the right to govern their own community ; they also insisted on preserving turkey ' s right to intervene under the london - zurich accords, since otherwise the turkish cypriotes might be wiped out by their greek cypriot


were : the turkish cypriotes demanded partition and the right to govern their own community ; they also insisted on preserving turkey ' s right to intervene under the london - zurich accords, since otherwise the turkish cypriotes might be wiped out by their greek cypriote neighbors, who outnumbered them four to one. the turkish government in ankara supported the turkish cypriotes, while putting special emphasis on the preservation of turkey ' s right to intervene by force. the greek community on cyprus wanted union with greece ( enosis ), but, at least for tactical purposes, was demanding a fully independent cyprus run by the greek majority. the greek government in athens pressed for enosis. viewed from washington, the issues were clear enough. cyprus was a strategically important piece of real estate at issue between two nato partners : greece and turkey. we needed to keep it under nato control. the turks would never give up their intervention rights or be deterred from invading by the interjection of a un force which they would regard as an instrument of soviet or third - world politics and subject to manipulation by makarios. my first and most urgent task was to coordinate our activities with the british and make sure that duncan sandys did not again act unilaterally. makarios must be approached in person and not through his foreign minister, who, in his own right, had no authority. mission to the center of conflict i had no illusions that i could easily shake makarios out of his intransigence, but i had to try. if he finally turned us down, i planned to say to the guarantor powers : take the problem to the security council but understand that america will supply no component for any un force. though i recognized that this might trigger a turkish invasion, i proposed to tell makarios that, if he continued to block a solution that would eliminate turkey ' s reason for intervening, we would not protect him from a turkish move. i made these points to sandys when we met on february 9, 1964. i told him i was planning to go to turkey, greece, and cyprus and described the strategy i would follow. he and i discussed all the solutions we could think of, including all permutations and combinations that might improve the plan ' s marketability. since the president had lent me an airplane, i asked sandys to make the tour with me, bill, presumably out of a desire to limit britain ' s responsibility, he declined. later that same night i saw cypriote foreign minister kyprianou and tried


had lent me an airplane, i asked sandys to make the tour with me, bill, presumably out of a desire to limit britain ' s responsibility, he declined. later that same night i saw cypriote foreign minister kyprianou and tried to sound him out on the archbishop ' s real intentions. i went first to turkey to meet with prime minister ismet inonu. i had looked forward to the meeting not only because of its relevance to my mission but because of the prime minister ' s history and personality. inonu, who in his early life had been known as ismet pasha, was a legendary figure. chief of staff to kemal ataturk during the war against the greeks in the early 1920s, he had taken the name inonu from a village where he won two battles. serving as turkey ' s first prime minister from 1923 to 1937 and then, after ataturk ' s death, as its president from 1938 to 1950, he had led in transforming turkey into a modern state. now at eighty, once again prime minister, he provided stability and strength to a nation beset with troubles. a small wiry man, inonu ' s quiet voice projected force and conviction. he did not try to conceal his deep worry about the direction of events on cyprus. we must, he insisted, move swiftly : turkish patience was running out. given the excited state of public opinion, any overnight flare - up of killing on the island might force the turkish military to intervene. turkey would, of course, have an overwhelming military advantage. not only was it far larger and better armed than greece, but cyprus was outside the range of greek fighter planes. as i expected, inonu was as direct in his approach as makarios was devious. so long as nothing was done to impair turkey ' s right of intervention to protect the turkish cypriote population, the turkish government was prepared to go along with the anglo - american proposal for a nato force. if i felt reassured that turkey had a strong and responsible government, greece had no government at all. prime minister konstantinos karamanlis had resigned the year before, when king paul had rejected his advice, and, since then, there had been a succession of caretaker governments. though the caretaker prime minister, ionnis paraskevopoulos, received me courteously, he could make no commitments, saying only that the greek government would probably approve any plan first approved by makarios. meetings with his beatitude i arrived to find nicosia