illustrates the public - private partnerships that can grow within that model. the state ’ s second - largest city, in the foothills of the ozark mountains, tulsa has great economic extremes. some 84 percent of children in tulsa public schools qualify for free or reduced lunch, meaning they live in households that earn no more than $ 42, 643 for a family of four. but there is also great wealth here, much of it from the local energy industry. because oklahoma ’ s law enables private organizations to provide pre - k, a good deal of that wealth has been leveraged to bolster the public system. tulsa ’ s community action project ( cap ), which has created and runs mcclure as well as 13 other early - education facilities, is a sort of turbo - charged head start provider. with an annual budget of more than $ 52 million, it has married private money — primarily from local oilman and philanthropist george kaiser — with state and federal funds to serve young children. because state funding covers the four - year - olds, cap can devote much of its budget to children three and under. one - third of tulsa ’ s qualifying three - year - olds are now in public preschool ; the union school district, which has gone the furthest in enrolling younger students, is on course to serve all three - year - olds within the next year. plenty of kids in tulsa may still be behind the curve on their first day of school, but here that first day often comes at age three rather than four or five. the result is that tulsa has become a sort of sweden of the ozarks — a magnet for the country ’ s best early - education providers and researchers and a place where preschool is a routine part of growing up. it ’ s a haven for both children and their parents. cap works hard to engage adults who may have been alienated by schools in the past. to encourage parents to interact with the schools, the organization consciously decided not to provide busing. the schools ’ daily schedules and yearly calendars are synced with nearby public elementary schools, with which some also share land and playgrounds, a setup that allows parents to drop off their preschoolers and scoot next door to drop off older siblings. in the same cap buildings — which are carefully designed not to feel institutional — they can also take parenting classes, get career training, and receive financial services. though cap is by mission an anti - poverty organization and serves only students who qualify for free and reduced lunch, its classrooms “ don ’ t look like


to feel institutional — they can also take parenting classes, get career training, and receive financial services. though cap is by mission an anti - poverty organization and serves only students who qualify for free and reduced lunch, its classrooms “ don ’ t look like they ’ re for poor people, ” as one mother remarked upon entering the pine cone – festooned space in which her four - year - old would be learning. draped with natural - hued fabrics and brightened with “ uplighting, ” which radiates from standing lamps and is thought to be more calming than old - style fluorescent bulbs overhead, the room looks more like a spread from a pottery barn catalog than a traditional classroom. when you look out from its picture windows to the sprawling playground where the students are climbing and digging during outdoor playtime, and then beyond to the garden plots the kids will plant and harvest throughout the year, you can ’ t help wanting this for all young americans. the students who go to pre - k tend to emerge from the year recognizably ahead of their peers. studies have shown it, and teachers know it. laura hamilton, who teaches kindergarten at northwoods, an elementary school in sand springs, oklahoma, says she easily picked out the 8 kids in her class of 25 this year who hadn ’ t gone to pre - k. “ they ’ re the ones who don ’ t know how to line up. they ’ re not used to sharing, and they ’ re not used to drawing or writing, ” she says, fishing out four of her new kindergarteners ’ drawings. three show recognizable scenes — a family of stick figures, a house with two girls in front, and a house with a sky in the background. the fourth, drawn by a child who didn ’ t attend pre - k, is of seemingly random scribbles. “ it ’ s usually these kids that have to stay back and repeat kindergarten, ” hamilton says, pointing to the scribbles. how did oklahoma — a poor state, and one of the “ reddest ” in the country — become a preschooling pioneer? it wouldn ’ t have happened if ardent children ’ s advocates hadn ’ t been in the right positions at the right times. ramona paul, who retired last year as the state ’ s assistant superintendent of public education, was the first to get pre - k rolling in 1980. “ i still remember, it was one o ’ clock on a thursday, ” says paul, a commanding, white - haired woman who


as the state ’ s assistant superintendent of public education, was the first to get pre - k rolling in 1980. “ i still remember, it was one o ’ clock on a thursday, ” says paul, a commanding, white - haired woman who worked in the state department of education for more than two decades. “ my boss walked into my office and said, ‘ ramona, what would you like to see for four - year - old children? you just write the model, and i ’ ll get it funded. ’ ” paul had taken part in a four - year - old program herself as a young child ( “ it was called nursery school back in those days, ” she says ), had gone on to teach preschool and college courses in child development, and was present at the rose garden ceremony when president lyndon johnson unveiled head start. the first big government early - education effort, head start was launched in 1965 as part of the war on poverty. the aim was to address the achievement gap. as with public schooling more broadly, public pre - k was initially seen as an alternative for economically disadvantaged children who couldn ’ t afford private or church schools. in oklahoma, which ranks 20th in child poverty, there have always been a lot of those children. the model paul designed reflected both her experience and the state ’ s demographics. she knew to include high standards for teacher education and pay. she was clear that she wanted the program to be available to all children — not just poor children, who made up the majority of the small number of public preschoolers in the country at the time. “ why would we want to educate just a certain group of children? ” she asks. paul ’ s pilot program was launched that same year. but it was only a half - day, and its small budget limited it to certain parts of the state. it wasn ’ t until 1998 that a legislator named joe eddins quietly pushed through a law that supplied the funding to expand paul ’ s vision into a mostly full - day program that would be offered throughout the state. eddins, too, was well suited to advancing early education. a democratic legislator who had worked as a rancher and high - school biology teacher, he had spent his first few years in the legislature learning about early education — and becoming convinced that school failure was sending a growing number of oklahoma ’ s kids down a life path of poverty and underperformance. eddins ’ s allies included not just child - - development experts and education policymakers but also a handful of


becoming convinced that school failure was sending a growing number of oklahoma ’ s kids down a life path of poverty and underperformance. eddins ’ s allies included not just child - - development experts and education policymakers but also a handful of business leaders who had come to see early education as the state ’ s economic salvation. getting young oklahomans into school earlier was not only in the kids ’ best interest, they argued ; it was important for businesses, which were facing a dwindling pool of potential workers and customers. eddins had first waded into the education issue to fix what seemed a discrete problem : many school districts, especially in rural areas, were enrolling four - year - olds in kindergarten. because the state ’ s population was shrinking, these schools were facing declining numbers of students — and thus declining school budgets. putting four - year - olds in kindergarten sometimes allowed the districts to bring in enough money to keep their schools open because they were receiving funds based on the number of children in school. but the four - year - olds were in classes designed to teach them at a kindergarten level, and they were lost. eddins was creative — some say stealthy — in winning support for universal pre - k. he presented the legislation as an amendment to the school law merely designed to fix the four - year - old problem. his bill did do that. but it also created a statewide four - year - old program that surpassed any other in the country. among the changes it heralded was the ability of school districts to partner with outside entities on pre - k so the programs could be housed in a variety of settings, including tribal programs, churches, and assisted - living facilities. that shift paved the way for a massive partnership between the public schools and head start providers, such as cap, a move that might have raised red flags for some republicans — had they known about it. eddins was able to gloss over this groundbreaking aspect of his bill in large part because he was trusted and well liked ; few of his fellow legislators felt the need to actually read the legislation. instead, he summarized it. when he did, he chose his words carefully. “ i didn ’ t explain that we ’ d have this huge collaboration with head start, ” eddins says. “ i emphasized the part that said you could contract with private providers. republicans have always loved that. ” eddins ’ s bill also dodged several potential problems. it kept pre - k voluntary for parents, thus inoculating it from the


. “ i emphasized the part that said you could contract with private providers. republicans have always loved that. ” eddins ’ s bill also dodged several potential problems. it kept pre - k voluntary for parents, thus inoculating it from the criticism of social conservatives who believed that mothers should be home with their kids. by building its cost into the larger public - school funding formula, rather than funding early education separately in the state budget, it also protected pre - k from fiscal conservatives who might object to it as part of a “ nanny state. ” this seemingly small detail may be the key difference separating oklahoma from other states, such as arizona and illinois, where pre - k funding was slashed during the recent recession. indeed, in oklahoma, pre - k is essentially just another grade — as unlikely to be singled out as 5th or 11th. “ in so many other states, you have huge fights over whether pre - k funding should be cut, ” says lisa guernsey, director of the early education initiative at the new america foundation. “ it ’ s forever seen as an extra line at the bottom of the spreadsheet. ” although eddins ’ s law also made pre - k voluntary, “ people started camping out that first night before we started enrolling, ” says cathy burden, the superintendent of union public schools in tulsa. that was in 1998, when union enrolled less than half of its four - year - olds and pre - k was only half - day. today, about 75 percent of the district ’ s four - year - olds are enrolled, all are in school for full days, and demand continues to grow. “ if anyone tried to get rid of pre - k now, ” burden says, “ they ’ d get run out of town. ” no doubt, part of pre - k ’ s appeal is that it ’ s a safe — and free — place for children to be while their parents work. child care can cost more than $ 500 per week. but for most parents, the educational value of pre - k is at least as important as the financial benefit. “ i wanted my son to learn, ” explains maria mauricio, who lives in the low - income tulsa neighborhood of kendall - whittier. her four - year - old son, gabriel, attends pre - k through educare, another local head start provider. a stay - at - home mom of five, mauricio could have kept gabriel with her during the day. when she was growing up in mexico, mauri


gabriel, attends pre - k through educare, another local head start provider. a stay - at - home mom of five, mauricio could have kept gabriel with her during the day. when she was growing up in mexico, mauricio went to school only through seventh grade, stopping so she could help her grandmother support the family by picking peanuts. she wanted more for her son, who, by the age of two, wasn ’ t speaking either english or spanish understandably, partly because of hearing problems. mauricio felt confident that starting school early would give gabriel the best shot at success. there are mountains of data to confirm mauricio ’ s hunch. economically disadvantaged children who take part in a high - quality pre - k program go on to do better academically. they ’ re less likely to need special education, less likely to repeat a grade, and more likely to graduate from high school. perhaps more important are the other ways they fare better : attending pre - k lowers their chances of becoming pregnant as a teen, abusing or neglecting their own children when they become parents, and winding up incarcerated or dependent on public benefits as an adult. the most dramatic illustration of these gains comes out of the perry preschool in ypsilanti, michigan. started in the early 1960s as an effort to improve the academic performance of low - income students, the perry program enrolled three - and four - year - olds who performed poorly on tests and had low iq scores. the early results were impressive. those who went through the half - day perry program had higher iqs when the program ended at age 5. the longer - term benefits were even more stunning. at age 14, there were moderate to large differences between the test scores of perry preschool kids and those who didn ’ t go through the program. at 27, they drank and smoked less. at 40, they were less likely to have been arrested and far outearned their peers. a cost - benefit analysis of perry provided incontrovertible evidence of the money that could be saved in the long term by working with such young kids. by the time the perry preschoolers reached age 27, every public dollar spent on their early education yielded a savings of $ 7. 16. but compelling as the perry study was, it was based on only 58 preschool students, and all were poor and african american. another well - studied preschool, the carolina abecedarian project in north carolina, had similarly impressive results but was also small and exclusively for poor children. as


was, it was based on only 58 preschool students, and all were poor and african american. another well - studied preschool, the carolina abecedarian project in north carolina, had similarly impressive results but was also small and exclusively for poor children. as the idea of universal pre - k began to grow around the country, its opponents homed in on the fact that the most clear - cut benefits had been for poor kids. since there hadn ’ t been large - scale studies of the long - term benefits of pre - k on middle - class kids, they argued, it wasn ’ t worth educating all four - year - olds in tight budgetary times. as governor of massachusetts, mitt romney used this logic when he vetoed a 2006 bill unanimously approved by the legislature that would have set up a statewide pre - k program. in 2002, bill gormley, a georgetown university professor, saw oklahoma ’ s program as an opportunity to study the impact of early education on all kids. because pre - k in oklahoma cost around $ 7, 500 per child — more than the national average but still far less than the intensive abecedarian and perry programs — he could measure the benefits of a four - year - old program with a more acceptable price tag. because oklahoma ’ s pre - k was not just high - quality but also delivered on a massive scale, he could address the question of whether it could do more than level the playing field for poor kids. the tulsa public school district, the largest in the state, offered an ideal place to get results from the statewide experiment. while there ’ s plenty of poverty in tulsa, more than 15 percent of students are middle - class. unlike most of the kids previously studied, tulsa ’ s population is multiracial, with almost equal numbers of white, african american, and hispanic kids, as well as a slightly smaller group of native americans. oklahoma law also requires that all children be evaluated when they enter kindergarten, so gormley was able to use those results to compare kids who had attended pre - k with those who hadn ’ t. the gains he found in 2002 - 2003 were among the biggest ever documented for a universal pre - k program. by the time they started kindergarten, pre - k kids were nine months ahead of their peers with the skills necessary for reading, like recognizing letters and being able to tell stories. they were seven months ahead in pre - writing, including the ability to hold a pencil, and five months ahead in counting and other pre - math skills. the four -


the skills necessary for reading, like recognizing letters and being able to tell stories. they were seven months ahead in pre - writing, including the ability to hold a pencil, and five months ahead in counting and other pre - math skills. the four - year - olds who had been through cap ’ s head start, as opposed to the regular state pre - k program in tulsa public schools, were equally ahead in math, though not quite as dramatically ahead when it came to early literacy. ( this is likely because head start, in addition to its academic goals, has a broader mission, including improving children ’ s health, establishing their sense of responsibility to society, and increasing their self - worth. ) the most impressive part was that the gains were throughout this entire population. though the poorest kids were helped the most, all of tulsa ’ s kids got a boost from pre - k. the case for universal pre - k ought to be closed. in oklahoma, it is. even as enthusiasm for the tea party has swept the state, the program has gained in popularity. oklahomans on both sides of the aisle take pride in being recognized as a national leader in early education. many rural school administrators regard the program as a lifeline because it helped them keep schools open even as the number of children in their districts diminished. regardless of their political stripe, most working parents here embrace pre - k as a superior alternative to day care. ironically, the rest of the country remains more conflicted about pre - k than rural, conservative oklahoma. though president barack obama has acknowledged universal pre - k as among the worthiest of public expenditures — he pledged funding for it back in the 2008 campaign and continues to sing its praises — he has done little to expand it in his first four years. this september, his administration established the center on enhancing early learning outcomes and is contributing $ 1. 4 million of federal funds per year to help it provide states with technical assistance on their pre - k programs. the president also used stimulus money to significantly expand head start and early head start, the federal programs that serve low - income kids from birth through age four. but these programs are within the administration for children and families, which focuses on social and economic well - being, rather than in the education system. most pre - k advocates want obama to fight harder to include early education within the department of education and leverage federal funds to encourage more state spending on pre - k programs. it ’ s not clear, though, that he ’ d succeed even if he did. many republicans


advocates want obama to fight harder to include early education within the department of education and leverage federal funds to encourage more state spending on pre - k programs. it ’ s not clear, though, that he ’ d succeed even if he did. many republicans oppose such an expansion — and some call for shutting down the education department altogether. “ they want as little federal involvement in education as possible, ” says steven barnett, director of the national institute for early education research. the bigger problem, though, may be convincing lawmakers in both parties to take the long view of pre - k. “ people always want me to tell them how quickly it ’ s going to pay off, because if we ’ re not going to save enough money in the first five years, then they don ’ t want to pay for it, ” barnett says. “ but the big payoff is when kids are older, when they have a job, are making money, are not in jail. ” even oklahoma ’ s big, well - studied program hasn ’ t been around long enough to document the full extent of the bang for the bucks invested. gormley ’ s research team at georgetown recently published a paper using data from tulsa to estimate that pre - k participation could boost a child ’ s future annual earnings enormously — by an average of $ 30, 548 for low - income kids and an average of $ 24, 610 for middle - class children. but that ’ s just a projection. oklahoma ’ s universal pre - k is only in its 15th year. it ’ ll be two decades or so before john kaykay and his classmates reach the point where they can be expected to assume financial responsibility and make their mark on the world. if the rest of the country waits that long to learn from oklahoma ’ s early - education model, another generation will be lost. you need to be logged in to comment. ( if there ' s one thing we know about comment trolls, it ' s that they ' re lazy )


ucil identified two uranium blocks named killung and rangam in west khasi hills district of meghalaya, with total reserves of 9. 22 million tones with rated capacity of 0. 375 mtpa. the project has acquired 351 ha of land for the establishment of mines, processing plant, dcda plant ( for h2so4 plant ), township and other facilities. both mining blocks will produce 9. 22 million tones of uranium ore and 62 million tones of waste materials ( overburden ) in 24 years. the killung block is divided into killung a and killung b and rangam block will mine separately as a single block. the executive summary is silent on whether all blocks will be operated simultaneously or will operate in stages. however, it seems that both blocks will be mined simultaneously because there are wide various in uranium percentage in the ores of killung a and killung b and rangam. location wise project is very sensitive because project is located in hilly terrain and receives very high rainfall. further, project site is an important watershed of various tributaries and rivers. therefore, estimation of silt load and erosion potential of an area is crucial, however the executive summary has failed to address this significant issue. executive summary is silent on quantity and quality of tailing wastes, the report states that tailing waste will be stored initially in tailing pond adjacent to plant and disposed off in mined out area along with overburden. this will commenced from the fifth year. according to the executive summary, processing plant and tailing ponds are located in the watershed of mawkhan river, which is a tributary of wah phodthra river. hence a potential risk of surface water contamination is high. moreover, executive summary is competently silent on the impacts of project on the watershed and also failed to highlight the safeguard strategies. the executive summary is also silent on quality, quantity and mode of disposal of wastewater from the process plant. executive summary has failed to provide information on the land use pattern of acquired land and landuse pattern in buffer zone such as forest cover, agricultural land, wasteland etc. the proposed uranium ore handling and its management seem very poor. the crusher will crush ore at the mine pit ; crushed ore will be transported continuously to the processing plant by the dumper after covering a distance of 5. 5 km. further, the crushed ore is proposed to store in open at the processing plant. hence, high radiation risk could be anticipated through air borne particles. further, multiple handling of ore, coupled with dump


governador valadares is a brazilian city in the state of minas gerais. in 2006, its population was 260, 405 inhabitants. it is an economical center of the middle valley of the rio doce, making a significant influence on the east and northeast of minas gerais and local authorities of the state of the espirito santo. governador valadares sits on the bank of the rio doce, 324 km from belo the main watercourse through the municipality is the doce river ( " rio doce " in portuguese ) whose basin ( of 83, 500 square kilometers ) is composed of 222 municipalities. nowadays its waters are very polluted, with little vegetation on its banks and depleted fish stocks. valadares is also a statistical micro - region including 25 municipalities : alpercata, campanario, capitao andrade, coroaci, divino das laranjeiras, engenheiro caldas, fernandes tourinho, frei inocencio, galileia, governador valadares, itambacuri, itanhomi, jampruca, marilac, mathias lobato, nacip raydan, nova modica, pescador, sao geraldo da piedade, sao geraldo do baixio, sao jose da safira, sao jose do divino, sobralia, tumiritinga, and virgolandia. its population ( 2006 ) was estimated by the ibge to be 407, 815 inhabitants in a total area of 11, the area around governador valadares was explored in colonial first expedition to reach the doce river was in 1573, leaving from seguro in bahia. only in the beginning of the nineteenth century was its colonization begun when in 1808 the portuguese government created military divisions in the in 1823, the d. manoel barracks was established, on the left bank of the doce, exactly at the point at which the river begins to be partially navigable as far as the sea. by the end of the nineteenth century, dom manuel the main river port on the doce, being a meeting place for muleteers and canoes that took products to the coast. only after the beginning of the twentieth century was the occupation of the territory accelerated, with the construction of the vitoria - minas railway in 1902. in 1925 the first electric plant was installed to serve the residences of the town. it was powered by steam. throughout its history govern


the twentieth century was the occupation of the territory accelerated, with the construction of the vitoria - minas railway in 1902. in 1925 the first electric plant was installed to serve the residences of the town. it was powered by steam. throughout its history governador valdares has had several - 1734 - arraial de porto de dom manuel - 1808 - porto das canoas - 1888 - santo antonio da figueira - 1889 – distrito de santo antonio do bonsucesso - 1923 - figueira in 1937 the municipality of figueira do rio doce was established, which then changed its name to governador valadares, who was the governor at the time. production and the intense trade in precious stones is the reason the " brazil gem show " takes place in the local authority every year : an event that consists of the commerce of precious stones with brazilians and foreign visitors governador valadares is the biggest city and commercial center of the eastern region of the state of minas gerais, having several cities in his area of influence, such as teofilo otoni and caratinga. at present, governador valadares is growing in industrial development, due to its strategic position, human resources and international reputation. it is a trade and industrial center. sawmills and food - processing plants are in the city, and mica are mined in the area. governador valadares is one of the most famous gem - trading centres in brazil. gem minerals. the golconda mine, one of the oldest in the city, attracts the curiosity of tourists and stone collectors from all over the world. the city is served by the railroad vitoria - minas, of the cvrd and by the highway rio - bahia ( br 116 ). it is also connected with the capital of the state by the br 381. the city is on the belo horizonte – vitoria railway and on the rio de janeiro – salvador highway. distances from major centers : the local airport is a category 3 airport, with a paved runway 1, 400 meters long. there are regular flights to belo paulo, rio de seguro, salvador, and vitoria. the city hosts of one of the stages of the brazilian championship of hang gliding being that the competitors get off the ibituruna ' s peak, where it is possible to catch sight of the whole region of the valley of the rio doce which bed is on the feet of the peak, and also it hosts several international championships of hang gliding, which


see also the dr. math faq : browse high school practical geometry stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. - cutting a circle out of a square [ 2 / 14 / 1996 ] what is the area ( to the nearest square centimeter ) of the largest circle that can be cut from a square piece of sheet metal 73cm. on each side? explain how you determined this. - cutting cake with geometry [ 2 / 4 / 1996 ] a cake is square when viewed from the top. height is unspecified. it is iced on top and the four vertical sides. how can the cake be divided in 5 pieces such that each piece has the same amount of cake and the same amount of icing? how can you minimize the number of cuts you have to make in the cake and still meet this target? alternatively, how can you minimize the total length of the cuts you make in the cake? - cutting carpet [ 9 / 9 / 1996 ] two pieces of carpet are to be used to cover a floor. you are allowed to make just one cut in one of the two pieces... - daylight hours and latitude [ 1 / 9 / 1995 ] how does the number of daylight hours on a given day of the year depend - depth of a tank [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] a tank 100 ' long and 10 ' wide holds 15, 000 cu. ft. of water... - designing and building a cone frustum [ 03 / 24 / 2004 ] i need help making making a pattern for a frustum shape to protect a large piece of equipment. how can i find the distance between the top and bottom arcs in a straight line? - determining an angle from side views [ 07 / 24 / 2002 ] in the end elevation of a drawing, a rod rises from point a at 32 degrees. in the side elevation, the same rod is seen rising from point a at 48 degrees. how do i work out at what angle to cut the end of the - determining cone ' s original dimensions from a slice [ 05 / 18 / 1999 ] given the inside and outside arc lengths and the thickness of a truncated cone, find the inner and outer radii and the angle. - determining length of material remaining on a roll [ 11 / 24 / 2003 ] is there a mathematical formula to determine the length of material on a roll, given the outside diameter of the core, the outside diameter of the whole roll, and the thickness of the material ( determined by a - earth ' s curvature [


/ 2003 ] is there a mathematical formula to determine the length of material on a roll, given the outside diameter of the core, the outside diameter of the whole roll, and the thickness of the material ( determined by a - earth ' s curvature [ 01 / 27 / 1997 ] how do you figure out the degree of curvature of the earth ' s surface? - ellipse geometry [ 08 / 09 / 1998 ] i wish to draw a line departing at a given angle from the long axis of an ellipse and bisecting the perimeter of the ellipse at right angles to the tangent at that point... - elliptical orbits in the solar system [ 05 / 22 / 2005 ] i want to have my students draw a scale model of the solar system that shows the orbits of the planets. assuming i have the apogee and perigee of each planet ' s orbit about the sun, they need to construct 9 ellipses with some degree of accuracy. what ' s the best way to go about - equation for an arch [ 09 / 09 / 1997 ] i am trying to draw an arch that will go in the ceiling of a building. the arch will be at a maximum height of 28 inches... - fabric left on a roll [ 03 / 15 / 2001 ] i am going to write a program for my ti - 83 + to calculate how many feet of material are left on a roll. - filling a garden with topsoil [ 2 / 5 / 1996 ] i have a garden that is 10 ' x 10 ' ( 100 square feet ). i want to add 6 " of topsoil to my garden. topsoil is sold by the cubic yard. how many cubic yards of topsoil will i need for my project? - filling cylindrical holes [ 05 / 18 / 1999 ] what volume of cement, in cubic yards, will fill 42 holes that have a 9 " diameter and are 4 ' deep? - finding a plane shape for a truncated cone [ 05 / 10 / 2000 ] what is the best way to cut a flat two - dimensional piece of sheet metal into a three - dimensional truncated cone? - finding miles per hour [ 03 / 06 / 2002 ] if a wheel is making 64. 2 revolutions per minute, how many miles per hour is it going? - finding the angle of solar collectors on a sloped roof [ 08 / 30 / 2008 ] i have solar collectors on my roof. they are mounted so that the base of each panel runs up the slope of the


miles per hour is it going? - finding the angle of solar collectors on a sloped roof [ 08 / 30 / 2008 ] i have solar collectors on my roof. they are mounted so that the base of each panel runs up the slope of the roof, and the panels themselves are mounted at an angle. i ' d like to know how to determine the various angles created by this situation. - finding the area of an irregular shape [ 01 / 03 / 2007 ] i need the area of a parcel of land with 5 sides. i know the lengths of the sides and the angles at the corners, but am not sure how to calculate the area. - finding the axes of an ellipse from a known cone [ 01 / 26 / 2001 ] i ' m trying to solve a specific situation regarding lighting when viewed as an oblique circular cone... - finding the center of a disk [ 12 / 13 / 2002 ] i need to find the center of a solid disk to bore a hole. - finding the circumference of a circle using its shadow [ 1 / 26 / 1996 ] i am attempting to find the circumference of a large sphere that is hanging 25 feet in the air. - finding the length of carpet left on a roll [ 09 / 25 / 2008 ] if i can see the end of a roll of carpet i can figure out the approximate square yardage by taking the inside circumference, the outside circumference and the number of total layers left, then calculating each layer. is there a formula i can apply to calculate the result directly? - finding the radial separation of a cd track spiral [ 10 / 04 / 2000 ] on audio cds a track of pits spirals outward from a radius of 25 mm to a radius of 58 mm. how can i calculate the radial separation of the pits? - finding the radius of a pipe [ 1 / 28 / 1996 ] a pipe has become bent and is no longer round. in order for me to correct the problem, i must build a brace to go around the pipe and true it up. however, until i can determine the radius of the pipe, a brace cannot be - finding the volume of a horizontal tank [ 2 / 13 / 1996 ] what is the formula for finding the volume of a horizontal cylinder? - find the diagonal of a rectangle [ 07 / 26 / 1997 ] we use a tape measure to square different things on the job site by measuring opposite corners... - fitting a picture to a frame [ 11 / 14


a horizontal cylinder? - find the diagonal of a rectangle [ 07 / 26 / 1997 ] we use a tape measure to square different things on the job site by measuring opposite corners... - fitting a picture to a frame [ 11 / 14 / 1996 ] i have a picture frame that needs to have twice as much border on the side of the picture as on the top. if the photo is half the area of the frame, how wide should the borders be? - flattening the frustum of a cone [ 10 / 15 / 2000 ] we are building a desk the front of which forms a section of a cone. we know the radius and chord length at the top and the floor. how do we generate a flat layout of this section? - foil wrapped around a spindle [ 12 / 17 / 1997 ] i have a problem in an engineering work environment. i need to know the length of foil ( l ) needed to generate the external diameter... - formula for laying out an arc [ 09 / 27 / 2002 ] i need a formula for laying out an arc using a known radius and distance from the chord to the arc at 90 degrees. - gas in a cylindrical tank with hemispheric caps [ 02 / 09 / 2010 ] doctor jeremiah uses calculus to calculate how much gas a large pill - shaped tank holds. - geometry unit on quilting [ 07 / 16 / 1997 ] do you have any information / units / lessons / curriculum ideas on quilting in - given octagon diameter, find side length [ 04 / 09 / 2003 ] if you have the diameter of an octagon, what formula gives you the length of the sides? - hole in a sphere [ 12 / 30 / 1996 ] when you bore a 6 inch cylindrical hole through the center of a sphere, what is the volume of the remaining solid? - horizontal gas tank content formula [ 01 / 17 / 1999 ] can you help me find a formula to measure the volume of gas left in a horizontal gas tank given the height of the gas and the dimensions of the - how many liters of water does a pool hold? [ 12 / 4 / 1995 ] a pool ' s surface forms a rectangle 25 meters long by 15 meters wide. the pool is 2 meters deep at the shallow end and the depth increases at the constant rate to four meters at the other end. how many liters of water will the pool hold? - how much carpet is left? [ 03 / 27 / 1999 ] we use rolled carpet in our


is there no possible way that it has a final digit? he even proved a stronger result, yes, loiville 1882 ( i believe ). not algebraic? it was not proven geometrical. it was proven based on an integration that produces as a result. geometrically, if we were drawing a circle, the ends must touch? ( even at the very small value level? ) here ' s my little conjecture ( since i don ' t know how to prove it and excel says it doesn ' t work, but after 200 terms i don ' t know how accurate excel can be ) this shows that the closer you get to infinity, the more decimal places will be in pi, but what if you reach infinity ( which you obviously can ' t do )? you would get infinite decimal places, and it would equal pi... does this mean that the ends of a circle do not touch at all? ( apart from at infinity ) how can you calculate that in excel?? the best i can get for calculating pi is doing the sum of about 100000 inverse squares! if pi has infinite decimal places then it must never be closed circle as there must be a space somewhere on the circle that is infinitely small and can not be filled. what i ' m thinking is usually hard to understand so think of it like this... pretend your drawing a circle with an incredibly fine pencil and your drawing of the circle is literally perfect. the diameter of the circle is 1cm so the circumference is pi. you start at a point and draw 3cm. the circle is not yet complete as there is 0. 14159.. cm left so you draw 0. 1cm but there ' s still 0. 0415926... cm left to draw! you get closer and closer but since pi has infinite decimal places ( that aren ' t all 0s ) you will never reach the starting point of the circle! i hope thats easy enough to follow! it ' s clear what you mean, but mathematically there ' s no problem and practically, there ' s no difference with other numbers. take a diameter of 1 / pi, then you have to draw the circle with circumference 1. you have your fine pencil and you start drawing, already at 0. 9, then 0. 95, then 0. 9997, then... stopping at exactly 1, isn ' t fysically / practially " easier " than stopping at pi. the circle is closed, because


at 0. 9, then 0. 95, then 0. 9997, then... stopping at exactly 1, isn ' t fysically / practially " easier " than stopping at pi. the circle is closed, because pi is what it is, it ' s not 3. 14 and not 3. 141592653, but pi. my mistake was assuming pi would be drawn from a meaurable point of view when really " it is what it is ". so in theory - no problem. pi has its value and thats the value in the ratio from diameter to circumference. however, on paper it can be a problem as if you draw a perfect closed circle ( ie. no errors in drawing it whatsoever ) there will always be an infinitesimally small gap! why still the gap? the paper doesn ' t know about real numbers, nor about our concept of ' meters '. the only problem which we practically encounter is our inability to draw so perfectly. for us, it ' s not harder / easier to draw a perfect 3 - 4 - 5 ( 5² = 3² + 4² ) right triangle, than to draw a 1, 1, sqrt ( 2 ) ( sqrt ( 2 ) ² = 1² + 2² ) right triangle, although this last one has a side which has an irrational number as length! a number is said to be constructable when we can using euclidean toys ( striaghtedge and compass ) construct. this is an algebra question but the important fact about the set of all constructable numbers is that. meaning the it contains all rational numbers. thus, what you need to show is that you cannot constuct and hence show it is irrational ( note, not transcendental! this does not show this ). the problem with this approach is that these concepts was purposely created to simplify construcability problems but we are going backwards meaning from this approach making more difficult.


news tagged with immune related topics : immune system immunity is a biological term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. immunity involves both specific and non - specific components. the non - specific components act either as barriers or as eliminators of wide range of pathogens irrespective of antigenic specificity. other components of the immune system adapt themselves to each new disease encountered and are able to generate pathogen - specific immunity. adaptive immunity is often sub - divided into two major types depending on how the immunity was introduced. naturally acquired immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, whereas artificially acquired immunity develops only through deliberate actions such as vaccination. both naturally and artificially acquired immunity can be further subdivided depending on whether immunity is induced in the host or passively transferred from a immune host. passive immunity is acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated t - cells from an immune host, and is short lived, usually lasts only a few months, whereas active immunity is induced in the host itself by antigen, and lasts much longer, sometimes life - long. the diagram below summarizes these divisions of immunity. this text uses material from wikipedia and is available under the gnu free documentation license. human breastmilk responds quickly to protect the child when there is an infection in mothers or babies, according to new international research led by the university of western australia. immunology 20 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 ( medical xpress ) — scientists at emory vaccine center have shown that an immune regulatory molecule called il - 21 is needed for long - lasting antibody responses in mice against viral infections. immunology 20 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | more than half of patients diagnosed with non - hodgkin lymphoma ( nhl ) are now surviving the disease thanks to improved diagnosis and treatment, according to a new report1 from cancer research uk. cancer 20 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0


" frederick, maryland - civil war crossroads " frederick by gentlespirit frederick travel guide : 72 reviews and 148 photos for a long time, frederick was a distant suburb of the washington dc metro area. gradually, a few major industries set up shop near the city and things have changed. prices tend to be somewhat cheaper in frederick county ( compared to montgomery county and fairfax county ), so a lot of people have come out this way seeking better value in housing. as you drive out to frederick from the nearer - in suburbs you will notice more green spaces, more farms. you are getting farther from the big city. frederick is the seat of frederick county, with a 2010 population of about 65, 000 ( seems small ). frederick is at the junction of several major highways and is reasonably well located in north - west maryland. it is 46 miles ( 74 km ) west from baltimore ( maryland ) 49 miles ( 79 km ) north and west of washington dc. frederick itself dates back to colonial times, being settled by german immigrants around 1745. later came the irish, until which time german was the main language spoken in the town. because of its location, frederick ( city ) was a crossroads during the civil war. three significant civil war battlefields are within 50 miles of city limits. frederick also served as major hospital center during the civil war. frederick county had two major civil war battles. one was the 1862 battle of south mountain and the 1864 battle of monocacy. being on the mason dixon line, frederick was taken over and re - conquered several times. not too far away you will find the antietam national battlefield, the site of the bloodiest single battle in the civil war. also fairly close by is gettysburg ( penn. ). - pros : artsy, nice old town, antique shopping - cons : not very good public transport connections - in a nutshell : great for civil war history north of frederick you can see the 38 mile catoctin mountain national scenic byway. this was established as a scenic... more travel advice i have to say that frederick county did a great job with this center. located in a remodelled warehouse, they put... more travel advice gentlespirit ' s related pages frederick travel guide member travel pages - " frederick : old - town america " - " frederick, md " - " frederick maryland " - " frederick, maryland - civil war crossroads " - " civil war town " - see all... - things to do in frederick - transportation


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claude lorrain ( claude gellee ) ( french, 1604 / 5? – 1682 ) pen and brown ink, brown wash over black chalk, heightened with white 11 13 / 16 x 17 1 / 2 in. ( 30 x 44. 4 cm ) purchase, the annenberg foundation gift, 1997 ( 1997. 156 ) this magnificent compositional study, which came to light in the late 1980s, stands out in claude ' s graphic oeuvre for its high degree of finish and detail. the biblical subject is set in an invented landscape animated by a diffuse naturalistic light. it was presumably made as a presentation drawing for francois bosquet, bishop of montpellier, who had commissioned from the artist a pendant to his sermon on the mount ( frick collection, new york ). the resulting painting, considered by claude to be his most beautiful, was later largely destroyed by fire ( a fragment survives at holkham hall, england ). claude here depicts the old testament story of queen esther, who went to the king ' s palace to implore mercy for her condemned people. as uninvited appearances before the king were forbidden under penalty of death, esther collapsed in fear as she neared his throne, a scene commonly depicted by baroque artists. by choosing instead the moment of esther ' s approach to the palace, which is not described in the biblical text, claude has shifted the focus from the clemency of the king to esther ' s act of bravery when its outcome was still unclear.


today ’ s interest in northern ontario ’ s ring of fire is similar in some ways. again there ’ s a frenzy over mineral riches in a remote area of canada. and, as in the great gold rush of yore, it ’ s largely over one mineral – in this case, chromite. but that ’ s where the similarities more or less end. for one thing, the word “ rush ” seems out - of - place in today ’ s regulated mining sector. anyone who wants to start mining at a particular site has regulatory hurdles to overcome and communities to consult. getting from the idea of a mine to an actual mine is a challenging, years - long process. still, there are many companies willing to endure that process in order to tap into the apparently great mineral wealth beneath the ring of fire ’ s surface of wetlands, rocks and trees. there are, after all, riches below the surface and considerable profits to be made. the ringthe ring of fire is a crescent - shaped area approximately 500 kilometres northeast of thunder bay, in the james bay lowlands north of the albany river. the attawapiskat river runs through some of it. predominantly muskeg, the ring is more than 5, 100 sq. km of land hitherto untouched by industry. wildlife in the region includes some species at risk – black terns, bald eagles, wolverines and woodland caribou among them. muskeg, birds and furry mammals aren ’ t what make the area so intriguing to miners, of course. the big attraction in this case is chromite, a dark iron chromium oxide that ’ s valued for its resistance to high temperatures. chromite is a key ingredient in the stainless steel that our pots and pans are made of. it ’ s also commonly used for protective coating of automobile parts. there is at present no chromite mine in north america. the sizable chromite deposits are vestiges of geological events that occurred 2. 7 billion years ago. magma containing chromium rose from the earth ’ s mantle and dissolved iron - rich rock in the crust. the result was crystallized chromite. the same thing, more or less, happened in many places on our planet, but for some reason it left especially rich deposits of chromite in the ring of fire. early in the current century, de beers canada ( which operates the victor diamond mine to the east ) found significant copper and zinc deposits there. subsequent exploration uncovered chromite deposits that rival those at


deposits of chromite in the ring of fire. early in the current century, de beers canada ( which operates the victor diamond mine to the east ) found significant copper and zinc deposits there. subsequent exploration uncovered chromite deposits that rival those at any location in south africa, the world ’ s leading producer. other minerals were also found, including nickel, gold and platinum - group metals. because it was a somewhat ring - shaped “ hot ” exploration region, and ( some say ) because a key player was a johnny cash fan, it was dubbed the ring of fire. the ontario government said in may 2012 that ohio - based cliffs natural resources is expected to spend more than $ 3 billion on getting chromite out of the ring and to market. that sum includes $ 1. 85 billion for a processing facility in sudbury. “ this is very, very important, not only for sudbury but for the entire province, ” then - minister of northern development and mines rick bartolucci said at a news conference in the nickel city. other companies are also keen on getting a piece of the ring. toronto - headquartered noront resources is focused on developing its eagle ’ s nest nickel - copper - pgm project in the area, as well as a high - grade chromite deposit dubbed blackbird. bold ventures, also out of toronto, has reached an agreement with kwg resources under which bold will operate exploration at koper lake and kwg will fund the exploration. dozens of other companies have staked thousands of claims. but the odyssey from exploration to mining won ’ t be smooth sailing. environmentalists, politicians and aboriginal groups have all expressed concern over mining companies ’ ring ambitions. challengesindeed, opposition politicians were quick to pounce on the fact that bartolucci ’ s sudbury news conference had no first nations representation. “ if first nations aren ’ t part of ( development ), it won ’ t be happening, ” norm miller, mpp for parry sound - muskoka, told the toronto star. “ you could also ask why was the federal government not part of ( the news conference ). there are federal and provincial reviews. there are still a lot of challenges going forward … despite it sounding like the ground was being broken today. ” noting that the all - weather road cliffs wants to build from the town of nakina to its black thor ( mcfaulds lake ) project would run through sensitive wildlands, a leading conservation group said the plan lacked proper assessment of environmental impacts. “ the most important decision is the


cliffs wants to build from the town of nakina to its black thor ( mcfaulds lake ) project would run through sensitive wildlands, a leading conservation group said the plan lacked proper assessment of environmental impacts. “ the most important decision is the location of infrastructure. where, how much, and what? these are questions we needed ontario to ask, ” said janet sumner of cpaws wildland league. communities in the ring of fire ’ s vicinity include webequie and nibinamik ( summer beaver ) first nations to the west, marten falls first nation to the south, and neskantaga first nation to the southwest. all are members of matawa first nations, and they are remote reserves lacking road access. in january 2011 matawa named raymond ferris, former chief of constance lake first nation, as its ring of fire coordinator responsible for seeing that member communities participate in and benefit from ring development. first nations see mining as a provider of jobs and development in reserves with extremely high unemployment and vexing social problems that include high rates of drug addiction and youth suicide. they also recognize the social benefit of a road finally connecting them to the outside world, and for that reason marten falls wants the road rerouted to hook up with its 300 residents. but matawa first nations are also concerned about water pollution and other impacts on the area ’ s ecology. “ we know we ’ re going to get some benefits once they start development, ” marten falls chief eli moonias told the canadian press last year. “ we know that in some ways we ’ ll be involved as well. the issue is the environment. ” moonias said a road connection could help marten falls improve its drinking - water situation by enabling easier access for experts and suppliers who could help fix the reserve ’ s water - quality problems. marten falls ’ drinking - water supply is in need of major repair. the province signalled its keen interest in seeing development move forward by creating a ring of fire secretariat within the ministry of northern development and mines. the federal government has designated treasury board president tony clement as its point man for progress in the area. cliffs aims to begin production at the black thor deposit by late 2016 even though the company ’ s president and ceo, joseph carrabba, told analysts last october that cost pressures and other factors could push the start to 2017. “ right now, the target remains 2016 and it ’ s a schedule that ’ s got some risk of slippage, ” cliffs senior vice - president bill boor told a


last october that cost pressures and other factors could push the start to 2017. “ right now, the target remains 2016 and it ’ s a schedule that ’ s got some risk of slippage, ” cliffs senior vice - president bill boor told a sudbury chamber of commerce luncheon audience in early november. factors that could delay production include environmental assessment processes and trying to reach working agreements with first nations. boor said discussions with first nations are progressing but “ we need to move the relationship to the point where they ’ re willing to work with us in this project. we ’ re not asking them to agree with the project. we ’ re asking them to work with us to figure it out. and we do need a bit of breakthrough there. ” in an email to this author, cliffs public affairs representative jennifer mihalcin said the company must “ finalize a definitive deal ” with ontario before it can begin the construction phase of its ferrochrome project. although that deal was not yet done as of march 2013, and despite the political uncertainties associated with an impending provincial election, she reiterated the company ’ s expectation that black thor operations will “ commence at the end of 2016. ” in an interview with the financial post, noront ’ s then - ceo wes hanson said noront could conceivably begin commercial production at eagle ’ s nest by 2016 or 2017. he said noront would use the road cliffs wants built and pay for road use in proportion to how much freight it hauls down the route. he explained that noront was planning to produce 150, 000 tonnes of concentrate annually while cliffs was planning to produce about 20 times as much. in short, there ’ s still much work to be done before anyone gets rich on the ring of fire.


in an 18 july 1952 letter, martin luther king wrote to his future wife, coretta scott, about his beliefs as a minister and proclaimed : ‘ ‘ let us continue to hope, work, and pray that in the future we will live to see a warless world, a better distribution of wealth, and a brotherhood that transcends race or color. this is the gospel that i will preach to the world ’ ’ ( papers 6 : 126 ). as a self - described ‘ ‘ advocator of the social gospel, ’ ’ king ’ s theology was concerned ‘ ‘ with the whole man, not only his soul but his body, not only his spiritual well - being, but his material well - being ’ ’ ( papers 6 : 72 ; papers 5 : 422 ). his ministry built upon the social gospel of the protestant church at the turn of the twentieth century and his own family ’ s practice of preaching on the social conditions of parishioners. the early social gospel movement emerged during the rapidly industrializing american society following the civil war. recognizing the injustices of ‘ ‘ triumphant capitalism, ’ ’ some progressive ministers prescribed a large dose of ‘ ‘ practical christianity ’ ’ to right these wrongs and directly address the social needs of the era ( hopkins, 121 ). one of the most prominent was walter rauschenbusch, a german - american who pastored a church in the hell ’ s kitchen district of new york in the late nineteenth century. in christianity and the social crisis, rauschenbusch traced the social gospel back to the lives of the hebrew prophets. he stated that rather than ritualistic ceremonies, the prophets ‘ ‘ insisted on a right life as the true worship of god ’ ’ ( rauschenbusch, 5 ). this ‘ ‘ right life ’ ’ included the belief that ‘ ‘ social problems are moral problems on a large scale ’ ’ ( rauschenbusch, 6 ). king read christianity and the social crisis at crozer theological seminary and wrote that its message ‘ ‘ left an indelible imprint on my thinking by giving me a theological basis for the social concern which had already grown up in me ’ ’ ( papers 4 : 474 ). social gospel proponent henry emerson fosdick, popular pastor of new york ’ s riverside church during the 1930s and 1940s, was an early influence on king ’ s preaching. fosdick felt that a church ‘ ‘ that pretends to care for the souls of people but is not interested in the slums that damn them


’ s riverside church during the 1930s and 1940s, was an early influence on king ’ s preaching. fosdick felt that a church ‘ ‘ that pretends to care for the souls of people but is not interested in the slums that damn them, the city government that corrupts them, the economic order that cripples them, and international relationships that, leading to peace or war, determine the spiritual destiny of innumerable souls ’ ’ would receive divine condemnation ( fosdick, 25 ). he also emphasized that ‘ ‘ the saving of society does depend on things which only high, personal religion can supply ’ ’ ( fosdick, 38 ). king ’ s family put him on a social gospel path, one that had already been cleared by his grandfather, a. d. williams, and father, king, sr. williams, who was minister of ebenezer baptist church at the turn of the twentieth century, helped form the georgia equal rights league in february 1906, and was a founding member of atlanta ’ s branch of the national association for the advancement of colored people. king, sr., succeeded williams at ebenezer and, in a 1940 address to the atlanta missionary baptist association, he envisioned a ‘ ‘ time when every minister will become a registered voter and a part of every movement for the betterment of our people ’ ’ ( papers 1 : 34 ). in his unpublished 1973 autobiography, king, sr., asserted that his ministry was never ‘ ‘ solely oriented toward life and death. it has been equally concerned with the here and now, with improving man ’ s lot in this life. i have therefore stressed the social gospel ’ ’ ( ‘ ‘ a black rebel ’ ’ ). other influences on king ’ s social gospel included morehouse college president and minister benjamin mays, who regularly spoke against segregation in tuesday morning chapel at the college during king ’ s years there. he chastised both african americans who favored a gradualist approach to civil rights and whites who did not ‘ ‘ want democracy to function in certain areas : especially in areas that involve negroes ’ ’ ( mays, ‘ ‘ three great fears ’ ’ ). king ’ s studies of reinhold niebuhr ’ s writings at crozer and boston university tempered his belief in the social gospel ’ s typical confidence in liberal theology and its reliance on human agency as a primary force for change. ‘ ‘ while i still believed in man ’ s potential for good, niebuhr made me realize his potential for evil as well


the social gospel ’ s typical confidence in liberal theology and its reliance on human agency as a primary force for change. ‘ ‘ while i still believed in man ’ s potential for good, niebuhr made me realize his potential for evil as well, ’ ’ king later recalled ( king, stride, 99 ). he also appreciated niebuhr ’ s assertion that ‘ ‘ the glaring reality of collective evil ’ ’ was one explanation for racial hatred ( king, stride, 99 ). king arrived as pastor at dexter avenue baptist church still ‘ ‘ a firm believer in what is called the ‘ social gospel ’ ’ ’ ( papers 6 : 141 ). king tied this faith to the nonviolent protest that characterized the montgomery bus boycott, noting that ‘ ‘ christ furnished the spirit and motivation ’ ’ for the boycott ( papers 5 : 423 ). king took to task those churches that separated the secular realities of daily life from spiritual needs. his vision of the church ’ s role in social concerns was based on the early church ’ s identity, in his mind, as an institution that shaped social mores and conditions. king believed that god would harshly judge the church ’ s apathy on these matters and, conversely, praise those clergy who would take public stands on issues confronting their parishioners ’ everyday lives. king remained a proponent of the social gospel despite the many setbacks the civil rights movement suffered in the later 1960s. in a speech delivered the day before his death, king asserted that ‘ ‘ somehow the preacher must have a kind of fire shut up in his bones, and whenever injustice is around he must tell it ’ ’ ( king, ‘ ‘ i ’ ve been, ’ ’ 213 ). fosdick, hope of the world, 1933. hopkins, rise of the social gospel, 1940. introduction, in papers 1 : 1, 10, 14, 34, 38. introduction, in papers 6 : 2. king, ‘ ‘ accepting responsibility for your actions, ’ ’ 26 july 1953, in papers 6 : 139 – 142. king, ‘ ‘ i ’ ve been to the mountaintop, ’ ’ in call to conscience, eds. carson and shepard, 2001. king, ‘ ‘ letter from birmingham jail, ’ ’ in why we can ’ t wait, 1964. king, ‘ ‘ my pilgrimage to nonviolence, ’ ’ 1 september 1958, in papers 4 : 473 – 481. king, ‘ ‘ pilgrimage to nonviolence, ’ ’ 13 april 1960, in papers 5 : 419 –


the first scene was on the earth. here is an important faq from imdb, where it clearly states : there is no definite answer. it could very well be earth in the early stages of life, possibly sometime after the extinction of the dinosaurs ( the meteor which was responsible actually resulted in a mass extinction of nearly all life on the planet ; the engineers could have chosen earth as it was a planet capable of supporting life, and maybe saw the creation of humanity as a way to " heal " the damage ). however, there is no indication that it is specifically earth. it could very well be another planet, as it is suggested that the engineers created other life besides humans. another site stated supporting it was earth : our theory : what we are seeing in the beginning is the creation of earth. the giant ship ( which is different from the ring - shaped one we see later in the film, weirdly ) has landed on earth to drop off the engineer so that he can terraform the planet and make it sustainable for life. we think he drinks the black goo to break down his own structure and spread life on earth through his own dna, but that doesn ’ t really explain his surprise while he ’ s disintegrating ( and if the engineers do have the same dna as us, it ’ s hard to say why the engineers had to be broken down in order to create humanity ) the prometheus forum also states it is earth showed in the first scene. the engineer basically killed himself by drinking that stuff, which broke down his body and allowed his dna to be dispersed and then ( as per the film ) this kick started life on earth. as far as the same landscape is concerned you can see there is are touches of " slight greenery " in the first scene, whereas when prometheus was entering the planet, no such greenery could be seen! also water was present in the first scene, whereas no signs of water was there before entering the cave in prometheus. the planet was full of rocks, sands and all. no signs of life was there. this makes the two landscapes different. however filming was done on the earth only. so there can be some symmetries ; ) slight greenery in starting scene greenery as well as water in the first scene


bakers and basques a social history of bread in mexico publication year : 2012 mexico city ’ s colorful panaderias ( bakeries ) have long been vital neighborhood institutions. they were also crucial sites where labor, subsistence, and politics collided. from the 1880s well into the twentieth century, basque immigrants dominated the bread trade, to the detriment of small mexican bakers. by taking us inside the panaderia, into the heart of bread strikes, and through government halls, robert weis reveals why authorities and organized workers supported the so - called spanish monopoly in ways that countered the promises of law and ideology. he tells the gritty story of how class struggle and the politics of food shaped the state and the market. more than a book about bread, bakers and basques places food and labor at the center of the upheavals in mexican history from independence to the aftermath of the mexican revolution. published by : university of new mexico press download pdf ( 49. 1 kb ) download pdf ( 33. 8 kb ) download pdf ( 52. 4 kb ) financial support for the research and writing of this book came from the university of california institute for mexico and the united states ( uc mexus ), the reed smith fellowship, the uc davis history department, the jarena d. wright scholarship, the uc davis hemispheric institute on the americas,... download pdf ( 958. 8 kb ) a young bakery worker, maybe ten years old, appears in a photograph from 1930. he stands in the passage that divides the retail section of the panaderia ( bakery ) from the workroom in back. thin and dark, he is dressed in an apron and cloth hairnet and looks at the camera somewhat timidly out of the corner of his eye,... 1 : “ zelo y desvelo ” : the bread monopoly and late colonial market reforms download pdf ( 103. 6 kb ) a black slave, owned by hernan cortes, allegedly planted mexico ’ s first wheat after he found three grains at the bottom of a rice sack. a single grain yielded 180 ; soon, wrote the sixteenth - century chronicler francisco lopez de gomara, “ there was infinite wheat. ” cortes established the santo domingo mill... 2 : “ a system that offends the hands of brothers ” : small bakers and the free market in independent mexico download pdf ( 133. 6 kb ) the leaders of independent mexico explicitly followed the late bourbon model of free market with limited government oversight.


“ a system that offends the hands of brothers ” : small bakers and the free market in independent mexico download pdf ( 133. 6 kb ) the leaders of independent mexico explicitly followed the late bourbon model of free market with limited government oversight. they continued the search for a balance between releasing the supposedly innate dynamism of competition and curbing the equally innate greed of merchants and producers.... 3 : “ an uncle in america ” : chain migration and the spanish monopoly download pdf ( 1003. 6 kb ) few spaniards took part in the “ invasion of pastry chefs ” of the 1850s. but a decade later, immigrants from northern spain, particularly the basque province of navarre, slowly began to arrive in mexico city and venture into the bread trade. by the 1890s, they had become owners of most of the city ’ s panaderias.... 4 : “ dough kneaded with blood ” download pdf ( 1. 1 mb ) gendarme no. 905 was at his downtown post near the plazuela aguilita around 11 : 30 p. m. when he heard a tremendous crash and a voice calling for help. he ran down the street and entered la florida, the flour mill that pedro albaitero and jose arrache had established the year before.... 5 : “ we have no bread ” : hunger, opportunity, and war download pdf ( 1. 0 mb ) at the high point of the revolution ’ s violence, in fall of 1915, coronel ignacio c. enriquez, interim president of mexico city, ordered his subaltern pablo des georges to take the next day ’ s train to san andres chalchicomula, puebla, where he was to pick up four thousand cargas ( around 710 tons )... 6 : the bakers ’ revolution download pdf ( 151. 5 kb ) the bakers ’ revolution began in 1915, when the civil war brought the worst misery on the city, five years after the initial outbreak of violence in other parts of the country. it was no accident that bakers formed their union while residents were suffering hunger. workers, who felt the crisis disproportionately,... 7 : unionists, tlalchicholes, and canasteros download pdf ( 938. 7 kb ) the spanish monopoly had proven itself to be an essential partner of the governments that emerged in the revolution and its aftermath. hunger coincided with the brutal factional battles, and the government ’ s ability


the wonders of astronomy in a comfortableseat regardless of the time of day — or the weather! 25 may - 2 jun 2013 until 24 may 2013 on friday 10 may, australia will be treated to a special solar eclipse. comets lemmon and panstarrs together in the south. celebrating pluto day. a close encounter with 2012 da14. remembering the crew of columbia bushfire at one of australia ' s top astronomy research centres. answers to common astronomy questions. a monthly series that provides a guide to the stars and constellations. view 2013 moon phases or choose another year from the menu at left. time for the sun, moon and five bright planets as seen from melbourne. years 3 - 8 : this package supports year 3 - 8 school groups who are studying astrono... saturn is the pick of the planets this month, looking lovel... our annual discover the night sky evenings will be running thursday nights in august 2013. you can subscribe to skynotes to keep up to date with the plane... to read the latest tweets from @ museumvictoria follow planetarium on our living climate is one of four shows currently running at the planetarium - the others are called tilt, tycho to the moon, and black holes : journey...


a chord does not have to be made up of thirds. a chord is by definition two or more notes heard as if sounded simultaneously. not all chords have three notes either. there are dyads ( two notes ), triads ( three ), tetrachords ( four ), pentachords ( five ), and hexachords ( six ). there ' s no limit on the number of notes, and also, by definition, there ' s no limits on which notes. c - e - g is a chord. d - e - f - c is a chord. however, the most common triads are the major, minor, augmented, and diminished ( there is also the suspended ). all of these are composed of a root, a third, and a fifth ( except the suspended, which uses the root, perfect fourth and perfect fifth ). so, now to your question, why thirds? first, realize there are two types of thirds : the major and the minor. the major consists of four semitones and the minor three semitones. quoting wikipedia : the major third is classed as an imperfect consonance and is considered one of the most consonant intervals after the unison, octave, perfect fifth, and perfect fourth. in the common practice period, thirds were considered interesting and dynamic consonances along with their inverses the sixths. after the major third became established as such, it become pretty standard. every classical piece makes use of it in some way. the other reason the major third is so widely used is that it is found in the harmonic series ( between the fourth and fifth ). early brass ( e. g., posthorn, natural trumpet ) had no valves or slides and were limited to the harmonic series. this encouraged use of and familiarity with the major third. however, i ' d say the most important of all these reasons is the first. it is highly consonant. the minor third has the same level of consonance as the major third, but is found higher up in the harmonic series ( between fifth and sixth ). also, there are many common transposing instruments which sound a minor third higher or lower form where they are written. for example, the eb clarinet and the eb trumpet both sound a minor third higher than written. the oboe d ' amore, popular in the eighteenth and twentieth centuries, and the soprano clarinet in a sound a minor third higher than written. of these reasons, i ' d say the first ( again ) is the most


florida is an important place for the endangered and threatened sea turtles of the world. sea turtles nest on our beaches, forage for food in our estuaries, and all too often wash - up dead on our shoreline. florida fish and wildlife conservation commission staff are dedicated to protecting sea turtles in florida and learning as much as possible about the biology and life history of these the unusually long spell of cold weather in florida in january 2010 has had a big impact on sea turtles. the fwc has been working with staff from county, state, and federal agencies as well as numerous volunteers on a mass rescue effort for sea turtles throughout the five species of sea turtles are found swimming in florida ' s waters and nesting on florida ' s beaches. all sea turtles found in florida are protected under state statutes. the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission ' s fish and wildlife research institute coordinates nesting beach survey programs around the state. fwri staff members coordinate the florida sea turtle stranding and salvage network ( flstssn ), which is responsible for gathering data on dead or debilitated ( i. e., stranded ) sea turtles found in florida. debilitated turtles are rescued and transported to fwri marine turtle program staff conduct research on the distribution, abundance, life histories, ecology, migrations, and threats to marine turtles in florida and contiguous western atlantic and caribbean waters. illegal harvesting, habitat encroachment, and pollution are only some of the things sea turtles must fight against to stay alive. researchers at fwri are studying these threats and finding ways to help the population survive.


yogurt, a fermented dairy food, has been around for thousands of years and is an important part of the diet in the middle east, asia, russia and eastern european countries, such as bulgaria. the beneficial bacteria in yogurt, also known as probiotics, improve your body ’ s ability to absorb essential nutrients, particularly calcium. yogurt is also a potent inflammation - fighter, with well - documented curative effects for the pain and stiffness of arthritis, making it an important part of the arthritis healing diet. 1. yogurt blocks inflammation. people with arthritis should eat yogurt often because it blocks inflammation. a study in the world journal of gastroenterology found that the probiotics in yogurt trigger a decrease in c - reactive protein ( crp ), a blood marker for inflammation that can go sky high in people with arthritis. even more compelling, researchers noted that the bacteria strains lactobacillus and propionibacterium exert an especially strong effect on crp. this means that certain beneficial bacteria have “ strain - specific ” anti - inflammatory abilities, so look for yogurt that contains these two when shopping. the same study found that yogurt ’ s beneficial bacteria caused a reduction in the body ’ s production of cytokines, body chemicals that turn on the inflammation response in joints. for more scientific studies on probiotics go to : http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. go / pubmed 2. calcium is critical for joint health. ounce for ounce, yogurt contains more assimilable calcium than an equal amount of milk. calcium is an essential mineral for bone and cartilage health. just 1 cup of plain nonyogurt provides 414 mg of calcium — 25 % more than the same amount of nonfat milk. on top of that, the milk sugar ( lactose ) in yogurt has been predigested by beneficial bacteria, which greatly improves calcium absorption. bottom line? eating yogurt regularly is vital for everyone with arthritis. more calcium also makes weight loss easier, giving relief to over - stressed joints. a study published in the american journal of clinical nutrition, found that eating a diet high in calcium boosts fat burning in the body. women aged 18 - 30 whose weight was normal were put on either a high - calcium or a low - calcium meal plan for a full year. the high - calcium women took in 1000 - 1400 mg of calcium


boosts fat burning in the body. women aged 18 - 30 whose weight was normal were put on either a high - calcium or a low - calcium meal plan for a full year. the high - calcium women took in 1000 - 1400 mg of calcium daily from food sources, while the low - calcium group got less than 800 mg calcium daily. results? the high - calcium group burned fat at 20 times the rate of the low - calcium group! this is a testament to calcium ’ s fat - burning power and its importance for people with arthritis. 3. not all yogurts are arthritis - friendly. steer clear of any yogurt containing sugar, artificial sweeteners, artificial coloring, candy and cookie pieces. these bear little resemblance to real yogurt. most also have been pasteurized, which kills the live bacteria, rendering the yogurt ineffective in treating arthritis. when shopping, read yogurt labels carefully. look for organic yogurt with labels marked “ living active cultures ” or “ live active cultures. ” some of the most beneficial bacteria to look for include l. bulgaricus, b. bifidus, l. casei, l. rhamnosus and l. reuteria. if you find plain yogurt to be too sour for your taste, just add a little fresh fruit, cinnamon and ground flaxseed for a sweet, healthful and delicious meal or snack any time of day.


is participation in adult learning increasing? adult education activities are formal activities including basic skills training, apprenticeships, work - related courses, personal interest courses, english as a second language ( esl ) classes, and part - time college or university degree programs. this indicator examines the participation rates of individuals age 16 or older in adult education activities. overall participation in adult education among individuals age 16 or older increased from 40 percent in 1995 to 46 percent in 2001 and then declined to 44 percent in 2005. in 2005, among the various types of adult education activities, individuals age 16 or older participated most in work - related courses ( 27 percent ), followed by personal interest courses ( 21 percent ), part - time college or university degree programs ( 5 percent ), and other activities ( 3 percent ). participation rates varied by sex, age, race / ethnicity, employment / occupation, and education in 2005. for example, a greater percentage of females than males participated in personal interest courses ( 24 vs. 18 percent ) and work - related activities ( 29 vs. 25 percent ). individuals ages 16 – 24 had a higher overall participation rate in adult education activities than their counterparts age 55 or older. blacks and whites had higher rates of overall participation in adult education than their hispanic peers. among those employed in the past 12 months, the overall participation rate in adult education was higher for those in a professional or managerial occupation ( 70 percent ) than for those employed in service, sales, or support jobs ( 48 percent ) or those in trade occupations ( 34 percent ). in addition, the overall participation rate in adult education for bachelor ’ s degree recipients or higher was greater than for those individuals who had some college or less education. source : u. s. department of education, national center for education statistics. ( 2007 ). the condition of education 2007 ( nces 2007 - 064 ), indicator 10. related tables and figures : ( listed by release date ) other resources : ( listed by release date )


october 9th is the 50th anniversary of the death of pope pius xii. although his memory has been shrouded in controversy over his actions, or lack thereof, during the second world war and specifically during the holocaust, he is also remembered for his many encyclicals and messages that laid the groundwork for future developments within the catholic church. his encyclicals on the mystical body of christ and the renewal of biblical studies, both published in 1943, provided inspiration for a more biblically - based ecclesiology and for a scientifically critical study of sacred scripture, both of which had a major influence on the second vatican council, convened two decades later by his successor, john xxiii. in 1947 pius xii issued yet another encyclical on liturgical renewal, followed almost a decade later by his full - scale reform of the holy week liturgies. both of these also fed into vatican ii, which promoted the active participation of the laity in the church ’ s worship. earlier, in 1944, with the war still raging, the pope issued a christmas message on democracy and the need for a lasting peace. reading that message today, one is struck by its florid style. what was unprecedented at the time, however, was its near - endorsement of democracy as the form of government best suited to insure justice for all. the call for “ democracy and more democracy, ” he wrote, “ cannot have any other meaning than to place the citizen ever more in the position to hold his own opinion, to express it and to make it prevail in a fashion conducive to the common good ” ( para. 20 ). nearly a half - century later, pope john paul ii gave voice to the catholic church ’ s strongest support for democracy thus far. in his 1991 encyclical centesimus annus, marking the one - hundredth anniversary of leo xiii ’ s landmark encyclical rerum novarum, john paul ii wrote : “ the church values the democratic system inasmuch as it ensures the participation of citizens in making political choices, guarantees to the governed the possibility both of electing and holding accountable those who govern them, and of replacing them through peaceful means when appropriate ” ( n. 46 ). those values are tested regularly in democratic elections held at various levels and intervals. indeed, the united states is currently in the midst of a campaign to elect a new president and vice president. like the pontificate of pius xii, the campaign is shrouded in controversy


regularly in democratic elections held at various levels and intervals. indeed, the united states is currently in the midst of a campaign to elect a new president and vice president. like the pontificate of pius xii, the campaign is shrouded in controversy. the candidate for vice president on the republican ticket, governor sarah palin of alaska, is what we used to refer to as a “ fallen - away ” catholic. baptized and raised as a catholic, she began attending a pentecostalist church as a teenager and later joined, and retains active membership in, a fundamentalist bible church in wasilla, alaska, where she formerly served as mayor. she may, however, escape criticism from the vocal group of bishops who tend to be more upset with practicing catholic candidates like governor palin ’ s counterpart on the democratic ticket, senator joseph biden of delaware. they disparage him as pro - choice on the issue of abortion, and therefore pro - abortion, because he does not favor the path of criminalization. in a recent interview on “ meet the press ” ( 9 / 7 / 08 ), senator biden made clear that he accepted the teaching of the catholic church that human life begins at the moment of conception. but he also pointed out that this is a “ religiously - based view, ” a matter of faith, not scientific evidence that every reasonable person would have to accept. senator biden noted that many american citizens – protestants, jews, muslims, and others – have a different view, even though they “ believe in god as strongly as i do. they ’ re intensely as religious as i am.... for me to impose that judgment ( of faith ) on everyone else who is equally and maybe even more devout than i am seems to me is inappropriate in a pluralistic society. ” when tom brokaw, the interviewer, asked why senator biden had voted for abortion rights, biden objected. he said that he had voted against “ curtailing the right, criminalizing abortion. i voted, ” he continued, “ against telling everyone else in the country that they have to accept my religiously - based view that ( life begins at the ) moment of conception. ” he pointed out that he has not voted in favor of public funding of abortion “ because that flips the burden. that ’ s then telling me that i have to accept a different view. ” what we all need to do, he said, is “ reduce considerably the amount of abortions... by providing the care,


in addition to the above types of problems, considerable research is directed to basic questions such as, do we understand how quasars form and evolve? can we connect theories of galaxy and black hole formation with the observations of quasars at high redshift and the incidence of black holes in galaxies at low redshift? here i mention briefly some recent theoretical work that demonstrates progress in our understanding of quasars and ties in with present and future observational work. haiman, madau, and loeb ( 1998 ) point out that the scarcity of quasars at z > 3. 5 in the hubble deep field implies that the formation of quasars in halos with circular velocities less than 50 km / s is suppressed ( on the assumption that black holes form with constant efficiency in cold dark matter halos ). they note that the next generation space telescope should be able to detect the epoch of formation of the earliest quasars. cavaliere and vittorini ( 1998 ) note that the observed form for the evolution of the space density of quasars can be understood at early times when cosmology and the processes of structure formation provide material for accretion onto central black holes as galaxies assemble. quasars then turn off at later times because interaction with companions cause the accretion to diminish. haehnelt, natarajan, and rees ( 1998 ) show that the peak of quasar activity occurs at the same time as the first deep potential wells form. the press - schechter approach provides a way to estimate the space density of dark matter halos. but the space density of z = 3 quasars is less than 1 % that of star - forming galaxies, which implies the quasar lifetime is much less than a hubble time. for an assumed relation between quasar luminosity and timescale and the eddington limit, it is possible to connect the observed quasar luminosity density with dark matter halos and the numbers of black holes in nearby galaxies. the apparently large number of local galaxies with black holes implies that accretion processes for quasars are inefficient in producing blue light.


repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rtms ) is a new tool to study brain function and is being investigated as a treatment modality for depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. 1, 2 to perform rtms, a powerful electromagnetic coil is placed on the scalp. the coil produces a rapidly changing focal magnetic field that induces an electrical current that depolarizes neurons. because the magnetic field produced by the coil decreases exponentially with distance, 3 only superficial structures are directly stimulated. currently in most rtms applications, rtms is dosed for each individual according to the amount of stimulation required to cause contraction of the contralateral ( right extremity ) abductor pollicis brevis. this is called the motor threshold ( mt ), and it is commonly expressed as a percentage of the total magnetic pulse capable for each machine. surprisingly, despite more than a decade of research now using tms as a tool to investigate the motor system, the relationship between the motor threshold for each individual and the distance from the individual ' s scalp to cortex is not well understood. because the motor threshold is inexpensively determined and appears to relate to seizure risk, 4 most studies using tms over nonmotor regions such as the prefrontal cortex have stimulated with the intensity determined by the motor threshold over motor cortex. an untested assumption is made that the motor cortex variables apply to the prefrontal cortex. initial open studies5 — 7 and later crossover8, 9 and now double - blind parallel studies10 all suggest that rtms has antidepressant properties. not all studies have been positive. 11 for example, psychotically depressed patients appear not to respond to rtms as currently applied. 12 moreover, in all studies, older subjects have not responded as well as younger subjects. 7, 13 imaging studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex atrophies with age in depressed subjects. 14, 15 accordingly, the trend of nonresponse in elderly patients in the tms antidepressant trials prompted us to wonder if the degree of brain atrophy, particularly prefrontal, might play a role in the relative nonresponse in older depressed subjects. we thus carried out the following magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) study in adult depressed subjects participating in a parallel - design randomized placebo - controlled trial of left prefrontal rtms for the treatment of depression. ( for full details of this clinical trial, see nahas et al. 10 ) thirty - two depressed adults enrolled in


participating in a parallel - design randomized placebo - controlled trial of left prefrontal rtms for the treatment of depression. ( for full details of this clinical trial, see nahas et al. 10 ) thirty - two depressed adults enrolled in a 2 - week double - blind placebo - controlled trial. two subjects who had been randomized to receive active rtms did not tolerate the procedure and dropped out after fewer than three treatments. they were excluded from final analysis. prior to treatment, all subjects had an mri scan of the head. one subject could not tolerate the initial mri scan. included for this mri study, therefore, were 29 patients ( 11 men ) who met dsm - iv criteria for either major depressive disorder ( n = 21 ; 7 men ) or bipolar disorder — most recent episode depressed ( n = 8 ; 4 men ). they were randomized into one of three cells, in each of which the subjects received 10 days of prefrontal stimulation over 2 weeks. the cells and the subject means ( ±sd ) for hamilton depression score ( ham - d ) and years of age were as follows : high frequency ( active, 20 hz, n = 12 ; ham - d = 30±5. 86, age = 42. 6±14 ) ; low frequency ( active, 5 hz, n = 8 ; ham - d = 26. 3±5. 98, age = 42. 4±7 ) ; and placebo ( n = 9 ; ham - d = 23. 8±4. 1, age = 48. 5±8. 8 ). following full explanation of the procedures, all subjects signed a written informed consent document according to the declaration of helsinki and as approved by the medical university of south carolina institutional review board and the u. s. food and drug administration devices section. subjects were free of antidepressant medications for at least 2 weeks prior to study entry. three exceptions were bipolar patients who required ongoing mood stabilizers or benzodiazepines for anxiety. no subjects were currently abusing substances. two subjects, however, had a history of alcohol dependence, and one had a history of heroine and butane abuse. subjects underwent an mri scan of the brain at the beginning and end of the study16 and had three regional cerebral blood flow single - photon emission computed tomography ( spect ) scans : at baseline, during the fifth rtms session, and 3 days after completion of the trial prior to restarting medications. this report discusses the initial mri scans only ;


regional cerebral blood flow single - photon emission computed tomography ( spect ) scans : at baseline, during the fifth rtms session, and 3 days after completion of the trial prior to restarting medications. this report discusses the initial mri scans only ; the spect results have been discussed elsewhere. 17, 18 qualitative and quantitative analysis of mri scans done before and after the 2 weeks of treatment showed that rtms produced no mri changes. 16 transcranial magnetic stimulation a medical doctor ( a. m. s., z. n., or m. s. g. ) trained in the proper use of repetitive rtms used a cadwell magnetic stimulator ( cadwell ; kennewick, wa ) equipped with a figure - 8 - shaped coil and a continuous water cooling system to prevent overheating. subjects were seated upright in a comfortable chair with eyes open during rtms. on the initial treatment visit, motor threshold was determined at rest in the contralateral ( right extremity ) abductor pollicis brevis ( apb ) muscle, as described previously, 13 by using visible twitch. the left prefrontal cortex stimulation site was defined as the location 5 cm rostral and in a parasagittal plane from the site of maximal apb stimulation. subjects were randomly assigned to receive stimulation over 20 minutes each weekday morning for 2 weeks as active ( 5 hz or 20 hz ; see nahas et al. 10 for discussion of the role of stimulation frequency ) or placebo ( coil held tangential off the head ). the left prefrontal cortex was stimulated at 100 % mt, with an equal total number of 16, 000 stimulations across all cells. ratings and response classification before entering the study, subjects were screened and diagnosed by trained clinicians using the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. 19 in addition, the ham - d ( 21 items ) 20 was administered at baseline, on the fifth day of treatment ( end of week 1 ), and at the end of the study ( week 2 ). trained psychiatric nurses, blind to treatment arm, performed all ratings. ham - d scores were used to calculate percentage improvement from the beginning to the end of treatment ( 2 weeks ). subjects who showed ≥50 % improvement in the 21 - item ham - d at 2 weeks from baseline were classified as antidepressant treatment responders. one day prior to the beginning of treatment, a t1 - weighted 3d volumetric mri sequence was obtained with a 1. 5 - tesla


21 - item ham - d at 2 weeks from baseline were classified as antidepressant treatment responders. one day prior to the beginning of treatment, a t1 - weighted 3d volumetric mri sequence was obtained with a 1. 5 - tesla picker mri scanner ( picker international ; cleveland, oh ). scans in this study were 142 1 - mm - thick sagittal slices covering the entire brain ( 128×128, fov = 20 cm, te = 4. 4, tr = 13 ; voxel size 1. 2×1. 2×1 mm ). most, but not all, subjects ( 21 of 29 ) had vitamin e capsule fiducials ( approximately 7 mm×12 mm oval ) placed at the site of rtms prefrontal stimulation. mri scan reformatting and distance calculations the t1 - weighted mri scans were reformatted from sagittal to coronal plane by a blinded reader ( f. a. k. or c. d. ) using analyze mayo clinic image processing system version 7. 5. 2 on a sun ultrasparc 20 station. a line was drawn on the midsagittal view to bisect the anterior commissure and posterior commissure. the corresponding transverse image was resliced and corrected for problems in roll or yaw. the roll - correction was done by equalizing the structures of both eyes in the transverse plane and correcting yaw such that the midsagittal sulcus appeared vertical in that slice. the image was reformatted to the coronal plane, with 250 1 - mm - thick slices from the caudal to the rostral aspect of the skull. mri distance measurements were performed by a trained observer ( f. a. k. ) blind to all patient variables, using medx 2. 1 ( sensor systems ; alexandria, va ) on a dec alpha workstation with a 21 - inch high - resolution screen. the coronal mri images were enlarged so that there were three slices per screen ( approximately 7×12 cm image size on the screen ). the software, medx, has a semi - automated function where, when a line is drawn from one point to another, the distance ( in mm ) and a reference angle ( e. g., moving from one point vertically upward to another gives a value of — 90. 00 degrees ) are computed based on image voxel sizes ( see f1 ). prefrontal cortex distance measurement ( d - pfc ) a trained and blinded