{"text": "outside a small town in gifu prefecture is a little - known scientific research establishment engaged in a project to \u201c create a sun on the earth. \u201d if successful, this venture will profoundly affect the lives of most people in the world. the national institute for fusion science ( nifs ) is a collection of buildings on the tree - covered hillsides surrounding the town of toki. it houses the large helical device ( lhd ), which cost \u00a550 billion to make and is the only one of its kind in the world. the machine is designed to replicate fusion, the nuclear reaction that powers the sun. once this is achieved, it will herald the end of humanity \u2019 s dependence on fossil fuels and begin an era of cheap and limitless energy. the current democratic party of japan administration is cutting back on big, expensive projects, and large - scale scientific organizations such as the lhd are under budgetary pressure. but it is worthwhile work according to denis humbert, an international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) scientist from france, who recently spent three months researching at the nifs. \u201c the budget for this project is actually very small \u2014 $ 18 billion over the next 20 years. fusion research has implications of great interest to many other fields such as research into new materials and the nanosciences. and most important, if it works, it will bring a solution to the planet \u2019 s energy problem. \u201d hiroshi yamada, executive director of research at the nifs, gave the japan times a tour of the facility in july. we put on hard hats, climbed ladders and crossed metal gangways in a huge, cavernous building that measures 40 meters high, 75 meters long and 45 meters wide. the space houses the lhd \u2014 an enormous sprouting of pipes and coils all wrapped around a giant metal tube. your reporter was invited to put on protective gear, crawl into a small space and stand upright to peer through a head - size hole, right into the silvery innards of the beast. if i were to stand in the same spot a few months down the road, i thought, this thing would vaporize me in an instant. weighing 1, 500 tons and measuring 13. 5 meters long and 9. 1 meters wide, the lhd is shaped somewhat like a vast twisted snake swallowing its own tail. it is the world \u2019 s largest superconductor and the only one of its type in the world. it costs the government \u00a55 billion a year to run. the technology started with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5552296355937038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.262934"} {"text": "shaped somewhat like a vast twisted snake swallowing its own tail. it is the world \u2019 s largest superconductor and the only one of its type in the world. it costs the government \u00a55 billion a year to run. the technology started with secret military research in the soviet union and, separately, the united states and great britain, just after world war ii. until today, the most dramatic demonstration of fusion power the world has seen has been purely destructive : the testing of hydrogen bombs set off by atomic bombs and, of course, the nuclear weapons used against the cities of hiroshima and nagasaki in august 1945. nuclear fission splits nuclei to create energy and nuclear fusion joins them to do the same thing. the first fusion device made for peaceful purposes was the tokamak, which was invented by leonid zakharov in russia in 1951. nuclear fission for peaceful use began in 1958 after a united nations conference in geneva on peaceful uses of atomic energy. since then, japan, the european union and the united states have made great efforts to modify and improve the machine. the tokamak is still widely regarded as the most promising fusion device, but there are other similar devices in the world, including one in naka, ibaraki prefecture, and at the culham centre for fusion energy near oxford, england. the tokamak has reached temperatures of 500 million degrees celsius in experiments, more than 30 times hotter than the sun. nuclear power for peaceful use has developed rapidly and there are now 400 nuclear fission power plants around the world. by contrast, the aim of constructing fusion reactors to generate electricity is still in the research and development phase. \u201c replicating the fusion of helium and hydrogen that powers the sun, in earthly conditions, means generating temperatures beyond 100 million degrees celsius, \u201d explains yamada. \u201c this creates plasma, the fourth state of matter after solids, liquids and gases. \u201d all stars, our sun included, are made of plasma. flashes of lightning are natural plasma and so too are the spectacular northern lights. artificial plasma, at much lower pressure, is present inside neon lights and plasma television screens. \u201c the extreme temperatures inside the lhd mean the plasma must not be allowed to touch the walls of the device. if it did, ( the walls ) would melt. \u201d herein lies the main difficulty with the lhd. researchers must create materials strong enough to withstand fusion at temperatures many times hotter than the sun. plasma at extremely high temperatures creates wild, unstable reactions and would irreparably damage any machine made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5888308388267197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.264120"} {"text": "\u201d herein lies the main difficulty with the lhd. researchers must create materials strong enough to withstand fusion at temperatures many times hotter than the sun. plasma at extremely high temperatures creates wild, unstable reactions and would irreparably damage any machine made to contain it that uses existing materials. yamada demonstrates this process by heating a circular fluorescent tube inside a microwave oven in a nifs display area. when he takes it out, it casts a purplish glow and is warm to the touch. he says, \u201c the glass walls of the tube cool the plasma. when a similar reaction occurs inside the sun, its vast gravitational pull keeps the plasma from shooting in all directions. \u201c once new materials have been invented, the way will be open to constructing fusion reactors able to generate electricity, using easily obtained resources that will never run out. the raw materials needed for creating plasma in fusion reactions, are lithium and deuterium, which can be extracted from seawater. \u201d one widespread modern use of lithium, is in mobile phones. the amount commonly used in each phone is about 0. 3 grams. together with the deuterium taken from 3 liters of seawater, a fusion reaction equivalent to 22, 000 kilowatt - hours of electric power could be created. this amount of electricity would supply a typical family in a developed country for a couple of years. or to put it another way, one liter of seawater contains enough deuterium to provide the energy content, when fused with tritium, of more than 500 liters of petroleum. fusion power plants of the future, producing a million kilowatts, would need about a tenth of a ton of deuterium and 10 tons of lithium a year as fuel. seawater covers over 70 percent of our planet and rates of extraction for hundreds of fusion reactors around the globe would never exhaust supplies. plasma inside the lhd is prevented from touching the walls by a magnetic field created inside the sinuous innards of the machine. it is done by means of a twisting, orange - hued metal alloy, wound 450 times and coiling round the outer walls of the giant tube. the coil is exposed to an electromagnetic force reaching 1, 000 tons per meter. beforehand the coil and supporting structure are cooled to minus 270 c. when cooled the structure typically shrinks 2 mm. the machine is built to tolerate a shrinkage of 2 cm. hydrogen gas is heated and injected into the machine. after reaching 10, 000 c, the hydrogen molecules disintegrate into atoms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5960176977066634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.265108"} {"text": "when cooled the structure typically shrinks 2 mm. the machine is built to tolerate a shrinkage of 2 cm. hydrogen gas is heated and injected into the machine. after reaching 10, 000 c, the hydrogen molecules disintegrate into atoms. then the parts of the atoms, the positive nucleus and the tiny negative electrons spinning around it, are unbound and create plasma. yamada explains how the process works : \u201c atoms that have lost electrons become ions and are 2, 000 times heavier than electrons. the ions are trapped and rotated along the magnetic field and the electrons are sent in an opposite motion. this is the means by which plasma many times the temperature of the sun is kept from destroying the lhd. the sun \u2019 s temperature is only 15 million degrees. its vastness \u2014 it is 100 times the size of the earth \u2014 allows fusion to occur at a much less fierce heat than inside the lhd. \u201d when being readied for experiments, the lhd is cooled for a month. usually from october to february each year it makes plasma four days a week. last year, however, the machine was switched on only between oct. 11 and the end of december, due to budget cuts. when the experiment ends and the lhd is switched off, it takes another month to warm up again. although at the moment the toki lhd is the only one of its type in the world, another device will be built in germany in 2015. after that, the next big development in fusion science will be the iter project ( originally the international thermonuclear experimental reactor ), when a tokamak 10 times bigger than toki \u2019 s lhd will be built in cadarache, france, in 2019. it is expected to be operational around 2027, when plasma will be ignited for the first time. forty - five percent of the cost will be funded by the european union, while japan, china, india, russia, the united states and south korea will each contribute around 9 percent. a demonstration reactor is expected to start producing electrical power from fusion energy in the 2030s. then the next phase will be construction a new generation of fusion reactors. they are expected to start generating electric power, in place of current technologies, around the middle of this century. yamada defends the fusion process as a lot safer than conventional nuclear power. \u201c radioactive materials used in fusion do not have to be moved off - site. waste also does not have to be stored for thousands of years, as is the case", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5795748502583702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.266172"} {"text": ". yamada defends the fusion process as a lot safer than conventional nuclear power. \u201c radioactive materials used in fusion do not have to be moved off - site. waste also does not have to be stored for thousands of years, as is the case with spent uranium at conventional nuclear power stations. fusion waste could be reused after cooling off for 100 years. \u201d as regards local politics, the nifs is seen by toki \u2019 s municipal government as a valuable asset to the area. a couple of local politicians oppose it, however, fearing \u201c industrial accidents. \u201d \u201c but the lhd is for studying plasma at high temperatures, \u201d says yamada. \u201c not creating fusion. so the dangers of radioactive waste are not the same in toki as they would be at the site of a real fusion reactor. \u201d as all the scientists analyzing the lhd experiments cannot be physically present in the control room, the results are studied by linking computer systems at eight universities around japan. nifs also attracts participating scientists from all over the world. the deputy director general of nifs, professor osamu kaneko, believes the educational function of the institute is very important. \u201c since it will take 20 or more years to make fusion reactors a reality, it is necessary to educate young people as successors to our research. nifs has a physical sciences department at the graduate university of advanced studies in kanagawa prefecture. thirty students from japan and abroad study for their phds in toki, at the forefront of nuclear fusion research, \u201d says kaneko. this big science project is, in a sense, reaching for utopia. it heralds the end of dependence on fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, along with all their attendant ills : environmental degradation, global warming and the unstable geopolitics of oil. the many unsolved problems associated with atomic fission power would also end. toki \u2019 s lhd is a project looking for results in the long term \u2014 extremely long term \u2014 explains akio komori, director general of the nifs. \u201c our era is the longest known period between ice ages, \u201d komori says. the occurrence of another ice age, despite the current fear of global warming, is an overwhelming likelihood. in that distant future, when the world is again covered in ice, fusion plants, creating \u2018 suns \u2019 all over the globe, would allow life on earth to flourish for another 5 billion years, until the sun in the sky finally burns out. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5243851627324818, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.267164"} {"text": "march 11, 2008 by aaron wittenberg, md aaron wittenberg, md more than 1. 5 million americans develop blood clots in the veins which run deep within the legs, a condition called deep vein thrombosis \u2014 or \" dvt \" for short. if untreated, a piece of the blood clot can break loose from the leg and travel to the lungs, where it ' s called a pulmonary embolism and can cause death. dvt can also cause ulcers and varicose veins. the good news is that today there is a treatment for dvt that can be done on an outpatient basis and carries much less risk of internal bleeding that accompanied traditional treatment methods. what are the main causes of deep vein thrombosis? dvt develops as a result of extended sedentary behavior such as prolonged bed rest due to illness or recovery from surgery or trauma. sitting on an airplane for six or more hours without moving around, as many of us did over the recent holidays, can also lead to dvt. people who are pregnant, taking oral contraceptives or incurring other hormonal changes are at risk for dvt, as are people who have had injury to their veins as a result of trauma, athletic accidents or surgery. other people at risk for dvt are those with a personal or family medical history of dvt, those who smoke or are significantly overweight or obese. dvt develops because blood pressure is relatively low in the veins which return blood to the heart. if a person is not moving around, so muscles help the blood keep moving, blood tends to pool and clot at the lowest part of the body. it ' s easy for someone to know they have a problem, even if they ' ve never heard of dvt, because it causes leg pain and swelling and / or skin discoloration or redness. frequently, dvt symptoms will affect just one leg. it is not uncommon for air travelers to notice one leg is swollen or painful after a long flight. traditionally, dvt has been treated with blood thinners like heparin, coumadin or warfarin, which prevent new clots from forming while the body dissolves the old clot over time. however, blood thinners carry a high risk of serious internal bleeding, a risk which often outweighs their benefit. that ' s why our new procedure for eliminating dvt is so exciting. specially trained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42392078160263214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.270665"} {"text": "##s the old clot over time. however, blood thinners carry a high risk of serious internal bleeding, a risk which often outweighs their benefit. that ' s why our new procedure for eliminating dvt is so exciting. specially trained interventional radiologists can perform a minimally invasive low - risk procedure with a device called the possis angiojet to break up and suction the clot out of the deep vein. they do this, while the patient is under local anesthetic, by running a flexible wire down the vein. they can then run a specialized catheter along the wire to the site of the clot. tiny balloons on each side of the clot prevent it from breaking away and traveling to a lung. then a combination of a clot - dissolving drug and a miniature vacuum cleaner break up the clot and clean out the vein. the clot debris is then suctioned out through the catheter. sometimes a mechanical stent is installed to prevent the stressed vein from collapsing and prevent future clot development at the site. i usually follow up with my patients in one week, one month and 90 days to be sure there are no rare post - surgical complications. at six months, we perform an ultrasound to be sure no new clots are forming. the benefits of this low - risk treatment for dvt are many. hospitalization is reduced because it can usually be done on an outpatient basis. exposure to blood - thinning drugs is lower so there is reduced risk of internal bleeding and decreased long term vein damage. dvt symptoms are relieved much more rapidly. pain usually diminishes overnight and swelling is almost always gone in a week to 10 days. about dr. wittenberg aaron wittenberg, md, is a board - certified radiologist who specializes in diagnostic and interventional radiology at john c. lincoln deer valley hospital ' s deep vein thrombosis program, located at 19829 n. 27th ave., in phoenix, az 85024. for more information, visit www. jcl. com / dvt or call 602 - 943 - 1111. return to main news page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42556340451011493, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.271426"} {"text": "translated by gloria berkenstat freund the charitable activities of the goniadzer in america began approximately 50 years ago. as avraham warshah of detroit reports, in 1908 the goniadzer in america collected the sum of 600 dollars and sent this to goniadz in order to found a loan and savings fund. they sent the money to the rabbi and according to the russian rate of exchange it amounted to 1, 200 rubles. the rabbi and the business owners chose pinkhas, the rabbi ' s son, as treasurer and director. many remember how goniadzer jews would go to borrow money without interest. the bankl [ small bank ], that is what we called it, existed until the first world war. the old goniadzer in america also cared for their landsleit [ people from the same town ] in goniadz. immediately after the first world war, when no bank or post office accepted any money for poland, the goniadzer and trestiner young men ' s society sent out a special delegate, doctor blum, to personally bring the money for the poor [ meirim rubin, see photo on page 237 ] and for relatives. when normal times returned and the polish currency stabilized, the first goniadzer emigrants, benyamin the soyfer [ scribe ] and his children, came here. benyamin went to the old goniadzer who were members of the goniadzer synagogue on ridge street in new york to ask that they tax themselves for the poor people in goniadz for matzo for passover. meanwhile, they asked him to lay out his own hundred dollars. the hundred was not returned but the young goniadzer who joined the goniadzer and trestiner young men ' s society gave their 200 dollars so that it became a tradition with the young goniadzer of the young men ' s society on every eve of passover to send three hundred dollars for goniadz and three first row from the right : zeidl fidronski, mishkovski, ( son - in - law of chaim kopelman ), yehezkiel perets tshedniak, miltshon, leizer sodorovitsh. second row : moshe furman, zelig nievadovski, volf piekodski, dr. blum, chaim kopelman, efriam halperin,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4238263205764765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.280830"} {"text": ", leizer sodorovitsh. second row : moshe furman, zelig nievadovski, volf piekodski, dr. blum, chaim kopelman, efriam halperin, jakov rubin, beilach, avraham gelbard, ezrial hauptman. third row : treshtshanski, josl oltanicki, leyzer trachimovski, jakov yevreyski, chana (? ). fourth row : yehoshaya tsviklic, eli - hirsh niyevodovski hundred dollars for trestina [ trzcianne ]. the tradition continues today ; they give this sum to the goniadzer aid committee and also to the trestiner aid committee every year. in 1927 the goniadzer ladies auxiliary in new york, with the help of the goniadzer and trestiner society, decided to build a school with instruction in hebrew and yiddish on the synagogue hill and the building was completed over several years. they also supported the school, paying tuition monies to the teachers, clothing and lunches without cost for the poor children. the school existed until the nazi destruction. a group of 15 young people was arrested in goniadz in 1938 because they had the courage to hit back the gentiles who incited and beat the goniadzer jews. the polish police did not arrest the gentiles and arrested the jews and sent them to the bialystok jail. the arrestees ' parents turned to us in new york ; we should collect money for a good lawyer ( advocate ), in order to free their children. the goniadzer and trestiner society contributed 25 dollars and a sum of 150 dollars was assembled and sent by telegraph. benyamin the scribe, may he rest in peace, excelled in the aid work, which was his own initiative. in addition to money he also collected used clothing and shoes, made packages and sent them to poor people and poor brides. from 1920 to 1939 he alone sent 1, 400 dollars and 150 packages of clothing. on erev [ eve of ] rosh hashanah, benyamin would go to the goniadzer beis - olem ( cemetery ) to recite the el male rakhamim [ god full of compassion prayer for the deceased ]. he also would go to weddings to collect money and he would send this money to the goniad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4116868272315054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.281713"} {"text": "we could not rely on them and we immediately sent a food package to germany. meanwhile, zeydka found other goniadzer who had survived and we immediately sent food packages to them. the committee decided to hold a memorial evening in the bialystoker center in november 1946 that was announced in the newspapers. two goniadzer refugees ( hershl beker married in goniadz and the second one, a sztucziner, a relative of the szilewskis ) unexpectedly came to the memorial evening. when they described to us what had happened to our dear parents, relatives and friends, there was not one person who did not shed tears. one thousand eight hundred dollars was donated at the memorial evening. at that time we learned of another 10 goniadzer refugees who were in german camps. after the evening our committee was enlarged. josef ( mendele ' s son ) bobrowski, may he rest in peace, our dear, beloved goniadzer, of norfolk, connecticut, joined and became vice chairman. in a short time we had the addresses of 20 refugees. we appreciate all of the devoted, noble work of moshe bachrach for writing letters of comfort to all of the goniadzer refugees and his sincere wife, chaya, for preparing clothing and food packages. the writer of these lines helped them greatly in buying, packing and sending the packages from the first day after the founding of the committee. we would go through the stores with a child ' s wagon, buying food and clothing, make packages and send them by mail to germany. in 1947 goniadzer refugees from soviet russia arrived. we also adopted goniadzer grandchildren. we once called a meeting at louis goldberg ' s office. gedelia seid, josef mendels, moshe bachrach and the writer of these lines came to the meeting. moshe declared that we had no money in the fund for packages, which we would send every three weeks for 300 dollars. josef said to gedelia : you write a check for 150 dollars and i will do the same thing. it should be mentioned that josef and gedelia had earlier donated 200 dollars at the memorial evening. at that time we would assemble about 4, 000 dollars a year from the goniadzer landsleit. we would immediately distribute it among the refugees. in time the goniadzer aid committees were created in detroit avraham warshah, chairman, max szwarc, may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41070825621439405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.283954"} {"text": "a year from the goniadzer landsleit. we would immediately distribute it among the refugees. in time the goniadzer aid committees were created in detroit avraham warshah, chairman, max szwarc, may he rest in peace, secretary, elihu gradman, treasurer ; chicago moshe gelbord ( dokler ), chairman, golda hoyrst - rubin, secretary, moshe tikocki ( son of josl szmeker ), treaurer ; los angeles meir farber, ( shlomo moshe shmeun ' s son ), chairman, mrs. raye salomon ( yenta ruchl ' s daughter ), secretary, morris forman ( moshe ' ke nekhema ' s son ), treasurer ; montreal max bayer, chairman and treasurer, mrs. ruchl bayer ( leyzer ' s wife ) and mrs. finczun, treasurers. sitting, from the right : 1. avraham warshah ( son of yona ' khe ), chairman ; 2. mrs. sadie winer, chairwoman ; 3. hyman winer ( son of chona benyamin ), member. standing : 1. abe szwarc ( son of avraham ' l alter ), member ; 2. eli grodman ( son of elya khaske ), treasurer standing ( from right to left ) : 1. leo majnkes, vice chairman ; 2. morris gelbord ( moshe ' ke dokler ), chairman ; 3. morris tokor, treasurer. sitting : 1. nemy monarkh, ( daughter of chaim welwl, the dyer ), member ; 2. perl rapoport, recording secretary ; 3. golda rubin - hoyrst, secretary when moshe arrived in los angeles, the committee unanimously elected the writer of these lines as secretary. during moshe ' s departure in february 1949, the sum of 10, 000 dollars was collected. up to now we have collected the sum of 30, 000 dollars. in time all of our refugees left germany. several of them came to america, others to australia. the majority of them settled in the land of israel. the refugees who made aliyah [ immigrated ] to israel still needed our support. in the course of 10 years of the existence of our aid committee, we gave support at the time and in the place, first in germany, austria and now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3995209270289528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.284905"} {"text": "israel. the refugees who made aliyah [ immigrated ] to israel still needed our support. in the course of 10 years of the existence of our aid committee, we gave support at the time and in the place, first in germany, austria and now in israel. the aid committee in the land of israel is led by our friends dovid bachman, fishel yitzhaki, chatskl perets czerniak and sura rajgradski - brkai. our support for the landsleit in israel is always sent according to their recommendations. when mr. and mrs. gedelia seid visited israel in 1950, the goniadzer in israel arranged a meeting for them. a loan fund was founded then with the purpose of helping our goniadzer in israel. the fund exists with success until today. at the same time each year we send certain sums of money from america especially for the loan fund. at the same time the goniadzer in israel asked that we in america create a yizkor [ memorial ] book in memory of our shtetl. their plan for this book pleased us. mr. and mrs. gedelia seid and josef bobrowski promised their help and cooperation. to our great sadness, josef bobrowski and gedelia seid were prematurely torn from us. i did not give up our plan to create the book and with the help of our chairwoman, mrs. sarah seid, who provided me great effort as well as contributions over the course of four years, we succeeded in collecting the necessary sums for the yizkor book. our committee still has a great responsibility after the publication of our book. we will try every means to distribute it among all goniadzer on the american continent, as well as among jewish libraries, so that our dear home city will be immortalized in jewish history. 1. this probably is referring to josef, the son of mendel, as in josef ( mendele ' s son ) above. return 2. the name is given as hoyrst - rubin on a previous page. return jewishgen, inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. the reader may wish to refer to the original material jewishgen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and / or omissions. our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4690322005699942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.285900"} {"text": "gel is a dynamically scoped language. we will explain what this means below. that is, normal variables and functions are dynamically scoped. the exception are parameter variables, which are always global. like most programming languages, gel has different types of variables. normally when a variable is defined in a function, it is visible from that function and from all functions that are called ( all higher contexts ). for example, suppose a function f defines a variable and then calls function g. then function g can reference a. but once f returns, a goes out of scope. for example, the following code will print out 5. the function g cannot be called on the top level ( outside f as will not be defined ). function f ( ) = ( a : = 5 ; g ( ) ) ; function g ( ) = print ( a ) ; f ( ) ; if you define a variable inside a function it will override any variables defined in calling functions. for example, we modify the above code and write : function f ( ) = ( a : = 5 ; g ( ) ) ; function g ( ) = print ( a ) ; a : = 10 ; f ( ) ; ato 5 inside f does not change the value of aat the top ( global ) level, so if you now check the value of ait will still be 10. function arguments are exactly like variables defined inside the function, except that they are initialized with the value that was passed to the function. other than this point, they are treated just like all other variables defined inside the function. functions are treated exactly like variables. hence you can locally redefine functions. normally ( on the top level ) you cannot redefine protected variables and functions. but locally you can do this. consider the following session : genius > function f ( x ) = sin ( x ) ^ 2 = ( ` ( x ) = ( sin ( x ) ^ 2 ) ) genius > function f ( x ) = sin ( x ) ^ 2 = ( ` ( x ) = ( sin ( x ) ^ 2 ) ) genius > function g ( x ) = ( ( function sin ( x ) = x ^ 10 ) ; f ( x ) ) = ( ` ( x ) = ( ( sin : = ( ` ( x ) = ( x ^ 10 ) ) ) ; f ( x ) ) ) genius > g ( 10 ) = 1e20 functions and variables defined at the top level are considered global. they are visible from anywhere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5774525679838589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.289221"} {"text": "sin : = ( ` ( x ) = ( x ^ 10 ) ) ) ; f ( x ) ) ) genius > g ( 10 ) = 1e20 functions and variables defined at the top level are considered global. they are visible from anywhere. as we said the following function f will not change the value of a to 5. a = 6 ; function f ( ) = ( a : = 5 ) ; f ( ) ; ato the value 3 you could call : the set function always sets the toplevel global. there is no way to set a local variable in some function from a subroutine. if this is required, must use passing by reference. so to recap in a more technical language : genius operates with different numbered contexts. the top level is the context 0 ( zero ). whenever a function is entered, the context is raised, and when the function returns the context is lowered. a function or a variable is always visible from all higher numbered contexts. when a variable was defined in a lower numbered context, then setting this variable has the effect of creating a new local variable in the current context number and this variable will now be visible from all higher numbered contexts. there are also true local variables, which are not seen from anywhere but the current context. also when returning functions by value it may reference variables not visible from higher context and this may be a problem. see the sections true local variables and returning functions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5573760765182207, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.289889"} {"text": "resource finder at kennedy krieger institute a free resource that provides access to information and support for individuals and families living with developmental disabilities. appetite for life mealtimes can be a source of tension for many families with young children. from cajoling finicky eaters to eat their broccoli to battling restless youngsters who simply refuse to sit at the table and finish their dinner, parents can face an uphill battle when it comes to feeding their children balanced meals every day. however, while as many as 50 percent of children experience some degree of feeding difficulties, between three and 10 percent develop severe feeding disorders conditions serious enough to threaten their ability to consume enough varied nutrients for healthy growth. in children with disabilities, from prematurity and chronic medical conditions to developmental disabilities like autism, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disabilities, the occurrence of severe feeding disorders is often higher than 50 percent. over time, these disorders can have serious consequences, including failure to thrive, developmental delays, behavioral problems, and strained parent - child relationships. because severe feeding disorders can lead to dependence on tube feedings, children might begin to feel socially isolated, and the whole family can feel the economic impact of the more expensive tube feeding supplies. for children with these severe conditions, kennedy krieger institute ' s pediatric feeding disorders unit ( pfdu ) can have a tremendous, positive affect on a child ' s health and development. part of the institute ' s feeding disorders continuum, the pfdu focuses on children whose feeding - related impairments require 24 - hour nursing, medical supervision, and / or fluid intake. like its continuum partners, an intensive day program and an outpatient feeding clinic, the pfdu strives to help children increase weight, intake by mouth, and all types and textures of food consumed while decreasing tube or bottle dependence, inappropriate mealtime behavior, and mealtime vomiting. the program has existed for over 15 years and is one of the first in the nation to take an interdisciplinary approach to treatment, combining gastroenterology, behavioral psychology, nutrition, social work, occupational therapy, and speech - language pathology. this approach is key, say program leaders, because most children ' s feeding disorders have more than one cause. \" there ' s a good paradigm called the biopsychosocial model that illustrates the sources of most feeding disorders, \" says anil darbari, m. d., a gastroenterologist and medical director of kennedy krieger ' s feeding programs. \" for most children, it '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4909527773790115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.305441"} {"text": ". \" her tongue didn ' t know what to do with the food. and it was tough on her she lacks experience eating, and she has a life history of illness. she doesn ' t want to get sick anymore. her oral aversions were so severe, the team set a goal for her to consume just 50 percent of her foods by mouth by discharge. they never expected the results they got. \" for the next seven weeks, lexi ' s behavioral psychologists watched carefully as she responded to different foods. they learned which toys lexi preferred and allowed her time to play with them if she took the number of bites they requested. occupational therapists and speech - language pathologists helped lexi develop the strength she needed in her mouth and jaws to chew and swallow. \" one of the more unique aspects of our program is how data driven we are, \" explains charles gulotta, ph. d., a behavioral psychologist and director of the pfdu. \" we know exactly what ' s going on and how the child is responding to each change. we ' ll make it easy for them at first, asking them to take a couple bites then offering reinforcement. the object is to get them to trust food again. we ' ve got to break that history of eating being an aversive event. this is especially true of kids with underlying medical conditions we approach children with autism a little differently, since most of them can eat pretty well, but have strong flavor, color, or texture preferences. the battle ' s half - fought already we just need to use reinforcement to encourage them to try new foods. \" this approach has generated considerable success, with 70 percent of patients consuming at least 75 percent of their nutrients by mouth at discharge. \" her team was so persistent, \" spence admits. \" i had a hard time being assertive with her, because she ' s been through so much. but they really connected with her and figured out what makes her tick. she craves attention and praise ; so, eventually, this process became exciting for her, and she just did better and better. \" throughout lexi ' s admission, spence watched her daughter ' s therapists carefully, picking up the techniques they used. two weeks prior to lexi ' s discharge, her mother began engaging in role playing with the therapists and, later, feeding lexi with the team observing to demonstrate that she ' d be able to keep up lexi ' s feedings at home. by the time she was discharged, lexi was consuming 100 percent of her nutrients by mouth although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44103323571701514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.307801"} {"text": "the therapists and, later, feeding lexi with the team observing to demonstrate that she ' d be able to keep up lexi ' s feedings at home. by the time she was discharged, lexi was consuming 100 percent of her nutrients by mouth although the food she consumes is more similar in texture to baby food than the solids most six - year - olds enjoy. \" lexi ' s gained a lot of weight she ' s now in the seventh percentile for height and twelth in weight for her age group she wasn ' t even on the chart before and she has so much more energy, \" says spence. \" but the best part is, she gets to experience taste now. she knows she likes chocolate better than vanilla. and i know so much more is in her future. \" of course, one of the keys to lexi ' s progress was her physical recovery the paralysis that affected her swallowing had already improved by the time of her admission. for children still facing medical concerns, healthy eating can remain a challenge. willie burson entered the feeding program at two - and - a - half in february 2005, shortly after doctors had inserted a g - tube. born six weeks premature and eventually diagnosed with a number of conditions including hydrocephaly, damage to his central nervous system, low muscle tone, a swallowing disorder, and severe gastric reflux, willie couldn ' t eat anything by mouth. after eight weeks in the program, he still had a lot of trouble with vomiting. when his parents tried to continue the feeding techniques at home, he began aspirating into his lungs and developing pneumonia. he even had trouble keeping tube feedings down. \" it was really a nightmare, \" says his mother, caroline morton burson. \" he ended up in the hospital six times that year. then, in january 2006, he had a procedure called a nissen fundoplication that basically involves wrapping part of his stomach around his esophagus so food can travel down, but can ' t come back up. \" willie is still 100 % tube fed, but the surgery has allowed him to make great strides in other therapy areas. he comes to kennedy krieger several times a week for speech - language pathology and occupational therapy. \" right now, he just can ' t physically eat as much as he needs, \" burson notes. \" but the therapy is focused so intently on his oral motor skills and giving him the strength he ' ll need to chew. he used to be so far behind, but now that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43255156207096335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.308815"} {"text": "most active stories shots - health blog thu february 2, 2012 researchers say malaria deaths are twice the official count if the new numbers are right, it means there ' s little chance that malaria deaths can be cut to near - zero by 2015, just three years from now. that ' s the official goal set last year by the world health organization. \" we estimate that if decreases from the peak year of 2004 continue, malaria mortality will decrease to less than 100, 000 deaths only after 2020, \" write christopher murray and his colleagues in this week ' s edition of the lancet. the group does ratify what a lancet editorial calls the \" phenomenally successful \" campaign that has reduced malaria deaths in africa by 30 percent since the 2004 peak. \" it ' s rare in global health that we see such a clear quantitative story, \" murray told shots. \" you can see the money flowing in, you can see the expansion of interventions, and you can see the outcome. \" he says the success has been driven by the distribution of insecticide - treated bed nets ( 145 million in 2010 alone ) and effective combination drug therapy ( 181 million courses in 2010 ). murray, whose specialty is triangulating disease and death incidence from maddeningly sparse and incomplete data, says there ' s more uncertainty about malaria deaths than from any other cause. after all, death certificates and cause - of - death data are nonexistent in many of the 99 countries where malaria is still a problem. one of the principal ways the researchers get around this is to use \" verbal autopsies. \" the technique involves extensive interviewing of families and neighbors of deceased people to put together a picture of their symptoms and infer the cause of death. \" with a lot of effort, we ended up with 163 verbal autopsy studies that met our quality criteria, \" murray said. with those studies, other kinds of fill - in - the - gap indicators and a lot of fancy extrapolation, the team has come up with what it calls \" the most systematic assessment to date of malaria mortality. \" their most important finding is that in 2010 there were 433, 000 more malaria deaths worldwide among people over age 5 than the who estimates. this challenges a widespread belief about malaria deaths \u2013 that they mainly involve young children. the who says 86 percent of such deaths are children under 5, and 91 percent occur in africa. but murray says his group ' s finding runs counter to the traditional wisdom \" at least as i learned it in medical school, that you acquire immunity as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4315598350839443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.317354"} {"text": "who says 86 percent of such deaths are children under 5, and 91 percent occur in africa. but murray says his group ' s finding runs counter to the traditional wisdom \" at least as i learned it in medical school, that you acquire immunity as a child and don ' t die of it as an adult. \" in other words, children who don ' t die of it grow up to be resistant to the malaria parasite, more or less. they may get sick from it, but they ' re not very likely to die, as conventional wisdom has it. that ' s the reason one tenet of anti - malaria strategy is to focus prevention efforts, such as distribution of bednets, on young children and mothers. murray acknowledges that young children are much more likely to die of malaria \u2013 perhaps 10 times more likely \u2013 but \" there are a lot of people over age five, so even a lower risk adds up to a lot of deaths. \" the new estimates are likely to prove controversial, just as previous work was questioned when it suggested a much higher malaria death rate in india, using such techniques as verbal autopsies. ( the murray group also says india contributes far more malaria deaths to the global total than the who estimates. ) \" i would be very cautious \" about the new estimates, sarah kline, director of the uk branch of the advocacy group malaria no more told shots. \" it is a dramatic increase from what the who says, and it contributes to the overall discussion, but it ' s unclear if it will lead to significant policy change. the tools to combat malaria are the same. \" the problem is, will the funds keep flowing to use those tools? the global fund to fight aids, tb and malaria, which has lately accounted for two - thirds of the world ' s anti - malaria spending, is in fragile condition. it suspended its next round of grants last fall, and everyone is wondering when and if the fight to end malaria will get back on track.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41773735566621667, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.319003"} {"text": "did you know that many gadgets in your home suck up energy \u2013 and your hard - earned dollars \u2013 even when they are turned off? de - fang these \" energy vampires \" and you ' ll lower your monthly energy bills. what is a \" vampire appliance \" and how is it sucking up money? many electronic devices use what is called \" standby power \" when they ' re turned off - - as long as they are plugged in. that way, you don ' t have to wait the few seconds it takes for the device to \" power up \" when you turn it on. but that \" instant - on \" convenience wastes a ton of energy and dollars. first clue that an appliance is an energy vampire - - if it has a glowing led light or lit clock, it ' s using energy even when it ' s turned off : - dvd players - video game consoles - microwave ovens - computers ( laptops especially ) - music systems - rechargeable appliances such as hand - held vacuums and tools other unplugable energy wasters : phone and battery chargers. do you leave the charger plugged into the wall even when your phone is not attached? that vacant charger is costing you money. read : \" top 5 energy - sucking vampire appliances \". also, check out this standby energy chart to see which devices use the most energy when not in use. just how much these \" energy vampires \" are costing you? federal regulations have cut back on the amount of electricity \u201c vampire appliances \u201d can consume, but they still account for as much as 5 \u2013 10 % of the electricity used in the average home. in other words, $ 0. 05 to $ 0. 10 out of every dollar spent on electricity could be eliminated, according to the lawrence berkeley national laboratory. one tv can waste about $ 150 a year in standby energy ( depending on the type and age of the tv ) ; many video game consoles another $ 25 a year. multiply those tvs, dvd players and other appliances and the dollars really add up! what ' s the easiest way to eliminate these unnecessary energy costs? the cheapest option is to just unplug the suckers. when you turn off your tv, video game player or other electronic device or appliance, unplug it from the electric outlet. that keeps the device from continuing to draw power. simplify unplugging appliances by bundling them on a power strip. this is a smart practice anyway, because the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5156151701163065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.326005"} {"text": "healthy pregnancy diet during pregnancy, the extra demands on your body can deplete your stores of important vitamins and minerals - making healthy eating habits even more important for you and your developing baby. want to ensure your baby ' s nutritional needs are being met while also maintaining your own sensible eating plan? avoid fast food and sweet, sugary treats, instead filling your shopping basket with a wide variety of nutritious foods. these should include the five food groups : - bread, cereals, rice, pasta and noodles ( preferably wholegrain or wholemeal ) - vegetables and legumes - fruit and vegetables - milk, yoghurt and hard cheese ( preferably low - fat ) - meat, poultry, some fish ( link to foods to avoid ), cooked eggs and nuts even if your pre - pregnancy eating habits were not as healthy as could have been it is not too late to make changes to your diet. take inspiration from remembering that what goes into your mouth affects your baby ' s health and growth. by making small changes to your everyday diet during your first trimester will make it easier to incorporate ongoing changes throughout your pregnancy. healthy pregnancy eating tips have a piece of fresh fruit for a mid - morning or afternoon snack, instead of reaching for chocolate or biscuits. by carrying a small bottle of water when you are out ensures you are well hydrated, and not tempted by sugary soft drinks. each week, prepare a couple of meals using beans, lentils and pulses. incorporating these low - glycemic index foods into your balanced diet will help blood sugar level control. as an alternative to meat, chicken, fish and eggs, these plant - based foods are rich in important carbohydrates and also protein - much needed to build healthy new muscle tissue and body cells. search our food section for healthy recipes and meal ideas. experimenting with different grains, such as barley, couscous or brown rice, will add healthy variety to your favourite recipes. preparing raw vegetables sticks ( cucumber, carrot and celery ) and storing in containers in the fridge will ensure you always have healthy, fresh food at your fingertips for a smart snack alternative. choose low - fat dairy products remember : some foods can put your unborn baby at risk. for more information, see foods to avoid. this article was written by claire halliday for kidspot new zealand. sources include royal women ' s hospital, melbourne and commonwealth government department of health and ageing ( the australian guide to healthy eating ). -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4028401722718358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.339276"} {"text": "the advent of industrialization, known as the second wave, has brought economic well - being and general renovation to many fields in our life. this was one of the most influential revolutions of all time, spreading across the world, but it also brought about problems. pollution occurred as a result of rapid development and a rise in population, leading the ecosystem including humans to suffer. contamination of the environment has destroyed the ecological balance and environmental problems are now a globally shared concern. many experts do not anticipate the earth to take this much longer. the cause for this devastation lies in the general concept of industrialization and developments, which is \u201c environmental possibilism. \u201d environmental possibilism, a theory asserting that humans have the ultimate power to take advantage of their environment, has been the dominant conception across the world for a few centuries, especially in the field of business and science. to people, nature was a gift from god to humanity, which could be developed in any way for the sake of the well - being of the people. only recently have we been starting to realize that nature should coexist with humanity, instead of being a mere tool to boost the economy and make some people better off. serious pollution and its devastating results have caught the attention of people, and calls for corporations to take responsibility have risen. awakening alarms from nature have made people keen on new policies from corporations. fortunately, positive steps are being taken. efforts to prevent further environmental contamination by the industrial world are underway. the international chamber of commerce ( icc ) has made it clear that it will enhance eco - friendly businesses. as a result, an environmental management system has become a trend among many corporations in the world. last year, in my school ' s environmental science club, echo, we debated over whether this environmental management system will actually last and bring about a better outcome regarding the environment surrounding us. after a year, we finally came up with a report based on the research on these eco - friendly corporations and their sustainability. surprisingly, there were already myriads of enterprises adapting this system, and their policies seemed quite plausible and hopeful. for example, philips has made continuous efforts and has taken action for a healthy environment. it has set up an eco - marketing program called \u201c eco - vision \u201d to prevent a further worsening of the environment and fully monitors the life span of its products and the production process to discover improvements regarding sustainability and annually reports on its work. however, some limitations and flaws in environmental management also captured our attention. it is undeniable that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5368043970136851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.355859"} {"text": "##ning of the environment and fully monitors the life span of its products and the production process to discover improvements regarding sustainability and annually reports on its work. however, some limitations and flaws in environmental management also captured our attention. it is undeniable that is an ongoing controversy on whether some corporations are pursuing eco - friendly enterprises as a means of mere image making. by broadcasting advertisements full of kindhearted keywords such as \u201c responsibilities \u201d and \u201c volunteering, \u201d consumers may be deceived by some corporations that are not as wholly into energy saving as they appear to be. also, concerns over corruption and graft are high. as it is much more challenging to keep the balance between profit and eco - friendly strategies, many environmentally - friendly companies fail to satisfy the thresholds of the environmental management system, and inevitably choose to violate the regulations. numerous companies have recently violated regulations by dumping noxious pollutants indiscriminately. looking over some cases, it draws us to the conclusion that environmental friendly corporations and environmental management systems are still at an early stage and need more preparations to make this idea realistic. however, it is essential for people to realize how meaningful this work is, as humans and nature can no longer continue in a master - servant relationship. threatening nature means threatening the lives of all species on the planet, including humans. for our future generations, we need to find a compromise from an ecological view. kim sung - bin is a third - year student at busan international high school. contact her at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46922226689618385, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.356908"} {"text": "hundreds of fish have died in the olifants river about 15 km from olifants camp in the kruger national park ( knp ). according to dr thomas gyedu - ababio, knp \u2019 s aquatic biodiversity conservation manager, the fish are believed to have died from oxygen starvation. excluding the dead fish eaten by feasting birds, gyedu - ababio found at least 500 fish lying dead on the banks of one particular pool in what remains of the olifants river. the fish were mostly catfish, yellowfish and tilapia. he was alerted to the problem by field ranger claire ntshane and visited the site on wednesday august 24, 2005. once the olifants river was one of the largest continuously flowing rivers in south africa. at this time of year, it is now reduced to a series of pools in kruger, kept alive by water released from the phalaborwa barrage. at the time of going to press, balule camp had no water as the olifants \u2019 flow was so diminished. hippos are forced to congregate in the remaining pools of water. in the pool where the fish died, gyedu - ababio found almost 100 hippos in less than 500 metres. in a total reversal of their normal behaviour, gyedu - ababio says, \u201c the hippos ran out of the water when they saw people, \u201d as there was not enough water in the pool to cover them. the hippo have been living and defecating in the pools, producing an excessive quantity of dung that is now decomposing. the decomposition removes oxygen from the water, causing the fish to suffocate and die. fish jumping out of the water in other pools indicate oxygen shortages in these pools as well. samples have been taken to the laboratory to confirm the probable cause of the fish deaths. the phalaborwa barrage is required to release water for the ecological needs of the olifants river, but it is also required to provide water for people \u2019 s basic needs. according to gyedu - ababio, flow out of the barrage for several days prior to the fish deaths was so low that the gauging weir in the park could not accurately measure it. the barrage has very limited water storage, as almost 90 percent of the dam is occupied by silt. it is estimated that there is only enough water in the barrage when it is full for two to three days \u2019 water supply. in the dry season, the barrage relies on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4133190242674704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.361223"} {"text": "reduced food & fluid intake : loss of appetite and decrease in thirst are common. the body is beginning to shut down and does not need nourishment. people commonly feel it is necessary to encourage the person to eat in the hope of sustaining life ; however, food and fluid may cause discomfort. the person may ask for ice chips, popsicles, ice cream or some other food choice. do not be surprised if only a mouthful or two is taken. when swallowing is no longer possible, mouth care provides moisture and comfort. do not offer a fluid if swallowing is not possible. output of urine and stool will decrease as the food and fluid intake decreases. urine and stool may also change colour, be passed less frequently and in smaller amounts. other factors such as immobility and medication may contribute to this. your loved one may lose control of bladder or bowel function as the muscles begin to relax. in this instance it may be necessary to use an incontinence brief. ask the health care professional about the management of these symptoms. it is important to provide skin care and cleansing on a routine basis. sleeping an increased amount of time is common. it may become more difficult to waken the person. as death nears, the person may slip into a coma and become unresponsive. restlessness and disorientation : confusion as to time, place and recognition of people, even family members and close friends is common. at times your loved one may become restless. for example, he / she may reach out to unseen objects, pull at bedclothes or try to get out of bed. this can occur for many reasons such as lack of oxygen circulation to the brain or changes in condition or medications. it would be helpful to discuss these changes with a health care professional. changes in breathing : regular breathing patterns may change. breathing may stop for 10 to 30 second periods or there may be periods of rapid, shallow panting. these breathing patterns are normal and indicate the natural progression towards death. a moaning sound occurs as the breath passes over the relaxed vocal cords. gurgling sounds, often loud, occur when a person is unable to cough up normal secretions. this does not normally cause pain or discomfort. it may be helpful to turn the person to one side and gently wipe away secretions with a moist cloth. as secretions build up, keeping the head of the bed elevated ( by using pillows ) will make breathing easier. sometimes medications can be ordered to help dry up secretions. oral suctioning may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4976406089743485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.367599"} {"text": "i recently saw the movie \" amazing grace, \" about the end of the slave trade in england. how does libertarianism respond to the american civil war and the civil rights movement? in both of them, government action was used to enhance freedom. government action made slavery possible, and kept it possible - - and the government only backtracked when the citizenry objected. for example, prior to the civil war, slavery was legal and enforced by governments of both north and south. slaves who escaped to the north were returned - - by law - - to their southern \" owners. \" it was against the law in the north to help slaves escape. to fight slavery it was necessary for freedom lovers to fight the law. members of the underground railroad, who tried to get the escaped slaves to canada where they couldn ' t be extradited, were routinely hauled into court. courageous individuals serving on the juries refused to convict. ( juries have the constitutionally - granted power to \" nullify \" laws that they believe to be unjust ; to learn more, see the fully informed jury association ) lincoln ' s emancipation proclamation was not issued until the civil war had been underway for years, and it only \" emancipated \" slaves in states that had joined the confederacy. towards the end of the civil war, indignant abolitionists, supported by president lincoln, lobbied for an amendment to the constitution to free the blacks still enslaved in northern states. although southern states didn ' t vote on this amendment, it still did not pass easily. similarly, government power enforced, and often mandated, compulsory racial segregation in the south in the first half of the twentieth century. for example, economist thomas sowell points out that racially segregated seating on public transportation, far from being a traditional southern policy, only began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries - - and it was government that created the problem. writes dr. sowell : \" many, if not most, municipal transit systems were privately owned in the 19th century and the private owners of these systems had no incentive to segregate the races. \" these owners may have been racists themselves but they were in business to make a profit - - and you don ' t make a profit by alienating a lot of your customers. there was not enough market demand for jim crow seating on municipal transit to bring it about. \"... private owners of streetcar, bus, and railroad companies in the south lobbied against the jim crow laws while these laws were being written, challenged them in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47836068197102927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.372308"} {"text": "not enough market demand for jim crow seating on municipal transit to bring it about. \"... private owners of streetcar, bus, and railroad companies in the south lobbied against the jim crow laws while these laws were being written, challenged them in the courts after the laws were passed, and then dragged their feet in enforcing those laws after they were upheld by the courts. \" these tactics delayed the enforcement of jim crow seating laws for years in some places. then company employees began to be arrested for not enforcing such laws and at least one president of a streetcar company was threatened with jail if he didn ' t comply. ( dr. sowell discusses this in greater detail in his book preferential policies, an international perspective, 1990, pp. 20 - 21. ] this is not to say that these transportation company owners were not racists, or were champions of black freedom. they simply wanted to make money. and free markets make racial discrimination extraordinarily, even prohibitively, expensive. because of such government - mandated discrimination, the modern civil rights movement was pioneered by individuals such as rosa parks and martin luther king, who practiced peaceful civil disobedience. without the courageous sacrifices of such people, it ' s unlikely that congress would have been inspired ( shamed? ) into action. dr. ruwart ' s outstanding books healing our world and short answers to the tough questions are available at the advocates liberty store.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4354601626815019, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.372884"} {"text": "new research could lead to better depression medication depressive disorders change a person \u2019 s mood, emotions and physical well - being and can co - occur with anxiety disorders and substance abuse. a study in january found half of americans with severe depression don ' t get treatment. \u201c there are big drawbacks in the current therapies for depression, \u201d says senior author john traynor, professor of pharmacology at the university of michigan medical school. \u201c therapeutic benefits are delayed, there are unwanted side effects, and it \u2019 s not unusual for depressive symptoms to return. \u201d the high relapse rate indicates a need for additional treatment options for the estimated 20. 9 million americans with depression, traynor and colleages write this week in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences. the best current treatments for depression are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or ssris. these drugs work by flooding the brain \u2019 s synapses with serotonin, a neurotransmitter linked with mood, and increasing serotonin signaling through the more than 20 serotonin receptors in the brain. however, the team of researchers showed one particular pathway, the serotonin 5ht1a receptor is linked with antidepressive and antianxiety behavior in mice. \u201c rather than activating all serotonin receptors as ssris do, one could increase signaling through the one critical serotonin receptor that our research shows is important for antidepressant behavior, \u201d says co - author richard r. neubig, m. d., ph. d., co - director of the u - m center for chemical genomics and professor of pharmacology at the u - m medical school. the new research details the complex actions of a family of proteins, known as rgs proteins, that act as brakes on neurotransmitter signaling. researchers created a mutant mouse to boost serotonin signaling at the 5ht1a receptor. this was done by genetically inhibiting the activity of braking proteins. without the normal brake on serotonin signaling, these mutant mice showed antidepressive behavior even without being given antidepressant drugs. the mice were also more responsive to ssris. further research could lead to drugs capable of inhibiting the rgs proteins and which would target the antidepressant signal where it is required on critical 5ht1a receptors, the researcher said. the study was funded by the national institute of general medical sciences and the national institute on drug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48986383448380094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.376479"} {"text": "obtaining informed consent from human subjects is a necessary and important part of research that reflects the principle of respect for persons. informed consent assures that prospective human subjects will understand the nature of the research and can knowledgeably and voluntarily decide whether or not to participate. the informed consent process should be tailored to each individual project ; what is appropriate and approved for one project may not be appropriate or approved for another. when developing informed consent procedures and forms investigators should keep in mind the prospective participant population, the risk involved in the research, the sensitivity of the research, and the research procedures. the irb has developed the guidance documents below to help investigators develop appropriate informed consent procedures and forms. - general information about informed consent - information regarding waiving informed consent or required elements of informed consent - methods for obtaining documentation of informed consent - information regarding waiving documentation of informed consent - information regarding informed consent with minors or individuals who are mentally impaired - consent form template - policy for translated informed consent forms ( for non - english consent forms ) things to keep in mind when developing informed consent procedures for your project : regarding the prospective participant population : will prospective participants be old enough to provide legal consent? if participants will not be old enough to provide legal consent, investigators generally needs to obtain consent from a parent / guardian as well as assent from the minor. for more information, please review the irb ' s guidance on informed consent for research with minors. in some cases, the irb may approve requests to waive informed consent of parents for research with minors. in order to waive the informed consent of parents, investigators would need to show that their research qualifies for a waiver. the criteria to apply for a waiver are on the request for a waiver of informed consent or elements of informed consent form. will prospective participants be literate? will prospective participants be able to speak and read english? will they be able to speak and read another language? what reading comprehension level do you expect prospective participants will have? if you are conducting research with another cultural group, is it culturally appropriate to ask participants to read and sign informed consent forms? information that should be included in the irb application regarding informed consent procedures - when will participants be given the informed consent information? - how will participants receive informed consent information? - will the investigator be reviewing the consent information with participants, or will participants review it on their own? - who from the research team will administer the informed consent process ( e. g. the principal investigator, a research assistant )? - will the consent process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47135069202098057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.384464"} {"text": "there are a couple of different ways to execute commands or run programs on a remote machine and have the output, be it text or graphics, sent to your workstation. the connections can be secure or insecure. while it is of course advised to use secure connections instead of transporting your password over the network unencrypted, we will discuss some practical applications of the older ( unsafe ) mechanisms, as they are still useful in a modern networked environment, such as for troubleshooting or running exotic programs. the rlogin and rsh commands for remote login and remote execution of commands are inherited from unix. while seldom used because they are blatantly insecure, they still come with almost every linux distribution for backward compatibility with unix programs. telnet, on the other hand, is still commonly used, often by system and network administrators. telnet is one of the most powerful tools for remote access to files and remote administration, allowing connections from anywhere on the internet. combined with an x server, remote graphical applications can be displayed locally. there is no difference between working on the local machine and using the remote machine. because the entire connection is unencrypted, allowing telnet connections involves taking high security risks. for normal remote execution of programs, secure shell or ssh is advised. we will discuss the secure method later in this section. however, telnet is still used in many cases. below are some examples in which a mail server and a web server are tested for replies : checking that a mail server works : [ jimmy @ blob ~ ] telnet mailserver 25 trying 192. 168. 42. 1... connected to mailserver. escape character is ' ^ ] '. 220 m1. some. net esmtp sendmail 8. 11. 6 / 8. 11. 6 ; 200302281626 ehlo some. net 250 - m1. some. net hello blob. some. net [ 10. 0. 0. 1 ], pleased to meet you 250 - enhancedstatuscodes 250 - 8bitmime 250 - size 250 - dsn 250 - onex 250 - etrn 250 - xusr 250 help mail from : firstname. lastname @ example. org 250 2. 1. 0 email @ example. com... sender ok rcpt to : firstname. lastname @ example. org 250 2. 1. 5 email @ example. com... recipient ok data 354 enter mail, end with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5273840894536712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.399416"} {"text": "1. 0 email @ example. com... sender ok rcpt to : firstname. lastname @ example. org 250 2. 1. 5 email @ example. com... recipient ok data 354 enter mail, end with \". \" on a line by itself test. 250 2. 0. 0 g2ma1r619237 message accepted for delivery quit 221 2. 0. 0 m1. some. net closing connection connection closed by foreign host. checking that a web server answers to basic requests : [ jimmy @ blob ~ ] telnet www. some. net 80 trying 188. 8. 131. 52... connected to www. some. net. escape character is ' ^ ] '. head / ; http / 1. 1 http / 1. 1 200 ok date : fri, 22 mar 2002 10 : 05 : 14 gmt server : apache / 1. 3. 22 ( unix ) ( red - hat / linux ) mod _ ssl / 2. 8. 5 openssl / 0. 9. 6 dav / 1. 0. 2 php / 4. 0. 6 mod _ perl / 1. 24 _ 01 last - modified : fri, 04 jan 2002 08 : 21 : 00 gmt etag : \" 70061 - 68 - 3c3565ec \" accept - ranges : bytes content - length : 104 connection : close content - type : text / html connection closed by foreign host. [ jimmy @ blob ~ ] this is perfectly safe, because you never have to give a username and / or password for getting the data you want, so nobody can snoop that important information off the cable. as we already explained in chapter 7 ( see section 7. 3. 3 ), the x window system comes with an x server which serves graphics to clients that need a display. it is important to realize the distinction between the x server and the x client application ( s ). the x server controls the display directly and is responsible for all input and output via keyboard, mouse and display. the x client, on the other hand, does not access the input and output devices directly. it communicates with the x server which handles input and output. it is the x client which does the real work, like computing values, running applications and so forth. the x server only opens windows to handle input and output for the specified client. in normal operation ( graphical mode ), every linux workstation is an x server to itself", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.522256979681208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.400355"} {"text": "which does the real work, like computing values, running applications and so forth. the x server only opens windows to handle input and output for the specified client. in normal operation ( graphical mode ), every linux workstation is an x server to itself, even if it only runs client applications. all the applications you are running ( for example, gimp, a terminal window, your browser, your office application, your cd playing tool, and so on ) are clients to your x server. server and client are running on the same machine in this case. this client / server nature of the x system makes it an ideal environment for remote execution of applications and programs. because the process is actually being executed on the remote machine, very little cpu power is needed on the local host. such machines, purely acting as servers for x, are called x terminals and were once very popular. more information may be found in the remote x applications mini - howto. if you would want to use telnet to display graphical applications running on a remote machine, you first need to give the remote machine access to your display ( to your x server! ) using the xhost command, by typing a command similar to the one below in a terminal window on your local machine : davy : ~ > xhost + remote. machine. com after that, connect to the remote host and tell it to display graphics on the local machine by setting the environment variable display : [ davy @ remote ~ ] export display = \" local. host. com : 0. 0 \" after completing this step, any application started in this terminal window will be displayed on your local desktop, using remote resources for computing, but your local graphical resources ( your x server ) for displaying the application. this procedure assumes that you have some sort of x server ( xfree86, x. org, exceed, cygwin ) already set up on the machine where you want to display images. the architecture and operating system of the client machine are not important as long as they allow you to run an x server on it. mind that displaying a terminal window from the remote machine is also considered to be a display of an image. most unix and linux systems now run secure shell in order to leave out the security risks that came with telnet. most linux systems will run a version of openssh, an open source implementation of the ssh protocol, providing secure encrypted communications between untrusted hosts over an untrusted network. in the standard setup x connections are automatically forwarded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47766913457726695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.401457"} {"text": "most linux systems will run a version of openssh, an open source implementation of the ssh protocol, providing secure encrypted communications between untrusted hosts over an untrusted network. in the standard setup x connections are automatically forwarded, but arbitrary tcp / ip ports may also be forwarded using a secure channel. the ssh client connects and logs into the specified host name. the user must provide his identity to the remote machine as specified in the sshd _ config file, which can usually be found in / etc / ssh. the configuration file is rather self - explanatory and by defaults enables most common features. should you need help, you can find it in the sshd man pages. when the user ' s identity has been accepted by the server, the server either executes the given command, or logs into the machine and gives the user a normal shell on the remote machine. all communication with the remote command or shell will be automatically encrypted. the session terminates when the command or shell on the remote machine exits and all x11 and tcp / ip connections have been closed. when connecting to a host for the first time, using any of the programs that are included in the ssh collection, you need to establish the authenticity of that host and acknowledge that you want to connect : lenny ~ > ssh blob the authenticity of host ' blob ( 10. 0. 0. 1 ) ' can ' t be established. rsa fingerprint is 18 : 30 : 50 : 46 : ac : 98 : 3c : 93 : 1a : 56 : 35 : 09 : 8d : 97 : e3 : 1d. are you sure you want to continue connecting ( yes / no )? yes warning : permanently added ' blob, 192. 168. 30. 2 ' ( rsa ) to the list of known hosts. last login : sat dec 28 13 : 29 : 19 2002 from octarine this space for rent. lenny is in ~ it is important that you type \" yes \", in three characters, not just \" y \". this edits your ~ /. ssh / known _ hosts file, see section 10. 4. 4. 3. if you just want to check something on a remote machine and then get your prompt back on the local host, you can give the commands that you want to execute remotely as arguments to ssh : lenny ~ > ssh blob who jenny @ b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.558579692206955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.402442"} {"text": "you just want to check something on a remote machine and then get your prompt back on the local host, you can give the commands that you want to execute remotely as arguments to ssh : lenny ~ > ssh blob who jenny @ blob ' s password : root tty2 jul 24 07 : 19 lena tty3 jul 23 22 : 24 lena 0 : jul 25 22 : 03 lenny ~ > uname - n magrat. example. com if the x11forwarding entry is set to yes on the target machine and the user is using x applications, the display environment variable is set, the connection to the x11 display is automatically forwarded to the remote side in such a way that any x11 programs started from the shell will go through the encrypted channel, and the connection to the real x server will be made from the local machine. the user should not manually set display. forwarding of x11 connections can be configured on the command line or in the sshd configuration file. the value for display set by ssh will point to the server machine, but with a display number greater than zero. this is normal, and happens because ssh creates a proxy x server on the server machine ( that runs the x client application ) for forwarding the connections over the encrypted channel. this is all done automatically, so when you type in the name of a graphical application, it is displayed on your local machine and not on the remote host. we use xclock in the example, since it is a small program which is generally installed and ideal for testing : ssh will also automatically set up xauthority data on the server machine. for this purpose, it will generate a random authorization cookie, store it in xauthority on the server, and verify that any forwarded connections carry this cookie and replace it by the real cookie when the connection is opened. the real authentication cookie is never sent to the server machine ( and no cookies are sent in the plain ). forwarding of arbitrary tcp / ip connections over the secure channel can be specified either on the command line or in a configuration file. | the x server | this procedure assumes that you have a running x server on the client where you want to display the application from the remote host. the client may be of different architecture and operating system than the remote host, as long as it can run an x server, such as cygwin ( which implements an x. org server for ms windows clients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5072704642719746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.403363"} {"text": "display the application from the remote host. the client may be of different architecture and operating system than the remote host, as long as it can run an x server, such as cygwin ( which implements an x. org server for ms windows clients and others ) or exceed, it should be possible to set up a remote connection with any linux or unix machine. the ssh client / server system automatically maintains and checks a database containing identifications for all hosts it has ever been used with. host keys are stored in $ home /. ssh / known _ hosts in the user ' s home directory. additionally, the file / etc / ssh / ssh _ known _ hosts is automatically checked for known hosts. any new hosts are automatically added to the user ' s file. if a host ' s identification ever changes, ssh warns about this and disables password authentication to prevent a trojan horse from getting the user ' s password. another purpose of this mechanism is to prevent man - in - the - middle attacks which could otherwise be used to circumvent the encryption. in environments where high security is needed, sshd can even be configured to prevent logins to machines whose host keys have changed or are unknown. the ssh suite provides scp as a secure alternative to the rcp command that used to be popular when only rsh existed. scp uses ssh for data transfer, uses the same authentication and provides the same security as ssh. unlike rcp, scp will ask for passwords or passphrases if they are needed for authentication : lenny / var / tmp > scp schedule. sdc. gz blob : / var / tmp / lenny @ blob ' s password : schedule. sdc. gz 100 % | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 100 kb 00 : 00 lenny / var / tmp > any file name may contain a host and user specification to indicate that the file is to be copied to / from that host. copies between two remote hosts are permitted. see the info pages for more information. if you would rather use an ftp - like interface, use sftp : lenny / var / tmp > sftp blob connecting to blob... lenny @ blob ' s password : sftp > cd / var / tmp sftp > get sch * fetching", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.513768230664539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.404572"} {"text": "sftp : lenny / var / tmp > sftp blob connecting to blob... lenny @ blob ' s password : sftp > cd / var / tmp sftp > get sch * fetching / var / tmp / schedule. sdc. gz to schedule. sdc. gz sftp > bye lenny / var / tmp > | secure copy or ftp guis | don ' t feel comfortable with the command line yet? try konqueror ' s capabilities for secure remote copy, or install putty. the ssh - keygen command generates, manages and converts authentication keys for ssh. it can create rsa keys for use by ssh protocol version 1 and rsa or dsa keys for use by ssh protocol version 2. normally each user wishing to use ssh with rsa or dsa authentication runs this once to create the authentication key in $ home /. ssh / identity, id _ dsa or id _ rsa. additionally, the system administrator may use this to generate host keys for the system. normally this program generates the key and asks for a file in which to store the private key. the public key is stored in a file with the same name but. pub appended. the program also asks for a passphrase. the passphrase may be empty to indicate no passphrase ( host keys must have an empty passphrase ), or it may be a string of arbitrary length. there is no way to recover a lost passphrase. if the passphrase is lost or forgotten, a new key must be generated and copied to the corresponding public keys. we will study ssh keys in the exercises. all information can be found in the man or info pages. vnc or virtual network computing is in fact a remote display system which allows viewing a desktop environment not only on the local machine on which it is running, but from anywhere on the internet and from a wide variety of machines and architectures, including ms windows and several unix distributions. you could, for example, run ms word on a windows nt machine and display the output on your linux desktop. vnc provides servers as well as clients, so the opposite also works and it may thus be used to display linux programs on windows clients. vnc is probably the easiest way to have x connections on a pc. the following features make vnc different from a normal x server or commercial implementations : no state is stored at the viewer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.569288386179292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.405581"} {"text": "may thus be used to display linux programs on windows clients. vnc is probably the easiest way to have x connections on a pc. the following features make vnc different from a normal x server or commercial implementations : no state is stored at the viewer side : you can leave your desk and resume from another machine, continuing where you left. when you are running a pc x server, and the pc crashes or is restarted, all remote applications that you were running will die. with vnc, they keep on running. it is small and simple, no installation needed, can be run from a floppy if needed. platform independent with the java client, runs on virtually everything that supports x. sharable : one desktop may be displayed on multiple viewers. more information can be found in the vnc client man pages ( man vncviewer ) or on the vnc website. in order to ease management of ms windows hosts, recent linux distributions support the remote desktop protocol ( rdp ), which is implemented in the rdesktop client. the protocol is used in a number of microsoft products, including windows nt terminal server, windows 2000 server, windows xp and windows 2003 server. surprise your friends ( or management ) with the fullscreen mode, multiple types of keyboard layouts and single application mode, just like the real thing. the man rdesktop manual provides more information. the project ' s homepage is at http : / / www. rdesktop. org /. cygwin provides substantial unix functionality on ms windows systems. apart from providing unix command line tools and graphical applications, it can also be used to display a linux desktop on an ms windows machine, using remote x. from a cygwin bash shell, type the command / usr / x11r6 / bin / xwin. exe - query your _ linux _ machine _ name _ or _ ip the connection is by default denied. you need to change the x display manager ( xdm ) configuration and possibly the x font server ( xfs ) configuration to enable this type of connection, where you get a login screen on the remote machine. depending on your desktop manager ( gnome, kde, other ), you might have to change some configurations there, too. if you do not need to display the entire desktop, you can use ssh in cygwin, just like explained in section 10. 4. 4. without all the fuss of editing configuration files.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4436250545828801, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.406555"} {"text": "common snapping turtle common snapping turtle range : the americas, from southern canada to ecuador habitat : inland and coastal waterways including ponds, lakes, marshes, swamps, slow - moving rivers diet : omnivoresmall animals of almost any type, aquatic vegetation, and carrion lifespan : 30 - 40 years on average offspring : 20 - 40 eggs per clutch, on average length : carapace ( top shell ) : up to 20 inches weight : 20 - 30 lbs on avg., but 40 - 60 pounders are not unusual \u201c where i live \u201d snapping turtles are common and widespread from southern canada to ecuador, and across most of the united states. they inhabit inland and coastal waters of many types, but seem to prefer slow - moving bodies of water with soft mud bottoms and plenty of submerged and emergent plants. \u201c how i live there \u201d common snapping turtles are one of the largest species of freshwater and salt - marsh turtle in north america. they are active year - round in the southern parts of their range, and overwinter in the northern parts of their range by burying themselves in mud at the bottom of a pond or lake. they tolerate cold water well, though, and remain inactive for only a short period of time. snapping turtles spend most of their time in water rather than on land. defensively and otherwise, they are well designed for life on the bottom. they have large carapaces ( top shells ) that protect them from attack from above. they have small plastrons ( bottom shells ), but few predators can or would attack them from below. like other turtles and all other reptiles, snapping turtles need to bask in the sun in order to warm themselves and maintain an optimal internal body temperature. however, snapping turtles rarely come out of the water to bask. you might see one on a log from time to time, but you are more likely to see one floating at the water \u2019 s surface with most of its carapace and snout showing. snapping turtles are most active at dawn and dusk, and this is when they do most of their feeding. they are opportunistic omnivores that eat just about anything that presents itself, including fish, frogs, tadpoles, salamanders, insects, aquatic plants, snails, leeches, worms, snakes, bird eggs and nestlings, small mammals, and carrion. they grab their food with a quick snapping motion. \u201c making my mark \u201d the snapping turtle \u2019 s ferocious reputation matches its ferocious appearance but is only somewhat deserved. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37460422193041604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.412676"} {"text": "worms, snakes, bird eggs and nestlings, small mammals, and carrion. they grab their food with a quick snapping motion. \u201c making my mark \u201d the snapping turtle \u2019 s ferocious reputation matches its ferocious appearance but is only somewhat deserved. in the water, snapping turtles will quickly swim away from any human disturbance. on land, they are more vulnerable and therefore more defensive. they will react to any threat aggressively. be well aware that snapping turtles are dangerous to handle. they can strike quickly forwards, sideways, or backwards ( with their heads upside down ), and their necks can stretch 2 / 3 the length of their carapaces! snapping turtles breed during the spring and early summer months. during breeding season, males may battle each other, and their scuffles can last upwards of an hour. males fight each other somewhat like sumo wrestlers, banging up against each other with bodies upright, grabbing hold of each other in a tight grip with their plastrons pressed together, and rolling over and over in the water. there can be quite a lot of biting, kicking, and scratching, but rarely do the battles end in serious injury or death. after mating, females will leave their aquatic homes and come onto land to search for suitable nesting sites. they may locate their nests near the shoreline of a pond or lake, or further away from water, in an open field, gravel bank, railroad bed, or sand dune. a female will dig a nest, deposit her eggs ( which are perfectly round and about the size of a ping - pong ball ), and cover them by scooping sand or dirt into the nest. immediately after depositing her eggs, she will head back to the pond or water source from which she came. many, if not most, nests are ransacked by predators. those eggs that survive will hatch in late summer, and the temperature at which they were incubated determines the sex of the hatchlings. baby snapping turtles are about one inch long at hatching, with tails about the same length. depending on the group, the babies will either emerge within a few days and head straight for water or remain in their nest through the winter. once hatchlings reach water, they stay in the shallows clinging to underwater vegetation until they become stronger swimmers. \u201c what eats me \u201d snapping turtle eggs and babies are extremely vulnerable to predation. skunks, foxes, raccoons, and mink frequently raid nests and eat eggs. hatchlings are also eaten by a variety of predators, including herons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4077807614586532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.414755"} {"text": "catholic social teaching, sometimes referred to as the social doctrine of the church, is a body of official church teachings on the social order, composed of papal statements and conciliar or synodal documents. these social teachings originated with pope leo xiii and continue to the present. the catholic social tradition, however, is much older than this body of teachings, and is rooted in the hebrew and christian scriptures as well as in the patristic writings, which go back as far as the fifth century. this tradition provides a framework and an intellectual legacy from which the more recent ( dating from the nineteenth century ) social teachings draw. this tradition is a point of reference against which the social teachings are tested, even as the latter develop beyond the tradition by applying it to new issues and questions. catholic social teaching is rooted in the dignity of the human person as created in the image of god, and the human rights and duties that protect and enhance this dignity. catholic social teaching is also concerned with the social nature of the human person, the concept of the common good, the relationship between society and the state, the theory of justice, an \" option for the poor, \" and the concepts of subsidiarity and solidarity. campus ministry | swartz center for spiritual life | email @ example. com | ( 570 ) 961 - 4723", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4771545780996901, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.416437"} {"text": "( bacterial arthritis ; infectious arthritis ; pyogenic arthritis ) septic arthritis is a serious infection of the joints caused by bacteria. this infection causes the joint to be filled with pus cells. these pus cells release substances directed against the bacteria. however, this action can damage the joint structures, bone, and surrounding cartilage. this condition should be treated as a medical emergency. if left untreated, it causes loss of function in the affected joint. it can lead to septic shock, a potentially fatal condition. with early treatment, recovery is usually good. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. septic arthritis develops when bacteria spreads from the source of infection through the bloodstream to a joint. it can result from : - infection due to an injection - other infections septic arthritis can also be caused from injury or trauma. it can result from : - a penetration wound - an injury that affects the joint septic arthritis can strike at any age. but, it occurs most often in children aged three and younger. in infants, the hip is a frequent site of infection. in toddlers, it is the shoulders, knees, and hips. in children, the most common bacterial causes are : - staphylococcus aureus ( staph infection ) - streptococcus species ( eg, group b strep infection ) - streptococcus pneumoniae ( a common bacterial cause of pneumonia ) septic arthritis rarely occurs from early childhood through adolescence. after that, its occurs more often. in adults, it most commonly affects weight - bearing joints, such as the knees. in adults, the most common causes are : - staphylococcus aureus - neisseria gonorrhoeae ( the bacteria that causes gonorrhea ) the following factors increase your chance of developing septic arthritis. if you have any of these risk factors, tell your doctor : - diseases that weaken the immune system, such as hiv, or taking drugs that suppress immunity - a history of joint problems or having other types of arthritis, gout, or lupus - a history of iv drug use - chronic illnesses ( eg, anemia, diabetes, sickle cell, kidney failure ) - joint replacement or organ transplant surgery - recent injections ( eg, cortisone or hyaluronic acid ) - skin conditions ( eg, psoriasis, eczema ) if you experience any of these symptoms do not assume it is because of septic arthritis. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4349690371345552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.421903"} {"text": "##s ( eg, cortisone or hyaluronic acid ) - skin conditions ( eg, psoriasis, eczema ) if you experience any of these symptoms do not assume it is because of septic arthritis. these symptoms may be caused by other, less serious conditions. newborn or infants - crying when a joint is moved ( eg, during a diaper change ) - immobility of the limb of a joint - swelling and redness - persistent crying for any reason children and adults - intense joint pain - joint swelling and redness - immobility of a joint or its limb your doctor will ask about you or your child \u2019 s symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. your doctor may refer you to a specialist. your doctor may need to test your bodily fluids. this can be done with : - synovial fluid ( fluid that lubricates the joint ) testing - blood tests your doctor may need pictures of your joints. this can be done with x - rays. antibiotic therapy is started as soon as a diagnosis is made. in the beginning, antibiotics are given by iv. this is to ensure that the infected joint receives medicine to kill the bacteria. the specific medicines used depend on the type of bacteria that is causing the infection. the remaining course of antibiotics may be given orally. fluid may be removed from the joint to reduce the likelihood of joint damage. this may be done either by placing a needle in the joint or through surgery. rest, preventing the joint from moving, and warm compresses may be used to manage pain. physical therapy or exercises may also speed recovery. if you are diagnosed with septic arthritis, follow your doctor ' s instructions. to help reduce your chance of getting septic arthritis, get prompt treatment of infections that could lead to septic arthritis. last reviewed november 2012 by michael woods, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40128593932162715, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.422908"} {"text": "conflict of principles [ included in the bastiat collection ( 2011 ), this article appeared in economic sophisms ( 1845 ). ] there is one thing that confounds me, and it is this. sincere publicists, studying the economy of society from the producer ' s point of view, have laid down this double formula : \" governments should order the interests of consumers who are subject to their laws, in such a way as to be favorable to national industry. \" \" they should bring distant consumers under subjection to their laws, for the purpose of ordering their interests in a way favorable to national industry. \" the first of these formulas gets the name of protection ; the second we call outlets, or the creating of markets, or vents, for our produce. both are founded on what we call the balance of trade : \" a nation is impoverished when it imports ; enriched when it exports. \" for if every purchase from a foreign country is a tribute paid and a national loss, it follows, of course, that it is right to restrain, and even prohibit, importations. and if every sale to a foreign country is a tribute received, and a national profit, it is quite right and natural to create markets for our products even by force. the system of protection and the colonial system are, then, only two aspects of one and the same theory. to hinder our fellow citizens from buying from foreigners, and to force foreigners to buy from our fellow citizens, are only two consequences of one and the same principle. now, it is impossible not to admit that this doctrine, if true, makes general utility to repose on monopoly or internal spoliation, and on conquest or external spoliation. i enter a cottage on the french side of the pyrenees. the father of the family has received but slender wages. his half - naked children shiver in the icy north wind ; the fire is extinguished, and there is nothing on the table. there are wool, firewood, and corn on the other side of the mountain ; but these good things are forbidden to the poor day - laborer, for the other side of the mountain is not in france. foreign firewood is not allowed to warm the cottage hearth ; and the shepherd ' s children can never know the taste of biscayan wheat, and the wool of navarre can never warm their benumbed limbs. general utility has so ordered it. be it so ; but let us agree that all this is in direct opposition to the first principles of justice. to dispose legislative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5658436152223216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.435249"} {"text": "of calm or peace of mind. for my own part, it seems to me that if i had entered the precincts of the science by the same gate, if i had failed to perceive clearly that liberty, utility, justice, peace, are things not only compatible, but strictly allied with each other, and, so to speak, identical, i should have endeavored to forget what i had learned, and i should have asked, \" how god could have willed that men should attain prosperity only through injustice and war? how he could have willed that they should be unable to avoid injustice and war except by renouncing the possibility of attaining prosperity? \" dare i adopt, as the basis of the legislation of a great nation, a science that thus misleads me by false lights, that has conducted me to this horrible blasphemy, and landed me in so dreadful an alternative? and when a long train of illustrious philosophers have been conducted by this science, to which they have devoted their lives, to more consoling results \u2014 when they affirm that liberty and utility are perfectly reconcilable with justice and peace \u2014 that all these great principles run in infinitely extended parallels, and will do so to all eternity, without running counter to each other \u2014 i would ask, have they not in their favor that presumption which results from all that we know of the goodness and wisdom of god, as manifested in the sublime harmony of the material creation? in the face of such a presumption, and of so many reliable authorities, ought i to believe lightly that god has been pleased to implant antagonism and dissonance in the laws of the moral world? no ; before i should venture to conclude that the principles of social order run counter to and neutralize each other, and are in eternal and irreconcilable opposition \u2014 before i should venture to impose on my fellow citizens a system so impious as that to which my reasonings would appear to lead \u2014 i should set myself to re - examine the whole chain of these reasonings, and assure myself that at this stage of the journey i had not missed my way. \" but if, after a candid and searching examination, 20 times repeated, i arrived always at this frightful conclusion, that we must choose between the right and the good, discouraged, i should reject the science, and bury myself in voluntary ignorance ; above all, i should decline all participation in public affairs, leaving to men of another temper and constitution the burden and responsibility of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5486051364963015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.440248"} {"text": "a padawan, padawan learner, or jedi apprentice, referred to a force - sensitive adolescent who had begun one - on - one instruction with a jedi knight or master... the jedi are characters in the fictional star wars universe and the series ' main protagonists. they use a quasi - telekinetic power, known as the force, weapons known as lightsabers, which emit a controlled energy flow in the shape of a sword, to serve and protect their republic and the whole... current grand master - darth _ grave apply to be trained in the ways of the jedi and light side of the force by one of our jedi masters. pm one of our jedi masters for more info. emotion, yet peace. ignorance, yet knowledge. passion, yet serenity. chaos, yet harmony. death, yet the force. there is no emotion, there is peace. there is no ignorance, there is knowledge. there is no passion, there is serenity. there is no chaos, there is harmony. there is no death, there is the force. jedi are the guardians of peace in the galaxy. jedi use their powers to defend and to protect. jedi respect all life, in any form. jedi serve others rather than ruling over them, for the good of the galaxy. jedi seek to improve themselves through knowledge and training. learn this or fail our tests - arielyssou master of the order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5556161393486025, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.444067"} {"text": "this project just makes a wireless fm microphone which looks very simple in its structure. it is a useful device in our day - today life. a wireless microphone, as the name implies, is a microphone without a physical cable connecting it directly to the sound recording or amplifying equipment with which it is associated. more commonly known as a radio microphone, there are many different standards, frequencies and transmission technologies used to replace the microphone ' s cable connection and make it into a wireless microphone. they can transmit, for example, in radio waves using uhf or vhf frequencies, fm, am, or various digital modulation schemes. some low cost models use infrared light. infrared microphones require a direct line of sight between the microphone and the receiver, while costlier radio frequency models do not. some models operate on a single fixed frequency, but the more advanced models operate on a user selectable frequency to avoid interference and allow the use of several microphones at the same time. it can be used in seminar halls, class rooms, for a school or college radio etc. one such piece costs 100 - 300 rupees in the market. the coming sections give the entire idea of making a miniature wireless microphone. we hope that you will find this quite interesting as you go through this particular project. 2. block diagram and its description figure 1 : block diagram above diagram shows the block diagram of the simple wireless fm microphone. it consists of simple audio amplifier, modulated tuned amplifier & a condenser mic. here a microphone ( condenser ) captures the audio signal and a simple audio amplifier amplifies this signal before the modulation is done. a modulated tuned amplifier modulates the signal with self generated carrier frequency. the carrier frequency can be varied by changing the capacitor and inductor value in the tank circuit. then the modulated signal is fed to the antenna. as a trimmer capacitor is used in the l - c circuit, we can vary the transmitting frequency anywhere in the whole fm band. 4. components description a resistor is a two terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in its terminals in proportion to the current, that is in accordance with ohm ' s law : v = ir. the electrical resistance r is equals to the voltage drop v across the resistor divided by the current / through the resistor. resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. an electrical signal can be amplified by using transistors that allows a small current or voltage to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5129103314513074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.472557"} {"text": "the voltage drop v across the resistor divided by the current / through the resistor. resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. an electrical signal can be amplified by using transistors that allows a small current or voltage to control the flow of a much larger current. in analog circuit transistors are used in oscillator, amplifier and linear regulated power supply. transistors are also used in digital circuits where they function as electronic switches. digital circuits include logic gates, ram and micro processors. here we use 2n3904 transistor. it is a common npn bipolar junction transistor. it is used for general purpose low power amplifying and switching applications. it is designed for low current and power, medium voltage and can operate at moderately high speed. this transistor is of low cost and is widely available. when looking at the flat side, with the base pointed downwards, the three wires emerging from the base are, left to right, the emitter, base and collector leads. the inductor used in the circuit is a handmade coil using 22 swg ( standard wire gauge ) enameled copper wire. the length, inner diameter, number of turns etc are the important parameters to be considered while making the inductor. then only the inductor resonates in the 88 - 108 band fm frequency. for this circuit, the coil radius was selected as 0. 26 inches ( outer diameter ) and 0. 13 inner diameter. coil can be wound around a screw driver ( with same diameter ) to get a 5 turn coil of 0. 2 inch long. remove the coil from the screw driver and use the 5 turn air core coil. remove the enamel from the tips and solder close to the transistor. the inductance of the coil can be calculated using the formula : l = n2r2 / ( 9r + 10 x ) where r is the inner radius of the coil, x is the length of the coil and n, number of turns. the resulting value is in micro henry. an inductor is just a coil of wire and you need to wind one for this circuit. an inductor is characterized by its length, radius and the number of turns of wire in the coil. magnet wire ( radio shack part 278 - 1345 ) was used to build the inductor but you can use standard solid strand 22 awg gauge copper wire. some on - line and printed articles describe winding the wire around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5024909050228169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.473592"} {"text": "wire in the coil. magnet wire ( radio shack part 278 - 1345 ) was used to build the inductor but you can use standard solid strand 22 awg gauge copper wire. some on - line and printed articles describe winding the wire around a pencil. unfortunately, pencils come in different diameters and hence a mcdonald \u2019 s soda straw was used ; the yellow - red - white striped straw, found in every mcdonalds in the world, is the same size. the straw \u2019 s radius is exactly 0. 1325 inches ( diameter = 0. 2650 inches ) and 1 / 4 inches was snipped off the straw. 4. 4 condenser mic the condenser mic is used to pick up the sound signals. the diaphragm inside the mic vibrates according to the air pressure changes and generates ac signals. variable resistor vr1 adjusts the current through the mic and thus determines the sensitivity of mic. the condenser mic should be directly soldered on the pcb to get maximum sensitivity. sleeving the mic inside plastic tubing can increase its sensitivity error. a capacitor is an electrical / electronic device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors ( called \" plates \" ). the process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as \" charging \", and involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, building up on each plate. capacitors are often used in electric and electronic circuits as energy - storage devices. they can also be used to differentiate between high - frequency and low - frequency signals. this property makes them useful in electronic filters. practical capacitors have series resistance, internal leakage of charge, series inductance and other non - ideal properties not found in a theoretical, ideal, capacitor. 4. 6 trimmer capacitor a small button type variable capacitor with a value of 40 pf can be used to adjust the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. the variable capacitor and the inductor coil form the tank circuit ( lc circuit ) that resonates in the 88 - 108 mhz. in the tank circuit, the capacitor stores electrical energy between its plates while the inductor stores magnetic energy induced by the windings of the coil. the resonant frequency can be calculated using the formula : f = 1 / 2 \u03c0 \u221alc = hz where f is the frequency in hertz, x is the coil length, c is the cap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5464491310243262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.474597"} {"text": "induced by the windings of the coil. the resonant frequency can be calculated using the formula : f = 1 / 2 \u03c0 \u221alc = hz where f is the frequency in hertz, x is the coil length, c is the capacitance of trimmer in farads, and l is the inductance of coil in henry. 4. 7 tank circuit every fm transmitter needs an oscillator to generate the radio frequency ( rf ) carrier waves. the name \u2018 tank \u2019 circuit comes from the ability of the lc circuit to store energy for oscillations. the purely reactive elements, the c and the l simply store energy to be returned to the system. in the tank ( lc ) circuit, the 2n3904 transistor and the feedback 4. 7 pf capacitor are the oscillating components. the feedback signal makes the base - emitter current of the transistor vary at the resonant frequency. this causes the emitter - collector current to vary at the same frequency. this signal fed to the aerial and radiated as radio waves. a plastic wire or telescopic aerial can be used as antenna. the length of the antenna is very important to transmit the signals in the suitable range. as a rule, the length of the antenna should be \u00bc of the fm wave length. to determine the length of antenna, use the following equation. by multiplying the wave frequency and wave length will give the speed of light. speed of light = frequency of oscillation x wavelength = in kms / sec wave length = speed of light / frequency = in meters antenna length = 0. 25 x wavelength = in meters antenna length = 0. 25 x wavelength = in meters by using this formula it is easy to select the antennal length. for the circuit mentioned above, a 25 - 27inches long antenna is sufficient. 5. fm ( frequency modulation ) in telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation ( fm ) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its instantaneous frequency. this is in contrast with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant. in analog applications, the difference between the instantaneous and the base frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal amplitude. digital data can be sent by shifting the carrier ' s frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency - shift keying. frequency modulation can be regarded as phase modulation where the carrier phase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5496121409554078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.475562"} {"text": "instantaneous value of the input signal amplitude. digital data can be sent by shifting the carrier ' s frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency - shift keying. frequency modulation can be regarded as phase modulation where the carrier phase modulation is the time integral of the fm modulating signal. fm is widely used for broadcasting of music and speech, and in two - way radio systems, in magnetic tape recording systems, and certain video transmission systems. in radio systems, frequency modulation with sufficient bandwidth provides an advantage in cancelling naturally - occurring noise. frequency - shift keying ( digital fm ) is widely used in data and fax modems. suppose the baseband data signal ( the message ) to be transmitted is xm ( t ) and the sinusoidal carrier is, where fc is the carrier ' s base frequency and ac is the carrier ' s amplitude. the modulator combines the carrier with the baseband data signal to get the transmitted signal : in this equation, is the instantaneous frequency of the oscillator and is the frequency deviation, which represents the maximum shift away from fc in one direction, assuming xm ( t ) is limited to the range \u00b11. although it may seem that this limits the frequencies in use to fc \u00b1 f\u03b4, this neglects the distinction between instantaneous frequency and spectral frequency. the frequency spectrum of an actual fm signal has components extending out to infinite frequency, although they become negligibly small beyond a point. 5. 1. 1 sinusoidal baseband signal while it is an over - simplification, a baseband modulated signal may be approximated by a sinusoidal continuous wave signal with a frequency fm. the integral of such a signal is, thus, in this specific case, equation ( 1 ) above simplifies to : where the amplitude of the modulating sinusoid, is represented by the peak deviation ( see frequency deviation. the harmonic distribution of a sine wave carrier modulated by such a sinusoidal signal can be represented with bessel functions - this provides a basis for a mathematical understanding of frequency modulation in the frequency domain. 5. 2 modulation index as with other modulation indices, this quantity indicates by how much the modulated variable varies around its un - modulated level. it relates to the variations in the frequency of the carrier signal : where is the highest frequency component present in the modulating signal xm ( t ), and is the peak frequency - deviation, i. e. the maximum deviation of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5759980749752573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.476680"} {"text": "level. it relates to the variations in the frequency of the carrier signal : where is the highest frequency component present in the modulating signal xm ( t ), and is the peak frequency - deviation, i. e. the maximum deviation of the instantaneous frequency from the carrier frequency. if, the modulation is called narrowband fm, and its bandwidth is approximately. if, the modulation is called wideband fm and its bandwidth is approximately. while wideband fm uses more bandwidth, it can improve signal - to - noise ratio significantly. for example, doubling the value of while keeping fm constant, results in an eight - fold improvement in the signal to noise ratio. compare with chirp spread spectrum, which uses extremely wide frequency deviations to achieve processing gains comparable to more traditional, better - known spread spectrum modes. with a tone - modulated fm wave, if the modulation frequency is held constant and the modulation index is increased, the ( non - negligible ) bandwidth of the fm signal increases, but the spacing between spectra stays the same ; some spectral components decrease in strength as others increase. if the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased, the spacing between spectra increases. frequency modulation can be classified as narrow band if the change in the carrier frequency is about the same as the signal frequency, or as wide - band if the change in the carrier frequency is much higher ( modulation index > 1 ) than the signal frequency. for example, narrowband fm is used for two way radio systems such as family radio service where the carrier is allowed to deviate only 2. 5 khz above and below the center frequency, carrying speech signals of no more than 3. 5 khz bandwidth. wide - band fm is used for fm broadcasting where music and speech is transmitted with up to 75 khz deviation from the center frequency, carrying audio with up to 20 khz bandwidth. 5. 3 carson ' s rule a rule of thumb, carson ' s rule states that nearly all ( ~ 98 % ) of the power of a frequency - modulated signal lies within a bandwidth of where, as defined above, is the peak deviation of the instantaneous frequency from the center carrier frequency. the noise power decreases as the signal power increases ; therefore the snr goes up significantly. fm signals can be generated using either direct or indirect frequency modulation. \u00b7 direct fm modulation can be achieved by directly feeding the message into the input of a vco. \u00b7 for indirect fm modulation, the message signal is integrated to generate a phase modulated signal. this is used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5376564731824578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.480179"} {"text": "using either direct or indirect frequency modulation. \u00b7 direct fm modulation can be achieved by directly feeding the message into the input of a vco. \u00b7 for indirect fm modulation, the message signal is integrated to generate a phase modulated signal. this is used to modulate a crystal controlled oscillator, and the result is passed through a frequency multiplier to give an fm signal. many fm detector circuits exist. one common method for recovering the information signal is through a foster - seeley discriminator. a phase - locked loop can be used as an fm demodulator. slope detection demodulates an fm signal by using a tuned circuit, which has its resonant frequency slightly offset from the carrier frequency. as the frequency rises and falls, the tuned circuit provides a changing amplitude of response, converting fm to am. am receivers may detect some fm transmissions by this means, though it does not provide an efficient method of detection for fm broadcasts. fm is also used at audio frequencies to synthesize sound. this technique, known as fm synthesis, was popularized by early digital synthesizers and became a standard feature for several generations of personal computer sound cards. edwin howard armstrong ( 1890 \u2013 1954 ) was an american electrical engineer who invented wideband frequency modulation ( fm ) radio. he patented the regenerative circuit in 1914, the super - heterodyne receiver in 1918 and the super - regenerative circuit in 1922. he presented his paper : \" a method of reducing disturbances in radio signaling by a system of frequency modulation \", which first described fm radio, before the new york section of the institute of radio engineers on november 6, 1935. the paper was published in 1936. as the name implies, wideband fm ( wfm ) requires a wider signal bandwidth than amplitude modulation by an equivalent modulating signal, but this also makes the signal more robust against noise and interference. frequency modulation is also more robust against simple signal amplitude fading phenomena. as a result, fm was chosen as the modulation standard for high frequency, high fidelity radio transmission : hence the term \" fm radio \" ( although for many years the bbc called it \" vhf radio \", because commercial fm broadcasting uses a well - known part of the vhf band \u2014 the fm broadcast band ). fm receivers employ a special detector for fm signals and exhibit a phenomenon called capture effect, where the tuner is able to clearly receive the stronger of two stations being broadcast on the same frequency. problematically however, frequency drift or lack of selectivity may cause one station or signal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5384417635568661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.481226"} {"text": "detector for fm signals and exhibit a phenomenon called capture effect, where the tuner is able to clearly receive the stronger of two stations being broadcast on the same frequency. problematically however, frequency drift or lack of selectivity may cause one station or signal to be suddenly overtaken by another on an adjacent channel. frequency drift typically constituted a problem on very old or inexpensive receivers, while inadequate selectivity may plague any tuner. an fm signal can also be used to carry a stereo signal : see fm stereo. however, this is done by using multiplexing and de - multiplexing before and after the fm process. the rest of this article ignores the stereo multiplexing and de - multiplexing process used in \" stereo fm \", and concentrates on the fm modulation and demodulation process, which is identical in stereo and mono processes. a high - efficiency radio - frequency switching amplifier can be used to transmit fm signals ( and other constant - amplitude signals ). for a given signal strength ( measured at the receiver antenna ), switching amplifiers use less battery power and typically cost less than a linear amplifier. this gives fm another advantage over other modulation schemes that require linear amplifiers, such as am and qam. frequency - shift keying is the frequency modulation using only a discrete number of frequencies. morse code transmission has been implemented this way, as were most early telephone - line modems radio teletype also use fsk. fm modulation is also used in telemetry applications, radar, seismic prospecting and newborn eeg seizures modeling. 5. 9 super heterodyne reciever in electronics, a super heterodyne receiver ( sometimes shortened to superhets ) uses frequency mixing or heterodyning to convert a received signal to a fixed intermediate frequency, which can be more conveniently processed than the original radio carrier frequency. virtually all modern radio and television receivers use the super heterodyne principle. the diagram at right shows the minimum requirements for a single - conversion super heterodyne receiver design. the following essential elements are common to all superhet circuits : [ a receiving antenna, a tuned stage which may optionally contain amplification ( rf amplifier ), a variable frequency local oscillator, a frequency mixer, a band pass filter and intermediate frequency ( if ) amplifier, and a demodulator plus additional circuitry to amplify or process the original audio signal ( or other transmitted information ). figure : block diagram of super heterodyne receiver 5. 10 circuit description to receive a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5694451559109261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.482803"} {"text": "if ) amplifier, and a demodulator plus additional circuitry to amplify or process the original audio signal ( or other transmitted information ). figure : block diagram of super heterodyne receiver 5. 10 circuit description to receive a radio signal, a suitable antenna is required. this is often built into a receiver, especially in the case of am broadcast band radios. the output of the antenna may be very small, often only a few microvolts. the signal from the antenna is tuned and may be amplified in a so - called radio frequency ( rf ) amplifier, although this stage is often omitted. one or more tuned circuits at this stage block frequencies which are far removed from the intended reception frequency. in order to tune the receiver to a particular station, the frequency of the local oscillator is controlled by the tuning knob ( for instance ). tuning of the local oscillator and the rf stage may use a variable capacitor, or varicap diode. the tuning of one ( or more ) tuned circuits in the rf stage must track the tuning of the local oscillator. 5. 11 mixer stage the signal is then fed into a circuit where it is mixed with a sine wave from a variable frequency oscillator known as the local oscillator ( lo ). the mixer uses a non - linear component to produce both sum and difference beat frequencies signals, each one containing the modulation contained in the desired signal. the output of the mixer may include the original rf signal at fd, the local oscillator signal at flo, and the two new frequencies fd + flo and fd - flo. the mixer may inadvertently produce additional frequencies such as 3rd - and higher - order intermediation products. the undesired signals are removed by the if bandpass filter, leaving only the desired offset if signal at fif which contains the original modulation ( transmitted information ) as the received radio signal had at fd. historically, broadcast am receivers using vacuum tubes would save costs by employing a single tube as a mixer and also as the local oscillator. the pentagrid converter tube would oscillate and also provide signal amplification as well as frequency shifting. 5. 12 intermediate frequency stage the stages of an intermediate frequency amplifier are tuned to a particular frequency not dependent on the receiving frequency ; this greatly simplifies optimization of the circuit. the if amplifier ( or if strip ) can be made highly selective around its center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5116747584756833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.483766"} {"text": "12 intermediate frequency stage the stages of an intermediate frequency amplifier are tuned to a particular frequency not dependent on the receiving frequency ; this greatly simplifies optimization of the circuit. the if amplifier ( or if strip ) can be made highly selective around its center frequency fif, whereas achieving such a selectivity at a much higher rf frequency would be much more difficult. by tuning the frequency of the local oscillator flo, the resulting difference frequency flo - fd ( or fd - flo when using so - called low - side injection ) will be matched to the if amplifier ' s frequencyfif for the desired reception frequency fd. one section of the tuning capacitor will thus adjust the local oscillator ' s frequency flo to fd + fif ( or. less often, to fd - fif ) while the rf stage is tuned to fd. engineering the multi - section tuning capacitor and coils to fulfill this condition across the tuning range is known as tracking. other signals produced by the mixer ( such as due to stations at nearby frequencies ) can be very well filtered out in the if stage, giving the superheterodyne receiver its superior performance. however, if flo is set to fd + fif, then an incoming radio signal at flo + fif will also produce a heterodyne at fif ; this is called the image frequency and must be rejected by the tuned circuits in the rf stage. the image frequency is 2fif higher ( or lower ) than fd, so employing a higher if frequency fif increases the receiver ' s image rejection without requiring additional selectivity in the rf stage. usually the intermediate frequency is lower than the reception frequency fd, but in some modern receivers ( e. g. scanners and spectrum analyzers ) it is more convenient to first convert an entire band to a much higher intermediate frequency ; this eliminates the problem of image rejection. then a tunable local oscillator and mixer converts that signal to a second much lower intermediate frequency where the selectivity of the receiver is accomplished. in order to avoid interference to receivers, licensing authorities will avoid assigning common if frequencies to transmitting stations. standard intermediate frequencies used are 455 khz for medium - wave am radio, 10. 7 mhz for broadcast fm receivers, 38. 9 mhz ( europe ) or 45 mhz ( us ) for television, and 70 mhz for satellite and terrestrial microwave equipment. 5. 13 bandpass filter the received the if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5148015845282521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.484750"} {"text": "- wave am radio, 10. 7 mhz for broadcast fm receivers, 38. 9 mhz ( europe ) or 45 mhz ( us ) for television, and 70 mhz for satellite and terrestrial microwave equipment. 5. 13 bandpass filter the received the if stage includes a filter and / or multiple tuned circuits in order to achieve the desired selectivity. this filtering must therefore have a band pass equal to or less than the frequency spacing between adjacent broadcast channels. ideally a filter would have a high attenuation to adjacent channels, but maintain a flat response across the desired signal spectrum in order to retain the quality of signal. this may be obtained using one or more dual tuned if transformers or a multipole ceramic crystal filter. the received signal is now processed by the demodulator stage where the audio signal ( or other baseband signal ) is recovered and then further amplified. am demodulation requires the simple rectification of the rf signal ( so - called envelope detection ), and a simple rc low pass filter to remove remnants of the intermediate frequency. fm signals may be detected using a discriminator, ratio detector, or phase - locked loop. continuous wave ( morse code ) and single sideband signals require a product detector using a so - called beat frequency oscillator, and there are other techniques used for different types of modulation. the resulting audio signal ( for instance ) is then amplified and drives a loudspeaker. when so - called high - side injection has been used, where the local oscillator is at a higher frequency than the received signal ( as is common ), then the frequency spectrum of the original signal will be reversed. this must be taken into account by the demodulator ( and in the if filtering ) in the case of certain types of modulation such as single sideband. 6. circuit diagram of wireless fm microphone 7. circuit description the above figure shows the circuit diagram of wireless fm microphone. it has two transistor stages. the first one is the common emitter amplifier. the second stage is the voltage controlled oscillator. capacitor and self - made inductor will vibrate at frequencies in the fm radio band ( 88 to 108 mhz ) and it constitutes the l - c circuit. it is also called tank circuit. it consists of one inductor and two capacitors. this is called colpitt ' s oscillator. the physics lying behind this is that the capacitor stores charges between its plates, while the induc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4961348114068773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.486568"} {"text": "tank circuit. it consists of one inductor and two capacitors. this is called colpitt ' s oscillator. the physics lying behind this is that the capacitor stores charges between its plates, while the inductor coil stores energy in the magnetic field induced by the coil winding. the tank circuit vibrates at resonant frequency. the resonant frequency is given by f = 1 / 2 \u03c0 \u221alc hz where f is the frequency in hertz, c is the capacitance of trimmer in farads, and l is the inductance of coil in henry. the performance of an fm transmitter depends on two important aspects \u00b7 tuning of the fm transmitter to the desired frequency. even a slight change in the coil specification or slight change in the variable capacitor value can shift the harmonic frequency of the 88 to 108 mhz fm band. \u00b7 length of the antenna used to transmit the frequency. the important parameters for the optimum performance of an fm transmitter are : \u00b7 transmitter frequency, output power and range of transmission. \u00b7 antenna length. \u00b7 coil diameter, length, number of turns and gauge of the wire used for coil winding. the electric microphone has a resistance that depends on how loudly you speak into it. this microphone is battery powered and according to the v = ir ohm \u2019 s law, changes in resistance for fixed voltage will result in proportional changes in current. this wireless fm microphone is easy to construct and its transmissions can be picked up on any standard fm radio. it has a range of up to 1 / 4 - mile ( 400 meters ) or more, depending on the line of sight, obstructions by large buildings, etc. if you decide to substitute transistors with something similar you already have, it may be necessary to adjust the collector voltage of q1 by changing the value of r2 or r3 ( because you change transistors, it changes this bias on the base of q1 ). it should be about half the supply voltage ( about 4 or 5 ). to find the signal on receiver, make sure there is a signal coming in to the microphone, otherwise the circuit won ' t work. to use the microphone, set up a radio in the area at least 10 feet ( 3 meters ) from the project. find a blank spot on the fm dial and tune the radio up so you can hear the static. connect a 9 - volt battery to the transmitter and listed to the radio. slowly adjust the trimmer capacitor until \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4904748709891331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.487999"} {"text": "from the project. find a blank spot on the fm dial and tune the radio up so you can hear the static. connect a 9 - volt battery to the transmitter and listed to the radio. slowly adjust the trimmer capacitor until \" quiet \" the receiver ; this is the tuned spot. when move hand from the transmitter, then detune the circuit somewhat. it is usually best to leave it detuned and tune the radio in to get the best reception. if you get the tuning range you desire, you can squeeze the coils in the tank circuit closer together to raise the frequency, or pull them apart just a little to lower it. 8. pcb design 8. 1 pcb design procedure pcb preparation can be done using the following steps. \u00b7 prepare the pcb layout of the circuit in a graph sheet. \u00b7 cut the copper clad sheet in proper dimension and wash it. \u00b7 pcb layout is coated with paint or sticker. \u00b7 prepare the ferric chloride solution \u00b7 dip the pcb in to ferric chloride solution for etching non printed surface. \u00b7 wash cleanly with detergent. \u00b7 drill the holes in necessary any position. 9. pcb layout soldering is the process of joining two or more similar or dissimilar maters by melting another meters having lower melting points. soldering is an alloy of tin and lead, used for fusing the metals at relatively low temperature about 260uk to 315uk. the joint where the two metal conductors are to be fused is heated and solder is applied so that it can melt and cover the connection. the reason for soldering connections is that it makes a good bond between the joining metals, covering the joints completely to prevent oxidization. the coating of solder provides protection for practically long period of time. the trick in soldering is to heat the joint, not the solder. when the soldering is hot enough to melt the solder, it follows smoothly to fill all cracks forming a shiny cover without any space. do not move the joint until the solder has set. either the soldering iron or soldering gun can be used rated at 25w to 100w. in addition to this solder flux is used to remove any oxide films on the metal being joint. otherwise they cannot be joined together. 9. 1 soldering fluxes in order to make the surface accept the solder readily, the component terminals should be for from order and other abstractly films. soldering flux cleans the orders from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4869275618589002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.489006"} {"text": "joint. otherwise they cannot be joined together. 9. 1 soldering fluxes in order to make the surface accept the solder readily, the component terminals should be for from order and other abstractly films. soldering flux cleans the orders from the surface of the metal. zinc chloride, aluminums chloride, and rosin at the commonly used fluxes. solder is used for joining two or more mental at temperature below their melting point. the popularly used solders on alloy are alloys of tin ( 60 % ) and lead ( 40 % ) that metals at stiff and solidifies when it cools. 9. 3 soldering iron it is used the melt the solder and apply at the joints in the circuit. \u00f8 working with a simple dry cell power supply. \u00f8 it is user friendly. \u00f8 low cost. \u00f8 easy to install. \u00f8 simple circuit. \u00f8 greater freedom of movement for the artist or speaker. \u00f8 avoidance of cabling problems common with wired microphones, caused by constant moving and stressing the cables. \u00f8 sometimes limited range ( a wired balanced xlr microphone can run up to 300 ft or 100 meters ). some wireless systems have a shorter range, while more expensive models can exceed that distance. \u00f8 possible interference with or, more often, from other radio equipment or other radio microphones, though models with many frequency - synthesized switch - selectable channels are now plentiful and cost effective. \u00f8 operation time is limited relative to battery life ; it is shorter than a normal condenser microphone due to greater drain on batteries from transmitting circuitry, and from circuitry giving extra features, if present. \u00f8 noise or dead spots ( places where it doesn ' t work, especially in non - diversity systems ). \u00f8 limited number of operating microphones at the same time and place, due to the limited number of radio channels ( frequencies ). \u00f8 it is used in seminar halls, class rooms, for a school or college radio etc. the mini project ' wireless fm microphone ' is developed from the elementary idea of making a wireless hand piece, which can be used in a seminar hall, auditorium etc. this idea forced us to proceed with our project. as our project deals with transmitter & the most common receiver is fm receiver, we decided to make the fm transmitter. 15. future scope as the field of information technology and communication is developing day - by - day, the necessity of more sophisticated equipments and discoveries is raising up. hence, more enhanced version of our project, wireless fm microphone can be implemented in various", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5112452085244314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.490439"} {"text": "mount union students face their fears october 18, 2012 alliance, ohio \u2014 for the third year in a row, university of mount union students enrolled in assistant professor of psychology dr. kevin meyers \u2019 abnormal psychology course had the opportunity to overcome a specific phobia at cedar point amusement park. students learned to overcome their phobias through a process known as \u201c exposure therapy. \u201d this year \u2019 s \u2018 face your fears \u2019 project was held at cedar point in sandusky, oh. students explored and overcame the \u201c roller coaster phobia \u201d which falls into the category of anxiety disorders known as specific phobias. specific phobias can be focused on certain objects or certain environments and their impact on the individual. a person with a specific phobia disorder is commonly diagnosed with behavioral disorders and the individual can suffer from anxiety attacks, persistent fear and the action of avoiding the object or environment to which their fear stems from. this is where the concept of exposure therapy comes into play. exposure therapy is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy in which the individual is gradually exposed to their fear over time. according to meyer, cedar point is a prime location to expose students to their roller coaster fears since cedar point has moderate to medium to extreme roller coaster varieties available. the overall goal of the \u2018 face your fear \u2019 project is to expose students to a real - world application of how a specific therapeutic method can be applied to successfully treat a behavioral disorder. students were active in collecting various types of data, serving as an active sample in a real - time working study, and will have the opportunity to integrate what they learn into a course project. through this process, several individuals will in fact overcome their roller coaster phobia, opening up a previously inaccessible source of fun and excitement they can now be free to explore. back to previous page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5063919743674579, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.495551"} {"text": "fun learning with printable flash cards here you will find our selection of free printable flash cards for preschool learning ( and beyond! ). flash cards are a great way for kids to learn the basic elements and memorize them through short repeat sessions. you \u2019 ll find helping them learn their first abc, animal names and numbers incredibly rewarding. a few minutes here, a few minutes there, whether at home, traveling, in the park or at auntie \u2019 s it \u2019 s learning on the go. these lovely cards turn learning into playing ( \u2026 but we also love decorating kids \u2019 rooms by sticking them on the wall or putting them in picture frames. ) we \u2019 ve made all our printable flash cards here free for everybody and of course you can print them as many times as you like! alphabet flash cards helping the little one \u2019 s first learning fun and sweet! vocabulary flash cards learning new words and concepts is great fun! number & math flash cards various flash cards for all your math activities. shapes & colors flash cards try combining abstract shapes and pretty colors with various colorful activities. we have a growing selection of children \u2019 s resources for preschool, homeschool & classroom learning activities. please check back soon to see what \u2019 s new. thank you! we \u2019 d also love to hear from parents and teachers with suggestions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45916836022922713, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.497090"} {"text": "the use of pressure of the fingers and hands for massage and to stimulate qi ( vital energy ) flow throughout the body. it is used well with tension and stress ailments. acupuncture - the use of thin needles to restore energy balances. it is believed that the body has special channels of energy, called meridians, running throughout the body. by stimulating special points on these meridians with acupuncture needles, energy balance is restored to normal functioning. an educational technique, rather than a therapeutic technique, that teaches a method of adjusting body postures and movement to relieve damaging stresses. the therapeutic use of bee venom to help alleviate pain and various conditions. a science that tests nerve and muscle groups throughout the body to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the various organ systems. it is also used to determine the body ' s receptivity to various remedies thereby assisting health restoration. additional modalities like nutrition, massage, and acupressure are then added for treatments. bee sting see apitherapy chiropractic - a technique of manipulating and adjusting the spine to restore normal flow of nerve function throughout the spinal column to heal and to alleviate p homeopathy - the field of medicine that treats disease and restores health by giving minute amounts of medicinal substances that would produce the same symptoms of the disease in healthy persons. this field uses the principle that \" like cures like. \" hyperbaric oxygen therapy see oxygen therapy magnetic field therapy the use of magnets and electromagnetic fields for medical treatments of many conditions including pain and stress. there is current ongoing research in this field. music and sound therapy the use of sounds and music to promote health through its calming and soothing effects and through energizing effects on the central nervous system. it is being widely spread for use in hospitals and schools. treatment programs have been used for stress reduction, pain alleviation, improvements in movement, balance, and cognition, and promotion of strength and endurance. the use of oxygen to destroy pathogens in the body through oxygenation or oxidation. the use of oxygen therapy in the united states is controversial, even though use in europe is wide spread. the legal use of oxygen therapy varies from state to state. a therapy that utilizes motion and soft stretching and rotations to promote relaxation and to improve flexibility and range of motion. view these alternatives health and well being - diet, exercise, herbs, vitamins, apitherapy, hyperbaric oxygen stress - massage, reflexology, meditation, guided imagery, biofeedback, tai", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6024692648295535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.501814"} {"text": "do you bite your nails? you may be deficient in minerals what are minerals? yes, nail biting often begins with boredom or impatience or fidgeting. if you are among the millions who regularly bite their nails, you ' ve probably said to yourself \" i wish i could stop biting my nails! \" but often your body needs the minerals in the nail material that your body is recycling. so the reward - cycle begins and continues. studies show that the mineral content of hair or nails is similar to the mineral content of bone. the human body, like everything else in nature, is made up of chemicals. since the trace minerals group includes over 50 chemical elements, scientists further subdivide this group into three categories, to separate the minerals that are important in health from others that are in our bodies just because they are in the environment and probably have no special role. the first category is the essential trace minerals. these are minerals that are required in the diet for full health, and when the intake is insufficient, symptoms of deficiency will arise. they include nine known to be essential : zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, iodine, fluoride, and cobalt. about 10 more minerals are thought to be essential but the full proof is not yet in ; these are arsenic, boron, bromine, cadmium, lead, lithium, nickel, silicon, tin, and vanadium. you will note in this list several minerals ( arsenic, cadmium, lead ) that are normally thought to be toxic. this leads to the second category of trace minerals, the toxic trace minerals. the term is used for minerals that give problems with toxicity at levels that may be encountered normally in the environment and for which health concerns are more likely to arise from too much rather than too little in the body. this category is fairly loose, changing from time to time, and includes aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and tin. actually, all nutrients are toxic if too much is ingested ; how much is too much depends on the nutrient. for essential minerals like copper, there is a definite gradation for health ; if the intake is below the requirement, illness due to deficiency will develop ; as the intake goes up, health will improve until a plateau is reached, where small increases in intake will not make any difference to health ; above the top safe level ( the end of the plateau ), increases in intake will cause toxic illness. in extreme cases,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47298290843532154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.506141"} {"text": "most ingrown nail infections can be described as a simple foreign body reaction. the nail grows into the skin and acts as a foreign body, just like a splinter or a piece of glass. continued pressure by the nail against the skin causes inflammation and a soft the most common reason we develop ingrown nails is due to improper trimming of the nail. the nail is very weak when twisted ( torsion ). if the nail is trimmed so that a small spur, called a spicule, is left on the border of the nail, the nail will continue to grow forcing the spicule into the skin. as the skin responds to this ' foreign object ' it becomes inflamed and sore. the area adjacent to the nail will become increasingly more difficult to trim, and so begins the vicious cycle that we call an ingrown nail. the majority of ingrown nails are on the hallux ( big toe ). pain is usually tolerable until the nail is bumped or stepped on. ingrown nails are extremely common in adolescent boys and in women 2 - 3 months postpartum. why? young boys seem to have little regard for regular hygiene and pregnant women have a difficult time reaching their feet during the last several months of their pregnancy, not to mention the additional burden of their feet the shape of the nail can also be a contributing factor for ingrown nails. pincer nails ( as shown to the left ), a term used for nails that have a pinched appearance, put pressure on the periungual folds. as shoe pressure is exerted on the nail, the edges of the nail push into the skin just as the weight of something put on a table pushes through the legs of the table to the floor. other contributing factors that may cause ingrown nails include trauma to the nail, pressure from adjacent toes and the shape or profile of the forefoot in relationship to the shape of the toe box of the shoe. medical conditions, such as fungal infections or psoriasis, can change the shape of the nail and contribute to ingrown nails. treatment for ingrown nails ingrown toenails are treated much the same as a splinter. antibiotics and soaking can help to reduce the inflammation associated with the ingrown nail, but until the foreign object ( ingrown nail ) is removed, the stale mate between the nail and adjacent skin will continue. removal of the offending border of nail is necessary in most cases of ingrown nails. many have suggested the '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48198119524208693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.515570"} {"text": "but until the foreign object ( ingrown nail ) is removed, the stale mate between the nail and adjacent skin will continue. removal of the offending border of nail is necessary in most cases of ingrown nails. many have suggested the ' proper ' way to trim the nail, but in actuality, every nail is a bit different from the next nail. therefore, it ' s most important to trim the nail with quality nail trimmers in a way that it is not going to irritate the periungual fold. trimming the nail straight across may work for some but is ineffective for others. some advocate cutting a groove or v in the distal tip of the nail. this is also ineffective. cotton under the edge of the nail has been tried, even metallic clips that ' lift ' the nail, but each of these will fail in time unless the offending border of the nail is removed. nailease may help to lift the edges of the nail in a limited number of cases. many pregnant women develop ingrown nails due to their inability to reach their feet. nailease is a great product for them since they are poor surgical candidates until they the technique used most commonly today to treat infected ingrown nails is called a phenol - alcohol procedure ( p & a procedure ). this procedure is performed in the office under a local anesthetic on an out - patient basis. after the toe is numbed and cleaned with a disinfecting agent, a thin margin of nail is removed. phenol, which is 77 % carboxylic acid, is applied to the nail matrix to kill the cells that produce that small margin of nail only. the phenol is then flushed out with alcohol. patients can return to a band - aid and regular shoes the next day. the interesting thing about the phenol - alcohol procedure is the lack of pain experienced by patients following their surgery. this is due to the fact that phenol has a topical anesthetic property that last for 2 - 3 weeks. although the procedure will drain for several days, the benefit of using phenol is significant. phenol is best know as the active ingredient in chloroseptic mouthwash spray. in chloroseptic, phenol is used in a more dilute concentration but has the same effect in that it inhibits sore throat pain. other surgical procedures may be used with or without phenol and include the use of a co2 laser or other chemicals to destroy the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4534073138523039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.517028"} {"text": "##l is used in a more dilute concentration but has the same effect in that it inhibits sore throat pain. other surgical procedures may be used with or without phenol and include the use of a co2 laser or other chemicals to destroy the matrix cells. the decision to remove one border, both borders or the entire nail should be discussed with your doctor. the following images show the steps involved in correcting an ingrown nail with a p & a or phenol alcohol procedure. image 1 shows administration of local anesthesia. once the nail has been anesthetised, the foot is prepped with a betadine or comparable solution. image 2 shows a small tourniquet ( penrose drain ) around the toe to inhibit bleeding ( hemostasis ). a nail splitter is being used to create a clean split to remove just the borders of the nail. image 3 shows a hemostat being used to remove the nail. the nail bed is then scraped with a small curette to physically destroy the nail matrix. in image 4 we see the application of phenol. phenol application is normally done 3 times for 5 - 10 seconds each application. and image 5 shows the final bandage. this procedure is completed in 10 minutes and is performed in an office setting. post - op care varies, but steps are taken to promote drainage of the nail and may include epsom salt soaks or application of steroid / antibiotic drops. patients return to a normal shoe the day after surgery wearing just a 1 inch band - aid. healing takes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4469488333301628, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.517674"} {"text": "prepare this delightful combination of potatoes and vegetables on the grill or in the oven. it can be made ahead of time and served at room temperature or reheated. by patty james why is it important to eat lots of different colored fruits and vegetables? because each colored vegetable and fruit has unique properties and there is strong evidence of interactions between the colors that are beneficial to your health. eating by the rainbow is vitally important to your well - being. here are the colors : red foods contain lycopene that helps rid the body of damaging free radicals and protects against prostate cancer, as well as heart and lung disease. the red foods are loaded with antioxidants thought to protect against heart disease by preventing blood clots, and may also delay the aging of cells in the body. orange and yellow foods contain alpha carotene, which protects against cancer, but also contain beta - carotene, which the body converts to vitamin a, protecting the skin against free - radical damage. beta - carotene is also good for night vision. yams and sweet potatoes oranges and tangerines yellow summer or winter squash green foods contain the chemicals that help ward off cancer by inhibiting carcinogens. chlorophyll is the component that makes plants green, and it is purifying in the body. many green foods also contain calcium and minerals. kale, spinach, and other leafy greens blue, indigo, and violet foods contain the compound anthocyanins that not only give food their color but also have been shown to reduce the risk of high blood pressure and increasing heart health. plums, fresh and dried white foods, though not part of the color of the rainbow, contain properties that have anti - tumor qualities, such as allicin in onions as well as other health - improving antioxidants such as the flavanoids. the white foods, like bananas and potatoes, contain potassium as well. so how do you incorporate these fruits and vegetables into your daily eating habits? here are some sample menus to get you started : an orange. saute 1 / 2 red pepper, \u00bd onion, 2 shitake mushrooms, and 2 cloves garlic. add 3 cups leafy greens ( spinach leaves are fine ) and 3 eggs. cook until eggs are done and serve. strawberries. oatmeal made with cubed butternut squash or pureed pumpkin, topped with raw walnut pieces and raw pumpkin seeds. turkey sandwich on whole grain bread with sprouts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47186455052136406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.525179"} {"text": "3 eggs. cook until eggs are done and serve. strawberries. oatmeal made with cubed butternut squash or pureed pumpkin, topped with raw walnut pieces and raw pumpkin seeds. turkey sandwich on whole grain bread with sprouts, lettuce, tomato slices, avocado, and grated carrots. serve with a 2 - cup salad made with romaine lettuce and raw cauliflower, broccoli, and garbanzo beans. spinach salad topped with black olives, cherry tomatoes, cucumbers, green onions, and cauliflower. add beans or chicken if you like. toss with fresh lemon juice and either olive oil or flax oil or a combination of the two. sprinkle fresh parsley, chopped, on top. grilled fish or chicken breast or black beans and brown rice ( protein ). coleslaw made with green and red cabbage with red onions and grated carrots. baked yam. pasta primavera made with spinach fettuccini, sauteed red peppers, onions, garlic, zucchini, carrots, and whatever else is in season. 1 cup blueberries and cantaloupe jicama slices with salsa and celery with hummus or peanut or almond butter pineapple chunks and banana slices raw veggies with your favorite dip. hummus is a good choice. tangerine slices with herb tea remember that you need 5 \u2013 9 cups of vegetables and fruits a day for good health. make sure at least half of your veggies are raw. don ' t forget that juicing can incorporate many colored fruits and veggies easily and may be a good choice for those who may not be able to chew raw fruits and veggies. patty james is a certified natural chef with a master ' s degree in holistic nutrition and was founder and director of the patty james cooking school and nutrition center, the first certified organic cooking school and nutrition center in the country. she created the patty james health guide, a guide to life - long healthy eating and lifestyle. patty is a frequent guest speaker in public and private schools around the us, the clinton foundation in new york, as well as to health practitioners and organizations. patty runs shine the light on america ' s kids, an organization whose mission is to shine the light on all aspects of kids ' health in america. she is the author of more vegetables, please! website : pattyjames. com and shinethelightonkids. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3966181673931719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.526346"} {"text": "jacob ' s diverse family jacob found it in his heart to embrace all his children, though they chose different paths. provided by the jewish outreach institute, an organization dedicated to creating a more open and welcoming judaism. we have come to the end of jacob ' s tumultuous life. and as he gathers his children to his on his deathbed, jacob offers each one a blessing. in these blessings are contained wishes for his children that emanate from his own experience of life and his relationship with each one. rather than being cut of divine cloth and thereby a form of revelation, these blessings emerge from the kind of wisdom that only comes from the experience of human living. of the many lessons that jacob teaches us, we learn from him that old age can be a powerful teacher, as well as a calming influence particularly as they relate to those issues that seem to tear families apart only years before. the things that were once so important are eclipsed by the hovering shadow made so poignant by the angel of death. if we can reconcile at the end of life, why can ' t we do so earlier? what will it take to do so earlier? jacob ' s family was certainly diverse and its members had traveled different paths in their lives. yet he found it in his heart to embrace them all, including his grandchildren, the children of joseph. this diversity reflects his final and complete transformation from jacob to israel ( which we read about in a previous section ). if our communities are to be diverse and supportive of the foundational values of inclusion, then our families - - which are already diversifying - - can do no less.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4889207316572752, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.528233"} {"text": "joined : 16 mar 2004 | posted : wed dec 13, 2006 11 : 39 am post subject : new method creates nanowire detectors exactly where needed | new method creates nanowire detectors exactly where needed there seems to be little doubt among cancer researchers that new detection systems using nanowires and microfluidics hold the promise of providing a quantum leap in the detection of cancer - related molecules and genes. however, researchers also know that there are significant technical barriers that must be overcome to realize that promise, including the current difficulty in creating microfluidic devices built around nanowire detectors. now, a team of investigators at the nanosystems biology cancer center, one of eight nci - funded centers of cancer nanotechnology excellence, has developed a method for creating conducting polymer nanowires in place within microfluidic circuits. the team, led by hsian - rong tseng, ph. d., of the university of california, los angeles, and james health, ph. d., of the california institute of technology, reported their work in the journal chemical communications. the researchers create the nanowires using standard microelectrodes built into the microfluidics device specifically for the purpose of carrying out electrochemical reactions within the channels of the device. this allows them to use the microfluidic channels to introduce the precursor molecules, or monomers, needed to create the conducting polymer nanowires and trigger an electrochemical reaction at the exact place where the nanowires are needed to function as biomolecule detectors. this reaction causes the monomers to link to one another, forming the conducting polymer nanowires. this process can create two different types of polymer nanowires, one made of polyaniline, the other of polypyrrole. the chemical reactions are completed within 40 minutes. once formed, the nanowires can function immediately as detectors, with the electrodes used to form the nanowires now functioning as the circuitry that connects the nanowires to electrical signal recorders. the investigators demonstrate that these detectors are highly sensitive to changes in ph and to changing ammonia concentrations, though they note that these nanowires should be able to be used to detect a wide range of biomolecules. this work, which was supported in part by the national cancer institute, is detailed in a paper titled, \u201c electrochemical fabrication of conducting polymer nanowires in an integrated microfluidic system. \u201d this story was first posted on 26th september 2006.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5731206134345131, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.533606"} {"text": "joined : 16 mar 2004 | posted : tue aug 11, 2009 11 : 55 am post subject : new line of lasers for biomedicine | dundee leads eu project to develop next generation of lasers laser technology has revolutionised the world of medicine in ways never before thought of. more and more often the scalpel is giving way to a new generation of lasers. now the fast - dot project, backed by the eu with \u20ac10. 1 million in financing, is underway to develop a new line of lasers for biomedical applications. led by a team located at the university of dundee, 18 european partners from 12 countries will pool their knowledge and resources to develop the next generation of lasers which will be used for biomedical applications. their combined efforts mean that they are able to conduct nearly 100 person years of work in a fraction of the time. according to professor edik rafailov of the university of dundee, ' this project will revolutionise the use of lasers in the biomedical field, providing both practitioners and researchers with pocket sized ultra high performance lasers at a substantially lower cost, which will make their widespread use affordable. ' the new lasers that will be developed will not only be much smaller but also more energy efficient than current lasers in use. current lasers are not portable and are heavy on energy consumption. the new lasers will be designed for use in microscopy and nanosurgery, where high precision cutting, imaging and treatment therapies will be made possible. according to neil stewart, fast - dot project manager, ' the objectives of the project are to use a technology called quantum dot materials, probably gallium arsenide, and exploit their lasing characteristics for use in biomedical applications, such as laser tweezing for microsurgery. ' the new lasers will mean that surgeons and life scientists will have access to much higher performance and lower cost lasers than are currently available and will open up exciting new application areas for lasers in biomedicine. there is also hope that new lasers under development will also decrease in size. currently, lasers are roughly the size of a shoebox. fast - dot hopes to bring down the size to that of a matchbox while bringing the cost down to a tenth of what they currently are. dr stewart also claimed that the new lasers would be applicable in the field of micro - surgery. ' with these lasers we ought to be able to take that down to about a very few microns. and because of the differences in the way the energy is controlled, it enables us to deliver very controlled amounts of energy so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5893593355811889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.536462"} {"text": "biologists have known for decades that cells use tiny molecular motors to move chromosomes, mitochondria, and many other organelles within the cell, but no one has been able to understand what \" steers \" these engines to their destinations. now, researchers at the university of rochester have shed new light on how cells accomplish this feat, and the results may eventually lead to new approaches to fighting pathogens and neurological diseases. michael welte, associate professor of biology, shows in a paper published in today ' s issue of cell that the mechanisms that control the molecular motors are quite different from what biologists have previously believed. before these findings, scientists assumed that the number of motors attached to an organelle determined how far and fast the organelle could travel, but welte and colleagues have discovered that it is not the number of motors, but yet - to - be - discovered molecules that are likely the master regulators. \" the fact that motor number has nothing to do with regulating transport is extremely surprising, and somewhat unsettling to people working in vitro, \" says welte. \" it says we ' re really missing something when we study these motors only in the test tube instead of in a living cell. \" intracellular transport is crucial to a cell ' s health, says welte. for instance, during cell division, one copy of each of the cell ' s chromosomes migrates to one side of the cell while the other copy moves to the other side. if this movement is disturbed, it could cause an imbalance of chromosomes in the daughter cells, which might die or become cancerous. similarly, neurons, some of which are as much as three feet in length, manufacture proteins and organelles at one end and then must move that precious cargo all the way to the far end where they ' ll be used. this is an enormous task, says welte, and defects in this transport are thought to cause a number of neurological diseases. given the difficulty of investigating these tiny motors acting within the cell, biologists have performed basic experiments on them outside of the cell in a carefully controlled environment. this led them to believe that the speed and distance an organelle could be transported depended on how many motors were pulling it, says welte. thus, the scientists reasoned, perhaps the cell simply attaches the right number of motors to an organelle to send it the right distance. although this \" multi - motor \" hypothesis is very simple and elegant, says welte, whether it actually holds true within living", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5439577723696883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.545313"} {"text": "reasoned, perhaps the cell simply attaches the right number of motors to an organelle to send it the right distance. although this \" multi - motor \" hypothesis is very simple and elegant, says welte, whether it actually holds true within living cells had never been tested. welte ' s graduate student, susan tran, decided to perform that test. she created fruit - fly eggs lacking a type of molecular motor called kinesin and found that certain organelles stopped moving \u2014 strong evidence that kinesin is responsible for their transport. tran then made another type of mutant eggs, this time ones that produced only about half the number of kinesin motors of a regular egg. in both types of eggs, organelles were transported with the same speed and the same distance. welte needed to know if this equality was because the normal egg was simply utilizing only half the available kinesin motors, or if some master regulator was controlling the organelle ' s progress, regardless of the number of motors moving it. to do this, welte turned to steven gross, associate professor of developmental and cell biology at the university of california. gross ' group uses an apparatus called \" optical tweezers \" that employs laser light to measure the tiny forces the motors generate. the team found that organelles in regular cells are pulled with twice the force of tran ' s mutant, low - kinesin cells. \" that clinched it for us, \" says welte. \" yes, there are multiple motors moving organelles around, but exactly how many doesn ' t matter. there is something else in the cell that ' s controlling all the motors. that opens up a big area for research \u2014 find what ' s driving these motors and maybe we can control them all by controlling one thing. \" welte and his team are now looking at where in the cell this signal comes from and how it influence the motors. although welte ' s team studied fruit fly eggs, the motors moving the organelles are present in all animals and employed for many tasks, including transport in human neurons. welte also points out that viruses, including hiv, make use of the same kind of motors to move about the cell, first to get from the site of penetration to the nucleus, where they multiply, and then to get progeny viruses back to the cell surface. if welte and others can figure out how cells normally control these motors, it may be possible to prevent hiv from taking control of the motors and thus to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5488110773443127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.546762"} {"text": "the latest news from academia, regulators research labs and other things of interest posted : december 7, 2009 super cool atom thermometer ( nanowerk news ) as physicists strive to cool atoms down to ever more frigid temperatures, they face the daunting task of developing new, reliable ways of measuring these extreme lows. now a team of physicists has devised a thermometer that can potentially measure temperatures as low as tens of trillionths of a degree above absolute zero. their experiment is reported in the current issue of physical review letters and highlighted with a viewpoint in the december 7 issue of physics. physicists have developed a new thermometry method suitable for measuring temperatures of ultracold atoms. ( illustration : alan stonebraker ) physicists can currently cool atoms to a few billionths of a degree, but even this is too hot for certain applications. for example, richard feynman dreamed of using ultracold atoms to simulate the complex quantum mechanical behavior of electrons in certain materials. this would require the atoms to be lowered to temperatures at least a hundred times colder than what has ever been achieved. unfortunately, thermometers that can measure temperatures of a few billionths of a degree rely on physics that doesn ' t apply at these extremely low temperatures. now a team at the mit - harvard center for ultra - cold atoms has developed a thermometer that can work in this unprecedentedly cold regime. the trick is to place the system in a magnetic field, and then measure the atoms ' average magnetization. by determining a handful of easily - measured properties, the physicists extracted the temperature of the system from the magnetization. while they demonstrated the method on atoms cooled to one billionth of a degree, they also showed that it should work for atoms hundreds of times cooler, meaning the thermometer will be an invaluable tool for physicists pushing the cold frontier. source : american physical society translate this article : check out these other trending stories on nanowerk :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6681028279003937, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.549207"} {"text": "edwards middle school students like four - footed martian robots it was the video of robots looking like geckos crawling on mars that did it. that ' s the catalyst that brought a gymnasium full of middle school students to life during a visit by nasa dryden flight research center director kevin petersen, astronaut pam melroy, and local graduate shelby hagenauer, now a legislative assistant to representative william m. thomas from california ' s 22nd congressional district. image right : nasa dryden flight research center director kevin petersen talks to edwards middle school students on april 9. nasa photo by tom tschida. the students, some 350 - strong, attend edwards middle school on edwards air force base, where nasa dryden is located. dryden supports the school as a nasa explorer school, one of a growing number of schools around the country who are partnering with nasa to achieve exciting learning projects. petersen, melroy and hagenauer each had messages of encouragement for the students. the edwards community is a savvy audience ; many of the students ' parents fly aboard, or support, experimental aircraft tested by the air force at this mojave desert location. when petersen spoke about cutting - edge experiments flying overhead every day, it was the straight scoop from nasa dryden ' s top insider, delivered to an audience whom, he said, may have the opportunity to contribute to the planned exploration of mars. \" let ' s go do something really hard, \" petersen encouraged his audience. \" we ' ll learn some things we can all use. \" pam melroy captivated the students with descriptions of space travel taken from her two space shuttle missions. when asked what it was like to sleep in outer space, melroy smiled and replied, \" sleep? it ' s worse than the night before christmas times a thousand! \" she wanted to stay awake to experience everything, knowing she had but a short stay on orbit. but sleep in space is necessary, and she said astronauts sometimes strap themselves to a wall to get the feeling of something at their backs, like the feeling of a mattress on earth. in zero gravity conditions, up and down don ' t matter, and some astronauts \" hang upside down like bats \" to sleep, she told the edwards middle school crowd. image left : nasa astronaut pamela melroy answers students ' questions at edwards middle school. nasa photo by tom tschida. melroy reminded her audience, \" someone between the age of about five and 15 right now will be the one to step on mars. \" prophetic words that melroy and her co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4308272855718736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.554008"} {"text": "21 may - 3 october 2010 \u2018 the glass delusion \u2019 was the name given in the late middle ages and baroque times to a form of depression. sufferers were obsessive, compulsive, driven by irrational fears, and imagined themselves to be made of glass, hence brittle and fragile. so pervasive was the condition that it entered world literature, philosophy and history. cervantes wrote the novel the glass licentiate, descartes mentions it as a premise to his syllogism i think therefore i am, and charles vi of france had iron ribs sewn into his clothes to protect himself from breaking. victims allegedly travelled padded in straw and refused to sit down fearing their body weight would fracture their buttocks. the syndrome evokes a psychological separation between reality and imagination, between a strength and a vulnerability that we all experience at times. glass is a barrier, yet allows light to pass through it ; it magnifies and shrinks ; it can be delicate as well as deadly. its attributes are appropriated in symbolic ways : the glass brain and the glass man ; mirror image, alter ego, doppelganger, and split personality all come to mind. more than any other material glass has the ability to combine opposites and it is this duality that is the inspiration for this exhibition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5770435491415866, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.557203"} {"text": "water in the ear living in thailand is great for those of us who enjoy swimming and water sportsbut the hot and tropical climate doesn ' t mean that you are safe from \" swimmer ' s ear syndrome \" or otitis. swimmer ' s ear or otitis externa is an inflammation, irritation or infection of the skin of the outer ear canal. after swimming or showering, water remaining in the ear leaves the ear canal moist, making it a good environment for bacterial growth. rubbing the ear with a finger or using cotton tips to clean the ears lead to abrasions of the ear canal skin. bacteria then invade the skin and cause infection of the ear canal or swimmer ' s ear. swimming in polluted water and excessive cleaning worsen the infection. symptoms of swimmer ' s ear start with itching and mild discomfort, then progress to pain, swelling and redness in the ear, feeling of fullness or a blocked ear, fluid ( pus ) drainage from the ear, lymph node swelling and fever. the diagnosis is made by history, symptoms and ear examination. pain, redness or swelling of the outer ear canal leads to the diagnosis of otitis externa ( swimmer ' s ear ). however, in recurrent infections, the doctor may collect discharge from the ear canal for culture to identify the causative bacteria. treatment for swimmer ears includes cleaning of the ear canal, application of eardrops that inhibit bacterial or fungal growth and reduce swelling, and / or oral antibiotics. pain relief medication may be given to minimise the discomfort. as with all infections, prevention is better than cure. below are some tips that should keep you safe from otitis externa. 1. keep your ear dry because a dry ear is unlikely to become infected. tip your head to the side to drain water out of your ear after swimming and showering. swim mould can also be used to prevent water to the ear. 2. do not swim in polluted water. 3. do not put anything into your ear including finger, cotton, cloth or paper. 4. if you have an ear infection, do not go swimming. dr savitree chaloryoo, is a specialist paediatric audiologist at the hearing center, on the third floor of samitivej srinakarin hospital. she can be contacted at ( 02 ) 378 9000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4472883614597748, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.561490"} {"text": "on a trip to ireland a few years ago, i was struck by a number of faces among the crowds. they were children with the tell - tale look of down syndrome. don ' t miss these health stories more women opting for preventive mastectomy - but should they be? rates of women who are opting for preventive mastectomies, such as angeline jolie, have increased by an estimated 50 percent in recent years, experts say. but many doctors are puzzled because the operation doesn ' t carry a 100 percent guarantee, it ' s major surgery - - and women have other options, from a once - a - day pill to careful monitoring. - larry page ' s damaged vocal cords : treatment comes with trade - offs - report questioning salt guidelines riles heart experts - cdc : 2012 was deadliest year for west nile in us - what stresses moms most? themselves, survey says - more women opting for preventive mastectomy - but should they be? what struck me was the realization that i hardly ever see these young faces out on the street in the united states. a fascinating probe by the associated press suggests the reason. gene testing of parental carriers is leading to the birth of fewer and fewer children with inherited diseases in the united states. other conditions such as down syndrome, which uses prenatal testing of the fetus, are also apparently being screened out in greater numbers. by encouraging genetic testing for potential parents of european background, fewer and fewer children in the u. s. are being born with cystic fibrosis. aggressive programs to offer genetic testing to a subset of jewish ancestry has, over the last decade, resulted in a situation in which only about a dozen new cases of fatal tay - sachs disease occur each year in babies in the united states. experts believe that wider testing of parents may produce in the years to come a sharp decline in the number of children born with sickle cell disease and fragile x syndrome, a leading cause of cognitive impairment in boys. reducing the burden of disease is obviously a good thing. but genetic testing of parents, and, as is now happening with increasing frequency, embryos, raises some difficult ethical challenges as well. in many cases, genetic testing of parents may discourage them from trying to have a child but, in situations where there is risk but not certainty, some parents will try to conceive. then, aware of the risk, they pursue further prenatal testing, and end any pregnancy in which a fetus could be affected. destroying an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4432433814957405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.565923"} {"text": ", in situations where there is risk but not certainty, some parents will try to conceive. then, aware of the risk, they pursue further prenatal testing, and end any pregnancy in which a fetus could be affected. destroying an embryo is obviously a difficult ethical and personal choice. not as obvious are two other ethical challenges that more and more testing creates : the impact on those with genetic disabilities and their families and the likely expansion of genetic testing to more and more conditions in the years to come. as some families with a down syndrome child have noted, fewer kids with down may mean fewer public programs, fewer resources in schools and for housing and less political clout. if some genetic diseases begin to fade away, will society \u2019 s willingness to provide support for the diminishing numbers of those born with such diseases fade as well? and are we headed to a time when parents who choose not to be genetically tested find themselves condemned as morally irresponsible parents? there may be broad agreement that getting rid of a disease like tay - sachs, which produces a slow, miserable and inevitable death, usually by age 4, morally justifies aggressive genetic testing and even decisions to abort pregnancies where the fetus has the disease. but, could the same ethical consensus be brought to bear concerning conditions such as deafness or dwarfism, which also have a genetic component? and what about using genetic testing on parents to pick out those at high risk for passing on conditions such as breast cancer, depression, alzheimer \u2019 s or addiction \u2014 conditions that involve genetic risks but that may not appear until mid - life or later and for which therapies may well be found in the future? and at the far extreme will companies be free to tout genetic testing of would - be parents simply to try and make matches that would result in a \" better \" baby? as with many scientific advances, the good they do comes with some very hard dilemmas for you and me. arthur caplan is director of the center for bioethics at the university of pennsylvania. \u00a9 2013 msnbc. com. reprints", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4742906570971911, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.566792"} {"text": "an elderly woman on long island became nassau county ' s first confirmed case of west nile virus in a human this year, as the nation battles what has been described as one of the largest - ever outbreaks of the disease. the woman, who nassau county health department officials described as over 70 and a resident of the town of oyster bay, became sick july 27, was hospitalized and is now recovering. the centers for disease control said wednesday that so far there have been five confirmed cases of west nile in new york state - - on staten island, long island and in oswego and onondaga counties upstate. there have been two cases each in new jersey and connecticut. a county - by - county breakdown can be found here. u. s. health officials reported wednesday three times the usual number of west nile cases for this time of year and one expert called it \" one of the largest \" outbreaks since the virus appeared in this country in 1999. so far, 1, 118 illnesses have been reported, about half of them in texas, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. in an average year, fewer than 300 cases are reported by mid - august. there have also been 41 deaths this year. \" we ' re in the midst of one of the largest west nile outbreaks ever seen in the united states, \" said dr. lyle petersen, a cdc official. never before have so many illnesses been reported this early, said petersen, who oversees the cdc ' s mosquito - borne illness programs. most infections are usually reported in august and september, so it ' s too early to say how bad this year will end up, cdc officials said. they think the mild winter, early spring and very hot summer have fostered breeding of mosquitoes that pick up the virus from birds they bite and then spread it to people. west nile virus was first reported in the u. s. in 1999 in new york, and gradually spread across the country over the years. it peaked in 2002 and 2003, when severe illnesses reached nearly 3, 000 and deaths surpassed 260. last year was mild with fewer than 700 cases. only about one in five infected people get sick. one in 150 infected people will develop severe symptoms including neck stiffness, disorientation, coma and paralysis. in recent years, cases have been scattered across the country. hot spots are usually in southeast louisiana, central and southern california, and areas around dallas, houston, chicago and phoenix. those areas seem to have a combination of factors that include the right kinds of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3850006557610663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.570506"} {"text": "patrick henry : violent extremist? just as today, americans enjoyed more freedom and less taxes than any nation in europe. yet they opposed a tax on tea ( today \u2019 s equivalent of taxing coke ) with violent vigor. laws like the stamp act, which are reasonable by today \u2019 s standards, caused violent opposition that bordered on treason. where the colonists crazy? after the british repealed many of these duties, the sons of liberty hurled entire chests of perfectly fresh, well priced tea, into boston harbor with significant public support. were the colonists just trying to provoke the wrath of the british? when that wrath did come, politicians like patrick henry shouted phrases like \u201c liberty or death! \u201d when in the direct warpath of the most powerful military in the world. the founders did these things because they believed in the principle of individual rights. individual rights is the idea that the government \u2019 s sole job is the protection of the life liberty and property of individuals, and the belief that any compromise, any deviation from that principle, is unacceptable. today, the principle of individual rights is hardly ever mentioned, and compromise is considered a virtue. the colonists were not protesting against the level of taxes ( as republicans do today ) they protested the fact that they were being collected by the whim of a single man, just as today they are collected at the whim of a simple majority, or at the whim of whatever pressure group manages to lobby congress. they recognized that any amount of taxes collected in this way violated the principle and was therefore completely wrong. the boston tea party was a demonstration against the british government bailing out the east india company by giving the failing business a trade monopoly. they recognized that if the government had the arbitrary power to save a failing company, it also had the arbitrary power to destroy their liberties. imagine what we would think of the sons of liberty today if they were caught tossing chevy volts into the sea. when patrick henry shouted \u201c give me liberty or give me death! \u201d he understood that life means nothing if it is bought at the cost of liberty. if he spoke such words today he would be viewed as a \u201c violent extremist \u201d. intellectuals would condemn his position as too \u201c black and white \u201d to account for the nuances of politics. instead of protesting taxes that are \u201c too high \u201d or that government regulations are \u201c too much \u201d we should remember the principles involved. the purpose of government is to protect individual rights. when it does things other than that, it stands in violation of that principle. it is our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42863124317710066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.574774"} {"text": "in what ' s being described as the largest, most complete genetic mapping project for a single disease, scientists monday announced a plan to obtain the genetic make - up of more than 800 individuals enrolled in an alzheimer ' s research study. the research will determine all 6 billion letters in each individual ' s dna. the new data - - vast and shared worldwide with eligible researchers - - may explain how genes cause changes in the body that lead people to develop alzheimer ' s disease. \" it ' s probably dozens or scores of genes that are contributing to whether you get it and how severe it is in you, \" said dr. robert green, a physician - scientist at harvard medical school who is tasked with coordinating the genetic sequencing. \" the genome is a complicated place. it ' s not just about identifying a gene that puts you at risk. it ' s about identifying other genes that modify those genes. it ' s about identifying genes that protect you. \" the $ 2 million genetic sequencing project is being conducted by the alzheimer ' s disease neuroimaging initiative in partnership with the alzheimer ' s association and the brin wojcicki foundation. the sequencing will be completed in three months. it will take much longer to know whether the study participant ' s decoded genomes yield any breakthrough strategies to treat the more than 5 million americans who have alzheimer ' s disease. \" i would expect it to point us to new areas we might want to investigate for therapies, \" said william thies, chief medical and scientific officer at the alzheimer ' s association. \" i expect that it may point us to new areas that will allow us to predict who ' s at high risk for alzheimer ' s disease and who could be treated early before they have any signs of dementia. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4660554981921265, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.576565"} {"text": "by dr. perry kendall provincial health officer aug. 14, 2012 victoria - as summer vacations come to an end, and we begin to look forward to the fall, it is a good time to start thinking about how to best protect ourselves and our loved ones from illnesses like influenza. the public health agency of canada estimates that between 2, 000 and 8, 000 canadians die every year from influenza and its complications. british columbia provides the flu shot for free each year to those considered at higher risk of developing influenza complications, or those who care for them. that list includes : - people over age 65 and their caregivers. - children and adults with chronic health conditions and their household contacts. - health - care workers. - emergency responders. - healthy children aged six months - five years. - household contacts and caregivers of children aged zero - five years. - pregnant women who will be in their third trimester during the influenza season. - residents of nursing homes and other chronic - care facilities. - aboriginal peoples. - people who are very obese ( those with a body mass index of 40 or greater ) even if you are not considered a person of high risk, if you regularly interact with or work around someone who is, i strongly encourage you to get vaccinated for their sake. high - risk populations can suffer severe consequences from influenza, including death. bacterial pneumonia, an infection of the lungs, is the most common complication from influenza, especially in elderly people. it can also lead to more complications for people who have heart, lung or other health conditions. for these reasons, it is especially important that health - care workers get their flu shot each year, and i would like to acknowledge and thank those health - care workers who do get vaccinated. as a physician myself, i know how important it is to protect patients. all of the major professional health care bodies, such as the college of registered nurses of british columbia, support vaccination of health - care workers. unfortunately, each year throughout b. c., fewer than 50 per cent of health - care workers get immunized against influenza. this rate is too low - patients deserve better. some jurisdictions in the united states have managed to achieve 95 per cent coverage of health - care workers. there is significant evidence in long - term care facilities that high health - care worker influenza vaccine coverage results in diminished illness and fewer deaths. getting the flu shot should be considered standard patient safety practice for all health - care workers who come into contact with patients -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4413726129440557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.582921"} {"text": "is significant evidence in long - term care facilities that high health - care worker influenza vaccine coverage results in diminished illness and fewer deaths. getting the flu shot should be considered standard patient safety practice for all health - care workers who come into contact with patients - as important as following effective hand hygiene practices, staying home when ill or wearing a mask in the operating room. i would like to briefly address the concerns that some people have about the vaccine, as each year far fewer people get vaccinated than we in the public health community would like to see. the flu vaccine is extremely safe. it is not possible to contract the flu from getting a flu shot, because the publicly funded vaccines use only killed - inactive - virus particles. there is also no risk of developing conditions like autism from the flu vaccine ( or any vaccine, for that matter ). it is far safer to get the vaccine than to get sick - especially if you or someone you love is considered high risk. vaccines have been one of the most important medical advances of the modern era and have been responsible for wiping out ( or nearly eliminating ) once common illnesses, such as smallpox. this year, if you are eligible for a free flu shot, i encourage you to get immunized. if you care for vulnerable people, i especially urge you to get immunized, and if you are a health - care worker providing care to patients, the national advisory committee on immunization considers influenza immunization an essential component of the standard of care. finally, if you are a parent, ensure that your child ' s other vaccinations are up - to - date. vaccines are safe and effective. they reduce illness and save lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47221457954693197, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.583886"} {"text": "the pulling power of chaos our science essay ponders the riddle of the wandering stars. starting with poincare, complex maths i what is the most efficient way to get a space probe to its target? when apollo 11 went to the moon in 1969 it followed a conventional hohmann transfer orbit. imagine an egg - shaped outline, with the earth at the bottom. as the spacecraft comes up the left - hand side, it burns fuel to accelerate, and swings into orbit around the moon. this was the quickest route \u2013 aside from the impractical one of flying straight out by burning fuel the whole time \u2013 and, in a manned mission, speed was of the essence. however, we now know that when efficient use of fuel is the main objective, and time is unimportant, less direct routes can be much better. when nasa sent the cassini probe to saturn, it first went inwards in the solar system, undergoing two close encounters with venus. then it swung back past the earth and on to jupiter before making a sharp turn to meet saturn. trajectories such as this exploit the slingshot effect, in which the spacecraft steals energy from a planet. the tiny spacecraft speeds up considerably, pulled towards the planet by gravity ; the massive planet slows down very slightly, but not enough to notice. yet there is another, subtler effect of orbital dynamics which is also being used to get spacecraft to their targets using as little fuel as possible : chaos. the technique was first used in 1991. a japanese space probe, hiten, had been surveying the moon. having completed its mission and returned to orbit the earth, it had pretty much run out of fuel. edward belbruno, an orbital analyst at nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory in los angeles, came up with an idea that sounded impossible. he wanted to extend its useful life and enhance its scientific value by sending it back to the moon. then it would visit the moon \u2019 s trojan points \u2013 the points in space 60 degrees ahead of and behind the moon in its orbit where gravity and centrifugal forces cancel each other out. there it could search for cosmic dust that might have become trapped. it sounded crazy, but belbruno knew a way to do it. mathematicians and physicists had realised that the motion of bodies under gravity can be chaotic \u2013 highly irregular, despite obeying entirely deterministic laws. chaotic orbits are sensitive to very small disturbances. normally, this feature is seen as an obstacle to prediction, but belbruno realised", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5236635597564414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.602293"} {"text": "realised that the motion of bodies under gravity can be chaotic \u2013 highly irregular, despite obeying entirely deterministic laws. chaotic orbits are sensitive to very small disturbances. normally, this feature is seen as an obstacle to prediction, but belbruno realised that it could be used to advantage. very small changes in position or speed, which use very little fuel, can cause large changes to the trajectory. that makes it easy to redirect the spacecraft in a fuel - efficient, though possibly slow, manner. one place where chaotic orbits can arise is somewhere called the \u201c l1 lagrange point \u201d between the earth and the moon, where the net gravitational force is zero ( essentially, objects are \u201c suspended \u201d between the two bodies because of the forces generated by each ). belbruno designed a new orbit that took hiten close to the l1 point, where a short, carefully calculated burst of its rockets would loop it out to where he wanted it to go. he faxed his proposals, unsolicited, to the japanese team ; they loved the idea. when the probe arrived at l1, it found there was no more dust than you \u2019 d expect ; after a few years orbiting the moon, hiten was crashed into its surface in 1993. still, it had ushered in a new era of space travel. a similar trick was used for nasa \u2019 s genesis mission to bring back samples of the solar wind. the first oscar our fascination with the planets goes back to prehistoric times, when human eyes watched the star - spangled splendour of the night sky and human minds were awed by the cosmic spectacle. countless stars moved across the sky, pinpricks of light on a gigantic, rotating velvet - black bowl. a few of those pinpricks of light, however, did not obey the rules. they went walkabout. the greeks called them planetes \u2013 wanderers ; we call them planets. their paths are complicated and sometimes loop back on themselves. it is not surprising that the ancients attributed their movements to the caprices of supernatural beings. ptolemy, a roman who lived in egypt around ad120, began the lengthy process of taming the solar system, proposing that we live in an earth - centred universe in which everything revolves around humanity in complex combinations of circles supported by giant crystal spheres. around 1300, the persian islamic philosopher najm al - katibi proposed a heliocentric ( sun - centred ) theory, but changed his mind. the big breakthrough came in 154", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5599675013739239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.603774"} {"text": "around humanity in complex combinations of circles supported by giant crystal spheres. around 1300, the persian islamic philosopher najm al - katibi proposed a heliocentric ( sun - centred ) theory, but changed his mind. the big breakthrough came in 1543 when nicolaus copernicus published on the revolutions of the celestial spheres. he was clearly influenced by al - katibi, but he went further, setting out an explicitly heliocentric system. among its implications was the novel thought that human beings were not at the centre of things. to the christian church, this suggestion was contrary to doctrine, and explicit heliocentrism was heresy. the riddle of the wandering stars was finally answered in 1609 by johannes kepler, an assistant to the astronomer tycho brahe. when his employer died unexpectedly, kepler took over as court mathematician to emperor rudolph ii. his main role was casting imperial horoscopes, but he also had time to analyse the orbit of mars. for years, he tried without success to fit the planet \u2019 s orbit to an egg - shaped curve, sharper at one end than the other. in 1605 he decided to try an ellipse, equally rounded at both ends. he discovered that this shape fitted the observations, and declared : \u201c ah, what a foolish bird i have been! \u201d in 1609, kepler published a new astronomy, stating two basic laws of planetary motion. first law : all planets move in ellipses with the sun as a focus. second law : a planet moves along its orbit in such a manner that it sweeps out equal areas in equal times. in 1619 he returned to planetary orbits in the harmony of the world. the book contained many curious ideas \u2013 for example, that planets emit musical sounds as they roll round the sun. but it also contained his third law : the squares of the time taken for planets to orbit are proportional to the cubes of their distances from the sun. this work led to one of the greatest scientific discoveries of all time. in his mathematical principles of natural philosophy of 1687, isaac newton proved that kepler \u2019 s three laws are equivalent to a single universal law of gravitation. two bodies attract each other with a force that is proportional to their mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. newton \u2019 s law of gravity had a huge advantage over kepler \u2019 s ellipses : it applies to any system of bodies, however many there might be. the price to be paid is the way the law prescribes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5125605541253839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.606115"} {"text": "the distance between them. newton \u2019 s law of gravity had a huge advantage over kepler \u2019 s ellipses : it applies to any system of bodies, however many there might be. the price to be paid is the way the law prescribes the orbits \u2013 not as geometric shapes, but as solutions of a mathematical equation. the problem is to solve it. newton achieved that for two bodies \u2013 a planet plus the sun \u2013 and the answer is what kepler had already discovered : the bodies move around their common centre of gravity in elliptical orbits. but some questions involve more than two bodies. if you want to predict the motion of the moon with high precision, you have to include both the sun and the earth in your equations. so, fresh from newton \u2019 s success with the motion of two bodies under gravity, mathematicians and physicists moved on to three bodies. their initial optimism rapidly dissipated ; the three - body problem turned out to be very different from the two - body problem. in fact, it defied solution. only in the late 19th century did its true complexity become apparent, however, when henri poincare tried to win a scientific prize. the 60th birthday of oscar ii, king of norway and sweden, happened in 1889. the norwegian mathematician gosta mittag - leffler persuaded the king to mark the occasion by announcing a prize for calculating the motion of any number of bodies under gravity and finding out whether the solar system is stable. poincare decided to start with the simplest case : two bodies ( say the sun and a planet ) moving in perfect circles, with the third body being a dust particle of negligible mass. even that version proved too ambitious and he failed to solve it, but he made so much progress that he was awarded the prize anyway. in particular, poincare proved that sometimes the orbit of the dust particle became extraordinarily messy. he deduced this from some highly original ideas that made it possible to infer features of the solutions without actually solving the equations, saying : \u201c one is struck by the complexity of this figure that i am not even attempting to draw. \u201d we now recognise poincare \u2019 s discovery as a sign that the dynamics of such a system are chaotic. the equations are not random, but their solutions can be very irregular, sharing features with properly random processes. this idea is colloquially known as chaos theory, and it all goes back to poincare and his oscar award. well, that \u2019 s the story that historians of mathematics used to tell. around 1990", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5723389351213357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.610479"} {"text": "very irregular, sharing features with properly random processes. this idea is colloquially known as chaos theory, and it all goes back to poincare and his oscar award. well, that \u2019 s the story that historians of mathematics used to tell. around 1990, however, june barrow - green found a copy of poincare \u2019 s prize - winning memoir in the depths of the mittag - leffler institute in sweden. she realised that when he submitted his work he had overlooked the chaotic solutions. he spotted the error before the memoir was published, and paid to have the original version destroyed and a corrected version printed. his initial oversight lay undiscovered for a century. building on poincare \u2019 s discovery, we now know that the three - body problem does not have simple solutions. even so, vast progress has been made on the many - body problem in special cases ; for example, when all of the bodies have the same mass. this is seldom a realistic assumption in celestial mechanics, but it is sensible for some models of elementary particles, such as electrons. in 1993, cristopher moore at the sante fe institute found a solution to the three - body problem in which the bodies play follow - my - leader along the same orbit. even more surprising is the shape of the orbit \u2013 a figure of eight. stranger than imagination in 2000, the spanish mathematician carles simo used a computer to show that this configuration is stable : it persists after small disturbances. indeed, it remains stable even when the three masses are slightly different, so, somewhere in the universe, there might be three stars of almost identical mass, chasing each other along a figure - of - eight path. the same year, douglas heggie of edinburgh university estimated that the number of such triple stars lies somewhere between one per galaxy and one per universe. the figure - of - eight orbit is a planetary dance in which the bodies return to the same positions but swap their identities, each occupying the location that the body in front of it has vacated. this kind of orbit is called a choreography. using a computer, simo has found a huge number of choreographies, which can involve a large number of bodies. the solar system is, was, and will be, far stranger than we imagine. consider the comet oterma. a century ago, oterma \u2019 s orbit was well outside that of jupiter. after a close encounter with the giant planet, its orbit shifted inside that of jupiter. after another close encounter, it switched", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6040104616723114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.615684"} {"text": "imagine. consider the comet oterma. a century ago, oterma \u2019 s orbit was well outside that of jupiter. after a close encounter with the giant planet, its orbit shifted inside that of jupiter. after another close encounter, it switched back to outside again. we can confidently predict that oterma will continue to switch orbits in this way every few decades, not because it breaks newton \u2019 s law, but because it obeys it. oterma \u2019 s gyrations are a far cry from kepler \u2019 s tidy ellipses. the explanation is straight out of science fiction. in pandora \u2019 s star, peter hamilton portrays a future where people travel to planets encircling distant stars by train, running the railway lines through a wormhole, a short cut through space - time. in his lensman series, edward elmer \u201c doc \u201d smith came up with the hyperspatial tube, which malevolent aliens used to invade human worlds from the fourth dimension. although we don \u2019 t have wormholes or aliens from the fourth dimension, the planets and moons of the solar system are tied together by a network of multidimensional mathematical tubes that provide energy - efficient routes from one world to another. if we could visualise the ever - changing gravitational landscape that controls the planets, we would see these tubes, swirling along with the planets as they orbit the sun. oterma \u2019 s orbit lies inside two tubes, which meet near jupiter at a lagrange point. one tube lies inside jupiter \u2019 s orbit, the other outside. at the lagrange point the comet can switch tubes, or not, depending on chaotic effects of jovian and solar gravity ; once inside a tube, however, oterma is stuck there until the tube returns to the junction. like a train that has to stay on the rails, but can change its route to another set of rails if someone switches the points, oterma has some freedom to change its itinerary, but not a lot. as such, the way to plan an efficient mission profile is to work out which tubes are relevant to your choice of destination. then you route your spacecraft along the inside of the first inbound tube, and when it gets to the associated lagrange point you fire a quick burst on the motors to redirect it along the most suitable outbound tube. that tube naturally flows into the corresponding inbound tube of the next switching point... and so it goes on. plans for future tubular space missions are already", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5846037756605571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.617893"} {"text": "quick burst on the motors to redirect it along the most suitable outbound tube. that tube naturally flows into the corresponding inbound tube of the next switching point... and so it goes on. plans for future tubular space missions are already being drawn up. in 2000, wang sang koon, martin lo, jerrold marsden and shane ross used the tube technique to plot what they described as a \u201c petit grand tour \u201d \u2013 an energy - efficient route \u2013 around the moons of jupiter, ending in orbit around europa. in 2005, michael dellnitz, oliver junge, marcus post and bianca thiere used tubes to plan an energy - efficient mission from the earth to venus. their route would use one - third of the fuel required by the european space agency \u2019 s venus express mission, which has observed venus since 2006. past, present, future the influence of tubes may go further. dellnitz has discovered evidence of a natural system of tubes connecting jupiter to each of the inner planets. this remarkable structure, known as the interplanetary superhighway, hints that jupiter, long known to be the dominant planet of the solar system, also plays the role of a celestial grand central station. in the past, its tubes may well have organised the formation of the entire solar system, determining the spacings of the inner planets. so, is the solar system stable? the answer is a definite \u201c maybe \u201d. two research groups, run by jack wisdom of the massachusetts institute of technology and jacques laskar of the observatoire de paris, have pioneered highly accurate computational methods to understand the probable future of the solar system. wisdom \u2019 s group has found that pluto behaves chaotically over timescales of several hundred million years. in 1999, norman murray of the canadian institute for theoretical astrophysics and matthew holman of the smithsonian astrophysical observatory discovered that the orbit of uranus can also change chaotically, so that it occasionally gets close to saturn, with the possibility that uranus would then be ejected from the solar system. however, it will probably take about one quintillion years for this to happen. ( the sun will blow up into a red giant much sooner, about five billion years from now. the earth will move outwards and might just escape being engulfed, even though tidal interactions will probably pull it into the sun. in any case, our planet \u2019 s oceans will boil away long before that. and, anyway, the typical lifetime of a species is no more than five million years. ) it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5404942362534705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.619853"} {"text": "engulfed, even though tidal interactions will probably pull it into the sun. in any case, our planet \u2019 s oceans will boil away long before that. and, anyway, the typical lifetime of a species is no more than five million years. ) it \u2019 s not just the future that is chaotic ; the same methods can be used to investigate the solar system \u2019 s past. in 1993, renu malhotra of the university of arizona realised that the early solar system must have been far more dynamic than had been assumed. as the planets were condensing from the primal gas cloud surrounding the sun, there came a time when jupiter, saturn, uranus and neptune were nearly complete. among them circulated huge numbers of rocky and icy \u201c planetesimals \u201d, small bodies about ten kilometres across. many of these were ejected into the wider solar system, reducing the energy of the four giant planets. neptune migrated outwards. so did uranus and saturn. jupiter, the big loser in the energy stakes, moved inwards. so, our solar system \u2019 s apparently stable plan arose through an intricate dance of the giants, in which they threw the smallest bodies at each other in a riot of chaos. is the solar system stable? probably not, but don \u2019 t worry : we won \u2019 t be around to find out. ian stewart is emeritus professor of mathematics at the university of warwick. his latest book is \u201c 17 equations that changed the world \u201d ( profile, \u00a315. 99 ) more from new statesman - online writers : - steven baxter - rowenna davis - david allen green - mehdi hasan - nelson jones - gavin kelly - helen lewis - laurie penny - the v spot - alex hern - martha gill - alan white - samira shackle - alex andreou - nicky woolf in america - bim adewunmi - kate mossman on pop - ryan gilbey on film - martin robbins - rafael behr - eleanor margolis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4886892908467029, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.621788"} {"text": "raising ' good cholesterol ' may not always cut heart attack risk washington, may 17 ( ani ) : a new study has cast doubts on a popular assumption that raising a person ' s hdl - the so - called ' good cholesterol ' - will necessarily lower the risk of a heart attack. the new research underscores the value of using genetic approaches to test biological hypotheses about human disease prior to developing specific drugs. a team led by researchers from the broad institute and massachusetts general hospital ( mgh ) explored naturally occurring genetic variations in humans to test the connection between hdl levels and heart attack. by studying the genes of roughly 170, 000 individuals, the team discovered that, when examined together, the 15 hdl - raising variants they tested do not reduce the risk of heart attack. \" it ' s been assumed that if a patient, or group of patients, did something to cause their hdl levels to go up, then you can safely assume that their risk of heart attack will go down, \" said senior author sekar kathiresan, director of preventive cardiology at mgh, associate professor of medicine at harvard medical school, and an associate member of the broad institute. \" this work fundamentally questions that. \" each of the variants kathiresan and his colleagues studied reflects potentially distinct ways the body might raise hdl. the findings raise significant questions about whether developing drugs against the genes explored in this study, which involves an international team of investigators to bring together patient samples, will prove effective in lowering heart attack risk across the population. \" our study highlights the value of human genetic information in understanding disease biology prior to developing and testing drugs in the clinic, \" said co - author david altshuler, director of the program in medical and population genetics at the broad institute and a harvard medical school professor at mgh. \" this kind of research is not about personalized prediction - rather, it ' s about testing mechanisms and therapeutic hypotheses before drug discovery. \" in the blood, cholesterol is carried by particles called lipoproteins, which come in different sizes and densities. these include hdl, or high - density lipoprotein, and ldl, or low - density lipoprotein. there is a well - studied connection between elevated ldl, often called the \" bad cholesterol, \" and heart attack. decades of research, including studies of genetic disorders in humans and the discovery of the ldl receptor and its role in cholesterol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4883144602068315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.632313"} {"text": "a well - studied connection between elevated ldl, often called the \" bad cholesterol, \" and heart attack. decades of research, including studies of genetic disorders in humans and the discovery of the ldl receptor and its role in cholesterol regulation, paved the way for the development of life - saving drugs known as statins. this work showed beyond any reasonable doubt that many different methods of reducing a person ' s ldl levels lower the risk of heart disease. large - scale studies of genetic variation tied to ldl have been revealing, but the data on hdl are not so clear. more than 30 years ago, human epidemiological studies first revealed an association between hdl and risk for heart attack : the higher the levels, the lower the risk. experiments in cells and mice further support the idea and suggest that hdl is protective because it may remove cholesterol from the sites where it can do damage. however, it has been difficult for researchers to prove conclusively that raising hdl levels is beneficial, primarily for two reasons. first, studies of human genetic diseases where individuals have very low hdl levels have not yielded definitive answers as to the impact on heart attack. and second, because there are currently no drugs that specifically elevate hdl levels, it has been difficult to prove in humans that such an intervention will lower heart attack risk. \" there are many biomarkers measurable in the blood that track with disease but only a very small number are actually causal and directly participate, \" said first author benjamin voight, who since completing this work has left the broad and mgh for a position as an assistant professor at university of pennsylvania. \" the reason you want to distinguish between causal and non - causal biomarkers is because of the implications for therapy. \" to investigate, kathiresan teamed up with colleagues from mgh, the broad institute, and beyond, including voight and co - first author gina peloso. together, the researchers looked to the human genome for help. individuals typically carry two copies of each gene in the genome ; which copy a child will inherit from each parent is essentially a random decision, like flipping a coin. this phenomenon, sometimes called \" mendelian randomization, \" provides a powerful means of testing connections between genes, biomarkers, and disease - similar to the way that randomized controlled clinical trials can evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs. using this technique, researchers study two groups of people - those who carry a particular gene variant, and those who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.507806574176564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.633496"} {"text": "between genes, biomarkers, and disease - similar to the way that randomized controlled clinical trials can evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs. using this technique, researchers study two groups of people - those who carry a particular gene variant, and those who do not. when sufficiently large groups are studied, both groups should be similar in every factor, except for the specific gene variant or biomarker of interest, allowing researchers to home in on whether the biomarker actually causes a particular trait or condition. by harnessing this method, kathiresan and his team tested whether certain genetic variants that can dial up a person ' s hdl levels impact the chances of developing heart attack. what they found was surprising. individuals who carried a particular variation in a gene called endothelial lipase had hdl levels that were elevated about 6mg / dl, or 10 percent - a change expected to decrease heart attack risk by about 13 percent. however, these individuals showed no difference in their risk of heart disease compared to people without the variant. similarly, the researchers identified a panel comprised of not just one but 14 different hdl - raising variants. they devised a scoring system based on the total number of copies of the gene variants a person carries - ranging from 0 to 28 - and then asked whether that score relates to the risk of heart attack. here also they uncovered no association. kathiresan emphasized that these results do not diminish the value of hdl levels as a predictor - a so - called biomarker - that can help estimate the likelihood of a person going on to develop heart attack. \" we know that hdl is a great biomarker - it ' s quite useful in identifying individuals at higher risk of having a heart attack in the future, \" said kathiresan. \" but we have shown that you cannot assume that raising hdl by any mechanism will help patients. perhaps other mechanisms exist that can lower risk, but we will need to keep searching for them, \" kathiresan added. ( ani ) read more : lady harding medical college | medical college | gsvm medical college | medical college po | b. r. d medical college | mlb medical college so | medical campus | govt. medical college | gandhi medical college | madras medical college | kilpauk medical college | thanjavur medical college so | pariyaram medical college | calicut medical college mdg | alappuzha medical college | r. g. kar medical college po | assam medical college | si", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5042629970310034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.634514"} {"text": "turner to monet a large, ambitious scene of arctic exploration, imagined fifty years after the event and half a world away, seems an unlikely australian project. jenner, a self - taught english immigrant painter, tried to establish a cultivated artistic climate in queensland at the end of the nineteenth century. such grand history paintings, employing all the stratagems of the sublime, would make the artist \u2019 s reputation unassailable, he thought, as well as serving another purpose, that of elevating public taste. his subject was sir john franklin \u2019 s doomed expedition of 1845, to find the fabled northwest passage between the atlantic and pacific oceans. the venture fascinated the public, writers, and the press for decades ; the british government, prodded by lady franklin, sent thirty - two expeditions to find the vanished explorers, swinburne wrote a long poem in 1860, and jules verne published two novels inspired by the topic in the 1870s. reports of cannibalism among survivors kept the story alive and scandalous. jenner remembered arctic scenery and details from a journey taken in his youth. he sailed in the early 1850s, he said, on \u2018 a voyage to lapland, nova zembla and spitzbergen \u2019. 1at the age of eighteen in 1855, jenner joined the royal navy for a decade, then retired to his birthplace, brighton, to become an artist. unhappy with his prospects as a marine and genre painter there, he emigrated with his large family to brisbane in 1863. en route he witnessed the effects of krakatoa \u2019 s eruption, another instance of nature \u2019 s grand and sublime spectacles. for his modern history painting cape chudleigh, coast of labrador, jenner painted icebergs in labrador, populated by hundreds of great auks \u2013 large, penguin - like birds, hunted to extinction in the 1840s. the whole is lit by a full moon under a cloudy sky. apart from icy white and blue for freezing water, sea and sky, atmosphere and rocks are rendered in smoky brown and grey, with red reflected from the ship on fire behind an iceberg. 2 the ghostly theatre of franklin \u2019 s fatal voyage is accentuated by jenner \u2019 s spectral depiction of translucent ice, a disappearing mountain and bizarre spectating birds, scattered like the ill - fated crew through the sea and absent land. jenner \u2019 s invisible hero, franklin, was linked closely to colonial australia \u2019 s brief history : he accompanied matthew flinders on the investigator \u2019 s initial circumna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4517210522985303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.638843"} {"text": "birds, scattered like the ill - fated crew through the sea and absent land. jenner \u2019 s invisible hero, franklin, was linked closely to colonial australia \u2019 s brief history : he accompanied matthew flinders on the investigator \u2019 s initial circumnavigation of the continent in 1801 \u2013 04, and served as governor of tasmania from 1836 to 1843. nonetheless, the artist \u2019 s extravagant vision of the voyage was profoundly unfashionable. the extremes of the sublime, especially delight in terror and heightened emotions, had dissipated their effect by the end of the century, while unsuccessful english explorers no longer caught the imagination of poets and engravers. european aesthetic manners and themes were replaced in australia by the local and immediate paintings of the heidelberg school. 3 jenner was triply unfortunate, in that his subject and style were no longer appreciated, and any audience was sparse. nonetheless, he ensured some posterity by reworking and donating this large canvas to the infant queensland national art gallery upon its opening in 1895. 1 margaret maynard, \u2018 jenner, isaac walter ( 1837 \u2013 1902 ) \u2019, australian dictionary of biography, online edition, viewed november 2007, adb. online. anu. edu. au. 2 gavin fry, bronwyn mahoney, bettina macaulay, isaac walter jenner, sydney : beagle press, 1994, p. 34. 3 see glen r. cooke, catalogue worksheet for acc. number 1 : 0014, queensland art gallery, ms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4404955154765522, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.639427"} {"text": "a new species of dinosaur is the smallest ever found in north america scientists report in the proceedings of the royal society of london b today. the pigeon - sized fruitadens haagarorum lived 150 million years ago in the late jurassic period. it was an agile fast runner, handy as it lived at the same time as other giant dinosaurs such as the long - necked brachiosaurus and the meat - eating allosaurus. tiny jaw fossil of the fruitadens dinosaur showing 5 teeth \u00a9 the dinosaur institute, los angeles museum of natural history an international team led by dr richard butler of the bavarian state collection for palaeontology, germany, and the natural history museum, london, made the discovery by re - examining fossils uncovered in the 1970s. ' this discovery demonstrates just how remarkably diverse and successful the dinosaurs were, ' says dr butler. ' we have this diminutive dinosaur living alongside titans such as brachiosaurus that probably weighed 40, 000 times as much. ' the team studied fossils from 4 fruitadens individuals that were uncovered from the morrison formation in colorado and kept at the natural history museum, los angeles county. tiny details inside the leg bones revealed fruitadens grew to about 70cm in length and weighed less than 1kg. fruitadens had a combination of different shaped teeth including canine - like teeth at the front of the lower jaw and leaf - shaped teeth in the cheek area. this, combined with its small size, means fruitadens was probably an omnivore, eating both plants and small animals. fruitadens belonged to the heterodontosaurids, an important group of early dinosaurs previously unknown from north america, and is one of the latest surviving members of this group. heterodontosaurids, also had the unusual combination of canine - like and leaf - shaped teeth. earlier members of this group were larger than fruitadens and adapted to have a diet of tough vegetation. the more recent fruitadens evolved to be smaller and have a more generalised varied diet. fossil experts have been studying the morrison formation rocks where fruitadens was uncovered for 130 years. dozens of dinosaur species have been discovered there and there could be many more to come. dr butler says of the site, ' it is still possible to discover completely unique and remarkable species. if dinosaur ecosystems were that diverse, who knows what astonishing beasts are waiting for us to discover? '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4135737205221445, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.641919"} {"text": "the nobel prize in physics 2001 eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle, carl e. wieman bose - einstein condensation in a dilute gas ; the first 70 years and some recent experiments eric a. cornell held his nobel lecture december 8, 2001, at aula magna, stockholm university. he was presented by professor mats jonson, chairman of the nobel committee for physics. summary : fundamental ideas behind creating bose - einstein condensate ( bec ) in a gas are outlined. starting with heisenberg ' s uncertainty principle, the formation of bose - einstein condensate ( bec ) is explained as occurring when the interatomic spacing is comparable to thermal de broglie wavelength. the conditions for creating bec in a gas are described, and the necessary ingredients for creating bec in a gas are listed in an \" ultra cold alkali tool kit \". copyright \u00a9 nobel web ab 2001 credits : kamera communications ( webcasting ) read the nobel lecture pdf 447 kb copyright \u00a9 the nobel foundation 2001 from les prix nobel. the nobel prizes 2001, editor tore frangsmyr, [ nobel foundation ], stockholm, 2002 mla style : \" eric a. cornell - nobel lecture : bose - einstein condensation in a dilute gas ; the first 70 years and some recent experiments \". nobelprize. org. 22 may 2013 http : / / www. nobelprize. org / nobel _ prizes / physics / laureates / 2001 / cornell - lecture. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6507441867698498, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.643530"} {"text": "question : my mother is pre - diabetic and has begun changing her eating habits along with walking & exercising. besides cutting out processed food, bad carbs and sugar, are their any other tips that she could look into and start adding to her daily or weekly routine? i ' ve read for example that apple cider vinegar could help as well as drinking lemon in water. any information or tips would be greatly appreciated! answer : first of all, thank you for your question. prediabetes is an important issue to address. according to the centers for disease prevention and control, in 2005 - 2008, 79 million americans aged 20 years or older with prediabetes. prediabetes is defined as a fasting blood sugar between 100 - 125, or a post meal blood sugar between 140 - 200. basically, it means your body is struggling to manage its blood sugars already, and if you don \u2019 t do something about, it will continue to worsen and may eventually be labeled as type 2 diabetes. prediabetes in seniors, i believe, is often a function of age. your body just can \u2019 t do its job as well anymore. prediabetes in kids, young adults, or middle - age adults is often caused by poor lifestyle habits such as poor food choices and eating habits, and lack of physical activity. if this is the case, changing your lifestyle and losing 5 - 10 % of your body weight may cut your risk for type 2 diabetes in half. making healthy food choices and having a healthy, consistent eating pattern are the best things you can do nutritionally to prevent diabetes. choose whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins and low - fat dairy products to fill your diet. eat small frequent meals. large meals spike your blood sugars more and burnout what ability your body has left to manage its blood sugars. limit junk foods, and foods that are high in fat and sugar, both in portion and frequency. accompany your healthy eating with more physical activity. 150 minutes of exercise per week is typically recommended. this may sound like a lot, but this can be cut into 5 \u2013 30 minute walks throughout the week. if 30 minutes is more time than you can afford at once, break it into 3 - 10 minute increments. you will still get benefits from the activity. there are claims out there about natural \u201c cures \u201d and supplements for blood sugar management. prediabetes is not \u201c reversible, \u201d but it can be easily managed and the progression", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45763379177546254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.649807"} {"text": "greek myths and christian mystery by hugo rahner, by s. j., translated by brian batteshaw harper & row, 399 pp., $ 10. 00 who came first, homer or moses? that question was vigorously debated between christian and pagan apologists in the last centuries of antiquity, and often it was turned into a blunter question, who plagiarized from whom? as an anonymous writer of about the year 200 phrased it, i think you are not ignorant of the fact \u2026 that orpheus, homer and solon were in egypt, that they took advantage of the historical work of moses, and that in consequence they were able to take a position against those who had previously held false ideas about the gods. among his many \u201c proofs \u201d were the \u201c borrowing \u201d of the opening of genesis for one bit of the description of the shield of achilles in the iliad, the portrayal of the garden of eden in the guise of the garden of king alcinous in book vii of the odyssey ; and homer \u2019 s referring to the corpse of hector as \u201c senseless clay, \u201d copied from \u201c dust thou art and to dust thou shalt return. \u201d there were jewish precedents for this kind of nonsense, especially in the hellenized environment of alexandria, going back at least to the middle of the second century b. c. in one sense the motivation is only too obvious. claims of priority are common propaganda in all sorts of movements : we have had some remarkable examples in our own day. but there was much more to it in the homer - moses debate. at that time judaism and christianity were unique in their exclusiveness. conversion to either religion required the complete abandonment of all previous beliefs, whereas among the prevailing polytheisms one could add new gods or new rites to the old, or create new combinations. only with the former is it proper to speak of conversion at all, and the psychological difficulties are enormous. in the year 200, for example, what happened to a graeco - syrian from antioch or a graeco - egyptian from alexandria who, in his adult years, was converted to christianity, still very much a minority religion and a persecuted one to boot? was he capable, emotionally and psychologically, of ridding himself totally of the mother goddess or isis or serapis, of all the associations which went with their worship, of all his personal experiences ( even of his language ) which had in one way or another been connected with these cults up to the moment of conversion? could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4697262661006211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.654983"} {"text": "britain and the jews of europe 1939 - 1945 by bernard wasserstein oxford university press, for the institute of jewish affairs, 389 pp., $ 17. 95 in a well - known work on the eichmann trial hannah arendt perversely floated the notion of the banality of evil. what seems to lie behind this idea is that eichmann was no more than a dim little man whose crimes were simply a byproduct of the daily official routine to which it was his duty as a bureaucrat to attend. but bureaucrats are also human beings, and part of what makes a human being is the capacity to make choices, and specifically moral ones. contrary to miss arendt \u2019 s glib phrase, choices of this kind can never be banal. if they were, we would not, every time we hear or read about the nazi treatment of the jews, feel intimately and profoundly devastated. the horror which nazi actions will continue to inspire arises in part from our inability to fathom, and fully account for, their monstrousness. the malice which, without the shadow of a provocation, and for no seeming advantage, diligently and relentlessly destroyed the happiness, security, and lives of whole multitudes will always be matter for awed puzzlement. none of its manifestations can possibly ever be judged banal. the multitudes who were thus hounded to their deaths were citizens or subjects of states on which they had a legitimate claim for protection. this they were in most cases denied. fellow - feeling was generally stilled, the jews were isolated from other citizens and made into aliens and outlaws. the achievement in these countries of a rechtstaat, the result of centuries of civility, supposed to restrain the violence of lawless appetite and secure for all undisturbed enjoyment of the fruits of their labor, was by the devilry of the nazis suddenly destroyed. poles, hungarians, rumanians, slovaks, croats, italians, frenchmen ( both men in authority and ordinary people ) became in this the accomplices of their conquerors, and were tainted with their evil. such was the bitter culmination of a european development which at its inception a hundred and fifty years earlier had seemed full of promise \u2014 the promise of a new social contract to bind the inhabitants of a country into one political community, in which religious belief or ethnic origin would have no bearing on the citizen \u2019 s rights or his duties. a merciful providence prevented the stain of this abomination from spreading to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49167013607925125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.659544"} {"text": "university of otago researcher dr paul tankard has sparked international media attention after tracking down a series of lost illustrations for the lord of the rings, which were highly praised by author j. r. r. tolkien but never published. the illustrations, by a previously little - known english artist, mary fairburn, now aged 78, widowed and living in victoria, australia, and dr tankard ' s research have just been highlighted by a front page story in the times literary supplement. dr tankard is an australian - born senior lecturer in the otago english department. in may 1968, tolkien was sent some samples of illustrations for the lord of the rings by miss fairburn, 35 - year - old london - born artist and art teacher, writing from winchester. at that stage, tolkien, a former oxford university professor, was aged 76 and living in retirement in oxford. he initially wrote back to her saying her works were \" splendid \". but a few weeks later, tolkien ' s \" life and affairs were thrown into chaos \" when he was hospitalised, dr tankard said. miss fairburn later explained to tolkien she had been \" sleeping on the floor of a condemned basement \", and faced significant hardship and debts. but her hopes of being able to illustrate the lord of the rings were to be dashed. she later emigrated to australia, where she has lived for more than 40 years, and the academic world knew nothing about tolkien ' s praise for her or about the pictures she had produced. all that quickly started to change after dr tankard travelled to castlemaine, a small city in victoria, australia, about 120km north of melbourne, in late 2010 to visit family members. told an artist living there had apparently had links with tolkien, dr tankard went to see her, and was shown letters from tolkien, and knew he was \" on to something \". by john gibb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42307919198365973, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.697515"} {"text": "adena springs won ' t cause harm to springs or aquifer published : sunday, may 20, 2012 at 6 : 30 a. m. last modified : friday, may 18, 2012 at 8 : 21 p. m. north and central florida are experiencing drought ranging from severe to exceptional. this is one of the periodic irritating \u2014 sometimes devastating \u2014 ironies of florida weather. we know spring months will be dry. but when a dry spring combines with a really bad drought, the lack of rain for extended periods can lead to reduced water levels in our lakes, rivers, springs and even the aquifer. it is, therefore, probably not the most psychologically advantageous time for a marion county rancher to be asking the st. john ' s river water management district ( sjrwmd ) to approve a new groundwater withdrawal of up to 13. 2 - million gallons a day from his property, adena springs ranch. however, the one thing we know about florida weather is that it is unpredictable. as many of us recall, an even more severe drought in 2001 - 02 was followed by a year of unprecedented hurricanes and tropical storms in 2004. water - use permit applications like adena springs ranch must be judged on their long - term impact on water resources and not on current climatic conditions. it would make no more sense to permit adena springs ranch during a period of extreme flood than it would to reject the permit application during a period of drought. also, on a map, the ranch appears to be located close to several lakes, and at least a half a dozen natural springs, one of which is the already stressed silver springs, one of florida ' s greatest natural wonders. predictably, some individuals and environmental groups forecast disaster if sjrwmd approves the water - use permit for adena springs ranch. they argue a withdrawal of 13. 2 mgd will lead to certain damage, perhaps even destruction of silver springs and other natural springs in the area, as well as dropping levels in area lakes. it is an emotional, and sometimes politically effective, argument. but emotional and effective don ' t add up to factual. a highly regarded environmental engineering firm from sanford, fla., used a peer - reviewed, hydrologic model developed by the sjrwmd to assess the impact of the proposed withdrawal on environmental features and private wells surrounding adena springs ranch. the results of this model are that the proposed withdrawal will have virtually no impact on silver springs, other natural springs, lakes and private wells.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4025464261658154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.711599"} {"text": "this test and will soon be reporting the results to the sjrwmd. opponents of the permit also claim the aquifer and the natural springs in the area will be polluted with nutrients through over - fertilization and other cattle - ranching activities. however, it has always been adena springs ranch ' s intent to only use the minimum amount of fertilizer necessary that can be absorbed quickly by the plants, while maintaining sufficient growth to supply the forage needs of the cattle, and to spread the cattle manure so the nutrients therein will not leach into groundwater. the process will be in accordance with recommendations from a certified agronomist and best - management practices approved by institute of food and agricultural sciences ( ifas ), and the florida department of agriculture and consumer services. in fact, adena springs ranch is developing a state - of - the art nutrient management plan and irrigation plan to ensure that no additional nutrient loading will occur on the property as a result of the proposed cattle - ranch activities. ed de la parte is a tampa water - use permitting attorney working for adena springs ranch. reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. all rights reserved. this copyrighted material may not be re - published without permission. links are encouraged.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4157614562653366, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.714849"} {"text": "the international guidelines on hiv / aids and human rights ohchr and unaids published the international guidelines on hiv / aids and human rights in 1998 as a tool for states in designing, co - ordinating and implementing effective national hiv / aids policies and strategies. the guidelines were drafted by experts at an international consultation in 1996 and provide the framework for a rights - based response to the hiv / aids epidemic by outlining how human rights standards apply in the context of hiv / aids and translating them into practical measures that should be undertaken at the national level, based on three broad approaches : - improvement of government capacity for multi - sectoral coordination and accountability ; - reform of laws and legal support services, with a focus on anti - discrimination, protection of public health, and improvement of the status of women, children and marginalised groups ; and - support and increased private sector and community participation to respond ethically and effectively to hiv / aids. ohchr encourages governments, national human rights institutions, non - governmental organisations and people living with hiv and aids to use the guidelines for training, policy formulation, advocacy, and the development of legislation on hiv / aids - related human rights. in light of developments in adressing the epidemic, a third international consultation in 2002 revised guideline 6 on access to prevention, treatment, care and support. a consolidated version of the international guidelines on hiv - aids and human rights was launched in august 2006 to coincide with the xvith international aids conference and the tenth anniversary of the guidelines themselves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.444245058398151, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.718589"} {"text": "the international olympic committee is the supreme authority of the olympic movement. acting as a catalyst for collaboration between all parties of the olympic family, from the national olympic committees ( nocs ), the international sports federations ( ifs ), the athletes, the organising committees for the olympic games ( ocogs ), to the top partners, broadcast partners and united nations agencies, the international olympic committee ( ioc ) shepherds success through a wide range of programmes and projects. on this basis it ensures the regular celebration of the olympic games, supports all affiliated member organisations of the olympic movement and strongly encourages, by appropriate means, the promotion of the olympic values. in detail the role of the ioc, according to the olympic charter, is : - to encourage and support the promotion of ethics in sport as well as education of youth through sport and to dedicate its efforts to ensuring that, in sport, the spirit of fair play prevails and violence is banned ; - to encourage and support the organisation, development and coordination of sport and sports competitions ; - to ensure the regular celebration of the olympic games ; - to cooperate with the competent public or private organisations and authorities in the endeavour to place sport at the service of humanity and thereby to promote peace ; - to take action in order to strengthen the unity and to protect the independence of the olympic movement ; - to act against any form of discrimination affecting the olympic movement ; - to encourage and support the promotion of women in sport at all levels and in all structures with a view to implementing the principle of equality of men and women ; - to lead the fight against doping in sport ; - to encourage and support measures protecting the health of athletes ; - to oppose any political or commercial abuse of sport and athletes ; - to encourage and support the efforts of sports organisations and public authorities to provide for the social and professional future of athletes ; - to encourage and support the development of sport for all ; - to encourage and support a responsible concern for environmental issues, to promote sustainable development in sport and to require that the olympic games are held accordingly ; - to promote a positive legacy from the olympic games to the host cities and host countries ; - to encourage and support initiatives blending sport with culture and education ; - to encourage and support the activities of the international olympic academy ( ioa ) and other institutions which dedicate themselves to olympic education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47880828875209425, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.731206"} {"text": "unicosunicos is the standard operating system for vsmp ( cray vector symmetric multi - processor ) computers and established since 1985. it was derived from the unix system v, a far common and well ported operating system programmed in c. the unicos system also was affected by the 4th generation of bsd and extended by super computing abilities to provide high performance to support the science and development market. unicos is the first 64 bit implementation of unix and a unix similar file system. unicos system offers a stable base from small servers up to gigantic computer plants. photos : cray inc. the unicos system makes extremely flexible and robust calculating machines with support of the following hard and software characteristics possible : the unicos system is the first high performance unix based operating system which supports smp. multi - processor and multi - threading operating system the unicos system is scalable on more than 32 processors. cray aims at a small cpu percentage for the consumption of system processes, also in the greatest and the most extensive configuration. high performance i / o bandwidth and capacity. unicos i / o scales with the number of processors in the system. the standard unix was modified around a file system for up to 8 tbyte to support large files. the support of several devices in a system, multiple types of fixed disks and memory devices in a file system ( for build in memory solutions ) and the file storage strategy with the used algorithm were specified. cache support is availably for physical devices in addition to the file system. through this a high efficiency is made possible for some devices and file systems. the unicos system allows combining of buffered and direct access to i / o devices without integrity loss of the data which are not natural for the devices of other systems. for cray is performance not acceptable without data integrity low waiting times for i / o processes the i ' / o path by the unicos system is high optimized. as much as possible user data transmittings are finished directly to reduce the need for temporary buffering and copying actions. the unicos system created asynchronous i / o for unix systems. many interfaces are designed for the flexible programming to check i / o processes. the unicos system contains an optimized path for asynchronous i / o to avoid extra controls or background processes which reduce the total performance. the unicos system facilitates i / o in the direct access for the user in most cases as a standard.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065692232734331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.739061"} {"text": "an optimized path for asynchronous i / o to avoid extra controls or background processes which reduce the total performance. the unicos system facilitates i / o in the direct access for the user in most cases as a standard. great product extensions the batch support is made possible by the nqe / nqs subsystem which is designed completely as a multi - system for the evaluation and control of the jobs. the interaction of many users jobs and processes of a mixed batch and interactive system is protected by job and processing limitations. these limits are made possible by an easy to use administration menu with the name user database ( udb ). together with the file system and quotas it allowas the flexible control over users and user groups. the fairly configured usage planner ensured the safe allocation of resources for users and processes in the two areas batch and interaction mode is possible. previous planned dates of the mixed processing, that is batch and interactive mode, is supported by administrative control possibilities. extension for the system availability around the processing ( for example, checkpoint and restart ) can be executed automatically for the support of batch and interactive process recovery. redundand devices like mirrored fixed harddisks and alternative ways guarantee the fault - tolerant operation. online diagnoses and ability allowing the control of development problems as cpu error detection and speed reductions. multilevel security ( mls ) features like security logging, acl control, security level and classifications ensure the privacy without influencing of the performance. settings for the restriction of operator and administrator privileges are possible. both is a necessary for mls security and solves a deficit which was recognized by the community. user accounts were improved for the unicos system to guarantee the correctness. on a unix system a user can pay for computing time that he has not consumed and is not usual for him. unicos system accounts create very detailed recordings for requirements like cost control for computing time and performance analyses. unicos contains an excellent support for tape drives and everything necessary for large systems with multi - volumes and control abilities which are base requirements in a computing centre. products like the reellibrarian ( crl ) band library management package and the cray data migration facility ( dmf ) are in addition supported for completely transparently data backup to tapes and for automatic or manual recovery. unicos supports the execution of a program on several processors by multitasking. it is the first that contains several function - related interfaces for multitasking and also supports the standard posix to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.499811632468904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.740129"} {"text": "to tapes and for automatic or manual recovery. unicos supports the execution of a program on several processors by multitasking. it is the first that contains several function - related interfaces for multitasking and also supports the standard posix to protect previous investments in software applications. the unicos system supports also the high speed control of thread changes under an application and planned controls to ensure the defined cpu time and resources by the administrator. the unix - based development environment contains a number of applications like compiler, loader, debugger and performance tools. | 1986 april | | unicos 1. 0 | | 1986 dec. | | unicos 2. 0 | | 1987 sept. | | unicos 3. 0 | | 1988 july | | unicos 4. 0 | | 1989 may | | unicos 5. 0 | | 1991 feb. | | unicos 6. 0 | | 1992 oct. | | unicos 7. 0 | | 1994 march | | unicos 8. 0 | | 1995 sept. | | unicos 9. 0 | | 1996 march | | unicos 9. 1 | | 1997 jan. | | unicos 9. 2 | | 1997 nov. | | unicos 10. 0 | | 1998 may | | unicos 10. 0. 0. 2 | | 1998 oct. | | unicos 10. 0. 0. 3 | | 1999 feb. | | unicos 10. 0. 0. 4 | | 1999 may | | unicos 10. 0. 0. 5 | | 1999 june | | unicos 10. 0. 0. 6 | | 2000 jan. | | unicos 10. 0. 0. 7 | | 2000 nov. | | unicos 10. 0. 0. 8 | | 2001 june | | unicos 10. 0. 1. 0 | | 2002 aug. | | unicos / mp 1. 0, based on the irix 6. 5 kernel | | 2002 dec. | | unicos / mp 2. 0 | | 2003 march | | unicos / mp 2. 1 | | 2003 july | | unicos / mp 2. 2 | | 2003 nov. | | unicos / mp 2. 3 | | 2004 march | | unicos / mp 2. 4 | | 2004 nov. | | unicos / mp 2. 5 | | 2005 march |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46037632703956427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.740851"} {"text": "in the early 1990s, researchers, including itzhaki, found evidence suggesting that as we age, the herpes virus begins moving from its hideout near the bottom of the skull directly into the brain ( possibly because our immune systems lose some bite ). indeed, one journal of pathology study found the virus in a high proportion of postmortem brain samples taken from people who ' d died in their later decades, while it was absent in those from people who ' d died in youth or middle age. what effect does the virus have when it reaches your brain? the short answer : that depends. in certain people it seems to do much less damage than in others ; just as some of us never develop cold sores, some of us can have the herpes virus inside our brains without any horribly ill effects. but itzhaki believes that in other people \u2014 specifically those who carry apoe e4, a gene form, or allele, strongly linked to alzheimer ' s \u2014 the virus is not only reactivated by triggers like stress or a weakened immune system, but also actually begins to create the proteins that form the plaques and tangles presumed to be responsible for alzheimer ' s. if you ' re looking for evidence, itzhaki can show you a stack of it. in two studies, for example, she and several colleagues took brain samples from 109 deceased people \u2014 61 of whom had had alzheimer ' s, 48 of whom hadn ' t \u2014 to search for any correlation between herpes, apoe e4, and alzheimer ' s. their results : people who had both the apoe e4 gene and the herpes virus in their brains were 15 times more likely to have alzheimer ' s than people who had neither. ( the researchers also found, intriguingly, that people who suffered from recurrent cold sores were almost six times as likely to have the apoe e4 gene as those who didn ' t get cold sores. ) a decade later, dr. federoff, then working at the university of rochester, administered the herpes virus to four different groups of mice, each of which had a different variation or absence of the apoe gene. he found that in mice with the specific apoe e4 variation, the virus was slower to become dormant than it was in mice with apoe e2, apoe e3, or no apoe gene, suggesting that the virus could be replicating faster in the e4 mice. \" the results definitely suggest there ' s something different about having apoe e4,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5052178199256863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.746158"} {"text": "mice with apoe e2, apoe e3, or no apoe gene, suggesting that the virus could be replicating faster in the e4 mice. \" the results definitely suggest there ' s something different about having apoe e4, \" says dr. federoff. still other research shows the direct impact of hsv - 1 itself. in 2007, a study by itzhaki and wozniak found that infecting lab samples of brain cells with the virus caused a buildup of the protein ( beta amyloid ) that ' s the primary component of the plaque clogging the brains of alzheimer ' s patients. the same study also found a similar result in the brains of mice that had been infected with hsv - 1. then there was january ' s study in the journal of pathology. in it, itzhaki and wozniak looked at brain samples from 11 deceased people ; six had had alzheimer ' s and five hadn ' t. while both groups had plaques ( not surprisingly, the alzheimer ' s group had far more ) and evidence of the herpes virus in their brains, there was a crucial difference in the concentration of the virus : in the alzheimer ' s patients, 72 percent of the virus ' s dna was found in the plaques, compared with only 24 percent that was found in the plaques of the non - alzheimer ' s brains. not surprisingly, all but one of the alzheimer ' s sufferers also carried the apoe e4 gene, compared with none of the samples from the non - alzheimer ' s people. wozniak is confident that these last two studies point to the same conclusion : \" the results strongly suggest that hsv - 1 is a major cause of amyloid plaques \u2014 and probably of alzheimer ' s disease. \" most popular in health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5198897445242012, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.746841"} {"text": "health - conscious and environmentally aware consumers have been opting for veggie burgers in lieu of beef for years now, but a common industrial method of processing soybeans involves the use of hexane, a neurotoxin and registered air pollutant. that ' s probably not what the typical veggie - burger buyer is bargaining for. \" a lot of people who eat veggie burgers are doing so because they ' re conscious of their food choices and the impact on the environment, \" says charlotte vallaeys, farm and food policy analyst for the cornucopia institute, a sustainable - farming advocacy group. \" but companies are either promoting themselves as natural or even ' made with organic ' ingredients and then using hexane. \" vallaeys ' report investigating the questionable soy processing procedures used to produce some soy veggie burgers was released last year, but a recent mother jones article brought the issue back into the public eye. vallaeys explains that in soy veggie burgers not qualified for the usda - certified organic seal, food manufacturers generally douse whole soybeans in a hexane solvent bath to break down the bean, separating the oil from the proteins. what it means : it is not clear whether any hexane remains in the food, but it is certainly released into the atmosphere. vallaeys says food processors are among the worst emitters of the air contaminant. and aside from concerns about hexane, there are issues with how the soy is grown. in the united states, about 90 percent of the soy supply comes from genetically engineered crops, a relatively new food practice that has not been tested for its impact on human health. some researchers have linked genetically engineered food to food allergies, digestive diseases, and even accelerated aging. genetically engineered crops are manipulated to either produce their own pesticide inside the plant ( which we wind up eating ) or to withstand heavy dousing of pesticides that are linked to everything from learning problems in kids to diabetes and parkinson ' s disease in adults.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43237351199474866, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.749176"} {"text": "\" a printed card means nothing except that you are too lazy to write to the woman done more for you than anyone in the world. and candy! you take a box to mother \u2014 and then eat most of it yourself. a pretty sentiment. \" - - anna jarvis, promoter of the establishment of mother ' s day and expert guilt - trip giver mothers - - we ' ve all got \u2018 em. we wouldn ' t be here if it weren ' t for mom! the beginning of mother ' s day in this country began as a fringe suggestion by julia ward howe, a unitarian and women ' s rights activist, in a proclamation of peace in 1870. and the world thought that she was batty! how right howe was because many ancient cultures including the greek, romans, and celtics commemorated mother and creation with celebrations. text on otrcat. com \u00a92001 - 2010 otrcat inc all rights reserved - reproduction is prohibited. during the turn of the century anna jarvis picked up the fight to celebrate mothers in the united states and dedicated her life to writing letters and influencing people to celebrate their mothers. it was quite a feat and in 1908 nebraska senator and mom - lover, elmer burkett, suggested that the congress pass a resolution to establish mother ' s day, but it was defeated. many senators were reminded by their moms about the 20 hours of labor they went through to bring the future law makers into the world for this, but it took another 6 years to establish a national mother ' s day! the resolution was signed in 1914 by president woodrow wilson to celebrate the mom. mama wilson cheered as did the rest of the world. this collection includes old time radio shows with moms of all sorts \u2014 pretty mamas, sweet mamas, mama ' s boys, unbearable and murderous mamas - in - laws. thank you to moms everywhere! ( mother ' s day is always the second sunday in may. ) see also : crazy mamas and father ' s day collection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45866488749823026, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.753912"} {"text": "sunday, november 02, 2008 she ain ' t heavy - she ' s my sister look again at the photograph above and see if your assumption about the pilot sitting in front of a soviet yak - 9 fighter is correct. because the soviet union was the first country in the world to give women legal equality their military flying schools were open to both men and women. this meant that during world war two russian women piloted both fighters and bombers. despite technical equality women flyers were not given military roles until after the german invasion in june 1941. as the nazi threat increased russian women were hastily trained for aircrew combat duties, and were issued with male flying clothing - including underwear. it is one of those women pilots in the photo. training of the women was overseen by the legendary soviet woman aviator marina raskova who had previously studied piano at academy level. three all - female regiments ( squadrons in western parlance ) were formed by the russians, and between 1941 and the end of the war they flew more than 30, 000 missions. the photo below shows three of the soviet aircrew preparing for a sortie. marina raskova was killed when her bomber crashed in january 1943 en route to the front at stalingrad. she was given the first state funeral of the war and was buried in red square. in june 1943 an american liberty ship was named after her. russia ' s western allies also used women aircrew, although the attitudes towards them were sometimes less enlightened. in britain women flew planes for the air transport auxiliary, a civilian organisation that pioneered equal opportunities for those with physical disabilities and equal pay for women. but the british government kept the ata ' s use of women secret for the very chauvinist reason that they didn ' t want the germans to know they were so desperately in need of pilots that they had to call upon women. across the pond wasp ( women airforces services pilots ) was formed in august 1943 in america by merging two existing organisations. my photo shows three wasp crew members at laredo, texas in 1944. the wasp flew sixty million miles, carried out 80 % of us ferrying missions in the war, and thirty - eight of them died on flying missions. but the story of the wasp does not have a happy end. unlike their british counterparts the wasp were paid 30 % less than their male colleagues, and, in common with ata pilots, they did not have military status. in 1944 a bill was introduced into congress to make wasp a woman ' s service within the usaaf. the bill was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4787221958957768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.768229"} {"text": "wasp were paid 30 % less than their male colleagues, and, in common with ata pilots, they did not have military status. in 1944 a bill was introduced into congress to make wasp a woman ' s service within the usaaf. the bill was defeated and wasp remained civil servants without the benefits contained in the gi bill. as well as the loss of medical coverage and life insurance this meant that when a woman crew member died on duty the us government was not obliged to pay for her body to be shipped home and buried. but worse was to come. after the defeat of the militarisation bill pressure came from a powerful lobby of male civilian pilots who wanted the wasp jobs. this resulted in the disbandment of wasp in december 1944, eight months before the war ended. it was not until 1977 that president jimmy carter granted wasp veteran status. german women were not allowed to fly in combat for the third reich. but a small number flew ferry missions for the luftwaffe in the dangerous skies over gerany. one was beate uhse who ferried classic german warplanes such as the stuka and messerschmitt 109 to combat zones. after the war uhse struck the ultimate blow for women ' s liberation. in 1972 she opened the world ' s first sex shop in flensburg in germany. she died in 2001 but her name is immortalised in beate uhse ag, germany ' s most successful erotica chain. the story of the american and soviet women military pilots world war ii is magnificently told in amy goodpaster strebe ' s new book flying for her country ( praeger security international isbn 9780275994341 ). my text and photos are based on her book, which was borrowed from the invaluable 2nd air division memorial library in norwich. the copy of the book was donated by marion stegeman hodgson, who was herself a wasp. the woman ' s collection at texas woman ' s university provided material for the book and i know the path has at least one regular reader at twu. the photo below shows a wasp in conversation with a male colleague on the wing of an a - 25 helldiver at camp davis, north carolina. that great anti - war statement, benjamin britten ' s war requiem, was written for the 1962 re - consecration of coventry cathedral, which had been destroyed by german bombs in 1940. britten had written the parts of the two soldiers for the british peter pears and german dietrich fischer - dieskau, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4234789605897111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.771278"} {"text": "war requiem, was written for the 1962 re - consecration of coventry cathedral, which had been destroyed by german bombs in 1940. britten had written the parts of the two soldiers for the british peter pears and german dietrich fischer - dieskau, and the role of celebrants for the russian soprano galina vishnevskaya ( who was married to mstislav rostropovich ) together with full chorus and orchestra. the russian minister of culture refused permission for vishnevskaya to sing in the premiere and her place was taken by heather harper. but vishnevskaya was able to sing in the definitive 1963 recording conducted by britten, and my photo below shows them together at the sessions. marina raskova was killed when her bomber crashed flying to stalingrad. a reproduction of the madonna of stalingrad, which was drawn by a german doctor and clergyman who died in the siege of the city, is housed in coventry cathedral, where the war requiem was first performed. the kaiser wilhelm memorial church in berlin was destroyed by allied bombers in november 1943. a wonderful new church with a fine organ has risen from the ruins in berlin, and houses the original madonna of stalingrad. any copyrighted material on these pages is included as \" fair use \", for the purpose of study, review or critical analysis only, and will be removed at the request of copyright owner ( s ). report broken links, missing images and errors to - overgrownpath at hotmail dot co dot uk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3914726825095087, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.774500"} {"text": "if you have a student in the marketing area, they will enjoy talking about how features of a product / service should be translated into benefits. this article will provide you with some background and some ideas to feed in to the discussion : the text in the box below is based on phrases given in the article. 1 write on the board these words : features tell, benefits sell. you might have to establish the meaning of \u2018 feature \u2019 : something interesting or important about a product. and you will probably want to give ( or elicit ) a few quick and obvious examples of features and their benefits, such as power steering ( feature ) makes a car easier to park ( benefit ) ; or innovative design of a product ( feature ) means you look cool and stylish when you use it ( benefit ) ; or small size of a product ( feature ) means it easily fits into your bag or pocket ( benefit ). 2 have a warmer discussion on this topic. marketing people will have a lot to say about this ( marketers understand that you have to appeal to people \u2019 s emotions, not just give them dry information ). 3 after a general discussion, write the text below on the board. now ask the students to use the language on the board to write a few sentences about one of their own products / services and two of its features and resulting benefits. 4 when they finish, the students can read out their sentences and there will be further discussion, this time more specific to the students \u2019 own business.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5443709134247253, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.789302"} {"text": "functional diversity in marine ecosystems functional diversity refers to the variety of biological processes, functions or characteristics of a particular ecosystem in this case marine biodiversity. functional diversity reflects the biological complexity of an ecosystem. some scientists argue that examining functional diversity may in fact be the most meaningful way of assessing biodiversity while avoiding the difficult and usually impossible task of cataloging all species in marine ecosystems. by focusing on processes, it may be easier to determine how an ecosystem can most effectively be protected. protecting biological functions will protect many of the species that perform them. however, the exact function of most of the species is hardly known to date. there are several ways in which ecological classifications group organisms according to common functions : classification according to their habitat, to their position in the food web or to their functional feeding mechanism. classification by \u2018 habitat \u2019 aquatic organisms can be divided into four major groups : pelagic, benthic, neuston and fringing, according to the water body which they inhabit. for the coastal wiki there are eleven sub - categories : pelagic organisms are those that live in ocean water and are not associated with the bottom. they thus inhabit the water column and can be divided into plankton and nekton. plankton are organisms that are suspended, ( they float or are weakly self - propelled ) in the water and drift with it as it moves. plankton is either passive and includes algae, bacteria and variety of animals. plankton is usually subdivided in phytoplankton ( photosynthethic organisms like algae ) and zooplankton ( animals ), what refers to their ecological function. plankton can also be subdivided in holoplankton and meroplankton. holoplankton are permanent members, represented by many taxa in the sea. meroplankton are temporary members, spending only a part of their life cycle in the plankton. they include larvae of anemones, barnacles, crabs and even fish, which later in life will join the nekton or the benthos. meroplankton are very much a feature of the sea, particularly coastal waters, as the often sedentary adult forms of coastal species use their planktonic stage for dispersal. nekton are organisms swimming actively in the water, it includes a variety of animals, mostly fish. benthos comprises organisms on the bed of the water body. animals attached to or living on the bottom are referred to as epifauna, while those which burrow into soft", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5397297871085776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.802904"} {"text": "in the water, it includes a variety of animals, mostly fish. benthos comprises organisms on the bed of the water body. animals attached to or living on the bottom are referred to as epifauna, while those which burrow into soft sediments or live in spaces between sediment particles are described as infauna. attached multicellular plants and algae are referred to as macrophytes, while single - celled or filamentous algae are called as periphyton or microphytobenthos. epiphytic algae are those which grow on macrophytes. benthic consumers can be divided by size into macrofauna ( > 500 \u03bcm ), meiofauna ( 10 - 500 \u03bcm ) and micro - organisms ( < 10 \u03bcm ). neuston are those organisms associated with the water surface, where they are supported by surface tension. most neuston require very still water surface and is therefore very restricted in the sea. fringing communities are floral communities that occur where the water is shallow enough for plentiful light to reach the bottom, allowing the growth of attached photosynthesisers, which may be entirely submerged or emergent into the air. marine communities are composed mostly out of algal seaweeds. wetlands are composed of this type of vegetation. there are a lot of other habitat classifications, for example the eunis habitat types classification.. this is a comprehensive pan - european system to facilitate the harmonized description and collection of data across europe through the use of criteria for habitat identification ; it covers all types of habitats from natural to artificial, from terrestrial to freshwater and marine. an example of the eunis habitat classification : marine habitats at level 1 is the following : - littoral rock and other hard substrata - littoral sediment - infralittoral rock and other hard substrata - circalittoral rock and other hard substrata - sublittoral sediment - deep - sea bed - pelagic water column - ice - associated marine habitats classification by position in the food web it is very difficult to make generalizations about the trophic relationships in coastal marine systems, because the ecological habitats are so diverse. a simplified description of a food web : the phytoplankton are the primary producers and are eaten by the zooplankton ( smallest floating animals ). the zooplankton are eaten by small fish ( sardines, herring ) and small fish are eaten by larger fish. at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5018046665432834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.804228"} {"text": "pick particles from the ocean bed - predators consume other living animals - parasites derive their food from a living organism of another species ( host ), they usually live in or on the body of the host. in practice this distinction is very imprecise but useful as long as it is understood that they should not be too rigidly applied. the shelf bottom is occupied by diverse groups of benthic organisms that vary with changes in the bathymetry and sediment cover of the sea bed. for example gravel and coarse sand bottoms are mostly populated by filter feeders and fine sand bottoms are predominantly composed of deposit feeders. muddy substrates are almost exclusively inhabited by deposit and detritus feeders. coastal pelagic communities in pelagic communities the classification based on feeding mechanism is less successful because consumers are opportunistic and will eat anything that is the correct size for their mouthparts to deal with. nekton are almost exclusively predators. the smaller species like the zooplankton are both predators and grazers. plankton are therefore also classified by size, although there is again an overlap as many species will change to a larger size class as they grow older. loss of functional diversity of fish due to intense fishing causing ecosystem - wide effects in mediterranean sublittoral rocky reefs - \u2191 thorne - miller boyce ( 1999 ) the living ocean : understanding and protecting marine biodiversity. united states of america 213p - \u2191 2. 0 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 dobson m. and frid c. ( 1998 ). ecology of aquatic systems. addison wesley longman limited : edingburgh, ( england ). p222 - \u2191 http : / / eunis. eea. europa. eu / habitats. jsp - \u2191 http : / / oceanworld. tamu. edu - \u2191 from \" fishing down marine food webs ' as an integrative concept \" by daniel pauly ( university of british columbia, canada ), proceedings of the expo ' 98 conference on ocean food webs and economic productivity, online at the community research and development information page - \u2191 http : / / www. bigelow. org - \u2191 http : / / www. waterencyclopedia. com / images please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47783719165800004, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.807347"} {"text": "pelican beach resort there are over ten diverse cultures present in belize, many of which still place great importance on traditional activities and practices that span generations. these traditions are often rooted in practicality and provide great benefits to those that keep them going. in southern belize, two of the most prominent cultural groups are the garifuna and the maya. these groups still continue with many daily practices started by their ancestors. - schedule a \" garifuna cultural experience \", on a cassava baking day near a small farm. learn how to grate the manioc root, strain, sieve, and bake on an open hearth. then enjoy the finished cassava biscuit with serre la sus - fresh fished sauteed in coconut milk with mashed plantains. - pass by a neighborhood wake, \" 9 night \" or \" dugu \" and share in the honoring of garifuna ancestor spirits via drumming and song. a \" 9 night \" is similar to a wake and is held as a memorial usually 9 nights after someone has been buried. - garifuna songs and dances are vehicles for teaching newer generations about their history. these dances are filled with meaning, and an evening of entertainment can be arranged with a local dance group. visit the village of maya center at the entrance to the cockscomb basin wildlife sanctuary and : - shop at the women ' s craft cooperative, where mayan women sell souvenirs crafted from materials found in the nearby tropical forest - visit the maya museum and learn more about the rich history of the maya in belize - walk the medicinal trails inside the sanctuary itself, and learn the myriad uses for some of the herbs and plants that grow within the cockscomb basin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4152724104522024, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.809324"} {"text": "the unique design of literature & thought provides the literature and teaching support you need to meet the challenges of the common core english language arts curriculum. close reading strategies writing to sources appropriate text complexity academic vocabulary support text dependent questions and tasks essential questions ( whole book ) and cluster questions ( units ) focus on developing specific critical thinking skills through careful reading, textual analysis, discussion, and writing activities. outstanding literature and content - rich nonfiction and informational texts engage student ' s interest and focus attention on the critical thinking questions. selections provide the text complexity and academic vocabulary required by the common core state standards ( ccss ). new! professional learning \u2014 interactive online courses with experts from the great books foundation in close reading of literary texts, strategic reading of informational texts, and more are included with each teacher package. new! interactive whiteboard lessons \u2014 explicit modeling and instruction of critical thinking and reading skills, writing rubrics, and much more. new! expanded teacher guides \u2014 informational text strategies, citing evidence to support analyses and claims, practice with academic vocabulary, specific support for ccss in each selection ( including detailed ccss correlations ), and multiple assessment options. great books discussion guides for teachers \u2014 specific questioning strategies developed by the great books foundation supporting close text reading and discussion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5084451860609029, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.810935"} {"text": "12 / 03 / 2007 - american indian children are overrepresented in the nation ' s foster care system at more than 1. 6 times the expected level, according to a new report by the national indian child welfare association and the national, nonpartisan kids are waiting campaign, a project of the pew charitable trusts. the report was released nov. 20 at the annual national convention of the national congress of american indians in denver. ncai has been a partner with nicwa on several child welfare initiatives. the report, ' ' time for reform : a matter of justice for american indian and alaska native children, ' ' details how congress created the mechanisms for foster care funding that excluded indian children who are receiving case management from tribal social services. states receive about $ 7 billion from the title iv - e fund in 2006, which accounts for 50 percent of the federal child welfare funds provided to state - administrated foster care. david simmons, nicwa director of government affairs and advocacy, spoke at the event at which the report was released and said that state governments can access up to seven different federal programs to provide foster care programs. tribal governments, who carry approximately 15, 000 foster child caseloads every year, can only access up to five federal programs and are excluded from directly accessing the largest source of federal child welfare funding in meeting the needs of the children and families in their care. read the full article native children overrepresented in foster care, report finds on indian country today web site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4099831786518289, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.814870"} {"text": "o ye, of little faith this is the rebuke levelled at the disciples of christ, when seeming to doubt his divinity. the phrase is also more widely used to describe any christian doubter. in a secular setting it may be intended as a humorous jibe when doubting someone ' s abilities. there are several places in the bible in which this phrase is used with reference to those who demonstrate their lack of faith in jesus ' power to perform miracles. here is an example from miles coverdale ' s bible, 1535 : luke 12 : 27 considre the lilies vpo the felde, how they growe : they laboure not, they spynne not. but i saye vnto you : that euen salomen in all his royalte was not clothed like one of these. luke 12 : 28 wherfore yf god so cloth the grasse, yt is to daye in ye felde, and tomorow shalbe cast in to the fornace, how moch more shal he clothe you, o ye of litle faith? in the 17th century, the people that we would now call atheists were called nullfidians. the state of insufficient faith was also of common enough interest to be given a name - petty fidianism. john trapp, in his commentary on the gospel of matthew, 1647, recorded the term : \" o ye of little faith. ye petty fidians ; he calleth them not nullifidians. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49411825575774243, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.819234"} {"text": "the onions are the nests of the pikmin. olimar named them so because of their resemblance to a vegetable native to his home planet. these bulbous plant - hives have brightly colored bodies with a black and white band across the midsection. at the spots the onions land at the start of each day, there are concentric circles on the ground, which are never referred to in - game. three stilt - like legs suspend the onions out of the reach of hungry predators, and provide access to the inside for pikmin. in pikmin, olimar states that he inspected the onion ' s legs, and saw they were covered with tiny little hairs. there are three known types of onion, each with unique coloration corresponding to either red, yellow or blue pikmin, and only one of each has ever been seen. subterranean pikmin species such as purple pikmin, white pikmin and bulbmin do not have onions, or at least none that have yet been discovered. during the daytime, pikmin hunt and bring food, such as pellets or slain beasts, to the onion, which in turn produces new pikmin seeds. if there are fewer than 100 pikmin on the field, the seeds are ejected and take root in the ground ; if not, they are stored inside the onion, along with any other pikmin not on the field. when night falls and all the pikmin have returned, the onion folds its legs and lifts off from the ground, presumably using its flower petals like rotor blades to propel itself into the low atmosphere, where it hovers until daybreak. if an onion loses all its pikmin, it will produce a single seed the following day to prevent extinction. when the onions are first discovered in pikmin, they are dormant. they have a dark grayish color, are flowerless, and their legs are buried in the ground until olimar comes upon them, at which point they spring to life and spit out a single seed. it is not known exactly what triggers this hibernation. in pikmin 3, a mechanical spherical object with legs that resembles an onion is shown. however, it isn ' t confirmed what this object does. red onion the red onion is the first onion to be discovered in both games. in pikmin, the red onion is found at the impact site, dormant in the ground not far from where the s. s. dolphin crashed. once awakened, it will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45710714116700174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.828858"} {"text": "the red onion is the first onion to be discovered in both games. in pikmin, the red onion is found at the impact site, dormant in the ground not far from where the s. s. dolphin crashed. once awakened, it will release a single red pikmin seed which olimar can use to harvest nearby red pellet posies and spawn enough pikmin to retrieve the main engine. in pikmin 2, louie finds this onion in the valley of repose when he falls out of the ship ' s cockpit and gets lost. yellow onion the second onion the player will come across in both games. in pikmin, it is found dormant in the forest of hope amidst several yellow pellet posies and free - standing yellow pellets. in pikmin 2, the yellow onion is located in the perplexing pool behind a poison gate protected by a fiery bulblax, so white pikmin and red pikmin are required to reach it. there are a few yellow pellet posies nearby which will not regrow once they ' ve been harvested. blue onion in pikmin, it can be found in the forest navel in a pool near the landing site, and is the third onion the player discovers. several blue pellet posies are in the immediate vicinity, as well as a free - standing blue 5 pellet. in pikmin 2, the blue onion is located in the awakening wood ; although it can be seen relatively early in the game, it lies behind an electric gate, meaning that yellow pikmin from the perplexing pool are required to access it. a small pool blocks the only direct path up to the gate, so the pikmin must be thrown onto a nearby ledge ( while taking care not to disturb the cloaking burrow - nit lying in wait there ). the captain can then walk around through some water to reach them, and order them to defeat the beast and demolish the gate, allowing him to find the game ' s first 5 blue pikmin. for some unknown reason, when landing on an area, the blue onion seems to hover a bit before landing, therefore landing slower than the red onion and yellow onion. at the end of pikmin, there is a rather confusing part where fourteen onions, of colors that have not appeared in a pikmin game so far, fly above the planet of the pikmin. it is unknown whether they are trying to follow captain olimar or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4407706351294078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.831025"} {"text": ", there is a rather confusing part where fourteen onions, of colors that have not appeared in a pikmin game so far, fly above the planet of the pikmin. it is unknown whether they are trying to follow captain olimar or merely hovering for the night. this could mean that more colors may yet be introduced in pikmin 3. interestingly, one of the onions seen is purple, and purple pikmin were indeed introduced in pikmin 2, but without an onion. in super smash bros. brawl in brawl, the three onions appear as a trophy and on the \" distant planet \" stage. here, when a pellet is thrown into one, an item is ejected. the number on the pellet thrown is the amount of items that will appear. more items will appear if the pellet and onion have the same color, similar to the way it works in the pikmin games. the onions can also be hit, and will eventually fly away. brawl trophy description \" items considered to be the places where pikmin are born. as to the actual biology of the process, much is still unclear. onions absorb the prey that pikmin capture and use it to produce new pikmin. in addition, onions can take in pikmin and later release them. these organisms are crowned with distinctive propeller - like sets of leaves that spin around, enabling them to fly. \" - for the music in the forest of hope, at some points, the propeller petals of an onion can be heard. - when olimar first came upon the red onion in pikmin, he was knocked over by one of the legs as it sprang out of the ground. when he finds the other two later on in the game, he is a little more cautious and backs away. - if, on a day where olimar or louie finds an onion, and enters a cave after whistling the wild pikmin, the onion will be at the landing site when the cave is left.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43499839822452907, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.832032"} {"text": "the fortunes of war favoured hrothgar.... so his mind turned to hall - building : he handed down orders for men to work on a great mead - hall meant to be a wonder of the world forever... \u2013 from beowulf ( trans. seamus heaney ) back in the 7th century ( thereabouts ), once one had vanquished thine enemies and smite their lands, the task that lay before any great warrior was to build a great mead - hall \u2014 in short, now that the fields of neighbouring barley had been plundered, it was time to get down and build a drinking palace of epic proportions. beowulf, the founding tale of english literature, now a horrendous relic of a 3d film, teaches us all this traditional lesson : never let a great victory go by without a tremendous amount of post - traumatic drinking. thankfully, western civilization has evolved beyond the thick, syrupy honey - broth known as mead. mead is closer to a meal. with the aftertaste of rancid honey and the consistency of oatmeal, even the mediaeval knights were increasingly unable to down this alcoholic stew. the mead - hall withered into disrepair. hrothgar ' s descendents were eaten and avenged by the monsters of cain. with the enlightenment came refinements in the aesthetics of booze. after the reinheitsgebot was ratified in 1516 \u2014 better known as the bavarian purity laws \u2014 there was at least some sense as to what beer should ( and should not ) be. a century before galileo searched the heavens and spinoza perfected eyeglasses and ethics, the germans ensured some order to the coming celebration of the copernican revolution : beer should consist of water, barley, and hops. of course this was quickly fooled with. thanks to post - enlightenment scientists concerned with better states of drunk \u2014 louis pasteur, actually, in the late 19th century \u2014 yeast was identified as the active agent in recycled sediment ; thereafter it was intentionally added. wheat malt and cane sugar were toyed with, along with all matter of strange flavours in the mash, from grapefruit to pumpkins, cinnamon and other spices to apples and oranges. barley was originally singled out to keep the beermakers from using up all the breadmakers ' dough ( the peasant population could not be drunk all the time \u2014 they had to eat something ). once agriculture became proto - industrialized and the guild laws disin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48491823863592354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.834798"} {"text": "although diesel was born in paris, his parents were german. his father was a leather craftsman, and his mother a governess and language tutor. rudolf was a good student in primary school and was admitted at the age of 12 to the ecole primaire superieure, then regarded as the best in paris. on the outbreak of the franco - prussian war, however, he and his parents were considered enemy aliens, and were deported to neutral asylum in london. a cousin helped him to return to his father ' s home town, augsburg, where he entered the royal county trade school. from there he won a scholarship to the technische hochschule of munich, where he was an outstanding student. he became a protege of carl von linde, the pioneer of refrigeration. he was a devout lutheran. after graduation, he was employed for two years as a machinist and designer in winterthur, switzerland. after this, he returned to paris, where he was employed as a refrigeration engineer at linde refrigeration enterprises. in paris he became a connoisseur of the fine arts and an internationalist. he married in 1883, and had three children. he set up his first shop - laboratory in 1885 in paris, and began full - time work on his engine. this continued when he moved to berlin, working again for linde enterprises. in 1892 he was granted a german patent for the engine, and found some support for its continued development, this time in augsburg. rudolf diesel developed the idea of an engine that relied on a high compression of the fuel to ignite it, eliminating the spark plug used in the nikolaus otto internal combustion engine. he received a patent for the device on february 23, 1892 and a major milestone was achieved when he was able to run a single piston engine for one minute on february 17, 1894. the engine was fueled by powdered coal injected with compressed air. this machine stood 10 feet ( 3 m ) tall, and achieved a compression of 80 atmospheres ( 8100 kpa ). he built an improved prototype in early 1897 while working at the maschinenfabrik augsburg ( from 1906 on the man ) plant at augsburg. diesel ' s engine had some similarities with an engine invented by herbert akroyd stuart in 1890. diesel was embroiled for some years in various patent disputes and arguments over priority, but in the end he prevailed, and his invention came to be called the diesel engine. he continued its development over the next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5016181654321272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.838976"} {"text": "herbert akroyd stuart in 1890. diesel was embroiled for some years in various patent disputes and arguments over priority, but in the end he prevailed, and his invention came to be called the diesel engine. he continued its development over the next three years, began production ( the first commercial engine was at a brewery in the united states ), and secured licenses from firms in several countries. he became a millionaire. diesel was something of an unstable character, having several nervous breakdowns, and was somewhat paranoid at times. he defended his priority of invention tenaciously. diesel toured the united states as a lecturer in 1904, and he self - published a two volume work on his social philosophy. he died under suspicious circumstances during a crossing of the english channel to harwich on september 29, 1913, possibly by suicide. a cross in his journal on the date he died was an indicator of suicide. a briefcase containing a very small sum of money and a large amount of bank statements showing debts, was left to his wife, martha. another theory revolves around the german military, which was beginning to use his engines on their submarines \u2014 something which mr. diesel opposed \u2014 and perhaps feared his potentially providing the technology to the british royal navy for use in their own submarines. his body was found in the channel a few days later. as was usual at the time, the seamen only took his belongings ( identified later by diesel ' s younger son eugen ) and then threw the body back into the sea. after diesel ' s death, the diesel engine underwent much further development, and became a very important replacement for the steam engine in many applications. this engine required a heavier, more robust construction than the gasoline engine, making it unsuitable for certain applications ( such as aviation ), but allowed the use of cheaper fuels. diesel was especially interested in using coal dust or vegetable oil as fuel for the engine, but this never materialized in any major way, at least until recent rises in fuel prices and concerns about oil reserves lead to more widespread use of vegetable oil and biodiesel \u2014 most diesel engines will function just as well using either. but the primary source of fuel has been what became known as diesel fuel, an oil byproduct derived from the refining of petroleum. the diesel engine became widespread in many other applications, such as stationary engines, submarines, ships, and much later, locomotives. recently, diesel engines have been designed, certified and flown that have overcome the weight penalty in light aircraft. these engines are designed to run on either diesel fuel or more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5070706164862574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.840155"} {"text": "i recently watched a bbc documentary entitled out of africa, a five - part series chronicling the migration of homo sapiens out of africa and into asia, australia, europe, and the americas. although all five parts were fascinating, i was particularly rapt by the arrival of homo sapiens ( modern humans ) into europe some 40, 000 years ago after a 70, 000 year trek out of africa, only to discover that neanderthals, a proto - human and distant cousin had arrived some 100, 000 years earlier. neanderthals were a heartier, huskier species than homo sapiens, had a larger brain and more advanced technology, and had long since adapted to harsh european winters. however, 20, 000 years or so later, neanderthals had died out \u2014 completely. to this day, no neanderthal genetic markers have been found in modern humans. how is it possible that a physically more powerful, better environmentally adapted, and technologically more advanced proto - human did not survive, while homo sapiens, the weaker, less advanced interloper, not only survived but burgeoned to eventually populate the entire globe and create the marvelously modern societies of today? paleoanthropologists hot on the homo sapien trail out of africa have discovered in europe a marked difference between homo sapiens and neanderthals : homo sapiens may not have produced better weapons and tools, at least then, but they did make a quantum leap to produce art. they carved, pottered, sculpted, painted, and even made musical instruments, all with an eye on style rather than just making meaningless pretty. more importantly, their art embodied and transmitted \u2014 as art does \u2014 their identity, spirituality, and, their strong affinity for community. early homo sapien art strongly suggests that our predecessors engaged in an intellectual endeavor to create a unique and dynamic culture and to communicate that culture through art. homo sapien civilization, it seems, was predicated on the notion that life must be more than just survival, and that working together to survive allowed room for higher pursuit. conversely, there is no evidence of this intellectual \u201c artsy \u201d undertaking among neanderthals, who seem to have clung to a strictly utilitarian life for survival, which, ironically, led to their extinction when europe became encased in 13 feet of ice. because homo sapiens had cultivated a common cultural bond and strong communal ties, they were able to come together and huddle together, literally and figuratively, and, although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5157846157246371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.843493"} {"text": ", led to their extinction when europe became encased in 13 feet of ice. because homo sapiens had cultivated a common cultural bond and strong communal ties, they were able to come together and huddle together, literally and figuratively, and, although large numbers perished during the ice age, enough adapted to a starkly altered environment and survived to carry on to become \u201c us. \u201d neanderthals, on the other hand, were literally and figuratively left out in the cold \u2014 to perish everlastingly. the inevitable machinations of evolution are tied up in minute and initially imperceptible changes over vast stretches in time to produce an optimum species. our ancient ancestors, homo sapiens, and their distant cousins, neanderthals, hardly understood the long - term repercussions of their actions because they did not have the benefit of eons and eons of the recorded \u201c heart and mind \u201d of humankind nor the technology to access it. they could not look back thousands, hundreds of thousands, and millions of years and make decisions about their survival and their future based on that knowledge. but we can \u2014 and like it or not, we are a global community and our well - being and survival will likely depend upon our ability to indiscriminately come together and \u201c huddle \u201d together against adversity. but make no mistake about it, whatever path humankind chooses, evolution will be our judge about whether or not we chose wisely. photo credit : wikimedia commons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4959147581143575, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.846153"} {"text": "geoscience experts have developed a system of smart buoys that can predict the formation of self - reinforcing underwater waves, or solitons, 10 hours before they threaten the safety of oil rigs and divers. in 2008, martin goff and his colleagues at fugros, a geoscience consulting agency, successfully tested the system for three months in the andaman sea. now, global ocean associates have acknowledged the device as \" the first deployed system with real - time warning capability. \" scientists discover ancient rocks on the sea - floor that give them a window into the earth ' s mantle by gregory mone posted 04. 14. 2008 at 8 : 28 am 0 comments no, you can ' t hike or spelunk or even tunnel down to the center of the earth, even if movies like the core or this summer ' s 3d adventure flick, journey to the center of the earth, suggest otherwise. to find out about our planet ' s insides, scientists rely on very different tricks. and, apparently, a little luck. five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month ' s energy - focused issue. also : how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world ' s smallest arcade, and much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5448204708486533, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.848166"} {"text": "never mind the movie stars pulling up to the oscars in their priuses. when the u. s. army announces, as it did recently, that it is developing a new hybrid humvee to save fuel and extend range, you can be sure that hybrid technology has arrived. hybrid vehicles improve efficiency by integrating a combustion engine with an electric drive train - a combo that recaptures braking energy, stores unused idle power, and reduces engine weight to increase mileage. but as today\u00b4s generation of hybrids flies out of showrooms, the stage is set for the next fleet, which will slash gas use and emissions much further. they\u00b4re called plug - in hybrid electric vehicles ( phevs ), and they recharge overnight in home garages to take advantage of low off - peak electric rates. \" the implications for our national oil addiction are profound, \" says daniel kammen, director of the university of california at berkeley\u00b4s renewable and appropriate energy laboratory. \" if the current u. s. vehicle fleet were replaced overnight with phevs, oil consumption would decrease by 70 to 90 percent, eliminating the need for oil imports and leaving the u. s. self - sufficient in oil for many years to come. \" even if the electrical power for those vehicles were drawn from coal - fired power plants, co2 emissions would drop by more than half. if the power were produced by renewable energy sources, and the fuel in the tank were biodiesel or ethanol [ facing page ], the proposition gets exponentially better. clearly, though, it\u00b4s not going to happen overnight. with the exception of daimlerchrysler, which has built a plug - in prototype based on its dodge sprinter cargo van, automakers have been slow to get into the plug - in hybrid market. aftermarket conversion kits will hit the streets for the first time later this year [ see \" can i plug in my prius? \" on page 84 ], tempting mileage - obsessed prius owners like david k. garman, undersecretary of the u. s. department of energy. \" like most americans, \" he says, \" i drive less than 40 miles a day, back and forth to work. if i\u00b4m able to drive in all - electric mode, i won\u00b4t need to use the gas tank. that, to me, is a game changer. \" it may not be the only agent of change. whether cars are run by hybrid or conventional drive trains, the fuel - saving potential of reduced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5137926647035073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.852236"} {"text": "won\u00b4t need to use the gas tank. that, to me, is a game changer. \" it may not be the only agent of change. whether cars are run by hybrid or conventional drive trains, the fuel - saving potential of reduced vehicle weight is often overlooked, says amory lovins, co - founder of the rocky mountain institute, a natural - resources think tank in colorado. \" by substituting high - strength, lightweight composite materials for steel, \" he says, \" automakers could roughly double the efficiency of hybrids. in terms of fuel - efficiency, that\u00b4s by far the most effective and doable approach. \" moreover, sometimes the simplest tweaks can have big effects. a recent study by the federal national renewable energy laboratory found that if every car and truck on america\u00b4s roads was equipped with ventilated seats, air - conditioning - related gasoline consumption could be reduced by 7. 5 percent, dropping fuel intake by 522 million gallons a year. now, there\u00b4s a cool idea. the 300mpg drag racer in the late 1940s, andrew frank was a hot - rodding teenager who mounted a cadillac v12 engine in his 1936 ford. by the 1990s, he was a mechanical - engineering professor at the university of california at davis who pulled big engines out of suvs and swapped them for smaller ones boosted by plug - in electric motors. his first \" plug - in hy - brid \" got 68 mpg without sacrificing horsepower. frank is now fielding a student team for the u. s. department of energy\u00b4s clean - vehicle competition, challenge x. the group is building a 300 - mpg plug - in hybrid with an ethanol - powered gasoline engine and a solar - powered electric motor. sounds responsibly efficient. but the professor is still a hot - rodder at heart : \" last year we had a ford explorer that we converted into a plug - in hybrid, and it had so much torque that we couldn\u00b4t keep the axles from snapping. with six of my students in there, it could still burn rubber. \" he is now fielding a student team for the u. s. department of energy\u00b4s clean - vehicle competition, challenge x. \" we were getting 64 miles per gallon without sacrificing anything on the power side, \" frank says. \" but i saw that the most important thing is that energy for cars could be supplied by solar energy and wind using existing technology. \" five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5189502814637825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.853258"} {"text": "tuesday, may 21, 2013 lauran neergaard / the associated press washington \u2014 a staggering 1 in 3 seniors dies with alzheimer ' s disease or other types of dementia, says a new report that highlights the impact the mind - destroying disease is having on the rapidly aging population. dying with alzheimer ' s is not the same as dying from it. but even when dementia isn ' t the direct cause of death, it can be the final blow \u2014 speeding someone ' s decline by interfering with their care for heart disease, cancer or other serious illnesses. that ' s the assessment of the report released tuesday by the alzheimer ' s association, which advocates for more research and support for families afflicted by it. \" exacerbated aging, \" is how dr. maria carrillo, an association vice president, terms the alzheimer ' s effect. \" it changes any health care situation for a family. \" in fact, only 30 percent of 70 - year - olds who don ' t have alzheimer ' s are expected to die before their 80th birthday. but if they do have dementia, 61 percent are expected to die, the report found. already, 5. 2 million americans have alzheimer ' s or some other form of dementia. those numbers will jump to 13. 8 million by 2050, tuesday ' s report predicts. that ' s slightly lower than some previous estimates. count just the deaths directly attributed to dementia, and they ' re growing fast. nearly 85, 000 people died from alzheimer ' s in 2011, the centers for disease control and prevention estimated in a separate report tuesday. those are people who had alzheimer ' s listed as an underlying cause on a death certificate, perhaps because the dementia led to respiratory failure. those numbers make alzheimer ' s the sixth leading cause of death. that death rate rose 39 percent in the past decade, even as the cdc found that deaths declined among some of the nation ' s other top killers \u2014 heart disease, cancer, stroke and diabetes. the reason : alzheimer ' s is the only one of those leading killers to have no good treatment. today ' s medications only temporarily ease some dementia symptoms. but what ' s on a death certificate is only part of the story. consider : severe dementia can make it difficult for people to move around or swallow properly. that increases the risk of pneumonia, one of the most commonly identified causes of death among alzheimer ' s patients. likewise, dementia patients can forget their medications for diabetes, high blood pressure or other illnesses. they may not be able to explain they are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4192843405784046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.857104"} {"text": ". that increases the risk of pneumonia, one of the most commonly identified causes of death among alzheimer ' s patients. likewise, dementia patients can forget their medications for diabetes, high blood pressure or other illnesses. they may not be able to explain they are feeling symptoms of other ailments such as infections. they ' re far more likely to be hospitalized than other older adults. that in turn increases their risk of death within the following year. \" you should be getting a sense of the so - called blurred distinction between deaths among people with alzheimer ' s and deaths caused by alzheimer ' s. it ' s not so clear where to draw the line, \" said jennifer weuve of chicago ' s rush university, who helped study that very question. the chicago health and aging project tracked the health of more than 10, 000 older adults over time. weuve ' s team used the data to estimate how many people nationally will die with alzheimer ' s this year \u2014 about 450, 000, according to tuesday ' s report. that ' s compatible with the 1 in 3 figure the alzheimer ' s association calculates for all dementias. that number is based on a separate analysis of medicare data that includes both alzheimer ' s cases and deaths among seniors with other forms of dementia. last year, the obama administration set a goal of finding effective alzheimer ' s treatments by 2025, and increased research funding to help. it ' s not clear how the government ' s automatic budget cuts, which began earlier this month, will affect those plans. but tuesday ' s report calculated that health and long - term care services will total $ 203 billion this year, much of that paid by medicare and medicaid and not counting unpaid care from family and friends. that tab is expected to reach $ 1. 2 trillion by 2050, barring a research breakthrough, the report concluded.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39896795223691733, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.857936"} {"text": "growing older, driving safely safe driving requires complex visual processing \u2013 abilities that may begin to decline as we age. a loss in your visual abilities could endanger you and others on the road. but you can maintain your independence and drive safely longer if you : 1. get a complete eye exam regularly, 2. know the vision issues that can affect your driving, 3. understand the laws in your state about driving as you age, and 4. talk to your eye doctor about maintaining your fitness to drive it is important to note that visual processing is but one component of safe driving. other key factors include 1 ) the motor ability to scan rapidly changing environments ; 2 ) the sensory ability to perceive information in a rapidly changing environment ; 3 ) the attentiveness to process multiple pieces of information ; and 4 ) the cognitive and motor ability to judge information in a timely fashion and to make appropriate decisions. know the law in your state know the law in your state vision and driving visual acuity visual acuity visual acuity makes it possible for you to notice moving and still objects that you must see, and often notice quickly, to make safe driving decisions. with good acuity, you can read traffic signs, street names, and addresses at a distance with time to react safely to conditions. you also rely on your visual acuity to see any object or hazard on or near the road. vision in low contrast situations vision in low contrast situations low - contrast visual acuity lets you see and drive safely in rain, snow, fog, or at dusk. objects do not always stand out clearly from their surroundings, such as potholes, cars without lights on at dusk, pedestrians crossing in front of you in the rain, and almost anything at night not directly in range of your headlights. when your visual acuity for low contract objects decreases, you may not be able to see potential dangers soon enough to respond safely. keeping track of visual information keeping track of visual information when driving, you must scan your surroundings constantly for potential conflicts with other road users. at the same time, you must pay attention to road features like traffic signs and signals, and landmarks or other information that helps you find your way as you drive. this is most important at intersections, where the majority of serious crashes occur. when you are about to start moving after a traffic light turns green, you look to your left and right and then across the intersection in the direction you \u2019 re driving. being able to locate safety threats quickly and make immediate driving decisions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4545950038675576, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.862925"} {"text": "serious crashes occur. when you are about to start moving after a traffic light turns green, you look to your left and right and then across the intersection in the direction you \u2019 re driving. being able to locate safety threats quickly and make immediate driving decisions based on information from many different places is a critical part of driving. what you are aware of in your field of view, and how quickly you become aware of it, can determine whether or not you can drive safely and avoid crashing at an intersection, a shopping center parking lot, or in any driving situation. if your ability to keep track of and process visual information decreases with age, you may have problems identifying and reacting to safety threats. visit an eye doctor regularly visit an eye doctor regularly one very important thing you can do to make sure you can drive safely longer is get your eyes checked regularly by an eye doctor \u2014 at least once every other year \u2014 if you are 55 or older. you should visit your eye doctor even if you have no problems seeing, and talk to your eye doctor about driving and your vision. budget for proper eye care budget for proper eye care you should budget for the cost of a regular eye exam at least every other year or more frequently if your doctor recommends it. most people want to protect their vision and ability to maintain independence ( including driving ), even it if involves a cost. proper eye care doesn ' t have to be expensive. think of it as an investment in good vision and in your quality of life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47637831017959553, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.863514"} {"text": "farmers in mozambique trying to adapt farming to climate change as the rain and water in mozambique becomes less predictable and less suited to subsistence farming, aid groups and the local government are trying to help some change the way they farm so they ' re not so paralyzed by a flood or a drought. but there ' s a lot of work to do. over the past two decades, mozambique has suffered more than its fair share of weather disasters. the east african nation has seen more devastating cyclones, droughts and floods than any country on the continent. farmers in mozambique have been particularly hard hit. this year alone, torrential rains in the mountains sent flood waters onto fields below, submerging tens of thousands of acres of crops. and now, farmers are in the midst of another rainy season, which started in december. officials at mozambique \u2019 s national institute for disaster management have to prepare for rescue operations this time of year. figueredo de araujo, the institute ' s information manager, said the emergency operations center is equipped with rescue boats as well as warehouses with various goods for humanitarian assistance : maize flour, tents, tarps, boots and rain coats among them. caia, where mozambique \u2019 s main highway crosses the zambezi river, sits in the middle of a vast, flat, floodplain that is home to nearly a million people. in 2000, the area was hit by the worst flooding in memory. the floods killed 700 people, displaced 100, 000, and cost mozambique a 1. 5 percent loss in gdp through destruction of crops. to belem monteiro, the emergency center ' s director, much of mozambique \u2019 s misfortune is a matter of geography. \" the fact that we have a problem is not news to us : given its location, mozambique could only be vulnerable to these changes in climate, \" monteiro said. nearly 80 percent of mozambican families are subsistence farmers, relying on rain - fed agriculture to produce their food. after the 2000 floods, farmers near the zambezi river repeatedly lost their homes and crops. \" in the past, it happened every five years, now we have annual emergencies, which shows that the situation has changed, \" monteiro said. but that ' s presented a major challenge for the disaster management institute, which was conceived to intervene during freak emergencies, but has been forced to evolve to a permanent mission. some 30 miles from caia, a resettlement zone called tchetcha um is home to some 5, 000 families who were moved to higher ground.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38150645557689056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.867248"} {"text": "was conceived to intervene during freak emergencies, but has been forced to evolve to a permanent mission. some 30 miles from caia, a resettlement zone called tchetcha um is home to some 5, 000 families who were moved to higher ground. the organization save the children has partnered with the government in a program promoting livelihood resilience, diversifying their income sources, said clemente lourenco, a project officer for the group. farmer rui alberto campira received a grant from save the children in 2009, which enabled he and 11 other farmers to built a 5 - acre farm where they can grow crops for both consumption at home and sale at the local market. campira says the soil is great for cash crops. \" it ' s good. especially for tomatoes. tomatoes, onions, cabbage, collard greens. that ' s what we usually plant here. there we only plant maize. maize and sweet potatoes, \" campira said of his former home. the land he ' s farming now will also flood during the rainy season, but the irrigation system the grant enabled him to install allows him to farm during the dry season, when cash crops would typically die. about 55 associations like campira ' s have formed in caia district, not just growing cash crops, but trading in fish, beans, and clothing, and using animal traction to plow fields. save the children funds about 4500 farmers across three provinces. joao novage is raising seven goats, as part of another association. the grant originally bought 40 goats that have in turn born another 20. \" when i see that i have 12 or 13 goats, i \u2019 ll take four and sell them to buy school supplies and clothes for my children. children are our wealth. they \u2019 ll bring a better future for us, \" novage said. though the projects have been wildly successful, everyone admits they serve an insignificant portion of the population at this point. it remains to be seen if they can be expanded to make a measurable difference in the unger and poverty around this portion of east africa. hosted by bruce gellerman, \" living on earth \" is an award - winning environmental news program that delves into the leading issues affecting the world we inhabit. more about \" living on earth. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4528609822372406, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.868167"} {"text": "what is a canonical tag? a canonical tag looks like this : < link rel = \u201d canonical \u201d href = http : / / www. example. com / \u201d / > this should be inserted into the head section of the html of a page within a website. ( see below ) what does it look like? why is it important? many seo technicians suggest a canonical tag appears on every single page of a website for \u2018 good practice \u2019 \u2013 but why? the main functionality of a canonical tag is to signal to google which page you consider to be the most important from a group of pages which can have very similar content. this can be very useful when you have duplicate pages on your website e. g. the homepage or you have a number of similar product pages which produce multiple urls on different sort filters or tracking parameters. and we all know duplicate content is bad examples of when to use it : often on websites the homepage and folder levels will be duplicated. this is because the page and its content can be found in another folder for example is the same as when you \u2019 re a webmaster or seo it is important to know how to look for these. the duplicate homepage at folder level can be found by adding a range of different default naming conventions to the top level domain, depending on which server your website is hosted. there are 2 main server there are 2 main servers / default. aspx / index. asp / home. asp / index. htm / index. html / index. php / default. php / home. php finding duplicate content through google : google will automatically omit web pages from its search results that it considers to be duplicated. however this doesn \u2019 t mean that it cannot see them which will be causing damage to your seo. to find out exactly what google considers to be duplicate content, we can use a \u2018 site colon \u2019 to identify the pages. for example : \u2018 site : www. riverisland. com \u2019 if we scroll then through the results to the end this, is what we will come across : so take a note of the last url in the serp \u2019 s and then scroll through to this. when you find it ( it should be around the same position ) any urls after this will then be shown as being very similar in the search engines eyes and may need to have canonical tags inserted. sorting and filtering another example where to use the canonical tag is when a website features a sort filter. this is very common on e - commerce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4669643235966896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.872010"} {"text": "will then be shown as being very similar in the search engines eyes and may need to have canonical tags inserted. sorting and filtering another example where to use the canonical tag is when a website features a sort filter. this is very common on e - commerce websites : the top level of the category forms on this url however when we sort it by \u2018 latest in stock \u2019 the url forms like this and if we filtered it by prices low to high the url changes to this : now theoretically much of the content on these pages is similar, so in order to signal that we would like http : / / www. riverisland. com / online / men / t - shirts \u2013 vests to be considered the main page for all of these variations what do we need? yes you guessed it \u2026 < link rel = \u201d canonical \u201d href = \u201d http : / / www. riverisland. com / online / men / t - shirts \u2013 vests \u201c / > we need the canonical tag on example 1 and example 2 and any other example of filtering which can be found throughout the website. uppercase and lowercase * one more thing to take into account is issues with uppercase and lowercase. for example : if a page resolves on both of these this can also be classed as duplicate content and will need to be redirected to the preferred url or have a canonical tag present. duplicate content caused by url parameters, like session ids or tracking ids tracking parameters exist to identify the different sources through which traffic is driven to a given page. session ids exist to identify a specific user. whilst both are extremely useful, they can cause duplicate content. if a user links to the url it could then appear in the eyes of google as a url. a canonical tag will need to be applied to this to avoid the issue of duplicate content. the canonical tag should be used in situations where duplicate content may be an issue due to similar pages within your website, duplicate pages where they cannot be redirected and for pages created through tracking parameters just like the examples previously mentioned. it is important to remember however, that even though google strongly adheres to the canonical tag, it is always better to redirect when it is safe and possible. if you have any questions about the canonical tag and could use it for your website, feel free to comment in the space below and prodo will happily respond.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4788575491602409, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.872885"} {"text": "intracranial tumors comprise approximately 2 % of all adult cancers, but form a larger fraction within the group of childhood tumors. gliomas account for approximately 60 % of all intracranial tumors and are classified according to the suggested cell of origin, differentiation and malignancy grade. the prognosis for high - grade gliomas is poor due to limited possibilities of curative treatment. gliomas are tumors of neuroepithelial tissue and comprise a complex and heterogeneous group of tumors representing counterparts to various normal inhabitant cells of the central nervous system ( cns ). the most common form of glioma is astrocytoma, representing approximately one third of all gliomas. astrocytomas are defined based on morphological features such as cellularity, nuclear atypia, mitotic rate, endothelial proliferation and necrosis, and assigned to grades i - iv according to the current who classification system. these include pilocytic astrocytoma ( grade i ), astrocytoma ( grade ii ), anaplastic astrocytoma ( grade iii ), and glioblastoma ( grade iv ). the various forms of glioma are highly vaiable and several phenotypically different cell types exist, including gemistocytic glioma cells. gemistocytic cells resemble a morphological alteration that can also be found in reactive astrocytes and is characterized by eosinophilic staining of a large, swollen cytoplasm. approximately 15 % of gliomas are oligodendrogliomas. histologically, oligodendrogliomas commonly show uniform cell architecture with increased numbers of delicate blood vessels. the tumor cell nuclei are mainly round and regular, and often surrounded by an artifactual perinuclear clearing that results in the so called? fried egg? appearance. high - grade oligodendrogliomas ( anaplastic oligodendrogliomas ) are recognized by features such as increased cellularity, mitotic activity and nuclear pleomorphism, as well as necrosis and endothelial proliferation. additional forms of glioma include mixed gliomas such as oligoastrocytoma and ependymal tumors. examples of other neuroepithelial tumors that grow within the cns are neuronal and mixed neuronal - glial tumors, as well as embryonal tumors including neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5335971466845747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.875331"} {"text": "why argue? helping students see the point read the comments on any website and you may despair at americans \u2019 inability to argue well. thankfully, educators now name argumentive reasoning as one of the basics students should leave school with. but what are these skills and how do children acquire them? deanna kuhn and amanda crowell, of columbia university \u2019 s teachers college, have designed an innovative curriculum to foster their development and measured the results. among their findings, published in psychological science, a journal of the association for psychological science, dialogue is a better path to developing argument skills than writing. \u201c children engage in conversation from very early on, \u201d explains kuhn. \u201c it has a point in real life. \u201d fulfilling a writing assignment, on the other hand, largely entails figuring out what the teacher wants and delivering it. to the student, \u201c that \u2019 s its only function. \u201d kuhn and crowell conducted a three - year intervention at an urban middle school whose students were predominantly hispanic, african - american, and low - income. beginning in sixth grade, two classes totaling 48 children participated ; a comparison group of 23 were taught in a more conventional way. each year comprised four 13 - class segments. each quarter, the students entertained one social issue \u2014 beginning with subjects close to their lives, such as school discipline, and proceeding to issues of broader social consequence, such as abortion and gun control. choosing their sides and working in groups, students prepared for debate \u2014 enumerating and evaluating reasons for their beliefs, surmising opponents \u2019 arguments, and considering counterarguments and rebuttals. then, pairs of same - side students debated opposing pairs. in years two and three, participants were asked during each cycle to generate questions whose answers would help them make their arguments \u2014 a way of promoting their appreciation of evidence. soon, they not only generated many questions but also volunteered to research the answers. the debates took place via computer \u2014 another innovation of the intervention \u2014 so the dialogue remained on the screen, promoting reflection. the cycle culminated in a lively \u201c showdown \u201d between the teams, in which students individually took the \u201c hotseat \u201d debating an opponent but could turn to their teammates for tactical \u201c huddles. \u201d finally, students wrote individual essays justifying their positions on the topic. the comparison class engaged in full - class teacher - led discussions of similar topics and wrote essays \u2014 14 annually compared to the intervention groups \u2019 four. before the intervention and after each year, all students wrote essays on entirely new topics. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4623064967959513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.881218"} {"text": "the topic. the comparison class engaged in full - class teacher - led discussions of similar topics and wrote essays \u2014 14 annually compared to the intervention groups \u2019 four. before the intervention and after each year, all students wrote essays on entirely new topics. the researchers analyzed these for the kinds and number of arguments \u2014 those focused on the virtues of one \u2019 s own side ; those addressing the opposing side ( \u201c dual perspective \u201d ) ; and those attempting to weigh pros and cons of each side ( \u201c integrative perspective \u201d ). they also looked at the questions the students would like answers to. on each count, the experimental group did better, making more of the higher forms of arguments and listing more questions of substance than the control group. crucially, says kuhn, the children embraced a core value of citizenship : informed argument matters. they expressed it too. \u201c we have gotten a little complaint from nearby classrooms that it \u2019 s a bit noisy, \u201d she adds. for more information about this study, please contact : deanna kuhn at firstname. lastname @ example. org. the aps journal psychological science is the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology. for a copy of the article \" dialogic argumentation as a vehicle for developing young adolescents \u2019 thinking \" and access to other psychological science research findings, please contact tiffany harrington at 202 - 293 - 9300 or email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49278342772672323, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.881853"} {"text": "race in the courtthe execution of willie francis : race, murder and the search for justice in the american south they called the louisiana electric chair gruesome gertie and in her years of service to the state, no case was more notorious than that of long - forgotten willie francis. a 16 - year - old teen at the time of his 1945 arrest, francis was barely literate, the youngest of 13 children in a desperately poor, devoutly roman catholic, african american family. the story begins in november, 1944 with the murder of 53 - year - old andrew thomas, the well - liked owner of thomas \u2019 s drug store in the pastoral cajun town of st. martinville, louisiana. thomas, who was white, was hit by five shots fired at close range. theories of who might have killed him were abundant. the lifelong bachelor and purported don juan was suspected of numerous romantic liaisons with married women, but after a nine - month investigation, all leads had run cold. that changed in august 3, 1945 when police in port arthur, texas, 150 miles from st. martinville, happened upon willie francis who was there visiting his sister. francis was carrying a large valise and the cops, on the lookout for drug traffickers, took francis into custody for questioning. in short order, francis convinced his interrogators that he was not a narcotics dealer. nevertheless, the cops noted that he stuttered \u2014 a mannerism they determined indicated guilt \u2014 and proceeded to ask him about his involvement in numerous robberies and assaults in the port arthur area. king reports that police accounts reveal a startling \u2014 maybe even unbelievable \u2014 turn of events. according to port arthur chief of police claude w. goldsmith, \u201c who did not keep any notes or records of the interrogation, willie confessed to the st. martinville murder [ of thomas ] in a matter of minutes. \u201d what \u2019 s more, when they inspected francis \u2019 wallet they found an id bearing the name of andrew thomas. francis \u2019 written statement, replete with spelling errors, admits that he stole a. 38 pistol for the planned murder. his statement further concedes that he took thomas \u2019 wallet, containing $ 4, along with a gold watch which he later pawned. no counsel was present at the time of this alleged confession. a month later francis was indicted by a grand jury and in no - time flat a trial was scheduled. a jury of twelve white men \u2014 clearly not francis \u2019 peers \u2014 was selected. as testimony unfolded the jurors learned that there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4293454902793638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.889064"} {"text": "alleged confession. a month later francis was indicted by a grand jury and in no - time flat a trial was scheduled. a jury of twelve white men \u2014 clearly not francis \u2019 peers \u2014 was selected. as testimony unfolded the jurors learned that there was no forensic evidence linking francis to the crime. \u201c also missing, \u201d king writes, \u201c were the murder weapon and bullets that had been recovered from the scene. \u201d both had been lost in transit to the fbi crime lab. worse, king writes, \u201c no fingerprints had been lifted from the gun. without the alleged murder weapon or the wrist watch as evidence, the bulk of the district attorney \u2019 s case rested exclusively on confessions obtained by police while the teenaged willie francis was in custody and without legal counsel. \u201d later, attorneys and journalists reviewing the trial transcript dubbed the proceedings \u201c a farce and travesty. \u201d nonetheless, francis was found guilty and sentenced to die in gruesome gertie. his executioners were angola prison captain ephie foster and prisoner vincent venezia. both men were charged with transporting the contraption to st. martinville and insuring francis \u2019 death by electrocution. they had done this before and ostensibly knew how to proceed. indeed, they were so relaxed that they opted for a night of serious drinking in the hours immediately before the scheduled execution. eyewitnesses report that the pair were visibly drunk when they arrived at the jail the following morning. still, they did the state \u2019 s bidding and strapped francis into the chair before applying the current. then something surprising happened \u2014 despite being zapped by electricity, francis did not die. spectators were horrified, then relieved to learn that the mechanical malfunction would be corrected and a second execution ordered. what happened next can only be described as a whirlwind. attorney bertrand deblanc, a deeply religious white man just returned from serving in world war ii, agreed to take francis \u2019 case \u2013 pro - bono. during the next year - and - a - half, he would share legal work with the naacp and with another white attorneylater - judge named j. skully wright. the more deblanc learned about francis \u2019 case, the angrier he became. at the same time he never challenged francis \u2019 guilt \u2014 francis himself never proclaimed his innocence or took issue with his arrest or conviction \u2014 but instead zeroed in on proving that a second execution would constitute cruel and unusual punishment and amount to double jeopardy. the case bounced from court to court and eventually wound up in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44605401071832107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.890306"} {"text": "francis himself never proclaimed his innocence or took issue with his arrest or conviction \u2014 but instead zeroed in on proving that a second execution would constitute cruel and unusual punishment and amount to double jeopardy. the case bounced from court to court and eventually wound up in d. c. where the u. s. supreme court heard deblanc \u2019 s argument. king \u2019 s rendering of the proceedings is fascinating. \u201c sixty years later, \u201d he begins, \u201c alleged violations of double jeopardy, cruel and unusual punishment, and due process would constitute unquestionably valid legal strategies for attorneys. but not in 1946. not once, not twice, but many times the u. s. supreme court had held that the first ten amendments to the constitution, rights citizens decades later would take for granted, simply did not exist for litigants in a case originating at the state level \u2014 cases like willie \u2019 s. in other words, one \u2019 s right not to be tried twice for the same crime could only be invoked if one was being tried in a federal court \u2026 the supreme court had ruled that in a state court a man [ sic ] could be tried twice for the same murder. furthermore, in 1908, the supreme court held that the fifth amendment \u2014 the right regarding self - incrimination \u2014 did not apply to state court trials. \u201d deblanc, wright and the naacp pushed forward anyway, arguing that the bill of rights should apply to the states. they also argued that a second encounter with gruesome gertie would be cruel, unusual and patently illegal. the court disagreed. in a five - to - four decision, issued one day after francis turned 18, the justices opted to send him back to the chair. despite seething and eloquent dissents, the court refused to save willie francis \u2019 life. his attorneys were despondent and tried to push the justices to reconsider ; they simultaneously petitioned louisiana governor jimmie davis to commute francis \u2019 sentence to life imprisonment. in a bizarre turn, justice felix frankfurter, who voted with the court majority, petitioned davis on francis \u2019 behalf. their efforts failed. on may 9, 1947, francis was executed, making him the 24th state resident killed by gruesome gertie. to this day no one knows what really happened between francis and thomas. years later, rumors that thomas was gay \u2014 and that his friendships with married women never strayed beyond the platonic \u2014 began to circulate. francis \u2019 one - time assertion \u2014 his enigmatic explanation of what had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4543121984466777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.891312"} {"text": "happened between francis and thomas. years later, rumors that thomas was gay \u2014 and that his friendships with married women never strayed beyond the platonic \u2014 began to circulate. francis \u2019 one - time assertion \u2014 his enigmatic explanation of what had transpired, \u201c it was a secret about me and him \u201d \u2014 was never probed. whether this was because of squeamishness, incompetence, or negligence is unknown. king \u2019 s exploration of willie francis \u2019 tragic life and the myriad efforts to save him is riveting. well - researched and fast - paced, francis \u2019 poignant story showcases the collision between social justice activists and a legal system hell - bent on maintaining the status quo. but it does more than this, reminding us of the ripples beneath the surface of most social change efforts. in this case, even though deblanc and colleagues could not save francis, their courage, fortitude, and resistance set other acts of resistance into motion. indeed, their tireless advocacy emboldened others and helped catapult racial injustice and the inhumanity of killing youthful offenders into public consciousness. pra is an affiliate of : unless otherwise noted, all material on this website is copyright 1981 - 2013 by political research associates political research associates \u2022 1310 broadway, suite 201 \u2022 somerville, ma 02144 voice : 617. 666. 5300 \u2022 fax : 617. 666. 6622 \u2022 firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4714147788284284, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.891895"} {"text": "spotting the symptoms of skin cancer skin cancer can affect any area of your body exposed to sun, including the scalp. and believe it or not, it can even crop up in lesser - exposed areas like the palms of your hands, between your toes, even on your genitals. according to experts, cancerous skin lesions can appear suddenly or develop slowly, and the american cancer society advises that people see their doctors immediately if they see any of the following symptoms. basal cell carcinoma these can be flat, firm, pale areas or small, raised, pink or red, translucent, waxy areas that may bleed following a minor injury. they may be characterized by one or more irregular blood vessels ; a lower area in their center ; and / or blue, brown, or black sections. large basal cell carcinomas may have oozing or crusted areas. squamous cell carcinoma these are growing lumps, often with a rough, scaly, or crusted surface. they may also look like flat reddish patches in the skin that grow slowly. like basal cell carcinomas, this types of non - melanoma skin cancer may develop as a flat area showing only slight changes from normal skin. also known as solar keratosis, this is a precancerous skin condition caused by too much sun exposure. actinic keratoses are small rough spots that may be pinkish - red or flesh - colored, usually on the face, ears, back of the hands, and arms of middle - aged or older people with fair skin. they also can develop on younger people or on other sun - exposed areas of the skin. some can grow into squamous cell cancers, but others may stay the same or even shrink. because they can turn cancerous, such areas should be checked regularly by a doctor. the most serious form of skin cancer and the one responsible for the most deaths can develop on normal skin or in an existing mole. it often appears on the upper back or the face. learn your abcds according to the american cancer society, people should follow the abcd rule when inspecting their skin for melanomas : - a is for asymmetry : one half of a mole or birthmark does not match the other half. - b is for border : the edges are irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred. - c is for color : the color is not the same all over and may include shades of brown or black, sometimes with patches of red, white, or blue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44071298710009155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.899929"} {"text": "is for border : the edges are irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred. - c is for color : the color is not the same all over and may include shades of brown or black, sometimes with patches of red, white, or blue. - d is for diameter : the spot is larger than six millimeters across ( about one - quarter inch, the size of a pencil eraser ) or is growing larger. other important signs of melanoma include : - changes in size, shape, or color of a mole - appearance of a new spot that may not fit the abcd rule - a sore that does not heal - a new growth - spread of pigment from the border of a spot to the surrounding skin - redness or a new swelling beyond the border - change in sensation, such as itchiness, tenderness, or pain - change in the surface of a mole, such as scaliness, oozing, bleeding, or the appearance of a bump or nodule sign up for free newsletters ask your doctor the right questions! the most from your doctor visit. emailed right to you! the ask your doctor email series may contain sponsored content. 18 +, us residents only please. explore original articles about... get the most from qualityhealth - top searches - 1. arthritis management : nature heals - 2. 5 digestive to - dos - 3. men : should you shave it or leave it? - 4. today ' s top fitness trends - 5. sugar and osteoarthritis : the link - 6. can ' t afford your hospital bills? - 7. stay energized all day long - 8. phobias : who has them and why? - 9. what if your epipen fails? - 10. 5 costly medical billing mistakes - 1. ice falls can cause serious injuries - 2. can inactivity act like a disease? - 3. kale snack recipe for diabetics - 4. how running affects arthritis - 5. sugar and your immunity system - 6. do weight loss supplements work? - 7. 5 super foods for spring - 8. the hazards of reusable bags - 9. how to avoid ingrown hairs - 10. health tip : constantly change shoes - 1. 4 common treatments for epilepsy - 2. what does a urogynecologist do? - 3. gerd without heartburn? it ' s possible - 4. graston technique : can it work on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4591059590763402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.900806"} {"text": "richard childress racing january 25, 2013 science on the fast track \" racing teaches you to think broad, and people who are used to working in intense environments are valued members of the team. \" author : rachel kaufmann date : jan. 11, 2013 along a racetrack ' s \" pit road, \" crew chiefs and race engineers for various nascar teams await their drivers ' inevitable pit stop. the souped - up racers need fresh tires and to top off their fuel. every 30 - second lap, the ground shakes as 43 cars whip past at 200 miles per hour. stock car racing isn ' t rocket science \u2014 and yet the track is usually crawling with people who are, in effect, rocket scientists. you might not expect it from a sport that evolved out of bootleggers racing their moonshine down twisty appalachian roads, but modern racing teams use computational fluid dynamics simulations, wind tunnels, and the highly technical know - how of engineers to eke milliseconds out of each driver ' s lap time. \" if you go to these race shops, you think you walked into a hospital operating room. it ' s absolutely spotless, \" says robert johnson, dean of the college of engineering at the university of north carolina ( unc ), charlotte, and co - founder of the college ' s motorsports program. \" these are not shade - tree mechanics having some fun. \" instead, these are highly skilled engineers pushing automobiles to their limits, sometimes using that experience as a springboard to advance their careers. engineered for speed when eric warren began working in motorsports, he didn ' t know of any other ph. d. - level scientists or engineers in nascar. \" now, on my team alone, there are four different ph. d. s., \" he says. warren, whose degree is in aerospace engineering, oversees engineering and also \" the whole racing effort \" for richard childress racing in welcome, north carolina. as a graduate student in the mid - 1990s, warren bumped into the owner of kranefuss - haas racing ( now penske racing ) when visiting a friend at the team \u2019 s north carolina headquarters. \" he said, ' call me, we need somebody like you, ' \" warren says. \" he convinced me to get into racing, which was very difficult to comprehend at the time. at the time, nascar wasn ' t seen as a technical thing. it was like, ' ok, i ' ve been working on research in aerodynamics, working with nasa langley [ research center ]. ' [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5142854767439551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.903801"} {"text": "using an ultra - bright electron source, scientists at the university of toronto have recorded atomic motions in real time, offering a glimpse into the very essence of chemistry and biology at the atomic level. their recording is a direct observation of a transition state in which atoms undergo chemical transformation into new structures with new properties. using a new tool called a quantum simulator \u2014 based on a small - scale quantum computer \u2014... a massive telescope buried in the antarctic ice has detected 28 extremely high - energy... a fried breakfast food popular in spain provided the inspiration for the development of doughnut - shaped droplets that may provide scientists with a new approach for studying fundamental issues in physics, mathematics, and materials. the doughnut - shaped droplets, a shape known as toroidal, are formed from two dissimilar liquids using a simple rotating stage and an injection needle. the massive ball of iron sitting at the center of earth is not quite as \" rock - solid \" as has been thought, say two stanford university mineral physicists. by conducting experiments that simulate the immense pressures deep in the planet ' s interior, the researchers determined that iron in earth ' s inner core is only about 40 % as strong as previous studies estimated. graphene has dazzled scientists ever since its discovery more than a decade ago. but one long - sought goal has proved elusive : how to engineer into graphene a property called a band gap, which would be necessary to use the material to make transistors and other electronic devices. new findings by massachusetts institute of technology researchers are a major step toward making graphene with this coveted property. with the hand of nature trained on a beaker of chemical fluid, the most delicate flower structures have been formed in a harvard university laboratory \u2014 and not at the scale of inches, but microns. these minuscule sculptures, curved and delicate, don ' t resemble the cubic or jagged forms normally associated with crystals, though that ' s what they are. rather, fields of flowers seem to bloom from the surface of a submerged glass slide. a new joint innovation by the national physical laboratory and the university of cambridge could pave the way for redefining the ampere in terms of fundamental constants of physics. the world ' s first graphene single - electron pump provides the speed of electron flow needed to create a new standard for electrical current based on electron charge. described as the \" most beautiful experiment in physics, \" richard feynman emphasized how the diffraction of individual particles at a grating is an unambiguous demonstration of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6305194958466135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.913079"} {"text": "needed to create a new standard for electrical current based on electron charge. described as the \" most beautiful experiment in physics, \" richard feynman emphasized how the diffraction of individual particles at a grating is an unambiguous demonstration of wave - particle duality and contrary to classical physics. a research team recently used carefully made fluorescent molecules and nanometric detection accuracy to provide clear and tangible evidence of the quantum behavior of large molecules in real time. bubble baths and soapy dishwater and the refreshing head on a beer : these are foams, beautiful yet ephemeral as the bubbles pop one by one. now, a team of researchers has described mathematically the successive stages in the complex evolution and disappearance of foamy bubbles, a feat that could help in modeling industrial processes in which liquids mix or in the formation of solid foams such as those used to cushion bicycle helmets. an international team of physicists has found the first direct evidence of pear - shaped nuclei in exotic atoms. the findings could advance the search for a new fundamental force in nature that could explain why the big bang created more matter than antimatter \u2014 a pivotal imbalance in the history of everything. from powerful computers to super - sensitive medical and environmental detectors that are faster, smaller, and use less energy \u2014 yes, we want them, but how do we get them? in research that is helping to lay the groundwork for the electronics of the future, university of delaware scientists have confirmed the presence of a magnetic field generated by electrons which scientists had theorized existed, but that had never been proven until now. physicists working with optical tweezers have conducted work to provide an all - in - one guide to help calculate the effect the use of these tools has on the energy levels of atoms under study. this effect can change the frequency at which atoms emit or absorb light and microwave radiation and skew results ; the new findings should help physicists foresee effects on future experiments. physicists in switzerland have demonstrated one of the quintessential effects of quantum optics \u2014 known as the hong - ou - mandel effect \u2014 with microwaves, which have a frequency that 100, 000 times lower than that of visible light. the experiment takes quantum optics into a new frequency regime and could eventually lead to new technological applications. the allure of personalized medicine has made new, more efficient ways of sequencing genes a top research priority. one promising technique involves reading dna bases using changes in electrical current as they are threaded through a nanoscopic hole. now, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.7183525498475056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.914556"} {"text": "technological applications. the allure of personalized medicine has made new, more efficient ways of sequencing genes a top research priority. one promising technique involves reading dna bases using changes in electrical current as they are threaded through a nanoscopic hole. now, a team led by university of pennsylvania physicists has used solid - state nanopores to differentiate single - stranded dna molecules containing sequences of a single repeating base. an international research team led by astronomers from the max planck institute for radio astronomy used a collection of large radio and optical telescopes to investigate in detail a pulsar that weighs twice as much as the sun. this neutron star, the most massive known to date, has provided new insights into the emission of gravitational radiation and serves as an interstellar laboratory for general relativity in extreme conditions. using uniquely sensitive experimental techniques, scientists have found that laws of quantum physics \u2014 believed primarily to influence at only sub - atomic levels \u2014 can actually impact on a molecular level. the study shows that movement of the ring - like molecule pyrrole over a metal surface runs counter to the classical physics that govern our everyday world. in a process comparable to squeezing an elephant through a pinhole, researchers at missouri university of science and technology have designed a way to engineer atoms capable of funneling light through ultrasmall channels. their research is the latest in a series of recent findings related to how light and matter interact at the atomic scale. cancer cells that can break out of a tumor and invade other organs are more aggressive and nimble than nonmalignant cells, according to a new multi - institutional nationwide study. these cells exert greater force on their environment and can more easily maneuver small spaces. one simple phenomenon explains why practical, self - sustaining fusion reactions have proved difficult to achieve : turbulence in the superhot, electrically charged gas, called plasma, that circulates inside a fusion reactor can cause the plasma to lose much of its heat. this prevents the plasma from reaching the temperatures needed to overcome the electrical repulsion between atomic nuclei. until now. lawrence berkeley national laboratory \u2019 s sound - restoration experts have done it again. they \u2019 ve helped to digitally recover a 128 - year - old recording of alexander graham bell \u2019 s voice, enabling people to hear the famed inventor speak for the first time. the recording ends with bell saying \u201c in witness whereof, hear my voice, alexander graham bell. \u201d researchers at university of california, santa barbara in collaboration with colleagues at the ecole polytechnique in france, have conclusively identified auger recombination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.653339974501214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.915641"} {"text": "bell saying \u201c in witness whereof, hear my voice, alexander graham bell. \u201d researchers at university of california, santa barbara in collaboration with colleagues at the ecole polytechnique in france, have conclusively identified auger recombination as the mechanism that causes light - emitting diodes ( leds ) to be less efficient at high drive currents. a harvard university - led team of researchers has created a new type of nanoscale device that converts an optical signal into waves that travel along a metal surface. significantly, the device can recognize specific kinds of polarized light and accordingly send the signal in one direction or another. the planet - hunting kepler telescope has discovered two planets that seem like ideal places for some sort of life to flourish. according to scientists working with the nasa telescope, they are just the right size and in just the right place near their star. the discoveries, published online thursday, mark a milestone in the search for planets where life could exist. throughout decades of research on solar cells, one formula has been considered an absolute limit to the efficiency of such devices in converting sunlight into electricity : called the shockley - queisser efficiency limit, it posits that the ultimate conversion efficiency can never exceed 34 % for a single optimized semiconductor junction. now, researchers have shown that there is a way to blow past that limit. scientists in australia have recently demonstrated that ultra - short durations of electron bunches generated from laser - cooled atoms can be both very cold and ultra - fast. the low temperature permit sharp images, and the electron pulse duration has a similar effect to shutter speed, potentially allowing researchers to observe critical but quick dynamic processes, such as the picosecond duration of protein folding. a university of missouri engineer has built a system that is able to launch a ring of plasma as far as two feet. plasma is commonly created in the laboratory using powerful electromagnets, but previous efforts to hold the super - hot material through air have been unsuccessful. the new device does this by changing how the magnetic field around the plasma is arranged. physicists operating an experiment located half a mile underground in minnesota reported this weekend that they have found possible hints of dark - matter particles. the cryogenic dark matter search experiment has detected three events with the characteristics expected of dark matter particles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6317748983646498, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.916739"} {"text": "a close - up view of mercury ' s colors october 30, 2008 - date acquired : october 6, 2008 - instrument : wide angle camera ( wac ) of the mercury dual imaging system ( mdis ) - scale : the width of this scene is 620 kilometers ( 390 miles ) of interest : after messenger made its closest approach to mercury, flying just 200 kilometers ( 124 miles ) above the surface, and as soon as the sunlit side of mercury was fully in view, mdis captured the highest - resolution color images ever obtained of mercury ( 500 meters / pixel ( 0. 3 miles / pixel ) ). this area was also seen by mariner 10, whose lower - resolution two - color images hinted at the variety and nature of regions of different colors, and hence composition, on mercury. viewed here at high - resolution and in enhanced color, the relationship between the relatively young smooth plains on the left and older, dark blue material on the right is clear. the younger smooth plains cover the lower parts of rougher pre - existing topography and infill older craters, like the 120 - kilometer ( 75 - mile ) diameter rudaki crater lower - left of center. dark, relatively blue material was ejected from the 105 - kilometer ( 65 - mile ) diameter crater on the right side of the image, covering older smooth plains. a relatively young, small crater then excavated through this blue material to reveal the smooth plains beneath. this scene is centered at 4a\u00b0 south, 310a\u00b0 east and is outlined by a white rectangle on the enhanced color equatorial view of the side of mercury seen during messenger ' s second mercury flyby.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49654976167800585, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.918387"} {"text": "the reef - world foundation is a uk - based charity that has worked with local people to conserve coral reefs in south east asia, the world centre for biodiversity, for over 10 years. our field of expertise is working with both the diving community and local fishing communities to provide information about coral reefs and the associated marine life and helping members of those communities find their own role in wider plans to protect reefs and related ecosystems in the face of a changing climate. | our mission | \" to inspire and empower people to act in conserving and sustainably developing coastal resources, particularly coral reefs and related ecosystems. \" coral reefs are home to 25 % of all marine life, a variety rivalling that of the tropical forests of the amazon or new guinea. this biodiversity translates directly into food security, income, sources of medicinal advances, coastal barriers to storms and a whole host of other benefits to people and ocean health. it is estimated that one billion people worldwide have some dependence on this natural resource for food and income. this is especially true for people from developing asian countries where communities are highly dependent on reefs for their livelihoods and are the most vulnerable to the impacts of loss of reef health. however, coral reefs are under threat. recent research indicates that already one quarter of global reefs are damaged beyond repair.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46824569848846914, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.921479"} {"text": "there are two holes the size of bulldozers in the argument made by johanna wald in \" clearing up the record on solar energy on public lands \", that opening public lands to large scale industrial solar development is a necessary \" sacrifice \" to fight climate change ( see similar arguments from the wilderness society and climate progress ). first, i ' m reminded of a remark made by an energy attorney friend who has fought destructive uranium, coal and oil and gas energy development for almost 30 years, that... \" solar is just like any other industrial energy development \". he was right. oil and gas development has site specific well pad surface impacts, but enormous below ground, water and air quality / climate impacts. industry has, over the years, reduced surface impacts ( at least in theory, if not practice ) by drilling multiple wells from a single well pad and spacing them out. industrial solar impacts 100 % of the surface for literally square miles ( see the photo of the first phase construction for brightsource / isegs below ). power tower technology also has significant bat / avian impacts as the towers can be over 650 - feet tall ( that ' s nearly as high as the tallest skyscraper in denver ). visit the basin and range watch website to see more images of what industrial solar development really looks like. but the bottom line is this : both oil and gas and industrial solar destroy functioning ecosystems and millions of acres of our public lands are being offered to industry for both forms of energy extraction. many unproven assumptions underlie arguments in favor of industrial solar ; for example, that it will reduce carbon emissions and slow climate change. yet, no life - cycle analysis has been conducted to quantify construction emissions, transportation, transmission / sf6, lost carbon sequestration values and other large - scale cumulative impacts. the truth is, we don ' t know. but some scientists are beginning to question the massive footprint of industrial solar ( see big solar ' s footprint and allen, et al. ). many people, even those you would expect to know better, believe deserts are inhospitable places that support little life. it will come as a surprise that our southwestern deserts are among the most species - rich ecosystems in the us, and, according to a recent report by the endangered species coalition, among the most threatened by climate change. ( desert soils are also very good at sequestering carbon ). not surprisingly, industry supporters have worked hard to downplay the impacts from big solar and the value of deserts. also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47929946338162643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.930992"} {"text": "the endangered species coalition, among the most threatened by climate change. ( desert soils are also very good at sequestering carbon ). not surprisingly, industry supporters have worked hard to downplay the impacts from big solar and the value of deserts. also, tremendous political pressure has greased the fast - track wheels for dozens of massive solar and wind developments. they ' ve gotten away with it because nothing on this scale had ever been built before. but as construction on solar projects in california proceeds, ( they are still years away from generating any actual electricity ), we are beginning to see the reality. the los angeles times report, \" sacrificing the desert to save the earth \" is among the first to expose the emerging story that impacts from industrial solar projects are likely to be much worse than \" predicted \". for example, desert tortoise abundances on the 5. 6 - square - mile brightsource / ivahpah site were exponentially higher - more than 750 - up from the original estimate of 32. after project approval, the bureau of land management ( blm ) had to acknowledge that more than 3, 300 endangered desert tortoises would be killed or relocated ( with low survivability ) as a result of a single project. the deadly distemper virus was recently introduced, possibly by workers trying to force kit foxes off the land before grading operations could begin on the 2, 000 acre genesis solar power project. if it spreads, the disease could threaten kit fox populations throughout the chuckwalla basin or beyond. while \" ground - truthing \" on big solar is just getting under way, over 15 projects on 35, 000 acres have been approved, and more are on the blm priority fast - track. if allowed to go forward, the doe / blm solar industrial plan could impact millions of acres of intact, ecologically valuable public lands and render our southwestern deserts a fragmented wasteland. in a somewhat shocking move, nrdc, the wilderness society, the nature conservancy and others signed a joint letter to blm with industrial solar developers, including brightsource, nrg solar, pacific gas and electric and solarreserve, protesting the limitations of the same solar energy zone ' s ( sez ' s ) these environmental groups are claiming will help industry avoid environmentally sensitive areas ( also see mojave desert blog ). as the widely touted recent colorado college survey reminds us, a majority of americans want public lands to be protected even if it means fewer jobs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4624048744838553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.932004"} {"text": "these environmental groups are claiming will help industry avoid environmentally sensitive areas ( also see mojave desert blog ). as the widely touted recent colorado college survey reminds us, a majority of americans want public lands to be protected even if it means fewer jobs. until proven otherwise, public lands defenders have to assume it applies to all extractive energy development, including industrial solar and wind. the rational for destroying more public lands does not hold up, especially given the second big hole in ms. wald ' s logic. and that is her failure to acknowledge that point of use distributed solar has already scaled up faster and more cheaply than industrial solar. much of the developed world has surged ahead of the us without sacrificing its open - space, productive farmland or intact ecosystems. for example, little cloudy germanyinstalled 3 gw ( 3, 000 mw ) of solar pv in december of 2011 alone, while the us only installed 1. 7 gw ( 1, 700 mw ) in all of 2011. and germany was able to do it at half the cost of solar pv in the us. a recent ucla study found enough commercial and residential rooftops and parking lots ( generally lumped together as \" rooftop solar \", or distributed generation, \" dg \" ) in los angeles county to generate 19, 000 megawatts - - enough clean energy to meet the city ' s typical energy demand. other cities, including new york city, are following suit by mapping their rooftop solar potential. over half of germany ' s renewable energy is owned by citizens and farmers, not absentee utility companies and corporations. the gains in efficiency, local jobs and energy savings are much greater when solar and wind are distributed more democratically. ( see community power, by al weinrub for a good overview on the superior community benefits of local dg ). just as germany, belgium, france, spain, czech republic, italy, china, japan and india are doing, the us could install thousands of gigawatts of solar pv in the vast urban landscapes already devoted to human needs. what is lacking in the us is the adoption of proven policy incentives like property assessed clean energy ( pace ) and german - style feed - in - tariffs ( fit ). ( see climate progress for a good overview on the power of fits ). remote central - station solar requires years, or even decades to permit and build, and requires costly new transmission that is highly inefficient ( 7 - 12 % line losses ). it also commits us to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4750257945283898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.933140"} {"text": "the power of fits ). remote central - station solar requires years, or even decades to permit and build, and requires costly new transmission that is highly inefficient ( 7 - 12 % line losses ). it also commits us to a path - dependency that could preclude taking the more desert - friendly, efficient and cost - effective distributed path. there really is no doubt - solar generation in the already built environment is faster, cheaper, more democratic, efficient and better for local economies and the environment than industrial solar. ( also see rocky mountain institute, \" obama ' s renewable energy plan : let ' s raise the roof \" ) one has to wonder why nrdc and other industry - friendly environmental groups cling stubbornly to a misguided policy that is in direct conflict with their purported mission to protect the environment. could the answer lie in the fact that current board members and former influential players ( like r. f. kennedy, jr., john bryson and carl pope ) are themselves heavily invested in these projects? isn ' t it time to focus on proven policies that cash in on the 60 % efficiency dividend and generate the energy where its used rather than fueling an increasingly divisive and confusing policy of advocating for the unnecessary destruction of our public and other valuable undeveloped lands? the information and views expressed in this blog post are solely those of the author and not necessarily those of renewableenergyworld. com or the companies that advertise on this web site and other publications. this blog was posted directly by the author and was not reviewed for accuracy, spelling or grammar. to add your comments you must sign - in or create a free account.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5018563365910026, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.933822"} {"text": "national constitutional provisions \u2013 philippines the constitution is the fundamental law of the country, reflecting the underlying and unifying values of society. it spells out the basic rights of each person ; it serves as a framework for all other laws and policies, and cannot be easily changed. however, it can be changed and updated through a democratic process, and it is important to keep it alive, by popularising and using it, and by campaigning for its reform or amendment if necessary. below we have picked out what we see as some of the most relevant articles, but please be encouraged to seek and read your constitution in its entirety. the state is the central actor in any claim to the right to education : it is the prime duty - bearer and the prime implementer ; it is the guarantor ; and it is the state\u00b4s signature vis - a - vis the international norms and standards which binds it to respect, protect and fulfil the right to education. the state must therefore be judged or challenged on its central text on the right to education, whether this be the constitution, the laws or the policies. the constitution of philippines adopted 15 october 1986, amended 1987 the state shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all. the state shall : ( 1 ) establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society ; ( 2 ) establish and maintain, a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels. without limiting the natural rights of parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age ; ( 3 ) establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to the under - privileged ; ( 4 ) encourage non - formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self - learning, independent, and out - of - school study programs, particularly those that respond to community needs ; and ( 5 ) provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out - of - school youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills. ( 3 ) at the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in public elementary and high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated or approved by the religious authorities of the religion to which the children or wards belong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4862324848698958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.943649"} {"text": "in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in public elementary and high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated or approved by the religious authorities of the religion to which the children or wards belong, without additional cost to the government. ( 2 ) educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and mission boards, shall be owned solely by citizens of the philippines or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens. the congress may, however, require increased filipino equity participation in all educational institutions. the control and administration of educational institutions shall be vested in citizens of the philippines. no educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens and no group of aliens shall comprise more than one - third of the enrolment in any school. the provisions of this subsection shall not apply to schools established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their dependents and, unless otherwise provided by law, for other foreign temporary residents. ( 2 ) academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning. ( 3 ) every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject to fair, reasonable, and equitable admission and academic requirements. ( 4 ) the state shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement. non - teaching academic and non - academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the state. ( 5 ) the state shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment. ( \u2026 ) the government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of filipino as a medium of official communication and as a language of instruction in the educational system. the state shall give priority to education [... ] no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. the state shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. the congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good. to this end, the state shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its increments. ( 1 ) the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5070212843292284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.948155"} {"text": "inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good. to this end, the state shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its increments. ( 1 ) the state shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions and shall encourage local planning in the development of educational policies and programs. see article 4 ( very extensive ). the state recognizes the role of women in nation - building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men. the state shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation. the state shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available to all people at affordable cost. there shall be priority for the needs of the underprivileged sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. the state shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers. the state shall establish a special agency for disabled persons for rehabilitation, self - development and self - reliance, and their integration into the mainstream of society the national language of the philippines is filipino. as it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing philippine and other languages. subject to provisions of law and as the congress may deem appropriate, the government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. for purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the philippines are filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, english. the regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. spanish and arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis. this constitution shall be promulgated in filipino and english and shall be translated into major regional languages, arabic, and spanish. the congress shall establish a national language commission composed of representatives of various regions and disciplines which shall undertake, coordinate, and promote researches for the development, propagation, and preservation of filipino and other languages. no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. no religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights the state recognizes the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49944349131103044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.949344"} {"text": "establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. no religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights the state recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. it shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. the natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the government. the state shall defend : ( 1 ) the right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood ; ( 2 ) the right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their development ; ( 3 ) the right of the family to a family living wage and income ; and ( 4 ) the right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and implementation of policies and programs that affect them. the family has the duty to care for its elderly members but the state may also do so through just programs of social security. human rights mechanisms ( 1 ) there is hereby created an independent office called commission on human rights. ( 2 ) the commission shall be composed of a chairman and four members who must be natural - born citizens of the philippines and a majority of whom shall be members of the bar. the term of office and other qualifications and disabilities of the members of the commission shall be provided by law. ( 3 ) until this commission is constituted, the existing presidential committee on human rights shall continue to exercise its present functions and powers. ( 4 ) the approved annual appropriations of the commission shall be automatically and regularly released. the commission on human rights shall have the following powers and functions : ( 1 ) investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights ; ( 2 ) adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure, and cite for contempt for violations thereof in accordance with the rules of court ; ( 3 ) provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all persons within the philippines, as well as filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive measures and legal aid services to the underprivileged whose human rights have been violated or need protection ; ( 4 ) exercise visitorial powers over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49411881207814623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.950433"} {"text": "1811 - john bright was born in rochdale, lancashire on the 16th of november. 1836 - he met richard cobden. 1838 - he made his first speech on the corn laws at rochdale and joined the manchesterprovisional committee. 1839 - he became one of the leading members and worked closely with richard cobden in the campaign for the repeal of the corn laws. he married to elizabeth priestman. he built the house, \" one ash \". 1840 - he led a movement against the rochdale church - rate. 1841 - he emerged as the chief supporting speaker to cobden. 1843 - he was the free trade candidate at a by - election at durham. he beacame mp for durham. 1845 - he moved for an injury into the operation of the game laws. 1847 - he married his second wife, margaret elizabeth leatham. he became mp for manchester. 1854 - he was a member of the peace society and denounced the crimean war as un - christian. 1855 - he made his most memorable speech and was delivered on the 23th of february. 1856 - 1858 - he suffered a severe nervous breakdown due to his failure to stop the war. his crimewar war led him losing his seat as member for manchester. he launched a speech - making campaign for parliamentary reform in birmingham. 1866 - he found himself the hero and chief mouthpiece of the reformers. 1868 - he accepted the post of president of the board of trade in gladstone ' s first ministry. 1870 - he retired through ill - health. 1881 - he returned to political life as chancellor of the duchy of lancaster. 1882 - he retired because he opposed gladstone ' s home rule policy for ireland. he was elected lord rector of the university of glasgow. 1886 - he was given an honorary degree of the university of oxford. 1889 - he died on the 27th of march. page last updated : 8 : 12pm, 16", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4005074145033079, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.956095"} {"text": "works of st. anselm, tr. by sidney norton deane,, at sacred - texts. com how he justly punishes and justly spares the wicked. \u2011 \u2011 god, in sparing the wicked, is just, according to his own nature because he does what is consistent with his goodness ; but he is not just, according to our nature, because he does not inflict the punishment deserved. but it is also just that thou shouldst punish the wicked. for what is more just than that the good should receive goods, and the evil, evils? how, then, is it just that thou shouldst punish the wicked, and, at the same time, spare the wicked? or, in one way, dost thou justly punish, and, in another, justly spare them? for, when thou punishest the wicked, it is just, because it is consistent with their deserts ; and when, on the other hand, thou sparest the wicked, it is just, not because it is compatible with their deserts, but because it is compatible with thy goodness. for, in sparing the wicked, thou art as just, according to thy nature, but not according to ours, as thou art compassionate, according to our nature, and not according to thine ; seeing that, as in saving us, whom it would be just for thee to destroy, thou art compassionate, not because thou feelest an affection ( affectum ), but because we feel the effect ( effectum ) ; so thou art just, not because thou requitest us as we deserve, but because thou dost that which becomes thee as the supremely good being. in this way, therefore, without contradiction thou dost justly punish and justly spare.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474984061493246, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.965452"} {"text": "knee osteotomy is surgery that removes a part of the bone of the joint of either the bottom of the femur ( upper leg bone ) or the top of the tibia ( lower leg bone ) to increase the stability of the knee. osteotomy redistributes the weight - bearing force on the knee by cutting a wedge of bone away to reposition the knee. the angle of deformity in the knee dictates whether the surgery is to correct a knee that angles inward, known as a varus procedure, or one that angles outward, called a valgus procedure. varus osteotomy involves the medial ( inner ) section of the knee at the top of the tibia. valgus osteotomy involves the lateral ( outer ) compartment of the knee by shaping the bottom of the femur. osteotomy surgery changes the alignment of the knee so that the weight - bearing part of the knee is shifted off diseased or deformed cartilage to healthier tissue in order to relieve pain and increase knee stability. osteotomy is effective for patients with arthritis in one compartment of the knee. the medial compartment is on the inner side of the knee. the lateral compartment is on the outer side of the knee. the primary uses of osteotomy occur as treatment for : - knee deformities such as bowleg in which the knee is varus - leaning ( high tibia osteotomy, or hto ) and knock - knee ( tibial valgus osteotomy ), in which the knee is valgus leaning. - a torn anterior cruciate ligament ( acl ), which is a set of ligaments that connects the femur to the tibia behind the patella and offers stability to the knee on the left - right or medial - lateral axis. if this ligament is injured, it must be repaired by surgery. many acl injuries cause inflammation of the cartilage of the knee and result in bones extrusions, as well as instability of the knee due to malalignment. osteotomy is performed to cut cartilage and increase the fit and alignment of the ends of the femur and tibia for smooth articulation. as one very common knee injury that often occurs in athletic activity, hto is often performed when acl surgery is used to repair the ligament. the combination of the two surgeries occurs primarily in young people who wish to return to a highly athletic life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47939587014555446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:46.996829"} {"text": "one very common knee injury that often occurs in athletic activity, hto is often performed when acl surgery is used to repair the ligament. the combination of the two surgeries occurs primarily in young people who wish to return to a highly athletic life. - osteoarthritis that includes loss of range of motion, stiffness, and roughness of the articular cartilage in the knee joint secondary to the wear and tear of motion, especially in athletes, as well as cartilage breakdown resulting from traumatic injuries to the knee. surgery for progressive osteoarthritis or injury - induced arthritis is often used to stave off total joint replacement. after surgery, patients are placed in a hinged brace. toe - touching is the only weight - bearing activity allowed for four weeks in order to allow the osteotomy to hold its place. continuous passive motion is begun immediately after surgery and physical therapy is used to establish full range of motion, muscle strengthening, and gait training. after four weeks, patients can begin weight - bearing movement. the brace is worn for eight weeks or until the surgery site is healed and stable. x rays are performed at intervals of two weeks and eight weeks after surgery. the usual general surgical risks of thrombosis and heart attack are possible in this open surgery. osteotomy surgery itself involves some risk of infection or injury during the procedure. combined surgery for acl and osteotomy has higher morbidity rates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4295519134357041, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.007753"} {"text": "sciconnect has co - developed a new course to help female scientists maximise their communication skills and career success. the first course will be held on 4 - 6 january 2013 in windsor, and culminates in a recording session in a radio studio at bbc broadcasting house. places are going fast, so please visit the course webpage to find out more. the deadline for applications is 11th december 2012. how can female scientists reach the top in their careers? the answer should be simple : just do brilliant science. unfortunately, reality presents a rather more complicated and depressing picture. despite growing numbers of women completing phds, they remain woefully under - represented in the higher echelons of academia and industry. in the uk, only about a fifth of senior lecturers in science are women, and just under 10 per cent of science professors are female. even in fields such as biology, where roughly equal numbers of men and women do phds, the proportion of women reaching senior levels is shockingly low. sciconnect has teamed up with colleagues at imperial college london, the university of warwick and quercus training to create a course that aims to help female scientists tackle some of the factors that hold them back. though the medium of science radio and tv production and science writing training, we help participants develop their communication and presentation skills, as well as deconstructing the media portrayal of science and female researchers. so what is the problem? although overt sex discrimination is rare, female scientists are battling engrained bias, both at the institutional and personal levels. one recent study, for example, revealed that when shown identical cvs for an academic post application, both male and female faculty members rated the applicant as being less competent if the name on the cv was female. on a personal level, female scientists are still lumbered with doing twice as much housework as their male counterparts, and are more likely to put their career in second place to that of their male partners, by moving to suit his job or working fewer hours. these biases and inequalities need to be tackled by enlightened national policies and institutional good practice. but there are also some things that individual female scientists can do to boost their chances of success in a male - dominated work environment. these include developing their ability to communicate and present their science with clarity, confidence and authority. another important factor is the low profile of female scientists in the media and the lack of awareness of women \u2019 s scientific achievements. this contributes to a social environment that subtly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4960615954418304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.091877"} {"text": "include developing their ability to communicate and present their science with clarity, confidence and authority. another important factor is the low profile of female scientists in the media and the lack of awareness of women \u2019 s scientific achievements. this contributes to a social environment that subtly discourages girls and women from pursuing scientific careers. a recent wikipedia \u201c edit - a - thon \u201d, tied in to ada lovelace day last month helped to redress the balance. but there is always more that any scientist can do to proactively communicate their research to wider audiences, be it via traditional mass media or via new media conduits such as blogging and twitter. our new course uses science media to help early career scientists ( meaning final year phd students, postdocs and new pis ) improve their ability to communicate with different audiences, from other researchers and grant reviewers to journalists and members of the public. it focuses on the barriers facing female scientists in their careers and how developing effective presentation skills and personal impact can help. the course analyses the media portrayal of female scientists, how it can be challenged, and what female scientists can do to raise their profiles. it also covers the importance of effective networking and mentoring, and participants will be encouraged to network over the duration of the course. the course involves hands - on science radio and tv production, culminating in a recording session at bbc broadcasting house. both women and men are welcome to attend. please visit the course webpage to find out more, and if you have any questions or thoughts, please add your comments below. we also have a course flyer available to download ( 1. 8mb ) here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46953033034658354, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.093127"} {"text": "jornal de pediatria print version issn 0021 - 7557 kelishadi, roya et al. cumulative prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in iranian adolescents : ihhp - hhpc. j. pediatr. ( rio j. ) [ online ]. 2005, vol. 81, n. 6, pp. 447 - 453. issn 0021 - 7557. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1590 / s0021 - 75572005000800007. objective : to evaluate the cumulative prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors in a representative sample of iranian adolescents. methods : the subjects of this cross - sectional study were 1, 000 girls and 1, 000 boys, ages 11 - 18 years, selected by multi stage - random cluster sampling from urban and rural areas of three cities in iran. results : the prevalence of physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, smoking, high blood pressure and obesity ( body mass index > 95th percentile ) were 66. 6, 23. 7, 8. 7, 5. 7 and 2. 2 %, respectively. of subjects studied, 79. 1 % had at least one and 24. 6 % had two cardiovascular disease risk factors. the prevalence of physical inactivity was significantly lower in boys than girls [ 53. 9 vs. 79. 3 %, respectively, or 95 % ci, 0. 44 ( 0. 39 - 0. 51 ) ]. the prevalence of smoking was higher in boys than girls [ 13. 1 vs. 4. 2 %, respectively, or 95 % ci, 3. 4 ( 2. 4 - 4. 9 ) ]. conclusion : considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents, age - appropriate and culturally sensitive interventions for lifestyle change are warranted, so that preventive measures can be taken in a timely manner. keywords : cardiovascular disease ; risk factors ; adolescent ; prevalence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4810353670132743, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.213654"} {"text": "mar. 6, 2008 first - graders in oregon and texas, identified as at - risk because of a lack of early literacy skills, showed dramatic improvements across a range of reading measures after receiving extra instructional time systematically designed to enhance reading development, according to researchers at two institutions. in the study, published in the march / april issue of the journal of learning disabilities, 21 at - risk students in oregon, in groups of four or fewer kids, received an intensive 60 - minute daily intervention. in texas, 33 similarly at - risk students, in groups no larger than five, received an intensive daily 30 - minute intervention. the sessions were carried out during the school year, focused on similar skill development and were delivered in a similar explicit and systematic manner. the main difference was length of time devoted to the students. \" this study looked at the role of time with students most at risk for reading difficulties to determine whether doubling intervention time at the beginning of first grade is an efficient use of instructional time, \" said beth a. harn, professor of special education at the university of oregon. the oregon students in the longer sessions scored higher on end - of - the - year testing, but all students receiving the extra instruction improved with many of their scores ending in the average range against national norms. \" the significantly greater growth in fluency for all of these students who received more intense intervention is indeed noteworthy, \" said harn, who led the study. \" a lot of early interventions in the past have done an exceptional job of filling gaps in phonemic awareness, phonics and comprehension, but closing the gap in fluency has represented a struggle. \" the oregon approach was more intensive, increasing instructional support significantly for the most at - risk students, beginning in first grade. in texas, intensifying to the same level was not available until students were in second grade. in oregon, during the first half of the school year, most time was spent on word analysis, such as phonics and word recognition, followed by passage reading and comprehension and reading fluency. in the second half of the school year the intervention focus shifted, with more time spent in passage reading with comprehension and fluency development and less time in word analysis. the results suggested that students in the longer intervention outperformed students in the less intense intervention on all outcomes except passage comprehension. the greatest differences were found in improvements on oral reading fluency for students in the longer intervention. researchers theorize that longer, 60 - minute sessions may provide students with the additional practice they need to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4900043657015585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.268493"} {"text": "the less intense intervention on all outcomes except passage comprehension. the greatest differences were found in improvements on oral reading fluency for students in the longer intervention. researchers theorize that longer, 60 - minute sessions may provide students with the additional practice they need to master early literacy skills. whether the improvements will continue to be demonstrated across later years is not known, harn said. \" this was a post - hoc study, \" the authors wrote, \" limiting direct comparisons and generalization. \" harn and colleagues also noted that the interventions analyzed in their research involved schools experienced in using research - based instructional and assessment practices with multi - layered support systems. because of that pre - condition, harn said, an exact replication of the study in schools that do not use such approaches may be difficult. \" the study certainly has implications in how schools approach their instruction and interventions, \" said harn, who led the analysis of data from the oregon schools. schools may want to allocate more instructional resources earlier for struggling students, rather than waiting until later grades when it becomes more difficult to catch up struggling readers, she said. co - authors sylvia linan - thompson and gregory roberts, both in special education programs and in the vaughn gross center for reading and language arts at the university of texas at austin, led the effort in the texas schools. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4877526563218766, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.272665"} {"text": "feb. 17, 2009 the genome of a marine bacterium living 2, 500 meters below the ocean ' s surface is providing clues to how life adapts in extreme thermal and chemical gradients, according to an article published feb. 6 in the journal plos genetics. the research focused on the bacterium nautilia profundicola, a microbe that survives near deep - sea hydrothermal vents. microorganisms that thrive at these geysers on the sea floor must adapt to fluctuations in temperature and oxygen levels, ranging from the hot, sulfide - and heavy metal - laden plume at the vents ' outlets to cold seawater in the surrounding region. the study combined genome analysis with physiological and ecological observations to investigate the importance of one gene in n. profundicola. that gene, called rgy, allows the bacterium to manufacture a protein called reverse gyrase when it encounters extremely hot fluids from the earth ' s interior. previous studies found the gene only in microorganisms growing in temperatures greater than 80\u00b0c, but n. profundicola thrives best at much lower temperatures. \" the gene ' s presence in n. profundicola suggests that it might play a role in the bacterium ' s ability to survive rapid and frequent temperature fluctuations in its environment, \" said assistant professor of marine biosciences barbara campbell, the study ' s lead scientist. additional university of delaware contributors were professor of marine biosciences stephen craig cary, assistant professor of marine biosciences thomas hanson, and julie smith, marine biosciences doctoral student. also collaborating on the project were researchers from the davis and riverside campuses of the university of california ; the university of louisville ; the university of waikato in hamilton, new zealand ; and the j. craig venter institute in rockville, md. the researchers also uncovered further adaptations to the vent environment, including genes necessary for growth and sensing environmental conditions, and a new route for nitrate assimilation related to how other bacteria use ammonia as an energy source. photosynthesis cannot occur in the hydrothermal vents ' dark environment, where hot, toxic fluids oozing from below the seafloor combine with cold seawater at very high pressures. these results help to explain how microbes survive near the vents, where conditions are thought to resemble those found on early earth. nautilia profundicola contains all the genes necessary for life in conditions widely believed to mimic those in our planet ' s early biosphere and could aid in understanding of how life evolved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.530317516271021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.281377"} {"text": "aug. 5, 2009 divers who held their breath for several minutes had elevated levels of a protein that can signal brain damage, according to a new study from the journal of applied physiology. however, the appearance of the protein, s100b, was transient and leaves open the question of whether lengthy apnea ( breath - holding ) can damage the brain over the long term. \" the results indicate that prolonged, voluntary apnea affects the integrity of the central nervous system, and may have cumulative effects, \" the swedish researchers said. the release of s100b into the blood suggests that holding one ' s breath for a long time disrupts the blood - brain barrier, they said. the concern is that repetitive exposures to severe hypoxia ( lowered oxygen supply ), such as that experienced by individuals training and competing in static apnea diving events, could cause neurological damage over time. the researchers recommended further research on free divers that would begin early in their careers and follow them for years to monitor their neurological function. the study is \" increased serum levels of the brain damage marker s100b after apnea in trained breath - hold divers : a study including respiratory and cardiovascular observations. \" the researchers are johan p. a. andersson, mats h. liner and henrik jonsson, of lund university in sweden. the american physiological society published the study. free diving is a tradition there is a tradition of breath - hold diving in japan and some other parts of the world that goes back hundreds of years, although the occupation has been dying out. these divers harvest seaweed, shellfish and other growth from the sea bottom, diving dozens of times per day. some divers routinely dive to depths of 90 feet on a single breath while others dive in the 15 - 30 foot range. more recently, breath - hold diving has become a competitive sport. competitive events include how long divers can remain underwater, how far they can swim underwater and how deep they can dive. participants must undergo intense training to increase their lung capacity while learning crucial safety measures. breath - hold diving often leads to hypoxia, elevated blood pressure, slowed heartbeat and other physiological changes. however, whether the sport causes any long - term damage to the brain has remained a point of contention. studies have produced conflicting results. the authors of this study see cause for concern, noting that in six international competitions between 1998 and 2004, 10 % of the contestants in the static apnea events were disqualified after they lost either motor control or consciousness. in this event, participants float face down on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.517221202662467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.301084"} {"text": "this study see cause for concern, noting that in six international competitions between 1998 and 2004, 10 % of the contestants in the static apnea events were disqualified after they lost either motor control or consciousness. in this event, participants float face down on the water for as long as possible without coming up for air. the world record for the event is 11 minutes 35 seconds. divers at international competitions routinely hold their breath 4 - 7 minutes. \" whether such hypoxic episodes are associated with a risk for brain damage in these athletes remains to be established, \" the researchers said. \" studying the changes in established biochemical markers of brain damage after such performances offers the possibility to address this question. \" breath hold experiment nine competitive breath - hold divers ( eight men and one woman ) took part in this study, along with six individuals who had limited experience with breath - hold diving. the nine competitive divers formed the experimental group, while the non - divers acted as the controls the researchers told the participants to lie on their backs on a cot and hold their breath for as long as possible. the conditions were dry, but mimicked a static apnea dive in which the divers float face down holding their breath. the divers used whatever preparatory techniques they customarily use in competition, such as hyperventilating, insufflation ( filling the lungs with as much air as possible ) and breath - holding warm - ups. the researchers took arterial blood samples from a catheter inserted into the artery that runs through the wrist. they took samples before the breath hold, at the end of the breath hold and at fixed intervals for the two hours following the end of the breath hold. the researchers also measured arterial blood gases. they did the same measurements on the individuals in the control group, but the controls rested on their backs for the entire experiment, without performing the breath hold or the warm - ups. among the findings of this experiment : - the average breath - hold time was 5 minutes 35 seconds. the longest was 6 minutes 43 seconds and the shortest was 4 minutes 41 seconds. - the marker for brain damage, s100b, rose in seven of the nine divers. - the controls showed no change in s100b - on average, s100b rose 37 % within 10 minutes after the apnea ended. - s100b levels returned to normal within two hours for all the participants. - the divers showed signs of asphyxia, that is, blood oxygen levels fell, while carbon dioxide levels rose. the s100b levels, while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5079650804708931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.303914"} {"text": "##nea ended. - s100b levels returned to normal within two hours for all the participants. - the divers showed signs of asphyxia, that is, blood oxygen levels fell, while carbon dioxide levels rose. the s100b levels, while elevated, were well below levels associated with brain injury. in brain - injured patients, the presence of s100b in the blood can increase by several hundred percent. in addition, the elevation of s100b was more transient in the divers, compared to people who suffered brain injury. the divers had a quick return to normal, while s100b levels peak in 24 hours in brain - injured patients. the transient nature of the increase in s100b among the divers probably indicates the blood - brain barrier has been compromised, allowing the protein to escape from the fluid in the brain into the circulation. the blood - brain barrier controls what passes between the brain and the circulation. s100b would normally remain in the brain. other sports have also been associated with a similar transient increase in s100b, the researchers noted, including boxing, headings in soccer, running and long - distance swimming. one study also reported that individuals suffering sleep apnea had elevated levels of s100b in the morning, although another study indicated there had been no change in s100b overnight. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - johan p. a. andersson, mats h. liner, and henrik jonsson. increased serum levels of the brain damage marker s100b after apnea in trained breath - hold divers : a study including respiratory and cardiovascular observations. j appl physiol, jul 2009 doi : 10. 1152 / japplphysiol. 91434. 2008 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49214170860497264, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.305698"} {"text": "nov. 23, 2009 are you a female athlete - - or just someone who likes challenging workouts - - who also wants to get pregnant? it may make sense to ease off a bit as you try to get pregnant. new research from the norwegian university of science and technology ( ntnu ) shows that the body may not have enough energy to support both hard workouts and getting pregnant. roughly seven per cent of all norwegian women are believed to have infertility problems, which means that they are unable to become pregnant during the first year of trying - - even if they might later become pregnant. infertility can have many causes, both medical and lifestyle - related. known risk factors include smoking, stress, and alcohol. being extremely under - or overweight can also play a role. it is known, however, that elite sports women have more fertility problems than other women. but does extreme physical activity play a role in fertility among other women as well? ntnu researchers examined precisely this question in a study involving nearly 3, 000 women. they found that overly frequent and hard physical exercise appears to reduce a young woman ' s fertility. but the decrease in fertility probably lasts only as long as the hard training. two vulnerable groups the study was based on material from the health survey of nord - tr\u00f8ndelag from 1984 - 1986 and from a follow - up survey in 1995 - 1997. all of the women who participated were healthy and of childbearing age, and none had a history of fertility problems. in the first survey, women responded to questions about the frequency, duration and intensity of their physical activity - - and ten years later were asked questions about pregnancy and childbirth. the ntnu researchers also recorded other information that could have significance for the study. \" among all these women, we found two groups who experienced an increased risk of infertility, \" says sigridur lara gudmundsdottir, a phd candidate in ntnu ' s human movement science programme. \" there were those who trained almost every day. and there were those who trained until they were completely exhausted. those who did both had the highest risk of infertility. \" age an important factor if the women also were under 30 years old in the first study, the relationship became even more evident in both groups. among those who reported training to exhaustion ( regardless of frequency and duration ), 24 per cent had fertility problems. in the group that had trained almost every day ( regardless of the intensity and duration ), 11 per cent reported the same.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48428241421177576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.310103"} {"text": "both groups. among those who reported training to exhaustion ( regardless of frequency and duration ), 24 per cent had fertility problems. in the group that had trained almost every day ( regardless of the intensity and duration ), 11 per cent reported the same. even when the data were adjusted for other possible contributing factors ( such as body mass index, smoking, age, marital status and previous pregnancies ), the researchers found that women who trained every day had a 3. 5 times greater risk of impaired fertility as women who did not train at all. \" and when we compared those who trained to exhaustion to those who trained more moderately, we found that the first group had a three - fold greater risk of impaired fertility, \" says gudmundsdottir. in women who reported moderate or low activity levels, researchers found no evidence of impaired fertility. a transient effect but the negative effects of hard training do not appear to be permanent, the researcher says. \" the vast majority of women in the study had children in the end. and those who trained the hardest in the middle of the 1980s were actually among those who had the most children in the 1990s, \" she adds. there may be various explanations for why the women who first were least fertile ended up with the most children. \" we do not know if they changed their activity level during the period between the two surveys. or if they just had trouble getting pregnant the first time, but afterwards had a hormonal profile that made it easier to get pregnant again, \" gudmundsdottir said. scientists have a theory that high levels of physical activity are so energy intensive that the body actually experiences short periods of energy deficiency, where there simply is not enough energy to maintain all the necessary hormonal mechanisms that enable fertilization. on the other hand, previous research shows that moderate physical activity gives women better insulin function and an improved hormonal profile - - and thus better conditions for fertility - - than total inactivity, particularly in overweight people. forget the easy chair but gudmundsdottir says that women who want to become pregnant shouldn ' t give up all physical activity. \" we believe it is likely that physical activity at a very high or very low level has a negative effect on fertility, while moderate activity is beneficial, \" she says. but as far as identifying how much is \" just right, \" the researcher is careful. \" an individual ' s energy metabolism is a very important factor in this context. the threshold can be very individual, \" gu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4723861776658874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.312603"} {"text": "jan. 30, 2011 in a new study, scientists at the university of maryland and the institut pasteur show that bacteria evolve new abilities, such as antibiotic resistance, predominantly by acquiring genes from other bacteria. the researchers new insights into the evolution of bacteria partly contradict the widely accepted theory that new biological functions in bacteria and other microbes arise primarily through the process of gene duplication within the same organism. their just released study will be published in the open - access journal plos genetics on january 27. microbes live and thrive in incredibly diverse and harsh conditions, from boiling or freezing water to the human immune system. this remarkable adaptability results from their ability to quickly modify their repertoire of protein functions by gaining, losing and modifying their genes. microbes were known to modify genes to expand their repertoire of protein families in two ways : via duplication processes followed by slow functional specialization, in the same way as large multicellular organisms like us, and by acquiring different genes directly from other microbes. the latter process, known as horizontal gene transfer, is notoriously conspicuous in the spread of antibiotic resistance, turning some bacteria into drug - resistant ' superbugs ' such as mrsa ( methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ), a serious public health concern. the researchers examined a large database of microbial genomes, including some of the most virulent human pathogens, to discover whether duplication or horizontal gene transfer was the most common expansion method. their study shows that gene family expansion can indeed follow both routes, but unlike in large multicellular organisms, it predominantly takes place by horizontal transfer. first author todd treangen, a postdoctoral researcher in the university of maryland center for bioinformatics and computational biology and co - author eduardo p. c. rocha of the institut pasteur conclude that because microbes invented the majority of life ' s biochemical diversity - - from respiration to photosynthesis - -, \" the study of the evolution of biology systems should explicitly account for the predominant role of horizontal gene transfer in the diversification of protein families. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - todd j. treangen, eduardo p. c. rocha. horizontal transfer, not duplication, drives the expansion of protein families in prokaryotes. plos genetics, 2011 ; 7 ( 1 ) : e1001284 doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pgen. 1001284 note : if no author is given, the source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.556286430569647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.315242"} {"text": "feb. 24, 2011 why, and when, do we learn to speak the way that we do? research from north carolina state university on african - american children presents an unexpected finding : language use can go on a roller - coaster ride during childhood as kids adopt and abandon vernacular language patterns. \" we found that there is a ' roller - coaster effect, ' featuring an ebb and flow in a child ' s use of vernacular english over the course of his or her language development, \" says dr. walt wolfram, william c. friday distinguished university professor of english linguistics at nc state and co - author of several recent papers describing the research. \" this was totally unanticipated. \" vernacular english is defined here as culturally specific speech patterns that are distinct from standard english ; in this case, the vernacular is african - american english ( aae ). one implication of the finding involves education, since teachers often advocate teaching standard english early in a childhood education. \" this approach does seem to work at first, \" wolfram says, \" but it doesn ' t last. \" in other words, if a school system wants its students to graduate high school with a strong foundation in standard english, it may have to revisit standard english later in the education curriculum. specifically, the researchers found that children come to school speaking english with a relatively high number of vernacular features. then, through the first four grades of elementary school, those features are reduced, as children adopt more standard english language patterns. as the children move toward middle school, the level of vernacular rises - - though many children often reduce their use of vernacular again as they enter high school. \" this finding reveals a cyclic pattern in the use of african - american vernacular english that no one expected to see during children ' s language development, \" says janneke van hofwegen, a research associate at nc state and co - author of the study. \" this wasn ' t even a hypothesis when we began the study. \" the researchers note that, while their data looked solely at african - american children, the findings may be applicable more broadly to other groups. the research stems from the longest, and largest, study ever to examine the longitudinal development of language in african - american children. the study began in 1990, following 88 african - american children from central north carolina in order to track their language development. the study is ongoing, with 68 of the original participants still being tracked. the data is collected by the frank porter graham child development institute in chapel hill, n.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5216955047116947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.318751"} {"text": "88 african - american children from central north carolina in order to track their language development. the study is ongoing, with 68 of the original participants still being tracked. the data is collected by the frank porter graham child development institute in chapel hill, n. c. the retention rate of the participants is remarkably high, particularly given that approximately 71 percent of the children were living below the poverty line in 1990. \" it ' s incredible, and gives us a rare opportunity to study language development in children, \" wolfram says. the study also gives researchers an impressive array of data, providing them with access to school and test data, as well as the data collected through the study ' s own interviews and surveys. researchers are currently assessing how and whether dialect use is related to literacy skills, as well as the role that mothers play in their children ' s use of vernacular. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - wolfram, walt, janneke van hofwegen, mary kohn, jennifer renn. trajectories of development in aae : the first 17 years. proceedings of the conference on african american language in popular culture, ( in press ) - janneke van hofwegen, walt wolfram. coming of age in african american english : a longitudinal study. journal of sociolinguistics, 2010 ; 14 ( 4 ) : 427 doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1467 - 9841. 2010. 00452. x note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5094364907762527, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.319317"} {"text": "mar. 7, 2011 in the quest for inexpensive biofuels, cellulose proved no match for a bioprocessing strategy and genetically engineered microbe developed by researchers at the department of energy ' s bioenergy science center. using consolidated bioprocessing, a team led by james liao of the university of california at los angeles for the first time produced isobutanol directly from cellulose. the team ' s work, published online in applied and environmental microbiology, represents across - the - board savings in processing costs and time, plus isobutanol is a higher grade of alcohol than ethanol. \" unlike ethanol, isobutanol can be blended at any ratio with gasoline and should eliminate the need for dedicated infrastructure in tanks or vehicles, \" said liao, chancellor ' s professor and vice chair of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the ucla henry samueli school of engineering and applied science. \" plus, it may be possible to use isobutanol directly in current engines without modification. \" compared to ethanol, higher alcohols such as isobutanol are better candidates for gasoline replacement because they have an energy density, octane value and reid vapor pressure - - a measurement of volatility - - that is much closer to gasoline, liao said. while cellulosic biomass like corn stover and switchgrass is abundant and cheap, it is much more difficult to utilize than corn and sugar cane. this is due in large part because of recalcitrance, or a plant ' s natural defenses to being chemically dismantled. adding to the complexity is the fact biofuel production that involves several steps - - pretreatment, enzyme treatment and fermentation - - is more costly than a method that combines biomass utilization and the fermentation of sugars to biofuel into a single process. to make the conversion possible, liao and postdoctoral researcher wendy higashide of ucla and yongchao li and yunfeng yang of oak ridge national laboratory had to develop a strain of clostridium cellulolyticum, a native cellulose - degrading microbe, that could synthesize isobutanol directly from cellulose. \" this work is based on our earlier work at ucla in building a synthetic pathway for isobutanol production, \" liao said. while some clostridium species produce butanol, these organisms typically do not digest cellulose directly. other clostridium species digest cellulose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47804202394492235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.323049"} {"text": "in building a synthetic pathway for isobutanol production, \" liao said. while some clostridium species produce butanol, these organisms typically do not digest cellulose directly. other clostridium species digest cellulose but do not produce butanol. none produce isobutanol, an isomer of butanol. \" in nature, no microorganisms have been identified that possess all of the characteristics necessary for the ideal consolidated bioprocessing strain, so we knew we had to genetically engineer a strain for this purpose, \" li said. while there were many possible microbial candidates, the research team ultimately chose clostridium cellulolyticum, which was originally isolated from decayed grass. the researchers noted that their strategy exploits the host ' s natural cellulolytic activity and the amino acid biosynthetic pathway and diverts its intermediates to produce higher alcohol than ethanol. the researchers also noted that clostridium cellulolyticum has been genetically engineered to improve ethanol production, and this has led to additional more detailed research. clostridium cellulolyticum has a sequenced genome available via doe ' s joint genome institute. this proof of concept research sets the stage for studies that will likely involve genetic manipulation of other consolidated bioprocessing microorganisms. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - w. higashide, y. li, y. yang, j. c. liao. metabolic engineering of clostridium cellulolyticum for isobutanol production from cellulose. applied and environmental microbiology, 2011 ; doi : 10. 1128 / aem. 02454 - 10 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4532603773135767, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.323902"} {"text": "nov. 8, 2012 a completely new way of delivering anti - cancer drugs to tumours, using \" minicells \" derived from bacteria, has been tested for the first time in humans and found to be safe, well - tolerated and even induced stable disease in patients with advanced, incurable cancers with no treatment options remaining. the research, which is presented at the 24th eortc - nci - aacr symposium on molecular targets and cancer therapeutics in dublin, ireland, november 9, suggests that it could be possible to use this new technology for targeted delivery of other drugs to a range of cancers, and to personalise treatment by adjusting the drugs to suit the genetic make - up of each patient ' s tumour. dr himanshu brahmbhatt and dr jennifer macdiarmid, the founders of engeneic, a biotech company in sydney, australia, designed the minicells to deliver anti - cancer drugs directly to tumour cells, thereby reducing the toxic side - effects that are seen when chemotherapy is given to patients systemically. the minicells are created from small bubbles of cell membrane pinched off the surface of mutant bacteria. the minicells can then be loaded with chemicals, such as anti - cancer drugs, and coated with antibodies that home in on receptors on the surface of tumour cells. this means that the minicells target the cancer cells, while avoiding normal cells that do not have the same receptors. the cancer cell recognises the bacteria from which the minicell has been derived and activates its standard defence by swallowing the minicell, which exposes the cell nucleus to whatever cancer - killing drug the minicell is carrying. each minicell is about 200 times smaller in diameter than a human hair ( it measures 400 nanometres ( nm ) - - a nm being one billionth of a metre ). \" nonetheless, this is much larger than synthetic particles in development for drug delivery, \" said associate professor benjamin solomon ( mbbs, phd, fracp ), the principal investigator of the trial and a consultant medical oncologist at the peter macallum cancer centre in melbourne, australia. \" this larger size means that the minicells preferentially fall out of the leaky blood vessels around the tumour and do not end up in the liver, gut and skin where they could cause nasty side - effects like smaller particles do. \" work in the laboratory and in animals had already shown that the minicells worked in the way they were designed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4930725268651524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.331202"} {"text": "tumour and do not end up in the liver, gut and skin where they could cause nasty side - effects like smaller particles do. \" work in the laboratory and in animals had already shown that the minicells worked in the way they were designed to, but this trial is the first time that they have been used in humans. professor solomon said : \" in this study we loaded the cells with a cytotoxic chemotherapy drug called paclitaxel ( which is currently used in many tumour types ) and coated the minicells with an antibody targeting the loaded minicells to tumours expressing the epidermal growth factor receptor ( egfr ) - - a protein that is found on the surface of many cancer cells. the study was then conducted in the way standard phase i studies are conducted to determine the safety and toxicity of minicells by treating small groups of patients with progressively higher doses of minicells and closely monitoring safety and toxicity. \" a total of 28 patients with advanced, incurable cancers were treated with the minicells in four centres in australia. ten patients had stable disease at six weeks and received more than one cycle of minicells. \" the key finding of the study is that minicells can be given safely to patients with advanced cancer, \" said prof solomon. \" additionally, we showed that we could give multiple doses and one patient received 45 doses over 15 months. the major toxicity we observed was a mild self - limiting fever seen on the day of the infusion with little or no side - effects seen in the remainder of the following week. at higher doses we found that there were additional side - effects, in particular changes in liver function tests, which, although asymptomatic, prevented us from raising the doses of the treatment higher. \" this important study shows for the first time that these bacterially - derived minicells can be given safely to patients with cancer. it thereby allows further clinical exploration of a completely new paradigm of targeted drug delivery using this platform coupled with different ' payloads ' of cell - killing drugs or other treatments such as rna interference, and with different targeting antibodies. \" he concluded : \" the minicell technology is a platform for the targeted delivery of many different molecules, including drugs and molecules for silencing rogue genes which cause drug resistance in late stage cancer. the technology can also be viewed as a powerful antibody drug conjugate where up to a million molecules of drug can be attached to targeting antibodies and delivered to the body in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504004583087648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.332509"} {"text": "for silencing rogue genes which cause drug resistance in late stage cancer. the technology can also be viewed as a powerful antibody drug conjugate where up to a million molecules of drug can be attached to targeting antibodies and delivered to the body in a safe way. in the future this will enable a truly personalised medicine approach to cancer treatment, since the minicell payload can be adjusted depending on the genetic profile of the patient. \" phase ii trials of the minicells are now being planned, including a trial in patients with glioblastoma ( a type of brain tumour ) using minicells loaded with doxorubicin. the researchers also want to develop imaging methods to track the minicells in patients. professor stefan sleijfer, the scientific chair of the eortc - nci - aacr symposium, from erasmus university medical centre ( the netherlands ), commented : \" approaches resulting in selective delivery of anti - cancer drugs to tumour cells is highly interesting as it may lead to a reduction in adverse side - effects and improved anti - tumour activity. in this respect, the use of ' minicells ' is a novel and promising technique. \" eortc [ european organisation for research and treatment of cancer, nci [ national cancer institute ], aacr [ american association for cancer research ]. abstract no : 585. poster session, phase i trials, 09. 00 hrs, 9 november. the study was funded by engeneic. prof solomon has not received any remuneration from engenic and declares no relevant conflicts of interest. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5309858246486232, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.333292"} {"text": "scientists know that many chemicals including pahs can cross the placenta, but they don \u2019 t understand how they may interfere with a fetus \u2019 developing brain. in the sensitive process of brain development, bellinger said, there are a lot of things that can go wrong. \u201c things are changing very rapidly and they ' re supposed to happen in a particular way, in a particular sequence, \u201d he said. \u201c it ' s almost like a choreography of events that go into building a brain. \u201d this choreography is made up of hundreds of \u201c performers, \u201d each taking instructions from chemical signals. pollutants introduce noise to this process, like static over a radio station. also, pahs may affect the fetus \u2019 dna directly. when a mother breathes in pahs, those chemicals are changed into byproducts in the bloodstream that can cross the placental boundary and bind directly to a fetus \u2019 dna, explained susan edwards, a graduate student at the imperial college in london, and the lead author on the poland study. the four - point drop in iqs linked to the air pollutants in new york city and krakow is fairly subtle ; parents and teachers wouldn \u2019 t notice it because most children would fall within normal ranges. nevertheless, \u201c is a three or point iq - point decrement important? you bet, \u201d said lanphear, whose research has focused on lead exposure and children \u2019 s neurodevelopment. he said one recent analysis found that for every dollar invested in reducing lead exposure, society would realize a $ 17 to $ 220 benefit. \u201c the bulk of the benefit was from increased lifetime earnings by enhancing children ' s intellectual abilities, \u201d he said. \u201c at some point, we will cease blaming parents and teachers for children ' s failure to learn or thrive in academics and focus our attention on reducing their exposure to widespread neurotoxicants, \u201d lanphear said. the good news, perera said, is that levels of pahs are declining in new york city. using data from the women \u2019 s backpacks, researchers reported that airborne levels dropped by more than 50 percent between 1998 and 2006. bellinger said while steps should be taken to reduce children \u2019 s exposure to pollutants, other factors remain more important for their cognitive development. \u201c an important point is that while these exposures are associated with health outcomes, they aren ' t the major determinants. how parents interact with their children, and the kinds of stimulation they provide, explains a lot more,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4671181189951814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.337540"} {"text": "their cognitive development. \u201c an important point is that while these exposures are associated with health outcomes, they aren ' t the major determinants. how parents interact with their children, and the kinds of stimulation they provide, explains a lot more, \u201d he said. living in new york city \u2019 s washington heights, baldwin, 30, now has five children between the ages of 10 and two. she wore the air - monitoring backpack in 1999 when she was in the third trimester of her pregnancy with her oldest child, patience. like the other children in the group, patience has been monitored by the team of scientists since she was born. when baldwin gave birth, a columbia university researcher was at the hospital to collect the newborn \u2019 s cord blood for testing. her daughter had her first iq test as part of the study when she was two and has undergone an array of other tests since then, including a recent ct scan of her brain. there is no evidence that the pahs affected her daughter \u2019 s iq. baldwin said the girl has thrived in school and has no learning problems, although she has moderate asthma. she does not know whether her exposure to pahs during the pregnancy was classified as high or low. baldwin said her role in the study has made her \u201c hyper aware \u201d of the risks of pollutants and pesticides. one of her sons was diagnosed with lead poisoning when he was a toddler ; he apparently was exposed from peeling paint. but she tries not to think about what effects her various exposures during her pregnancies might have had on her children. \u201c i don \u2019 t like to dwell on something i cannot change, \u201d baldwin said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45771031594399914, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.338893"} {"text": "what is scientology? scientology definiton : scio ( latin ) \u201c knowing, in the fullest sense of the word, \u201d logos ( greek ) \u201c study of. \u201d thus scientology means \u201c knowing how to know. \u201d developed by l. ron hubbard, scientology is a religion that offers a precise path leading to a complete and certain understanding of one \u2019 s true spiritual nature and one \u2019 s relationship to self, family, groups, mankind, all life forms, the material universe, the spiritual universe and the supreme being. scientology addresses the spirit \u2014 not the body or mind \u2014 and believes that man is far more than a product of his environment, or his genes. scientology comprises a body of knowledge which extends from certain fundamental truths. prime among these are : man is an immortal spiritual being. his experience extends well beyond a single lifetime. his capabilities are unlimited, even if not presently realized. within the vast amount of data which makes up scientology \u2019 s religious beliefs and practices there are many principles which, when learned, give one a new and broader view of life. knowing the tone scale, for instance, a person can see how best to deal with a grumpy child, mollify an upset friend or get an idea across to a staid employer. these principles amount to a huge area of observation in the humanities. it is a body of knowledge there for the learning. there is nothing authoritarian in it. it is valuable purely as a body of knowledge. scientology helps each being to regain awareness of himself or herself as an immortal spiritual being and the rehabilitation of full spiritual potential \u2014 to achieve a recognition of spiritual existence and one \u2019 s relationship to the supreme being. god is identified in scientology as the eighth dynamic. all scientology services bring people closer to the eighth dynamic, and the congregational services especially focus on this. it is a bringing together of many beings in a joint spiritual experience and an occasion to recognize the ultimate which is the eighth dynamic or god. the church of scientology sunday service consists of a reciting of the creed of the church, a sermon based on the writings of the scientology founder l. ron hubbard, congregational group auditing and prayer. there may also be music and singing, as well as announcements of church events and programs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5643608661850432, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.348595"} {"text": "american labor merit badge requirements | 1 ) using resources available to you, learn about working people and work - related concerns. list and briefly describe or give examples of at least eight concerns of american workers. these may include, but are not limited to, working conditions, work place safety, hours, wages, seniority, job security, equal - opportunity employment and discrimination, guest workers, automation and technologies that replace workers, unemployment, layoffs, outsourcing, and employee benefits such as health care, child care, profit sharing, and retired benefits. 2 ) with your counselor ' s and parent ' s approval and permission, visit the office or attend a meeting of a local union, a central labor council, or an employee organization, or contact one of these organizations via the internet. then do each of the following : a ) find out what the organization does. b ) share the list of issues and concerns you made for requirement 1. ask the people you communicate with which issues are of greatest interest or concern to them and why. c ) draw a diagram showing how the organization is structured, from the local to the national level, if applicable. 3 ) explain to your counselor what labor unions are, what they do, and what services they provide to members. in your discussion show that you understand the concepts of labor, management, collective bargaining, negotiation, union shops, open ( nonunion ) shops, grievance procedures, mediation, arbitration, work stoppages, strikes, and lockouts. 4 ) explain what is meant by the adversarial motto of labor - management relations, compared with a cooperative - bargaining style. 5 ) do one of the following : a ) develop a time line of significant events in the history of the american labor movement from the 1770 ' s to the present. b ) prepare an exhibit, a scrapbook, or a computer presentation, such as a slide show, illustrating three major achievements of the american labor movement and how those achievements effect american workers. c ) with your counselor ' s and parent ' s approval and permission, watch a movie that addresses organized labor in the united states. afterwards, discuss the movie with your counselor and explain what you learned. d ) read a biography ( with your counselor ' s approval ) of someone who has made a contribution to the american labor movement. explain what contribution this person has made to the american labor movement. 6 ) explain the term \" globalization \". discuss with your counselor some effects of globalization on the work force in the united states. explain how this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4594964191105778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.355943"} {"text": "a contribution to the american labor movement. explain what contribution this person has made to the american labor movement. 6 ) explain the term \" globalization \". discuss with your counselor some effects of globalization on the work force in the united states. explain how this global work force fits into the economic system of this country. 7 ) choose a labor issue of widespread interest to american workers - an issue in the news currently or known to you from your work on this merit badge. before your counselor, or in writing, argue both sides of the issue, first taking management ' s side, then presenting labor ' s or the employees point of view. in your presentation, summarize the basic rights and responsibilities of employers and employees, including union members and nonunion members. 8 ) discuss with your counselor the different goals that may motivate the owners of a business, it ' s stockholders, it ' s customers, it ' s employees, the employees ' representatives, the community, and public officials. explain why agreements and compromises are made and how they effect each group in achieving it ' s goals. 9 ) learn about opportunities in the field of labor relations. choose one career in which you are interested and discuss with your counselor the major responsibilities of that position and the qualifications, education, and training such a position requires. source : boy scout requirements, 33215, revised 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4807365900843353, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.357863"} {"text": "in years past, valentine \u2019 s day has been a fun chance to explore the more lighthearted aspects of science, as pertains to matters of the heart ( such as our post on the neurobiology of love and dating ). this year, we use valentine \u2019 s day as an opportunity to talk about a different, more serious matter pertaining to our hearts \u2014 keeping them healthy. and while blogs, magazines and popular media provide men with no shortage of ideas about what to shower the many women in their lives with on valentine \u2019 s day, they provide little coverage of the biggest silent killer and danger to women every day : heart disease. so this year, join us in going red for women and learning more about an issue truly close to our hearts. for more, click \u201c continue reading. \u201d fact : more women will die of heart disease than all cancers combined. scary, isn \u2019 t it? with the \u201c pink \u201d - washing of virtually all consumer products ( and even some sports teams! ) every october, one would surely think that breast cancer is the biggest threat to women \u2019 s health. indeed, 48 % of women do. yet despite the very real, and deadly, threat that breast cancer continues to pose for women, according to the american heart association, only 1 in 30 women will die of breast cancer, while 1 in 3 will die of cardiovascular disease. 500, 000 women die each year in the united states ( 1 per minute! ) of cardiovascular disease, making it the number one killer of women \u2014 our colleagues, our friends and loved ones. [ download a full fact sheet here. ] but there \u2019 s good news! 80 % of all heart attacks are preventable, with the majority of heart disease precursors ( including diet, weight and sedentary lifestyle ) under our control. if you are absorbing this sobering information for the first time, you \u2019 re not alone. at a recent los angeles event for an aha cause called go red for women, i learned many of these facts for the first time as well. even in the medical community, the rates of misdiagnosis and underdiagnosed, with women \u2019 s heart disease symptoms often dismissed as stress. the power of organizations such as go red for women is enormous. in addition to helping spread the necessary information about heart risks to women online and at local events all across the country, grfw provides educational tools for physicians to better treat female patients for cardiovascular disease. in los angeles county, they were instrumental in championing ordinances that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44343781926862946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.367558"} {"text": "spread the necessary information about heart risks to women online and at local events all across the country, grfw provides educational tools for physicians to better treat female patients for cardiovascular disease. in los angeles county, they were instrumental in championing ordinances that removed smoking from beaches and junk food from schools. nationally, they \u2019 ve championed legislation such as the heart for women act, federal legislation introduced to congress february 12, 2009 to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of heart disease and stroke in women. they are also working with the entertainment and media industries to produce more pop culture materials such as this short video called \u201c just a little heart attack starring actress elizabeth banks : \u201d scriptphd. com caught up with dr. vyshali rao, a cardiologist that has led the efforts of the los angeles - based go red for women campaign, to ask her about the importance of raising awareness for women \u2019 s heart issues. scriptphd : dr. rao, tell us about what motivated you to get involved with go red for women? vyshali rao : at first i got involved on my own, with the american heart association, because of my dad, who is a cardiac survivor and had a bypass operation when he was 86 years old. being a cardiologist myself, it \u2019 s important tying it as much to health care as possible. and it turns out, the hospital that i work at, huntington hospital in pasadena, ca, is the los angeles sponsor for the go red for women campaign. through myt work at huntington, i \u2019 ve become the medical director of the women \u2019 s heart program here, and through that, have worked closely with the go red for women campaign. it really has, for the last three or four years, been a really exciting experience for me, because you meet so many women from all walks of life \u2014 different ethnicities, different backgrounds. the commonality of it, though, is they are all [ impacted the same way cardiovascularly ], which is what we are trying to get out there. sphd : why is this an issue just now coming to the forefront in the media? vr : in this day and age, it \u2019 s interesting to note that cardiovascular disease remains [ women \u2019 s ] # 1 health risk. the majority of people will think it \u2019 s breast cancer, or cervical cancer, but no one thinks, \u201c ok, i \u2019 m going to die of a heart attack or a stroke or cardiovascular disease. \u201d so, i think that for the last few", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3944804711785154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.368557"} {"text": "majority of people will think it \u2019 s breast cancer, or cervical cancer, but no one thinks, \u201c ok, i \u2019 m going to die of a heart attack or a stroke or cardiovascular disease. \u201d so, i think that for the last few years, the go red for women campaign has really tried to push that information so that more women get involved and get everyone educated about it. sphd : do you feel, fairly or unfairly, that there has sometimes been an overemphasis in the media on other causes or issues? do you think they could be doing more to highlight women \u2019 s cardiovascular health? vr : yes. obviously, in today \u2019 s day and age, whoever gets their message out the loudest and attracts the most attention gets it. at this point, there \u2019 s so much advertising and so much media for breast cancer and aids, which are both issues we need to get everyone educated about. but, heart disease seems to be a little bit slower to get attracted to, and we don \u2019 t have the big budget like some of the other [ causes and organizations ] do. and we don \u2019 t have as much money directed at heart disease. the majority \u2014 80 % \u2013 of all the money that comes into the american medical association is directed towards research. so, we don \u2019 t have big budgets for advertising or media campaigns, so sometimes our message gets lost. through volunteers and through programs and events sponsored by organizations such as go red for women, we are hoping that this will change, and that heart disease and the american heart association will get the attention that it deserves. sphd : do you feel that this campaign and discussion extends somewhat beyond women \u2019 s health to our health as a nation and steps we can all take to make our hearts healthier? vr : yes, absolutely. the goal of the campaign is not to just empower women. it \u2019 s to get everyone educated and to understand the risks for cardiovascular disease. the best thing about cardiovascular disease is that the majority of it is preventable! there \u2019 s not a lot of diseases that you could say that about. the majority of the risk factors for heart disease \u2014 hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol, obesity, sedentary lifestyle \u2014 they are all potentially preventable. if people can get educated, get off the couch and exercise, we won \u2019 t have to suffer from cardiovascular disease as much as we are. sphd : if someone is reading this and wondering what they can do to get involved, beyond their own health,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4476708381512231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.369546"} {"text": "can get educated, get off the couch and exercise, we won \u2019 t have to suffer from cardiovascular disease as much as we are. sphd : if someone is reading this and wondering what they can do to get involved, beyond their own health, what would you tell them? vr : that \u2019 s the great thing. you don \u2019 t have to have any money to get involved. the american heart association largely works through volunteers. so the majority of the events that we have, like our \u2018 heart \u2019 walks, they \u2019 re always looking for volunteers, whether it \u2019 s to learn cpr, or educate people about it. now, they launched a new program called \u2018 school gardens \u2019 where we actually go to inner - city communities, educate the kids about fresh vegetables, plan the fresh vegetables, harvest them, and then cook with them. you \u2019 d be surprised how many of these kids have never eaten a fresh tomato! there \u2019 s so many things that have nothing to do with money and people can get involved. feel motivated to go red? here are some suggestions for you and your valentine that will get your hearts pumping, and leave them healthy for many valentine \u2019 s days to come. 1. know the risks for, warning signs and types of cardiovascular disease. educate yourself. 2. get involved! volunteer in your community for an american heart association event or training. if there is a girlfriend, wife, mother, daughter, sister, friend or other significant woman in your life, donate the time and effort to spreading the word about go red for women and heart health. let \u2019 s stop heart disease from being the biggest killer of women together. 3. take care of your heart. we \u2019 re not speaking metaphorically here, lovebirds. from heart - healthy recipes, to stress management, to managing physical activity and weight management, the american heart association offers a plethora of ideas and guides to forming heart - healthy habits. 4. impact the next generation. i cannot stress strongly enough how much the problems plaguing western nations as a whole ( and that contribute as precursors to heart disease ) are preventable through dietary changes and exercise. but changing decades of unhealthy eating, especially in lower - income neighborhoods without immediate access to fresh fruits and vegetables, will take a collective effort. programs such as first lady michelle obama \u2019 s let \u2019 s move campaign and the aha \u2019 s teaching gardens will go a long way towards planting seeds for a lifetime of good health. take a look at this incredibly moving video about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4309906765431245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.370560"} {"text": "this article was mirrored here faithfully for ease of access and printing. d. pauly and j. dalsgaard, fisheries centre, 2204 main mall, university of british columbia, vancouver, british columbia, canada v. christensen, r. froese, f. torres jr., international center for living aquatic resources management, m. c. post office box 2631, 0718 makati, philippines. * to whom correspondence should be addressed. e - mail : email @ example. com the mean trophic level of the species groups reported in food and agricultural organization global fisheries statistics declined from 1950 to 1994. this reflects a gradual transition in landings from long - lived, high trophic level, piscivorous bottom fish toward short - lived, low trophic level invertebrates and planktivorous pelagic fish. this effect, also found to be occurring in inland fisheries, is most pronounced in the northern hemisphere. fishing down food webs ( that is, at lower trophic levels ) leads at first to increasing catches, then to a phase transition associated with stagnating or declining catches. these results indicate that present exploitation patterns are unsustainable. exploitation of the ocean for fish and ma - rine invertebrates, both wholesome and valuable products, ought to be a prosperous sector, given that capture fisheries - in con - trast to agriculture and aquaculture - reap harvests that did not need to be sown. yet marine fisheries are in a global crisis, mainly due to open access policies and subsidy - driven overcapitalization ( 1 ). it may be argued, however, that the global crisis is mainly one of economics or of governance, whereas the global resource base itself fluctuates naturally. contradicting this more optimistic view, we show here that landings from global fisheries have shifted in the last 45 years from large piscivorous fishes toward smaller invertebrates and planktivorous fishes, especially in the northern hemi - sphere. | for all marine areas, the trend over the past 45 years has been a decline in the mean trophic level of the fisheries landings, from slightly more than 3. 3 in the early 1950s to less than 3. 1 in 1994 ( fig. 1a ). a dip in the 1960s and early 1970s occurred because of extremely large catches [ > 12e6 metric tons ( t ) per year * ] of peruvian anchoveta with a low trophic level ( 12 ) of 2. 2 ( + / -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48941031748163394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.379884"} {"text": "in the 1960s and early 1970s occurred because of extremely large catches [ > 12e6 metric tons ( t ) per year * ] of peruvian anchoveta with a low trophic level ( 12 ) of 2. 2 ( + / - 0. 42 ). since the collapse of the peruvian anchoveta fishery in 1972 \u2013 1973, the global trend in the trophic level of marine fisheries landings has been one of steady decline. fisheries in inland waters exhibit, on the global level, a similar trend as for the marine areas ( fig. 1b ) : a clear decline in average trophic level is apparent from the early 1970s, in parallel to, and about 0. 3 units below, those of marine catches. the previous plateau, from 1950 to 1975, is due to insufficiently detailed fishery statistics for the earlier decades ( 10 ). fig. 1. global trends of mean trophic level of fisheries landings, 1950 to 1994. ( a ) marine areas ; ( b ) inland areas. | in northern temperate areas where the fisheries are most developed, the mean trophic level of the landings has declined steadily over the last two decades. in the north pacific ( fao areas 61 and 67 ; fig. 2a ), trophic levels peaked in the early 1970s and have since then decreased rapidly in spite of the recent increase in landings of alaska pollock, theragra chalcogramma, which has a relatively high trophic level of 3. 8 ( + / - 0. 24 ). in the northwest atlantic ( fao areas 21 and 31 ; fig. 2b ), the fisheries were initially dominated by planktivorous menhaden, brevoortia spp., and other small pelagics at low trophic levels. as their landings decreased, the average trophic level of the fishery initially increased, then in the 1970s it reversed to a steep decline. | | fig. 2. trends of mean trophic level of fisheries landings in northern temperate areas, 1950 to 1994. ( a ) north pacific ( fao areas 61 and 67 ) ; ( b ) northwest and western central atlantic ( fao areas 21 and 31 ) ; ( c ) northeast atlantic ( fao area 27 ) ; and ( d ) mediterranean ( fao area 37 ). | similar declines are apparent throughout the time series for the northeast atlantic ( fao area 27 ; fig. 2c ) and the mediterranean ( fao area 37 ; fig. 2c ), although the latter system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46209151048858066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.380840"} {"text": "( fao area 37 ). | similar declines are apparent throughout the time series for the northeast atlantic ( fao area 27 ; fig. 2c ) and the mediterranean ( fao area 37 ; fig. 2c ), although the latter system operates at altogether lower trophic levels. the central eastern pacific ( fao area 77 ; fig. 3a ), southern and central eastern atlantic ( fao areas 41, 47, and 34 ; fig. 3b ), and the indo - pacific ( fao areas 51, 57, and 71 ; fig. 3c ) show no clear trends over time. in the southern atlantic this is probably due to the development of new fisheries, for example, on the patagonian shelf, which tends to mask declines of trophic levels in more developed fisheries. in the indo - pacific area, the apparent stability is certainly due to inadequacies of the statistics, because numerous accounts exist that document species shifts similar to those that occurred in northern tem - perate areas ( 13 ). fig. 3. trends of mean trophic levels of fisheries landings in the intertropical belt and adjacent waters. ( a ) central eastern pacific ( fao area 77 ) ; ( b ) southwest, central eastern, and southeast atlantic ( fao areas 41, 34, and 47 ) ; and ( c ) indo ( west ) - pacific ( fao areas 51, 57, and 71 ). | the south pacific areas ( fao areas 81 and 87 ; fig. 4a ) are interesting in that they display wide - amplitude fluctuations of trophic levels, reflecting the growth in the mid - 1950s of a huge industrial fishery for peruvian anchoveta. subsequent to the anchoveta fishery collapse, an offshore fishery developed for horse mackerel, trachurus murphyi, which has a higher trophic level ( 3. 3 + / - 0. 21 ) and whose range extends west toward new zealand ( 14 ). | | fig. 4. high - amplitude changes of mean trophic levels in fisheries landings. ( a ) south pacific ( fao areas 81 and 87 ) ; ( b ) antarctica ( fao areas 48, 58, and 88 ). antarctica ( fao areas 48, 58, and 88 ; fig. 4b ) also exhibits high - amplitude variation of mean trophic levels, from a high of 3. 4, due to a fishery that quickly depleted local accumulations of bony fishes, to a low of 2. 3,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4579789361186722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.381851"} {"text": "88 ; fig. 4b ) also exhibits high - amplitude variation of mean trophic levels, from a high of 3. 4, due to a fishery that quickly depleted local accumulations of bony fishes, to a low of 2. 3, due to euphausia superba ( trophic level 2. 2 + / - 0. 40 ), a large krill species that dominated the more recent catches. the gross features of the plots in figs. 2 through 4, while consistent with previous knowledge of the dynamics of major stocks, may provide new insights on the effect of fisheries on ecosystems. further interpretation of the observed trends is facilitated by plotting mean trophic levels against catches. for example, the four systems in fig. 5 illustrate patterns different from the monotonous increase of catch that may be expected when fishing down food webs ( 15 ). each of the four systems in fig. 5 has a signature marked by abrupt phase shifts. for three of the examples, the highest landings are not associated with the lowest trophic levels, as the fishing - down - the - food - web theory would predict. instead, the time series tend to bend backward. the exception ( where landings continue to increase as trophic levels decline ) is the southern pacific ( fig. 5c ), where the westward expansion of horse mackerel fisheries is still the dominant feature, thus masking more local effects. the backward - bending feature of the plots of trophic levels versus landings, which also occurs in areas other than those in fig. 5, may be due to a combination of the following : ( i ) artifacts due to the data, methods, and assumptions used ; regarding item ( i ), the quality of the official landing statistics we used may be seen as a major impediment for analyses of the sort presented here. we know that considerable under - and misre - porting occur ( 16 ). however, for our analysis, the overall accuracy of the landings is not of major importance, if the trends are unbiased. anatomical and functional considerations support our assumption that the trophic levels of fish are conservative attributes and that they cannot change much over time, even when ecosystem structure changes ( 17 ). moreover, the increase of young fish as a proportion of landings in a given species that result from increasing fishing pressure would strengthen the reported trends, because the young of piscivorous species tend to be zooplanktivorous ( 18 ) and thus have lower trophic levels than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4713337918621814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.382835"} {"text": "a proportion of landings in a given species that result from increasing fishing pressure would strengthen the reported trends, because the young of piscivorous species tend to be zooplanktivorous ( 18 ) and thus have lower trophic levels than the adults. ( ii ) large and increasing catches that are not reported to fao ; ( iii ) massive discarding of bycatches ( 16 ) consisting predominantly of fish with low trophic levels ; ( iv ) reduced catchability as a result of a decreasing average size of exploit - able organisms ; and ( v ) fisheries - induced changes in the food webs from which the landings were extracted. if we assume that fisheries tend to switch from species with high trophic levels to species with low trophic levels in response to changes of their relative abundances, then the backward - bending curves in fig. 5 may be also due to changes in ecosystem structure, that is, item ( v ). in the north sea, norway pout, trisopterus esmarkii, serves as a food source for most of the important fish species used for human consumption, such as cod or saithe. norway pout is also the most important predator on euphausiids ( krill ) in the north sea ( 3 ). fig. 5. plots of mean trophic levels in fishery landings versus the landings ( in millions of metric tons ) in four marine regions, illustrating typical backward - bending signatures ( note variable ordinate and abcissa scales ). ( a ) northwest atlantic ( fao area 21 ) ; ( b ) northeast atlantic ( fao area 27 ) ; ( c ) southeast pacific ( fao area 87 ) ; ( d ) mediterranean ( fao area 37 ). we must therefore expect that a directed fishery on this small gadoid ( landings in the northeast atlantic are about 3e5 t / year ) will have a positive effect on the euphausiids, which in turn prey on copepods, a much more important food source for commercial fish species than euphausiids. hence, fishing for norway pout may have a cascading effect, leading to a build - up of nonutilized euphausiids. triangles such as the one involving norway pout, euphausiids, and copepods, and which may have a major effect on ecosystem stability, are increasingly being integrated in ecological theory ( 21 ), especially in fisheries biology ( 22 ). globally, trophic levels of fisheries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4639139334959219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.383816"} {"text": "this is the most populous area of nicaragua. it is home to beautiful lakes and some of the world ' s only freshwater sharks. with sandy beaches fronted by a long row of young cone - shaped volcanoes ( some of which are active ), nicaragua features beach and resort communities. this area also features an array of colonial architecture and artifacts. the temperatures in the region remain fairly constant throughout the year with november to april being the dry season and may to october representing the rainy season. the north - central highlands, or amerrique mountains, is less populated than the pacific lowlands and features a rugged terrain of forested mountains with deep valleys. this region gradually slopes to the caribbean lowlands. the north - central highlands boasts an abundance of wildlife as well as mild temperatures that are cooler than the pacific lowlands. this area experiences a longer and wetter rainy season. the caribbean lowlands are a large rainforest region with several large rivers. it is an area that is sparsely populated. it features a predominately tropical climate with high temperatures and high humidity. nicaraguan is multiethnic with a great diversity of art, cuisine and music. nicaraguan culture on the pacific side evidences a largely european influence, while on the caribbean coast there exists a very clear and lasting british influence. on the pacific side, the cuisine and main staples revolve around fruits and corn, while on the caribbean coastal region, cuisine and main staples revolve around seafood and the coconut. the most common dish is the gallo pinto, a blend of rice and beans. there is a tremendous range of attractions in nicaragua including the capital city of managua, which features spanish colonial architecture. one can also visit the masaya volcano national park, xilo crater lake, churches of leon, ruins of leon viego, a conquistador buriel site, and granada, a favourite of tourist destinations. nicaragua provides the opportunity for escondido river boat tours, rainforest eco - tours, fabulous diving among the coral reefs of the corn islands, and sightseeing at bluefields, a coastal town that is the center for reggae music. the opportunities for adventure, discovery, and rejuvenation are endless.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4212856532112872, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.387413"} {"text": "using taskset for priority tasks unless you ' re using a really old machine or cheap netbook, almost any system you touch with linux these days is going to be a multiprocessor system. any server machine deployed within the past five years should have at least two cpus, and most desktops released in the past three years have at least two cores. for a number of reasons, you might want to \" pin \" some tasks so they run exclusively on a single cpu or set of cpus. a tisket, a tasket, be sure to use the open source server tool taskset for priority tasks. whether you want to ensure resources for a process, ensure that a process doesn ' t hog all system resources or improve a process that doesn ' t scale well to multiple cpus, you can use taskset to assign a task to specific cpus. it ' s pretty simple. taskset, you \" bond \" a process to a cpu. let ' s say you want to run google chrome on one cpu. you ' d run something like this : taskset 0x00000001 google - chrome now chrome will be limited to cpu 0 ( 0x00000001 is the \" mask \" for cpu 0 ). if you wanted to assign it to two cpus, you would use taskset 0x00000003 instead. or you could use the - c option and specify the cpus by numerical ranges. see the taskset man page for more on that. to see what processors a task is assigned to, try running taskset - p xxxx, where xxxx is the process id ( pid ). if you ' re on a two - core system, for example, and haven ' t set the affinity, it will return 3. if you ' ve assigned it to both cores / cpus, then it will return 3. i don ' t make the syntax, i just write about it... is this going to speed up your system or be worth doing with all tasks? nope. it is, however, something you can try to experiment with when you ' re having performance problems or having issues with a process / application causing problems with the rest of the system. i ' d recommend testing it out on your desktop or test systems before attempting it in a production environment - - but with the right combination, you might be able to solve some system problems in short order. joe ' zonker ' brockmeier is a freelance writer and editor with more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.43672336804073797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.389707"} {"text": "[ view the story \" climate change : what can obama do without congress? \" on storify ] climate change : what can obama do without congress? with the house controlled by republicans, some environmentalists are urging president obama to take action on climate change on his own. here are five things he could do. digital first media \u00b7 mon, feb 11 2013 06 : 02 : 45 president barack obama has pledged to make addressing climate change a major priority in his second term. but house republicans remain skeptical about both the problem and potential legislative solutions. that \u2019 s led many environmentalists to urge obama to go it alone and take actions to reduce america \u2019 s greenhouse gas emissions on his own. below are five major things he could do without congressional approval. use the epa \u2019 s authority in 2007, the supreme court that the environmental protection agency has the authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide under existing air pollution laws. the ruling empowered the agency to set higher standards for new power plants and write new regulations for older power plants some environmentalists think obama should take advantage of the epa \u2019 s newfound powers to restrict emissions as much as possible. that would still fall short of what a comprehensive bill passed through congress could do, however, and it might spark a backlash from big business. reduce methane emissions considered the second most significant greenhouse gas, methane is released from leaks in gas pipelines and coal mines, from landfills and livestock and agriculture. some scientists think reducing methane in the atmosphere could delay the effects of climate change by as much as 15 years. obama could order the epa, the department of energy and other federal agencies to refocus efforts at reducing methane emissions by capturing methane released at coal mines, reducing methane from landfills or even requiring more frequent draining of rice paddies. soot, also known as black carbon, is another concern for environmentalists. one recent study argued that black carbon is a more dangerous greenhouse gas than methane because its color causes it to take in more solar radiation. obama could order federal agencies crack down on such as diesel engines, coal - fired power stations and coal - burning cookstoves. however, coal is already cleaner in the u. s. than it used to be, so there may be a limit on how much this can be addressed within the united states alone. approve more renewable energy obama can order to focus on climate change including the department of energy, that state department and the department of the interior. between interior and the department of agriculture, the government manages 700 million acres of land, with another 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43765460244106574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.395986"} {"text": "alone. approve more renewable energy obama can order to focus on climate change including the department of energy, that state department and the department of the interior. between interior and the department of agriculture, the government manages 700 million acres of land, with another 1. 7 billion acres of offshore continental shelf managed by the interior department alone. public lands are prime real estate when it comes to energy development, from coal mining to wind farms. the administration could approve more renewable energy projects on federal lands. though that would not subtract any greenhouse gas emissions from existing sources, it would reduce how many are added to the air in the future. reject the keystone xl pipeline many environmentalists argue that the obama administration needs to reject the proposed keystone xl pipeline because it would promote the use of fossil fuels and create emissions from the extraction process. still, there is uncertainty about how much the pipeline itself actually would increase oil sands production and how the oil it produces might end up being used. obama rejected the keystone xl pipeline last year while in the midst of a re - election campaign, but the project is still alive. a number of senators have urged obama to allow the pipeline, arguing they want to see energy resources developed in this country, but obama will have a lot of power to block the pipeline if he wants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42560752587292117, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.396626"} {"text": "1 in 4 in u. s. starts drinking before turning 21 : report monday, nov. 26 ( healthday news ) - - underage drinking in the united states remains a serious public health issue, a new federal government report shows. the analysis of data gathered between 2008 and 2010 from the u. s. national survey on drug use and health found that more than 26 percent of 12 - to 20 - year - olds reported drinking in the month before they were surveyed, and nearly 9 percent said they bought their own alcohol the last time they drank. the purchase and consumption of alcohol by anyone under age 21 is prohibited in the united states. there has been progress in reducing the amount of underage drinking in recent years, particularly among those under 18 years of age. however, rates of underage drinking are still unacceptably high, according to the report released nov. 20 by the u. s. substance abuse and mental health services administration ( samhsa ). \" underage drinking should not be a normal part of growing up. it ' s a serious and persistent public health problem that puts our young people and our communities in danger, \" samhsa administrator pamela hyde said in an agency news release. \" even though drinking is often glamorized, the truth is that underage drinking can lead to poor academic performance, sexual assault, injury and even death, \" she noted. rates of underage drinking were highest in vermont ( 37 percent ) and lowest in utah ( 14. 3 percent ). five other states in the northeast were among the 10 states with the highest rates of underage drinking : connecticut, massachusetts, new hampshire, new york and rhode island. new york also had one of the highest rates of underage youth illegally buying alcohol ( 15 percent ). states with the lowest rates of underage youth buying alcohol included new mexico ( 2. 5 percent ), idaho ( 2. 6 percent ) and oregon ( 2. 6 percent ). southern states had some of the lowest rates of underage drinking ( alabama, arkansas, georgia, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee and west virginia ) and some of the highest rates of underage youth illegally purchasing alcohol ( alabama, louisiana, kentucky, mississippi and north carolina ), the investigators found. the u. s. national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism has more about underage drinking. source : u. s. substance abuse and mental health services administration, news release, nov. 20, 2012related articles - health tip : help keep teen drivers safe may 20", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4222229906858124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.399286"} {"text": "o ' connor was a hard - core bird lover. her favorite bird? yes, the peacock. she owned dozens of them and considered herself their servant. in her november 25, 1955 letter to her friend betty hester, o ' connor discussed the peacock in \" the displaced person \" : the priest sees the peacock as standing for the transfiguration [ one of christ ' s stages of transformation ], for which it is most certainly a most beautiful symbol. it also stands in medieval symbology for the church \u2013 the eyes are the eyes of the church. ( source : collected works, 971 ) notice that o ' connor doesn ' t try to tell us how to read the peacock in the story, but rather to share with us what it means to her. the quote suggests that she uses the peacock to let us know what she thinks of a character. for example father flynn and astor are the only characters who seem to care about the peacocks : the priest is fixated on the bird, and astor is upset about the fact that mrs. mcintyre starved the peacock population from twenty plus to one peacock and two peahens. that makes mrs. mcintyre a villain and father flynn and astor likeable characters. notice also that neither father flynn nor astor are present at the murder of mr. guizac. most of the characters in \" the displaced person \" don ' t seem to notice the peacock at all. it seems that o ' connor uses the peacock when she wants to make a specific point about a certain character or set of characters. the other character strongly associated with the peacock is mrs. shortley. her relationship with it is ambiguous. she isn ' t fascinated by it and doesn ' t appreciate it. the thing that makes the relationship ambiguous is the fact that the peacock follows her around and seems to be fascinated by her. the \" fiery wheels with fierce dark eyes in them \" sound suspiciously like the eyes on the peacock ' s tail. if these are the eyes of the church then does that mean the church has its eyes on mrs. shortley? if so, what does that mean? it depends, we suppose, on how the church is looking at her. disapprovingly? lovingly? we leave it to you to decide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47056990037297936, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.401461"} {"text": "staten island, n. y. - - back in the 1800s, when ambitious new york - based painters went looking for dramatic landscapes, they found them a ferry - ride away, on staten island. at the time, the island \u2019 s high, central hills were still wooded and sparsely settled. much of the level land was green farmland. the surrounding waters were clean and filled with picturesque sailing vessels. the place was a landscape painter \u2019 s dream come true. the era will be documented for the first time in \" staten island scenery : 1679 - 1900, \u201d a new book by barnett shepherd, the new brighton - based historian who is director emeritus of historic richmond town and an advisor to the staten island museum. the book, published jointly by richmond town and the museum, will be released later in the year. both collections preserve paintings of island scenes from the 19th century \u201c at the time, our island was regarded as a glorious representation of all of america, \u201d shepherd said. \u201c there were scenic views of the the harbor, acres of woods, grassy meadows, marshy wetlands and, the hills, which towered over the terrain other boroughs. these were perfect scenes for artists to recreate. \u201d landscape paintings became popular with the public. eventually painters left the city and sailed up the hudson river looking for new views. even after they headed west, artists who specialized in dramatic, unpopulated american landscapes became known as hudson river school painters. \" staten island scenery : 1679 - 1900 \" will be accompanied by documentary dvd, narrated by shepherd and directed by award - winning director ed wiseman, who is also executive director of historic richmond town.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38042106360094813, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.403148"} {"text": "dr. nicholas karanikolas, director of urologic oncology at staten island university hospital, demonstrates the robotic arms of the da vinci surgical system. using the da vinci robot for prostatectomy mario monteleone underwent robot - assisted prostate cancer surgery in august 2010 at siuh. mario monteleone ' s doctor had been tracking his psa levels for six years. with each blood test, his level of prostate - specific antigen - a protein made by the body and used to help detect prostate cancer - varied. if the number rose, antibiotics were prescribed, and the cause attributed to infection or inflammation in his prostate. then, about four years ago, his levels continued to climb. a biopsy was done that came back normal. in 2010, monteleone ' s psa level reached 10, meaning he was at an increased risk for prostate cancer. a second biopsy was done that showed that the 66 - year - old great kills man had cancer in 5 percent of his prostate. his doctor recommended several treatment options : hormone therapy, external beam radiation or radioactive tumor seeding. \" i didn ' t want any of that, \" said the retired wall street securities specialist. \" so, i looked at alternatives and i got opinions and more opinions. \" after much thought, monteleone chose to have a prostatectomy - surgical removal of the prostate gland - using robot - assisted technology recently available at staten island university hospital. in august 2010, dr. nicholas karanikolas, director of urologic oncology at siuh ' s ocean breeze campus, operated on monteleone using the da vinci surgical system. the high - tech surgery involved two components : a robot with spider - like arms equipped with a camera and tiny surgical instruments, and a separate console station located several feet away from the operating table where the surgeon controlled the robot ' s every movement. five half - inch incisions were made in monteleone ' s abdomen through which the camera and instruments were passed. during the prostatectomy, dr. karanikolas sat at the console looking into special binocular - enhanced lenses at a 3d image sent from the camera inside his patient ' s body. aided by the magnified view, he used the console ' s control knobs, which resemble video game joysticks, to maneuver the grasping and cutting motions made by the da vinci robot. \" we control the arms and the camera with the joysticks allowing us not only optimal visualization but manipulation of tissues in a very deep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45013422989777085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.406624"} {"text": "which resemble video game joysticks, to maneuver the grasping and cutting motions made by the da vinci robot. \" we control the arms and the camera with the joysticks allowing us not only optimal visualization but manipulation of tissues in a very deep and intricate area of the body, \" said dr. karanikolas. the ability to move the robotic arms in precise millimeter increments allowed him to remove monteleone ' s prostate while preserving surrounding tissue and nerves responsible for urinary continence and sexual function. the da vinci robot enables surgeons to do minimally invasive procedures with smaller incisions, resulting in less bleeding and pain for the patient, shorter recovery times and fewer post - operative complications, such as incontinence and impotence, explained dr. karanikolas. following his surgery, monteleone spent another day and a half at the hospital before being discharged. a catheter placed during the procedure was removed 10 days later. \" it took about a month or two to heal and after that, everything has been fine, \" said monteleone, who prior to his surgery had difficulty urinating. for the next two years, he will have to have his psa level monitored every three months to check for cancer recurrence. monteleone said he has no regrets about opting for the high - tech surgery. \" this is becoming the dominant means by which prostate cancer is being treated, \" said dr. karanikolas. \" presently, 85 to 90 percent of all prostates are being removed robotically and in the future, it may represent 95 to 99 percent. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4291365114081297, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.407341"} {"text": "risky business : gambling on climate sensitivity posted on 21 september 2010 by gpwayne there are some things about our climate we are pretty certain about. unfortunately, climate sensitivity isn \u2019 t one of them. climate sensitivity is the estimate of how much the earth ' s climate will warm if carbon dioxide equivalents are doubled. this is very important because if it is low, as some sceptics argue, then the planet isn \u2019 t going to warm up very much. if sensitivity is high, then we could be in for a very bad time indeed. there are two ways of working out what climate sensitivity is ( a third way \u2013 waiting a century \u2013 isn \u2019 t an option, but we \u2019 ll come to that in a moment ). the first method is by modelling : climate models have predicted the least temperature rise would be on average 1. 65\u00b0c ( 2. 97\u00b0f ), but upper estimates vary a lot, averaging 5. 2\u00b0c ( 9. 36\u00b0f ). current best estimates are for a rise of around 3\u00b0c ( 5. 4\u00b0f ), with a likely maximum of 4. 5\u00b0c ( 8. 1\u00b0f ). the second method calculates climate sensitivity directly from physical evidence : these calculations use data from sources like ice cores, paleoclimate records, ocean heat uptake and solar cycles, to work out how much additional heat the doubling of greenhouse gases will produce. the lowest estimate of warming is close to the models - 1. 8\u00b0c ( 3. 24\u00b0f ) on average - but the upper estimate is a little more consistent, at an average of around 3. 5\u00b0c ( 6. 3\u00b0f ). it \u2019 s all a matter of degree to the lay person, the arguments are obscure and complicated by other factors, like the time the climate takes to respond. but climate sensitivity is not just an abstract exchange of statistics relevant only to scientists. it also tells us about the likely changes to the climate that today ' s children will inherit. consider a rise in sea levels, for example. predictions range from centimetres to many metres, and the actual increase will be governed by climate sensitivity. the 2007 ipcc report proposed a range of sea level rises based on different increases in temperature, but we now know they underestimated sea level rise, perhaps by a factor of three, in part because of a lack of data about the behaviour of greenland and antarctic ice - sheets. current estimates of sea level rise alone, as a result of a two degree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4827854744125906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.411456"} {"text": "know they underestimated sea level rise, perhaps by a factor of three, in part because of a lack of data about the behaviour of greenland and antarctic ice - sheets. current estimates of sea level rise alone, as a result of a two degree rise in temperature, are very worrying. more worrying is that the current projections do not account for recently accelerated melting of polar regions. there are also many other possible effects of a 2\u00b0c rise ( 3. 6\u00b0f ) that would be very disruptive. all the models and evidence confirm a minimum warming close to 2\u00b0c for a doubling of atmospheric co2 with a most likely value of 3\u00b0c and the potential to warm 4. 5\u00b0c or even more. even such a small rise would signal many damaging and highly disruptive changes to the environment. in this light, the arguments against mitigation because of climate sensitivity are a form of gambling. a minority claim the climate is less sensitive than we think, the implication being we don \u2019 t need to do anything much about it. others suggest that because we can ' t tell for sure, we should wait and see. in truth, nobody knows for sure quite how much the temperature will rise, but rise it will. inaction or complacency heightens risk, gambling with the entire ecology of the planet, and the welfare of everyone on it. this post is the basic version ( written by graham wayne ) of the skeptic argument \" climate sensitivity is low \". for the stout of heart, be sure to also check out the advanced version by dana which is currently getting rave reviews on climate progress.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47831628103743495, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.412198"} {"text": "can we teach computers what \u201c truth \u201d means? it \u2019 s harder than it sounds. courtesy of null0 / flickr this article arises from future tense, a partnership of slate, the new america foundation, and arizona state university. from feb. 28 through march 2, future tense will be taking part in emerge, an annual conference on asu \u2019 s tempe campus about what the future holds for humans. this year \u2019 s theme : the future of truth. visit the emerge website to learn more and to get your ticket. i \u2019 d like to begin with two different ideas of truth. the first appears to be the simplest : \u201c it is true that 1 + 1 = 2. \u201d the second is from the beginning of the declaration of independence : \u201c we hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. \u201d now, these sound like quite different ideas about truth. but the process of trying to teach computers to understand truths like these \u2014 difficult for both notions \u2014 is revealing the ways in which they are similar. the term artificial intelligence was coined in 1955 by a computer scientist named john mccarthy. early on, mccarthy enunciated his key aim as the systematization of common sense knowledge. in 1959, he wrote : \u201c [ a ] program has common sense if it automatically deduces for itself a sufficiently wide class of immediate consequences of anything it is told and what it already knows. \u201d this has proven very difficult, primarily because it is difficult to encode, in a systematic fashion, what it means to say something is true. even \u201c 1 + 1 = 2 \u201d is less obvious than it seems at first. beginning in the early part of the 20th century, mathematicians and philosophers, led at first by bertrand russell and gottlob frege and later by ludwig wittgenstein, kurt godel, alan turing, and others, tried to see whether mathematical knowledge \u2014 facts like \u201c 1 + 1 = 2 \u201d \u2014 could be reduced to the laws of logic. ( by logic, frege meant \u201c those laws of thought that transcend all particulars. \u201d the most basic principle of logic is perhaps the conviction that nothing exists \u2014 it is possible to name a set that has no elements. ) david hilbert, the dean of mathematics at the dawn of the century, had thought that such a reduction was possible and posed it as a challenge. but hilbert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5596857183415052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.420110"} {"text": "the conviction that nothing exists \u2014 it is possible to name a set that has no elements. ) david hilbert, the dean of mathematics at the dawn of the century, had thought that such a reduction was possible and posed it as a challenge. but hilbert was doomed to failure here. the reason for this, at a basic level, is self - reference. sentences like \u201c this sentence is false \u201d turn out to pose a nasty set of technical challenges that make it impossible to fully express mathematical knowledge as a consequence of logical axioms \u2014 things that are held, on their face, to be true. godel, an austrian logician who would become a good friend of albert einstein \u2019 s after both of them settled in princeton, proved this in a 1931 paper, whose consequences were later strengthened by turing. godel \u2019 s incompleteness theorem says that in any sufficiently strong logical system ( meaning one that is rich enough to express mathematics ), it is impossible to prove that the axioms \u2014 the assumptions \u2014 of the system do not lead to a contradiction. the importance of godel \u2019 s incompleteness theorems for artificial intelligence is something that remains hotly debated. one school of thought, as ernest nagel and james newman wrote in 1956, holds that incompleteness means \u201c that the resources of the human intellect have not been, and cannot be, fully formalized, and that new principles of demonstration forever await invention and discovery. \u201d the other school of thought says, basically, \u201c don \u2019 t worry about it! \u201d the best - known recent exponent of this school is ray kurzweil, who claims, without much evidence, that \u201c there is an essential equivalence between a computer and the brain. \u201d kurzweil \u2019 s overheated triumphalism aside ( he seems determined to prove that careful thought is not necessary to be human by displaying a tremendous lack of care himself ), this is not a question that we need to resolve to say something about what current progress in artificial intelligence is doing to the idea of truth. even if nagel and newman are right and human intellect cannot be fully formalized, computer scientists have come a long way since john mccarthy first enunciated the aim of formalizing common sense. computer scientists have worked to come up with formal descriptions of the everyday world. here is a short list, taken from the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy of some of scenarios they \u2019 ve tried to encode : the baby scenario, the bus ride scenario, the chess board scenario, the ferryboat connection scenario, the furniture assembly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6216330741070513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.421288"} {"text": "world. here is a short list, taken from the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy of some of scenarios they \u2019 ve tried to encode : the baby scenario, the bus ride scenario, the chess board scenario, the ferryboat connection scenario, the furniture assembly scenario, the hiding turkey scenario, the kitchen sink scenario, the russian turkey scenario, the stanford murder mystery, the stockholm delivery scenario, the stolen car scenario, the stuffy room scenario, the ticketed car scenario, the walking turkey scenario, and the yale shooting anomaly. let \u2019 s take the last of these \u2014 the yale shooting anomaly, which aims to formally codify the fact that an unloaded shotgun, if loaded and then shot at a person, would kill the person. classical logic dealt with things like \u201c 1 + 1 = 2 \u201d which are true, ( or false, like 1 = 0 ) for all time. they were true, are true, and always will be true. it doesn \u2019 t allow for things to happen. but to encode common - sense knowledge, computer scientists need a way to allow for events to take place. they also need ways to encode spatial locations. some of this had been worked out in a rigorous but limited way, in what philosophers call modal logic, which was first enunciated by c. i. lewis in 1918. but modal logic was too limited for computer scientists to use in semireal world systems. in the languages that computer scientists have come up with, as in the yale shooting anomaly, they were unable to preclude the possibility that the shotgun would spontaneously unload itself. it \u2019 s not that computer scientists think that that will happen ; it \u2019 s that they struggle to formalize how it can \u2019 t. ( since the yale shooting anomaly was first stated in 1986, many solutions have been proposed, but it remains an area of research. ) a central challenge computer scientists face is what \u2019 s called the ramification problem : how to codify that fact that if i walk into a room, my shirt does, too. this is paralleled by the \u201c frame problem, \u201d first enunciated by mccarthy in 1969, which is the \u201c problem of efficiently determining which things remain the same in a changing world. \u201d these problems are considerably harder than careless cheerleaders like kurzweil make them out to be. the central result of logicians in the 20th century was that, in the end, it will always be necessary to extend your axioms \u2014 things you just assume to be true without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6458640507648118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.422395"} {"text": "polishing characteristics and problems pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, magnetite and pentlandite. kambalda, western australia the section has been partially polished with 6\u00b5m diamond paste. individual grains of pyrrhotite ( brown ) are clearly seen due to differential polishing. crystals in some orientations still retain many polishing pits ( black ) whereas others are well polished. chalcopyrite ( yellow, centre bottom ) and magnetite ( light grey, bottom right ) are present. pentlandite ( pale yellow - brown, centre right and close to a diagonal fracture ) has higher reflectance than pyrrhotite and is just visible within the largest pyrrhotite crystal as small pentlandite flame - like exsolution bodies along a fracture - dark grey area ( bottom right ) is silicate, black areas are polishing pits. coarse features, especially grain boundaries, are well shown after initial polishing, but fine features are still difficult to see. llmenite and haematite. kimberlite pipe. unknown provenance this section has been polished with 1\u00b5m diamond paste, but shows extensive plucking. host magnesium - rich ilmenite crystals ( brown ) carry lath - shaped haematite exsolution bodies ( blue - grey ). plucked areas ( black ) have the same size, shape and orientation as the haematite, suggesting that it has been preferentially removed. if more than one phase is plucked in a section then it becomes difficult to estimate modal percentages. bornite, stromeyerite, chalcocite, pyrite and tetrahedrite group mineral. unknown provenance this section has been polished with \u00bc \u00b5m diamond paste. although the section is scratch - free has enormous relief and hence shows strong shadows about the harder phases. euhedral to subhedral pyrite ( pale yellow, high reflectance ), a tetrahedrite group mineral ( light grey, centre and top centre ) and quartz ( dark grey, bottom centre ) show high relief against the softer copper and silver sulphides. bornite ( brown - red, left ) has an symplectite - like intergrowth with, and inclusions of, chalcocite ( light blue ). stromeyerite ( light lilac - grey, centre right ) also is complexly intergrown with chalcocite. although relief accentuates the symplectite texture of the softer phases, they remain poorly polished", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5067704737401887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.426616"} {"text": "light blue ). stromeyerite ( light lilac - grey, centre right ) also is complexly intergrown with chalcocite. although relief accentuates the symplectite texture of the softer phases, they remain poorly polished in areas close to high relief minerals. minerals forming thin rims around the harder phases would be ' lost ' within the shadows. bornite ( top and bottom right ) is purple coloured rather than brown, this is tarnish which has been protected by the adjacent quartz crystals from removal. chloanthite, rammelsbergite, pyrargyrite, argentopyrite, acanthite and altered argentopyrite. tynebottom mine, north pennines, britain this section has been polished with \u00bc\u00b5m diamond paste but shows the effects of overpolishing. chloanthite ( cream - white ) is overgrown by rhombic rammelsbergite ( pale blue - white, slightly lower reflectance, centre ) on the edge next to pyrargyrite. pyrargyrite ( blue ) and argentopyrite ( brown ) overgrow the arsenides. in argentopyrite the slightly higher reflectance patches with a lighter surface colour in the centre of the crystals are more overpolished than the margins. the pyrargyrite crystal ( bottom centre left ) also shows the same effect. acanthite ( light blue - grey, bottom left ) is less strongly coloured than pyrargyrite and more poorly polished. fine - grained porous aggregates of pyrite, marcasite and an uncharacterized mineral, agfe11s8, have pseudomorphed argentopyrite ( bottom right ) but individual crystals cannot be identified at this magnification. calcite ( dark grey ) is the main gangue. pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, native gold and galena. cabacal 1, mato grosso, brazil the final polishing conditions are not known. native gold shows relief, compare gold ( golden - yellow, high reflectance, strong relief, centre top ) within the silicate gangue with gold ( centre bottom ) intergrown with chalcopyrite ( yellow - green, bottom centre ) and pyrrhotite ( brown, right ) where it shows less relief minor amounts of galena ( blue - grey, top centre ) are intergrown with pyrrhotite and gold, but are difficult to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5055754148741471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.429004"} {"text": ", bottom centre ) and pyrrhotite ( brown, right ) where it shows less relief minor amounts of galena ( blue - grey, top centre ) are intergrown with pyrrhotite and gold, but are difficult to see. the high reflectance and colour of gold give adjacent crystals of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite anomalously low reflectance and colours. these effects are more marked to the eye than the photomicrograph suggests. gangue phases ( greys ) are quartz ( left ) and phyllosilicates ( centre ). black areas are polishing pits. sphalerite, galena, haematite and magnetite. jersey, channel islands, britain final polishing with \u00bc \u00b5m diamond paste. despite a wide variation in hardness between the phases, there is little relief. sphalerite ( light grey, left ) is intergrown with galena ( white, centre ) and euhedral magnetite ( brown, bottom centre ). haematite ( pale blue, bottom centre ) laths are being replaced by galena ( centre ). the gangue is quartz ( dark grey, bottom centre ) and abundant coarse - grained carbonate with a slightly higher reflectance than quartz.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5323091361380383, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.429826"} {"text": "publisher : u. s. census bureau social explorer ; u. s. census bureau ; design and methodology, american community survey. u. s. government printing office, washington, dc, 2009. a term used in 2000 to describe the data that were asked of \" 100 percent \" of the population in census 2000. that is, questions that were collected for all people on both the census short - form and long - form questionnaires. in 2000, this included sex, relationship, age / date of birth, hispanic origin, race, and tenure. one of four key dimensions of survey quality, accessibility refers to the ability of the data users to readily obtain and use survey products. the average number of basic acs items reported per person, including sex, age ( counted double ), relationship, marital status, hispanic origin, and race. a questionnaire for an occupied unit must have an acceptability index of 2. 5 or greater to be considered an interview. one of four key dimensions of survey quality. accuracy refers to the difference between the survey estimate and the true ( unknown ) value. attributes are measured in terms of sources of error ( for example, coverage, sampling, nonresponse, measurement, and processing ). address control file the residential address list used in the 1990 census to label questionnaires, control the mail response check - in operation, and determine the nonresponse follow - up workload. address corrections from rural directories a post - census 2000 master address file ( maf ) improvement operation where census bureau staff reviewed commercial directories for 300 rural counties in 10 midwestern states to obtain new city - style addresses for maf records that did not contain a city - style address. conducted in 2002, over 15, 000 city - style addresses were associated with maf records that previously lacked a city - style address. a census 2000 field operation to develop the address list in areas with predominantly non - city - style mailing addresses. a lister captured the address and / or a physical / location description for each living quarters within a specified assignment area. the lister marked the location of each residential structure on a block map by placing a spot on the map indicating its location and assigning a map spot number. the lister also updated and corrected features on the map if necessary. this activity was called \" prelist \" in the 1990 census. geographic areas, usually with legally defined boundaries but often without elected officials, created to administer elections and other governmental functions. administrative areas include school districts, voting districts, zip codes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5222257526884831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.470681"} {"text": "necessary. this activity was called \" prelist \" in the 1990 census. geographic areas, usually with legally defined boundaries but often without elected officials, created to administer elections and other governmental functions. administrative areas include school districts, voting districts, zip codes, and nonfunctioning minor civil divisions ( mcds ) such as election precincts, election districts, and assessment districts. imputation method required when values for missing or inconsistent items cannot be derived from the existing response record. in these cases, the imputation must be based on other techniques such as using answers from other people in the household, other responding housing units, or people believed to have similar characteristics. such donors are reflected in a table referred to as an allocation matrix. american community survey ( acs ) alert this periodic electronic newsletter informs data users and other interested parties about news, events, data releases, congressional actions, and other developments associated with the acs. american community survey demonstration program the full set of testing, research, and development program activities that started in 1994 and continued until the acs was fully implemented in 2005. american community survey full implementation the period beginning in january 2005 during which the acs interviewing of its housing unit sample was conducted in every county and puerto rico municipio as well as all american indian and alaska native areas and hawaiian homelands. the full implementation initial sample size is approximately 3 million addresses each year, and includes group quarters ( gq ) facilities which were added beginning in january 2006. american community survey test sites the acs demonstration program expanded from an initial four test counties in 1996 to 36 test counties in 1999. when the term acs test site is used, it refers to data from these 36 counties. american factfinder ( aff ) an electronic system for access and dissemination of census bureau data on the internet. the system offers prepackaged data products and user - selected data tables and maps from census 2000, the 1990 census of population and housing, the 1997 and 2002 economic censuses, the population estimates program, annual economic surveys, and the acs. american indian area, alaska native area, hawaiian homeland ( aianahh ) a census bureau term referring to the following types of areas : federal and state american indian reservations, american indian off - reservation trust land areas ( individual or tribal ), oklahoma tribal statistical areas ( in 1990 tribal jurisdictional statistical area ), tribal designated statistical areas, state designated american indian statistical areas, alaska native regional corporations, alaska native village statistical areas, and hawaiian homelands. imputation method in which values for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5127094602354072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.471765"} {"text": ", oklahoma tribal statistical areas ( in 1990 tribal jurisdictional statistical area ), tribal designated statistical areas, state designated american indian statistical areas, alaska native regional corporations, alaska native village statistical areas, and hawaiian homelands. imputation method in which values for a missing or inconsistent item can be derived from other responses from the sample housing unit or person. for example, a first name can be used to determine and assign the sex of a person. automated address unduplication an ongoing maf improvement activity completed twice a year ( coinciding with the delivery sequence file ( dsf ) refresh of the maf ) where, through automated means, pairs of city - style addresses are identified as identical based on house number, street name, five - digit zip code, and within structure identifier ( if one exists ). these addresses are linked for future operations to control duplication. automated clerical review the acs program run on raw mail return data to determine whether or not a case goes to failed - edit follow - up. the name reflects the fact that it was originally done clerically. the operator checks for missing content and for large households ( more than five members ) and for coverage inconsistencies. editing that is accomplished using software, as opposed to being done clerically. automated listing and mapping instrument ( almi ) software used primarily by census bureau field representatives for the purpose of locating an address or conducting an address listing operation. the almi combines data from the maf and the topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing ( tiger\u00ae ) system database to provide users with electronic maps and associated addresses. almi functionality allows users to edit, add, delete, and verify addresses, streets, and other map features, view a list of addresses associated with a selected level of geography, and view and denote the location of housing units on the electronic map. automated review tool ( art ) a web - based computer application designed to help subject matter analysts quickly review and approve acs estimates. automated review tool ii ( art ii ) the next generation of the art. it is aimed at providing analysts with reports at a more detailed level than the previous version. tables that provide the most detailed estimates on all topics and geographic areas from the acs. base tables also include totals and subtotals. these tables form the data source for the \" derived products. \" base tables are also known as detailed tables. the base weight for an address is equal to the inverse of the probability with which the address was selected for the sample as determined by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46382407288443256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.472942"} {"text": ". these tables form the data source for the \" derived products. \" base tables are also known as detailed tables. the base weight for an address is equal to the inverse of the probability with which the address was selected for the sample as determined by the sample design. since these weights are based only on the initial probability of selection, they are known as a priori to the data collection phase. this is the weight for a housing unit before any adjustments are made. the base weight is also known as the unbiased weight. be counted enumeration and be counted questionnaire the be counted program provided a means for people who believed they were not counted to be included in census 2000. the census bureau placed be counted questionnaires at selected sites that were easily accessible to and frequented by large numbers of people. the questionnaires also were distributed by the questionnaire assistance centers and in response to requests received through telephone questionnaire assistance. an authoring application that produces an instrument used to collect data using computer - assisted telephone interviewing ( cati ) or computer - assisted personal interviewing ( capi ). a subdivision of a census tract ( or, prior to 2000, a block numbering area ), a block is the smallest geographic entity for which the census bureau tabulates decennial census data. many blocks correspond to individual city blocks bounded by streets, but blocks - especially in rural areas - may include many square miles and may have some boundaries that are not streets. the census bureau established blocks covering the entire nation for the first time in 1990. previous censuses back to 1940 had blocks established only for part of the nation. over 8 million blocks were identified for census 2000. a census 2000 field operation to ensure the currency and completeness of the maf within the mailout / mailback area. listers traveled in their assignment areas to collect and verify information to ensure that their address listing pages ( derived from the maf ) contained a mailing address for every living quarters. they especially looked for hidden housing units ( such as attics, basements, or garages converted into housing units ) and houses that appeared to be one unit but actually contained multiple housing units. they also updated and corrected their census bureau maps. a subdivision of a census tract ( or, prior to 2000, a block numbering area ), a block group is a cluster of blocks having the same first digit of their four - digit identifying number within a census tract. boundary and annexation survey ( bas ) an annual survey of all counties and statistically equivalent entities, all or selected incorporated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5230541620713739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.474052"} {"text": "), a block group is a cluster of blocks having the same first digit of their four - digit identifying number within a census tract. boundary and annexation survey ( bas ) an annual survey of all counties and statistically equivalent entities, all or selected incorporated places and minor civil divisions, all or selected federally recognized american indian reservations and off - reservation trust lands, and alaska native regional corporations, to determine the location of legal limits and related information as of january 1 of the survey year. a tool used by field representatives that allows them to manage their interview assignments on their laptops. census 2000 supplementary survey ( c2ss ) the c2ss was an operational test conducted as part of the research program in census 2000, and used the acs questionnaire and methods to collect demographic, social, economic, and housing data from a national sample. this evaluation study gave the census bureau essential information about the operational feasibility of converting from the census long - form sample to the acs. census county division ( ccd ) a subdivision of a county that is a relatively permanent statistical area established cooperatively by the census bureau and state and local government authorities. used for presenting decennial census statistics in those states that do not have well - defined and stable minor civil divisions that serve as local governments. census designated place ( cdp ) a statistical entity that serves as a statistical counterpart of an incorporated place for the purpose of presenting census data for a concentration of population, housing, and commercial structures that is identifiable by name, but is not within an incorporated place. cdps usually are delineated cooperatively with state, puerto rico, island area, local, and tribal government officials, based on the census bureau guidelines. for census 2000, cdps did not have to meet a population threshold to quality for the tabulation of census data. a collective term referring to the types of geographic areas used by the census bureau in its data collection and tabulation operations, including their structure, designations, and relationships to one another. census information center ( cic ) the cic program is a cooperative activity between the census bureau and the national nonprofit organizations representing interests of racial and ethnic communities. the program objective is to make census information and data available to the participating organizations for analysis, policy planning, and for further dissemination through a network of regional and local affiliates. census sample data population and housing information collected only on the census long form for a sample of households. a small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county delineated by a local committee of census data users for the purpose of presenting data. census", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5535310609481024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.475140"} {"text": ". census sample data population and housing information collected only on the census long form for a sample of households. a small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county delineated by a local committee of census data users for the purpose of presenting data. census tract boundaries normally follow visible features, but may follow governmental unit boundaries and other nonvisible features ; they always nest within counties. designed to be relatively homogeneous units with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions at the time of establishment, census tracts average about 4, 000 inhabitants. an address that consists of a house number and street or road name ; for example, 201 main street. the address may or may not be used for the delivery of mail, and may include apartment numbers / designations or similar identifiers. the process of associating numeric codes with write - in strings. for example, the write - in associated with place of birth is turned into a three - digit code. coefficient of variation ( cv ) the ratio of the standard error ( square root of the variance ) to the value being estimated, usually expressed in terms of a percentage ( also known as the relative standard deviation ). the lower the cv, the higher the relative reliability of the estimate. cold deck values the values used to initialize matrices used for hot - deck allocation. reducing the amount of detail shown in a base table to comply with data release rules. community address updating system ( caus ) a post - census 2000 maf improvement program that provides a systematic methodology for enhancement and update of address and feature information. designed to provide a rural counterpart to the update of the city - style addresses received from the u. s. postal services delivery sequence file, caus identifies and conducts listing operations in selected geographic areas suspected of experiencing growth that is either not available from or appears to be incomplete in the u. s. postal services delivery sequence file. address and feature updates collected for caus are added to the maf and the tiger\u00ae system. comparison profiles are available from the acs for 1 - year estimates beginning in 2007. these tables are available for the united states, the 50 states, the district of columbia, and geographic areas with a population of more than 65, 000. the acs interview is classified as complete when all applicable questions have been answered on the mail form, or during a cati or capi interview. the interview may include responses of \" don ' t know \" and \" refused \" to specific questions. computer - assisted personal interviewing ( capi ) a method of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5356806725796657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.476198"} {"text": "have been answered on the mail form, or during a cati or capi interview. the interview may include responses of \" don ' t know \" and \" refused \" to specific questions. computer - assisted personal interviewing ( capi ) a method of data collection in which the interviewer asks questions displayed on a laptop computer screen and enters the answers directly into a computer. computer - assisted telephone interviewing ( cati ) a method of data collection using telephone interviews in which the questions to be asked are displayed on a computer screen and responses are entered directly into a computer. the sample estimate and its standard error permit the construction of a confidence interval that represents the degree of uncertainty about the estimate. each acs estimate is accompanied by the upper and lower bounds of the 90 percent confidence interval, or the 90 percent margin of error, from which a confidence interval can be constructed. a 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the interval defined by the upper and lower bounds contains the true value of the characteristic. the guarantee made by law ( title 13, united states code ) to individuals who provide census information, regarding nondisclosure of that information to others. congressional tool kit a collection of documents developed for members of congress that explain how and why the acs is conducted, its benefits, and how to obtain additional information. the tool kit originally was distributed as hard copies in 3 - ring binders and is now available as a series of online portable document format ( pdf ) files. consumer price index ( cpi ) the cpi program of the bureau of labor statistics produces monthly data on changes in the prices paid by urban consumers for a representative basket of goods and services. a file which represents the current status of any case in sample in the acs. during the acs weighting process, the intercensal population and housing estimates are used as survey controls. weights are adjusted so that acs estimates conform to these controls. count question resolution ( cqr ) a process followed in census 2000 whereby state, local, and tribal government officials could ask the census bureau to verify the accuracy of the legal boundaries used for census 2000, the allocation of living quarters and their residents in relation to those boundaries, and the count of people recorded by the census bureau for specific living quarters. the joint distribution of two or more data characteristics, where each of the categories of one characteristic is repeated for each of the categories of the other characteristic ( s ). a cross - tabulation in a base table is denoted where \" by \" is used as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5216743929228849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.478070"} {"text": "distribution of two or more data characteristics, where each of the categories of one characteristic is repeated for each of the categories of the other characteristic ( s ). a cross - tabulation in a base table is denoted where \" by \" is used as the conjunction between characteristics ; for example, \" age by sex \" or \" age by sex by race. \" current population survey ( cps ) monthly sample survey of the u. s. population that provides employment and unemployment estimates as well as current data about other social and economic characteristics of the population. collected for the bureau of labor statistics by the census bureau. the concept used in the acs to determine who should be considered a resident of a sample address. everyone who is currently living or staying at a sample address is considered a resident of that address, except people staying there for two months or less. people who have established residence at the sample address and are away for only a short period of time are also considered to be current residents. the census bureau offers a wide variety of general purpose data products from the acs. these products are designed to meet the needs of the majority of data users and contain predefined sets of data for standard census geograpic areas, including both political and statistical geography. these products are available on the american factfinder and the acs web site. for users with data needs not met through the general purpose products, the census bureau offers \" custom \" tabulations on a cost - reimbursable basis, with the acs custom tabulation program. custom tabulations are created by tabulating data from acs microdata files. they vary in size, complexity, and cost depending on the needs of the sponsoring client. for users with data needs not met through the general purpose products, the census bureau offers \" custom \" tabulations on a cost - reimbursable basis, with the acs custom tabulation program. custom tabulations are created by tabulating data from acs microdata files. they vary in size, complexity, and cost depending on the needs of the sponsoring client. data capture file the repository for all data captured from mail return forms and by cati and capi blaise instruments. data collection mode one of three acs methods ( mail, telephone, personal visit ) of data collection. data products containing estimates of key demographic, social, economic, and housing characteristics. data swapping is done by editing the source data or exchanging records for a sample of cases. a sample of households is selected and matched", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5076814517727175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.479080"} {"text": "personal visit ) of data collection. data products containing estimates of key demographic, social, economic, and housing characteristics. data swapping is done by editing the source data or exchanging records for a sample of cases. a sample of households is selected and matched on a set of selected key variables with households in neighboring geographic areas that have similar characteristics. because the swap often occurs within a neighboring area, there is usually no effect on the marginal totals for the area or for totals that include data from multiple areas. de facto residence rules de facto means \" in fact. \" a de facto residence rule would define survey residents as all people living or staying at the sample address at the time of the interview without considering other factors such as the amount of time they will be staying there. such a rule would exclude people away from a regular residence even if they were away for only that one day. the acs is using a de facto residence rule when determining the residents of gq facilities eligible to be sampled and interviewed for the survey. delivery sequence file ( dsf ) a u. s. postal service ( usps ) computer file containing all mailing addresses serviced by the usps. the usps continuously updates the dsf as its letter carriers identify addresses for new delivery points and changes in the status of existing addresses. the census bureau uses the dsf as a source for maintaining and updating its maf. demographic area address listing ( daal ) a post - census 2000 program associated with coverage improvement operations, address list development, and automated listing for the caus and demographic household surveys. the program uses automated listing methods to update the inventory of living quarters, and also updates the street network in selected blocks. derived products are informational products based largely on estimates from the base tables. see base tables. disclosure avoidance ( da ) statistical methods used in the tabulation of data prior to releasing data products to ensure the confidentiality of responses. see confidentiality. disclosure review board ( drb ) a board comprised of census bureau staff who review and must approve all data products based on disclosure avoidance rules before they can be released to the public. to subject data to program logic to check for missing data and inconsistencies. edit management and messaging application ( emma ) an internet application used by acs subject - matter analysts to show the status of edit review and to relay analysts relevant comments. numerical values obtained from a statistical sample and assigned to a population parameter. data produced from the acs interviews are collected from samples of housing units. these data are used to produce estimates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.580519937245111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.480241"} {"text": "to show the status of edit review and to relay analysts relevant comments. numerical values obtained from a statistical sample and assigned to a population parameter. data produced from the acs interviews are collected from samples of housing units. these data are used to produce estimates of the actual figures that would have been obtained by interviewing the entire population using the same methodology. research and evaluation conducted by census bureau staff and external experts to assess a broad set of topics including the feasibility and the quality of the data products produced by the acs. failed edit follow - up ( fefu ) data collection activity of mail response records designed to collect missing information. mail returns failing the automated clerical review edit are contacted by telephone. federal agency information program ( faip ) a long - term program of information and technical partnership with federal agencies. the faip is designed to establish a relationship with each agency that will identify the unique opportunities and challenges it faces in using acs data. the program targets assistance based on the needs and resources of each federal agency in order to help the agency make a smooth transition to using acs data. federal government unit ( fgu ) any of a variety of civil divisions ; places and is used for sampling. federal register notice published by the office of the federal register, national archives and records administration ( nara ), the federal register is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other presidential documents. information describing proposed data collection must be posted on the federal register for public review and comment for a 30 - day period and must take place before the office of management and budget ( omb ) can provide final clearance for the data collection. federal - state cooperative program for population estimates ( fscpe ) fscpes are state level organizations, designated by their respective governors, to work cooperatively with the census bureau ' s population estimates program in the production of subnational population estimates and in making data broadly available to the public. field representative ( fr ) a census bureau employee who interviews people to obtain information for a census or survey. file transfer protocol ( ftp ) a process that allows a user to download large files and datasets from american factfinder. final outcome code a code assigned to a cati or capi case at the conclusion of the data collection which characterizes the status of the case, such as \" completed occupied interview \" or \" respondent refusal noninterview. \" first stage sample acs first stage sampling maintains five 20 percent partitions of the maf by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48172453077682065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.481303"} {"text": "of the data collection which characterizes the status of the case, such as \" completed occupied interview \" or \" respondent refusal noninterview. \" first stage sample acs first stage sampling maintains five 20 percent partitions of the maf by determining which addresses were in the first stage sample 4 years prior and excluding them. this ensures that no address is in sample more than once in any 5 - year period. the first phase sample is the universe from which the second phase sample is selected. estimates based on 5 years of acs data. these estimates are meant to reflect the characteristics of a geographic area over the entire 60 - month period and will be published for all geographic areas down to the census block group level. functioning governmental unit ( fgu ) a general purpose government that has the legal capacity to elect or appoint officials, raise revenues, provide surveys, and enter into contracts. the process whereby write - in answers to hispanic origin, race, ancestry, and language are categorized into codes. this is accomplished using an automated system approach, relying on a set of growing dictionaries of write - ins against which responses are computer matched. responses that are not found in the dictionaries are sent to subject matter experts who code them. these new responses are added to the computer dictionaries for subsequent use. the assignment of an address, structure, key geographic location, or business name to a location that is identified by one or more geographic codes. for living quarters, geocoding usually requires identification of a specific census block. geographic summary level a geographic summary level specifies the content and the hierarchical relationships of the geographic elements that are required to tabulate and summarize data. for example, the county summary level specifies the state - county hierarchy. thus, both the state code and the county code are required to uniquely identify a county in the united states or puerto rico. government printing office ( gpo ) a federal agency responsible for producing, procuring, and disseminating printed and electronic publications of the congress as well as the executive departments and establishments of the federal government. governmental unit measure of size ( gumos ) the smallest measure of size associated with a given block. it is used in the sample selection operation to determine the initial sampling rate at the block level. group quarters ( gq ) facilities a gq facility is a place where people live or stay that is normally owned or managed by an entity or organization providing housing and / or services for the residents. these services may include custodial or medical care, as well as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5450771425275429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.482355"} {"text": "or trailer, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied as separate living quarters, or if vacant, intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. separate living quarters are those in which the occupants live separately from any other individuals in the building and have direct access from outside the building or through a common hall. for vacant units, the criteria of separateness and direct access are applied to the intended occupants whenever possible. when information is missing or inconsistent, the census bureau uses imputation methods to assign or allocate values. imputation relies on the statistical principle of \" homogeneity, \" or the tendency of households within a small geographic area to be similar in most characteristics. interactive voice recognition ( ivr ) an automated telephone application which allows the caller to hear prerecorded responses to frequently asked questions. the caller may proceed through the application by entering numbers from the telephone key pad or by speaking responses to select which messages he / she wants to hear. the caller may also elect to speak to an interviewer instead of listening to the recorded responses. official census bureau estimates of the population of the united states, states, metropolitan areas, cities and towns, and counties ; also official census bureau estimates of housing units ( hus ). these are codes assigned to a sample gq assignment in the gqfq system by a field representative when scheduling a personal visit to a sample acs gq facility, when additional research is needed to locate the gq facility, or when a return visit to the gq facility is needed to obtain additional survey information. interpolation is frequently used in calculating medians or quartiles based on interval data and in approximating standard errors from tables. linear interpolation is used to estimate values of a function between two known values. pareto interpolation is an alternative to linear interpolation. in pareto interpolation, the median is derived by interpolating between the logarithms of the upper and lower income limits of the median category. a process in which cati supervisors, for quality control purposes, listen to interviewers while they are conducting interviews with respondents to assure that the interviewer is following all interviewing procedures correctly. the interviewer is not told when the supervisor is listening, but is given feedback on his / her performance after the monitoring. the failure to obtain valid responses or responses consistent with other answers for individual data items. subgroups of the original tabulation universe, especially by race, hispanic origin, ancestry, and tribal groups. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5666741880105298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.484434"} {"text": "feedback on his / her performance after the monitoring. the failure to obtain valid responses or responses consistent with other answers for individual data items. subgroups of the original tabulation universe, especially by race, hispanic origin, ancestry, and tribal groups. for example, many acs base tables are iterated by 9 race and hispanic origin groups. joint economic edit an edit which looks at the combination of multiple variables related to a person ' s employment and income, thereby maximizing the information used for filling any missing related variables. an operation in which keyers use a software program to capture questionnaire responses by typing responses directly into the scanned image of a questionnaire displayed on their work station screen. an operation in which keyers use a software program to capture questionnaire responses from a hard - copy of the questionnaire. a geographic entity whose origin, boundary, name, and description result from charters, laws, treaties, or other administrative or governmental action, such as the united states, states, the district of columbia, puerto rico, the island areas, counties, cities, boroughs, towns, villages, townships, american indian reservations, alaska native villages, congressional districts, and school districts. the legal entities and their boundaries that the census bureau recognizes are those in existence on january 1 of each calendar year. a method of decennial census data collection in some of the more remote, sparsely populated areas of the united states and the island areas, where many of the households do not have mail delivery to city - style addresses. enumerators list the residential addresses within their assignment areas on blank address register pages, map spot the location of the residential structures on census bureau maps, and conduct an interview for each household. local update of census addresses ( luca ) a census 2000 program, established in response to requirements of public law 103 - 430, that provided an opportunity for local and tribal governments to review and update individual address information or block - by - block address counts from the maf and associated geographic information in the tiger\u00ae database. the goal was to improve the completeness and accuracy of both computer files. individuals working with the addresses had to sign a confidentiality agreement before a government could participate. also called the address list review program. the decennial census long - form questionnaire was used to survey a sample of the u. s. population. it contained the questions on the census short form and additional detailed questions relating to the social, economic, and housing characteristics of each individual and household. represents the low end of the 90 percent confidence interval of an estimate from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5752296537633481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.485471"} {"text": "the u. s. population. it contained the questions on the census short form and additional detailed questions relating to the social, economic, and housing characteristics of each individual and household. represents the low end of the 90 percent confidence interval of an estimate from a sample survey. a 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the true number falls between the upper and lower bounds. the address used by a living quarters, special place, business establishment, and the like for mail delivery by the usps. it can be a house number and street or road name, which may be followed by an apartment, unit, or trailer lot designation ; a building or apartment complex name and apartment designation ; a trailer park name and lot number ; a special place / gq facility name ; a post office box or drawer ; a rural route or highway contract route, which may include a box number ; or general delivery. a mailing address includes a post office name, state abbreviation, and zip code. a mailing address may serve more than one living quarters, establishment, and so on. a method of data collection in which the usps delivers addressed questionnaires to housing units. residents are asked to complete and mail the questionnaire to a specified data capture center. main phase sample the annual acs sample is chosen in two phases. during the first phase, referred to as the main phase, approximately 98 percent of the total acs sample is chosen. the main phase sample addresses are allocated to the 12 months of the sample year. the second phase, referred to as supplemental sample selection, is implemented to represent new construction. master address file ( maf ) the census bureau ' s official inventory on known living quarters ( housing units and gq facilities ) and selected nonresidential units ( public, private, and commercial ) in the united states. the file contains mailing and location address information, geocodes, and other attribute information about each living quarters. the census bureau continues to update the maf using the usps dsf and various automated, computer - assisted, clerical, and field operations. master address file geocoding office resolution ( mafgor ) an operation in which census staff try to find the location of addresses from the usps that did not match to the records in the tiger\u00ae database. staff use atlases, maps, city directories, and the like to locate these addresses and add their streets and address ranges to the tiger\u00ae database. master address file / tiger\u00ae reconciliation a post - census 2000 ma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5306237815736428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.486477"} {"text": "in the tiger\u00ae database. staff use atlases, maps, city directories, and the like to locate these addresses and add their streets and address ranges to the tiger\u00ae database. master address file / tiger\u00ae reconciliation a post - census 2000 maf improvement activity where census staff reviewed and corrected map spot inconsistencies in over 1, 800 counties. over 75, 000 maf records in nonmailout / mailback blocks were corrected. the most common types of maf corrections were the assignment of map spots to maf records such that they are consistent with the tiger\u00ae database, and the identification and linkage of duplicate maf records. margin of error ( moe ) some acs products provide an moe instead of confidence intervals. an moe is the difference between an estimate and its upper or lower confidence bounds. confidence bounds can be created by adding the moe to the estimate ( for the upper bound ) and subtracting the moe from the estimate ( for the lower bound ). all published acs moes are based on a 90 percent confidence level. measure of size ( mos ) a generic term used to refer to the estimated size of a specific administrative or statistical area. it is used in the sample selection operation to determine the initial sampling rate at the block level. also referred to as \" response error, \" measurement error occurs when the response received differs from the \" true \" value as a result of the respondent, the interviewer, the questionnaire, the mode of collection, the respondents record - keeping system ( s ) or other similar factors. this measurement represents the middle value ( if n is odd ) or the average of the two middle values ( if n is even ) in an ordered list of data values. the median divides the total frequency distribution into two equal parts : one - half of the cases fall below the median and one - half of the cases exceed the median. medians in the acs are estimated using interpolation methods. information about the content, quality, condition, and other characteristics of data. metadata related to tables presented in american factfinder can be found by clicking on column headings or by clicking \" help \" and then \" census data information. \" minor civil division ( mcd ) a primary governmental and / or administrative subdivision of a county, such as a township, precinct, or magisterial district. mcds exist in 28 states and the district of columbia. in 20 states, all or many mcds are general - purpose governmental units : connecticut, illinois, indiana, kansas,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5105388724777398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.487459"} {"text": ", such as a township, precinct, or magisterial district. mcds exist in 28 states and the district of columbia. in 20 states, all or many mcds are general - purpose governmental units : connecticut, illinois, indiana, kansas, maine, massachusetts, michigan, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, new hampshire, new jersey, new york, north dakota, ohio, pennsylvania, rhode island, south dakota, vermont, and wisconsin. most of these mcds are legally designated as towns or townships. three - and five - year estimates based on multiple years of acs data. three year estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 20, 000 or more. five year estimates will be published for all geographic areas down to the census block group level. primary legal divisions of puerto rico. these are treated as county equivalents. a data product that includes easy - to - read descriptions for a particular geography. national processing center ( npc ) the permanent census bureau processing facility in jeffersonville, indiana. until 1998, it was called the data preparation division. a mailing address that does not use a house number and street or road name. this includes rural routes and highway contract routes, which may include a box number ; post office boxes and drawers ; and general delivery. a sample address which was eligible for an interview, but from which no survey data was obtained. error caused by survey failure to get a response to one or possibly all of the questions. nonresponse error is measured in the acs by survey response rates and item nonresponse rates. an operation whose objective is to obtain complete survey information from housing units for which the census bureau did not receive a completed questionnaire by mail. in the acs, telephone and personal visit methods are used for nonresponse follow - up. total survey error can be classified into two categories - sampling error and nonsampling error. errors that occur during data collection ( for example, nonresponse error, response error, and interviewer error ) or data capture fall under the category of nonsampling error. office of management and budget ( omb ) omb assists the president in the development and execution of policies and programs. omb has a hand in the development and resolution of all budget, policy, legislative, regulatory, procurement, e - government, and management issues on behalf of the president. omb is composed of divisions organized either by agency and program area or by functional responsibilities. however, the work of omb often requires a broad exposure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5121637890470824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.488532"} {"text": ", legislative, regulatory, procurement, e - government, and management issues on behalf of the president. omb is composed of divisions organized either by agency and program area or by functional responsibilities. however, the work of omb often requires a broad exposure to issues and programs outside of the direct area of assigned responsibility. in accordance with the paperwork reduction act of 1995, the census bureau submits survey subjects, questions, and information related to sampling, data collection methods, and tabulation of survey data to omb for approval and clearance. operational response rates response rates for data collection operations conducted in the acs - mail, cati, capi, and fefu operations. optical mark recognition ( omr ) technology that uses a digital image of a completed questionnaire and computer software to read and interpret the marking of a response category and to convert that mark into an electronic response to the survey question. extent to which a frame includes units from the target population more than once, giving the unit multiple chances of selection, as well as the extent to which the frame includes units that are not members of the target population. an estimate based on information collected over a period of time. for acs the period is either 1 year, 3 years, or 5 years. an estimate based on one point in time. the decennial census longform estimates for census 2000 were based on information collected as of april 1, 2000. intercensal estimates used in weighting acs sample counts to ensure that acs estimates of total population and occupied housing units agree with official census bureau estimates. primary sampling unit ( psu ) the psu for the housing unit sample selection is the address. for the gq sample selection it is groups of ten expected interviews. for the small gq sample selection operation it is the gq facility. all residents of small gq facilities in sample are included in the person sample. error introduced in the postdata collection process of taking the responses from the questionnaire or instrument and turning those responses into published data. thus, processing error occurs during data capture, coding, editing, imputation, and tabulation. public use microdata area ( puma ) an area that defines the extent of territory for which the census bureau releases public use microdata sample ( pums ) records. public use microdata sample ( pums ) files computerized files that contain a sample of individual records, with identifying information removed, showing the population and housing characteristics of the units and people included on those forms. public use microdata sample", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5038934564828319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.490334"} {"text": ". public use microdata sample ( pums ) files computerized files that contain a sample of individual records, with identifying information removed, showing the population and housing characteristics of the units and people included on those forms. public use microdata sample ( pums ) management and messaging application ( pmma ) this system is the pums version of emma, and is used by analysts to communicate with the data processing team about their review of the pums files. puerto rico community survey ( prcs ) the counterpart to the acs that is conducted in puerto rico. quality assurance ( qa ) the systematic approach to building accuracy and completeness into a process. quality control ( qc ) various statistical methods that validate that products or operations meet specified standards. a measure of the quality of a particular return which is used when there are multiple returns for a particular sample unit. statistics that provide information about the quality of the acs data. the acs releases four different quality measures with the annual data release : 1 ) initial sample size and final interviews ; 2 ) coverage rates ; 3 ) response rates, and ; 4 ) item allocation rates for all collected variables. an iterative procedure whereby a series of ratio adjustments are performed and then repeated. each ratio adjustment corresponds to a dimension of the raking matrix. the goal of the procedure is to achieve a high degree of consistency between the weighted marginal totals and the control totals used in the ratio adjustment. the raking ratio estimator is also known as iterative proportional fitting. ranking tables are tables and related graphics that show the rank order of a key statistic or derived measure across various geographic areas, currently states, counties, and places. variables on data files that are the result of combining values from more than one variable. time interval to which survey responses refer. for example, many acs questions refer to the day of the interview ; others refer to the \" past 12 months \" or \" last week. \" regional office ( ro ) one of 12 permanent census bureau offices established for the management of all census and survey operations in specified areas. one of four key dimensions of survey quality. relevance is a qualitative assessment of the value contributed by the data. value is characterized by the degree to which the data serve to address the purposes for which they are produced and sought by users ( including mandate of the agency, legislated requirements, and so on. ) rural areas in alaska which are difficult to access. in these areas, all acs sample cases are interviewed using the personal visit mode.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5156386665169179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.491723"} {"text": "are produced and sought by users ( including mandate of the agency, legislated requirements, and so on. ) rural areas in alaska which are difficult to access. in these areas, all acs sample cases are interviewed using the personal visit mode. field representatives attempt to conduct interviews for all cases in specific areas of remote alaska during a single visit. all sample cases in remote alaska are interviewed in either january through april or september through december. the series of rules that define who ( if anyone ) is considered to be a resident of a sample address for purposes of the survey or census. the person supplying survey or census information about his or her living quarters and its occupants. the respondents failure to provide the correct answer to a survey question for any reason, such as poor comprehension of the question meaning, low motivation to answer the question, inability to retrieve the necessary information, or an unwillingness to answer the question truthfully. the response options for a particular survey question shown on the paper questionnaire, read to the respondent in a cati interview or read or presented on a flashcard to the respondent in a capi interview. also referred to as measurement error, response error is any error that occurs during the data collection stage of a survey resulting in a deviation from the true value for a given survey question or questions. errors made by respondents, interviewer errors such as misreading a question or guiding the response to a particular category, and poorly designed data collection instruments or questionnaires all contribute to response error. a rolling sample design jointly selects k nonoverlapping probability samples, each of which constitutes 1 / f of the entire population. one sample is interviewed each time period until all of the sample has been interviewed after k periods. the first month of a samples 3 - month interview period. geographic and statistical entities eligible to be used in determining the sampling strata assignment. errors that occur because only part of the population is directly contacted. with any sample, differences are likely to exist between the characteristics of the sampled population and the larger group from which the sample was chosen. any list or device that, for purposes of sampling, delimits, identifies, and allows access to the sampling units, which contain elements of the sampled population. the frame may be a listing of persons, housing units, businesses, records, land segments, and so on. one sampling frame or a combination of frames may be used to cover the entire sampled population. proportion of the addresses in a geographical area, or residents of a gq facility, who are selected for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.523980385381931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.492889"} {"text": "businesses, records, land segments, and so on. one sampling frame or a combination of frames may be used to cover the entire sampled population. proportion of the addresses in a geographical area, or residents of a gq facility, who are selected for interview in a particular time period. variation that occurs by chance because a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population. second stage sample the set of addresses selected from the first phase sample using a systematic sampling procedure. this procedure employs seven distinct sampling rates. selected population profiles ( spps ) an acs data product that provides certain characteristics for a specific race or ethnic group ( for example, alaska natives ) or other population subgroup ( for example, people aged 60 years and over ). spps are produced directly from the sample microdata ( that is, not a derived product ). the decennial census short - form questionnaire includes questions on sex, age / date of birth, relationship, hispanic origin, race, and tenure. estimates based on the set of acs interviews conducted from january through december of a given calendar year. these estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 65, 000 or more. population sizes of geographical areas that determine when data products will first be released for that area ; for example, areas with 65, 000 or greater populations will get single - year profiles in 2006 and every year thereafter ; areas with 20, 000 or greater populations will receive 3 - year data products in 2008 and every year thereafter. there are no population size thresholds applied to the 5 - year data products other than those imposed by the drb. small area income and poverty estimates ( saipe ) census bureau program that prepares mathematical model - based estimates of selected characteristics of the united states, states, and school districts. a federal census conducted at the request and expense of a local governmental agency to obtain a population count between decennial censuses. special place ( sp ) a special place is an entity that owns and / or manages one or more gq facilities. a special place can be in the same building or location as the gq facility or it can be at a different location than the gq facility it manages or oversees. special sworn status ( sss ) or special sworn status ( sss ) individual individuals with sss are defined as non - census bureau personnel who require access to census information or confidential data. an sss individual is bound by census bureau confidentiality requirements, as authorized by title 13, united states code. the standard error is a measure of the deviation of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5379596874690462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.494612"} {"text": "as non - census bureau personnel who require access to census information or confidential data. an sss individual is bound by census bureau confidentiality requirements, as authorized by title 13, united states code. the standard error is a measure of the deviation of a sample estimate from the average of all possible samples. state data center ( sdc ) a state agency or university facility identified by the governor of each state and state equivalent to participate in the census bureau ' s cooperative network for the dissemination of census data. defined and intended to provide nationally consistent definitions for collecting, tabulating, and publishing federal statistics for a set of geographic areas. the determination of whether the difference between two estimates is not likely to be from random chance ( sampling error ) alone. this determination is based on both the estimates themselves and their standard errors. for acs data, two estimates are \" significantly different at the 90 percent level \" if their difference is large enough to infer that there was a less than 10 percent chance that the difference came entirely from random variation. a grouping or classification that has a similar set of characteristics. refers to the sampling of a sample. the cases that are not completed by mail or through a telephone interview become eligible for capi interviewing. this winnowing of the sample is referred to as subsampling. data products organized by subject area that present an overview of the information that analysts most often receive requests for from data users. successive differences replication ( sdr ) a variance estimation methodology to be used for surveys with a systematic sample. the initial sampling weights are multiplied by sets of 80 predetermined factors, and then reprocessed through the weighting system to produce 80 new sets to replicate weights. the 80 replicate weights and the final production weights are used to estimate the variance of acs estimates. sufficient partial interview a sufficient partial interview means that the census bureau accepts an interview as final even if the respondent did not provide a valid response for all applicable items. summary file 3 ( sf 3 ) this file presents base tables on population and housing characteristics from census 2000 sample topics, such as income and education. it also includes population estimates for ancestry groups and selected characteristics for a limited number of race and hispanic or latino categories. summary file 4 ( sf 4 ) this file presents data similar to the information included on summary file 3. the data from census 2000 are shown down to the census tract level for 336 race, hispanic or latino, american indian and alaska native, and ancestry categories. the sample that is selected from new addresses ( primarily new construction )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5645655474216579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.496031"} {"text": "included on summary file 3. the data from census 2000 are shown down to the census tract level for 336 race, hispanic or latino, american indian and alaska native, and ancestry categories. the sample that is selected from new addresses ( primarily new construction ) and allocated to the last 9 months of the sample year. this is done in january of the sample year. a data collection for a sample of a population. surveys are normally less expensive to conduct than censuses, hence, they may be taken more frequently and can provide an information update between censuses. survey of income and program participation ( sipp ) a longitudinal survey conducted by the census bureau that collects data periodically from the same respondents over the course of several years. the sipp produces data on income, taxes, assets, liabilities, and participation in government transfer programs. the four key elements of survey quality include relevance, accuracy, timeliness, and accessibility. survey response rates a measure of total response across all three modes of data collection, calculated as the ratio of the estimate of the interviewed units to the estimate of all units that should have been interviewed. the acs weights the survey response rate to reflect the sample design, including the subsampling for the capi. see data swapping. errors or inaccuracies occurring in data consistently in one direction, which can distort survey results. by definition, any systematic error in a survey will occur in all implementations of that same survey design. the month associated with a sample case which is used in producing estimates. also known as the interview month, it reflects the response month, which may or may not be the same as the sample month. the specific category of people, households, or housing units on which estimates are based ; for example, people aged 25 and over or occupied housing units. in the context of the acs language program, this refers to the identification of geographic areas warranting specific language tools. telephone questionnaire assistance ( tqa ) a process which allows respondents to call a toll - free telephone number to receive help when completing the survey questionnaire. this process also allows respondents to complete the survey over the telephone with an interviewer. data products that show the geographic patterns in statistical data. thematic maps are a complement to the ranking tables, and are a tool to visually display on a map the geographic variability of a key summary or derived measure. estimates based on 3 years of acs data. these estimates are meant to reflect the characteristics of a geographic area over the entire 36 - month period. these estimates will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5599399999085706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.497242"} {"text": "visually display on a map the geographic variability of a key summary or derived measure. estimates based on 3 years of acs data. these estimates are meant to reflect the characteristics of a geographic area over the entire 36 - month period. these estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 20, 000 or more. one of four key dimensions of survey quality. timeliness refers to both the length of time between data collection and the first availability of a product and to the frequency of the data collection. title 13 ( u. s. code ) the law under which the census bureau operates and that guarantees the confidentiality of census information and establishes penalties for disclosing this information. a disclosure avoidance practice whereby extremely low or high values are masked by replacing them with a value that represents everything above or below a certain value. topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing ( tiger\u00ae ) system or database a digital ( computer - readable ) geographic database that automates the mapping and related geographic activities required to support the census bureau ' s census and survey programs. see census tract. a usps notification that a mailing piece could not be delivered to the designated address. the extent to which the sampling frame does not include members of the target population thus preventing those members from having any chance of selection into the sample. the failure to obtain the minimum required data from a unit in the sample. a sample address that is inadequate for delivery by the usps. a method of data collection used in census 2000 and other censuses, whereby enumerators canvassed assignment areas and delivered a census questionnaire to each housing unit. at the same time, enumerators updated the address listing pages and census bureau maps. the household was asked to complete and return the questionnaire by mail. this method was used primarily in areas where many homes do not receive mail at a city - style address ; that is, the majority of united states households not included in mailout / mailback areas. u / l was used for all of puerto rico in census 2000. represents the high end of the 90 percent confidence interval of an estimate from a sample survey. a 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the true number falls between the upper and lower bounds. an area, sector, or residential development, such as a neighborhood, within a geographic area in puerto rico. urbanized area ( ua ) a densely settled territory that contains 50, 000 or more people. the census bureau delineates uas to provide a better separation of urban and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5577682002011853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.498348"} {"text": "development, such as a neighborhood, within a geographic area in puerto rico. urbanized area ( ua ) a densely settled territory that contains 50, 000 or more people. the census bureau delineates uas to provide a better separation of urban and rural territory, population, and housing in the vicinity of large places. the concept used to define residence in the decennial census. the place where a person lives and sleeps most of the time. voluntary methods test a special test conducted at the request of congress in 2002 to measure the impact on the acs of changing the data collection authority from mandatory to voluntary. a control system which is used to track and assign cases to individual telephone interviewers. webcati evaluates the characteristics of each case ( for example, the date and time of the previous call ) and the skills needed for each case ( for example, the need for the case to be interviewed in spanish ), and delivers the case to the next available interviewer who possesses the matching skill. web data server ( wds ) a research tool for reporters, sdcs, cics, ros, and internal census bureau analysts. wds features a user - friendly interface that allows users to quickly access, visualize, and manipulate acs base tables. a series of survey adjustments. survey data are traditionally weighted to adjust for the sample design, the effects of nonresponse, and to correct for survey undercoverage error.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5034555070790006, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.498973"} {"text": "will the us face blackouts as electricity generation suffers in drought? well, its official \u2013 the u. s. government has acknowledged that the u. s. is in the worst drought in over 50 years, since december 1956, when about 58 percent of the contiguous u. s. was in moderate to extreme drought. according to the national oceanic and atmospheric administration national climatic data center \u2019 s \u201c state of the climate drought july 2012 \u2033 report, \u201c based on the palmer drought index, severe to extreme drought affected about 38 percent of the contiguous united states as of the end of july 2012, an increase of about 5 percent from last month \u2026 about 57 percent of the contiguous u. s. fell in the moderate to extreme drought categories ( based on the palmer drought index ) at the end of july \u2026 according to the weekly u. s. drought monitor, about 63 percent of the contiguous u. s. ( about 53 percent of the u. s. including alaska, hawaii, and puerto rico ) was classified as experiencing moderate to exceptional ( d1 - d4 ) drought at the end of july. \u201d much business writing on the effects of the drought have focused on its agricultural aspects. to give but one, the hottest, driest summer since 1936 scorching the midwest have diminished projected corn and soybean crop yields s in the u. s. for a third straight year to their lowest levels in nine years. accordingly, the price of a bushel of corn has jumped 62 percent since 15 june and soybeans gained 32 percent in the same period. but as consumers fret about the inevitable rise in food prices to come, the drought is unveiling another, darker threat to the american lifestyle, as it is now threatening u. s. electricity supplies. because virtually all power plants, whether they are nuclear, coal, or natural gas - fired, are completely dependent on water for cooling. hydroelectric plants require continuous water flow to operate their turbines. given the drought, many facilities are overheating and utilities are shutting them down or running their plants at lower capacity. few americans know ( or up to this point have cared ) that the country \u2019 s power plants account for about half of all the water used in the united states. for every gallon of residential water used in the average u. s. household, five times more is used to provide that home with electricity via hydropower turbines and fossil fuel power plants, roughly 40, 000 gallons each month. michael webber, associate director of the center for international energy and environmental policy at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41776714862576325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.504305"} {"text": "u. s. household, five times more is used to provide that home with electricity via hydropower turbines and fossil fuel power plants, roughly 40, 000 gallons each month. michael webber, associate director of the center for international energy and environmental policy at the university of texas at austin, is under no such illusions, stating that the summer \u2019 s record high heat and drought have worked together to overtax the nationa\u00a2a \u201a \u00aca \u201e \u00a2s electrical grid, adding that families use more water to power their homes than they use from their tap. webber said, \u201c in summer you often get a double whammy. people want their air - conditioning and drought gets worse. you have more demand for electricity and less water available to produce it. that is what we are seeing in the midwest right now, power plants on the edge. \u201d in july u. s. nuclear - power production hit its lowest seasonal levels in nine years as drought and heat forced nuclear power plants from ohio to vermont to slow output. nuclear regulatory commission spokesman david mcintyre explained, \u201c heat is the main issue, because if the river is getting warmer the water going into the plant is warmer and makes it harder to cool. if the water gets too warm, you have to dial back production, \u201d mcintyre said. \u201c that \u2019 s for reactor safety, and also to regulate the temperature of discharge water, which affects aquatic life. \u201d nuclear is the thirstiest power source. according to the national energy technology laboratory ( netl ) in morgantown, west virginia, the average npp that generates 12. 2 million megawatt hours of electricity requires far more water to cool its turbines than other power plants. npps need 2725 liters of water per megawatt hour for cooling. coal or natural gas plants need, on average, only 1890 and 719 liters respectively to produce the same amount of energy. and oh, the national weather service climate prediction center in its 16 august \u201c u. s. seasonal drought outlook \u201d wrote, \u201c the drought outlook valid through the end of november 2012 indicates drought conditions will remain essentially unchanged in large sections of the central mississippi valley, the central and southwestern great plains, most of the high plains, the central rockies, the great basin, and parts of the far west \u2026 \u201d the lack of rain and the incessant heat, has also increased the need for irrigation water for farming, meaning increasing competition between the agricultural and power generation sectors for the same shrinking water \u201c pool. \u201d but, every cloud has a silver lining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4955850962067351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.505424"} {"text": "\u201d the lack of rain and the incessant heat, has also increased the need for irrigation water for farming, meaning increasing competition between the agricultural and power generation sectors for the same shrinking water \u201c pool. \u201d but, every cloud has a silver lining. california \u2019 s pacific gas and electric co. utility, commonly known as pg & e, that provides natural gas and electricity to most of the northern two - thirds of california, from bakersfield almost to the oregon border, is on the case. pg & e has informed its customers that its \u201c diablo canyon ( nuclear ) power plant, the largest source of generation in the utility \u2019 s service area, is cooled by ocean water, not by rivers that could dry up. \u201d never mind the fact that by the time the diablo canyon npp was completed in 1973, engineers discovered that it was several miles away from the hosgri seismic fault, which had a 7. 1 magnitude earthquake on 4 november 1927. but ocean water as a coolant is not necessarily the answer either. on 12 august dominion resources \u2019 millstone npp, situated on connecticut \u2019 s niantic bay on long island sound, was forced to shut down one of two reactor units because seawater used to cool down the plant was too warm, averaging 1. 7 degrees above the nrc limit of 75 degrees fahrenheit. the millstone npp, which provides half of all power used in connecticut and 12 percent in new england, was only restarted twelve days later. the federal government is hardly known for its scaremongering tactics, but it would seem that mother nature is forcing americans to belatedly consider making some lifestyle changes, as the choice seems to be devolving into energy conservation, turning down the air conditioner and digging deeper into the wallet for food costs. it might also be time for serious national discussion about renewable energy, including wind and solar. if the sun stops shining, all bets are off. by. john c. k. daly of oilprice. comhome solar power, hydroelectric plants, national oceanic and atmospheric administration, palmer drought index short url : http : / / www. solarthermalmagazine. com /? p = 21120", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5027186607237357, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.506387"} {"text": "cubesat thruster : engine of creation a worry about the proliferation of cubesat satellite launches is adding clutter to an already troublesome amount of earth - circling debris. if cubesats were deployed at higher orbits, they would take much longer to degrade, potentially creating space clutter. as more cubesats are launched farther from earth in the future, the resulting debris could become a costly problem. \u201c these satellites could stay in space forever as trash, \u201d says paulo lozano, an associate professor of aeronautics and astronautics at the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ). this trash could collide with other satellites. \u201c you could basically stop the space age with just a handful of collisions, \u201d he suggests. today, more than two dozen cubesats orbit earth \u2013 each slightly bigger than a rubik \u2019 s cube, and tip the scale at less than three pounds. but now, an ultra - small rocket thruster could soon power the smallest of satellites in space. as small as a penny, these thrusters run on jets of ion beams. the device, fabricated by lozano, is a flat, compact square \u2014 much like a computer chip \u2014 covered with 500 microscopic tips that, when stimulated with voltage, emit tiny beams of ions. together, the array of spiky tips creates a small puff of charged particles that can help propel a shoebox - sized satellite forward. lozano and his colleagues found that an array of 500 tips produces 50 micronewtons of force \u2014 an amount of thrust that, on earth, could only support a small shred of paper. but in zero - gravity space, this tiny force would be enough to propel a two - pound satellite. this new technology could enable cubesats to propel down to lower orbits to burn up, or even act as space garbage collectors, pulling retired satellites down to degrade in earth \u2019 s atmosphere. the mit researchers envision a small satellite with several microthrusters, possibly oriented in different directions. when the satellite needs to propel out of orbit, onboard solar panels would temporarily activate the thrusters. in the future, lozano predicts, microthrusters may even be used to power much larger satellites : flat panels lined with multiple thrusters could propel a satellite through space, switching directions much like a rudder, or the tail of a fish. \u201c just like solar panels you can aim at the sun, you can point the thrusters in any direction you want, and then thrust, \u201d lozano says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5338136824659674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.509117"} {"text": "empowering parents with the information they need \u2014 school report cards the movie \" won ' t back down \" has gotten people across the country talking about what we can do to give parents more options when it comes to their kids ' education. there are many ways that districts and states can empower parents \u2013 \" won ' t back down \" highlights one policy, parent trigger, that allows parents to petition to turn around their kids ' failing schools. if we want to get parents truly involved, however, we need to give them more information. parents need to understand what ' s happening at their children ' s schools and how well they are learning. that ' s why studentsfirst advocates for empowering parents with school report cards. annual school report cards provide parents with information about how their kids ' schools are performing in an easy - to - understand format, just like a student ' s academic report card. with school report cards, each school and district receives an a - f letter grade based on how well they are educating their students. school report cards can look at a variety of factors, such as student achievement and growth, achievement gaps among different groups of students, graduation and matriculation rates, and attendance. states such as florida and indiana have already started issuing school report cards. knowledge is power \u2013 the information included in school report cards will help give parents the information they need to be strong advocates for their kids and to make informed choices about schools. to learn more about school report cards, see \" empowering parents with data : school report cards \" below ( or you can download it here ). topics : empower parents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47573267641227374, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.513851"} {"text": "sentinel staff writer anastasia state recreation area, st. augustine thousands of years have washed over this slender sandbar of a barrier island called anastasia. but only recently has man written his history on this coastline. as you stand along the park ' s barren, wind - swept beach, squinting inland over light - washed marshes held apart from the sea by heaped dunes of sugar sand, you can feel the primal pull of the waves. it is this great ocean - - nipping like a frothing emerald - gray wolf against anastasia ' s eastern flank - - that has shaped both the natural and manmade history of the land on which you stand. the timucuas must have known the allure of the water well. the indians were the first inhabitants, fishing in inland lagoons, hunting in maritime woodlands, hunkering down along the shore of what one day would be known as the atlantic ocean. then, in the early 1500s, according to local legend, don juan ponce de leon was delivered here on the atlantic ' s rolling back. when he sighted this land, he named it \" la florida \" and claimed it for spain. during the next 50 years, the spanish attempted to establish a settlement in the wild territory. they failed many times. but the french didn ' t. in 1564 they established fort caroline, a garrison at the mouth of the st. johns river. in response, spain ' s king phillip ii called upon pedro menendez de aviles, the country ' s most experienced admiral, to colonize the territory and drive out the interlopers. at the northern tip of anastasia, at st. augustine inlet, you can gaze across the water at the mainland and imagine menendez coming ashore there on the feast day of st. augustine in 1565. he set about establishing a settlement on the matanzas river at the timucuan village of seloy. he named his settlement in the saint ' s honor. the timucuas were friendly at first, but in 1566, they tired of the spaniards and drove them out. the spanish resettled on anastasia. eventually, in the 1570s, the settlement moved back to the mainland. many bloody skirmishes marked st. augustine ' s infancy, and anastasia was a quiet witness. shortly after its establishment, the french sent soldiers south from fort caroline to attack st. augustine, but a hurricane blew their ship south of present - day daytona beach, where it wrecked. as the french sailed, menendez marched north and attacked the french outpost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3558957405094772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.524196"} {"text": "after its establishment, the french sent soldiers south from fort caroline to attack st. augustine, but a hurricane blew their ship south of present - day daytona beach, where it wrecked. as the french sailed, menendez marched north and attacked the french outpost, which was easily vanquished. meanwhile, the shipwrecked french troops walked north toward st. augustine in two groups, eventually arriving at a broad inlet that separated them from south anastasia island. the french surrendered, and the spanish transported them across the inlet to anastasia, where most of the french soldiers were executed when they refused to convert to catholism. thus the inlet and river gained their names : matanzas - - \" massacre. \" the fledgling st. augustine was repeatedly attacked by the british. in 1672, work began on a huge fortress that would help to defend the city. the massive castillo de san marcos, now a national monument, rose on the bay, enfolded in the arms of anastasia island to the south and a slim mainland peninsula to the north. anastasia gave up her backbone for the fort ' s creation. timucuas and, later, enslaved africans, toiled in quarries on the island, chiseling the building blocks of the fort from massive formations of coquina, a limestone formed from crushed shells. anastasia island felt no pain as the stone was extracted. she dozed, as she does now, rocked into a timeless slumber by the rhythm of the slapping waves that both mold and erode her shoreline. nature still at work when you stand on the east coast of anastasia in the state park - - north of st. augustine beach, where the shore is unmarred by the high - rise condos and resorts found elsewhere in the state - - it is quite something to behold. indeed, the coastline of the island smacks of a florida that hasn ' t yet succumbed to the supersizing of many other coastal communities. the state park is at the island ' s northeast end, preserving a four - mile stretch of beach and a tidal lagoon. winds leave etch - a - sketch squiggles in the sand of steep, undulating sand dunes, a ready medium for mother nature ' s artistic hand. oaks have been shaped into full - size bonsais. they bend like hunched, weathered mariners with their backs to the wind and limbs outstretched, as if reaching for the mainland. inland, a shaded nature trail climbs and falls over the remnants of dunes more than 100, 000 years old. seashells crunch under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3926301776546117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.525344"} {"text": "bend like hunched, weathered mariners with their backs to the wind and limbs outstretched, as if reaching for the mainland. inland, a shaded nature trail climbs and falls over the remnants of dunes more than 100, 000 years old. seashells crunch under foot as you tread through a tangle of maritime forest of yaupon holly, southern red cedar, laurel oak, sabal palms and saw palmetto. this strip of seashore is in constant flux, thanks to the constant pushing and pulling of sand by the sea ' s waves. the beach ' s history actually is a short one. much of it developed after 1940, when the army corps of engineers dredged a new inlet north of it. conch island and bird island joined like siamese twins, and salt run, a saltwater marshland between ancient dunes and more modern ones, lengthened. the area became the state ' s domain in 1949. there is little human activity on the beach on a blustery day in early spring. surfers in black wetsuits bob in the water offshore like seals, occasionally rising on their boards for a short ride on a modest curl. earnest beachcombers are out under the churning gray sky, eyes searching the sand for a gift from poseidon. there are jellies here along with bivalves, washed up in gelatin death, attracting flies. gulls pay little heed to the bounty brought in on the waves. instead, they flock around visitors like dogs under a dinner table, begging for tidbits. the dunes are heaped to a height of 10 feet and more, growing around a skeleton of picket fences. signs planted in the dunes warn beachgoers not to walk on the dunes, but pocking their sides are small, shifted - sand craters - - evidence of man ' s ignorant disregard of the fragile dunes ecosystem. seafood, of course northwest of the state park ' s entrance and the coquina quarries, the bridge of lions spans the matanzas river between mainland and the island. here is davis shores, a residential area that bears the moniker of dave davis ' dream - gone - bust. in the mid - 1920s, davis, best known for developing davis islands in tampa, had planned a 1, 500 - acre luxury resort. in preparation, he mowed down most of the land ' s vegetation. but the florida land bust that preceded the depression descended, turning davis ' dream sour. instead of a plush resort and golf course, a quiet neighborhood, composed mostly of modest ranch - style", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.406301150818865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.526400"} {"text": "out of sight of the other. one good storm and anastasia might well one day be divided in two. roll on into slow - paced crescent beach, where sea and marsh hold land in a tight girdle. stand on a dune, and you can gaze out to the atlantic, then glance over your shoulder to see the rippled water of the matanzas river. since the 1890s, the place has been the beach getaway of choice for inland residents from hastings, palatka and gainesville. it even lured marjorie kinnan rawlings, the author of cross creek, who in 1939 dipped into the earnings from her acclaimed book, the yearling, to purchase a rambling house perched on a dune above the frothing atlantic. she could have lived anywhere, but she picked anastasia and the dwelling a friend dubbed \" crawlings - by - the - sea \" for its plentiful spiders. here she wrote cross creek and was visited by such literary luminaries as robert frost, zora neale hurston and dylan thomas. ernest hemingway stayed several times as a guest of rawlings when he passed through on his way north from key west. in 1953, rawlings died in the long, narrow house by the sea, which, she confided to a friend in a letter, would sometimes get on her nerves. apparently she occasionally needed the quiet reassurance of inland forests, like that found near her home in cross creek. that rawling ' s beach house still stands in beige anonymity on a one - lane road paralleling a1a is a testament to one woman ' s commitment to saving an important literary landmark. the late mary elizabeth streeter, a retired professor of children ' s literature from indianapolis, bought the sagging house in the early ' 80s for more than $ 300, 000, and put at least that amount toward its renovation. her children now own it. back when rawlings occupied the house, crescent beach was a blink of an eye on a1a. now several convenience stores dot the highway, and a stoplight does a slow wind - propelled waltz above the intersection of a1a and s. r. 206. the place these days is more populated with condos than cracker beach houses, but it nonetheless retains a certain charm. that ' s probably because its residents, regardless of the modernity of their dwellings, want to keep the pace slow. when the state proposed a project in 1997 that would four - lane a1a from st. augustine beach south to s. r. 206,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4005447208174279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.530605"} {"text": "s probably because its residents, regardless of the modernity of their dwellings, want to keep the pace slow. when the state proposed a project in 1997 that would four - lane a1a from st. augustine beach south to s. r. 206, residents protested and st. johns county commission voted to ask the state to kill the plan. the excitement most days is no bigger than seeing steve spurrier, former gators football coach and crescent beach resident, out for a jog. at the island ' s southern extreme is the fort matanzas national monument. the fort, actually on rattlesnake island to the west, was built in 1740 to protect matanzas inlet. as you take the ferry across the river and through the marshes, you can turn your face back into the salty wind and gaze east to the very tip of anastasia and imagine the fate of the hapless french soldiers who died here on the stark - white dunes. the sea, of course, erased signs of the conflict from the dunes long ago, but anastasia will forever wear the ugly scar of its history. ghosts may walk the sand, though they leave no tell - tale, shifting footprints on the dunes. be still and you can almost feel their presence on the wind that ruffles anastasia ' s fringe of sea oats, mingling with the long, forlorn cries of gulls that circle overhead. copyright \u00a9 2013, orlando sentinel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3836302729364447, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.531280"} {"text": "a ( food ) forest takes root in a ( food ) desert how do you make a food desert bloom? the range of solutions to these urban areas without ready access to fresh food has included full - service grocery stores, farmers markets, and even small urban farms. all of these answers, of course, require someone ( usually from outside the community ) to make produce available. what if there was a way for food desert residents to just gather their own fresh food? residents of syracuse, new york \u2019 s south side are focusing on just that question, and attempting to answer it with the establishment of a permaculture - based forest garden outside of the new rahma free health clinic. different from other forms of gardening, a forest garden, or food forest, is established with perennial plants that support one another. a seven - layer, multi - tiered system ensures that the whole system gets what it needs in terms of nutrients and water, and sustains itself over the long term. this particular forest garden is being designed and built by the alchemical nursery, a local permaculture organization ; you can take a look at the plans they \u2019 ve developed for the space. the location of the forest garden is no accident : it \u2019 s designed to support the clinic in advocating for healthy lifestyles within this impoverished community. but the food grown won \u2019 t be limited to clinic patients \u2013 any member of the community can come to the garden ( once established ) to pick berries and other edibles. of course, such an effort requires some funding ( though not a ton ), so the involved organizations have launched a crowdfunding project on indiegogo. they \u2019 ve got 17 days left to raise just over $ 1000 ; if you \u2019 re inspired by the work they \u2019 re doing, consider kicking in a few bucks. got experience with permaculture or urban food deserts? let us know what you think of this effort. more from sustainablog : image credit : screen capture from rahma forest garden trailer video", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4438959949968715, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.533586"} {"text": "of the bible | | a timeline is an easy way to visualize the timing and order of the stories and major events in the bible. you can also use a timeline to emphasize that the events recorded in the bible are true and really | | use a bible drill to reinforce a topic from a story. | creation clothes pins | | use this matching game to remind the preschoolers of all that god created. | | preschoolers will love coloring with these creation crayons that you can make. | | write a story and use the black and white coloring pages to illustrate the book. tape butcher paper on wall. children use markers, colors, magazine pictures, stickers, etc. to create a picture that tells a story or illustrates a bible truth. the | | jesus called the apostles, sermon on the level place, the good samaritan, jesus taught about prayer, recreate the last | ask the whiz kid - part i | | the children learn about sin, forgiveness, and demonstrating faith by responding to real life situations. | what is sin and | | what is sin and how does it affect a person ' s relationship with god? what is forgiveness? | | what is more important - to have your sins forgiven or to have your body | ask the whiz kid - part ii | | the children think about who jesus is by responding to real life | building blocks 101 | | use this demonstration to help the children understand the strength of a church or a life which has jesus christ as | signs of success | | children rank the success of six adults to learn that the value of a person should be based on an eternal life with god and not material assets. | get well card | | let the children choose markers, colors, pens, construction paper, etc. to use in designing a get well card for a friend. | | set up a doctor station and let the younger students play with ace bandages, play stethoscopes, crutches, or whatever you have. | the healing power of | | discuss childhood ailments and their cures to teach about faith, trust, and jesus ' power over sickness. place 2 \" masking tape on the child ' s wrist, sticky side out. take a nature walk and let the children create their nature bracelets by sticking grass, pebbles, leaves, flowers, etc. to the bracelet. collect leaves, large blades of grass, flat rocks, small sticks, etc. select a leaf, blade of grass or whatever and lay it flat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49215884490924167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.540601"} {"text": "create their nature bracelets by sticking grass, pebbles, leaves, flowers, etc. to the bracelet. collect leaves, large blades of grass, flat rocks, small sticks, etc. select a leaf, blade of grass or whatever and lay it flat on the table. cover it with white paper and rub the top of the paper with | nature scavenger hunt divide the children into several groups. give each group a sack and a list of nature items to collect. the list could include a rock, green leaf, brown leaf, flower, etc. | measure and weigh the class. | | record the height and weight of each child on a giraffe measuring chart. | | take the kids outside and pick up litter on the church grounds. call from jesus | | see if the children can identify whose behavior indicates they have responded to the call from jesus. | | make a fishing pole and let the children catch paper fish. | | use this activity to help the children understand what a tax collector did and why tax collectors were disliked. | time for prayer | | encourage the children to follow the example of jesus and pray before making big decisions or doing something important. let each child tell about the activities planned for the coming week. | what do i do? | | these situations help the children understand what jesus meant when he said to love your enemies. | | learn the importance of following the right people. | what is god like? | | use this activity to help the children understand the qualities of | put on the armor of | | younger students can learn the nature of jesus and why he can be | put god ' s armor to work | | the children can actively demonstrate why a person can trust jesus when facing a difficult situation. | put your fears in a box | | trusting in jesus can help when you are afraid. | read the story from a scroll | | use butcher paper and dowels to make a scroll. use the bible to copy the story on the scroll. let the children take turns reading the story from the scroll. | make a scroll | | each student can make a scroll using straws and letter size paper. the children can write the memory verse or bible truth on the scroll. | don ' t judge a snack by | | choices should not be based solely on appearances. | the suffering and humiliation of | | use visual aids to teach that jesus suffered real pain and is responsible for the death of jesus? | | discover that all sinners are responsible for the death of jesus. and its consequences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4819497177152926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.541679"} {"text": "based solely on appearances. | the suffering and humiliation of | | use visual aids to teach that jesus suffered real pain and is responsible for the death of jesus? | | discover that all sinners are responsible for the death of jesus. and its consequences | | jesus died to give us eternal life because even the smallest sins make us unacceptable to god. | | children can agree to bear each other ' s punishment for a week at a time. | the resurrection egg hunt | | use this activity to reinforce the fact that jesus rose from the dead. | go to work for god | | children learn the different kinds of things they can do to help god bring people into his kingdom. | top 5 countdown in prayer | | use this game to help the children understand there are no limits to prayer. a person can pray whenever, wherever, and for whatever there is a reason to pray. use this activity to help the children understand that they should love others regardless of where they live, what they do, the language they speak, | search for the | | use these activities to help the children understand the joy god has when a person separated from god returns to | | use this activity to help the children understand what they should do when a person turns from god. the children can also think about how god acts towards a sinner who asks for forgiveness and wants to return to god. | the world vs. the kingdom of god | | use this activity to help the children understand how the requirements for entry into god ' s kingdom differ from the standards sometimes imposed by the world. | | use this activity to help the children understand that jesus fulfilled the prophecies of the old testament prophets. | smell the nard. | | bring a sample of nard ( also called spikenard or nardostachys jatamansi ) and let the children smell the perfume mary used to anoint jesus. | | what is temptation and how can it be resisted? | the definition of sin | | identify which sins make a person unacceptable to god. | the impact of | | learn that sin affects more than just the sinner. if nobody ' s watching | | use this activity to help the children understand that god always knows what is on our minds and in our hearts. | | use this activity to help the children understand that the more a person lives a sinful life, the easier it is to sin, and the more a person tries to please god, the easier it gets to please god. | | cain was a farmer. abel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5103510480911223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.542605"} {"text": "activity to help the children understand that the more a person lives a sinful life, the easier it is to sin, and the more a person tries to please god, the easier it gets to please god. | | cain was a farmer. abel was a shepherd. teach the children about other jobs mentioned in the bible by having a career day. | draw the ark. | | ask the children to read genesis 6 : 14 - 16 and use markers, colors and their imagination to draw the ark noah built. | | use a us jefferson 5\u00a2 coin, a us kennedy 50\u00a2 coin, a us sacagawea golden dollar, a container of coffee and a child to teach the children about the units of weight used during biblical times such as the shekel or the talent. child ' s weight in talents | | do the children in your class know how many talents they weigh? use a scale and this conversion chart to discover their weight in talents, minas, shekels, pims, bekas, | bible story activities - weights | | activities to help children visualize weights mentioned in the bible. includes the weight of rebekah ' s ring and bracelets, david ' s crown, goliath ' s armor and spear, the gold and silver david set aside for the building of the temple and others. | | the children experience what it is like to be the only person resisting temptation. | ask the whiz kid - part iii | | the children learn about favoritism and jealousy by responding to real life situations. | | help the children understand that god can use any person to do his work, regardless of that | ways to serve the children think about different ways they can serve god. | | these greek words are taken from james 1 : 22 and mean \" doers of the word \". teach the children to say these words and encourage them to use the words as a special greeting for anyone they meet. since no one will understand what they are saying, the children will then have to explain that the words mean a person must do what the bible says. | don ' t play favorites | | this activity will help the children learn through experience that playing favorites is not the thing god wants us to do. | | god placed a rainbow in the sky as a reminder of the covenant he made with noah. ask the children to make up signs which can remind them of some of god ' s other | the promise maker | | a person ' s promises reflect his or her character. help the children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48512251826137653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.544683"} {"text": "for parents and teachers, bullying can be a worrying, complicated issue to resolve. child bullying has been known to lead to injury and even death. for many people, one of the biggest questions about child bullying is why it happens in the first place. so why do kids bully one another, and how can you stop it? social problems. many kids can turn to bullying as a way to solve other problems they are having. for children, it is normally easier to bully somebody than it is to work a problem out. at a young age, children are less likely to be able to manage their emotions or to learn how to solve problems the right way. bullying often becomes a much easier way out, and is not necessarily a conscious decision. following an example. bullying often occurs when a youngster is being bullied by others already or when behavior at home sets an example. children who live with an abusive parent, for example, may not know any other means of getting their way than being aggressive and demonstrating bullying behaviors. if this is all that a child sees, he or she is unlikely to behave differently. gang mentality. older children may become bullies because of peer pressure. peer groups attack other kids verbally and emotionally, often because they are confused or uncertain of their own identities, and they feel the need to establish authority. gang mentality occurs because other children see this behavior and decide that if they do not want to become victims of this themselves, they need to join the bullies. how to respond. bullying is a complex problem and needs to be carefully managed by parents. it is worth bearing in mind that bullying seldom occurs as a one - time event, so parents cannot expect resolution to be reached with a single action. maintaining an open dialogue with your kids is critical, in terms of identifying if your child is being bullied or if your child is a bully. setting the right example at home, in terms of conduct, is critical. remember that the smallest of things can be taken by a child as permission to behave in this way. what to do if your child is bullied. if you believe your child is being bullied, you must take action. try to address the issue through proper channels. talk to the school and give the personnel the opportunity to address the problem. in very severe cases, you may consider involving the police, but try to do so with the school ' s support. remember that the parents of the bully may well be unreceptive to any contact that you have with them, so think carefully about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46352967949940505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.547520"} {"text": "what xml means published : april 1, 2004 published in tdan. com april 2004 publisher ' s note... this article previously appeared in the journal of conceptual modeling, may 2003. the following two quotes were denigrated in a recent article : 1 ) \u201c there really is no difference between a document and a database. \u201d 2 ) \u201c xml data is fundamentally different from relational data \u2026 [ relational structure ] can led to inefficiencies in queries and retrievals. \u201d while both of these claims were denounced, they both do contain substantial truth. this article will consider to what extent they are true. it will also present xml as a reasonable data model with characteristics of special interest. natural language is more general, expressive and difficult than relational databases. nevertheless, texts certainly do store data and do require a model ( background knowledge ) to be information \u2013 try reading in a foreign language or in an unknown theoretical field in your own language. since natural language is a proliferating machine - readable data source, thanks to the web, it is of legitimate interest as a data object. unfortunately the problem of extracting data from general text is not solved, perhaps not even solvable. xml offers an approach in which the users of language can mark the significant factual content of text. the raison d \u2019 etre of xml is marking, not data management. however to mark content implies that some level of data management must be inherent. moreover the simple, hierarchical structure of xml, the expressiveness of tags and the flexible range of constraints available through the dtd ( a bnf equivalent ) creates a data model adaptable to many sources \u2013 text, formula, database or programmatic data. this article proceeds by examining pascal \u2019 s definition of data model. a simple data model for xml is given and is examined against pascal \u2019 s definition of and requirements for a data model. some characteristics unique to xml are shown and an argument is made that it is simple in a meaningful sense. it is a tenet, since von neumann, that anything may be data. in this regard, there is no difference between a conceptual model, a logical model and a physical model. all maintain data. the differences are simply what the models mean to represent. these models are at three levels because : 1 ) they represent three levels of abstraction in one process, 2 ) what is modeled at each level is different. all three models support data structuring, data \u2018 access \u2019 and inference. even a simple diagrammatic notion such as a semantic network diagram does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5727220131852038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.559870"} {"text": "they represent three levels of abstraction in one process, 2 ) what is modeled at each level is different. all three models support data structuring, data \u2018 access \u2019 and inference. even a simple diagrammatic notion such as a semantic network diagram does these. it is certainly fair to insist on a narrower definition for \u2018 data model \u2019. among proponents of xml there are two distinguishable viewpoints, related to the purposes of the viewers. the first view is a data centric view. persons with this view are interested in more or less the same set of operations as traditional dbms. xml seems to be, with a suitable query language, adequate for this. this view is fundamental in xml - ql and in semi - structured databases. [ abiteboul ] the second ( and the original ) view of xml is a text centric view. persons with this view are concerned with capturing the data content of texts without the violence of re - writing the source. xml marking while useful, is not perfect at capturing the data in even the most common texts. [ riggs ] technically a model is just a set with relations such that there is an interpretation function that makes the standard commutation diagram work. xml is a model of data in text, as complete with respect to data as relational theory. xml maps far more directly to text data sources. that this ready mapping extends to many other program systems may be no more than the reflection of the nature of programs themselves. it is however a fact of real world practice, shown by the proliferation of xml as an underlying means of logical storage in more and more software systems. a data model is not a map a data model is not \u201c a general theory of data used to map enterprise - specific business model \u2026 to enterprise specific logical models that are understood by dbms ' s. \u201d a compiler is a map from a conceptual model to a physical model. compiler theories ( such as lr - k grammars and algorithms ) are maps from language classes to compilers. relational theory is a general data model, in which specific models may be constructed. the paradigm here is first order predicate calculus in which a theory may be embedded. as a practical matter, creating a database ( or information base, etc. ) requires a judicious choice of theoretically possible representations. this is quite as true for relational models as any other. fictitious ( non - domain ) entities may be created ( as for m - n relationships ). constraints must be selected or omitted. the entire design may become subject to efficiency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5765709450016281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.561887"} {"text": "theoretically possible representations. this is quite as true for relational models as any other. fictitious ( non - domain ) entities may be created ( as for m - n relationships ). constraints must be selected or omitted. the entire design may become subject to efficiency and purposive constraints as well. the xml data model while xml is new and evolving, the fundamental data representation is the well - known a tree. for sake of argument, the following is the model for xml 1 ) an ordered tree of named nodes with id \u2019 s. with two named, leaf nodes : a ) a \u2018 text \u2019 node that holds a string. 2 ) a set of manipulations ( xslt, xmlql, xql, xirql are candidates. ) b ) a \u2018 reference \u2019 node that holds a pointer to a node existing in the tree. it is similar to other models such as semi - structured data. [ abiteboul ] xml as a data model rather than offer a specific definition of data model, pascal ' s criteria for a data model are examined. xml seems to meet them if they define storing and retrieving data and are not construed so narrowly as to simply define \u2018 relational database \u2019. the tree is one of the most basic models of data. it is no less formal because it is not generally described by first order predicate calculus and set theory. it does not have a specific semantics as has been recognized for a long time. [ link ] we are not aware of an essentially clearer semantics for relational databases. the desire for a richer representation of link semantics for xml is addressed in addressed by several communities. rdf is an example of this. [ rdf ] the xml model has four types : node names, node id \u2019 s, node references and content as data. the semantics of the first three is as clear as table names, column headers or foreign keys. content is more general / less detailed than relational domains. content and node references clearly are data in xml. node id ' s are ' pseudo data ', they are arbitrary, but constrained to uniqueness. node names are not subject to data operations ( although we may generate them in xml processors ). in a sense then, xml has more data types than the relational where we mean types of data not domains. the utility of general data types is to map values to sets of operations ; a specific list is not a definition of ' data model '. strings, of course, support only weak data operations. yet in normal discourse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5671686062215751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.562919"} {"text": "mean types of data not domains. the utility of general data types is to map values to sets of operations ; a specific list is not a definition of ' data model '. strings, of course, support only weak data operations. yet in normal discourse, words have types. they are ' soft typed ', i. e. the reader can interpret them by context. such a theory ( more probably sets of such theories ) would be of interest. the lack of a broader range of content data types is a concern for some potential uses of xml. extensions to xml such as xml schema address this. [ schema ] xml schema is much richer in data types than most relational systems. the normal forms are a masterpiece in relational theory. they are however not universally applied in building relational databases they are constraints on the relational theories inference methods with the aristotelian goal of not saying of what is not that it is. the 1st normal form is distinct from the others in that regard. xml will have to address keys in order to develop a similar area of theory. pascal explicitly mentions constraints as representing business rules. the dtd, which is a specific formulation of bnf seems to be a reasonable means to express these constraints. it is not clear that these are part of the relational model proper. keys are one integrity constraint not normally considered in xml articles. thus data referring to an individual can occur in several places. this models textual reality, but may be a difficulty in practice. this concern is indirectly implied in \" xml and free text \". [ riggs ] xml data operations, based on tree traversal, are in no way theoretically deficient. whether they are practically sufficient is a separate question. again one may define data model as narrowly as one wishes, but only by removing sense. xml separates its representation model from its inference model. there are several candidate inference models, among them xslt, xml - ql, xql and xirql. select and project are simple enough ( although obviously not exactly the ' same '. ) many with the data base view of xml do insist that the set of operations must be broadened to include at least join. [ xmlql ] others with the text centric view wish to add operations required for text retrieval. [ xirql ]. why these operations on a data ( information -, text -, knowledge - ) base are not legitimate is not clear to me. data model characteristics if xml is a data model ( the old hierarchical model more or less )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5698822781439344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.563958"} {"text": "xirql ]. why these operations on a data ( information -, text -, knowledge - ) base are not legitimate is not clear to me. data model characteristics if xml is a data model ( the old hierarchical model more or less ) perhaps it is just a poor model. this is belied prima facie by its increasing use. pascal offers four necessary characteristics of a data model are considered below. it is well - known that a relational database can be represented as a tree and vice - versa [ abiteboul ]. the formalization above is enough for this purpose. thus in the formal sense of what can be represented, neither is more general than the other. xml is superior to relational databases in at least one sense : it can often be imposed on free text sources without disturbing them. relational databases do not maintain locality of data. [ sowa ] this is exactly the real sense of the quote, dismissed by pascal, that \u201c xml data is fundamentally different from relational data \u2026 [ relational structure ] can led to inefficiencies in queries and retrievals. \u201d the tree representation does something that relational representations cannot do - represent the data as it is without need of reconstruction. generality of inference is another aspect of a model. in xml we have to pick from the competing inference models. the range of data operations is narrower, the same or broader as we choose. the use of xml as a serialization of data between software systems includes rdbms but extends to many other sorts of applications. the desired generality would seem to be to communicate data between the widest assortment of applications of all types. besides text, the structure of data in most programs is more nearly tree - like than relational. the value of a single representation for interchange is obvious. formality formality does not depend on expression in predicate calculus plus set theory. the representational model of xml is adequately formal. the inference models for traditional data processes depend on tree traversal and are equally well defined. if we extend inference to include search as in the information retrieval community, there are also formal models. ( they most fundamental - the probabilistic model, is however difficult. ) no model is simply \u2018 complete \u2019. a model is complete with respect to some domain, abstract or real and set of operations. soundness is similarly determined by that comparison, not by the choice of mathematical theory chosen to express the model. it is quite possible for a graphical theory to be sound and complete. to turn the normal relationship on its head", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5556395005824671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.565039"} {"text": "real and set of operations. soundness is similarly determined by that comparison, not by the choice of mathematical theory chosen to express the model. it is quite possible for a graphical theory to be sound and complete. to turn the normal relationship on its head, tableaus are a sound and complete theory for sentential calculus. since representation equality of xml and relations is guaranteed, only inferential completeness is at question here. the inference in the domain of discourse are the important criterion here. information retrieval is a ubiquitous example in which non - crisp methods ( vector or probabilistic retrieval ) are typically of more value than crisp ( boolean ) methods. simplicity is likewise not a single measure. relational databases are reasonably economical, that is they do not have too many axiom schemata or inference rules. the same is true of trees and tree traversal. representational simplicity is also of concern as is operational simplicity. the formal issue is one of more or less, not optimal. no one i know likes to write their logical formulas using the sheffer stroke ( the minimal set of operators for logic ), although it is more economical than using \u2018 and \u2019, \u2018 or \u2019 and \u2018 not \u2019 ( the familiar set ). indeed, most people are happy to add implication and logical equivalence to their models. representational simplicity is extrinsic to the model and concerns the ease with which model objects are interpreted to domain objects. xml has both pluses and minuses here as data theory. as said earlier : it models documents and some other types of data better but perhaps individuals worse. ( so far at least. ) pascal claims that meaning in the sense of \u201c how things are related and how to deal with them are lost in xml. that claim is hollow. how things are related is the essence of structure ( and pointers ). how to infer with things is a more open question and depends on what you need to infer. surely the xml data model stores and retrieves data, how much narrower must the definition be? the lack of rich set of domains and domain operations limits some operations, but also simplifies and generalizes xml. although xml schema attempts to address classical database concerns, in is not impossible that an alternative ( ' soft typing ' ) could provide the same data functions. as a data model xml does not have a theory of keys and dependencies known to me. whether that is vicious or not may be worth discussing. in any case the data operations which can be easily modeled by xml will not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5675190641821783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.566069"} {"text": "the same data functions. as a data model xml does not have a theory of keys and dependencies known to me. whether that is vicious or not may be worth discussing. in any case the data operations which can be easily modeled by xml will not go away. tag names are a two - sided device that are meant to mediate between text and data values. they should resonate with a reader and they should mark data as a meaningful ( computational ) unit. relational attribute names do no more. in fact, attempts to link xml with ontologies [ oil ] can be seen as attempts to formalize something ubiquitous but unanalyzed in the relational model. ( unless we consider the data dictionary a suitably formal device. ) in regard to the use of xml as a data interchange format, the problem is not one of interchange between rdbms ' s. the problem xml addresses is much more general. also note that interchange is a problem of representation, not inference. we only need to exchange representation between equivalent inference systems. thus xml is works here too. it is certain that there are interesting questions about xml. its origin from a committee, myriad uses and rapid development complicate formalizing it authoritatively. however, it clearly does have a formal basis, if a yet incomplete and multi - faceted one. its core is already enough to recognize it as a data model and one with unique applicability. the proliferation of auxiliary notations such as : xml schema, xml links, rdf, etc. indicate its fecundity, not its frailty. [ abiteboul ] data on the web, serge abiteboul, peter buneman, dan suciu, morgan kaufmann, 2000 [ date ] \" models, models, everywhere, nor any time to think \", c. j. date, www. dbdebunk. com / cjd3a. htm [ link ] \" what ' s in a link : foundations for semantic networks \", william a. woods, in readings in knowledge representation, p217, morgan kaufmann, 1984 [ oil ] welcome to oil, www. ontoknowledge. org / oil [ rdf ] resource description framework ( rdf ) : concepts and abstract syntax, w3c working draft 23 january 2003, http : / / www. w3. org / tr / rdf - concepts [ pascal1 ] \" what meaning means \", fabian pascal http : / / www. inconcept. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5467651231639328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.567012"} {"text": "w3c working draft 23 january 2003, http : / / www. w3. org / tr / rdf - concepts [ pascal1 ] \" what meaning means \", fabian pascal http : / / www. inconcept. com / jcm [ pascal2 ] \" something to call one ' s own \", fabian pascal, http : / / www. dbdebunk. com / fp6a. htm [ riggs ] \" xml and free text \", k. r. riggs, journal of the american society for information science and technology, v53, n 6, 2002, 526 - 528 [ schema ] xml schema, w3c org, www. w3. org / xml / schema [ sowa ] knowledge representation, john f. sowa, brooks cole, 2000 [ xirql ] xirql : a query language for information retrieval in xml documents, fuhr, n. gro\u00dfjohann, k. http : / / www. is. informatik. uni - duisburg. de / bib / xml / fuhr _ grossjohann _ 01. html. en [ xml - ql ] xml - ql : a query language for xml, alin deutsch, mary fernandez, daniela florescu, alon levy, dan suciu, http : / / www. w3. org / tr / note - xml - ql / # issues this article previously appeared in the journal of conceptual modeling, may 2003. ken roger riggs, ph. d - ken roger riggs, ph. d. is a computer scientist and a professor of cis at florida a & m university. his degrees are in philosophy ( indiana university ), computer science ( u. of central florida ) and electrical and computer engineering ( u. of miami ). he has been involved in a mix of practice, research and teaching since 1976. his interest in models is both practical and pedagogical. his recent published work includes papers on ai, databases, datamining and xml marking. other recent publications address conceptual modeling related issues in software engineering ( refactoring ) and programming languages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6359349617771932, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.567764"} {"text": "source : garland science / taylor and francis books, inc. in this animation adapted from garland science publishing, a detailed look at dna reveals the structural features that make up the famed double - helix molecule. the animation shows how the ladder - shaped dna is constructed from chemical building blocks, including phosphates, sugars, and bases, held together by different kinds of chemical bonds. the narration further explains how the overall structure determines the charge and stability of the molecule, and how structure predicts key cellular functions of replication and transcription. every living thing contains building and operating instructions from a molecule inside all cells called deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ). dna contains regions called genes that tell the cells which proteins to produce. at all levels of organization in the living world, structure and function are related. thanks to the work of many researchers using different technologies, scientists now understand the structure and function of dna at the molecular level. dna is a double - stranded molecule made up of two helical chains of nucleotides. this structure enables several important functions related to heredity and evolution. to enable these functions, the structure allows certain kinds of proteins, called regulatory proteins, to bind to and interact directly with the dna. these regulatory proteins help to dictate replication and transcription ( information encoding ) by relaxing the dna structure in the region where they are bound. the double - helix structure of dna contains a major ( wider ) groove and a minor ( narrower ) groove. because the nucleotide sequence is more accessible in the major groove, many proteins that bind to and interact with dna do so here. through the process of dna replication, genetic information is passed from parent cell to daughter cell whenever the parent cell divides. complementary base pairing ensures that dna strands are copied quickly and accurately. the dna double - helix molecule is unzipped by the enzyme helicase, resulting in two strands that will act as templates for new dna strands. these strands are referred to as antiparallel ; they are oriented side by side, but their respective nucleotide sequences read in opposite directions. a dna polymerase enzyme controls the replication of each strand, which occurs as free - floating nucleotides move in one by one to match up with the nucleotides present on each \u201c old \u201d strand of the unzipped ladder. this creates two identical dna molecules, each made of an \u201c old \u201d strand and a \u201c new \u201d complementary strand. the arrangement of bases in a dna molecule determines the genetic code. approximately once", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5642354145368972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.572995"} {"text": "each \u201c old \u201d strand of the unzipped ladder. this creates two identical dna molecules, each made of an \u201c old \u201d strand and a \u201c new \u201d complementary strand. the arrangement of bases in a dna molecule determines the genetic code. approximately once every 100, 000, 000 bases or so, this copying process makes errors, so that the wrong nucleotide is placed in position. these errors are called mutations. the cell corrects many of the mutations itself. when specialized repair proteins identify a mismatched base pair, they remove the incorrect nucleotide and give dna polymerase a chance to correct the sequence. to manufacture the proteins it needs, the cell must transcribe or copy the instructions contained in its dna into rna ( ribonucleic acid ). it uses the sequence of nucleotides in a given gene to produce a single - stranded complementary messenger rna ( mrna ). the mrna is then translated by structures called ribosomes from the language of nucleotides into the amino acid sequence of proteins. each amino acid is specified by a combination of three of the chemical bases ( a, t, c, or g ), called codons. the codons determine the sequence of the amino acids that are put together in a long chain to form the protein that the cell uses to perform specific jobs for the body. academic standards correlations on teachers ' domain use the achievement standards network ( asn ) database of state and national standards, provided to nsdl projects courtesy of jes & co. we assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. if a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by asn or by teachers ' domain. we will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5693183810991496, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.573867"} {"text": "do you love you some mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, fish or insects? then check out these ideas for some inspiration for your next project : if you are concerned about endangered animals - identify a local animal species that is threatened or endangered and research the causes of its decline. - gather data on when and where it \u2019 s found by observing it in - confer with local experts on the viability of a plan to protect or increase its population ( ex. develop a plan to protect or restore part of its habitat ). if you like feeding animals - identify and research local species of butterflies and / or - design and plant a garden of their favorite food sources. - monitor the garden to collect data on which species the garden attracts and to which plants they are attracted. - develop a guide or poster with planting and feeding information for local property owners. if you think bats get a bad rap - use donated and / or recycled materials to construct bat houses and mount them in an appropriate area. - work to dispel myths about bats and teach people about their significant ecological value ( bats feed upon insects such as mosquitoes, pollinate certain plants, and disperse seeds ). if you ' ve got birds on the brain - research birds living in cities ( ex. birds of prey found on roofs of buildings ) or suburban or rural areas ( ex. songbirds in - use donated and / or recycled materials to create nest boxes for - get permission to hang the nest boxes in a park or on school - set up a monitoring station to observe the boxes and gather - present your findings to your community or a local if reptiles are your thing - study the impact of high curbs on inhibiting movement of - work to have sloped areas added to all new curb if you ' re always on the move - observe and document the migration patterns of a few different - create a migration map detailing the route individuals travel through your town to share with local authorities, your school district, environmental organizations, etc. if you think fish are deelish - gather information about the kinds and the numbers of fish in a local water source. - research the quality of those fish that are sold - distribute information on how to more safely eat fish from the if you like running around with a net - collect and count the kinds and numbers of insects captured ( and released! ) in an area over several months. - research the plants they pollinate, the animals that prey upon them, how they defend themselves, etc. - monitor and track any change in populations over time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.475824946691297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.580004"} {"text": "david willetts, the minister for universities and science, reiterated last week that the coalition is committed to widening access to university. that was not the controversial part of his speech, for who is against it? almost everyone accepts that all youngsters should have an equally good chance of going to university, and that it would be very undesirable if universities became the preserve of a sort of hereditary caste, where the only children who gained admission were those whose parents went to university. the controversy centres on how to achieve \u201c wider access \u201d. one proposal, advocated by prof les ebdon, the director of the office of fair access ( offa ), is to force universities to discriminate in favour of under - represented groups. they would have to admit them regardless of whether their a - level grades were too low. that policy will have one inevitable corollary : universities will have to reject applicants whose results indicate greater academic ability, on the grounds that they don \u2019 t come from one of the disadvantaged groups. in an informal way, some universities already do this. but they don \u2019 t do it on a big enough scale, so that the number of students from deprived backgrounds given places at university is still too low for mr willetts. he insists that he is not in favour of quotas, but it is difficult to see how any policy which does not involve quotas can possibly have the effect he wants. at the moment, the requirement for getting into university is having good enough a - level grades. the under - represented groups \u2013 children from low - income families and from some ethnic minorities \u2013 fail to get through that barrier in the numbers that the government wants. so what does mr willetts suggest? lower the grades required from members of those groups, until 10 or 20 per cent ( or whatever target the government sets ) of university intake comes from the disadvantaged groups. that sounds like a quota system to me. and there are a number of serious problems with quotas. one is that they are unfair to the well - qualified candidates who are rejected in favour of the less - well - qualified. if meritocracy means anything, it must mean preferring those whose merit is greater over those whose merit is less. a quota system does the opposite \u2013 which means it cannot be compatible with meritocracy. defenders of quotas, including mr willetts, insist that university admissions officers can identify academic merit that has not been reflected in exams. as a general rule, this is false. there is now a great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4929440076356221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.584340"} {"text": "be compatible with meritocracy. defenders of quotas, including mr willetts, insist that university admissions officers can identify academic merit that has not been reflected in exams. as a general rule, this is false. there is now a great deal of evidence to show that an interview is likely to diminish the chances that a selection procedure ends up choosing the best candidate. interviewers assign too much weight to their personal sense of the individual in front of them. the impression that a student makes can be affected by factors entirely irrelevant to their academic potential \u2013 even the weather, or how long has elapsed since the interviewer last had food. studies show that interviewers can produce contradictory evaluations of the same candidate on different occasions. such inconsistent judgments cannot be a reliable predictor of anything, least of all academic potential. basing university entrance solely on a student \u2019 s exam grades does not suffer from that crippling defect, which is why it is a much more accurate way to predict how well any individual will perform at university. admissions tutors may think they can somehow intuit \u201c true \u201d academic ability \u2013 but they can \u2019 t. a - levels are very far from perfect, but they are a lot better than relying on the arbitrary, inconsistent and sometimes plain dotty judgments of an interviewer. so why are ministers such as mr willetts trying to replace performance in competitive exams as the criterion for university entrance with something else, such as an interview, to spot \u201c true \u201d academic potential? i have no idea \u2013 and nor, i \u2019 m afraid, does he. but it can \u2019 t be good for our universities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47941001335478906, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.585085"} {"text": "parents worry that children will take advantage of gaps in their grandparents \u2019 technical knowledge, a survey found. about half of parents with children under 15 think the older generation needs more education and support about online access to prevent grandchildren viewing unsuitable websites while in their care. half of grandparents agreed, saying they were worried about their grandchildren \u2019 s use of the internet to access videos full of bad language or to communicate with strangers on social networks such as facebook, or via multiplayer online games such as world of warcraft. many are concerned that their grandchildren spend too much time on the internet, rather than engaging with the people around them. more than a third of grandparents worry about policing internet usage while children are in their care. about 11 per cent of parents worry that their offspring deliberately seek out unsuitable material or spend too much time online while in the care of their grandparents. about 8 per cent believe that their children deliberately take advantage of their grandparents \u2019 lack of knowledge to do so, according to the research. recent figures show that an estimated 5. 8million people in britain regularly look after their grandchildren geraldine bedell, editor of the online forum gransnet, said that its users were anxious about internet safety. \u201c discussions on our forums show that grandchildren are often far more advanced in technology use than their grandparents, who feel anxious about what boundaries they should set and how to do it, \u201d she said. less than a third of grandparents, 31 per cent, have discussed digital rules with parents, even though 44 per cent of families claim to have rules. those who manage to get to grips with their grandchildren \u2019 s internet usage find that they are valuable teachers. about 29 per cent of grandparents say they have learnt from the younger generation and more than half use technology with their grandchildren for fun, whether playing computer games or keeping in touch through the online video phone service, skype. vodafone, the mobile phone company which commissioned the yougov survey, has created a set of guidelines for grandparents on how to control internet usage. the guide, vodafone digital parenting, is due to be released at westminster tomorrow. annie mullins, the company \u2019 s head of content standards, said grandparents were \u201c keen to do their part and set the same rules as those set by the children \u2019 s parents \u201d. she added that it was important to build confidence and inform parents and grandparents of the ways to help children get the most out of technology while understanding the hazards.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46907930251403435, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.588521"} {"text": "; and brother george lent, 6 [ \u201c ceorce l \u201d ] ; the tombstone appears to name one more child, with a name ending in \u201c y. \u201d that could be joicy ( six months old at the time of the inventory ) or billy buck ( age not given ), both of whose names are listed near those of the keeble family on the inventory sheet. there is no evidence that pastor marshall keeble was related to this family, other than to share their slave owner \u2019 s surname. the white keebles always used the word \u201c servant \u201d instead of \u201c slave \u201d when referring to their workers ( a common practice of middle tennessee slave owners ), and they seem to have treated their own \u201c servants \u201d with extraordinary consideration. perhaps because of their tolerant practices, the future legislator gained a measure of independence early in his life. the nashville union and american ( december 6, 1872 ) stated that in 1851, when keeble was 18 years old, he took a job as \u201c roller boy \u201d on the rutherford telegraph in murfreesboro ; by 1854 he was working as pressman for both the telegraph and the murfreesboro news. he may well have learned the trade under h. p. and edwin keeble, who owned the murfreesboro monitor. sampson worked for these newspapers until the civil war, and then, according to an account in the union and american ( november 7, 1872 ), \u201c he was in the confederate lines during most of the war. \u201d however, he was probably, if anything, serving as an aide or manservant to horace keeble rather than actually carrying arms. a clarksville paper \u2019 s statement that \u201c he shouldered his cooking utensils and went into the southern army like a hero \u201d suggests that he may have been taken along as a cook. home and employment in nashville this tennessee historical commission marker commemorates the service of sampson w. keeble, \u201c the first african - american to serve in the tennessee general assembly. \u201d it stands near the intersection of broadway and 2nd avenue in downtown nashville. ( photo by kathy lauder ) by 1865 nashville city directories show that sampson keeble had settled in davidson county. he worked in a barbershop at 24 cedar street ( today \u2019 s charlotte avenue ) and took various part - time jobs to support himself ; family members report that he also worked for some time as a custodian in a law office, where he became interested in studying law. the attorneys in that practice, reportedly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35625164460127656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.647397"} {"text": "s charlotte avenue ) and took various part - time jobs to support himself ; family members report that he also worked for some time as a custodian in a law office, where he became interested in studying law. the attorneys in that practice, reportedly impressed by his enthusiasm for learning, supported his efforts. he was eventually able to pass the tennessee bar, which in those days did not involve a written examination, but instead required assessment and approval by a handful of legal professionals and, finally, confirmation by a sitting judge. keeble \u2019 s legal training would later allow him to qualify for election as a davidson county magistrate. family members also believe he attended fisk university briefly, although the university cannot locate his name in their records. keeble participated in \u201c a meeting of colored men, \u201d some of nashville \u2019 s leading citizens, who met to quash rumors that the city \u2019 s african americans were planning \u201c a mob and massacre. \u201d the group, which also included william sumner, carroll napier, peter and samuel lowery, henry harding, nelson merry, and others, wrote a letter to city government officials, reprinted in the republican banner, assuring them that the rumors were false, and that \u201c the feelings of the colored people [ were predisposed ] toward peace and good order. \u201d both sampson keeble and his brother george worked as barbers, along with several other keebles ( including a wesley ) who may have been relatives. sampson eventually established the rock city barber shop and managed it for about 20 years. ( he was still listed as a barber in the nashville city directory as late as 1885. ) barbershops of that era were strictly segregated : african american barbers were extremely popular with white customers, who still took considerable pleasure in being served and groomed by these deferential former slaves. many dramatic changes were taking place in the south during the early post - war years. tennessee had returned to the union with far fewer restrictions on its political structure than other confederate states. the third state ( july 19, 1866 ) to ratify the fourteenth amendment, which granted citizenship status to african americans, tennessee was readmitted to the union a week later, without ever having to conform to the stiff federal regulations most of its neighboring states faced during reconstruction. tennessee \u2019 s new constitution already included an anti - slavery clause, and, in less than a year ( march 1867 ), the general assembly would approve the right of african american men to vote and to hold political office \u2013 nearly three years before the passage of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4039859270955042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.650273"} {"text": "s new constitution already included an anti - slavery clause, and, in less than a year ( march 1867 ), the general assembly would approve the right of african american men to vote and to hold political office \u2013 nearly three years before the passage of the fifteenth amendment keeble had been an active participant in the second state colored men \u2019 s convention, which met in nashville in august 1866 and organized daily demonstrations at the capitol, lobbying legislators to approve their right to vote. it was that dogged pressure, backed by governor william g. \u201c parson \u201d brownlow, who needed the help of black voters in order to win reelection, that convinced the legislature to change the law. almost overnight african americans saw a transformation in their civic status. on september 3, 1868, at the beginning of the circuit court session, the nashville republican banner published a story titled, \u201c negro jurors \u2013 a big dose of unadulterated african. \u201d it listed the jurors for the coming term, including sampson w. keeble, james c. napier, and six other african americans. keeble \u2019 s name also appeared on a list of grand jury members in april 1878 and of federal court jurors in march and april 1881. by the time of the 1870 census sampson keeble had become the head of a large and complex household. he was the proprietor of the harding house, a boarding house valued at $ 4000, a tidy sum for the period. this establishment stood near where the ryman auditorium is today. keeping house was eliza keeble, 35, whom we know from their mother \u2019 s gravestone to be sampson \u2019 s sister. the individual named mary, 65, was probably sampson and eliza \u2019 s mother ( usually called nancy, although her gravestone, as well as this census record, says mary ). she described her occupation as \u201c at home, \u201d and was the only one in the family who unable to read and write. there were two children in the household : hattie, 8 ( ditto marks on the page suggest that her last name was keeble, but in the 1880 census she was called hattie beckwith and identified as a niece ), and \u201c saml \u201d keeble, sampson \u2019 s son. his age is illegible. it appears to be 4, but is likelier to be 11. two other women also reside with the family : kate beckwith, 22, and harriet keeble, 30. harriet, sampson \u2019 s first wife and the mother", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43169048112976754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.653877"} {"text": "seat in the house ). the nashville union and american reporter who wrote the story on november 7, 1872, was a little careless with his facts and rather ambivalent about keeble \u2019 s victory : the result of the election in this county is the complete success of the entire radical ticket. davidson county is the first to elect one of our colored citizens. sampson w. keeble is a barber by trade. he was formerly the slave of hon. edwin keeble, of murfreesboro. he was in the confederate lines during the most of the war. since the war he has resided in this city, and has deported himself in a becoming manner for one of his station. of the other representatives elect we have mr. ready, an irishman, mr. jeup, a german, and mr. lindsley, a native tennessean. so that on this ticket we have three nationalities and two races. if our legislature is intended to represent different nationalities or different races, then the elected ticket is a decided success. if, however, it is intended to represent the interests of the whole people of the state of tennessee with all their varied and important interests without regard to race or nationality we are inclined to believe that the public judgment will be that our radical and \u201c independent \u201d johnson opponents could have improved upon their ticket. a cynical article from the clarksville weekly chronicle ( january 25, 1873 ) provided some details of the situation keeble faced in the legislature : in the house, all solitary and alone, sits the hon. s. w. keeble, of nashville.... the \u201c colored element \u201d of davidson would not permit itself to be overlooked \u2014 it furnished a large proportion of the voters, and demanded representation \u2014 hence, the honorable solon, or solomon ( i really forget which it is ), was the sop offered to the colored cerberus.... it must be admitted that the hon s. w. keeble bears his honors with meekness bordering on timidity. generally four members from the same county occupy but two double desks. in this case the colored member has a \u201c bunk \u201d all to himself.... after all, there are just seventy - three members, and somebody must be the odd member, and in this instance pleasure waits upon necessity with eagerness.... keeble has the advantage of a southern birth and education, ( he can read and write after a fashion ), and is less obnoxious on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39842024381724755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.674401"} {"text": "the odd member, and in this instance pleasure waits upon necessity with eagerness.... keeble has the advantage of a southern birth and education, ( he can read and write after a fashion ), and is less obnoxious on this account.... he is of low stature, rather heavy set, and, while he can undoubtedly claim an unmixed african descent, is of a ginger - cake complexion \u2014 a color which many southern negroes have somehow come by, perhaps rather by epidemic than by contagion.... he is evidently very lonesome, and looks as if he thought he was doing something wrong.... one of the features of this case of rare complexion in tennessee legislation, is the marked kindness accorded him by the ex - confederate members : they declare their intention to hear attentively what he may have to say, and make him feel as easy as his exceptional and anomalous position will allow.... but enough for the present of mr. keeble. as the pioneer colored legislator of this state he is entitled to a prominence which he will perhaps not enjoy again hereafter. during his term in the legislature, despite such insults by the press and his apparent isolation in the house, keeble valiantly introduced several bills aimed at bettering the condition of the african american community. one bill was intended to amend nashville \u2019 s charter to allow blacks to operate businesses downtown ; a second provided protection for wage earners ( several black legislators of the 1880s would later follow his lead and introduce similar bills ) ; and a third appropriated state funds to help support the tennessee manual labor university. however, keeble was unsuccessful at providing legislation to benefit his black neighbors, for none of his bills received a sufficient number of votes to pass into law. keeble served only a single two - year term in the general assembly and lost a later bid for re - election. when writing about social events that included both black and white guests, several newspapers took note of a nashville banquet to which sampson keeble was invited. according to the dallas morning news, \u201c in 1873 gov. john c. brown of tennessee gave a banquet at the maxwell house in nashville and one of his guests was sampson keeble, a man of very black skin. \u201d the duluth news - tribune and the kansas city journal said, \u201c in mr. cleveland \u2019 s first administration the late frederick douglass was invited to one of the congressional receptions, together with his caucasion [ sic ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4024890878947205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.679605"} {"text": "man of very black skin. \u201d the duluth news - tribune and the kansas city journal said, \u201c in mr. cleveland \u2019 s first administration the late frederick douglass was invited to one of the congressional receptions, together with his caucasion [ sic ] wife, then his bride. and john c. brown, the democratic governor of tennessee, as far back as 1873, when he gave a banquet at the maxwell house, nashville, had among the invited guests on that occasion the hon. sampson keeble, a black negro representative from davidshon [ sic ] county, who not only attended the banquet, but responded to a toast. \u201d the rise and fall of the freedman \u2019 s bank a freedman \u2019 s bank record for sampson keeble \u2019 s son thomas ( called \u201c sam \u2019 l \u201d in the 1870 census ), a 13 - year - old student at bellview school. thomas was the son of sampson and his first wife, harriet, who died in 1870. no further records of thomas \u2019 s life have come to light. ( heritage quest online ) the concept of the freedman \u2019 s bank was first proposed by abolitionist john w. alvord at a meeting with business leaders in new york in january 1865. originally intended as a savings bank for the benefit of african american soldiers, its scope was broadened to include all former slaves and their descendants. charles sumner steered the bill quickly through congress, and it was signed into law by president lincoln five weeks later, on march 3, 1865. the bank was based in washington, d. c., but branch offices quickly opened in seventeen states, including tennessee. sampson keeble served from the beginning as a member of the advisory board of the nashville freedman ' s savings and trust company bank. advertisements encouraged african american depositors, telling them the bank was chartered by congress and misleading them into thinking their money was safely under the protection of the federal government. unfortunately, however, despite the best efforts of congress and newly appointed bank president frederick douglass, the bank had no choice but to close in 1874 because of \u201c overexpansion, mismanagement, abuse, and outright fraud. \u201d ( washington ) african american depositors, many of whom had placed their life savings in freedman \u2019 s accounts, were shocked to discover that the federal government did not protect the bank \u2019 s assets, and that they had lost everything. local administrators, powerless to save their banks from the failure of the parent institution in washington, d. c., petitioned congress for help.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4006218121724636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.682597"} {"text": "to discover that the federal government did not protect the bank \u2019 s assets, and that they had lost everything. local administrators, powerless to save their banks from the failure of the parent institution in washington, d. c., petitioned congress for help. sampson keeble joined the rev. nelson walker, nashville entrepreneur henry harding, and other prominent nashville citizens in sending a memorial to congress. in their petition, they attempted to explain the magnitude of the fraud perpetrated on unlettered and trusting depositors by the bank, accusing it of \"... appealing to a class of people who had been prevented by their previous condition of servitude from accumulating wealth or even a competency ; and the principal, and in fact the effective, argument used by the managers and agents of the institution to induce that poor, unlettered, and trusting class to deposit their small earnings \u2014 the fruit of their toil \u2014 in the institution was, that it was an institution chartered by the government, with its principal office at the seat of government, and that its funds, by express direction of congress, ( which the class appealed to believed was a guarantee by congress, ) were to be invested in government securities. it is easy to see that the colored people, for whose benefit congress chartered this institution, would readily conclude that the government was bound or under some pledge which secured their deposits. this may not be the law of the case, but it is certain that such representations were made by the agents of the institution, and that the people who placed their deposits in the bank believed that the government was bound for the deposits, or at least bound to see that the deposits were securely invested in united states securities, and that this was a contract between the united states and the depositor.... there may be no legal obligation resting upon the government to guarantee [ to those left in the unfortunate condition of having every dollar most of them have in the world locked up in the payment of the amounts they have deposited on the faith of their confidence in what they regarded as the solemn pledge of the government to have the funds of the institution invested in the securities of the government, but we respectfully urge that there was and is a moral obligation resting on the government to grant your memorialists, and the other depositors in the institution, speedy relief by assuming and paying the amounts due them ; taking the assets of the bank, and holding every other officer or agent of the institution who is liable, civilly or criminally, to a strict responsibility for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44793497359704565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.684372"} {"text": "other depositors in the institution, speedy relief by assuming and paying the amounts due them ; taking the assets of the bank, and holding every other officer or agent of the institution who is liable, civilly or criminally, to a strict responsibility for their acts. \" despite this passionate appeal, joined with similar petitions from other affected states, congressional response was disappointing. eventually, about half of the betrayed depositors received a fraction ( 60 % or less ) of the value of their accounts, while others lost everything they had saved. a number of depositors continued to petition congress for years, hoping for reimbursement that never came. in the end, the african american community felt itself betrayed not only by the bank, but also by their government. civic and political activity sampson w. keeble jr., about 32, with his sister jeannette cox ' s children, benjamin ( 4 ) and helen ( 2 ). the photograph dates from about 1910, shortly before young keeble moved to detroit. ( photo courtesy of helen davis mills ) as a result of keeble \u2019 s membership on several boards and his political activism through - out the city, he was well known and admired within the african american community. after his legislative service, he was elected a magistrate in the davidson county court, serving from 1877 to 1882. his 1041 - 1022 victory in 1876 was contested on august 10 by his opponent, james w. ready, his 1872 republican running mate, who demanded a recount. after two days of counting ready \u2019 s votes only, election officials announced that his total was 1, 060, 19 more than keeble \u2019 s original number. however, as the daily american pointed out, \u201c ready should have enjoined the sheriff from issuing a certificate of election to keeble, and thus had the matter decided before the returns were made to the authorities at the capitol. as the sheriff was not notified of ready \u2019 s intention to contest the election, he gave keeble a certificate of election, and the returns having been made to the capitol, keeble had no trouble obtaining his commission.... ready \u2019 s only recourse is now through the courts. \u201d when ready challenged keeble \u2019 s election in county court august 25, judge john c. ferris ruled that the commission could not be set aside once it was granted, and that keeble should remain in office. meanwhile, keeble had asked that his own votes be recounted. this time his total was 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43393202121007124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.685685"} {"text": ", judge john c. ferris ruled that the commission could not be set aside once it was granted, and that keeble should remain in office. meanwhile, keeble had asked that his own votes be recounted. this time his total was 1, 066 \u2013 higher than ready \u2019 s 1, 060, after all. on august 22, in the midst of the recount process, sampson keeble had again been named a delegate to the state republican convention, along with a. v. s. lindsley, gen. george maney, j. c. napier, and thomas a. sykes an attack on keeble \u2019 s integrity was reported on november 15, 1878. a story in the daily american called \u201c colored justice under suspicion \u201d told of the arrest of keeble and two black police detectives on charges of \u201c extortion and official oppression, \u201d the second such charge against keeble. it was not unusual for african americans in positions of authority to be subjected to trumped - up charges by political opponents. it is apparent that these charges were also disproved, for keeble continued to serve four more years as magistrate without interruption. his cases were frequently covered by the \u201c courts \u201d section of local newspapers. one can find articles, for example, recounting that he fined two women for breach of peace in 1877, jailed a man in 1878 for assault and battery, and ordered an inquest in the 1881 death of teenager granville bosley, who had been struck by lightning. in 1877 keeble \u2019 s office was the site of a protest meeting of journeymen barbers, who initiated a strike for higher wages and more equitable working conditions. sampson keeble ran again for the general assembly in 1878 but was defeated by a greenback party candidate, perhaps partly because the democrats were beginning to regain their political supremacy in davidson county by that time, and partly because racial violence and poll taxes were producing their intended effect of intimidating black voters, who failed to turn out at the polls in their usual numbers. keeble remained active in city government, however, serving on a federal grand jury in 1881 and eventually being elected as a magistrate. marriage to rebecca cantrell gordon this photograph was taken on sullivan \u2019 s island, south carolina. according to keeble descendants, \u201c cultured \u201d african american women came here to give birth. pictured clockwise from upper left are two unidentified individuals ( perhaps friends or relatives ), rebecca keeble holding her granddaughter anna rebecca, with benjamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40129683160398344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.687600"} {"text": "carolina. according to keeble descendants, \u201c cultured \u201d african american women came here to give birth. pictured clockwise from upper left are two unidentified individuals ( perhaps friends or relatives ), rebecca keeble holding her granddaughter anna rebecca, with benjamin and jeannette on the step below. it is likely the family had temporarily moved there from charleston in 1914 to wait for wendell \u2019 s birth. at one time sullivan island was the largest slave port in north america, the destination of more than 40 % of all the slaves brought to the british colonies. as many as 200, 000 slaves may have disembarked there. some experts estimate that half of all african americans living today are descendants of slaves who passed through sullivan \u2019 s island. ( photo courtesy of helen davis mills ) by the time of the 1880 census, sampson, now in his late 40s, was married to rebecca cantrell gordon, a 29 - year - old teacher ( born august 24, 1849 ), who had been educated in new york ; they were the parents of three - year - old \u201c jennie \u201d ( jeannette ) and one - year - old \u201c s. w. \u201d ( sampson w. jr. ). these were the only keeble children who survived to adulthood. several others, including a set of twins, died in infancy. ( five - month - old charles marshall keeble died in november 1881 ; another son, born during the election year of 1884, was given the name james g. blaine keeble, but this child soon died as well. ) in the 1910 census, rebecca would report that only two of the six children to whom she had given birth were still living. also residing in the keeble household in 1880 were sampson \u2019 s widowed mother, nancy keeble ( 78 ), and two young relatives, hattie m. beckwith ( 18, doubtless the 8 - year - old hattie \u201c keeble \u201d of the previous census ) and maggie k. smith ( 17 ), both of whom were attending school in nashville. everyone in the household except for sampson was identified as \u201c mulatto. \u201d keeble \u2019 s wife rebecca was the natural daughter of her mother harriott \u2019 s slave - owner, carroll mcguire [ named on her death certificate ], and was raised in her father \u2019 s home, with light duties as a household servant \u2013 a \u201c foot slave. \u201d it is quite possible that she was educated along with the other children of the household. delighted by this clever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4109241313058371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.688751"} {"text": "her death certificate ], and was raised in her father \u2019 s home, with light duties as a household servant \u2013 a \u201c foot slave. \u201d it is quite possible that she was educated along with the other children of the household. delighted by this clever little girl, her father sent her to live with relatives in staten island, new york, and she received an education there that included lessons in music and latin. she eventually returned to nashville ( after a failed romance, according to family lore ) where she began to teach other african americans, both children and adults, to read and write. even after the civil war, a considerable number of people opposed education for blacks, and some extremists attempted to find and close black schools, which were often makeshift workshops held in churches and private residences. rebecca continued to teach, in spite of threats to her safety, moving from place to place to meet with her students. sampson keeble fell in love with this beautiful and spirited young woman, more than 15 years his junior, and they were married about 1875. family members say that both sampson and rebecca were avid readers who particularly loved reading the bible. family life and children \u2019 s accomplishments at some point, daughter jeannette remembered, the family left nashville for marshall, texas. however, they returned to nashville a short time later when, as descendants tell the story, the passionately republican keeble \u201c was run out of there for being a rabble - rouser. \u201d jeannette may have been remembering her father \u2019 s final years \u2013 he died in fort bend county, texas, in 1887, when his children were still quite young. rebecca returned to nashville and continued to work after becoming widowed. she was a remarkable seamstress, and could knit, crochet, tat ( make lace ), and embroider expertly. her name appeared in city directories from 1891 through 1918 in much the same form : \u201c keeble, rebecca g ( c ), widow samson w, seamstress, \u201d and her address for much of that period was a boarding house at 1605 jefferson street. her son sampson w. jr. lived with her until 1910 or 1911. keeble descendants remember that he owned a high - wheeler ( penny - farthing ) bicycle as a young man. there were a number of these bicycles around nashville during the 1880s, as well as clubs that encouraged their use. benjamin and jeannette keeble cox, both graduates of fisk university, were lifelong educators, spending many years at the helm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41798592001128243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.690551"} {"text": "man. there were a number of these bicycles around nashville during the 1880s, as well as clubs that encouraged their use. benjamin and jeannette keeble cox, both graduates of fisk university, were lifelong educators, spending many years at the helm of the avery institute in charleston, south carolina. sampson jr. appeared from time to time in nashville city directories, working as a porter, a clerk, or a messenger ( for the duncan hotel ) ; his last nashville census entry was recorded in june 1910, showing him to be single and living in rebecca \u2019 s household. in august 1912 he took out a license in detroit, michigan, to marry alice criss, a woman who had been married once before. keeble gave his age as 34, listed his occupation as janitor, named sampson and rebecca as his parents, and stated he had no previous marriages. c. emery allen, clergyman, officiated at the ceremony, held august 18, 1912. unfortunately, when sampson filled out his draft registration card in 1918 ( medium height, medium build, brown eyes, black hair ), his marriage seems to have ended. he listed rebecca keeble as his nearest relative, and his occupation as porter in the hoffman hotel in detroit. alice \u2019 s name appeared on another marriage license in july 1920 ; 40 years old by then, and marrying a 33 - year - old laborer named ralph dixon, she said ( for the second time! ) that she had had only one previous marriage. after her son moved north, rebecca continued to work as a dressmaker. when her eyes failed, jeannette and benjamin cox took her into their home in charleston, where she could be near her beloved grandchildren. she died there tragically, early in 1923, when a gas stove in her room set her clothes on fire. although family members rushed to her aid, they were too late to save her. the last year the name of sampson keeble sr. appeared in the nashville city directory was 1886, when he was listed as a teacher. a brief obituary in the nashville daily american on july 3, 1887, said, \u201c the many friends of sampson w. keeble ( formerly of nashville ) will regret to learn of his sudden death, which occurred in richmond, tex., june 19, caused by a congestive chill [ probably a form of malaria ]. he was born in rutherford county may 18, 1833. he was 54 years old. \u201d it is not clear whether sampson w. keeble was buried in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42016502988024784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.691601"} {"text": "june 19, caused by a congestive chill [ probably a form of malaria ]. he was born in rutherford county may 18, 1833. he was 54 years old. \u201d it is not clear whether sampson w. keeble was buried in texas or tennessee. he is listed with his daughter and son - in - law, jeannette keeble and benjamin f. cox, on a grave - stone in greenwood cemetery on elm hill pike in nashville. the grave is on a piece of land that runs parallel to spence lane, directly across from the final resting places of r. h. boyd, a nashville publishing giant, and james c. napier, the city \u2019 s first african american councilman and register of the u. s. treasury under president taft. there is no grave for rebecca, although her death certificate says that her body was returned to nashville for burial on january 10, 1923, so it is probable that sampson was already buried in that city. sampson \u2019 s mother lies in the old mt. ararat cemetery in nashville, under a broken gravestone with this nearly illegible inscription : state honors sampson keeble in 2010 keeble born : 1805 died : 1883 sacred to the memory of the mo???? of s. w. / eliza a. ceorcel kitty???? y keeble cumberland co. va. aug. 20, 1805 died in nashville jan. 16, 1883 lord? christ on monday, march 29, 2010, a bust of sampson w. keeble, commissioned by the tennessee black caucus of state legislators, was unveiled outside the house chamber in the state capitol. created by internationally recognized sculptor roy w. butler, the bust stands on a base of tennessee pink marble engraved with the names of all fourteen african american legislators elected to the tennessee general assembly during the 19th century. the day - long ceremony, which was attended by eight direct descendants of sampson keeble, included addresses by three historians, a slide show by mr. butler illustrating various stages in the production of the bust, a luncheon for family members and legislators at the historic hermitage hotel, and the unveiling of the statue, followed by a public reception and the reading of a proclamation in the house of representatives honoring keeble and the other 19th century black legislators. many thanks to sampson keeble family members helen davis mills, dr. leonard davis, and dr. wendell cox jr., who provided invaluable information for this biography. we are so very grateful for your continuing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37352912314134923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.693113"} {"text": "19th century black legislators. many thanks to sampson keeble family members helen davis mills, dr. leonard davis, and dr. wendell cox jr., who provided invaluable information for this biography. we are so very grateful for your continuing support. much gratitude also to walter keeble descendant virginia g. watson for sharing her research on the keeble family. \u201c all about a turkey, \u201d nashville republican banner, february 7, 1871. \u201c all sorts of items, \u201d san francisco bulletin, march 6, 1874. \u201c barbers \u2019 convention, \u201d nashville union and american, march 27, 1872. burkholder, mary ann. the \u201c stony lonesome \u201d letters, 1987. typescript in the collection of the tennessee state library and archives. \u201c the can can : the stokes pow - wow at the courthouse yesterday, \u201d nashville republican banner, july 11, 1869. cartwright, joseph h. the triumph of jim crow : tennessee race relations in the 1880s. knoxville : university of tennessee press, 1976. \u201c the colored fair, \u201d nashville republican banner, july 16, 1871. \u201c the colored farmers, \u201d nashville republican banner, june 6, 1872. \u201c colored justice under suspicion, \u201d nashville daily american, november 15, 1878. \u201c the colored member of the legislature, \u201d clarksville weekly chronicle, january 25, 1873 ( correspondence of the courier - journal, nashville, january 14, 1873 ). \u201c the contested magisterial race, \u201d nashville daily american, august 15, 1876. \u201c the courts, \u201d nashville daily american, april 17, 1878. \u201c the courts, \u201d nashville republican banner, may 15, 1872. dallas morning news, october 25, 1901. \u201c death of sampson w. keeble, \u201d nashville daily american, july 3, 1887. \u201c democratic precedents, \u201d duluth news - tribune, october 27, 1901. \u201c died, \u201d nashville republican banner, june 17, 1870. \u201c died. \u201d nashville daily american, november 11, 1881., november 21, 1872. \u201c the federal court grand jury, \u201d nashville daily american, april 28, 1881. \u201c federal court jurors, \u201d nashville daily american, march 16, 1881. \u201c the fifteenth amendment : programme of our colored citizens for celebrating its adoption, \u201d nashville republican banner, april 27, 1870. freedman \u2019 s bank records, ancestry. com. \u201c freedman \u2019 s savings and trust company, \u201d report no. 58, u. s. house of representatives, 43rd congress, 2nd session, december 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3945501419857101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.694096"} {"text": "banner, april 27, 1870. freedman \u2019 s bank records, ancestry. com. \u201c freedman \u2019 s savings and trust company, \u201d report no. 58, u. s. house of representatives, 43rd congress, 2nd session, december 7, 1874 - march 4, 1875. \u201c the freedmen \u2019 s national life insurance company, \u201d nashville republican banner, august 25, 1872. \u201c grant indorsed : proceedings of the radical county convention, \u201d nashville republican banner, may 12, 1872. \u201c history of a stolen watch, \u201d nashville republican banner, october 18, 1871. \u201c in chancery at nashville, \u201d nashville republican banner, september 3, 1872. \u201c instantly killed : granville bosley, colored, laid low by an electric stroke, \u201d nashville daily american, august 14, 1881. \u201c keeble still ahead, \u201d nashville daily american, september 2, 1876. lovett, bobby l. the african - american history of nashville, tennessee, 1780 - 1930 : elites and dilemmas. fayetteville : university of arkansas press, 1999. mcbride, robert m., and dan m. robinson. biographical directory, tennessee general assembly, volume ii ( 1861 - 1901 ). nashville : tennessee state library and archives, and tennessee historical commission, 1979., april 23, 1886. nashville daily american, october 21, 1876 ; march 30, 1877 ; august 30, 1878 ; november 3, 1878 ; november 6 - 7, 1878 ; november 4, 1880. nashville republican banner, june 17, 1872 ; september 10, 1872 ; november 6, 1872. nashville union and american, november 10, 1870 ; september 6, 1872 ; september 29, 1872 ; november 7, 1872 ; june 7, 1873 ; october 11, 1873 ; february 14, 1875. \u201c negro jurors, \u201d nashville republican banner, september 3, 1868. \u201c the probable result, \u201d nashville republican banner, november 8, 1872. rabinowitz, howard n. race relations in the urban south, 1865 - 1890, 2nd ed. athens, ga : university of georgia press, 1978, 1996. \u201c the radical ticket, \u201d nashville union and american, november 2, 1872. \u201c ready vs. keeble, \u201d nashville daily american, august 12, 1876. \u201c representative keeble, \u201d nashville union and american, december 6, 1872. \u201c representative keeble, \u201d pulaski citizen, december 18, 1872. \u201c republican nominations for the legislature, \u201d nashville union and american, october 24, 1872. \u201c rep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3873246728959484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.697067"} {"text": "##le, \u201d nashville union and american, december 6, 1872. \u201c representative keeble, \u201d pulaski citizen, december 18, 1872. \u201c republican nominations for the legislature, \u201d nashville union and american, october 24, 1872. \u201c repudiating the ring, \u201d nashville republican banner, september 4, 1868. scott, mingo jr. the negro in tennessee politics and governmental affairs, 1865 - 1965 : \" the hundred years story. \u201d nashville : rich printing co., 1964. \u201c south criticises, \u201d the daily review ( decatur il ), october 18, 1901. \u201c stony lonesome, the keeble family home, \u201d middle tennessee journal of genealogy & history, vol. xxii, no. 1, 2008. taylor, alrutheus ambush. the negro in tennessee, 1865 - 1880. washington, d. c. : the associated publishers, 1941. tennessee general assembly. journal of the house of representatives of the state of tennessee. nashville : tavel and howell, 1881, 1883. \u201c that insurrection, \u201d nashville republican banner, october 17, 1866. \u201c to the barbers of the state of tennessee, \u201d nashville union and american, march 6 and 19, 1872. \u201c visitors to grant, \u201d cincinnati daily gazette, march 4, 1869. washington, reginald. \u201c the freedman \u2019 s savings and trust company and african american genealogical research, \u201d prologue magazine issue on federal records and african american history, summer 1997, vol. 29, no 2. watson, virginia gooch. the keeble family genealogy, 1986. typescript in the collection of the tennessee state library and archives., november 30, 1872. work, monroe n. \u201c some negro members of the tennessee legislature during reconstruction period and after. \u201d journal of negro history, vol. v, january 1920, 114 - 115.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39758554018239967, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.697857"} {"text": "could corals survive more acidic oceans? april 2nd, 2012 - 6 : 19 pm ict by ians sydney, april 2 ( ians ) corals may yet be able to survive the acidification of the world \u2019 s oceans, escaping the effects of climatic devastation. researchers have identified a powerful internal mechanism that could enable some corals and their symbiotic algae to counter the adverse impact of a more acidic ocean. as humans release ever - larger amounts of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) into the air, besides warming the planet, the gas is also turning the world \u2019 s oceans more acidic, faster than those seen during past extinctions, the journal nature climate change reports. scientists from australia \u2019 s arc centre of excellence for coral reef studies ( coecrs ) and france \u2019 s laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l \u2019 environnement, has shown that some marine organisms that form calcium carbonate skeletons have an in - built mechanism to cope with ocean acidification - which others appear to lack. \u201c the good news is that most corals appear to have this internal ability to buffer rising acidity of seawater and still form good, solid skeletons, \u201d says malcolm mcculloch professor at coecrs. \u201c marine organisms that form calcium carbonate skeletons generally produce it in one of two forms, known as aragonite and calcite, \u201d adds mcculloch, according to a coecrs statement \u201c our research broadly suggests that those with skeletons made of aragonite have the coping mechanism - while those that follow the calcite pathway generally do less well under more acidic conditions, \u201d said mcculloch. - fish learn to cope with high co2 in oceans - jul 03, 2012 - carbon emissions speed up ocean acidification - jan 23, 2012 - oceans acidification peaks in 300 mn years - mar 04, 2012 - make more efforts to tackle rising ocean acidity, say european scientists - may 20, 2010 - using mother nature ' s method to save oceans ' marine life - jan 20, 2011 - cut global emissions to save coral reefs - nov 18, 2009 - ' rising co2 levels threaten aquatic food webs ' - may 08, 2012 - radical methods needed to save oceans, say experts - aug 21, 2012 - carbon emissions lead to dangerous changes in oceans - apr 02, 2010 - how climate change and pollution affect ocean chemistry - jun 20, 2010 - high acidity levels in oceans harming marine life - dec 05, 2010 - weed - eating fish key to reef ' s survival - mar 11", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3838523158020669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.701254"} {"text": "screening detects disease, therefore screening must be good. that simple mantra is, sadly, far from true, as the latest errors in cervical - smear screening programmes become apparent. poor performance at the kent and canterbury hospitals nhs trust in the uk is one of the worst examples in a series of setbacks that have bedevilled such programmes since their inception in the late 1980s. 91 000 cervical smears collected during 1990 - 95 and examined in kent were rechecked : 333 women at high risk of progressing to cervical cancer ( which would have led to immediate follow - up ) had been told their smears were normal. eight have died of cervical cancer and 30 have undergone hysterectomies. unsurprisingly, many are seeking legal advice with a view to compensation. detection of abnormal cells on the screening smear would have led to repeat testing, colposcopy, biopsy, and treatment, when appropriate. therein lies the dilemma in any screening programme. the \u201c correct answer \u201d is that some proportion of the results will be incorrect, because no test is perfect. the concept of false - positive and false - negative test results is a difficult one for the public to understand, but simple non - jargon explanations must be put across. in the uk programme, between the invitation to the first screen and the possibility of colposcopy and treatment, a woman can receive up to ten letters and four leaflets. those screened deserve the most accurate answer any test can provide, but they also need to realise that tests are not completely accurate. the uk information leaflets and letters about cervical - smear testing are a model of research - based wording and design, yet only allude to the concept of a false test result, with little or no explicit explanation of what a false result means. for instance, a health education authority leaflet states that \u201c cervical screening is not 100 per cent perfect \u201d and a new poster says that the smear test \u201c cannot be 100 per cent accurate \u201d. mass screening of the population is limited to potentially fatal diseases such as cancer ( eg, cervical and breast in systematic screening programmes ; colorectal and prostate in experimental or self - selection programmes ), and receiving a false result has many consequences for the individual. a false negative means that the opportunity for investigation and treatment has been missed. a false positive means further and, commonly, invasive tests ( and possible treatment ) when neither is needed. in addition, there is immense psychological morbidity associated with a false - positive result in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4755876267465674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.716374"} {"text": "the opportunity for investigation and treatment has been missed. a false positive means further and, commonly, invasive tests ( and possible treatment ) when neither is needed. in addition, there is immense psychological morbidity associated with a false - positive result in a cancer check, as the individual ( and family ) waits for further tests and results. the uk screens over 4 million cervical smears a year. in nearly a tenth of the smears, the sampling is inadequate. during 1996 - 97, 91 % of adequate smears were reported as negative. estimates of prevented cases of cervical cancer range from 1000 to 4000 a year. the advocates of cervical - smear screening programmes can only estimate the benefits of testing, because the introduction of the programme was never tested in randomised trials. one of the few who dares speak the unspeakable about screening is a bristol - based public - health physician, herself involved in a smear - test screening programme. angela raffle came under fire for writing, in a research paper in the lancet in june, 1995, that \u201c much of our effort \u2026 is devoted to limiting the harm done to healthy women and to protecting our staff from litigation \u201d. she concluded : \u201c the screening programme is identifying one in ten young women as \u2018 at risk \u2019 for a disease that is likely to affect one in many thousands \u201d. she returned to the debate in a letter in our jan 24 issue : \u201c screening has distorted public belief. in our desire for good population coverage we have said that screening is simple, effective, and inexpensive. in truth, it is complex, of limited effectiveness, and very expensive \u201d. if screened people are not adequately informed about the possibility of a false - negative result, it is little wonder that, when they get such a result, their next port of call is a lawyer. by that stage, they will not be interested in the distinction between a less than perfect test and less than perfect provision of a testing service, as provided at the kent hospital.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5149388500799009, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.717352"} {"text": "for details on how to contact our editorial and commercial departments, click here northallerton lecture by descendant of key figure in us history 12 : 11pm sunday 30th december 2012 in news a descendant of a man who helped shape america ' s history, is set to give a talk. jeremiah dixon was responsible for helping create america \u2019 s mason - dixon line, which divided the slave - owning southern states from abolitionist northern states during the civil war. jeremiah dixon, from cockfield, county durham, was commissioned 250 years ago by king george iii to help resolve a dispute over boundary lines between the english colonies of maryland and pennsylvania in the us. maryland had been founded in 1632 by the calvert family from kiplin hall, north yorkshire, as a refuge for english catholics. about 50 years later, neighbouring pennsylvania was created by the quaker william penn and inhabited by the more aggressive puritans. although surveying was in its infancy, accurate boundary measurements were required to prevent continuing argument, so the royal astronomer at the greenwich observatory recommended his assistant charles mason and jeremiah dixon, from cockfield to undertake a boundary survey. it took five years and proved one of the great technological feats of the century. the boundary became the mason - dixon, which defined the boundary of freedom for escaping black slaves and the dividing line between southern and northern states in the civil war. now one of his direct descendants, john dixon, is to host a talk entitled jeremiah dixon ; revered in america, forgotten at home, for northallerton and district local history society. it will take place at the sacred heart church hall on thirsk road, northallerton at 7pm on tuesday, january 8. non - members are welcome at a nominal admission charge of \u00a32. 50, while students under 18 will be admitted free. comments are closed on this article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4628121182191787, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.719795"} {"text": "during national nutrition month and beyond, academy of nutrition and dietetics encourages everyone to ' eat right, your way, every day ' chicago, march 1, 2013 / prnewswire - usnewswire / - - food preferences, lifestyles, cultural and ethnic traditions and health concerns all affect our food choices. that is why, as part of national nutrition month \u00ae 2013, the academy of nutrition and dietetics encourages everyone to \" eat right, your way, every day. \" each march, the academy encourages americans to return to the basics of healthy eating through national nutrition month. this year ' s theme emphasizes the advantages of developing a healthful eating plan that incorporates individual food choices and preferences. this year marks the 40 th anniversary of national nutrition month. \" there can be a misperception that eating healthfully means giving up your favorite foods, \" said registered dietitian and academy president ethan a. bergman. \" our ' eat right, your way, every day ' national nutrition month theme encourages consumers to include the foods they love as part of a healthful eating plan that is tailored for their lifestyles, traditions, health needs and, of course, tastes. \" the academy strives to communicate healthy eating messages that emphasize a balance of food and beverages within energy needs, rather than any one food or meal. to this end, it is the position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics that the total diet or overall pattern of food eaten is the most important focus of healthy eating. most favorite foods can fit within this pattern, if consumed in moderation with appropriate portion size and combined with physical activity. initiated in 1973 as a week - long event, \" national nutrition week \" became a month - long observance in 1980 in response to growing public interest in nutrition. to commemorate the dedication of registered dietitians as the leading advocates for advancing the nutritional status of americans and people around the world, the second wednesday of each march is celebrated as \" registered dietitian day. \" this year marks the sixth annual registered dietitian day, which will be celebrated march 13. \" the academy of nutrition and dietetics ' vision of optimizing the nation ' s health through food and nutrition is strengthened each march as we celebrate national nutrition month. as registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, we are able to translate sound science - based research into helpful information that people can understand and apply to their everyday lives, \" bergman said. select the service that is right for you! compare all services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47069332497173666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.724888"} {"text": "with some european countries pledging money and all countries agreeing to a second commitment period under the kyoto protocol, chances of a deal brightened on the penultimate evening of the un climate summit in doha. the deal, however, will be too weak to have any discernible impact on global warming. the world meteorological organization has just warned that concentration of carbon dioxide \u2013 the main greenhouse gas ( ghg ) that is warming the earth \u2013 is at a never - before level. the united nations environment programme has warned that current commitments to arrest ghg emissions fall around 40 % short of what is needed to keep temperature rise within two degrees celsius. a recent world bank study paints a frightful picture of a world that may be four degrees warmer than pre - industrial levels. but representatives of 194 governments gathered in doha for the annual summit of the un framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) continued their game of doing as little as possible to combat climate change. \u201c we can only do what is politically acceptable back home, \u201d said a member of the us delegation. xie zhenhua, vice chairman of china \u2019 s national development and reform commission, was confident that there would be \u201c an outcome that may not be to the liking of all, but can be accepted by all \u201d governments. that \u201c balanced outcome \u201d, as xie put it, came after britain, germany, france, sweden and denmark announced that they would be paying poor nations to help combat climate change and move to a greener development path. negotiators from developing countries were still struggling to put these pledges into the final agreement text. with the us, canada, japan, russia and new zealand firmly opposed to any such move, the outcome was uncertain. but with a large part of negotiations completed for the second commitment period of the kyoto protocol \u2013 though crucial issues remained outstanding \u2013 christiana figueres, unfccc executive secretary, was confident that negotiations would not collapse, and the world could move towards an agreement under which all countries would make stronger commitments to fight climate change after 2020. the current commitments under the protocol are very weak indeed, and many developed countries have not even made any pledge about the extent to which they will reduce their ghg emissions. xie pointed out that the \u201c question is ambition of emission reduction \u2013 it is now insufficient to keep warming under two degrees, as science says we need. \u201d but basic countries \u2013 brazil, south africa, india and china \u2013 indicated that they were willing to move forward rather than derail negotiations. in a post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4583522457804079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.732019"} {"text": "aardwolf wrote : as far as i am aware ee theory doesn ' t have any drift associated with it. imo antartica has always been exactly where it is now ( relative to the other continents ). the drifting of continents has always appeared an absurdity to me, and that was before i was even aware of other potential theories. dr. james maxlow wrote : ancient magnet poles the published ancient magnetic pole information ( the location of ancient magnetic poles established from measuring the remnant magnetism in iron - rich rocks ) in particular provides conclusive evidence in support of expansion tectonics. when this magnetic pole data is plotted on expansion tectonic models it demonstrates that all pole data plot as diametrically opposed north and south poles for each model. these models show that the ancient north pole was located in eastern mongolia - china throughout the precambrian and paleozoic eras. as the continents slowly migrated south, during subsequent increase in earth radius, there was an apparent northward polar wander through siberia to its present location within the arctic ocean. similarly, the ancient precambrian and paleozoic south pole was located in west central africa, and, as the continents slowly migrated north, there was an apparent southward polar wander along the south american and west african coastlines to its present location in antarctica. the locations of these magnetic poles, as well as the derived ancient equators, independently confirm the model reconstructions shown in figure 3 and again suggest that expansion tectonics is indeed a viable process. figure 3 : spherical archaean to future expanding earth models. models show relative increase in earth radii during earth history, and include both continental and oceanic geology. models range in age from the late archaean to recent, plus one model projected 5 million years into the future. ( geology after the cgmw and unesco bedrock geology map, 1990 ). click here to see a bigger version of this figure. ancientd wrote : also remeber we are not only getting possibly frozen preserved mammoths but in antartica at least huge forests of fossilized forests and leaves. i. e. wood transformed into rocklike substances. the agent causing snap freezing must also be capable of causing fossilization. alos beneath antartica are marsupial and other remains not to mention coal fields. so does this insinuate your ionization theory as capable of producing these fossils. any comments. certainly some have seen high voltage powerlines on live trees causing petrification very quickly. the ancient permian gloss", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5126003011085298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.742541"} {"text": "remains not to mention coal fields. so does this insinuate your ionization theory as capable of producing these fossils. any comments. certainly some have seen high voltage powerlines on live trees causing petrification very quickly. the ancient permian glossopteris fern is a common fossil in coals throughout the southern hemisphere and has traditionally been used to define the ancient gondwana supercontinent. the known distribution of glossopteris ferns is centred on localities in south africa and adjacent india. during the permian period east antarctica straddled the equator adjacent to south africa, which was surrounded by occurrences of glossopteris flora in australia, west antarctica and india, suggesting glossopteris flora may have also been extensive beneath the present east antarctica ice - cap. although he doesn ' t acknowledge the saturnian cosmology, i think the research of donald patten in his book \" the biblical flood and the ice epoch \" could shed some light on a lot of the questions raised in this thread. patten ' s conclusion is that the polar ice sheets were caused by a deposition of ice from a fragmenting icy visitor ( an icy moon of mars to be exact ), but i think his research can be better explained by the eu theory. in 1929, a group of historians found an amazing map drawn on a gazelle skin. research showed that it was a genuine document drawn in 1513 by piri reis, a famous admiral of the turkish fleet in the sixteenth century. his passion was cartography. piri reis high rank within the turkish navy allowed him to have a privileged access to the imperial library of constantinople. the turkish admiral admits, in a series of notes on the map, that he compiled and copied the data from a large number of source maps, some of which dated back to the fourth century bc or earlier. the controversy - the piri reis antarctica map - ice free the piri reis map shows the western coast of africa, the eastern coast of south america, and the northern coast of antarctica ice free. the northern coastline of antarctica is perfectly detailed. the most puzzling however is not so much how the piri reis antarctica map managed to so accurate 300 years before it was discovered, but that the map shows the coastline under the ice. geological evidence confirms that the latest date queen maud land could have been charted in an ice - free state is 4000 bc. piri reis antarctica map - antarctica ice free oronteus fineus map of an ice free antarctica the oro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5151094039645735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.743756"} {"text": "the ice. geological evidence confirms that the latest date queen maud land could have been charted in an ice - free state is 4000 bc. piri reis antarctica map - antarctica ice free oronteus fineus map of an ice free antarctica the oronteus fineus map was also incredibly precise. the oronteus fineus map showed an ice free antartica with no ice - cap. it was drawn in the year 1532. there are also maps showing greenland as two separated islands, as it was confirmed by a polar french expedition which found out that there is an ice cap quite thick joining what it is actually two islands. another amazing chart is the one drawn by the turkish hadji ahmed, year 1559, in which he shows a land stripe, about 1600 km. wide, that joins alaska and siberia. such a natural bridge has been then covered by the water due to the end of the glacial period, which rose up the sea level. as we saw, many charts in the ancient times pictured, we might say, all the earth geography. they seem to be pieces of a very ancient world wide map, drawn by unknown people who were able to use technology that we consider to be a conquer of the very modern times. at a time when human beings were supposedly living in a primitive manner, someone \" put on paper \" the whole geography of the earth. and this common knowledge somehow fell into pieces, then gathered here and there by several people, who had lost though the knowledge, and just copied what they could find in libraries, bazaars, markets and about all kind of places. hapgood made a disclosure which amazingly lead further on this road : he found out a cartographic document copied by an older source carved on a rock column, china, year 1137. it showed the same high level of technology of the other western charts, the same grid method, the same use of spheroid trigonometry. it has so many common points with the western ones that it makes think more than reasonably, that there had to be a common source : could it be a lost civilization, maybe the same one which has been chased by thousands years so far? oronteus fineus map of an ice free antarctica - ancientdestructions. com sciencedaily ( aug. 31, 2010 ) \u2014 about 12, 900 years ago, a sudden cold snap interrupted the gradual warming that had followed the last ice age. the cold lasted for the 1, 300 - year interval known as the younger dryas ( yd )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4692396007176005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.746231"} {"text": "aug. 31, 2010 ) \u2014 about 12, 900 years ago, a sudden cold snap interrupted the gradual warming that had followed the last ice age. the cold lasted for the 1, 300 - year interval known as the younger dryas ( yd ) before the climate began to warm again. in north america, large animals known as megafauna, such as mammoths, mastodons, saber - tooth tigers and giant short - faced bears, became extinct. the paleo - indian culture known as the clovis culture for distinctively shaped fluted stone spear points abruptly vanished, eventually replaced by more localized regional cultures. what had happened? one theory is that either a comet airburst or a meteor impact somewhere in north america set off massive environmental changes that killed animals and disrupted human communities. in sedimentary deposits dating to the beginning of the yd, impact proponents have reported finding carbon spherules containing tiny nano - scale diamonds, which they thought to be created by shock metamorphism or chemical vapor deposition when the impactor struck. the nanodiamonds included lonsdaleite, an unusal form of diamond that has a hexagonal lattice rather than the usual cubic crystal lattice. lonsdaleite is particularly interesting because it has been found inside meteorites and at known impact sites. in the august 30 issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, a team of scientists led by tyrone daulton, phd, a research scientist in the physics department at washington university in st. louis, reported that they could find no diamonds in yd boundary layer material. daulton and his colleagues, including nicholas pinter, phd, professor of geology at southern illinois university in carbondale and andrew c. scott, phd, professor of applied paleobotany of royal holloway university of london, show that the material reported as diamond is instead forms of carbon related to commonplace graphite, the material used for pencils. \" of all the evidence reported for a yd impact event, the presence of hexagonal diamond in yd boundary sediments represented the strongest evidence suggesting shock processing, \" daulton, who is also a member of wustl ' s center for materials innovation, says. however, a close examination of carbon spherules from the yd boundary using transmission electron microscopy by the daulton team found no nanodiamonds. instead, graphene - and graphene / graphane - oxide aggregates were found in all the specimens examined ( including carbon spherules dated from before the yd to the present ). importantly, the researchers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5032586464737356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.747398"} {"text": "team found no nanodiamonds. instead, graphene - and graphene / graphane - oxide aggregates were found in all the specimens examined ( including carbon spherules dated from before the yd to the present ). importantly, the researchers demonstrated that previous yd studies misidentified graphene / graphane - oxides as hexagonal diamond and likely misidentified graphene as cubic diamond. the yd impact hypothesis was in trouble already before this latest finding. many other lines of evidence - - including : fullerenes, extraterrestrial forms of helium, purported spikes in radioactivity and iridium, and claims of unique spikes in magnetic meteorite particles - - had already been discredited. according to pinter, \" nanodiamonds were the last man standing. \" \" we should always have a skeptical attitude to new theories and test them thoroughly, \" scott says, \" and if the evidence goes against them they should be abandoned. \" starbiter wrote : hello mungo : now that nasa has found limestone in comet dust, the limestone and debris encasing the mega fauna is most likely comet dust. or a reef slowly grew around the remains over many years. ancientd wrote : no one seems to of considred electrical transmutation of say vaste amounts of water or air to calcium carbonate. the fossils are equally buried in coal. is this comet delivered or perhaps a creation of new compounds and minerals under electro magnetic extremes. after all is the limestone within comets created by an electro magnetic whirlpool that constantly modifies its constituents. or am i thinking beyond the pail? as i look at my periodic tables i often see how close the various mainline elements are. often seperated by only a neutron or proton. for instance carbon, nitrogen and oxygen a mere proton apart. users browsing this forum : no registered users and 1 guest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5206498820936869, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.748168"} {"text": "the stars and stripes were raised monday in the the immediate eastern ohio area and elsewhere, but this didn ' t involve flags with 50 stars. with flags having 15 stars and 15 stripes, ohioans and others through the nation monday were marking the 200th anniversary of the declaration of war for the war of 1812. the governor ' s war of 1812 bicentennial commission enlisted help from officials in all 88 counties to draw attention to this important time in the nation ' s history and ohio ' s involvement in the three - year conflict. one of most memorable reports related to united states ' naval history stems from that war. it was master commandant oliver hazard perry ' s dispatch to major gen. william henry harrison when he reported, \" we have met the enemy and they are ours - two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop. \" perry ' s dispatch resulted from his victory over the british during the battle of lake erie off the coast of ohio in 1813. the victory opened up the great lakes region and land west of ohio for settlers. harrison himself was saluted as a hero of the war of 1812. after the battle of lake erie, he commanded the forces that defeated the british and american indians, including tecumseh, at the battle of the thames near chatham, ontario. the war in the lake erie area then effectively ended. incidentally, harrison county takes its name from that illustrious officer who was the first u. s. president to have lived in ohio. harrison isn ' t the only hero associated with that war and east ohio even though the 1813 event occurred elsewhere. johnny appleseed, who planted apples in area counties, reportedly ran approximately 30 miles from mansfield to mount vernon to warn about american indian massacres and to obtain reinforcements. some report that he rode a horse. another event during that war occurred in the battle of fort mchenry when francis scott key was inspired because the flag with 15 stars and 15 stripes was still flying. his memorable words are that the \" rocket ' s red glare, the bombs bursting in air gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4021673363064123, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.750388"} {"text": "a material made from fibers or thread by weaving, knitting, felting etc. as any cloth. 1. to make, build or construct by assembling parts or manufacturing. 2. to make from raw material. external front of a building that faces the street or courtyard and is usually used to describe bigger, elegant buildings. fasade materials include wood, brick, glass, masonry, aluminum, etc. 1. the side of a wall covering that faces away from the framing ; for example in an a - b plywood panel, the face would be the a side. 2. an exterior, exposed surface on a structure. 3. any surface of a thing. 4. the outward appearance of anything. the dollar amount, shown on a document. exterior decorative surface, which is made of brick that is not rendered, painted or plastered and is made of various brick materials, including clay, to give a desired effect. applies to the direction of the grain on the face of a veneer - faced panel, which is also called the long dimension of the panel. since the greatest strength and firmness is parallel to the face grain, it is normal to run the face grain across the supports. hardening process for the surface of materials. as an example, the hardening of carbon steel is accomplished by first heating the steel to approximately 1200 degrees f. and then it is immersed in powdered carbon. when some of the carbon is absorbed into the molecular structure of the steel, the surface or face of the steel is hardened. also referred to as the face ply, it is the outer layer when there are two or more layers. face line lines that are made of strong string, which is stretched out and attached to staked boards, so that masons can follow the straightness of it when building masonry walls. nails, which are hammered at right angles ( perpendicular ) to the work surface. also called direct nailing. the side of the material where the weld was applied, which has the exposed weld. face plate holds the work to be turned on a lathe. the plate is then fastened to the lathe headstock, which is the part of the lathe that turns the work. also referred to as the face layer, it is the outer layer when there are two or more layers. additional weld material, which is added to the face of the weld. front of a concrete block. coverings, designed to protect the entire face of a worker when a sander, grinder, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5761360882873148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.755655"} {"text": "are two or more layers. additional weld material, which is added to the face of the weld. front of a concrete block. coverings, designed to protect the entire face of a worker when a sander, grinder, etc. are being used. a transparent eye panel allows the worker to be protected from small particles, which are being thrown, while being able to see. the dollar amount shown on a document. measurement of the air velocity as measured at the face of the inlet or outlet in an hvac system. the outer veneer on a piece of plywood. the front wall of a structure or, alternately, a retaining wall. masonry structure that has different types of material as backing and facing, such as brick on concrete, bonded together. veneer covered structural wall. real estate professional who aids in a transaction but does not have an agency relationship with that party and can be known as an intermediary or transaction broker. 1. ease of doing or making ; absence of difficulty. 2. a building or special room, constructed for a specific function. 1. covering of contrasting material to decorate or protect a building ; a finished wall surface. 2. smoothing ; finishing. specifically made brick, in a special color or texture, for the outside or facing wall of a building. a reproduction or exact copy or architecturally a reproduction of a building style. alternately, the electronic transfer of an exact image of a document or picture, referred to as a \" fax \". the purchase of the accounts receivable of a business or alternately, taking the accounts receivable of a business as collateral for a loan. the ratio of the maximum strength of a piece of material or a part to the probably maximum load to be applied to it. if a maximum of 2, 000 pounds can be tolerated, a load of 500 pounds will have a 4 to one factor of safety. the edge of any fabricated item that has been prepared in a factory, such as the long edge of wallboard panels, coming from a factory covered with paper. fade. 1. to become less distinct. to lose color or brilliance. 2. to disappear slowly. to wane. also spelled faggot, the term refers to a bundle of sticks or branches to be used for fuel, or alternately, a bundle of iron or steel pieces to be hammered or rolled, at welding temperature, into bars. temperature measurement, named after its discoverer daniel fahrenheit 1686 - 1736, in which 32 degrees is the freezing point and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5997460279237574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.756651"} {"text": "mountains beyond mountains teachers : if you ' d like a printable version of this guide, download the pdf attachment at the bottom of this page. mountains beyond mountains : the quest of dr. paul farmer, a man who would cure the world tells the true story of one man \u2019 s commitment to bring quality health care to the world \u2019 s poorest communities. author tracy kidder guides students through many physical and philosophical journeys with dr. farmer, eloquently articulating farmer \u2019 s mission of correcting the inequities and epidemics that plague the poorest people. these journeys with dr. farmer constitute an adventure story focused on critical moral issues. mountains beyond mountains raises several profound questions about issues of access to health care and the global distribution of wealth, allowing students a glimpse into dr. farmer \u2019 s work to change the world. reading this fascinating and inspiring book with your class will provide an opportunity to discuss critical modern political issues and will challenge your students to reflect on their own goals and personal philosophies. this guide is divided into three categories : style and structure, comprehension and discussion, and personal essays. questions in the first two sections can be used for oral discussion in small or large groups, or for written assignments. the personal essay questions will require longer, personal answers, and are more appropriate as written assignments. each section can be individualized for your students \u2019 interests and reading level, or adapted to meet curriculum demands. about this guide reading level : 10 this teacher ' s guide is recommended for use by high school educators. about this author tracy kidder was born in new york city in 1945. he attended harvard college and served as a lieutenant in vietnam. he writes frequently for atlantic monthly magazine and the new yorker. after briefly meeting paul farmer in haiti in 1994, kidder met up with him again in 1999 to begin work on \u201c the good doctor, \u201d a profile of farmer that was published in the new yorker in july 2000. kidder \u2019 s research for the new yorker article became the starting point for mountains beyond mountains. tracy kidder won the pulitzer prize and the national book award in 1982 for the soul of the new machine, a book about corporate, high - tech america. other works include house ( 1985 ), among schoolchildren ( 1989 ), old friends ( 1993 ), and home town ( 1999 ). his next book, my detachment : a memoir ( due fall 2005 ) focuses on his time spent as a lieutenant in vietnam. style and structure 1. kidder opens mountains beyond mountains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4830250543671647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.766408"} {"text": ", old friends ( 1993 ), and home town ( 1999 ). his next book, my detachment : a memoir ( due fall 2005 ) focuses on his time spent as a lieutenant in vietnam. style and structure 1. kidder opens mountains beyond mountains with an account of a discussion between paul farmer and a u. s. army captain who was commanding a small peacekeeping force in haiti. farmer and the captain initially discuss a recent murder case in the area, and then move on to discuss the role of the u. s. in haiti. while the u. s. army troops had been stationed in haiti to reinstate the country \u2019 s democratically elected government and to curb political violence, some of the soldiers were cynical about the effects of their presence in the country. in his reflections on the work of the soldiers, kidder acknowledges that he shared the soldiers \u2019 pessimism, believing that they \u201c had done their best \u201d and that they \u201c would not cry over things beyond their control \u201d in haiti ( page 8 ). why do you think that kidder opens his book with this scene? 2. most of tracy kidder \u2019 s other books are not written in the first - person voice. why do you think he chose to write mountains beyond mountains from a first - person perspective? in what ways would the book be different if it were written in the third - person perspective? 3. the title of the book, mountains beyond mountains, is taken from a haitian proverb that translates as \u201c beyond mountains there are mountains. \u201d why did kidder use this as the title? what does it mean in terms of paul farmer \u2019 s work? discussion and writing 1. on his trips outside of haiti, paul farmer carries two photos to show his colleagues \u2013 one of his own daughter catherine, and one of a young patient at cange ( page 213 ). why is it important to farmer to show both photos? 2. in chapter 22, kidder notes that paul farmer \u2019 s \u201c days and nights looked hard and in some ways lonesome. \u201d farmer is very dedicated to his work and has been very successful but in order to do his work, he has also made many personal sacrifices. what sacrifices has farmer made to pursue his goals? how have these sacrifices affected his relationship with didi and catherine, and with his friends? 3. paul farmer had a very unusual upbringing in massachusetts, alabama, and florida. what specific elements from his childhood and family life prepared farmer for his current life? how has your upbringing influenced your own choices and goals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46307781211689125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.767414"} {"text": "catherine, and with his friends? 3. paul farmer had a very unusual upbringing in massachusetts, alabama, and florida. what specific elements from his childhood and family life prepared farmer for his current life? how has your upbringing influenced your own choices and goals in life? 4. throughout the book, kidder describes farmer \u2019 s interactions with patients. in many cases, farmer tends to reach out to touch his patients comfortingly and call them by pet names or endearments. are these gestures typical of modern american doctors? how do these gestures reflect farmer \u2019 s philosophy of the role of a doctor? 5. what motivates paul farmer to do the work he does? what does he see as his compensation? ( page 24 ) 6. farmer \u2019 s philosophy is at odds with standard notions of efficiency and cost - effectiveness. his approach to public health care has drawn criticism because it is not perceived to be cost - effective. for instance, one critic commented that the $ 20, 000 spent on transporting a sick haitian child to boston for treatment could have been better spent on other things, like supplies or drugs for many other children ( page 287 ). what is his response to these arguments? what factors do you think are most important in making such decisions about how money should be spent in public health programs? 7. paul has trained as a medical anthropologist and as a doctor. discuss the difference between these two careers with your class. how has his background in medical anthropology complemented his work as a doctor? what specific scenes illustrate farmer \u2019 s skills as a medical anthropologist? 8. what is meant by the phrase, \u201c all suffering isn \u2019 t equal \u201d on page 216? how does this belief shape the work that paul farmer, jim kim, and partners in health do? 9. as partners in health grows, farmer is expected to travel to many places to implement and monitor programs, meet with policy - makers and other doctors, and make presentations on public health issues. his increasing involvement in other programs in peru and russia requires that he spend less time in cange ( page 260 ). how does he describe the inner conflict between serving his patients in haiti and helping to solve international inequities and epidemics globally? 10. many people in cange believe that paul farmer \u201c works with both hands, \u201d meaning that he works both with science and with the magic necessary to remove voodoo curses ( page 27 ). how did he learn about the role of voodoo in the lives of the residents of cange? how does farmer interpret the continuing presence of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5027131813157868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.768419"} {"text": ", \u201d meaning that he works both with science and with the magic necessary to remove voodoo curses ( page 27 ). how did he learn about the role of voodoo in the lives of the residents of cange? how does farmer interpret the continuing presence of voodoo in modern haitian life? 11. early members of partners in health refer frequently to an idea from the catholic liberation theology movement, of \u201c preferential option for the poor \u201d ( pages 78 and 81 ). how does farmer \u2019 s life and work reflect this particular theology? what are some other examples of the role of faith and religion in paul farmer \u2019 s work? 1. do you think that farmer has struck an appropriate balance between acting locally and acting globally? how do you think he should prioritize his responsibilities toward his haitian patients, pih \u2019 s other international programs, and the global public health community? 2. what responsibilities do you think individuals in wealthier nations have toward people in poor countries? how has reading this account of paul farmer \u2019 s work changed your ideas about your responsibility or obligations toward people who are poorer than you are? what do you think is the best way to express or act on this sense of responsibility? 3. in many of his projects and activities, paul farmer achieves his goals by subverting policies. for example, while there is officially a fee for patient services at zanmi lasante, he has made a long list of exceptions, so that in fact almost no one has to pay for services ( page 21 ). while he was in medical school, he \u201c borrowed \u201d tens of thousands of dollars worth of drugs and lab services from brigham and young hospital on behalf of his patients at zanmi lasante by charming the pharmacists and lab workers ( page 149 ). how do you feel about his unconventional approach to problem solving? do you think that he could be more effective by working within a framework of existing policies and institutional structures, or by working to change policies that he sees as oppressive to the poor? 4. in the final paragraph of the book, kidder makes a reference to the time he spent with the american soldiers before he met paul farmer and of how he regarded the plight of the suffering people. in what ways have kidder and his viewpoints changed since first meeting farmer? how did your own perception of farmer \u2019 s life and work change, if it did, as you read the book? about the teacher ' s guide writer heather kelly received her master \u2019 s degree in public administration and economic and political development from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5294219495799242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.769387"} {"text": "four voyages can lead to plenty of misadventure. discover the places where christopher columbus met with high drama ( and just a few setbacks ) during his discovery of the new world, from 1492 to 1504. christmas day 1492 wasn \u2019 t all glad tidings and good cheer for christopher columbus. on a journey to the northern coast of the caribbean island of hispaniola, one of columbus \u2019 3 ships, the < i > santa maria < / i >, ran aground and had to be abandoned. it was the first of columbus \u2019 4 voyages to the americas. columbus didn \u2019 t exactly get a warm welcome when he landed on the samana peninsula ( in present - day dominican republic ). he met with violent resistance from the ciguayos, one of the nations of the caribbean islands. because of the ciguayos ' use of arrows, columbus called the inlet where he encountered them the bay of arrows. historians have since debated its exact location : some say it is the bay of rincon, others that it is samana bay. the good times kept on coming as columbus headed for spain, on the last leg of his first voyage. he soon had to put those plans on hold, as a storm forced his fleet into lisbon. there columbus anchored next to portugal king john ii \u2019 s harbor partrol ship. columbus spent the next week in portugal, before he was able to continue on to spain. nine months later, columbus once again set sail for the high seas. this time, on his second voyage, he returned to hispaniola, where he intended to visit the fort of la navidad ( built during his first voyage ). however, columbus discovered that the fort, located on the northern coast of haiti, had been destroyed by the native taino people. centuries later, in 1977, an amateur archeologist excavated artifacts from la navidad. it seemed like a good idea at the time. when columbus sailed more than 60 miles eastward, along hispaniola \u2019 s northern coast, he established the settlement of la isabela, in present - day dominican republic. but in 1494 and then, in 1495, the settlement was struck by 2 north atlantic hurricanes. hunger, disease and mutiny soon followed, until columbus abandoned the settlement altogether. that ' s what columbus was thinking when he arrived in cuba ( which he named juana ) on april 30, 1494. exploring the island \u2019 s southern coast, columbus placed his bets that it was part of a peninsula connected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3948740601043732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.773455"} {"text": "the settlement altogether. that ' s what columbus was thinking when he arrived in cuba ( which he named juana ) on april 30, 1494. exploring the island \u2019 s southern coast, columbus placed his bets that it was part of a peninsula connected to mainland asia. and this must be the garden of eden! that \u2019 s what columbus concluded as he sailed the gulf of paria ( between present - day trinidad and venezuela ). the nice climate, the abundance of food, the friendliness of the natives and the richness of the area \u2019 s natural resources all led him to that conclusion. he also wagered that, based on the rotation of the pole star in the sky, the earth must not be perfectly spherical, but rather bulged out like a pear around the new - found continent we now know as south america. columbus wasn \u2019 t feeling so well when he returned to hispaniola on aug. 19, 1498, during his third voyage. he felt even worse when he discovered that many of the spanish settlers of the new colony were in rebellion against his rule, saying that columbus had misled them about the supposedly bountiful riches of the new world. columbus \u2019 fourth and final voyage met with choppy waters in june 1502. when his fleet arrived in santo domingo, it was denied port by the new governor. but columbus got his revenge. he told the governor a storm was coming. the gov didn \u2019 t listen \u2026 to his demise. he ended up surrendering to the sea, along with 29 of his 30 ships. columbus \u2019 4 ships took a bruising while cruising through present - day panama. locals had told columbus about gold and a strait to another ocean. columbus set out on an exploration and established a garrison at the mouth of panama \u2019 s belen river. in april 1503, one of columbus \u2019 ships became stranded in the river. meanwhile, the garrison was attacked by the guaymi locals. further headaches followed when shipworms damaged the ships at sea. columbus \u2019 ships sustained further damage when a storm hit off the coast of cuba. unable to travel on, the fleet was beached in st. ann \u2019 s bay, in jamaica. for 1 year, columbus and his men remained stranded in jamaica before help arrived. in all, columbus \u2019 voyages stretched over 12 years, and - - a few misadventures aside - - opened the door to the \u201c new world. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43252263256107487, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.774357"} {"text": "water reuse links disclaimer : links to and information about web sites outside the twdb are provided solely for the convenience of the user and do not constitute an official endorsement of the information, products, or services contained therein. - national science foundation the national science foundation ( nsf ) is an independent federal agency created by congress in 1950 \" to promote the progress of science ; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare ; to secure the national defense. \" - u. s. agency for international development president john. f. kennedy created the united states agency for international development by executive order in 1961 to extend a helping hand to people overseas struggling to make a better life. - u. s. bureau of reclamation the usbor ' s water group provides expert water and wastewater treatment engineering and research technical services. - u. s. environmental protection agency the mission of the u. s. environmental protection agency is to protect human health and the environment. - u. s. geological survey the u. s. geological survey is a science organization that provides impartial information on the health of the nation ' s ecosystems and environment, the natural hazards that threaten us, the natural resources we rely on, the impacts of climate and land - use change, and the core science systems that help us provide timely, relevant, and useable information. - american water resources association an international organization dedicated to increasing the beneficial use of recycled water. - american water works association awwa is the largest water supply professional organization in the world and is an authoritative source of knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and supply of drinking water worldwide. - water research foundation the water research foundation is a member - supported international non - profit organization that sponsors research to enable water utilities, public health agencies, and other professionals provide safe and affordable drinking water. - global water research coalition the gwrc is a 12 - member international alliance offering water research information and knowledge to its members with a focus on water supply, wastewater, and renewable water resources. - international water association iwa is comprised of leading water professionals in science, research, technology and practice. - national water research institute nwri is canada ' s preeminent freshwater research facility, the largest in the country, leading world - class research on freshwater issues. - water education foundation wef is an impartial non - profit organization, dedicated to creating a better understanding of water issues and helping to resolve water resource problems through educational programs. - water environment association of texas weat is an association of water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4883804249567962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.778385"} {"text": ". - water education foundation wef is an impartial non - profit organization, dedicated to creating a better understanding of water issues and helping to resolve water resource problems through educational programs. - water environment association of texas weat is an association of water professionals, practitioners, operations specialists, and public officials working together for professional growth and development, and to educate the public on water issues. - water environment federation the water environment federation is a not - for - profit technical and educational organization with a vision of preserving and enhancing the global water environment. - water environment research foundation the water environment research foundation is dedicated to advancing science and technology addressing water quality issues as they impact water resources, the atmosphere, the lands, and quality of life. - watereuse association the watereuse association is a non - profit organization whose mission is to advance the beneficial and efficient use of water resources through education, sound science, and technology using reclamation, recycling, reuse and desalination. - national institutes for water resources the niwr is a network of 54 research institutes ( one institute located in every state or territory of the us ) with each institute conducting basic and applied research to solve water problems unique in its area. - texas water resources institute twri, a member of the national institutes for water resources, provides leadership for priority research and educational programs in water resources within the texas a & m university system and throughout texas. - universities council on water resources about 90 universities in the unites states and throughout the world comprise the ucowr which facilitates education, research, technology transfer, and information dissemination on contemporary and emerging water resource issues. useful reference documents the document ' s primary purpose is to facilitate further development of water reuse by serving as an authoritative reference on water reuse practices. it updates and builds on the 2004 guidelines for water reuse by incorporating information on water reuse that has been developed since the 2004 document was issued. this report provides a general overview of current knowledge related to direct potable reuse ( dpr ), and identifies the information that needs to be developed through targeted studies to inform the stakeholders regarding the feasibility of implementing dpr as a viable water supply management option. the report provides a comprehensive assessment of technical, economic, social, and regulatory issues associated with both potable and non - potable reuse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5045099027516209, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.780790"} {"text": "podiatrists are professionally trained to provide medical care for people who have problems with their toes, feet, sometimes also ankles and occasionally knees ( this last depends on the specialty training of an individual practitioner and the laws of the state where she / he practices ). podiatrist learn general medicine as well, because part of their role is as primary care practitioners. as an example, a podiatrist may be the first health professionals to diagnose a patient with diabetes because he / she sees blood vessel breakdown - a characteristic which often shows itself first in the feet of a diabetic. the university of iowa provides the preparatory course work needed to apply to one of the eight graduate - level podiatric educational programs ( programs take 4 years ), but has neither an undergraduate degree in pre - podiatric studies nor a graduate podiatric medical education program. the university does have a system for identifying students with this goal so that we can match them with an advisors who know about podiatric medicine and, maybe, with other students who have the same goals ( designated as \u201c pre - podiatric medicine \u201d students ). please note, most schools have a standard set of pre - requisites. however, there is some variation and it is the student \u2019 s responsibility to investigate the entry requirements for each program in which they are interested and plan accordingly. the easiest place to do so is the web site of the american association of colleges of podiatric medicine http : / / www. aacpm. org. call the advising center at ( 319 ) 353 - 5700 to make an appointment with one of our pre - podiatric medicine advisors. the minimum set of science courses for pre - podiatric study, all requiring a laboratory component, are one year each of : principles of chemistry ( 4 : 11 - 12 / 8 s. h. ), organic chemistry ( 4 : 121 - 122 & 141 or 4 : 123 - 124 & 142 / either group 9 s. h. ), college physics ( 29 : 11 - 12 / 8 s. h., pre - requisite : trigonometry, but the majority in the first physics class have also completed a semester of calculus as well ), and principles of biology ( 2 : 10 - 11 / 8 s. h. ). two programs require one more 4 s. h. of biology coursework ( scholl college at rosalind franklin university and the arizona podiatric medicine program in glendale near phoenix ) and others", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46180280029468435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.785356"} {"text": "10 - 11 / 8 s. h. ). two programs require one more 4 s. h. of biology coursework ( scholl college at rosalind franklin university and the arizona podiatric medicine program in glendale near phoenix ) and others strongly recommend added specific ones. in addition, one year of english is required ( 10 : 1 \u2013 10 : 2 or 10 : 3 and lit 8g : 1 often do nicely ). for each of the eight podiatric education programs ( more will be established in the near future ), a set of scores from the mcat ( medical college admission test ) or other national test will be needed. the american podiatric medical association provides general information about the careers available as a podiatrist, including potential salaries, and contact with potential mentors for undergraduates to shadow. furthermore, this organization is responsible for assessing accreditation for graduate education in podiatric medicine and communication among the nation ' s podiatrists. all eight belong to the american podiatric medicine association and linkage to their information is available through their web site ( just above ). application begins with the podiatric medicine centralized application service, aapcas site for all except those planning to attend the new york college of podiatric medicine ; these start with the adjacent link. look carefully at the above requirements ; they are much the same as those of allopathic and osteopathic medicine and a number of other health professions including dentistry. be sure that you have experienced the differences before applying.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3984703934101043, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.786287"} {"text": "what is homeopathy? the main idea behind homeopathy is the law of similars, which is sometimes explained as a\u20acslike cures like. a\u20act in the late 18th century, a german physician named samuel hahnemann read that quinine containing peruvian bark ( chinchona ) cured malaria. hahnemann swallowed a dose of peruvian bark and began to feel feverish, drowsy, extremely thirsty, and agitated - - all symptoms of malaria. hahnemann started to experiment more and formed his theory that like cures like, or the law of similars : that when a substance in large doses causes certain symptoms, in small doses it can cure these same symptoms. herbs and other plants, minerals, venom from snakes, and other substances can be used to make homeopathic remedies. they are diluted again and again and a\u20acssuccusseda\u20act or shaken vigorously between each dilution. the process of sequential dilution and succussion is called potentization. how does homeopathy work? homeopathic remedies start with substances such as herbs, minerals, or animal products. these substances are first crushed and dissolved in a liquid - - usually grain alcohol or lactose - - mechanically shaken, then stored. this is the \" mother tincture. \" homeopaths then dilute tinctures more with alcohol or lactose, either 1 part to 10 ( written as \" x \" ) or 1 part to 100 ( written as \" c \" ). these tinctures are shaken, yielding a 1x or 1c dilution. homeopaths can further dilute these tinctures 2 times ( 2x or 2c ), 3 times ( 3x or 3c ), and so forth. many times professional homeopaths will use much higher dilutions, because the more diluted the substance, the more potent its healing powers are thought to be. homeopathic remedies aim to stimulate the body ' s own healing mechanisms. homeopaths believe that any physical disease has a mental and emotional component. so a homeopathic diagnosis includes physical symptoms ( such as feverishness ), current emotional and psychological state ( such as anxiety and restlessness ), and the person ' s constitution. a person ' s constitution includes qualities related to creativity, initiative, persistence, concentration, physical sensitivities, and stamina. the right remedy for a condition will take all of these aspects into account, so each diagnosis and remedy is individualized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5479870775986324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.797619"} {"text": "a person ' s constitution includes qualities related to creativity, initiative, persistence, concentration, physical sensitivities, and stamina. the right remedy for a condition will take all of these aspects into account, so each diagnosis and remedy is individualized. that means 3 people with hay fever could need 3 very different prescriptions. health food stores and some pharmacies sell homeopathic remedies for a variety of problems. remedies are usually taken for no more than 2 - 3 days, although some people may need only 1 - 2 doses before they start feeling better. in some cases daily dosing may be prescribed. what happens during a visit to the homeopath? your first visit to the homeopath can take from 1 - hours. because homeopaths treat the person rather than the illness, the homeopath will interview you at length, asking many questions and observing personality traits, as well as unusual behavioral and physical symptoms. the homeopath will also perform a physical examination and possibly order laboratory work. what illnesses and conditions respond well? scientific evidence is mixed. in some clinical trials, homeopathy appeared to be no better than placebo. in other clinical studies, researchers believed they saw benefits from homeopathy. more controlled clinical research is needed. preliminary evidence shows that homeopathy may be helpful in treating childhood diarrhea, otitis media ( ear infection ), asthma, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, pain, allergies, upper respiratory tract infections, sore muscles, and colds and flu. some professional homeopaths specialize in treating serious illnesses, such as cancer, mental illness, and autoimmune diseases. in fact, several studies suggest there may be a role for homeopathy in symptom relief and improving quality of life among cancer patients. you should not treat a life - threatening illness with homeopathy alone. always make sure that all your health care providers know about all the different therapies you are using. homeopathic medicines, because they are diluted, generally don ' t have side effects. however, some people report feeling worse briefly after starting homeopathic remedies. homeopaths interpret this as the body temporarily stimulating symptoms while it makes an effort to restore health. homeopathic medicines are not known to interfere with conventional drugs. however, if you are considering using homeopathic remedies, you should discuss this with your doctor. is home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5086033502150706, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.798623"} {"text": "body temporarily stimulating symptoms while it makes an effort to restore health. homeopathic medicines are not known to interfere with conventional drugs. however, if you are considering using homeopathic remedies, you should discuss this with your doctor. is homeopathy regulated? the u. s. congress passed a law in 1938 declaring that homeopathic remedies are to be regulated by the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) in the same manner as nonprescription, over the counter ( otc ) drugs. this means that homeopathic medicines can be purchased without a doctor ' s prescription. unlike conventional prescription drugs and new otc drugs, which must undergo thorough testing and review by the fda for safety and effectiveness before they can be sold, homeopathic remedies don ' t have to undergo clinical trials. they do have to meet legal standards for strength, quality, purity, and packaging. in 1988, the fda required that all homeopathic medicines list on the label the medical problems they ' re designed to treat. the fda also requires the label to list ingredients, dilutions, and instructions for safe use. the guidelines for homeopathic medicines are found in an official guide, the homeopathic pharmacopoeia of the united states, which is written by a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization of industry representatives and homeopathic experts. the pharmacopoeia also includes provisions for testing new remedies and verifying their clinical effectiveness. how can i find a qualified practitioner? to find a homeopathic provider in your area, contact : there are homeopathic schools and training programs, although no diploma or certificate from any school provides a license to practice. many homeopaths are also medical doctors ( mds ), although homeopaths are licensed in almost every health profession category, including veterinarians. in most states, practitioners of homeopathy must be licensed health care providers. several respected certification agencies exist. the american board of homeotherapeutics certifies medical doctors and doctors of osteopathic medicine ( dos ) who have specialized in homeopathy ( dht indicates a doctor of homeopathy ). naturopathic doctors study homeopathy extensively as part of their medical training and some are certified by the homeopathic academy of naturopathic physicians ( dhanp ). all homeopathic practitioners, including chiropractors, nurse practitioners, and acupuncturists, can apply for certification in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46917320566154963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.799685"} {"text": "training and some are certified by the homeopathic academy of naturopathic physicians ( dhanp ). all homeopathic practitioners, including chiropractors, nurse practitioners, and acupuncturists, can apply for certification in classical homeopathy ( cch ). does my medical insurance usually cover homeopathy? insurance companies are more likely to cover homeopathy when the person providing the service is a licensed health care professional, such as an md or do who also practices homeopathy. altunc u, pittler mh, ernst e. homeopathy for childhood and adolescence ailments : systematic review of randomized clinical trials. mayo clin proc. 2007 ; 82 ( 1 ) : 69 - 75. bellavite p, ortolani r, pontarollo f, piasere v, benato g, conforti a. immunology and homeopathy. 4. clinical studies - part 2. evid based complement alternat med. 2006 ; 3 ( 4 ) : 397 - 409. bellavite p, ortolani r, pontarollo f, piasere v, benato g, conforti a. immunology and homeopathy. 4. clinical studies - part 1. evid based complement alternat med. 2006 ; 3 ( 3 ) : 293 - 301. brinkhaus b, wilkens jm, ludtke r, hunger j, witt cm, willich sn. homeopathic arnica therapy in patients receiving knee surgery : results of three randomised double - blind trials. complement ther med. 2006 ; 14 ( 4 ) : 237 - 46. cucherat m, haugh mc, gooch m, boissel jp. evidence of clinical efficacy of homeopathy : a meta - analysis of clinical trials. eur j clin pharmacol. 2000 ; 56 : 27 - 33. dantas f, fisher p, walach h, et al. a systematic review of the quality of homeopathic pathogenetic trials published from 1945 to 1995. homeopathy. 2007 ; 96 ( 1 ) : 4 - 16. dean me, coulter mk, fisher p, jobst k, walach h. reporting data on homeopathic treatments ( redhot ) : a supplement to consort. homeopathy. 2007 ; 96 ( 1 ) : 42 - 5. dos santos al, perazzo ff, cardoso lg, carval", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45335618467538963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.800669"} {"text": "h. reporting data on homeopathic treatments ( redhot ) : a supplement to consort. homeopathy. 2007 ; 96 ( 1 ) : 42 - 5. dos santos al, perazzo ff, cardoso lg, carvalho jc. in vivo study of the anti - inflammatory effect of rhus toxicodendron. homeopathy. 2007 ; 96 ( 2 ) : 95 - 101. ernst e. homeopathy : what does the \" best \" evidence tell us? med j aust. 2010 ; 192 ( 8 ) : 458 - 60. fleming s, gutknecht n. naturopathy and primary care practice. primary care : clinics in office practice. 2010 : 37 ( 1 ). frei h, everts r, von ammon k, kaufmann f, et al. randomised controlled trials of homeopathy in hyperactive children : treatment procedure leads to an unconventional study design. experience with open - label homeopathic treatment preceding the swiss adhd placebo controlled, randomised, double - blind, cross - over trial. homeopathy. 2007 ; 96 ( 1 ) : 35 - 41. frenkel m. homeopathy in cancer care. altern ther health med. 2010 ; 16 ( 3 ) : 12 - 6. goossens m, laekeman g, aertgeerts b, buntinx f ; arch study group. evaluation of the quality of life after individualized homeopathic treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis. a prospective, open, non - comparative study. homeopathy. 2009 jan ; 98 ( 1 ) : 11 - 6. jacobs j, herman p, heron k, olsen s, vaughters l. homeopathy for menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors : a preliminary randomized controlled trial. j altern complement med. 2005 ; 11 ( 1 ) : 21 - 7. jacobs j, williams al, girard c, njike vy, katz d. homeopathy for attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder : a pilot randomized - controlled trial. j altern complement med. 2005 ; 11 ( 5 ) : 799 - 806. kistin sj, newman ad. induction of labor with homeopathy : a case report. j midwifery womens health. 2007 ; 52 ( 3 ) : 303 - 7. mathie rt, farrer s. outcomes from homeopathic prescribing in dental practice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.525636048310988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.801555"} {"text": "of labor with homeopathy : a case report. j midwifery womens health. 2007 ; 52 ( 3 ) : 303 - 7. mathie rt, farrer s. outcomes from homeopathic prescribing in dental practice : a prospective, research - targeted, pilot study. homeopathy. 2007 ; 96 ( 2 ) : 74 - 81. mcguigan m. hypothesis : do homeopathic medicines exert their action in humans and animals via the vomeronasal system? homeopathy. 2007 ; 96 ( 2 ) : 113 - 9. merrell wc, shalts e. homeopathy [ review ]. med clin north am. 2002 ; 86 ( 1 ) : 47 - 62. milazzo s, russell n, ernst e. efficacy of homeopathic therapy in cancer treatment. eur j cancer. 2006 ; 42 ( 3 ) : 282 - 9. milgrom lr. journeys in the country of the blind : entanglement theory and the effects of blinding on trials of homeopathy and homeopathic provings. evid based complement alternat med. 2007 ; 4 ( 1 ) : 7 - 16. mojaver yn, mosavi f, mazaherinezhad a, shahrdar a, manshaee k. individualized homeopathic treatment of trigeminal neuralgia : an observational study. homeopathy. 2007 ; 96 ( 2 ) : 82 - 6. mousavi f, mojaver yn, asadzadeh m, mirzazadeh m. homeopathic treatment of minor aphthous ulcer : a randomized, placebo - controlled clinical trial. homeopathy. 2009 jul ; 98 ( 3 ) : 137 - 41. muller - krampe b, oberbaum m, dipl - math pk, weiser m. effects of spascupreel versus hyoscine butylbromide for gastrointestinal cramps in children. pediatr int. 2007 ; 49 ( 3 ) : 328 - 34. pilkington k, kirkwood g, rampes h, fisher p, richardson j. homeopathy for anxiety and anxiety disorders : a systematic review of the research. homeopathy. 2006 ; 95 ( 3 ) : 151 - 62. ramachandran c, nair pk, clement rt, melnick sj. investigation of cytokine expression in human leukocyte cultures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5545500903314251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.802431"} {"text": "review of the research. homeopathy. 2006 ; 95 ( 3 ) : 151 - 62. ramachandran c, nair pk, clement rt, melnick sj. investigation of cytokine expression in human leukocyte cultures with two immune - modulatory homeopathic preparations. j altern complement med. 2007 ; 13 ( 4 ) : 403 - 7. rao ml, roy r, bell ir, hoover r. the defining role of structure ( including epitaxy ) in the plausibility of homeopathy. homeopathy. 2007 ; 96 ( 3 ) : 175 - 82. relton c, chatfield k, partington h, foulkes l. patients treated by homeopaths registered with the society of homeopaths : a pilot study. homeopathy. 2007 ; 96 ( 2 ) : 87 - 9. relton c, smith c, raw j, walters c, adebajo ao, thomas kj, young ta. healthcare provided by a homeopath as an adjunct to usual care for fibromyalgia ( fms ) : results of a pilot randomised controlled trial. homeopathy. 2009 apr ; 98 ( 2 ) : 77 - 82. rossi e, endrizzi c, panozzo ma, bianchi a, da fra\u00a8 m. homeopathy in the public health system : a seven - year observational study at lucca hospital ( italy ). homeopathy. 2009 jul ; 98 ( 3 ) : 142 - 8. rostock m, naumann j, guethlin c, guenther l, bartsch hh, walach h. classical homeopathy in the treatment of cancer patients - - a prospective observational study of two independent cohorts. bmc cancer. 2011 ; 11 : 19. tan g, craine mh, bair mj, et al. efficacy of selected complementary and alternative medicine interventions for chronic pain. j rehabil res dev. 2007 ; 44 ( 2 ) : 195 - 222. thompson ea, montgomery a, douglas d, reilly d. a pilot, randomized, double - blinded, placebo - controlled trial of individualized homeopathy for symptoms of estrogen withdrawal in breast - cancer survivors. j altern complement med. 2005 ; 11 ( 1 ) : 13 - 20. vickers aj, smith c. homoeopathic oscillococcinum for preventing and treating influenza and influenza - like syndromes. cochrane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5465447786123129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.803279"} {"text": "the placenta is the link between you and your baby. when the placenta does not work as well as it should, your baby can get less oxygen and nutrients from you. as a result, your baby may : - not grow as well - show signs of fetal stress ( this means the baby ' s heart does not work normally ) - have a harder time during labor placental dysfunction ; uteroplacental vascular insufficiency ; oligohydramnios causes, incidence, and risk factors the placenta may not work as well due to pregnancy problems or habits in the mother, such as : certain medications can also increase the risk of placenta insufficiency. in some cases, the placenta : - may have an abnormal shape - may not grow big enough ( more likely if you are carrying twins or other multiples ) - does not attach correctly to the surface of the womb - breaks away from the surface of the womb or bleeds a woman with placental insufficiency usually does not have any symptoms. signs and tests the health care provider will measure the size of your growing womb ( uterus ) at each visit, starting about halfway through your pregnancy. if your uterus is not growing as expected, a pregnancy ultrasound will be done. this test will measure your baby ' s size and growth, and assess the size and placement of the placenta. other times, problems with the placenta or your baby ' s growth may be found on a routine ultrasound that is done during your pregnancy. either way, your doctor will order tests to check how your baby is doing. the tests may show that your baby is active and healthy, and the amount of amniotic fluid is normal. or, these tests can show that the baby is having problems. if there is a problem with the placenta, you and your doctor must decide whether to induce labor. you may be asked to keep a daily record of how often the baby moves or kicks. the next steps your doctor will take depend on : - the results of tests - your due date - other problems that may be present, such as high blood pressure or diabetes if your pregnancy is less than 37 weeks and the tests show that your baby is not under too much stress, your doctor may decide to wait longer. sometimes you may need to get increased rest on your side. you will have tests often to make sure your baby is doing well. treating high blood pressure or diabetes may also help improve the baby ' s growth. if your pregnancy is over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45466954523340275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.807868"} {"text": "wait longer. sometimes you may need to get increased rest on your side. you will have tests often to make sure your baby is doing well. treating high blood pressure or diabetes may also help improve the baby ' s growth. if your pregnancy is over 37 weeks or tests show your baby is not doing well, your doctor may want to deliver your baby. he or she may induce labor, or you may need a c - section problems with the placenta can affect the developing baby ' s growth. the baby cannot grow and develop normally in the womb if it does not get enough oxygen and nutrients. when this occurs, it is called intrauterine growth restriction ( iugr ). this increases the chances of complications during pregnancy and delivery. getting prenatal care early in pregnancy will help make sure that the mother is as healthy as possible during the pregnancy. smoking, alcohol, and other illicit drugs can interfere with the baby ' s growth. avoiding these substances may help prevent placental insufficiency and other pregnancy complications. baschat aa, galan hl, ross mg, gabbe sg. intrauterine growth restriction. in : gabbe sg, niebyl jr, simpson jl, eds. obstetrics : normal and problem pregnancies. 6th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2012 : chap. 31. grivell rm, wong l, bhatia v. regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth. cochrane database syst rev. 2009 ; ( 1 ) : cd007113. farinelli ck, wing da. abnormal labor and induction of labor. in : gabbe sg, niebyl jr, simpson jl, eds. obstetrics : normal and problem pregnancies. 6th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2012 : chap. 14. linda j. vorvick, md, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, department of family medicine, uw medicine, school of medicine, university of washington ; and susan storck, md, facog, chief, eastside department of obstetrics and gynecology, group health cooperative of puget sound, bellevue, washington ; clinical teaching faculty, department of obstetrics and gynecology, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3998643011601802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.808770"} {"text": "( continued from page 1 ) grow ripe fruit. before plucking seeds, the plant \u2019 s fruit should be grown to its ripest point. for beans and peas, this is far beyond the normal harvest time \u2014 well after pods have swollen and begun to dry. collecting seeds for saving is easiest for beans and peas, which can be removed from dried pods like shell beans. tomatoes are a different story. fruit must be picked when ripe and then squeezed to capture both seeds and slimy juice in a plastic container. allow seeds to sit in the juice. seeds must ferment in the juice for several days to remove a gel coating that hinders germination. place the container outside to avoid the smelly fermentation process, but keep the seed container away from direct sun. in a few days, a foul - smelling scum will form on the surface. leave the seeds in the scummy soup for another day or two before pouring off the scum and lightly rinsing the seeds. toss out any seeds that are afloat after the other seeds have settled to the bottom. dry the seeds on paper plates or napkins labeled with each variety. allow them to cure indoors ( out of direct sunlight ) for an additional week before packaging them in labeled paper envelopes. store the envelopes in a cool, dry location. about the author : andy tomolonis is a writer and gardener in suburban boston. page 1 | 2 submit comment \u00bb give us your opinion on saving seeds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.415016505806322, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.810250"} {"text": "las vegas, nm natural disasters and weather extremes the chance of earthquake damage in las vegas is lower than new mexico average and is much lower than the national average. the risk of tornado damage in las vegas is about the same as new mexico average and is much lower than the national average. earthquake index, # 338 | las vegas, nm | | 0. 07 | the earthquake index value is calculated based on historical earthquake events data using usa. com algorithms. it is an indicator of the earthquake level in a region. a higher earthquake index value means a higher chance of an earthquake. volcano index, # 310 | las vegas, nm | | 0. 0016 | the volcano index value is calculated based on the currently known volcanoes using usa. com algorithms. it is an indicator of the possibility of a region being affected by a possible volcano eruption. a higher volcano index value means a higher chance of being affected. tornado index, # 157 | las vegas, nm | | 12. 55 | the tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data using usa. com algorithms. it is an indicator of the tornado level in a region. a higher tornado index value means a higher chance of tornado events. other weather extremes events a total of 387 other weather extremes events within 50 miles of las vegas, nm were recorded from 1950 to 2010. the following is a break down of these events : | dust storm : | | 0 | | flood : | | 49 | | hail : | | 275 | | heat : | | 0 | | heavy snow : | | 0 | | high surf : | | 0 | | hurricane : | | 0 | | ice storm : | | 0 | | landslide : | | 0 | | strong wind : | | 0 | | thunderstorm winds : | | 39 | | tropical storm : | | 0 | | wildfire : | | 1 | | winter storm : | | 0 | | winter weather : | | 0 | a total of 1 volcano is found in or near las vegas, nm. | distance ( miles ) | | name | | region | | latitude | | longitude | | elevation ( foot ) | | type | | status | | last eruption | | 77. 8 | | valles caldera | | us - new mexico, united states | | 35. 87 | | - 106. 57 | | 3430 | | caldera | | pleistocene - fumarol | | quaternary eruption ( s ) with the only known holocene activity being hydrothermal | historical earthquake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41302528728036664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.814806"} {"text": "states | | 35. 87 | | - 106. 57 | | 3430 | | caldera | | pleistocene - fumarol | | quaternary eruption ( s ) with the only known holocene activity being hydrothermal | historical earthquake events a total of 2 historical earthquake events that had recorded magnitudes of 3. 5 or above found in or near las vegas, nm. | distance ( miles ) | | date | | magnitude | | depth ( km ) | | latitude | | longitude | historical tornado events a total of 2 historical tornado events that had recorded magnitude of 2 or above found in or near las vegas, nm. | distance ( miles ) | | date | | magnitude | | start lat / log | | end lat / log | | length | | width | | fatalities | | injuries | | property damage | | crop damage | | affected county | | 46. 4 | | 1992 - 06 - 27 | | 2 | | 35\u00b041 ' n / 104\u00b024 ' w | | 0. 80 mile | | 73 yards | | 0 | | 0 | | 25k | | 0 | | san miguel | | 49. 6 | | 1978 - 06 - 04 | | 2 | | 34\u00b056 ' n / 104\u00b054 ' w | | 2. 00 miles | | 33 yards | | 0 | | 0 | | 0k | | 0 | | guadalupe | * the information on this page is based on the global volcano database, the u. s. earthquake database of 1638 - 1985, and the u. s. tornado and weather extremes database of 1950 - 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4089341849011771, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.815361"} {"text": "chairman mao proclaimed that \" women hold up half the sky \" and the party - led state claims to have liberated women. nonetheless women still generally face a double standard when it comes to rape. statistics for rape cases are hard to quantify worldwide, and china is no exception. the u. s. department of state reported 31, 833 rapes in china in 2007, though the chinese government has not released official statistics for that year. in 2005, the last year for which official chinese statistics are available, the official number was merely 15, 000. \" only one out of ten cases happened is likely to be reported, \" said luo tsun - yin, a social psychologist at shih hsin university in taiwan, and some estimate that the ratio is even greater. even if a case is reported, the woman may be pressured by the authorities, her family or the attacker himself to recant. the majority of these crimes are committed by someone the victim knows. \" in the idea of the \u2018 rape myth, ' the victim and rapist are said to be strangers, but what we saw from real - life cases were mostly acquaintances, \" said zhang qi, whose graduate research at the chinese academy of the social sciences centered on media reports of rape. her ma thesis looked at hundreds of chinese legal newspaper reports of rape cases in 2004, finding the following data, below. * you need to upgrade your flash player you need to upgrade your flash player traditional chinese culture often holds that the woman bears responsibility for an act of rape. this can be seen in many areas of the world which share china ' s cultural tradition. \" we don ' t see a lot of research in this field in mainland china, \" luo said. \" in this aspect, we need to compare all the research from different regions, including mainland china, taiwan, hong kong, and even singapore, which are all chinese communities \u2026 although we have different political and economic systems, the cultural views are similar. \" while the topic is troubling worldwide, it is particularly taboo within chinese culture. an old saying notes that \" to die of hunger is a small matter, but to lose your chastity is a huge matter, \" and still resonates in contemporary culture. traditional gender stereotypes see males as possessing a sexual drive that the desire - free women must resist. in this view, if a woman is raped, she must have brought it upon herself. \" a woman may be viewed that she should be responsible for being raped because she aspired to date or go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46012458566850023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.821844"} {"text": "drive that the desire - free women must resist. in this view, if a woman is raped, she must have brought it upon herself. \" a woman may be viewed that she should be responsible for being raped because she aspired to date or go to a man ' s premises ; or that she took the risk of being raped as she went out alone late at night or drank alcohol ; or that she enticed others to rape her with her behavior or dressing, \" said linda wong, executive director of the association concerning sexual violence against women in hong kong. the perception that a raped woman is dirty or ruined further compounds the stigma, even within a woman ' s own family. luo studied one case in which after a girl was raped, \" her family wouldn ' t put her clothes together into the washing machine when they washed the clothes. they divided them from the other family members, because they thought she was dirty. \" wong believes that these attitudes point to a larger inequality in chinese culture. \" violence against women is rooted in patriarchal gender relations where women are assigned roles based not on their capacity but norms and values that perpetuate male dominance and superiority, \" she said. \" the gender inequality is embedded in all levels of the society such as employment, education and social status. \" the lack of well - rounded sex education doesn ' t help matters. on the chinese mainland as well as on taiwan, sex education is largely cursory and focused on the biological aspects as opposed to the social. \" taiwan does not have much sex education, \" luo said. \" so students turn to pornographic material. they implant a lot of wrong information in them, such as \u2018 no means yes ' and \u2018 all girls want sex. ' \" the laws pertaining to rape, while not blind to the crime, largely follow cultural perceptions. for example, the definition of \" rape \" is quite narrow. \" only women can be victims in china \u2014 males cannot be counted as victims, \" zhang said. these laws haven ' t seen change in a decade or so. \" the criminal law in china was issued in 1979, and revised in 1997 \u2026 to combine the crime of fornication with an underage girl into the crime of rape, \" zhang said. \" some judicial interpretations took place during 2003 and 2004. no news was heard from modification of laws since then. \" sentences for rape range from three years in prison to a death sentence, though there are loopholes to the latter. \" the punishment can be a death penalty with a two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5331814243330069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.823079"} {"text": "2003 and 2004. no news was heard from modification of laws since then. \" sentences for rape range from three years in prison to a death sentence, though there are loopholes to the latter. \" the punishment can be a death penalty with a two - year reprieve and forced labor, which in chinese law means a sentence can be adjusted depending on the performance of the criminal during the two - year period, \" zhang said. \" in recent years, there has been a decline in the use of the death penalty, so rapists are mostly given a death penalty with a two - year reprieve and forced labor. \" but there is evidence that things are changing. several domestic and international groups, including government - sponsored ones such as the all - china women ' s federation, are pushing for societal and legal change. \" there have been a number of government initiatives, and there is a very strong movement from the [ all - china ] women ' s federation to try and press for more resources for women who are the victims of sexual assault or rape, \" said sara davis, the executive director of asiacatalyst, a nonprofit organization that assists ngo startups in asia. there are several centers where women can receive emergency care and support as well. many major cities have crisis hotlines, and crisis centers provide counseling and resources to assist victims. other organizations, including the federation mentioned above, seek to address a variety of women ' s issues in china. the outrage surrounding high - profile cases may also lead to growing awareness of the issue. early last april, a case involving five \" girl hunters, \" men who waited outside schools for potential victims, went to trial and awaits a verdict. four government officials, a school teacher, and a taxi driver were charged with raping several young girls and forcing them into prostitution gangs. last year, riots protested a cover - up by guizhou police when they declared a girl ' s death a suicide when in fact she had been raped and murdered. but despite the legal changes and the growing number of resources available to victims, many agree that social change is most needed. \" the progress in culture and society may not have caught up with the progress in legislation, \" luo said. wong agreed. \" the support services such as psychological counseling, medical, health and legal services are indeed necessary, but these address practical rather than strategic gender needs. they will not put women in greater control of themselves in their own context. they will not change attitudes, behaviors and power structures, \" she said. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4392132421039078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.824119"} {"text": "what is natural resource and environmental economics in the u. s. and throughout the world, there is increasing competition for limited land, water and other natural resources, as well as growing concern about environmental degradation of various sorts. as such, there is a growing need for professionals who can assist in the process of balancing economic and environmental tradeoffs. this major prepares students to do just this within a variety of careers in both the private and public sectors. private business firms face serious challenges in meeting stricter environmental regulations and achieving self - imposed environmental goals. public agencies must continually seek to design policies so that society \u2019 s resource conservation or environmental quality goals are achieved in a cost - effective manner. the curriculum combines coursework in natural and environmental sciences, economics, business, and policy, allowing sufficient flexibility for students to tailor their program to their individual interests and career goals. career opportunities in natural resource and environmental economics students graduating with this major may find employment in private firms with environmental compliance activities or conservation initiatives directed toward energy or other natural resources. opportunities also exist with consulting firms that assist clients in meeting environmental objectives. many nonprofit environmental organizations seek to employ staff with economic training. several federal government agencies, including the environmental protection agency and the departments of agriculture, interior and energy, employ natural resource and environmental economists. state and local government agencies also provide opportunities for employment. the major provides a strong background for graduate studies in natural resource and environmental economics, leading to career opportunities in teaching and / or research, as well as high - level policy positions. students would also be well prepared to pursue a professional program in environmental law. salary trends in natural resource and environmental economics because graduates can pursue a variety of careers with respect to type of position and employer, the salary range for entry - level positions is fairly wide. depending upon the type of employer and position responsibilities, beginning salaries can be expected to range from about $ 30, 000 to $ 45, 000. starting salaries generally increase over time at slightly above the rate of inflation. potential for advancement in both responsibilities and salary depends on both the type of employer and the performance of the employee. high school preparation high school students who wish to major in natural resource and environmental economics should take college - preparatory mathematics courses. completion of electives in areas such as business, microcomputer applications, oral and written communication, and social sciences such as psychology, political science or sociology could also prove helpful. participation in extracurricular activities to develop leadership, interpersonal, and communication skills is also advised. how to major in natural resource and environmental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3919553818919185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.832918"} {"text": ", oral and written communication, and social sciences such as psychology, political science or sociology could also prove helpful. participation in extracurricular activities to develop leadership, interpersonal, and communication skills is also advised. how to major in natural resource and environmental economics students planning to pursue this major simply declare this intent once they have gained admission to the university. the department has no enrollment restrictions or association requirements beyond the university - wide minimum 2. 0 gpa required to remain in good academic standing. students who plan to transfer into this major at ut after one or two years at a community college should consult an advisor at ut to choose appropriate courses as early as possible. the flexibility within the curriculum requirements works to the advantage of transfer students, in most cases allowing for all credits taken from up to two years of study elsewhere to apply toward requirements of the program. requirements for natural resource and environmental economics to complete a bachelor \u2019 s degree with this major, students must complete 120 semester hours of course work. this includes 42 hours of general education courses in the areas of english, mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences, cultures and civilizations, and arts and humanities. nine hours of additional course work is required in oral communication, written communication and microcomputer applications. students take 16 hours of courses in economics, accounting, and statistics. at least 12 hours of courses outside the department but within the college of agricultural sciences and natural resources are required, in the areas of environmental science and forestry. the heart of the curriculum includes 27 hours of required departmental courses and 6 hours of directed electives within the department of agricultural economics. and finally, 8 hours of general electives can be used by students to pursue a minor or special interests. special programs, co - ops, and internships internships with private companies, environmental organizations, or government agencies can be an exceptionally valuable component of a student \u2019 s academic program. internships are typically completed during the summer between a student \u2019 s junior and senior years of study. three hours of academic credit can be received for a three - month internship. students must submit periodic progress reports, complete a special project and receive satisfactory ratings from their supervisor. during the following semester, students must also complete a written report and make an oral presentation summarizing their internship experience. highlights of natural resource and environmental economics wide applicability of major to a variety of career options : graduates are prepared to pursue opportunities for employment or further education in a number of different directions. personalized advising : academic advising for majors is handled by a dedicated team of faculty members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4270316256159008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.834066"} {"text": "environmental economics wide applicability of major to a variety of career options : graduates are prepared to pursue opportunities for employment or further education in a number of different directions. personalized advising : academic advising for majors is handled by a dedicated team of faculty members in the department of agricultural economics. students typically work with the same advisor from orientation to graduation and develop a close relationship that often extends well beyond graduation. advisors are committed to assisting their advisees not only in course selection but in career planning and placement as well. small class sizes : departmental courses all have relatively small enrollments, allowing for personalized interaction between professors and students. scholarship availability : majors are eligible for a large number of scholarships offered by the department and the college of agricultural sciences and natural resources. natural resource and environmental issues are often global in nature. students are exposed to the international dimensions of these issues in various courses within the curriculum. students are also encouraged to participate in faculty - led study abroad programs sponsored by the college of agricultural sciences and natural resources ( casnr ). other ut faculty - led and semester abroad programs are offered through the center for international education. casnr offers scholarships for students participating in study abroad programs. casnr students, faculty and staff participate in the annual unity through diversity dinner held each fall. some casnr students select a minor in modern foreign languages and literature. learn more about ut \u2019 s ready for the world initiative to help students gain the international and intercultural knowledge they need to succeed in today \u2019 s world. | freshman year | | credit hours | | biology 101 : humankind in the biotic world | | 4 | | forestry, wildlife and fisheries 250 : conservation | | 3 | | english 101 - 102 : english composition | | 6 | | math 123, 125 : finite math, basic calculus | | 6 | | ess 120, 220 : soils / water and civilizations | | 6 | | social science elective | | 3 | | arec 110 : opportunities in agricultural and resource economics | | 1 | | critical courses : english 101 - 102, biology 101, math 123 or 125 | | sophomore year | | credit hours | | arec 201 : economics of the global food and fiber system | | 3 | | arec 212 : the agribusiness firm | | 4 | | accounting 200 : foundations of accounting | | 3 | | statistics 201 : introduction to statistics | | 3 | | arts and humanities elective | | 3 | | ag & nat res 290 : microcomputer applications | | 3 | | ess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4839926241313848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.835113"} {"text": "accounting 200 : foundations of accounting | | 3 | | statistics 201 : introduction to statistics | | 3 | | arts and humanities elective | | 3 | | ag & nat res 290 : microcomputer applications | | 3 | | ess 210 : soil science and physical science elective | | 8 | | critical courses : arec 201 and 212, accounting 200, math 123 or 125, statistics 201 | | junior year | | credit hours | | arec 310 : career planning and placement | | 1 | | arec 315 : agricultural and environmental law | | 3 | | arec 320 : microeconomics | | 3 | | arec 324 : quantitative methods | | 3 | | arec 342 or 350 : management or marketing | | 3 | | arec 430 : food and agricultural policy | | 3 | | economics 362 : environmental and nat. res. policy | | 3 | | bset 326 : gis / gps applications | | 3 | | philosophy 346 : environmental ethics | | 3 | | critical courses : arec 310, 315, 320, 324, and 342 or 350 ; economics 362 | | senior year | | credit hours | | arec 410 : senior seminar | | 1 | | economics 463 : environmental economics | | 3 | | arec 470 : natural resource economics | | 3 | | arec 471 : policy analysis for nat. res. mgmt. | | 3 | | economics, sociology or geography elective | | 3 | | arts and humanties elective | | 3 | | general ( free ) electives | | 5 | for more information the information on this page should be considered general information only. for more specific information on this and other programs refer to the ut catalog or contact the department and / or college directly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4558529771974792, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.835794"} {"text": "* the greek system is the largest network of volunteers in the us, with members donating over 10 million hours of volunteer service each year. * every u. s. president and vice president, except two in each office, born since the first social fraternity was founded in 1825 have been members of a fraternity. * 76 % of all congressmen and senators belong to a fraternity. 40 of 47 u. s. supreme court justices since 1910 were fraternity men. 71 % of those listed in \u201c who \u2019 s who in america \u201d belong to a fraternity. * there are 123 fraternities and sororities with 9 million members total. * of the nation \u2019 s 50 largest corporations, 43 are headed by fraternity men. * a u. s. government study shows that over 70 % of all those who join a fraternity / sorority graduate, while under 50 % of all non - fraternity / sorority persons graduate. * less than 2 % of an average college student \u2019 s expenses go toward fraternity / sorority dues. * over 85 % of the student leaders on some 730 campuses are involved in the greek community. 2 % = 80 %?? the american college fraternity is one of the few institutions on our higher educational structure which was invented by us and not borrowed from european models. not surprisingly, it has been a symbol of american college student independence, pride, and leadership. fraternity men represent about 2 % of the male population of america. what is happening to that 2 %? they are leading this nation! approximately 80 % of the executives of the 500 largest corporations in america are fraternity men. more than three fourths of our u. s. senators are fraternity men, as are a majority of the men listed in who \u2019 s who in america. of the sixteen u. s. presidents who had a chance to join a college fraternity, thirteen took advantage of the opportunity. so many college presidents have been fraternity members that the total would run into the thousands. how and why are fraternities able to produce such a large percentage of our nation \u2019 s leaders? the easiest way to answer this question is to examine just what happens in a fraternity. a college fraternity provides a young man with the opportunity to learn how to work together with people, whether it be for the highest grades, the best homecoming float, a community service project or merely to keep the house clean. a fraternity provides a unique combination : family, home away from home, social organization, business and organization in which students can develop confidence as they acquire competence. the opportunities for leadership are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4825566089824984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.839169"} {"text": "float, a community service project or merely to keep the house clean. a fraternity provides a unique combination : family, home away from home, social organization, business and organization in which students can develop confidence as they acquire competence. the opportunities for leadership are unlimited and the most important thing is that the principles of leadership are learned through experience. this experience teaches fraternity men that success is not automatic, but rather, that knowledge and performance are what count most. a fraternity man learns how to develop sensitivity regarding the desires, goals, and aspirations of others ; how to communicate, how to inspire, how to motivate ; the importance of setting an example ; how to delegate responsibility ; and how to accept failure as well as success and glory. he learns that a true leader must have the courage to stand up for his beliefs, while also being attentive, interested, and responsive to those who may disagree. too many students come to college, sign up for classes, study from test to test memorizing material and feeding it back at test time. they may get good grades and graduate, but it is surprising how many college graduates are wandering around looking for jobs because they did not develop the ability to work with people or the basic qualities of leadership while they were in college. the qualities of leadership must be tested and developed by each person and a fraternity provides the opportunity for students for just that. this is how 2 % can equal 80 custom research papers provided by essaylib. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5454967910196793, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.839745"} {"text": "( adj ) far ( at a great distance in time or space or degree ) \" we come from a far country \" ; \" far corners of the earth \" ; \" the far future \" ; \" a far journey \" ; \" the far side of the road \" ; \" far from the truth \" ; \" far in the future \" ( adj ) far ( being of a considerable distance or length ) \" a far trek \" ( adj ) far ( being the animal or vehicle on the right or being on the right side of an animal or vehicle ) \" the horse on the right is the far horse \" ; \" the right side is the far side of the horse \" ( adj ) far ( beyond a norm in opinion or actions ) \" the far right \" ( adj ) further, farther ( more distant in especially degree ) \" nothing could be further from the truth \" ; \" further from our expectations \" ; \" farther from the truth \" ; \" farther from our expectations \" ( adv ) far ( to a considerable degree ; very much ) \" a far far better thing that i do \" ; \" felt far worse than yesterday \" ; \" eyes far too close together \" ( adv ) far ( at or to or from a great distance in space ) \" he traveled far \" ; \" strayed far from home \" ; \" sat far away from each other \" ( adv ) far ( at or to a certain point or degree ) \" i can only go so far before i have to give up \" ; \" how far can we get with this kind of argument? \" ( adv ) far ( remote in time ) \" if we could see far into the future \" ; \" all that happened far in the past \" ( adv ) far ( to an advanced stage or point ) \" a young man who will go very far \" ( adv ) further, farther ( to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage ( ` further ' is used more often than ` farther ' in this abstract sense ) ) \" further complicated by uncertainty about the future \" ; \" let ' s not discuss it further \" ; \" nothing could be further from the truth \" ; \" they are further along in their research than we expected \" ; \" the application of the law was extended farther \" ; \" he is going no farther in his studies \" ( adv ) further ( in addition or furthermore ) \" if we further suppose \" ; \" stated further that he would not cooperate with them \" ; \" they are definitely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5702402206531345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.843112"} {"text": "support us with kachingle! may 31, 2012 | 12 : 00 a. m. cst robotic sounds spill out of the speakers of what used to be a speak & spell. although it might sound like random humming and high - pitched beeping, this device demonstrates the basics of circuit bending, a trend in the music industry. when the device is turned on, it emits a series of r2 - d2 - like noises that vary depending on which point of the circuit board is touched. the violet - colored children \u2019 s toy, when resting on its plastic front, shows a disordered jumble of yellow and black wires connected to a green circuit board. although it might look like a complicated electrical entanglement, it was created in a matter of minutes for the sheer purpose of demonstration. \u201c [ circuit bending ] is basically, in a nutshell, creative short - circuiting, and you \u2019 re trying to get results and delve into an interface, \u201d daniel park says. \u201c it \u2019 s like being able to pinpoint control over chaos. \u201d in other words, circuit bending is simply controlling circuits of electricity that produce a sound. this technology can be applied to musical instruments and creates a futuristic, electronic sound. park, 34, constructs modified instruments. he considers this not only music but also an intuitive art form. \u201c you \u2019 re just experimenting and seeing what happens, \u201d park says. \u201c i want to explore sound and make music. that \u2019 s my bottom line. \u201d his first experiment took place seven years ago after buying a cheap casio keyboard. park distributes his circuit - bent devices to producers and studios, mostly from australia, england and japan. \u201c it \u2019 s one of those things like jazz where it \u2019 s not really appreciated as much in our own country, \u201d he says. he builds each of the devices in his home and handles all the business aspects. he \u2019 s sold more than 500 devices, which range in price from $ 300 to $ 1, 000. although there are many different approaches people have taken with this technique, park relies on his musical background while experimenting. when toying around with wiring and sounds, he seeks changes in tones and patterns. throughout the years, park has worked with musical instruments such as synths and keyboards as well as electronic children \u2019 s toys. the price of the object determines how he will approach it. with cheap toys such as speak & spell, park tends to get a little more daring. but when he \u2019 s working with instruments, he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5310679447635613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.848609"} {"text": "is president obama \u2019 s plan to modernize at least 35, 000 public schools across the country as part of his proposed american jobs act really necessary? * research over decades shows that the condition of school facilities affects student achievement. according to a 2011 report by the 21st century school fund, there are clear correlations between the quality of school facilities and student and teacher attendance, teacher retention and recruitment, child and teacher health, and the quality of curriculum. in a set of 20 studies analyzed by the fund, all but one study showed a positive correlation between the achievement of students and the condition of the school facility once student demographic factors were controlled for. * the american society of civil engineers, in its 2009 infrastructure report, gave the country \u2019 s school buildings a grade of \u2018 d. \u2019 * about one - fourth ( 28 percent ) of all public schools were built before 1950, and 45 percent of all public schools were built between 1950 and 1969, according to the national clearinghouse for educational facilities. the average age of public schools is 40 years old, according to the 21st century school fund. * though there is no current comprehensive nationwide data on the condition of the country \u2019 s school buildings, estimates to bring schools into good repair range from a low of at least $ 270 billion to more than $ 500 billion. until now, obama \u2019 s education priorities have not included school climate or how students who attend class in buildings that are literally crumbling around them are expected to learn. instead, his school reforms have focused on so - called \u201c accountability \u201d for students, schools and teachers that is based on standardized test scores. but here \u2019 s what obama said about modernizing schools in his speech thursday night outlining the proposed jobs act : \u201c there are schools throughout this country that desperately need renovating. how can we expect our kids to do their best in places that are literally falling apart? this is america. every child deserves a great school \u2013 and we can give it to them, if we act now. \u201c the american jobs act will repair and modernize at least 35, 000 schools. it will put people to work right now fixing roofs and windows ; installing science labs and high - speed internet in classrooms all across this country. \u201d well, yes, every american child does deserve a great school, yet, because of deferred maintenance and repair, there are still many with unsafe drinking water, moldy classrooms, bad air quality, faulty fire alarms, poor security, broken toilets and windows and more. imagine going to work in such conditions. in these difficult", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4204209833383647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.851793"} {"text": "why is student debt different from other kinds of debt? when it comes to consumer debt, americans are slowly but surely starting to dig themselves out of the hole of the recent downturn. severely delinquent mortgages, credit card bills, and car loans have all been in decline over the last two years, according to the new york federal reserve. but americans have had significantly more trouble paying back one particular kind of loan. \u201c student loan debt continues to grow even as consumers reduce mortgage debt and credit card balances, \u201d donghoon lee, senior economist at the new york fed, said in a statement. \u201c it remains the only form of consumer debt to substantially increase since the peak of household debt in late 2008. \u201d the overall student debt load has risen to more than $ 900 billion, in part, because more students are going to school, and the cost of tuition continues to balloon. but it \u2019 s also because consumers have more trouble paying off their student loans than other kinds of debt. in the first quarter of 2012, the delinquency rate for student loans actually rose to 8. 69 percent \u2014 the only kind of consumer debt whose delinquency rate increased. that \u2019 s still below the 2010 peak of 9. 17 percent. but it \u2019 s taken significantly longer for student loan delinquencies rates to come down. what \u2019 s more, the delinquency rate alone doesn \u2019 t capture the full picture. the rate above doesn \u2019 t include, for instance, the student loans that have entered forbearance, which gives borrowers a temporary reprieve from making payments. sallie mae said earlier this year that 4 percent of all its private student loans were in forbearance. why are americans having more trouble paying off student loans, as compared to other kinds of debt? it \u2019 s partly because of the types of consumers who tend to have high student debt. they \u2019 re younger than those who tend to take out house or car loans, at a time when half of all recent college grads can \u2019 t find full - time work. the pool of struggling borrowers also includes college dropouts, who are four times more likely to default on their loans than graduates, having accumulated debt but no degree to improve their employment prospects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39754470376141565, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.854258"} {"text": "is your child waking up in the middle of the night frightened and screaming? these unsettling sounds may cause alarm, especially when they occur frequently. i \u2019 d like to help you understand the difference between nightmares and night terrors and how to help your child cope in my two - part series, \u201c bad dream woes. \u201d karen rogers, phd, psychologist and program area leader for project heal, a comprehensive therapeutic service for children exposed to trauma and their families at children \u2019 s hospital los angeles, to provide insight on how you can help your child. what is a nightmare? nightmare is another word for \u201c bad dream. \u201d it \u2019 s a type of sleep disruption characterized by frightening dreams in which your child feels threatened and develops a sense of physical danger. an example would be dreaming of being chased by a stranger or monster. nightmares more commonly to occur in the early morning and happen during the dream phase of sleep, known as rapid eye movement ( rem ) sleep. | nightmares are a common experience for people of all ages, and are normal for children to have. nightmares are most common in preschoolers ( children aged 3 - 6 years of age ). this is the age when normal fears develop and a child \u2019 s imagination is very active. nightmares may involve disturbing themes, images or figures such as monsters, ghosts, animals or bad people. while this intense sense of fear ultimately causes your child to wake up on their own, it does not involve any physical danger. the following behaviors are usually present in a normal nightmare episode : - your child wakes up during the last cycle of their sleep or early morning. - your child is frightened and triggers a partial or full awakening in which they are fully alert. - your child can describe the frightening dream in detail. - your child seeks and responds to comfort and reassurance from you or other close relatives. - your child shows fear of the scary dream happening again and may resist returning to bed. what triggers a nightmare? if your child is stressed or exposed to stressful situations, nightmares may begin to occur. some stressful events include moving neighborhoods, changing schools, the birth of a sibling or parental marital problems. other triggers may include being bullied at school or online, watching a scary movie, a recent injury or illness, the death of a loved one or physical, verbal or sexual abuse. help your child keep nightmares away when your child has an increase in nightmares, it \u2019 s a sign they are under emotional distress, feeling overwhelmed and insecure. karen rogers, phd, emphasizes a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47162955205600626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.857927"} {"text": "a loved one or physical, verbal or sexual abuse. help your child keep nightmares away when your child has an increase in nightmares, it \u2019 s a sign they are under emotional distress, feeling overwhelmed and insecure. karen rogers, phd, emphasizes a number of simple ways to help your child feel better when they | \u201c children of all ages will benefit from physical comfort and reassurance from their caregivers when frightened by a nightmare, such as hugs, being held, having a back rub. speaking to a child in a soft, calm voice and reminding them that you are there to protect them, they are safe, that dreams aren \u2019 t real can also be helpful. \u201d | creative ways to ward - off nightmares rogers explains that once a child participates in imaginary play, they become better at using their imagination to combat nightmares. here are some unique ways to keep nightmares at bay. - use \u201c monster spray. \u201d label a spray bottle and fill with tap water. spray around your child \u2019 s room for protection before bed time. - hang a warning sign on your child \u2019 s bedroom door, \u201c no monsters allowed! \u201d this can be enough to calm some fears for many children. - make a \u201c dream catcher \u201d together. - your child can choose a \u201c protective \u201d stuffed animal to sleep with. - help your child imagine a different and comforting ending to their nightmare. - rehearse the new ending before your child goes to bed so they know to use the comforting ending if the nightmare comes back. if your child comes - up with their own creative way to keep nightmares away, it \u2019 s usually the most successful. these simple strategies have worked for many children. if your child is constantly having nightmares and shows an ongoing fear of going to bed, rogers stresses speaking with a pediatrician or counselor to seek more support. what are some ways you \u2019 ve helped your child cope with nightmares? i \u2019 d love to hear what works for your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46716697473007485, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.858782"} {"text": "happiness may bring better health upbeat outlook reaps biological benefits, says study april 18, 2005 - - there ' s new evidence that happiness and health may overlap. in a recent study of british civil servants, the happiest participants had lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol. their hearts kept a mellower pace than those of less happy participants, and they didn ' t flip out as much during a mental stress test. happiness might even hedge against heart disease, suggests the study in proceedings of the national academy of sciences. under stress, the happiest participants had lower increases of plasma fibrinogen, a sign of inflammation that can predict heart disease. \" our findings indicate that positive affective states are related to favorable profiles of functioning in several biological systems and may thereby be relevant to risk of development of physical illness, \" says the study. translation : being happy may be good for your physical health. homing in on happiness participants were 216 government employees in london. they were white, 45 - 59 years old, more than three years away from retirement, and hadn ' t been diagnosed with heart disease or high blood pressure. the women were all starting or had completed menopause. blood pressure and heart rate were monitored on a workday and a weekend day. the researchers measured levels of blood fibrinogen and saliva cortisol - - a stress - related hormone that increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes. measurements were taken after a mental stress test. after each test, participants rated their happiness level on a scale of 1 ( low ) to 5 ( high ). the happiest people in the group had the best results across the board. for instance, their levels of the stress hormone cortisol averaged 32 % lower than the least happy people. happiness was also associated with lower ambulatory heart rate, even after considering other factors ( age, smoking, employment level, bmi, and physical activity ). during the mental stress tests, most participants ( 68 % ) had an increase in plasma fibrinogen. the least happy people were nearly four times ( 3. 72 ) as likely to have their plasma fibrinogen level increase under stress, compared to the happiest people. apart from the stress test, plasma fibrinogen was not associated with happiness, report the researchers, who included andrew steptoe, dphil, dsc, of university college london. steptoe specializes in psychology and health. working for the weekend? taking readings on a workday", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4971381450260236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.863182"} {"text": "a sultan with swat remembering abdul hamid ii, a pro - american caliph. dec 26, 2005, vol. 11, no. 15 \u2022 by mustafa akyol al qaeda ' s stated goal - - to reestablish the caliphate, the political leadership of worldwide islam embodied first in the successors of the prophet muhammad and most recently in the four - century rule of the ottoman dynasty - - is pure, ahistorical fantasy. one way to appreciate this is to revisit the 33 - year reign of the most remarkable modern caliph, sultan abdul hamid ii ( 1876 - 1909 ). an ally neither of bigoted islamists nor of the radical secularists who ultimately deposed him, abdul hamid was an islamic modernizer - - and, interestingly, a friend of the united states. abdul hamid emphasized the role of islam inside the ottoman empire, and he emerged as the protector of muslims around the world, from india to sub - saharan africa. he pressed for a new railway to the holy places of mecca and medina and sent emissaries to distant countries preaching islam. because of these policies, once called \" pan - islamism, \" he is still revered by conservative muslims. his principal political opponents were the young turks, inspired by the fashionable european and especially french ideas of the time. they portrayed the caliph as a despot, and the description stuck. while it is true that abdul hamid suspended the constitution of 1876 for decades, he did so not out of any contempt for democracy, but out of justified fear of the young turks ' autocratic ambitions. although they espoused the rhetoric of liberte, egalite, fraternite, they had strong authoritarian tendencies. as princeton historian sukru hanioglu explains, their worldview was based on \" biological materialism, positivism, social darwinism and gustave le bon ' s elitism, \" all of which led them to regard egalitarianism as \" unscientific. \" another princeton scholar, the dean of middle eastern history, bernard lewis, writes that \" abdul hamid was far from being the blind, uncompromising, complete reactionary of the historical legend ; on the contrary, he was a willing and active modernizer. \" in areas such as education, commerce, finance, diplomacy, central government administration, journalism, translation, and even theater, he accomplished significant reforms. he founded the first archaeology museum, public library, faculty of medicine, academy of fine arts, and schools of finance and agriculture. he endowed the empire with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474687983225603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.873921"} {"text": "diplomacy, central government administration, journalism, translation, and even theater, he accomplished significant reforms. he founded the first archaeology museum, public library, faculty of medicine, academy of fine arts, and schools of finance and agriculture. he endowed the empire with the telegraph, railroads, and factories, and during his reign, constantinople flourished as a world capital. unlike subsequent modernizers, however, abdul hamid developed an islamicly legitimate way forward. personally observant, he practiced sufism, the mystical tradition of islam. yet he also had western tastes ; he loved playing the piano, and arranged piano lessons for his daughter. he enjoyed opera, too, and had the famous belgian soprano blanche arral perform for him. with some notable exceptions - - such as the harsh repression of armenian insurgents by irregular forces authorized by the sultan in 1895 - 6 - - abdul hamid was on good terms with his non - muslim subjects, of whom a record number entered government service. ahmet midhat, who has been called a sort of turkish edmund burke, was abdul hamid ' s favorite intellectual. midhat argued that islam respects christianity and judaism, emphasizing how the empire welcomed the jews expelled from catholic spain in 1492. and he defended the emancipation and education of women. abdul hamid ' s attempt to marry islam and modernity was cut short by the young turks in 1909. although secular in outlook, they proved willing to exploit islamic concepts for political ends. abdul hamid never waged a jihad ; the young turks, on the advice of their new allies, the germans, launched a global jihad in 1915 against britain and its allies. alas, the dethroned and interned caliph had warned them that they should align the empire with britain, which controlled the seas and so would inevitably triumph. britain did triumph, and this brought the ottoman empire to an end. abdul hamid ' s relationship with the united states further defies the islamists ' notions about the caliphate. in contrast with the aggressively secularist westernizers who believed that the only hope for progress was to get rid of religion entirely, abdul hamid saw that the west was not monolithic. in particular, as kemal karpat, professor of history at the university of wisconsin, explains, he studied the american separation of church and state, which he regarded as consistent with islamic principles. ( the ottoman empire was not a theocracy in the sense of being governed by clerics ; indeed, it developed a de facto separation between the religious and temporal authorities. ) at the beginning of his reign, abdul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4557199825549413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.874870"} {"text": "as consistent with islamic principles. ( the ottoman empire was not a theocracy in the sense of being governed by clerics ; indeed, it developed a de facto separation between the religious and temporal authorities. ) at the beginning of his reign, abdul hamid observed the centennial of american independence by sending a large number of ottoman books to be exhibited at philadelphia and subsequently donated to new york university. later, he was the first foreign head of state to receive an invitation to the columbian exposition of 1893, held in chicago, to honor the four - hundredth anniversary of the discovery of america. although he did not personally attend, a total of one thousand people from jerusalem alone visited the exposition. the world parliament of religions held its inaugural meeting in chicago at the same time, and the sultan ' s representatives exhibited a large number of ottoman wares and built a miniature mosque. because abdul hamid believed that american prosperity had resulted partly from a good accounting of the population and efficient management of national resources, he asked samuel sullivan cox, the american ambassador in constantinople and the organizer of the first modern u. s. census, to introduce the turks to the study of statistics, one of the first of the exact sciences to be established in the ottoman empire. beyond such cultural exchanges, actual ottoman - american cooperation in foreign policy took place in the face of the muslim insurgency in the u. s. - occupied philippines. the american ambassador to turkey oscar s. straus ( a jewish diplomat, incidentally, who was welcomed by the abdul hamid regime at a time when his colleague, a. m. keiley, was declared persona non grata by the austro - hungarian authorities simply for \" being of jewish parenthood \" ) received a letter from secretary of state john hay in the spring of 1899. secretary hay wondered whether \" the sultan under the circumstances might be prevailed upon to instruct the mohammedans of the philippines, who had always resisted spain, to come willingly under our control. \" straus then paid a visit to the sultan and showed him article 21 of a treaty between tripoli and the united states, which read as follows : as the government of the united states of america... has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquility of musselmans ; and as the said states never have entered into any war or act of hostility against any mehomitan nation, it is declared by the partners that no pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony between the two countries. pleased with the article,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48626411544870013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.875830"} {"text": "states never have entered into any war or act of hostility against any mehomitan nation, it is declared by the partners that no pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony between the two countries. pleased with the article, abdul hamid stated, in regard to the philippines, that the \" mohammedans in question recognized him as caliph of the moslems and he felt sure they would follow his advice. \" two sulu chiefs were in mecca at the time, and they were informed that the caliph and the american ambassador had reached a definite understanding that the muslims of the philippines \" would not be disturbed in the practice of their religion if they would promptly place themselves under the control of the american army. \" later, ambassador straus wrote, the \" sulu mohammedans... refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves under the control of our army, thereby recognizing american sovereignty. \" this account is supported by an article written by lt. col. john p. finley ( who had been the american governor of zamboanga province in the philippines for ten years ) and published in the april 1915 issue of the journal of race development. finley wrote : at the beginning of the war with spain the united states government was not aware of the existence of any mohammedans in the philippines. when this fact was discovered and communicated to our ambassador in turkey, oscar s. straus, of new york, he at once saw the possibilities which lay before us of a holy war.... [ h ] e sought and gained an audience with the sultan, abdul hamid, and requested him as caliph of the moslem religion to act in behalf of the followers of islam in the philippines.... the sultan as caliph caused a message to be sent to the mohammedans of the philippine islands forbidding them to enter into any hostilities against the americans, inasmuch as no interference with their religion would be allowed under american rule. later, president mckinley sent a personal letter of gratitude to ambassador straus for his excellent work, declaring that it had saved the united states \" at least twenty - thousand troops in the field. \" all thanks to the caliph, abdul hamid ii. such acts of statesmanship make painfully obvious that if there are any religious leaders in the muslim world today who walk in the footsteps of the great caliph, they are not the terrorist leaders of al qaeda, but rather the peacemakers such as grand ayatollah ali sistani, who have been trying to defuse the violence in iraq by cooper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45384491701449226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.878186"} {"text": "today who walk in the footsteps of the great caliph, they are not the terrorist leaders of al qaeda, but rather the peacemakers such as grand ayatollah ali sistani, who have been trying to defuse the violence in iraq by cooperating with coalition forces and calming fellow muslims. when terrorists like abu musab al - zarqawi and his big brother osama bin laden portray themselves as warriors for the caliphate, they totally misrepresent the historical meaning and function of this islamic institution. what they do is \" hijack \" the caliphate - - to borrow a term from president bush - - as much as the faith it represents. the caliphate was abolished in march 1924 by that supreme secularizer mustafa kemal ataturk, the young turk hero of world war i and the turkish war of independence. despite strong opposition in the turkish national parliament, ataturk dethroned and expelled the last caliph, abdulmecid efendi, a cousin of abdul hamid, and outlawed all islamic institutions including the sufi orders. the 1, 300 - year - old leadership of islam was destroyed overnight. today many turks see this act as a great leap forward in turkey ' s modernization. yet it also had terrible side effects. the religious kurds, who had been loyal to the ottoman state for centuries, mainly out of islamic brotherhood, were shaken. in 1925, a group of them revolted against secular turkey with the aim of reestablishing the caliphate. they were crushed, and this trauma was the source of turkey ' s never - ending kurdish question. indeed, the excesses of the kemalist revolution poisoned the very notion of modernization for many devout muslims all over the world. reza shah pahlavi of iran, inspired by kemal, became an even more enthusiastic secularizer and tried to de - islamicize his society by force - - ordering police, for example, to rip the veils off women in the streets. the response, in the long run, would be ayatollah khomeini. and in the sunni arab world, the end of the caliphate left a vacuum of authority that was filled by myriad radical, revolutionary, or fundamentalist movements. the worst was wahhabism, the product of a revolt against the ottoman empire in the 18th century that the caliphs suppressed. in the post - caliphate disorder, wahhabism found fertile ground for spreading its antimodern and inhumane distortion of islam. one antidote to that violent heresy is to recover the spirit of islamic modern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4291048610926818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.879476"} {"text": "\" stress impacts diet, and diet impacts stress, \" says lisa dorfman, director of sports nutrition at the university of miami. the physiological changes that anxiety causes - - namely the release of hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol - - affect the way we metabolize energy and use food. but certain nutrients and ingredients can help reduce the effects of stress. here are dorfman ' s suggestions on what to eat and why. what you need : antioxidants where to get it : colorful fruits and vegetables - - berries, leafy greens, carrots, red peppers - - are rich in antioxidant phytonutrients. how it helps : antioxidants help protect the body ' s cells from breaking down under stress. what you need : omega - 3 fatty acids where to get it : fatty fish ( such as salmon ) and flaxseed are good sources of these essential fatty acids. how it helps : omega - 3s are anti - inflammatory and help regulate blood pressure. what you need : magnesium where to get it : the mineral is found in whole grains, nuts, black beans, and spinach. how it helps : this electrolyte sends messages to the muscles telling them to relax. what you need : potassium where to get it : avocados, bananas, and yogurt are rich in this mineral and electrolyte. how it helps : potassium has been shown to help regulate blood pressure. what you need : \" good \" carbohydrates where to get it : whole - wheat bread, oatmeal, and brown rice are excellent choices. how it helps : carbs help produce higher levels of serotonin, which has a calming effect on the body and helps curb cravings for sugary foods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45689318976673354, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.881427"} {"text": "tony addison and miguel nino - zarazua china and india are making immense strides in development. growth in both countries has been impressive. but there is now much concern about whether impressive growth rates are yielding enough poverty reduction. the present debate about their poverty lines is a reflection of this. in this second part of a two - part article ( first part featured in january \u2019 s angle ), we focus on more inclusive growth in these two asian giants. india and, especially, china have enjoyed rapid economic growth, with a median growth rate of 6 % and 10 % in the 1980 - 2010 period, respectively. this has catapulted the impressive growth in per capita gross national income ( gni ) in the two countries : in 1980, the gni per capita based on purchasing power parity ( ppp ) was in the order of us $ 430 in india and us $ 250 in china. by 2010, the two countries had increased their per capita income up to us $ 3, 560 and us $ 7, 570, respectively. the high growth rates in china are largely explained by the high gross capital formation over the past 30 years, which as a percentage of gdp fluctuated around the median of 38 %, vis - a - vis 24 % in india, although the investment gap between the two countries has narrowed in recent years. a significant part of the domestic investment in china, about 20 % of gdp, has gone to infrastructure projects, which is nearly 10 times more than the share of gdp invested in infrastructure in india. that has facilitated the accelerated rate at which the chinese economy has transited form agricultural to manufacturing production. in india, the transition has been towards the it off - shore service industry with as much as 60 % of the labour force remaining engaged in traditional farming activities. economic growth is a necessary condition to rising per capital income, but it is nonetheless insufficient to guarantee a steady trend towards poverty reduction. in china, for instance, the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction is far from being linear, with episodes of high economic performance in the 1990s accompanied with increases in the poverty rates ( see figure 2 ). in india, since the late 1990s the country has experienced the fastest economic growth, and yet the speed at which poverty is being reduced has decelerated. this tells us about the importance of public interventions in making growth more inclusive. indeed, it is now well understood that policies that are designed to maximise growth can only trickle down to the poor if they are accompanied by wealth redistribution, employment opportunities, investments in human capital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4713696948100093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.888078"} {"text": "about the importance of public interventions in making growth more inclusive. indeed, it is now well understood that policies that are designed to maximise growth can only trickle down to the poor if they are accompanied by wealth redistribution, employment opportunities, investments in human capital, and the provision of social protection for the most vulnerable groups in society. spatial inequalities are particularly evident across china, with western and interior rural communities experiencing much weaker effects from economic growth than the eastern coastal provinces. unu - wider \u2019 s world income inequality database shows that the gini coefficients in china, which measure the income inequality ranging from zero for \u2018 perfect \u2019 equality to one for maximal inequality, have been consistently higher in rural areas than in urban areas, despite the observed growing inequality in urban areas largely attributed to unregistered migration from the countryside to the cities. this, in combination with the fact that the national gini coefficients are higher than both the rural and urban ginis, indicates that the rural \u2013 urban divide is driving the growing levels of inequity in the country. in india, the ginis have been consistently higher in the urban areas, with the rural \u2013 urban divide also growing over the last two decades. this is illustrated by the ratios of the rural to urban consumption expenditure that have declined from 0. 63 in the early 1970s to 0. 58 in the mid 1990s. fiscal policies have a lot to do with wealth redistribution. tax rates in china and india are low, with most revenues coming from indirect taxes. this also reflects the low share of government revenues as percentage of gdp, which oscillates around 20 %. this is in contrast with the average of 50 % observed in oecd countries. tax systems in both countries remain limited to maximising redistributive policies, and to a large extent, they will also limit the capacity of these countries to tackle extreme deprivation in the coming years. china and india also face significant challenges in terms of employment generation. rising unemployment is a driving factor in the incidence of poverty in urban areas in china, which has been exacerbated by market - oriented structural reforms and large migration flows of unskilled workers from rural areas to the cities. migrant workers face exclusion from formal employment arrangements and state benefits such as housing, health and school subsidies, as well as income support from social protection schemes. but the capacity of china to continue absorbing a larger share of the global consumer goods markets is becoming increasingly limited, with other emerging markets, including india, aggressively competing to get a share of the market", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5011404657623209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.889211"} {"text": ", as well as income support from social protection schemes. but the capacity of china to continue absorbing a larger share of the global consumer goods markets is becoming increasingly limited, with other emerging markets, including india, aggressively competing to get a share of the market. by the same token, it is unclear the extent to which the growing it industry in india will be able to be the catalyst for a sustained growth, given the large unskilled labour force in the country that remains poor and disconnected from the booming economy. china and india have made important progress in public service provision, which is associated with the reduction in the poverty rates observed in the two countries. the most recent human development report ( 2011 ) shows that the respective human development index ( hdi ) for china and india has grown at an average annual rate of 1. 73 % and 1. 51 %. but challenges persist. in rural china, for instance, accessibility to healthcare is largely financed by out - of - pocket expenses that absorb a large share of household expenditure among poor households. in india, there are serious concerns about the quality of public services, which are very low by international standards. when desegregating the hdi by its components, we also observe that in india both health and especially education indicators fall behind countries with similar per capita incomes. evidence of schools without books and teachers, and health clinics without doctors and drugs is vast and disturbing. it also shows the importance of increasing public expenditure on the social sectors to improve the accessibility to, and quality of, health and education, and ultimately, reduce poverty. social protection in the two countries remains highly fragmented. in china, the minimum living subsidy scheme, ( also known as di bao ) was introduced in 1997 to support the urban unemployed poor who had been affected by the market - based structural reforms. the programme remains limited as it excludes those who although in poverty are not registered in the civil affairs department office. as pointed out earlier, these are by large migrant rural workers who move to the city in search of livelihoods. in the mid 2000s, the di bao was gradually extended to the rural areas to cover nearly 42 million rural people, but the size of the transfers are unlikely to reduce the incentives to migrate to the cities. the rural di bao, together with the urban di bao, cover nearly 150 million people, which represents the second largest social protection programme worldwide in terms of scale and coverage, just behind india \u2019 s national rural employment guarantee scheme ( nregs ). the nregs provides a guarantee of 100 days of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4884289332765436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.890439"} {"text": ", cover nearly 150 million people, which represents the second largest social protection programme worldwide in terms of scale and coverage, just behind india \u2019 s national rural employment guarantee scheme ( nregs ). the nregs provides a guarantee of 100 days of waged employment per year to unemployed unskilled workers, currently covering nearly 48 million households, or about 240 million people. in fact, india \u2019 s social protection system is complex but incomplete. it spans from categorical and means - tested age and disability pensions, and income transfers for schooling and healthcare accessibility, to unemployment schemes such as the nregs that rely on self - selection for the identification of beneficiaries and therefore exclude those who due to disability, illness, or age are unable to particulate in the scheme. the programmes are also unevenly distributed across the country, with many states and communities yet to be covered. more co - ordination and institution building are clearly needed, but at the same time, social protection will only provide a sustained process of poverty reduction if it is supported by growth, redistributive policies, improvements in public service provision and employment opportunities. to the extent that the two countries will be able to address these challenges, poverty reduction will be significantly achieved on a global scale. the redefinition of the poverty lines gives us positive clues, but the final outcomes are yet to be seen. tony addison is chief economist - deputy director, unu - wider. miguel nino - zarazua is a research fellow, unu - wider.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46947603272106053, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.891103"} {"text": "updated : january 10, 2012 controlling land clearing the northern territory ( nt ) is home to the core of the world \u2019 s largest tropical savanna on earth. the woodlands and grasslands of the nt store billions of tonnes of carbon. land clearing laws in queensland and nsw helped cut those states \u2019 carbon pollution levels significantly over the past decade. stopping major land clearing is fastest and cheapest way to achieve deep cuts in carbon emissions, as well as protecting wildlife, soil and river health. not only will this protect the unique environment of the nt, but underpins the livelihoods and prosperity of river communities and businesses now and for future generations. in december 2008 the nt labor government committed to pass a native vegetation management act that is \u2018 world \u2019 s best \u2019 practice by mid 2010, including placing caps on land clearing. but to date this has not been delivered, despite key stakeholders, including members of the daly river management advisory committee, amateur fishermens ' association of the northern territory and traditional owners in the daly river catchment supporting a streamlined and effective approach to regulating the clearing of native vegetation. the existing parallel processes under the planning act and pastoral lands act is duplicative and outdated. the nt climate change policy commits to maintaining native vegetation as a carbon bank, and maintaining the nt as a low land clearing jurisdiction. the consultation draft native vegetation management bill was provided to key stakeholders, including nt cattlemens association and nt agricultural association, in march 2011. passing a native vegetation management act and capping land clearing at low levels is the single most significant environmental reform nt labor could achieve in this term of parliament. we are campaigning for all political parties to commit to stopping major land clearing by : - committing to pass a strong native vegetation management act, - announcing annual and long term caps on clearing that ensure annual rates of clearing are very low and trend downward over time, and - ensuring indigenous communities are not excluded from potential future sustainable development through \u2018 indigenous reserves \u2019 within the caps. for more information, please contact : the wilderness society inc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4119361911245637, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.893624"} {"text": "this is a picture of the colorado river near hoover dam. click on image for full size rivers are very important to earth because they are major forces that shape the landscape. also, they provide transportation and water for drinking, washing and farming. rivers can flow on land or underground in deserts and seas. rivers may come from mountain springs, melting glaciers or lakes. a river ' s contribution to the water cycle is that it collects water from the ground and returns it to the ocean. the water we drink is about 3 billion years old because it has been recycled over and over since the first rainfall. a delta is where a river meets the sea. usually the river flows more slowly at the delta than at its start because it deposits sediment. sediment can be anything from mud, sand and even rock fragments. a special environment is created when the fresh water from the river mixes with the salty ocean water. this is environment is called estuary. the longest river is the nile river in africa, and the amazon river in south america carries the most water. the muddiest river is the yellow river in china. shop windows to the universe science store! we have beautiful specimens of banded iron formation in our online store from nature ' s own, along with many other mineral you might also be interested in : the water at the ocean surface is moved primarily by winds. large scale winds move in specific directions because they are affected by earthis spin and the coriolis effect. because earth spins constantly,... more sneeze into a pile of dust and the particles fly everywhere. sneeze into a pile of rocks and they stay put. thatis because they have more mass. you need more force than a sneeze to move those rocks. wind... more the gulf of mexico : what role will the mississippi river play in oil washing ashore and into delta wetlands? one of the spill ' s greatest environmental threats is to louisiana ' s wetlands, scientists believe.... more in a feat of reverse - engineering, christian braudrick of university of california at berkeley and three coauthors have successfully built and maintained a scale model of a living meandering gravel - bed... more rivers are very important to earth because they are major forces that shape the landscape. also, they provide transportation and water for drinking, washing and farming. rivers can flow on land or underground... more one process which transfers water from the ground back to the atmosphere is evaporation. evaporation is when water passes from a liquid phase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4832503177014408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.896577"} {"text": "changing planet : black carbon black carbon contributes to global warming in two ways. when in the atmosphere, it absorbs sunlight and generates heat, warming the air. when deposited on snow and ice, it changes the albedo of the surface, absorbing sunlight and generating heat. this further accelerates warming, since the heat melts snow and ice, revealing a lower albedo surface which continues to absorb sunlight - a vicious cycle of warming. click on the video at the left to watch the nbc learn video - changing planet : black carbon. lesson plan : changing planet : black carbon - a dusty situation shop windows to the universe science store! is a fun group game appropriate for the classroom. players follow nitrogen atoms through living and nonliving parts of the nitrogen cycle. for grades 5 - 9. you might also be interested in : earth \u2019 s climate is warming. during the 20th century earth \u2019 s average temperature rose 0. 6\u00b0 celsius ( 1. 1\u00b0f ). scientists are finding that the change in temperature has been causing other aspects of our planet... more this picture shows a part of the earth surface as seen from the international space station high above the earth. a perspective like this reminds us that there are lots of different things that cover the... more arctic sea ice is covered with snow all winter. bright white, the snow - covered ice has a high albedo so it absorbs very little of the solar energy that gets to it. and during the arctic winter, very little... more altocumulus clouds ( weather symbol - ac ), are made primarily of liquid water and have a thickness of 1 km. they are part of the middle cloud group ( 2000 - 7000m up ). they are grayish - white with one part... more altostratus clouds ( weather symbol - as ) consist of water and some ice crystals. they belong to the middle cloud group ( 2000 - 7000m up ). an altostratus cloud usually covers the whole sky and has a gray... more cirrocumulus clouds ( weather symbol - cc ) are composed primarily of ice crystals and belong to the high cloud group ( 5000 - 13000m ). they are small rounded puffs that usually appear in long rows. cirrocumulus... more cirrostratus ( weather symbol - cs ) clouds consist almost entirely of ice crystals and belong to the high cloud ( 5000 - 13000m ) group. they are sheetlike thin clouds that usually cover the entire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5174740568374736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.899299"} {"text": "\" i just found some really sweet, teeny tiny, wild cluster grapes. my uncle said they are winter grapes. do you have a recipe? \" doug horn, llano, texas it is very difficult to identify any grape without seeing it on the vine and tasting it, but i think i can come close on this one. at least four north american native grapes share the name \" winter grape \" - - vitis berlandieri, v. bicolor, v. cordifolia ( properly, v. vulpina ), and v. cinerea. v. cordifolia / vulpina rightfully owns the name. but the point is that the name hints at a very late ripening for all four species. i will rule out v. bicolor for many reasons i need not mention. v. cordifolia / vulpina ripens from august through october, but usually does not sweeten untl after a good frost - - thus it is called the sour winter grape. v. cinerea, the sweet winter grape, ripens from august through november, but prefers sandy and alluvial soils, not the limestone of llano. this leaves me to believe your grape is vitis berlandieri, also known vernacularly as the fall grape, winter grape, little mountain grape, spanish grape, and una cimarrona. this grape ripens in august and september south of the rio grande and in october and november in central texas. it is acidic until it ripes and then is sweet and quite delicious, but too small for convenient eating and not quite sweet enough to make a decent wine without a little sugar being added. it is small ( 1 / 5 to 1 / 3 inch ) with 30 to 70 per cluster. the clusters are loose and open, the pedicels ( stems ) long. the skin is thin, the pulp juicy when ripe, usually with one or two seeds of a coffee color. ripe berries retain enough acid to make a balanced wine. their small size makes crushing difficult, so pectic enzyme will help extract the juice. destemming by hand takes a while, but is necessary. destem and crush the grapes and place in nylon straining bag. tie bag closed and place in primary. squeeze bag to extract enough juice to float a hydrometer in its test jar. calculate sugar required to raise specific gravity to 1, 088. add sugar and stir well to dissolve it completely. add finely crushed campden tablet and stir in well. cover primary with sanitized mu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4173802343931641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.902045"} {"text": "a ` ` shelf ' ' is a persistent, dictionary - like object. the difference with ` ` dbm ' ' databases is that the values ( not the keys! ) in a shelf can be essentially arbitrary python objects - - anything that the pickle module can handle. this includes most class instances, recursive data types, and objects containing lots of shared sub - objects. the keys are ordinary strings. to summarize the interface ( key is a string, data is an d = shelve. open ( filename ) # open, with ( g ) dbm filename - - no suffix d [ key ] = data # store data at key ( overwrites old data if # using an existing key ) data = d [ key ] # retrieve data at key ( raise keyerror if no # such key ) del d [ key ] # delete data stored at key ( raises keyerror # if no such key ) flag = d. has _ key ( key ) # true if the key exists list = d. keys ( ) # a list of all existing keys ( slow! ) d. close ( ) # close it - the choice of which database package will be used ( e. g. dbm or gdbm ) depends on which interface is available. therefore it is not safe to open the database directly using dbm. the database is also ( unfortunately ) subject to the limitations of dbm, if it is used - - this means that ( the pickled representation of ) the objects stored in the database should be fairly small, and in rare cases key collisions may cause the database to refuse updates. - dependent on the implementation, closing a persistent dictionary may or may not be necessary to flush changes to disk. - the shelve module does not support concurrent read / write access to shelved objects. ( multiple simultaneous read accesses are safe. ) when a program has a shelf open for writing, no other program should have it open for reading or writing. unix file locking can be used to solve this, but this differs across unix versions and requires knowledge about the database implementation used. see about this document... for information on suggesting changes. - module anydbm : - generic interface to - module dbhash : db database interface. - module dbm : - standard unix database interface. - module dumbdbm : - portable implementation of the - module gdbm : - gnu database interface, based on the - module pickle : - object serialization used by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5297870623099967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.904507"} {"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email a predicate is part of a sentence or clause in english and is one of two primary components that serves to effectively complete the sentence. sentences consist of two main components : subjects and predicates. subjects are the primary \u201c thing \u201d in a sentence which the rest of the words then describe through either a direct description or by indicating what type of action that subject is performing. the predicate is this secondary aspect of the sentence and usually consists of a verb or adjective, though complicated sentences may have multiple verbs and a number of descriptions affecting the subject. it can be easiest to understand predicates by first understanding subjects and how sentences are constructed. a sentence just about always has a subject, though it can be implied in some way and not necessarily directly stated. in a simple sentence like \u201c the cat slept, \u201d the subject is \u201c the cat, \u201d which is a noun phrase consisting of the direct article \u201c the \u201d and the noun \u201c cat. \u201d subjects can be longer and more complicated, but they are usually fairly simple in nature. the predicate of a sentence is then basically the rest of the sentence, though this is not always the case for longer and more complicated sentences. in \u201c the cat slept, \u201d the predicate is quite simple and merely consists of the word \u201c slept. \u201d this is simple because \u201c slept \u201d is an intransitive verb, which means that it requires no further description or objects to make it complete. the sentence could be expanded as \u201c the cat slept on the bed, \u201d but this is not necessary and merely adds a descriptive component to the predicate through the prepositional phrase \u201c on the bed. \u201d in a somewhat more complicated sentence, such as \u201c the man gave the ball to his son, \u201d the subject of the sentence is still quite simple : \u201c the man. \u201d the predicate in this sentence, however, has become substantially more complicated and consists of the rest of the sentence : \u201c gave the ball to his son. \u201d this has been made more complicated because the verb \u201c gave \u201d is transitive, specifically ditransitive, which indicates both a direct object and an indirect object. the act of \u201c giving \u201d requires that there is a direct object, which is the item given, and an indirect object, which is who or what it is given to. in this instance, the predicate consists of the verb \u201c gave \u201d and the direct object \u201c the ball \u201d with a connecting preposition \u201c to \u201d and the indirect object", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5645427496741017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.907487"} {"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email monopoly\u00ae is a board game which is produced by parker brothers, a game company currently owned by hasbro. in the game, players use dice to move around a board, landing on property which they have the option to purchase and develop. if land is already owned, players must pay rents to the property ' s owner and developer. the game also includes \u201c chance \u201d and \u201c community chest \u201d squares associated with cards which can influence player ' s fortunes, forcing them to move to various spaces on the board, requiring them to pay taxes or other fees, or awarding them money. the history of the game of monopoly\u00ae is quite fascinating. the earliest version of the game was developed by elizabeth magie, and it was intended to be an educational illustration of the ways in which landlords abuse tenants with rents. her version of the game would be familiar to modern players of monopoly\u00ae, although there are some marked differences, of course. magie ' s game quickly spread, and was picked up by a number of people, spreading slowly through the united states until it landed in the household of a man named charles darrow. darrow clearly knew a potentially profitable thing when he saw it, and he developed the famous \u201c atlantic city \u201d version of monopoly\u00ae, with each square being associated with a location in atlantic city. he patented the game in 1935, and attempted to sell it to parker brothers. the company initially rejected monopoly\u00ae as being too hard to play and too long, later changing their minds, which turned out to be a good decision, since an estimated 750 million people played the game between 1935 and 2007. charles darrow is often credited as the inventor of monopoly\u00ae, although this is technically incorrect, and this has been a source of friction and dispute in the past. some people argue that the game was clearly a folk game before darrow got his hands on it, arguing that parker brothers essentially stole the rights to the game from its earlier developers, profiting immensely as a result. others believe that darrow ' s refinements and additions to the game were what made it so popular, and that he is entitled to the credit for monopoly\u00ae. in any case, this two to eight player game has become immensely popular around the world, with numerous regional spinoffs and updated versions designed to reflect changes in the economy. players struggle for economic supremacy over a monopoly\u00ae board in some region of the world every night, and competition can get fierce. masters of the game can even play", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4725695813723204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.910168"} {"text": "sorry, no definitions found. \u201c also, stephen j. tonsor of michigan state university and mary f. wilson of the forestry sciences laboratory in juneau, alaska, found that some flowering plants, such as pokeweeds ( phytolacca americana ) and english plantains ( plantago lanceolata ), grow faster when potted with full or half sib lings than when potted with nonrelatives. \u201d \u201c no publications found so far for tonsor and phytolacca should be 1989 \u201d \u201c other homeopathic remedies to consider include phytolacca, sanguinaria, and hydratis \u2014 all in 6th to 30th potency. \u201d \u201c poke root phytolacca americana has a well - deserved reputation as an herb that purifies the glands, including the breasts. \u201d \u201c specific herbs that clear up this problem are dandelion root tea taken together with a combination of three parts echinacea root tincture and one part poke root phytolacca americana. \u201d \u201c of the twelve most frequently reported plants in poisoning incidents, only one, pokeweed phytolacca decandra, is used medicinally. \u201d \u201c few of such plants are those which can be used as laxatives and purgatives, for example, cassia absus, c. alata, c. obtusifolia, tamarindus indica and phytolacca dodecandra. \u201d \u201c the poke - weed ( _ phytolacca _ ) ( fig. 98, _ k _ ), so conspicuous in autumn on account of its dark - purple clusters of berries and crimson stalks, is our only representative of the family _ phytolaccace\u00e6 _. \u201d \u201c it belongs to the rare phytolacca family, and has an immense girth - - forty or fifty feet in some cases ; at the same time the wood is so soft and spongy that it can be cut into with a knife, and is utterly unfit for firewood, for when cut up it refuses to dry, but simply rots away like a ripe water - melon. \u201d \u201c it is believed by some in this country that the pokeweed ( phytolacca ), if allowed to die in a cotton field, will produce rust. \u201d resources of the southern fields and forests, medical, economical, and agricultural. being also a medical botany of the confederate states ; with practical information on the useful properties of the trees, plants, and shrubs \u2018 phyt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5215241581947887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.913702"} {"text": "- v. simple past tense and past participle of cavil. \u201c and if they cavil at it, as mps have cavilled and continue to cavil at the detection of their felonies, they may yet discover what the whoosh of the guillotine blade sounds like. \u201d \u201c he cavilled in part like the priest sabellius, who had cavilled like the phrygian praxeas, who was a great caviller. \u201d \u201c the christians sophisticated, cavilled, hated, and excommunicated one another, for some of these dogmas inaccessible to human intellect, before the time of arius and athanasius. \u201d \u201c i ' d personally throw the schwinn over the fence of anyone who read that story and cavilled about spelling. \u201d \u201c it may be a very difficult thing, perhaps, for a man of the best sense to write a love - letter that may not be cavilled at. \u201d \u201c however, their replication is no worse than many similar multiproxies, which have not cavilled at opining on mwp - modern relationships. \u201d \u201c others make the word refer to exceptions of impossible cases ; the priests were to perform all the duties possible to them ; if any thing lay beyond their power, the exception was not to be cavilled at. \u201d \u201c he had cavilled at the idea, but she mentioned the loan again, and he capitulated. \u201d \u201c the great man cavilled that the day was past, for the sun was set : nicodemus goes into his oratory again, covers himself and prays, and the clouds dispersing themselves, the sun breaks out again. \u201d \u201c now if we will consult the glossers upon those places, they will tell us that these alterations were made, some of them, lest the sacred text should be cavilled at ; others that the honour and peace of the nation might be secured. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 cavilled \u2019. looking for tweets for cavilled.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4269171702102809, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.915796"} {"text": "about 15 to 20 years ago, folks began to notice problems in amphibian communities around the world. at first, physical deformities were being noticed and then large population declines were being documented. the finger was initially pointed at the coal industry, with an idea that perhaps mercury was leading to the deformities. but this didn \u2019 t pan out. next, farm practices came under fire, as excess fertilizer running off into farm ponds became the leading suspect. but that theory didn \u2019 t hold water either. then, attention turned to the ozone hole, with the idea that increased ultraviolet radiation was killing the frogs. no luck there either. then came the eureka moment \u2014 aha, it must be global warming! this played to widespread audiences, received beaucoup media attention and, of course, found its way into al gore \u2019 s an inconvenient truth. but, alas, this theory, too, wilted under the harsh glare of science, as new research has now pretty definitively linked an infection of the chytrid fungus to declines, and even local extinctions, of frog and toad species around the world. perhaps the biggest irony in all of this, is that while researchers fell all over themselves to link anthropogenic environmental impacts to the frog declines, turns out that as they traipsed through the woods and rainforests to study the frogs, the researchers themselves quite possibly helped spread the chytrid fungus to locations and populations where it had previously been absent. now a bit good \u2014 although hardly unexpected \u2014 news is coming out of the frog research studies. some frog populations in various parts of the world are not only recovering, but also showing signs of increased resistance \u2014 gained through adaptation and / or evolution \u2014 to the chytrid fungus. the magazine new scientist has an interesting article titled \u201c fungus out! the frog resistance is here \u201d that ties together a growing number of research findings indicating that frog populations that once faced local extinction have been making a come back \u2014 even in the continued presence of the chytrid fungus. new scientist reports that australian researchers are reporting that a variety of frog species from across the land down under that were once devastated by chytrid infection are now re - establishing themselves in areas that they were wiped out and in some cases have even returned to numbers as large as they were prior to the chytrid outbreak. other researchers are finding, as reported in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( briggs et al., 2010 ), that frogs in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4656822790966888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.919611"} {"text": "in some cases have even returned to numbers as large as they were prior to the chytrid outbreak. other researchers are finding, as reported in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( briggs et al., 2010 ), that frogs in the mountains of california that were once \u201c driven virtually to extinction \u201d are also making a recovery even though the chytrid fungus is still present. some populations there have apparently developed the ability to survive in the presence of low - levels of the fungus. evidence of a developing resistance to the chytrid fungus has also been reported in a species of australian frogs. a study published in the journal diversity and distributions ( woodhams et al., 2010 ) looked at populations of frogs which have recovered from a chytrid infection and found indications that natural selection may have led to more resistant populations and facilitated the recovery. all this is not to say that amphibian populations across the world have made a full and complete recovery, but it is to say that there are encouraging signs that some populations are clawing their way back through adaptation and natural selection \u2014 precisely the way things are supposed to work. and even though global warming is no longer considered to be the guilty party ( of course, exonerated with much less fanfare than it was accused ), the amphibian story does show the resiliency of nature \u2014 a resiliency that is grossly underplayed or even ignored in virtually all doom and gloom presentations of the impacts of environmental change. something that is worth keeping in mind. briggs, c. j., et al., 2010. enzootic and epizootic dynamics of chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 107, 9695 - 9700. woodhams, d. c., et al., 2010. adaptations of skin peptide defenses and possible response to the amphibian chytrid fungus in populations of australian green - eyed treefrogs, litoria genimaculata. diversity and distributions, 16, 703 - 712.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4396618296509402, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.920452"} {"text": "the smart grid is coming! what \u2019 s a smart grid? several hundred utility executives, government regulators, and engineers have gathered in downtown san diego this week for a three - day conference that is focused on what may be the utility industry \u2019 s biggest paradigm shift since the tennessee valley authority electrified the southeastern united states. the only problem is that it \u2019 s the biggest paradigm shift that people have never heard of. a harris poll recently highlighted the fact that u. s. utilities have committed billions of dollars to upgrade the electric grid by installing new \u201c smart meters \u201d in homes and businesses. but the harris poll shows about two - thirds of americans ( 68 percent ) have never heard the term \u201c smart grid \u201d and 63 percent don \u2019 t know what a smart meter is. so for at least some people, you got it here first : instead of merely tracking how much total electricity ( or gas, or water ) a customer uses each month, a smart meter tracks a customer \u2019 s usage continuously throughout the day and uses wireless technology to automatically transmit the data in real time to the utility. this automated meter reading technology makes it possible for regulators to set prices that vary at different times of day \u2014 and which encourage or discourage consumption \u2014 based on the relative cost of power production and periods of peak energy demand. as the harris poll shows, if the price of electricity changes according to how much it actually costs to produce, three out of four people want to be able to see and control how much electricity they are using. so why are smart meters a big deal? and why should technology innovators care? a few highlights from the \u201c metering america \u201d conference are in order : \u2014 in california, the big three investor - owned utilities are in the process of deploying 12 million smart meters, covering about 80 percent of the state \u2019 s population at an estimated cost of $ 4. 5 billion, according to commissioner nancy ryan of the california public utilities commission. ryan told the \u201c metering america \u201d conference that utility rates based on time - of - day pricing related to the cost of producing electricity must be coupled with extensive customer communications and education campaigns, or the effort to align consumers and true market costs will be wasted. \u2014 san diego gas & electric is on schedule to complete installation of 1. 4 million electric smart meters and 850, 000 gas smart meters in its service area by the end of 2011 at an estimated cost of $ 600 million, says anne shen smith, sdg & e \u2019 s senior vice president for customer services. while there really are benefits to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070066482647421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.925666"} {"text": "meters and 850, 000 gas smart meters in its service area by the end of 2011 at an estimated cost of $ 600 million, says anne shen smith, sdg & e \u2019 s senior vice president for customer services. while there really are benefits to the deployment, smith says the industry is \u201c lagging in developing the kind of software that goes with this technology. until then, it will just be a meter. \u201d \u2014 sdg & e also is deploying its smart meters before technical standards have been set. \u201c we just can \u2019 t wait for the perfect technology to happen, \u201d sdg & e \u2019 s smith told the audience. she says smart meters \u201c have to have flexibility, so we can incorporate new technologies as we go. \u201d smith says it is imperative for the industry to continue development of smart meters as \u201c a software - driven technology platform \u2014 so the smart meter itself can be updated remotely as we move forward over time. \u201d updating the smart meter \u2019 s hardware would be a costly proposition that utilities want to avoid. meanwhile, the california utilities commission has been working to establish smart meter standards with the national institute of standards and technology, or nist, the u. s. department of energy, and other agencies. \u2014 the deployment of smart meters at the end points of the power grid also will necessitate the deployment of extensive technologies to collect and store the data \u2014 and add intelligence to grid management. utilities will need new applications for data mining and data analytics to make use of the data being generated. new innovations are being developed and new startups are being formed to serve this emerging industry sector. \u2014 as a case study in what not to do, ryan pointed to the installation of smart meters in bakersfield, ca, under a pilot program by pacific gas & electric. outraged residents who saw their utility bills quadruple following deployment filed a class - action lawsuit against the utility, meter installer wellington energy. \u201c pg & e has conceded it did not do enough customer education, \u201d says ryan, who describes bakersfield as \u201c the epicenter of the revolution \u201d against smart meters. the state utilities commission has halted the lawsuit, pending its own investigation into the pg & e \u2019 s smart meter program, including the accuracy of its meters and billing system. \u2014 sdg & e, which has installed 600, 000 smart meters of all types so far, says it has no immediate plan to change from its current flat - rate to time - of - day billing \u2014 which prudently separates the smart meter from dynamic pricing that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4641160396058578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.926918"} {"text": "by ben kiernan genocide and resistance in southeast asia : documentation, denial and justice in cambodia and east timor ( transaction, 2008 ) the pol pot regime ( 2008 edn. ) how pol pot came to power ( 2004 edition ) the pol pot regime ( 2002 ) conflict and change in cambodia ( 2006 ), edited with an introduction. genocide and democracy in cambodia : the khmer rouge, the united nations, and the international community ( ed., 1993 ) other books by genocide in cambodia and rwanda ( 2005 ) edited by susan e. cook cambodia ( world bibliographical series, 1997 ), by helen jarvis getting away with genocide : cambodia ' s long struggle against the khmer rouge, by h. jarvis and t. fawthrop ( 2004 ) children of cambodia ' s killing fields : mem [ oirs by survivors, compiled by dith pran, introduction by b. kiernan ( 1998 ) genocide in cambodia : documents from the trial of pol pot and ieng sary, edited by howard j. de nike, kenneth j. robinson, john quigley, helen jarvis, and nereida cross pol pot plans the future : confidential leadership documents from democratic kampuchea, 1976 - 1977, ed. d. p. chandler, b. kiernan, and c. boua. revolution and its aftermath in kampuchea : eight essays, ed. d. p. chandler and b. kiernan copyright \u00a9 2010 cambodian genocide program, yale university. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.416426374905797, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.931077"} {"text": "this year \u2019 s national nursing week will take place may 7 - 13. in 1971 the international council of nurses designated may 12, florence nightingale \u2019 s birthday, as international nurse \u2019 s day. several years later, the first national nursing week was celebrated in 1985 to highlight nurse \u2019 s contributions to the well being of canadian public. as many of you know, nightingale is best known around the world as the \u201c lady with the lamp \u201d who nursed british soldiers during the crimean war and turned nursing into a profession. nightingale died on august 13, 1910 at the age of90. prior to the founding of modern nursing, nuns and the military usually provided nursing - like care. the religious and military roots are still evident today in many countries, for example in the united kingdom, senior female nurses are known as sisters. although the event is celebrated internationally, canada chooses to hold theirs independently on a different date. the 2012 canadian theme is nurses - the health of our nation. it reflects the positive impact nurses make to the lives and well - being of canadians. canadian nursing dates all the way back to 1639 in quebec with the augustine nuns. these nuns were dedicated to opening up a mission that cared for spiritual and physical needs of patients. this mission later went on to create the first nursing apprenticeship training in north america. at the end of the nineteenth century, hospital care and medical services had been improved and expanded due to florence nightingale who was training women in english canada. in 1874 the first formal nursing training program was started at the general and marine hospital in st. catharines in ontario. many programs popped up in hospitals across canada after this and graduates and teachers from these programs began to fight for licensing legislation and for professional organizations for nurses. more changes began to occur after world war ii, the health care system expanded and medicare was introduced. registered nurses are extremely important for smaller communities, as many only have one doctor. in canada we are lucky enough to have nurses who are legally allowed to prescribe medication. currently there are approximately 260, 000 nurses in canada but nurses are becoming scarcer and the population of baby boomers is aging which requires more nursing care. the only major event mentioned on the nursing association \u2019 s web site was that of national telehealth education which was held at the regina general hospital, may 9. take a few moments to honor your community \u2019 s nurses. say thanks, or give them a small sentimental gift in appreciation for what they do on a daily basis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43588356125514716, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.934440"} {"text": "natural gas markets : how federal agencies can reduce gas utility bills april 20, 2004 public attention focuses on u. s. natural gas markets in the winter, particularly the impact of projected higher gas prices and possible gas supply shortfalls on the economy. the sharp increase in wholesale prices earlier this year and record low levels of gas in storage have prompted strong statements by federal reserve chairman, alan greenspan, warning that \" we are not apt to return to earlier periods of relative abundance and low prices any time soon. \" these comments are mirrored by trends in natural gas forward contracts for the next 3 to 5 years, which are currently trading at nearly twice historical prices. this trend has implications for consumers, both in terms of their natural gas and electricity bills. throughout the country, natural gas has been the fuel of choice for virtually all new power plants built over the past decade. as a result, electricity prices are increasingly sensitive to the price of natural gas. while \" regulatory lag \" will in many cases delay the effect of rising natural gas prices on consumers ' electricity bills, a sustained increase in natural gas prices will almost certainly lead to an eventual rise in electricity rates. because of the long lead - time needed to develop significant new natural gas supplies and infrastructure, the most promising near - term strategy for putting downward pressure on prices is to reduce natural gas demand. federal agencies can play a decisive role in responding to this situation by undertaking targeted energy conservation efforts at their facilities. such efforts can benefit the agencies directly by reducing their exposure to rising electricity and natural gas prices. agencies can consider a number of general strategies : - natural gas efficiency and conservation : the american council for an energy efficient economy ( aceee ) estimates the cost - effective potential for natural gas efficiency in the u. s. to be approximately one trillion cubic feet per year, equivalent to 4 to 5 percent of current annual consumption. among commercial and institutional customers, retrofitting hvac systems and furnaces or boilers, recommissioning, and installing window glazing represent some of the more promising opportunities for reducing natural gas use on site. facility managers may want to re - examine the economics of projects involving these measures, based on current and projected higher natural gas prices. - electric efficiency and conservation : throughout most of the u. s., natural gas power plants operate on the margin at least half of the time \u2014 and in a number of regions ( the west, southwest, texas, florida, and new england ), they operate on the margin 80 to 90 percent of the time. electricity users", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48729262522949385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.938600"} {"text": "gas power plants operate on the margin at least half of the time \u2014 and in a number of regions ( the west, southwest, texas, florida, and new england ), they operate on the margin 80 to 90 percent of the time. electricity users can therefore indirectly decrease natural gas consumption \u2014 and thus help to put downward pressure on prices \u2014 by reducing their electricity use, particularly during daytime hours when natural gas is most likely to be the marginal fuel source for electricity generation. in fact, in many cases, electric efficiency efforts provide the \" biggest bang for the buck. \" federal agencies can build on their reputation as leaders in promoting the efficient use of electricity by engaging in measures such as retrofitting lighting and hvac systems, installing or recommissioning energy management systems, and establishing energy - smart operational practices. - demand response and load management : in a number of regions, electricity users have the opportunity to receive payment for reducing their electricity use during specific periods by participating in demand response programs offered by the regional grid operator or their electricity provider. two types of programs are typically offered : \" emergency \" programs that pay customers to reduce their load during periods when the reliability of the grid is potentially jeopardized, and \" economic \" programs that give customers the opportunity to offer load curtailments in exchange for market - based payments. the importance of such programs is heightened by the recent run - up in natural gas prices, which is likely to put upward pressure on peak period electricity prices in many parts of the country. by participating in demand response programs, federal customers can help to dampen this effect. agencies can leverage their efficiency and demand response efforts with financial and / or technical resources funded through public benefits funds or demand side management programs. these programs have historically been administered by the local utility, although in a number of states ( new york, vermont, oregon, wisconsin ) the programs are administered by a statewide agency or non - governmental organization. current ratepayer funding for electric energy efficiency tops $ 1 billion annually \u2014 providing for a range of resources to federal agencies, from rebates for energy - efficient equipment and retrofits, to facility audits and project evaluation. funding for natural gas efficiency is also available in many gas utility service territories. information on those programs most relevant to federal customers is available on the femp web site. for more information, please contact charles goldman of lbnl at 510 - 486 - 4637.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5107095127689779, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.939639"} {"text": "a research internship can allow students to learn while working in the lab with their professor or it can offer them the chance to learn while building a new lab with their professor. such was the case last summer when david negro ' 06 and soo hooi oh ' 06 helped boon siew ooi, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering, set up a new optoelectronics and photonics lab in lehigh ' s center for optical technologies. the students ' mission was to assemble the lab ' s several optical waveguide and semiconductor laser characterization stations, and interface them with a central computer so all the new equipment could be controlled from the same keyboard and mouse. \" neither of us knew a whole lot about photonics before last summer, \" says negro, an electrical engineering major, \" so the learning experience was huge. \" we not only had to learn how to use new tools, we also had to manipulate the tools for unconventional purposes. \" \" we had to build the lab, learn the equipment, see how the different instruments work together and learn to be creative, \" says oh, a triple major in electrical engineering, integrated business and engineering ( ibe ) and music composition. one purpose of the new lab, says ooi, is to develop emitters and other light sources for use in medical technology, the semiconductor industry and other applications. ooi has a grant from carl zeiss meditec inc., a german - based international maker of eye ophthalmology systems, to develop a semiconductor light source that would increase the sensitivity and resolution of the system. \" we have developed a broadband light source for this application, \" says ooi, \" but we need to increase the bandwidth and the strength of its signal. \" negro and oh were chosen for their internship after successfully completing fundamentals of semiconductor devices, a sophomore - level electrical engineering course that ooi taught last spring. their internships were funded by the cot. the students assembled the lab ' s state - of - the - art equipment the old - fashioned way, says negro. \" we read the manuals, we got stuck and then we called the company hotline. \" the students spent much of the summer measuring the performance of the new equipment, characterizing the properties of photonic devices and semiconductor chips, and generating and guiding laser signals. they also helped determine the properties of quantum dot materials. quantum dots, which emit the light that creates lasers, are nanometer - size semiconductor structures in which the presence or absence of a quantum electron can be used to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5775939915406381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.945824"} {"text": "generating and guiding laser signals. they also helped determine the properties of quantum dot materials. quantum dots, which emit the light that creates lasers, are nanometer - size semiconductor structures in which the presence or absence of a quantum electron can be used to store information. \" we tried to modify the bandgap and lasing wavelength in order to control the optical properties of the quantum - dot structures, \" says soo, who hopes to continue her work in the area by setting up the photoluminescent system that can characterize this nano - material structure. using labview software, negro and oh integrated the new equipment to a central computer, then merged data from two or more machines so that the experimental results could be plotted in one graph on the computer screen. \" without the computer, it would have taken an entire day to generate a graph, \" says negro. \" with the computer, we generated the same graph in two seconds. \" in addition to gaining valuable experience in the lab, the students realized other benefits from their summer internship. \" this opened a wide variety of options for me, \" says negro, who hopes to take advantage of the university ' s presidential scholarship program, which offers a tuition - free fifth year of study to students with a 3. 75 undergraduate gpa. \" working in a lab requires a lot of patience and dedication, \" says oh. \" it has enabled me to see what it would be like to be a graduate student. it has also shown me what i ' m lacking, and that will help me know what electives to choose the next two years. \" posted on wednesday, december 01, 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6530793106867839, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.947627"} {"text": "at this point, wendell phillips, of boston, entered the hall, which fact the president ( mr. garrison ) announced, remarking that \" his appearance was as cheering as the unveiled face of the sun after a long storm. \" ( loud applause. ) | joseph barker said that he perfectly agreed with mr. quincy, that slavery is the lowest condition of humanity, and that slaveholding is the greatest crime in the catalogue of sins ; but what he had contended for was this that in substance and in tendency the two systems were one, and that their effects were much more alike, than one who had not felt the weight of the european system would be disposed to believe ; and that, indeed, under certain circumstances, the effect of the aristocratic system in great britain and ireland was more deplorable, in some respects, than the effect of the slaveholding system in this country. in illustration of this position, mr. barker cited the starvation which had been produced, not only in ireland, but also in england, to a fearful extent, by the efforts of the landlords to maintain a monopoly of the grain market, and thus secure a higher price for their lands form the tenant farmers. by this system, within two years, the population of ireland had been reduced, through absolute starvation, one and a half to two millions. in no case had the slaveholding system produced such a deplorable and frightful result. he ( mr. b. ) acknowledged the force of mr. quincy ' s remark, that the people of great britain could run away, that they were at liberty, if they chose, to leave that country, and come to this. it was also true, that there was no law expressly passed to prevent the people from learning to read ; but, by a tax of eight cents on every newspaper, so that one could not be bought for less than thirteen or fifteen cents, by levying a tax of thirty - six cents on every advertisement, though it were but a line, and by a burdensome tax on paper, the number of books and newspapers was kept down, and the ability to obtain them limited to the higher and middle classes of the people. let his audience imagine books kept at a high price, the people prevented from having more than one half the needful amount of employment, and then obliged to pay two thirds of all their earnings in taxes, ( the aristocracy did not pay one fiftieth part of the their income in taxes, ) and they would have as cunningly a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4784033731642118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.953148"} {"text": "half the needful amount of employment, and then obliged to pay two thirds of all their earnings in taxes, ( the aristocracy did not pay one fiftieth part of the their income in taxes, ) and they would have as cunningly a devised scheme as the world had ever beheld, for extracting the very last drop of life - blood and energy from the working classes, and leaving them as low, as abject, as poor, as hopeless, as they could well be. it was true, mr. barker said, that the people had the right to run away ; but, in many cases, they had not the requisite means to avail themselves of this mode of escape from the tyranny that oppressed them. there were millions in great britain and ireland, at this time, who could not run away ; and many of them waited until their friends in this country sent them the means to pay their passage here. millions were sent over from the united states to great britain every year for this purpose. he was aware, as mr. quincy had said, that the conduct of the irish and english aristocracy is sometimes thrown in the way of the abolitionist, as an objection to the anti - slavery movement ; and when he presented his views on this subject, he know what abuse might be made of them by pro - slavery parties in this country. he knew it was possible that some pro - slavery man might, by mistake, say to him, \" that ' s ' right, barker! you do right to denounce the aristocracy across the ocean. \" it was possible that such a man might do this once - not twice! ( laughter and cheers. ) but, on the other hand, if they refused to allow that the english and irish aristocracy are the company of unbearable creatures they really arehow did that operate on the irish emigrants? they would say \" if these men don ' t know any more about slavery than they know about england and ireland, we shan ' t believe them when they tell us of the condition of the slaves. we have suffered from the aristocracy and land monopolists in england ; we know how they operate ; we know it is not possible for the slaves physically to be in a worse condition than he laws of the aristocracy and land monopolists of great britain and ireland have brought upon the laboring population of those countries ; and if they will not concede the truth when speaking on this subject, we are not prepared to acknowledge what they have to say on the question of slavery. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45770742416060545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.954159"} {"text": "##ts of great britain and ireland have brought upon the laboring population of those countries ; and if they will not concede the truth when speaking on this subject, we are not prepared to acknowledge what they have to say on the question of slavery. \" mr. barker concludedmy own impression is, that the course i have taken in venturing to express my feelings and judgment on this subject, will do far more good, by its influence upon english emigrants, than it could possible do harm by appearing, for a time, to strengthen a certain objection employed by slaveholders and their sycophantic adherents. ( applause. ) but, whatever be the effect of this course of procedure, for a time, one thing is certain, i can only vindicate liberal principles in my own way, and use such illustrations as my reading and experience supply ; and i will trust the effect of a free, honest, benevolent utterance of my own thoughts, and my own feelings, further than i can see. and when we do utter our feelings and sympathies, and convictions of truth, and our wishes for improvement, and when we do contribute our labors for the good of mankind, i am thoroughly persuaded, as i am that i exist, that the effect must be good, though some individuals may seek to make a bad use of it. however, we are all agreed, that while we live in america, it is with american institutions and american abuses that we have especially to deal. our work is to create and extend the sentiment in favor of impartial freedom, and against that most accursed of all institutions, american slavery. i say, here we are agreed, and here we speak our minds, and contribute our efforts to this one great object, to wipe away the stain from the american character, to abolish that institution which rests like an incubus upon american enterprise and improvement ; and, surely, we can bear to hold differences of opinion in minor matters, so long as we are perfectly agreed in hating american slavery, in opposition to the american slaveholder, and in our efforts elevate every human being to a position of equality of rights and a fair chance of doing well for himself, both in body and soul, in his own person and in his posterity, through the length and breadth of this great county, and through he countless ages which are to witness its growing destiny. ( loud cheers. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47010115539631053, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.955154"} {"text": "the hoiho \u2013 new zealand \u2019 s yellow - eyed penguin written by adele vernon, photographs by dean schneider catalogue number 200101 suitable for children and adults alike. a very informative softcover book. this engrossing account of the hoiho \u2019 s secretive lifestyle and unusual characteristics is amply illustrated with striking colour photographs. 44 pages with detailed index. 5 little hoiho by jake lewis catalogue number 200211 new release february 2002 jake lewis wrote this book when he was 10 years old as part of a home school project which grew out of his interest in conservation and the plight of the hoiho ( the yellow - eyed penguin ). the story is aimed at the younger child, beautifully illustrated by jake with 16 pages of colourful illustrations. fact flashes of important information about the yellow - eyed penguin are useful for older children. jake has kindly donated all proceeds from the sale of this book to the yellow - eyed penguin trust to help save this unique bird. it \u2019 s a gem! mustelid trapping field guide by david blair catalogue number 200212 rrp $ 7. 50 ( discounts for bulk orders. for details please contact the trust office ). 2nd edition ( 2005 ) available. to order, please send your payment to the trust office the yellow - eyed penguin trust hosted a practical workshop on mustelid control techniques in august 2000. at the request of attendees, a follow - on field guide was published by the trust in 2002 and revised in 2005. this a5 - sized booklet outlines the biology of the mustelids ( stoats, ferrets and weasels ), including reproduction, diet and range, and signals the implications of predator guild relationships. placement of traps ( when, where, how many ), technical aspects of trapping and types of traps are all discussed. included are sample data recording sheets, and explanations to the importance of accuracy of records, including recognising nil returns. the legal obligations under the animal welfare act are also included in this booklet. aimed at both amateur and experienced trappers, the trust hopes it may assist in the practical eradication of one of the threats to the rare yellow - eyed penguin and other endemic species. penguin partnership \u2013 a guide for landowners catalogue number 200105 this is a great guide for those landowners who may have penguins on their land, and want to know the best way to ensure that the penguins will be safe from stock and predators. saving the yellow eye by john darby catalogue number 200102 suitable for younger readers. excellent bright colourful photos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41525068915894675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.959392"} {"text": "landowners who may have penguins on their land, and want to know the best way to ensure that the penguins will be safe from stock and predators. saving the yellow eye by john darby catalogue number 200102 suitable for younger readers. excellent bright colourful photos and graphics with interesting statistics brings together this informative softcover book. nature kids \u2013 the penguin by barbara todd catalogue number 200104 this book includes facts about where penguins live, what they eat, the differences between them and how they look after their babies. 24 pages. new zealand wild the penguin by barbara todd catalogue number 200105 this book is aimed at 8 - 14 year - olds. the author looks at penguins, both past and present, what they look like, how they live together and parenthood. this information is followed by extensive text about penguins that live in new zealand, followed by shorter entries about other penguin species around the world. excellent for home or school use. 32 pages with colour photographs throughout. step by step snacks, light meals & treats by alison holst catalogue number 200108 ( currently out of stock ) a cooking book for beginners of all ages. alison \u2019 s reliable, trustworthy and delicious recipes for tasty and interesting family food. this book, supported by mainland products, our sponsor, includes a penguin icon on each page. all recipes were test - cooked by a 12 year old. coasting \u2013 the sea lion and the lark by neville peat catalogue number 200110 neville peat, one of our finest observers of the natural world, takes us on a journey from otago to the subantarctic and follows the life and migration of a sea lion. with the taut and accurate prose of a scientist, and the lyrical sense of an artist, peat \u2019 s compelling style lures us into gaining an immense amount of information. in a work that is deeply intimate and wonderfully expansive, peat takes us well beyond the physical. he delves into the emotional origins of myth, and reveals an impassioned respect and understanding of the close relationship between humans and animals. while exploring changing coastal habitat \u2013 blending ancient beliefs, local history, legend and the natural sciences \u2013 peat encounters a number of remarkable individuals along the way ; sea dogs, old salts, and a mysterious drifter who follows the winds and tides. here we gain the naturalist \u2019 s sense of wonder, and the philosopher \u2019 s contemplation of the mysterious presence we call nature. from field to forest : a guide to revegetating southern coastlines catalogue number 201111. rr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4014472108755457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.961528"} {"text": "twelve step programs are well known for their use in treating addictive and dysfunctional behaviors. the first 12 step program began with alcoholics anonymous ( a. a. ) in the 1930s and has since grown to be the most widely used approach in dealing not only with recovery from alcoholism, but also from drug abuse and various other addictive and dysfunctional behaviors. the first book written to cover the 12 step program was titled \" alcoholics anonymous \", affectionately known as the big book by program members. following the subsequent extensive growth of twelve step programs for other addictive and dysfunctional behaviors, many additional books were written and recordings and videos were produced. these cover the steps in greater detail and how people have specifically applied the steps in their lives. an extensive chronology and background about the history of a. a. has been put together at dick b. ' s website. the twelve steps of the program are listed above and on the steps page in generic form. other groups who have adopted the 12 steps to address their own particular addictive or dysfunctional behavior have similar ideas, usually with only minor variations. these steps are meant to be worked sequentially as a process of getting rid of addictive behaviors and should result in a growth in freedom and happiness, as outlined in the promises. the general governing approach for a. a. groups was originally laid out in the twelve traditions, and they remain the guiding principles for most 12 step groups today. there is a wealth of further information about 12 step programs in wikipedia, including a list of 12 step groups, and also from the numerous links in our directory of recovery related websites.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46917069477937196, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.963578"} {"text": "high blood pressure, stress, and diabetes are all familiar warning signs that someone ' s at risk for cardiovascular disease. but there are other red flags that most of us are not aware of, such as hair loss, or problems in the bedroom. by paying attention to risk factors, and using them as cues to make healthy changes in your life, there ' s a lot that can be done to prevent cardiovascular damage early on, says dr. rene alvarez, associate professor of medicine at the university of pittsburgh medical center cardiovascular institute. here are six unusual signs of heart disease - - and what you can do to protect yourself. 1. sexual dysfunction heart disease may be the last thing on your mind when you ' re cuddling close to your significant other, but trouble performing may be a concern for heart health as well as sexual health. dr. alvarez says that although sexual dysfunction in men and women is different, the issue linking it to heart disease is the same : when blood vessels don ' t work well, sexual problems can occur. \" if you have dysfunction in one circulatory area you have it in others, \" he says. do this. treat both issues. with good medical therapy and healthy lifestyle changes, both sexual dysfunction and heart disease can be avoided. dr. alvarez recommends regular exercise, and talking with your physician about daily aspirin use and your vascular health, to resolve both problems. 2. male pattern baldness loss of hair is more than an issue of appearance - - it may mean loss of circulation, according to a correlation between top rear head balding and cardiovascular disease described in a recent t issue of archives of internal medicine. dr. alvarez says lack of circulation to the hair follicles may be related to heart circulation, although other factors may play a role in the connection. \" some patients who have male pattern baldness may smoke, have hypertension, or a genetic predisposition relating to heart disease, \" he notes. do this. watch and be aware. knowing your family history - - both of baldness and heart disease \u2014 can help you asses your own risk. if either runs in the family, it ' s extra reason to take steps to prevent hypertension and high cholesterol levels, and to avoid or quit smoking. 3. snoring and sleep apnea sawing logs may cause your heart to struggle. a study from emory university in atlanta found that the obstructed airways in people who have sleep apnea or snore were linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4492531048303398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.966461"} {"text": "a british ambassador to venice in the 17th century observed that \u201c a diplomat is an honest man sent abroad to lie for his country. \u201d but for centuries, diplomats did more than lie. they bribed, they stole, they intercepted dispatches. perhaps this will come as some consolation to the many american diplomats whose faces have been reddened by the trove of diplomatic cables released this week by wikileaks : whatever they \u2019 ve done cannot compare in underhandedness with what ambassadors did in the past. in 16th - century london, for instance, a french ambassador paid another diplomat \u2019 s secretary 60 crowns a month to read the dispatches to which the secretary had access. by the 1700s, a large part of the british foreign office \u2019 s annual expenses of \u00a367, 000 was allocated for bribery. but as a scene of diplomatic misbehavior, london could hardly measure up to vienna. prince wenzel anton von kaunitz, an 18th - century austrian foreign minister, took no monetary bribes, but he accepted expensive presents like horses, paintings and fine wines from people who wanted to influence him. viennese prostitutes also enjoyed unusual access to the diplomatic corps ; one such woman, during the congress of vienna in 1815, received a salary from an adjutant of czar alexander i, and provided him with information she learned during her visits with other envoys. these practices had begun in the middle ages, when negotiators of treaties would gather information about the host nation. they continued in the renaissance with the advent of permanent embassies. and the belief that the ambassador was a legalized spy never left the hosts \u2019 minds. accordingly, governments intercepted the correspondence of diplomats accredited to them. specialists in curtained, candle - lighted \u201c black chambers \u201d slid hot wires under wax seals to open letters. those in foreign languages were translated ; those in code, decrypted. their contents were then passed along to kings and ministers. the black chamber of vienna was the most efficient. it received the bags of mail going to and from the embassies at 7 a. m. ; letters were opened, copied and returned to the post office by 9 : 30. when the british ambassador complained that he had gotten british letters sealed not with his seal but with that of another country \u2014 clear evidence that they had been opened \u2014 kaunitz calmly replied, \u201c how clumsy these people are. \u201d when the french ambassador to russia, the marquis de la chetardie, in 1744 protested an order for him to leave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4748075260052144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.970148"} {"text": "of another country \u2014 clear evidence that they had been opened \u2014 kaunitz calmly replied, \u201c how clumsy these people are. \u201d when the french ambassador to russia, the marquis de la chetardie, in 1744 protested an order for him to leave, an official began reading him his intercepted letters, showing his meddling in russian affairs. \u201c that \u2019 s enough! \u201d the marquis said \u2014 and began packing. the mores of diplomacy began to change in the 19th century, pushed first by the spread of democracy and republican government. public opinion came to regard it as wrong and unbecoming to a democracy to do anything illegal \u2014 in particular when representing itself abroad. other factors in that change, according to the british diplomat and writer harold nicolson, lay in the emerging sense of the community of nations and of the importance of public opinion. as lord palmerston, the mid - 19th - century british prime minister, maintained, opinions are stronger than armies. this shift was exemplified by a growing belief that mail shouldn \u2019 t be tampered with. in britain in the 1840s, there was a huge public outcry over the post office \u2019 s opening of the mail of the italian revolutionary giuseppe mazzini ; at the time, the english historian and politician thomas babington macaulay declared that it was as wrong to take his letter from the mail as to take it from his desk. and when the vienna convention on diplomatic relations was passed in 1961, among its prescriptions was that \u201c the official correspondence of the mission shall be inviolable. \u201d ambassadors now regard themselves as ladies and gentlemen. they do not lie. they do not steal. but in some ways, diplomacy has not advanced beyond the old ways. and diplomatic cables can always be intercepted or revealed \u2014 as wikileaks has demonstrated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.501573149761162, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.970880"} {"text": "| module 3 : interpreting data | 2. using data to support an argument to test a theory or answer a question a study is designed, sampling is conducted and the data is collected. the process of descriptive statistics then involves presenting the data in tables and graphs. the data may seem to indicate a clear conclusion about the population which has been sampled. but how strongly do the data support that conclusion? is there strong evidence for the link between data and conclusion? how can you be sure that the effect observed is due to the experimental treatment and is not just an accidental result? deciding on the strength of the link between data - and making conclusions about the population - involves interpretation. the basis of how to make interpretation lies in another statistical process called inferential statistics. inferential statistics involves the use of statistical methods and models to make measurable claims about populations ( and population parameters ) on the basis of samples ( and sample statistics ). usually researchers do not know the value of population parameters - they have to estimate them. but they do have measurements made on a sample - these are sample statistics. researchers also realise that if they used a different sample from the same population to produce more data, the new sample statistics would be different to the first ones. inference uses probability to account for this sample variability. however, to make inferences you need to have designed a reliable, unbiased study so that the data that are produced are accurate and valid. therefore, in order to make useful interpretations about data, or to assess the appropriateness of other interpretations, you need to first ask about how the data were produced and presented. this page last updated 31 august 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5310477766129118, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.972572"} {"text": "description - surrounded by the rugged foothills of the appalachian plateau, tar hollow state park and surrounding state forest are characteristic of the wilderness that blanketed ohio in the days of early settlers. it is a stronghold for many exciting species of wildlife. numerous reptiles and amphibians, colorful game birds, songbirds and secretive mammals can be found here. copyright : ohio department of natural resources tar hollow state park in the 1930s, the tar hollow region was purchased for conservation purposes under a new deal program, the ross - hocking land utilization project. people were given a new financial start in life and were encouraged to move to the cities. most, however, bought more poor ground outside the park and continued to live as they always had. during the depression years, the wpa and nya programs built recreation facilities including the 15 - acre pine lake and group camp. in 1939, the ohio division of forestry accepted operational control of the land that was then known as tar hollow forest - park. when the ohio department of natural resources was created in 1949, the division of parks and recreation accepted land of several state agencies including the old division of forestry. tar hollow state park was developed from the earlier forest. the park, today, is bordered by tar hollow state forest - - ohio ' s third largest state forest. - tar hollow state park offers a campground set amid a wooded hollow near pine lake. there are 28 electric sites and 60 non - electric. both sunny and shaded site are available. the campground is equipped with showers, pit latrines, dump station, and pet sites. a group camp is also available to organized groups. additionally, five shelters permit camping. ross hollow hiking trail, located near the camp, provides foot access to the hills of tar hollow. the 21 - mile logan boy scout trail ( red blazes ) traverses the park and forest. a section of ohio ' s buckeye trail ( blue blazes ) also passes through the area. bridle trails and a horse camp are located on the forest land. a backpack camp is located at the fire tower. picnicking is a popular pastime at tar hollow. the picnic areas offer excellent scenery and a peaceful setting. six shelters can be reserved through the park office, while the others are available on a first - come, first - served basis. pine lake is a small body of water affording electric motors only. the 15 acres of water surface are perfect for canoeing. anglers are limited to only two species of fish, bluegill and pan fish. a small launch ramp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37317276592499515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.976322"} {"text": "served basis. pine lake is a small body of water affording electric motors only. the 15 acres of water surface are perfect for canoeing. anglers are limited to only two species of fish, bluegill and pan fish. a small launch ramp is located near the 500 - foot swimming beach. excellent hunting opportunities exist for squirrel, deer, grouse and turkey in the adjacent state forest. a valid ohio hunting and fishing license is required. recreation - recreations abound at tar hollow state park including activities such as fishing, hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, backpacking, miniature golf, picnicking, group and family camping, lake swimming, nature study, and limited boating. climate - this state has four distinct seasons and a brilliant fall foliage display in it southern woods during mid october. winter lasts from december through february with average temperatures near 25 degrees f. low temperatures dip to single digits, but do not often drop below zero. northern regions of the state receive average snowfall amounts of 55 inches, while the central and southern regions of the state receive lesser amounts with averages near 30 inches. this difference is caused by lake - affect moisture patterns. spring temperatures begin to warm the landscapes of ohio by mid march and are in full swing by april. temperatures range from 40 through 70 degrees f through the spring months. this season often brings the most rainfall, before the drying heat of summer. summer can be extremely hot and humid in the interior of ohio. temperatures reach above 90 degrees f frequently through july and august. cooler fall temperatures don ' t reach the region until mid to late september. this is a pleasant time to visit as the air is crisp with low humidity levels. ohio ' s annual precipitation usually reaches slightly above 50 inches. the park is located in southeastern ohio several miles east of chillicothe off state route 327.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.378423411540445, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.977901"} {"text": "( the very short version ) in september 1891, pasadena philanthropist amos throop rented the wooster block building in pasadena for the purpose of establishing throop university, the forerunner of caltech. in november of that year, throop university opened its doors to 31 students and a six - member faculty. throop might have remained just a good local school had it not been for the arrival in pasadena of astronomer george ellery hale. the first director of the mount wilson observatory, hale became a member of throop \u2019 s board of trustees in 1907, and envisioned molding it into a first - class institution for engineering and scientific research and education. under his leadership throop \u2019 s transformation began. by 1921, hale had been joined by chemist arthur a. noyes and physicist robert a. millikan. these three men set the school, which by then had been renamed the california institute of technology, firmly on its new course. for the next 85 years, millikan and his successors \u2014 lee dubridge, harold brown, marvin goldberger, thomas everhart, and david baltimore \u2014 led the institute as it achieved preeminence in the scientific community. during this time programs were added in geology, biology, aeronautics, astronomy, astrophysics, the social sciences, computer science, and computation and neural systems. now serving as president is jean - lou chameau, who took office in september 2006. dr. chameau came to caltech from georgia tech, where he was provost and vice president for academic affairs, hightower professor, and a georgia research alliance eminent scholar. he previously served as dean of georgia tech ' s college of engineering, the largest in the nation. dr. chameau places strong emphasis on improving the educational experience of students, increasing diversity, and fostering research, entrepreneurial, and international opportunities for faculty and students. his research interests include sustainable technology ; environmental geotechnology ; soil dynamics ; earthquake engineering ; liquefaction of soils ; and soil - structure interaction problems. you may have run into the work of past caltech scientists without even knowing it. if your mom ever told you to take vitamin c to fend off a cold, you can thank linus pauling, the caltech chemist who discovered the nature of the chemical bond in 1930 ( his ideas about vitamins came later ). his chemical - bond research won him the 1954 nobel prize for chemistry. ( pauling also won the nobel peace prize in 1962. ) after an earthquake, news anchors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5124225396344948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.981444"} {"text": "nature of the chemical bond in 1930 ( his ideas about vitamins came later ). his chemical - bond research won him the 1954 nobel prize for chemistry. ( pauling also won the nobel peace prize in 1962. ) after an earthquake, news anchors can tell us how relatively shaken up we were, courtesy of the formula that geophysicist charles richter devised in the 1920s for measuring the size of southern california earthquakes. ( later, richter and fellow caltech geophysicist beno gutenberg would apply the formula to earthquakes throughout the world. ) and if anyone ' s ever told you to stop acting so \" left brain, \" it ' s because of the pioneering brain - hemisphere research done by caltech psychobiologist roger sperry ( another nobelist ). other luminaries in our past include carl anderson ( discoverer of the positron ) ; clair patterson ( whose work on lead pollution spurred the federal government to impose pollution controls on the auto industry ) ; henry borsook ( who formulated the recommended daily requirements for human nutrition ) ; theodore von karman ( father of modern aviation, jet flight, and, indirectly, jpl ) ; and richard feynman ( the theoretical physicist / renaissance man whose name was for years practically synonymous with caltech ' s ). you can read about these and other scientists in more detail in scientific milestones.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5628503407588601, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.982051"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia religious conversion is the adoption of new religious beliefs that differ from the convert ' s previous beliefs ; in some cultures ( e. g. judaism ) conversion also signifies joining an ethnic group as well as adopting that group ' s religious beliefs. conversion requires internalization of the new belief system. a person who has undergone conversion is called a convert or proselyte. a proselyte ( from the latin word proselytus which in turn comes from the greek word, proselytos meaning \" someone who has found his / her place \" ) is in general a title given to a person who has fully embraced a certain religion, world view, ideology, metaphysics, ontology et cetera. in the traditional sense like in proselytism this word signified people who have converted to judaism, but is nowadays used in a wider meaning. conversion to judaism see also the main article ger tzedek jewish law has strict guidelines for accepting new converts to judaism ( a process called \" giur \" ). according to jewish law, which is still followed as normative by orthodox judaism and most of conservative judaism, potential converts must want to convert to judaism for its own sake, and for no ulterior motives. a male convert needs to undergo a ritual circumcision, and there has to be a commitment to observe the 613 commandments and jewish law. a convert must accept jewish principles of faith, and reject the previous theology that he or she had prior to the conversion. ritual immersion in a small pool of water known as a mikvah is required, and the convert takes a new jewish name and is considered to be a son or daughter ( in spirit ) of the biblical patriarch abraham, and a male is called up in that way to the torah. the reform judaism and conservative judaism movements are lenient in their acceptance of converts. many of their members are married to non - jews, and these movements make an effort to welcome the spouses of jews who seek to convert. this issue is a lightning rod in modern day israel as many immigrants from the former soviet union are technically not jewish. conversion to judaism in history - see the main article : list of converts to judaism the most famous jewish king, king david, was descended from the convert ruth ( who, according to the talmud and midrash, was a moabite princess ). no formal conversion procedure is given in the text ; modern critical historians generally hold giur, in its modern sense, to be an innovation of a later period.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5784590228529851, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.995101"} {"text": ", according to the talmud and midrash, was a moabite princess ). no formal conversion procedure is given in the text ; modern critical historians generally hold giur, in its modern sense, to be an innovation of a later period. joseph, the father of the most famous sage of the talmud, rabbi akiva, was a convert. christians were forbidden to convert to judaism on pain of death during most of the middle ages. in the 1700s a famous convert by the name of count valentin potoski in poland was burned at the stake. he was a contemporary and a disciple of rabbi elijah, known as the vilna gaon. in hellenistic and roman times, some pharisees were eager proselytizers, and had at least some success throughout the empire. some jews are also descended from converts to judaism outside the mediterranean world. it is known that some khazars, edomites, and ethiopians, as well as many arabs, particularly in yemen before, converted to judaism in the past ; today in the united states, israel and europe some people still convert to judaism. in fact, there is a greater tradition of conversion to judaism than many people realize. the word \" proselyte \" originally meant a greek who had converted to judaism. as late as the 6th century the eastern roman empire ( i. e., the byzantine empire ) was issuing decrees against conversion to judaism, implying that conversion to judaism was still occurring. relationship with converts the hebrew bible states that converts deserve special attention ( deuteronomy 10 : 19 ). the hebrew word for \" convert \", ger, is the same as that for a stranger. it is also related to the root gar - \" to dwell '. hence since the children of israel were \" strangers \" - geirim in egypt, they are therefore instructed to be welcoming to those who seek to convert and dwell amongst them. since around 300 ce, judaism has stopped encouraging people to join its faith. in fact, in orthodox and conservative judaism, converts are often discouraged from becoming jews and warned that being a jew entails special obligations, as well as, at least in certain places, the risk of anti - semitism. a rabbinic tradition holds that a prospective convert should be refused three times. differences between jewish and christian views judaism does not characterize itself as a religion ( although one can speak of the jewish religion and religious jews ). the subject of the tanach ( hebrew bible ) is the history of the children of israel (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4672847453145514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.996163"} {"text": "times. differences between jewish and christian views judaism does not characterize itself as a religion ( although one can speak of the jewish religion and religious jews ). the subject of the tanach ( hebrew bible ) is the history of the children of israel ( also called hebrews ), especially in terms of their relationship with god. thus, judaism has also been characterized as a culture or as a civilization. rabbi mordecai kaplan defines judaism as an evolving religious civilization. one crucial sign of this is that one need not believe, or even do, anything to be jewish ; the rabbinic definition of ' jewishness ' requires only that one be born of a jewish mother, or that one convert to judaism in accord with jewish law. ( today, reform and reconstructionist jews also include those born of jewish fathers and gentile mothers if they are raised as jews. ) to jews, jewish peoplehood is closely tied to their relationship with god, and thus has a strong theological component. this relationship is encapsulated in the notion that jews are a chosen people. although some have taken this as a sign of arrogance or exclusivity, there are jewish scholars and theologians who have emphasized that a special relationship between jews and god does not in any way preclude other nations having their own relationship with god. for jews, being \" chosen \" fundamentally means that jews have chosen to obey a certain set of laws ( see torah and halakha ) as an expression of their covenant with god. jews hold that other nations and peoples are not required or expected to obey these laws, and face no penalty for not obeying them. thus, as a national religion, judaism has no problem with the notion that others have their own paths to god ( or \" salvation \" ), though it still makes claim as to the truth or falsehood of other beliefs, and as to whether gentiles are allowed to hold them. thus, for example, maimonides believed that the truth claims of islam were largely false, but he also believed that gentiles were not sinning by following islam ; on the other hand, he regarded idolatry not just as false, but also as a serious sin, for jew or non - jew. in this respect, rabbinical sources have usually classed christianity with islam, rather than with idolatry, though the use of icons in many denominations has raised questions as to whether they are, in fact, idolatrous. christianity is characterized by its claim to universality, which marks a break with jewish identity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5079801102303398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.997161"} {"text": "islam, rather than with idolatry, though the use of icons in many denominations has raised questions as to whether they are, in fact, idolatrous. christianity is characterized by its claim to universality, which marks a break with jewish identity. as a religion claiming universality, christianity has had to define itself in relation with religions that make radically different claims about gods. christians believe that christianity represents the fulfillment of god ' s promise to abraham and the nation of israel, that israel would be a blessing to all nations. this crucial difference between the two religions has other implications. for example, conversion to judaism is more like a form of adoption ( i. e. becoming a member of the nation, in part by metaphorically becoming a child of abraham ), whereas conversion to christianity is explicitly a declaration of faith. of course, conversion to judaism also entails a declaration of faith, and, in christian churches, conversion also has a social component, as the individual is in many ways adopted into the church, with a strong family model. conversion to christianity in the times of jesus, all of his disciples were jews. on occasion, he performed miracles for gentiles without requiring their conversion ; in one conversation with a samaritan woman, he downplayed the differences between jews and samaritans ( john 4 ). gentiles who sought to join the early church were often required to undergo conversion to judaism first including circumcision for men. this requirement was later dropped entirely after paul forced the issue. the origin of christian baptism in water is derived from the jewish law requiring a convert to submerge themselves in pure water ( of a mikvah ) in order to receive a new pure soul from god. it was only many years after jesus, that there was split in the movement and those seeking to convert to christianity were not faced with the major obstacles that judaism presented. christianity and islam are two religions that encourage preaching their faith in order to convert non - believers. in both cases, this missionary property has been used as an excuse for religious wars ( crusades ) on other countries. this property encourages evangelists to convert people of other faiths, though unfortunately on some occasions by questionable means. in the year 1000, the viking age parliament of iceland decided that the entire country should convert to christianity, and that sacrifice to the old gods, while still allowed, should no longer be made in the open. similar mass conversions in other scandinavian countries were not as democratic. the christian denomination of the religious society of friends (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4988429074043558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.998298"} {"text": "entire country should convert to christianity, and that sacrifice to the old gods, while still allowed, should no longer be made in the open. similar mass conversions in other scandinavian countries were not as democratic. the christian denomination of the religious society of friends ( quakers ) accepts new members into its monthly meetings. after a person becomes familiar with the beliefs and practices of friends, he may embrace these things for himself. this embracing of the beliefs and practices of friends is called convincement. he then applies for membership, and, if accepted is officially a friend. conversion to islam one becomes a muslim by believing that allah ( arabic for god ) is the only god and that muhammad was his messenger. a person is considered a muslim from the moment he sincerely makes this witness, the shahada. of course a new muslim has to familiarize himself / herself with the religion, the belief, and the practices of islam, but there is no formal requirement for that. it is a personal process ; acceptance of all of that is taken to follow from the original statement, since all of islam is considered to derive from either divine inspiration, in the form of the qur ' an, or prophetic example, in the form of the hadith and sunna of muhammad. conversion to religions of indic origin religions of indic origin such as hinduism, sikhism and buddhism do not believe in conversion as a form of religious expansion, even though they welcome anybody to join their faiths. the reason for this is the strongly held belief in these religions that \" all religions are true and are only different paths to the same truth \". the followers also believe that the religion you follow is to be chosen based on an individual ' s temprement, birth etc. also, what would be very strange and foreign to non - indic origin faiths is that people can claim to be follower of multiple religions. for example in japan which was influenced by the indic faith of buddhism, it is easy to find people who follow both buddhism and shinto. it is also common to find people in india claming to be both hindu and buddhist or hindu and sikh etc. this inclusivism is in direct contrast to the belief that the ordained path in the book is the only true paths, found in exclusivistic belief systems. this inclusivism also makes any conversion unnecessary. it should be noted that the above does not apply for some sects of indic faiths, like soka gakkai and hare krishna / iskcon. conversion to new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253238983745714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:47.999299"} {"text": "belief systems. this inclusivism also makes any conversion unnecessary. it should be noted that the above does not apply for some sects of indic faiths, like soka gakkai and hare krishna / iskcon. conversion to new religious movements and cults conversion to new religious movements ( nrm ' s ) is riddled with controversies. the anti - cult movement sometimes uses the term thought reform or even brainwashing, though the latter term has now become discredited, for this process. often they will call certain nrm ' s cults. however, the definition of a cult has become so broad that in many instances it is almost meaningless and is used to define anything outside of orthodoxy. nrms are very diverse and it is not clear whether conversion to nrms differs from conversion to mainstream religions. see also brainwashing controversy in new religious movements research, both in the usa and in the netherlands has shown that there is a positive correlation between the lack of involvement in main stream churches in certain areas and provinces and the percentage of people who are a member of a new religious movement. this applies also for the presence of new age centers., the dutch research included jehovah ' s witnesses and the latter day saint movement / mormonism to the nrm ' s. professor eileen barker believes that the psychological changes as described in converts of the divine light mission can be generalized for other nrms, however she has supplied no proof of such claims. conversion of catholics to protestantism prohibition of conversion several ethnic religions don ' t accept converts, like the yazidis and the druze. the only way to become a yazidi is to be born in a yazidi family. conversely, the shakers and some indian eunuch brotherhoods don ' t allow procreation, so every member is a convert. the english language word proselytism is derived ultimately from the greek language prefix ' pros ' ( towards ) and the verb ' erchomai ' ( to come ). it generally describes attempts to convert a person from one point of view to another, usually in a religious context. in the bible, the word proselyte denotes a person who has converted to judaism, without overtly negative overtones. in our day, however, the connotations of the word proselytism are almost exclusively negative. nonetheless, many people use the words interchangeably. an orthodox writer, stephen methodius hayes has written : \" if people talk about the need for evangelism, they meet with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5301893872573241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.000230"} {"text": "connotations of the word proselytism are almost exclusively negative. nonetheless, many people use the words interchangeably. an orthodox writer, stephen methodius hayes has written : \" if people talk about the need for evangelism, they meet with the response, \" the orthodox church does not ' proselytize ' as if evangelizing and proselytism were the same thing. \" many christians consider it their obligation to follow what is often termed the \" great commission \" of jesus, recorded in the final verses of the gospel of matthew : \" go to all the nations and make disciples. baptize them and teach them my commands. \" the early christians were noted for their evangelizing work. the difference between the two terms is not easily defined. what one person considers legitimate evangelizing, or witness bearing, another may consider intrusive and improper. illustrating the problems that can arise from such subjective viewpoints is this extract from an article by dr. c. davis, published in cleveland state university ' s ' journal of law and health ' : \" according to the union of american hebrew congregations, jews for jesus and hebrew christians constitute two of the most dangerous cults, and its members are appropriate candidates for deprogramming. anti - cult evangelicals... protest that ' aggressiveness and proselytizing... are basic to authentic christianity, ' and that jews for jesus and campus crusade for christ are not to be labeled as cults. furthermore, certain hassidic groups who physically attacked a meeting of the hebrew christian ' cult ' have themselves been labeled a ' cult ' and equated with the followers of reverend moon, by none other than the president of the central conference of american rabbis \". views on the propriety of proselytism, or even evangelism, differ radically. some feel that freedom of speech should have no limits and that virtually anyone, anywhere should have the right to talk about anything they see fit. others see all sorts of evangelism as a nuisance and an intrusion and would like to see them proscribed. thus, natan lerner observes that the issue is one of a clash of rights - the right of a person to express his views versus the right of a person not to be exposed to views that he does not wish to hear. from a legal standpoint, there do appear to be certain criteria in distinguishing legitimate evangelization from illicit proselytism : - all humans have the right to have religious beliefs, and to change these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48438046496378545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.001379"} {"text": "to views that he does not wish to hear. from a legal standpoint, there do appear to be certain criteria in distinguishing legitimate evangelization from illicit proselytism : - all humans have the right to have religious beliefs, and to change these beliefs, even repeatedly, if they so wish. ( freedom of religion ) - they have the right to form religious organizations for the purpose of worship, as well as for promoting their cause ( freedom of association ) - they have the right to speak to others about their convictions, with the purpose of influencing the others. ( freedom of speech ). by the same token, these very rights exercise a limiting influence on the freedoms of others. for instance, the right to have one ' s religious beliefs presumably includes the right not to be coerced into changing these beliefs by threats, discrimination, or similar inducements. hence a category of improper proselytizing can be discerned. - it would not be proper to use coercion, threats, the weight of authority of the educational system, access to health care or similar facilities in order to induce people to change their religion. - it would be improper to try to impose one ' s beliefs on a ' captive audience, ' where the listeners have no choice but to be present. this would presumably require restraint in the exercise of their right to free speech, by teachers in the classroom, army officers to their inferiors, prison officers in prison, medical staff in hospitals, so as to avoid impinging on the rights of others. - it would not be proper to offer money, work, housing or other material inducements as a means of persuading people to adopt another religion. issues involving proselytism since the collapse of the former soviet union and the rise of democracy in the eastern bloc, the russian orthodox church has enjoyed a revival. however, it takes exception to what it considers illegitimate proselytizing by the roman catholic church, the salvation army, jehovah ' s witnesses and other religious movements in what it refers to as its canonical territory. greece has a long history of conflict, mostly with jehovah ' s witnesses but also with some pentecostals over its laws on proselytism. this situation stems from a law passed in the 1930s by the dictator ioannis metaxas. a jehovah ' s witness, minos kokkinakis, won the equivalent of us $ 14, 400 in damages from the greek state after being arrested repeatedly for the ' offence ' of preaching his faith from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4971568885587843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.002406"} {"text": "##annis metaxas. a jehovah ' s witness, minos kokkinakis, won the equivalent of us $ 14, 400 in damages from the greek state after being arrested repeatedly for the ' offence ' of preaching his faith from door to door. in another case, larissis vs. greece, a member of the pentecostal church also won a case in the european court of human rights. - 1. schepens, t. ( dutch ) religieuze bewegingen in nederland volume 29, sekten ontkerkelijking en religieuze vitaliteit : nieuwe religieuze bewegingen en new age - centra in nederland ( 1994 ) vu uitgeverij isbn 90 - 5383 - 341 - 2 - 2. starks, r & w. s. bainbridge the future of religion : secularization, revival and cult formation ( 1985 ) berkely / los angeles / london : university of california press - 3. barrett, d. v. the new believers - a survey of sects, cults and alternative religions ( 2001 ) uk, cassell & co - \" proselytism, change of religion, and international human rights \", by natan lerner, phd ( legal aspects of defining illicit proselytism ) the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4937703062264842, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.002981"} {"text": "the billhead evolved from what was known as a \" trade card, \" and in the twentieth century, became known as letterhead. it was created by printing a heading at the top of a sheet of paper, usually from an engraved copper plate. the lower part of the sheet was used for writing a list, a note, or a bill. the standard billhead measured seven to eight inches wide, and four inches or more in length, depending on the need for space for writing the bill. the printed heading usually included an illustration, and sometimes a street address or location of the business. they also included space to write the date and town where the business transaction took place. they were printed on durable rag paper up until the 1860 ' s and 1870 ' s, after which they were printed on thinner woodpulp paper. in general, billheads of this style were in use and remained relatively the same for approximately a 150 year time frame, over three centuries. as historical artifacts, billheads are useful for providing information about tradesmen ' s products and prices. they help document the types of goods and services that consumers were purchasing. the american antiquarian society has a collection of over 500 billheads representative of what was printed between the 1780 ' s and 1900. they are housed in two boxes. the first box is devoted entirely to billheads from boston merchants. the other box includes billheads from traders and hotels located in several states, including massachusetts. they are organized alphabetically by city and state. - terri tremblay, assistant curator of graphic arts source : rickards, maurice, the encyclopedia of ephemera. new york : routledge, 2000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4550623211256475, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.004613"} {"text": "i recently made my first visit to the national archives and record administration ( nara ). this is one in a series of articles inspired by that visit to help you make your first visit to the national archives. national archives staff have prepared over 160 pages of finding guides to assist researchers with their most common records. these guides are printed on various hues of colored paper. they can be found on a rack in the lobby once you arrive at the archives. while the national archives has decided not to put these guides online, fortunately, the mount vernon genealogical society has decided to fill this void. the mount vernon genealogical society is located in the washington, dc suburbs where society members are lucky enough to make frequent visits to the national archives. some members work there. harold mcclendon, publicity chair for the society, says, to make these sheets available to everyone, the mount vernon genealogical society is placing all of the guides on its web site in pdf format. the guides are organized into the following categories : african americans, asian americans, census, citizenship, civilian federal employees, district of columbia, early congressional private claims, immigration, lands, military, native american and 1885 state and territorial censuses. as new sheets are issued by the national archives, copies are being added to the web site. to access these finding aids, go to http : / / mvgenealogy. org / nara _ guides. html. mcclendon recommends printing the guides related to your research. as you review the guide, you will then be better able to determine the specific publication to review in search of the desired records. you might even find that the national archives has publications that you never knew existed. thank you, harold mcclendon and the mount vernon genealogical society for extending this service to the genealogical community.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45074407546034856, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.006574"} {"text": "this advice is suitable for open - grown ornamental trees. although pruning does make trees slightly smaller than they would be without pruning, attempting to keep a big tree small by pruning is usually unsuccessful. this advice does not apply to restricted tree forms such as fans and espaliers. when to prune trees deciduous trees ( ones that lose their leaves in winter ) are usually pruned in autumn and winter. in some cases, for example with magnolias and walnuts, pruning is best done in late summer, as healing is quicker. trees such as prunus sp, which are prone to silver leaf disease are best pruned from april to july when the disease spores are not on the wind, and the tree sap is rising rather than falling ( which pushes out infection rather than drawing it in ). some trees can bleed sap if pruned in late winter and early spring. although seldom fatal, this is unsightly and can weaken the tree. birches and walnuts often bleed if pruned at the wrong time. evergreens seldom need pruning, although dead and diseased branches can be removed in late summer. how to prune trees prior to undertaking any work, it is essential to ascertain if a tree preservation order ( tpo ) is in place or if the tree is in a conservation area. if either is the case, seek permission from your local council before beginning work. potentially dangerous limbs can, in theory, be removed without permission but the penalties for breaching the legislations, inadvertently or not, can be severe. safety is of prime importance when working with trees, so make an honest appraisal of your capabilities, assess the area in which any branches may fall and erect warning signs or barricades if necessary before beginning. if in any doubt engage a professionally qualified tree surgeon or aboriculturist. take a step back and decide what needs to be done to produce a balanced, attractive tree. work with the natural habit of the tree to shorten or remove branches. going against the tree \u2019 s natural habit produces ungainly trees that lack grace. always start by removing damaged, dead, diseased shoots, followed by weak, lax or rubbing growth. how to remove tree branches and limbs - wear protective gloves and, if necessary, eye and head protection - when cutting a stem, cut just above a healthy bud, pair of buds or side shoot. where possible, cut to an outward facing bud or branch to avoid congestion and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3609864055787871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.012616"} {"text": "and limbs - wear protective gloves and, if necessary, eye and head protection - when cutting a stem, cut just above a healthy bud, pair of buds or side shoot. where possible, cut to an outward facing bud or branch to avoid congestion and rubbing of branches - make your cut 0. 5cm ( \u00bcin ) above the bud. beware cutting too close, as this can induce death of the bud beware cutting too far from the bud, as this can result in dieback of the stub and entry of rots and other infections - when removing larger limbs, make an undercut first about 20 - 30cm ( 8in - 1ft ) from the trunk, and follow this with an overcut. this will prevent the bark tearing, leaving a clean stub when the branch is severed - then remove the stub, first making a small undercut just outside the branch collar ( the slight swelling where the branch joins the trunk ), followed by an overcut to meet the undercut, angling the cut away from the trunk to produce a slope that sheds rain - avoid cutting flush to the trunk as the collar is the tree \u2019 s natural protective zone where healing takes place - there is no need to use wound paints, as they are not thought to contribute to healing or prevent disease. the exception is plums and cherries ( prunus sp ), where wound paint may be used to exclude silver leaf disease spores if pruning cuts bleed sap, don \u2019 t bandage or bind the cut, as attempts to stem the bleeding are likely to be unsuccessful and may impede rather than aid healing. remove branches of more than 2cm ( \u00bdin ) in diameter with a sharp pruning saw. don ' t make a flush cut - come out just slightly so that it heals naturally. small branches can easily be removed with secateurs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39745920841481747, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.013453"} {"text": "facts in focus : - states considering legislation this year to expand opportunities for young voters : 15 ( at least ) - states considering advance voter registration for young people : 7 - number of votes in favor of final passage of state legislation establishing age 16 as a uniform voter registration age, 2006 - 2009 : 979 - number of votes opposing such legislation : 158 - votes in both houses of the connecticut legislature opposing a bill allowing primary voting for 17 - year - olds : 0 in a nutshell as a key element in what is welcome progress toward universal voter registration, a movement is growing within the states to swing the doors of our democracy wide open, encouraging and facilitating the active participation of young people in the electoral process. from education, to access, to advance registration, more and more legislators and public officials are doing their part to invite young people into the process and kick start habits that can last a lifetime. when it comes to the political participation of young people, we have come to assume a certain ceiling of enthusiasm ; a kind of minimum threshold of apathy that is factored into our expectations. though last year ' s presidential campaigns directed significant attention to young voters, and despite having a candidate on both major party tickets imbued with youthfulness and pop culture savvy, actual youth turnout saw only a modest bump from 2004 ; about 1. 5 percentage points according to the center for information & research on civic learning & engagement ( circle ). though voters between 18 and 24 were 12. 6 % of the voting age population, they made up only 9. 5 % of those who actually voted. the importance of encouraging youth participation in our democracy is difficult to overstate, and it is in our interest to avoid becoming apathetic about apathy. according to a 2003 study by alan s. gerber, donald p. green and ron shachar in the american journal of political science and mark franklin ' s seminal 2004 book on turnout, voter turnout and the dynamics of electoral competition in established democracies since 1945, there is a great deal of evidence indicating that participation in one ' s youth is highly predictive of future participation ; in other words, voting is best made into an unkickable habit early in life. we are a country that values the long - term health of our democracy. in hoping that as many people as possible for generations to come will keep themselves informed and reliably take part in elections, we need to take active steps to get young people civically educated, registered, and voting. and while you ' re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43031028407085525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.024376"} {"text": ". in hoping that as many people as possible for generations to come will keep themselves informed and reliably take part in elections, we need to take active steps to get young people civically educated, registered, and voting. and while you ' re reading this, those steps are beginning to take root in all corners of the country, as legislatures in several states have taken up fairvote ' s package of youth engagement initiatives. 2009 is shaping up to be the best year yet for \" pre - registration \" or \" advance registration \" legislation. at least fifteen states have introduced measures that would set a uniform voter registration age of 16 years old, allow certain 17 - year - olds to vote in primary elections and / or encourage civic education in schools. more than a half - dozen states, including arizona, california, washington, rhode island and maryland, have introduced advance voter registration bills, with one chamber each in michigan, rhode island and north carolina recently passing such bills with bipartisan majorities. california has moved the bills out of a key committee. meanwhile, members of congress are drafting federal legislation to boost the idea. national organizations joining our advocacy now include project vote, progressive states, common cause, rock the vote and the new america foundation. in just one example of the broad support state pre - registration legislation is receiving, michigan ' s pre - registration bill was supported by such entities and associations as the michigan campaign finance network, the michigan association of county clerks, the michigan association of municipal clerks and the council of election officials, the michigan municipal league, the michigan nonprofit association, the michigan townships association, and secretary of state terri lynn land ( a leading prospective candidate for the republican gubernatorial nomination ). broadening and deepening opportunities for civic participation - both in elections, and in governance overall - is a core part of fairvote ' s mission. that ' s why fairvote has advocated for a package of legislation that would encourage young people to become more civically minded, register to vote and participate in the political process. here ' s a look at some of the measures that we believe will help achieve those goals : 1 ) \" pre - registration \" or \" advance registration \" of 16 and 17 - year - olds : triggered by our advocacy for universal voter registration starting after the 2000 elections, fairvote supports the establishment of a uniform voter registration age of 16, with registrations becoming active when pre - registered youth reach normal voting age. this is in line with the previously mentioned studies showing that people who begin voting when they are young tend to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44998741996062486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.025449"} {"text": "] on how parties can make their nominating contests more democratic in general. ) 3 ) mandatory comprehensive civic education in high school : too many students leave high school with a limited understanding of what civic engagement and participation in our democracy entail. we encourage the use of curricula like our learning democracy resources that teach about the workings of democracy and the history of voting rights. such civic education should ideally entail things like mock voting to demystify the voting process and make it less intimidating for democratic newbies. a civic education curriculum also provides an opportune moment to encourage pre - registration. learning democracy, fairvote ' s comprehensive civic education curriculum, is available at http : / / www. fairvote. org / learningdemocracy. ( our prototype state - based edition is available at http : / / www. rhodeislandsuffrage. org. ) an encouraging electoral prognosis might we be on the verge of a kind of youth voting legislation renaissance within the states? fifteen or more states have seen pieces of the above legislative package introduced this year alone, with action ensuing on many of these bills. below is a listing of some of the activities in various statehouses ( which might not be exhaustive - itself a tantalizing fact ). many or most of these bills were introduced, at least in part, per information received from fairvote, and we are very excited to see those efforts begin to blossom. because the better informed our young people, the simpler it is for them to register as voters, and the more enthusiastic they are to participate, the more likely it is that our democracy will be healthy and robust for decades to come. progress this legislative session : arizona : representative ed ableser introduced hb 2384 and hb 2026, respectively allowing for pre - registration of 16 - year - olds, and for 17 - year - old primary voting. california : assemblyman curren price introduced ab 30, to allow 16 - year - olds to pre - register to vote. it has passed the house elections committee and the house appropriations committee. it may see a floor vote as soon as the first week of june.. connecticut : house bill 6439 implements a recently passed amendment to the state constitution to allow for 17 - year - old primary voting. it has unanimously passed both the house and senate. illinois : house bill 2629 by representative kathy ryg would allow for 17 - year - old primary voting. kansas : house bill 2256 by representative milack talia would create", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4474480786030155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.029436"} {"text": "old primary voting. it has unanimously passed both the house and senate. illinois : house bill 2629 by representative kathy ryg would allow for 17 - year - old primary voting. kansas : house bill 2256 by representative milack talia would create a uniform pre - registration age of 14 - years - old. ( fairvote is supportive of the philosophy that underpins this legislation, but would suggest that a 16 - year - old pre - registration age would be sufficient. ) kentucky : provisions for pre - registration for 16 - year - olds and mandatory public education about elections were introduced by senator jerry rhoads, in the form of an amendment to senate bill 109. maryland : senate bill 671, allowing for pre - registration of 16 - year - olds, was introduced by senator jamin raskin. the bill did not get out of committee, although testimony from the maryland board of elections indicated that it would have no fiscal impact. massachusetts : representative ellen story has introduced house bill 3895, allowing for pre - registration of 16 - year - olds. house bill 1592 by representative steve d ' amico would allow for 17 - year - old primary voting. michigan : house bill 4261, by representatives lesia liss and matt lori, would allow 16 - year - olds to pre - register to vote. it passed the house on may 14th by a 92 - 18 margin, with majority support from both republicans and democrats and a broad coalition from across the spectrum. senator cameron brown has introduced a companion bill, as sb 61. ( the bill has some limitations on where registration can take place, and what sort of identification is necessary to register. ) minnesota : hf 873 by representative paul marquart and sf 606 by senator ann rest would allow for 17 - year - old primary voting. new york : a 5110 by assemblyman michael cusick would amend the state constitution to permit 17 - year - old primary voting. north carolina : hb 1260, by representative angela bryant and others, is known as the \" teen pre - registration and high school civic education act. \" passed by the house with a 102 - 14 vote, it. allows for 16 - year - olds to pre - register to vote and requires local boards of education to develop plans to educate high school students in voter registration and voting. a majority of both republicans and democrats supported the legislation, while it was backed by civic groups that included democracy north carolina, fairvote north carolina. league of women voters of north carolina,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42510815332762564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.030419"} {"text": "plans to educate high school students in voter registration and voting. a majority of both republicans and democrats supported the legislation, while it was backed by civic groups that included democracy north carolina, fairvote north carolina. league of women voters of north carolina, nc center for voter education, nc civic education consortium, common cause north carolina, el pueblo inc. and the southern coalition for social justice. rhode island : house bill 5005 by representative edwin pacheco passed the house on march 10th by a margin of 56 - 10, while senate bill 85 by senator rhoda perry passed the senate on march 19th by a margin of 32 - 2. both bills would allow for the pre - registration of 16 - year - olds and saw support from half of the republican caucuses, in addition to a majority of democrats. washington : house joint resolution 4204 by representative zack hudgins would propose a constitutional amendment to allow 17 year - olds to vote in primaries, while house bill 1193 by representative marko liias would allow 13 - year - olds to pre - register to vote. ( as in the case of the kansas legislation, we believe that a 16 - year - old pre - registration age is sufficient. ) wisconsin : the introduction of fairvote ' s youth - engagement package is expected, upon passage of the state ' s budget in june. wyoming : house bill 76 allows for the pre - registration of all voters who will be 18 as of the next general election. this is an advance, and will sometimes allow 16 - year - olds to register, depending on the point in the electoral cycle. ( a uniform 16 - year - old voter registration age would be less confusing, and more practicable. ) * * * * previous editions of innovative analysis can be found here. contact : paul fidalgo, communications director : paul ( at ) fairvote. org, ( 301 ) 270 - 4616 * * * * project vote ' s erin ferns blogs at tpm on pre - registration progressive states network : expand youth voting brennan center ' s resources on modernizing voter registration new america foundation on pre - registration rock the vote supports ca and ri pre - registration bills common cause on voter registration reforms michigan house legislative analysis of pre - registration fairvote north carolina voter pre - registration and education project youth voter pre - registration in rhode island fairvote. blog : pawlenty vetoes automatic registration bill katrina vanden heuvel advocates for universal voter registration in the nation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43372762663251707, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.031783"} {"text": "brookhaven national laboratory has what is currently one of the highest energy particle accelerators on the planet. the relativistic heavy ion collider ( rhic ) hosts collisions between the nuclei of gold atoms that are moving at roughly 99 percent of the speed of light, creating a quark soup similar to the one that existed immediately after the big bang. but the scientists running the experiments started noticing something funny about the data : instead of expanding evenly outward, the collision debris were ellipsoidal ( think a 3 - d ellipse ). what was even stranger was that this sort of behavior had already been described, for a gas of lithium atoms at the opposite end of the temperature spectrum, at a fraction of a microkelvin. as these groups were talking about a collaboration, things got stranger still when string theorists started citing this work, since the behavior had already been predicted through their work \u2014 a fact that the physicists weren ' t aware of until a science reporter called to ask what they thought about it. the tale of this unlikely collaboration unfolded at the american association for the advancement of science meeting, where the introductory remarks described just how far apart these systems are. in terms of temperature, the rhic and chilled lithium differ by 19 orders of magnitude ( that ' s a factor of 1019 ). when it comes to density, the difference is an astonishing 25 orders of magnitude. meanwhile, the bit of string theory that describes the normal, four - dimensional ( 3 - d + time ) behavior of these systems can be predicted by modeling a four - dimensional sphere wrapped around a five dimensional black hole. quantum viscosity runs hot and cold the cold atomic cloud is probably easiest to understand, although john thomas of duke, who does the work, claimed that, when dragged to wine tastings with his wife ' s friends, \" i wait until everyone ' s sufficiently drunk before explaining what we do. \" his short description is that he makes bowls of light ; in principle, the first steps in his system involve the sort of laser cooling that our chris lee has described in the past. this can only get things down to a bit under a kelvin above absolute zero, but thomas then loosens the laser trap, and a few atoms evaporate off, taking most of the remaining heat with them. the end result is an atomic cloud at one - tenth of a microkelvin. the 6li atoms that he uses have up and down spins that form an analog of the cooper pairs of electrons that cause high - temperature supercondu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6475208503667755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.038637"} {"text": "with them. the end result is an atomic cloud at one - tenth of a microkelvin. the 6li atoms that he uses have up and down spins that form an analog of the cooper pairs of electrons that cause high - temperature superconductivity, so his system allows theorists to test some of their ideas in an accessible experimental system. but it also has interesting properties when in a magnetic field. at a specific magnetic field strength, the interactions between the paired atoms start to go asymptotic and, when at a very precise point, the interactions vanish and quantum effects dominate. when the laser trap is released again, the atoms expand elliptically, displaying essentially the smallest amount of quantum viscosity possible. because the system is experimentally possible, they were able ( on the advice of string theorists \u2014 more on that below ) to measure both the viscosity and entropy, and found that they were related directly to one divided by four?. out at the other end of the temperature spectrum, the collisions in the rhic were producing what brookhaven ' s barbara jacack termed \" quark soup. \" in normal matter, quarks interact by exchanging gluons with a limited number of partners. but, at the densities that exist immediately after these collisions, quarks can exchange multiple gluons with multiple partners, leading to longer - range interactions that are more similar to those in a liquid. two aspects of the behavior seen by rhic ' s detectors, however, were a bit surprising. the first is the ellipsoidal expansion that marks the behavior of perfect quantum liquids that we mentioned above. the second is that, although radiation can pass across the small cluster of quark soup, the actual quarks, it appeared, could not. jacack likened the fact that even the heavy charm quark didn ' t make it across the collision to a set of bowling pins stopping an incoming ball. like thomas, talking to string theorists allowed jacack and her team to look for some specific properties \u2014 in this case, shock waves of a particular type \u2014 of the quark soup. so far, it ' s looking like they ' re there. rhic is about to undergo a retrofit that should make it easier to study this, and the stimulus package may have some money for the doe that could accelerate the work. the theory needs a five - dimensional black hole, but reality may not clifford johnson of usc then spoke about how a specific application of string theory helped tie everything together", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6398421343365663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.039741"} {"text": ", and the stimulus package may have some money for the doe that could accelerate the work. the theory needs a five - dimensional black hole, but reality may not clifford johnson of usc then spoke about how a specific application of string theory helped tie everything together. as he described it, quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) works very well at describing the interactions of a limited number of particles, and its successes in the early 1970s caused researchers to abandon an earlier version of string theory. but qcd doesn ' t work that well at the densities seen in the rhic, where ensembles of particles have emergent behavior \u2014 as johnson noted, a single water molecule isn ' t wet ; that ' s a property that emerges from a population of water molecules. and this, along with a few other vexing problems, has allowed string theory back in the game. \" string theory, \" johnson said, \" having failed to explain something, got resurrected a few years on and was used to explain everything, \" or at least provide a quantum description of gravity. he got interested in the problem of describing quantum black holes, which are far smaller than the macroscopic ones we ' ve observed in space. based on their emission of quantum radiation, they have to have an internal structure, one that our lack of a quantum gravity is preventing us from probing. ( during the questions, it became clear that johnson is one of the few people hoping that the lhc does spawn a small black hole. ) it turns out, using the math of string theory, it ' s easy to examine a five - dimensional black hole simply by wrapping a four - dimensional sheet around it. when you do that, however, a lot of three - dimensional qcd behavior pops out of the equations \u2014 \" the bugs of string theory become features, \" as johnson put it. in the extra dimensions, gravitons get pulled towards, and then bounce off, the black hole, undergoing interference as they do. that interference apparently describes the behavior seen in both of these real - world systems. johnson was emphatic that this doesn ' t mean that the experiments that have used these string theory models are a test of the theory ; rather, it means that the predictions of string theory are being used to guide experiments, which is a measure of its utility. as for whether there ' s really an extradimensional black hole tucked away in these conditions, johnson described himself as \" agnostic. \" it may be possible, he said, to find a way to describe this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6650910964020144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.040877"} {"text": "last week i talked a bit about parisitoid fly larvae. now, the genomes have has been published for three species of parisitoid wasps in science. these guys are every bit as brutal as the flies, and then some. they forcibly inject their eggs into their insect hosts, often caterpillars. some species inject multiple eggs while other inject a single egg that later divides into many cloned larvae that form a colonial social hierarchy within their host. once they mature, the larvae burst out the side of their host. however, even this insult isn \u2019 t the end of the torture for the unfortunate caterpillar. the larvae employ mind controlling chemicals to force the caterpillar to use its silk to build them a cocoon, and then watch over its pupating murderers until it keels over dead. parisitoid wasp larvae from national geographic \u2019 s, \u201c in the womb. \u201d watch in high quality for maximum revulsion. nature, you are one psychotic bitch. read this review for a wider overview of parasitoid wasps and their contributions to pest control and biological sciences, including discoveries made in the recent genomics work. one interesting point jumped out at me. the parisitoid wasps are insanely diverse, with species estimates exceeding 600, 000. entomologist michael strand even posits that, there \u2019 s a really compelling argument that these parasitoid wasps may be more diverse than beetles [. ] virtually every arthropod on earth is attacked by one or more of these parasitoid wasps. this extreme diversity seems to be tied to rapid evolvability ( a concept that i have noted before in regards to arthropods ) and rigid host specificity. while some wasps are generalists, laying eggs in a variety of arthropods, the vast majority parisitize a specific host species. this specificity is the result of evolutionarily optimized venoms and mind - controlling toxins, tailor made for their host species, and leading to rapid divergence of parisitoid wasp populations as they discover new host animals. this is not unlike the algal specificity of the sea slug i discussed last week. its biology is ideally suited for maintaining chloroplasts taken up from a single species of algae. researchers hope to develop parisitoid wasps as a research model and exploit their prey specificity for pest control that will benefit agriculture. with bio - engineered parisitoid wasp terminators coming soon to a pasture near you, aphid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48269929491596114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.045006"} {"text": "- published : 24 feb 2007 - views : 235816 - author : coderedreel | | this article needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( may 2011 ) | the modern - day confusion in the english language around the word \" biscuit \" is created by its etymology. the middle french word bescuit is derived from the latin words bis ( twice ) and coquere, coctus ( to cook, cooked ), and, hence, means \" twice - cooked \". this is because biscuits were originally cooked in a twofold process : first baked, and then dried out in a slow oven. however, the dutch language from around 1703 had adopted the word koekje, a language diminutive of cake, to have a similar meaning for a similar hard, baked product. this may be related to the russian or ukrainian translation, where \" biscuit \" has come to mean \" sponge cake \". the difference between the secondary dutch word and that of latin origin is that, whereas the koekje is a cake that rises during baking, the biscuit, which has no raising agent, in general does not ( see gingerbread / ginger biscuit ), except for the expansion of heated air during baking. when peoples from europe began to emigrate to the united states, the two words and their \" same but different \" meanings began to clash. after the american war of independence against the british, the word cookie became the word of choice to mean a hard, twice - baked product. further confusion has been added by the adoption of the word biscuit for a small leavened bread popular in the united states. today, throughout most of the world, the term biscuit still means a hard, crisp, brittle bread, except in north america, where it now denotes a softer bread product baked only once. in modern italian usage, the term biscotto is used to refer to any type of hard twice - baked biscuit, and not only to the cantuccini as in the past. the need for nutritious, easy - to - store, easy - to - carry, and long - lasting foods on long journeys, in particular at sea, was initially solved by taking live food along with a butcher / cook. however, this took up additional space on what were either horse - powered treks or small ships, reducing the time of travel before additional food was required. this resulted in early armies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5065061326224473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.055088"} {"text": "was initially solved by taking live food along with a butcher / cook. however, this took up additional space on what were either horse - powered treks or small ships, reducing the time of travel before additional food was required. this resulted in early armies ' adopting the style of hunter - foraging. the introduction of the baking of processed cereals including the creation of flour provided a more reliable source of food. egyptian sailors carried a flat, brittle loaf of millet bread called dhourra cake, while the romans had a biscuit called buccellum. roman cookbook apicius describes : | \u201c | | a thick paste of fine wheat flour was boiled and spread out on a plate. when it had dried and hardened, it was cut up and then fried until crisp, then served with honey and pepper. | | \u201d | many early physicians believed that most medicinal problems were associated with digestion. hence, for both sustenance and avoidance of illness, a daily consumption of a biscuit was considered good for health. hard biscuits soften as they age. to solve this problem early bakers attempted to create the hardest biscuit possible. because it is so hard and dry, if properly stored and transported, navies ' hardtack will survive rough handling and high temperature. baked hard, it can be kept without spoiling for years as long as it is kept dry. for long voyages, hardtack was baked four times, rather than the more common two, and prepared six months before sailing. to soften hardtack for eating, it was often dunked in brine, coffee, or some other liquid or cooked into a skillet meal. the more refined captain ' s biscuit was made with finer flour. at the time of the spanish armada in 1588, the daily allowance on board a royal navy ship was one pound of biscuit plus one gallon of beer. samuel pepys in 1667 first regularised naval victualling with varied and nutritious rations. royal navy hardtack during queen victoria ' s reign was made by machine at the royal clarence victualling yard at gosport, hampshire, stamped with the queen ' s mark and the number of the oven in which they were baked. biscuits remained an important part of the royal navy sailor \u2019 s diet until the introduction of canned foods. canned meat was first marketed in 1814 ; preserved beef in tins was officially added to royal navy rations in 1847. early biscuits were hard, dry, and unsweetened. they were most often cooked after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4585031560122913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.056106"} {"text": "diet until the introduction of canned foods. canned meat was first marketed in 1814 ; preserved beef in tins was officially added to royal navy rations in 1847. early biscuits were hard, dry, and unsweetened. they were most often cooked after bread, in a cooling bakers ' oven ; they were a cheap form of sustenance for the poor. by the seventh century ad, cooks of the persian empire had learnt from their forebears the secrets of lightening and enriching bread - based mixtures with eggs, butter, and cream, and sweetening them with fruit and honey. one of the earliest spiced biscuits was gingerbread, in french pain d ' epices, meaning \" spice bread \", brought to europe in 992 by the armenian monk gregoire de nicopolis. he left nicopolis pompeii, in lesser armenia to live in bondaroy, france, near the town of pithiviers. he stayed there for seven years, and taught french priests and christians how to cook gingerbread. this was originally a dense, treaclely ( molasses - based ) spice cake or bread. as it was so expensive to make, early ginger biscuits were a cheap form of using up the leftover bread mix. with the combination of the muslim invasion of the iberian peninsula, and then the crusades developing the spice trade, the cooking techniques and ingredients of arabia spread into northern europe. by mediaeval times, biscuits were made from a sweetened, spiced paste of breadcrumbs and then baked ( e. g., gingerbread ), or from cooked bread enriched with sugar and spices and then baked again. king richard i of england, ( aka richard the lionheart ) left for the third crusade ( 1189 \u2013 92 ) with \" biskit of muslin \", which was a mixed corn compound of barley, rye, and bean flour. as the making and quality of bread had been controlled to this point, so were the skills of biscuit making through the craft guilds. as the supply of sugar began, and the refinement and supply of flour increased, so did the ability to sample more leisurely foodstuffs, including sweet biscuits. early references from the vadstena monastery show how the swedish nuns were baking gingerbread to ease digestion in 1444. the first documented trade of gingerbread biscuits dates to the 16th century, where they were sold in monastery pharmacies and town square farmers markets. gingerbread became widely available in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4304688974335095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.057112"} {"text": "the swedish nuns were baking gingerbread to ease digestion in 1444. the first documented trade of gingerbread biscuits dates to the 16th century, where they were sold in monastery pharmacies and town square farmers markets. gingerbread became widely available in the 18th century. the british biscuit firms of carrs, huntley & palmer, and crawfords were all established by 1850. hence, it is of no surprise that, often together with local farm produce of meat and cheese, many regions of the world have their own distinct style of biscuit, so old is this form of food. | this unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. | most modern biscuits can trace their origins back to either the hardtack ship ' s biscuit, or the creative art of the baker : biscuits today can be savoury or sweet, but most are small at around 2 inches ( 5. 1 cm ) in diameter, and flat. the term biscuit also applies to sandwich - type biscuits, wherein a layer of cream or icing is sandwiched between two biscuits, such as the custard cream, or a layer of jam ( as in biscuits which, in the united kingdom, are known as \" jammy dodgers \" ) sweet biscuits are commonly eaten as a snack food, and are, in general, made with wheat flour or oats, and sweetened with sugar or honey. varieties may contain chocolate, fruit, jam, nuts, or even be used to sandwich other fillings. there is usually a dedicated section for sweet biscuits in most european supermarkets. in britain, the digestive biscuit and rich tea have a strong cultural identity as the traditional accompaniment to a cup of tea, and are regularly eaten as such. many tea drinkers \" dunk \" their biscuits in tea, allowing them to absorb liquid and soften slightly before consumption. savoury biscuits or crackers ( such as cream crackers, water biscuits, oatcakes, or crisp breads ) are usually plainer and commonly eaten with cheese following a meal. also among the savoury biscuit we may include the jewish biscuits known as matzos. a large variety of savoury biscuits also contain additional ingredients for flavour or texture, such as poppy seeds, onion or onion seeds, cheese ( such as cheese melts ), and olives. savoury biscuits also usually have a dedicated section in most european supermarkets, often in the same aisle as sweet biscuits. the exception to savoury biscuits is the sweet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42389389724420284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.058159"} {"text": "onion seeds, cheese ( such as cheese melts ), and olives. savoury biscuits also usually have a dedicated section in most european supermarkets, often in the same aisle as sweet biscuits. the exception to savoury biscuits is the sweetmeal digestive known as the \" hovis biscuit \", which, although slightly sweet, is still classified as a cheese biscuit. savoury biscuits sold in supermarkets are sometimes associated with a certain geographical area, such as scottish oatcakes or cornish wafer biscuits. in general, australians, south africans, new zealanders, kenyans, indians, pakistanis, sri lankans, singaporeans, and the irish use the british meaning of \" biscuit \" for the sweet biscuit. in both canada and australasia, the terms biscuit and cookie are used interchangeably, depending on the region and the speaker, with biscuits usually referring to hard, sweet biscuits ( such as digestives, nice, bourbon creams, etc. ) and cookies for soft baked goods ( i. e. chocolate chip cookies ). two famous australasian biscuit varieties are the anzac biscuit and the tim tam. this sense is at the root of the name of the united states ' most prominent maker of cookies and crackers, the national biscuit company, now called nabisco. it consists of soft unsweetened dough biscuits covered in thick \" country \" or \" white \" gravy, made from the drippings of cooked pork sausage, white flour, milk, and often ( but not always ) bits of sausage, bacon, ground beef, or other meat. the gravy is often flavored with black pepper. in some parts of the southern united states this is also called sawmill gravy. | wikimedia commons has media related to : biscuits | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well as e - mail newsletters. we do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. for example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details ( name, e - mail address, mailing address, etc. ). we may retain other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. such third parties may be provided with access to personally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4374166974684325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.059213"} {"text": "asked to provide certain information such as your contact details ( name, e - mail address, mailing address, etc. ). we may retain other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. such third parties may be provided with access to personally identifiable information needed to perform their functions, but may not use such information for any other purpose. in addition, we may disclose any information, including personally identifiable information, we deem necessary, in our sole discretion, to comply with any applicable law, regulation, legal proceeding or governmental request. we do not want you to receive unwanted e - 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( chicago tribune ) tuskegee, ala. - - this is not a glamorous city. its glory days are long gone, though a handful of once - fine mansions built before the civil war are evidence that \" money \" had been here. the drive 40 miles east of montgomery, the capital, on u. s. highway 80, also known as the old dixie overland highway, winds through piney woods, passing an occasional gray - weathered shack tucked back in the trees. in tuskegee itself, it ' s clear that the town is down on its luck, with many houses in need of a face - lift and few stores or businesses open. years ago racial problems prompted prosperous white - owned businesses to close and nearly all white residents to move away. but half a century ago, during the civil rights movement, noble history was made here. and decades before that, the town was important because of the tuskegee institute, which under the determined leadership of booker t. washington offered an education to the children of former slaves, though washington realized that education alone was not enough. tuskegee graduates also were well versed in any of many trades to guarantee them a livelihood. for the school, washington also had managed to lure george washington carver, a man henry ford once described as \" having the mind of a scientist and the soul of a saint. \" carver had given up a far more prestigious position at iowa state college to come here to teach. and through his research, he was able to change the lives of area farmers. he wrote that while he \" initially wanted to help the poor black farmers of alabama, eventually he was able to help all farmers, black and white \" as they attempted to scratch a living out of destitute soil. carver discovered that peanuts could grow in abundance in such soil, actually enriching it, and then he figured out hundreds of ways to use the lowly legume. showcasing these efforts and others is a black history trail that celebrates tuskegee ' s storied past. to follow the trail, i recommend starting at the tuskegee heritage museum, 109 westside st. ( 800 - 462 - 6006 ) on the old town square. here in a historic 3, 000 - square - foot former store, charles kirk, 72, who runs a flower shop next door, has created a world of 19th and early 20th century farm life, mostly with hundreds of artifacts from his own family, which came here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4407727618803014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.065792"} {"text": "historic 3, 000 - square - foot former store, charles kirk, 72, who runs a flower shop next door, has created a world of 19th and early 20th century farm life, mostly with hundreds of artifacts from his own family, which came here in the 1840s. kerosene lanterns, cast - iron pots, glass scrub boards, iron - frame beds, iceboxes, cross - cut saws, axes, horse and mule harnesses and more occupy nearly every inch of floor space or hang from the walls and the ceiling. dozens of early photos show men and women, blacks and whites, plowing with mules ; planting corn, velvet beans or cotton ; chopping and picking cotton. the museum also displays numerous native american artifacts, including bead jewelry, early class photos of students at nearby tuskegee institute, and rare silver dollars and stamps featuring carver and washington. kirk noted that years ago, \" everyone here was alike, blacks and whites, all farmers, all barely surviving. \" there was no middle class, he continued, \" just poor farmers working shoulder to shoulder. a few families owned land, but most sharecropped. \" and until about 50 years ago, the town prospered, he said, \" with three or four banks, stores, cotton gins, factories that made cottonseed oil. \" but, he added, racial problems arose under a new deal \" \u2018 resettlement program, ' a land - utilization project supposedly intended to help impoverished blacks acquire land, moving them west of town \" and away from depleted soil that would become the 1, 700 - acre tuskegee national forest, but leaving whites on their land. further fueling strife was an effort to block the black vote. the next stop on the trail tells that story. it was at the butler chapel a. m. e. zion church, 1002 n. church st. ( 334 - 727 - 6619 ), where in the mid - 1950s the rev. kenneth buford, responding to a state effort to prevent registered blacks from voting in local elections, began urging parishioners and others in the african - american community to boycott tuskegee ' s white - owned businesses, most of which eventually closed, kirk said. thousands gathered at the red brick church in 1957 for the first meeting of tuskegee ' s civic association ' s \" crusade for citizenship. \" redrawn boundaries challenged in court were changed, and by 1964 macon county, where tuskegee is located, had a predominantly black electorate,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4189600688457936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.066735"} {"text": "barrow, alaska, after an icy summer, has no hint of arctic ice on the horizon. \u2026 ( rick loomis / los angeles \u2026 ) barrow, alaska \u2014 here at the top of the world, the news that arctic sea ice has reached a new low \u2014 the smallest footprint since satellites began measuring it three decades ago \u2014 is not much of a surprise. the arctic seas off the alaska coast have been increasingly ice - free in recent years. on monday, the gray, wind - driven surf churned vigorously along the northern coast, with no sign of ice anywhere under the low, fog - shrouded skies. but it has been a strange summer here. until a few weeks ago, there was more ice spread across the near - shore waters of the beaufort and chukchi seas than anyone can remember for the last several years \u2014 a curse for the engineers waiting to begin plumbing oil wells into the sea floor, but a blessing for inupiat hunters, who have had an unusually easy time catching seals from ice floes close to home. \u201c it really seemed kind of like it was back in the days when the ice was like it used to be, \u201d said nayuk leavitt, a barrow resident who works on one of shell alaska \u2019 s oil spill response crews. but the late - lingering near - shore ice in alaska, now in full retreat, was not representative of what is going on most everywhere else in a gradually melting arctic, scientists say. the national snow and ice data center in colorado announced that arctic sea ice had shrunk to 1. 58 million square miles, the lowest expanse recorded since satellites began taking measurements in 1979. that breaks a record of 1. 61 million square miles set in 2007, and the shrinkage appears to be continuing : ice is expected to keep melting through september. scientists said previous warm years had started a pattern of a melting of the multi - year ice that historically has clung to the poles. the newly thinner ice that remained from last year melted even easier this year \u2014 although temperatures weren \u2019 t necessarily warmer. the phenomenon is probably feeding on itself, scientists say. \u201c in the context of what ' s happened in the last several years and throughout the satellite record, it ' s an indication that the arctic sea ice cover is fundamentally changing, \u201d walt meier of the national snow and ice data center told reporters in a conference call. the unusually high accumulation of ice into the summer months off the coast of alaska, probably caused by a combination of wind patterns and the cyclical rotation of ice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40004921133390453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.070774"} {"text": "\u201d walt meier of the national snow and ice data center told reporters in a conference call. the unusually high accumulation of ice into the summer months off the coast of alaska, probably caused by a combination of wind patterns and the cyclical rotation of ice around the north pole, meant uncommonly good hunting for many families in barrow, the highest populated point in the u. s., and nearby communities. residents here say the marine mammals they depend on for food and fur were in many cases perched throughout the early summer unusually close to home, on the near - shore sea ice. \u201c all my family are hard - core hunters, so they \u2019 re just happy it was staying in, so they could get all their hunting done, \u201d said tim mccoy, a barrow resident. in wainwright, on the northwest coast of the chukchi sea, ice lingered close to shore until late july, said ian wiley, who works at one of shell \u2019 s camps on the coast. \u201c up until our last hitch here four weeks ago, you could see the sea ice right outside the camp, \u201d he said. although the late - lingering ice was a factor in delaying the start of the first offshore drilling here in more than two decades, shell officials say the ice now has retreated to more than 20 miles north of the company \u2019 s primary drilling target, on the berger prospect in the chukchi sea \u2014 which itself is about 70 miles offshore. the first of shell \u2019 s drilling rigs, the discoverer, is scheduled to arrive in the chukchi sea later this week. the other, the kulluk, is halfway on its journey to the beaufort sea. permanent anchors have already been installed at both drilling locations to allow for the reduced target of drilling two complete wells this season, shell spokesman curtis smith said in an interview here. shell has asked the bureau of ocean energy management to consider extending by 18 days the sept. 24 deadline under which the company was supposed to have completed drilling in the chukchi sea, where the relatively remote location requires an early wind - up to ensure there is time to address any problems that occur before the onset of winter ice. but shell \u2019 s own ocean ice experts say their latest modeling makes them fairly confident that ice is not likely to close in around the chukchi drilling site until mid - november. the company has been spending $ 4. 5 million a year on ice studies, assembling a team of scientists whose expertise rivals or exceeds that of the national weather service. they have documented a pattern of ice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42060248019301505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.071821"} {"text": "while the right to education act ( rte ) mandates that every child has the fundamental right to free and compulsory elementary education in india, how do you ensure education for children in difficult circumstances? malini sen finds out from west bengal and jharkhand, chhattisgarh to orissa, the maoist - dominated regions are making the headlines. but, in the sidelines of the news is another story - education for children in difficult circumstances, which requires special attention. apart from political strife, difficult circumstances indicate internal displacement, natural disasters, communal and other forms of violence. while the right to education act ( rte ) mandates that every child has the fundamental right to free and compulsory elementary education in india, how do you set up formal schools in these vulnerable regions? how do you convey the importance of education, when life itself is uncertain? during a visit to dantewada ( chhattisgarh ) and khammam ( andhra pradesh ) a few years ago, the national commission for protection of child rights ( ncpcr ) had strongly urged that schools be identified as ' zones of peace. ' this would include nonuse of schools for any other than educational purposes, separation of schools from the camps, and introduction of programmes addressing the psycho - social needs of the children delivered within the school environment with appropriate training of teachers. shantha sinha, chairperson, ncpcr, asserts that education should not be compromised at any cost. \" in regions of conflict, children are more prone to trafficking, joining the labour force or even the armed conflict. the only way to make sure that they are safe is to keep them in school. and now, with rte, it is their fundamental right, \" she adds. the ncpcr is working towards reviving schools in districts facing civil unrest, where there has been a total breakdown of the education system. according to unicef sources, at present, there are around 33 districts that are affected by naxal violence. access to education has been significantly affected, staff enjoy little mobility, teacher attendance is low, civil work has come to a standstill, several school buildings have been destroyed and a number of schools are being used by the forces. in chhattisgarh, unicef has been working with the local administration in south bastar to bring children back to residential school facilities in porta cabins ( prefabricated bamboo structures ) and provide them with a child - friendly environment. at the initial phase, the methodology should be more about direct delivery, says bhagyashri dengle, executive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4503780372887862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.075996"} {"text": "to residential school facilities in porta cabins ( prefabricated bamboo structures ) and provide them with a child - friendly environment. at the initial phase, the methodology should be more about direct delivery, says bhagyashri dengle, executive director, plan india. \" for example, setting up of child - care centres for children aged 0 - 6 years, special training centres for children in the age group of 10 - 18, supplying teaching - learning materials such as text books, etc. \" secondly, trained facilitators should be engaged to provide psycho - social support to the children affected by emergencies. the primary aim is to provide care and support to the children at regular intervals. \" our role should be of a facilitator, building the right linkages with schools so that children can go back to school safely, \" adds dengle. reiterating the importance of psycho - social support, venkatesh malur, education specialist, unicef, says sports for development and arts - based therapy has been undertaken to engage children in various participatory activities and divert their attention from what is happening around them in chhattisgarh. \" avenues for expression and articulation of their thoughts and ideas have been created using which children have been able to exhibit their skills, \" he adds. innovative measures such as activity - based learning methodologies are being used in the classroom. teachers have been trained on the methodology and age - appropriate learning materials have been designed. education also has a vital role to play in social reconstruction in the aftermath of a disaster. in gujarat, after the earthquake ( 2001 ), the concept of building as a learning aid ( bala ) was developed in some schools. \" the rebuilding of schools and resuming classes is a positive step towards recovery and the future. it is essential to review the development of new curricula and training of teachers in these areas, this could begin to symbolise a departure from the violent past and the advance towards a peaceful future, \" says geeta menon, who is working as a consultant with unicef on education in emergencies. the druk white lotus school in leh, which became famous after it featured in the bollywood film 3 idiots, was devastated in a cloudburst in 2010. several rooms including the computer lab and elementary classes block was damaged in the disaster. thanks to the concerted efforts of both the local and school authorities, the school got a new lease of life. education is essential both as a human right and as a component of the peace - building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4904684640067138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.077049"} {"text": "after shoveling another 8 inches of snow after a winter of white, the banks along my walkway are now nearly at eye level. if there \u2019 s a lawn under there, i \u2019 m gonna need a team of archaeologists to find it. no matter, that won \u2019 t stop spring. tomorrow morning at 6 : 02 a. m. ( central time ) the sun quietly slips over the line into the northern half of the sky. we call this the vernal equinox or start of spring. for me it will be a matter of faith in the cyclical movement of the sun. for you, the zephyrs of the new season may already be blowing through your hair. on the first day of spring, earth \u2019 s axis is oriented neither toward nor away from the sun. if the southern hemisphere represents the planet \u2019 s feet and northern hemisphere its head, tomorrow we \u2019 ll be showing the sun our belly or profile if you like. in winter, the northern hemisphere is tipped away from the sun with short days and a low, chilly sun. in summer, we \u2019 re tipped toward the sun with long days, a high sun and more heat than most of us need. but during the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, neither hemisphere has the solar advantage ( or disadvantage ) and equality rules. days are 12 hours long, nights are 12 hours long. the sun also also rises due east and sets due west. if you \u2019 ve ever been puzzled by which direction is which in your neighborhood, face the sunset sun around the time of the equinoxes and stick out both your arms at your sides. your right arm points due north, the left due south. pretty handy, eh? spring and fall are the in - between times when temperatures moderate and the sun rests for a brief moment between extremes. for folks living on the equator, tomorrow the sun will rise in the east and pass directly overhead at noon before declining in the west. equatorial skywatchers will stand in their own shadows at local noon. take an imaginary flight to earth \u2019 s south pole and tomorrow means something quite different. there the sun will hover along the horizon 24 hours straight, neither rising nor setting. starting march 21, it won \u2019 t breach the horizon for another 6 months. what marks the start of spring for northerners means the beginning of fall for australians and a temporary end of sunshine for itinerant antarcticans. as you \u2019 d expect, the situation is just the opposite at the north pole, where 6 months", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4711515401589197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.080660"} {"text": ". what marks the start of spring for northerners means the beginning of fall for australians and a temporary end of sunshine for itinerant antarcticans. as you \u2019 d expect, the situation is just the opposite at the north pole, where 6 months of daylight begins with tomorrow \u2019 s sunrise. our planet \u2019 s tilted axis combined with its yearly orbit makes such strange things happen here on the ground. just think how monotonous the weather and daylight - length would be if our axis were straight up and down with no tilt. our skewed planet is like an artist looking at the world from varied and surprising perspectives. spring also coincides with a series of fine morning passes of the international space station ( iss ) for at least the u. s. and canada. less than an hour before spring \u2019 s start, the station will pass over northern minnesota tomorrow morning. to find times when it \u2019 s visible from your location, log on to heavens above ( which also provides excellent maps of its path in the sky ) or key in your zip code at spaceweather satellite flybys page. the iss first appears in the western sky and moves eastward, appearing like a very bright, moving star. space station times for duluth, minn. region : * tues. march 20 starting at 5 : 14 a. m. \u201c magically \u201d appears out of earth \u2019 s shadow high in the southern sky and moves east. brilliant pass! * weds. march 21 at 5 : 58 p. m. across the northern sky * thurs. march 22 at 5 : 09 a. m. exits earth \u2019 s shadow at 5 : 09 a. m. above the north star and moves eastward * fri. march 23 at 5 : 52 a. m. across the northern sky * sat. march 24 at 5 : 03 a. m. exits earth \u2019 s shadow just below the north star and moves east * sun. march 25 at 5 : 46 a. m. across the northern sky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4478981693437595, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.081546"} {"text": "atmosphere & energy first nations in northeast b. c. and some prominent environmental organizations are critical of the province ' s announcement monday that it ' s going ahead with the site c dam. the council of treaty 8 chiefs, representing first nations in the peace region, said that when combined with forestry, oil and gas and mining projects, the dam would cause irrevocable damage to fish, wildlife and local agriculture. the sierra club of b. c. said the site c dam would destroy forest and farmland, hurt wildlife and increase carbon emissions, while the david suzuki foundation said too many questions about the project remain unanswered for it to proceed. [ snip ]... read more \u00bb canadian zoe caron literally cowrote the book on climate change \u2014 that is, the book for those who are a tad unclear about the greenhouse effect, renewable energy, and the kyoto protocol. caron got the idea for global warming for dummies in january 2006 while she was studying for the exams she \u2019 d missed ; she \u2019 d instead been attending the united nations climate change negotiations in montreal. now as the youngest - ever president of the sierra club canada and the climate policy and advocacy specialist for the world wildlife fund canada, caron is focusing on the g8 and g20 summits in ontario later this year. edmonton - the sierra club prairie has obtained a leaked copy of the most recent alberta wetlands policy that shows the extent of industry influence over environmental decisions for the province. the confidential document reveals an undermining of the work of the alberta water council, a multi stakeholder group that has been developing the tenets of the wetlands policy. the policy, already a compromised position to get the buy - in of 25 multi - sectoral groups, was radically changed after backdoor industry pressure. language changes in the document gut and water down the policy, changing wording from \u2018 will \u2019 to \u2018 may \u2019 in addition to providing companies with \u2018 non - replacement \u2019 options for wetlands destruction.... read more \u00bb hudsons hope, b. c. - the b. c. government says it will move forward on a massive hydroelectric project on the peace river that would provide for british columbia ' s energy needs well into the future, producing enough energy to provide power to 460, 000 homes for a century.... read more \u00bb trade & environment fact sheet by janet eaton, sierra club canada for the trade justice network, april 19, 2010 ( http : / / www. tradejustice. ca ) the canada -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4345308688251358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.084316"} {"text": "full text : sixty years since peaceful liberation of tibet the information office of the state council, china ' s cabinet, on monday published a white paper on the sixty years since peaceful liberation of tibet. following is the full text : sixty years since peaceful liberation of tibet on may 23, 1951 the agreement of the central people ' s government and the local government of tibet on measures for the peaceful liberation of tibet ( \" 17 - article agreement \" for short ) was signed in beijing, marking the peaceful liberation of tibet. the peaceful liberation of tibet was an important part of the cause of the chinese people ' s liberation, a great event in the chinese nation ' s struggle against imperialist invasion to safeguard national unity and sovereignty, an epoch - making turning point in the social development history of tibet, and a milestone marking the commencement of tibet ' s progress from a dark and backward society to a bright and advanced future. over the 60 years since its peaceful liberation, tibet, under the leadership of the communist party of china ( cpc ) and the central people ' s government, has undergone a great historic process starting with democratic reform, and proceeding to the establishment of the tibet autonomous region, socialist construction, and to the reform and opening - up era, made unprecedented achievements in the modernization drive, and witnessed great changes in its social outlook and profound changes in its people ' s life. these achievements were attained by all the ethnic groups in tibet through concerted efforts, and vividly manifest how china implements the ethnic minority policy of promoting unity and achieving common prosperity and development. this year marks the 60th anniversary of the peaceful liberation of tibet. we review and summarize the spectacular historic process over the 60 years and demonstrate the great achievements in the development of new tibet, so as to help tibet achieve leapfrogging development and maintain lasting stability, while laying bare the lies of the dalai clique, giving a better understanding of the true history of the 60 years since the peaceful liberation of tibet to the outside world and enabling people around the world to get to know that socialist new tibet is full of vigor and vitality. i. realizing the peaceful liberation of tibet 1. tibet has been an inseparable part of china since ancient times. china is a unified, multi - ethnic country, and the tibetan people are important members of the family of the chinese nation. china ' s territory and history were created by the chinese nation ; the tibetan group, as one of the centuries - old ethnic groups in china, has made important contributions to the creation and development of this unified, multi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4659648762225836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.137739"} {"text": "the family of the chinese nation. china ' s territory and history were created by the chinese nation ; the tibetan group, as one of the centuries - old ethnic groups in china, has made important contributions to the creation and development of this unified, multi - ethnic country and to the formation and evolvement of the chinese nation. archaeological and academic research findings show that since ancient times the tibetan people have been closely connected with the han and other ethnic groups in blood relationship, language, culture and other aspects, and economic, political and cultural exchanges between tibet and inland china have never been broken off. in the 13th century the central government of the yuan dynasty ( 1271 - 1368 ) formally incorporated tibet into the central administration by setting up the supreme control commission and commission for buddhist and tibetan affairs to directly administer the military and political affairs of the tibet region. following this, the yuan central government gradually standardized and institutionalized the administration of tibet, including directly controlling the local administrative organs of tibet and exercising the power of appointing local officials in tibet, stationing troops there and conducting censuses. following the yuan system, the ming ( 1368 - 1644 ) government implemented such policies as multiple enfeoffment, tributary trade and establishment of subordinated administrative divisions. the qing dynasty ( 1644 - 1911 ) strengthened the central government ' s administration of tibet. in 1653 and 1713 the qing emperors granted honorific titles to the 5th dalai lama and the 5th panchen lama, officially establishing the titles of the dalai lama and panchen erdeni, and their political and religious status in tibet. from 1727 the qing court established the post of grand minister resident in tibet to supervise local administration on behalf of the central authorities. in 1751 the qing government abolished the system under which the various commandery princes held power, and formally appointed the 7th dalai lama to administer the local government of tibet, and set up the kashag ( cabinet ) composed of four kalons ( ministers ). in 1793, after dispelling gurkha invaders, the qing government promulgated the ordinance by the imperial house concerning better governance in tibet ( 29 articles ), improving several systems by which the central government administered tibet. the ordinance stipulated that the reincarnation of dalai lama and other living buddhas had to follow the procedure of \" drawing lots from the golden urn, \" and the selected candidate would be subject to the approval by the central authorities of china. in the qing dynasty five dalai lamas were selected in this way, but two did not go through the lot - drawing procedure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47236572073724525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.139022"} {"text": "lots from the golden urn, \" and the selected candidate would be subject to the approval by the central authorities of china. in the qing dynasty five dalai lamas were selected in this way, but two did not go through the lot - drawing procedure as approved by the qing emperors. the qing emperors deposed the 6th dalai lama, tsangyang gyatso, in 1706 and the 13th dalai lama, thubten gyatso, in 1904, and again in 1910. the revolution of 1911 toppled the qing empire, and the republic of china ( 1912 - 1949 ) was founded. on march 11, 1912 the republic of china issued its first constitution - the provisional constitution of the republic of china, which clarified the central government ' s sovereignty over tibet. it clearly stipulated that tibet was a part of the territory of the republic of china, and stated that \" the han, manchu, mongol, hui and tibetan peoples are of one, and the five ethnic groups will be of one republic. \" on july 17 the government set up the bureau of mongolian and tibetan affairs under the state council. after the provisional government of the republic of china was set up in nanjing, a commission for mongolian and tibetan affairs was established in 1929 to exercise administrative jurisdiction over tibet. in 1940 the commission for mongolian and tibetan affairs opened an office in lhasa as the permanent mission of the central government in tibet. the central government of the republic of china safeguarded the nation ' s sovereignty over tibet in spite of frequent civil wars among warlords in the interior. the 14th dalai lama, dainzin gyatso, succeeded to the title with the approval of the national government, which waived the lot - drawing convention. no country or government in the world has ever acknowledged the independence of tibet. 2. so - called \" tibet independence \" was part of imperialist aggressors ' attempt to carve up china. since the opium war britain started in 1840, china had been gradually reduced to a semi - feudal, semi - colonial country. at the end of the 19th century imperialist forces set off mad spree to carve up china, and the british aggressors took the opportunity to invade tibet. british troops intruded into tibet twice - in 1888 and 1903 - but failed due to the resistance of the tibetan army and civilians. after their failure to turn tibet into a colony through armed aggression, the imperialists started to foster pro - imperialist separatists in tibet, plotted activities to separate tibet from china and trumpeted \" tibet '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4375494175601409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.140155"} {"text": "resistance of the tibetan army and civilians. after their failure to turn tibet into a colony through armed aggression, the imperialists started to foster pro - imperialist separatists in tibet, plotted activities to separate tibet from china and trumpeted \" tibet ' s independence. \" on august 31, 1907 britain and russia signed the convention between great britain and russia on tibet, changing, for the first time, china ' s sovereignty over tibet into \" suzerainty \" in an international document. in 1913 the british government engineered the simla conference to instigate the tibetan representative to raise the slogan of \" tibet ' s independence \" for the first time, which was immediately rejected by the representative of the chinese government. the british representative then introduced the so - called \" compromise \" scheme, attempting to change china ' s sovereignty over tibet into \" suzerainty \" and separate tibet from the authority of the chinese government under the pretext of \" autonomy. \" these ill - intentioned attempts met with resolute opposition from the chinese people and government. in july 1914, upon instruction, the representative of the chinese government refused to sign the simla convention, and made a statement saying that the government of china refused to recognize any such agreement or document. the chinese government also sent a note to the british government, reiterating its position. thereupon, the conference collapsed. in 1942 the local government of tibet, with the support of the british representative, suddenly announced the establishment of a \" foreign affairs bureau, \" and openly carried out \" tibetan independence \" activities. with opposition from the chinese people and the national government, the local government of tibet had no choice but to withdraw its decision. in 1947 the british imperialists plotted behind the scenes to invite tibetan representatives to attend the \" asian relations conference, \" and even identified tibet as an independent country on the map of asia hung in the conference hall and in the array of national flags. the organizers were forced to rectify this after the chinese delegation made a stern protest. on july 8, 1949 the local government of tibet issued an order to expel officials of the tibet office of the commission for mongolian and tibetan affairs on the excuse of \" prohibiting communists from staying in tibet. \" in november 1949 the local government of tibet decided to dispatch a so - called \" goodwill mission \" to the united states, britain, india, nepal and some other countries to seek political and military support for \" tibet ' s independence, \" making it obvious that it was intensifying separatist activities. around the end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47943603958014847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.141405"} {"text": "called \" goodwill mission \" to the united states, britain, india, nepal and some other countries to seek political and military support for \" tibet ' s independence, \" making it obvious that it was intensifying separatist activities. around the end of 1949 the american lowell thomas roamed tibet in the guise of a \" radio commentator \" to explore the \" possibility of aid that washington could give tibet. \" he wrote in a us newspaper : \" the united states is ready to recognize tibet as an independent and free country. \" in the first half of 1950 american weaponry was shipped into tibet through calcutta in order to help resist the people ' s liberation army ( pla ) in its entry into tibet. historical facts clearly demonstrate that the so - called \" tibetan independence \" was in fact cooked up by old and new imperialists, and was part of western aggressors ' scheme to carve up the territory of china. 3. the liberation of tibet was an important part of the cause of the chinese people ' s liberation. in face of aggression and oppression from imperialists, all ethnic groups of china, including the tibetans, had waved unyielding struggles for more than a century and at the cost of many lives to safeguard the independence, unity and territorial integrity of china, and to realize the liberation of the chinese nation. it was under the leadership of the cpc that the chinese people achieved final victory in the liberation war after extremely hard struggle. in 1949 the chinese people won decisive victory in the people ' s liberation war, and the people ' s republic of china was founded. then, it came on the agenda that the pla would march into tibet, liberate it and expel imperialists from it. in response to \" tibetan independence \" activities plotted by imperialists and reactionary forces from the upper strata of tibet, on september 2, 1949 xinhua news agency, with authorization from the cpc, published an editorial under the headline, \" foreign aggressors are resolutely not allowed to annex china ' s territory - tibet. \" the editorial summarized how some big powers had invaded tibet over the previous century, and then pointed out, \" tibet is part of chinese territory ; all foreign aggression is not allowed. the tibetan people are an inseparable part of the chinese nation, and any attempt to divide them from china will be doomed. this is a consistent policy of the communist party of china and the people ' s liberation army. \" all sectors of society of tibet quickly responded and expressed support for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4516326371298235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.142519"} {"text": "of the chinese nation, and any attempt to divide them from china will be doomed. this is a consistent policy of the communist party of china and the people ' s liberation army. \" all sectors of society of tibet quickly responded and expressed support for the editorial and the hope that the pla would enter tibet as soon as possible. on october 1, 1949 the 10th panchen lama sent a telegram to the central people ' s government : dispatching troops to liberate tibet and expelling the imperialists as soon as possible. \" on november 23 mao zedong and zhu de telegraphed the 10th panchen lama : \" the central people ' s government and the chinese people ' s liberation army will certainly comply with this wish of the tibetan people. \" on december 2 reting yeshe tsultrim, an aide of the 5th regent reting rinpoche, arrived in xining, qinghai province, to make complaints to the pla about the imperialists ' atrocities of destroying the internal unity of tibet, urging the pla to liberate tibet as soon as possible. in early 1950 over 100 tibetan people, including farmers and herdsmen, young people, women and democratic representatives, assembled in lanzhou, which had been liberated not long before, and urged the pla to liberate tibet. the 5th gedar tulku of beri monastery in garze, xikang ( kham ) province, headman shaka tobden of yilung in northern xikang, and the business tycoon pangda dorje in southern xikang sent representatives to beijing to pay tribute to chairman mao zedong of the central people ' s government and they expressed the tibetan people ' s urgent and earnest wish for the liberation of tibet. to address the complicated changes in the international situation and the grave situation in tibet, and to satisfy the tibetan people ' s wish for liberation as soon as possible, in december 1949 mao zedong wrote a letter to the cpc central committee in manzhouli on his way to the soviet union for a visit. in the letter, mao made the strategic decision that \" it is better for the pla to enter tibet sooner rather than later. \" when planning the liberation of tibet and exploring the way of liberation, the cpc decided on the way of peaceful liberation in view of the fact that tibet was a special region inhabited by the ethnic minorities, in order to enable the pla to enter tibet smoothly, safeguard the interests of the tibetan people and strengthen national unity. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4390405238013406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.143550"} {"text": "cpc decided on the way of peaceful liberation in view of the fact that tibet was a special region inhabited by the ethnic minorities, in order to enable the pla to enter tibet smoothly, safeguard the interests of the tibetan people and strengthen national unity. in march 1949 when the people ' s liberation war was about to end with people ' s victory, chairman mao pointed out that the possibilities of peaceful liberation, like that of beiping, for other areas were growing. then hunan and ningxia, as well as xinjiang, yunnan and xikang, which all bordered tibet, were liberated peacefully in succession, affording useful experience for the peaceful liberation of tibet. on january 20, 1950, in response to the local government of tibet ' s dispatching of a so - called \" goodwill mission, \" a spokesperson of the ministry of foreign affairs delivered a speech with authorization from chairman mao, saying that the tibetan people demanded the exercise of appropriate regional autonomy under the unified leadership of the central people ' s government, and that \" if the lhasa authorities send delegates to beijing to negotiate the peaceful liberation of tibet, they will be well received. \" to achieve the peaceful liberation of tibet, the central people ' s government organized and did a lot of work in political persuasion. in 1950 the southwest and northwest bureaux of the cpc central committee sent delegates or delegations to tibet for mediation four times, in order to persuade the 14th dalai lama and the local government of tibet to send representatives to negotiate with the central people ' s government on the peaceful liberation of tibet. on february 1 the northwest bureau sent a tibetan cadre, zhang jingcheng, to tibet with a letter for the 14th dalai lama and regent taktra ngawang sungrab from liao hansheng, then vice chairman of the qinghai provincial people ' s government. at the end of march an eminent han monk, master zhiqing, who had good relations with the political and religious circles of tibet, started for tibet from chengdu, with approval from the cpc central committee and the support of the southwest bureau. in july a delegation composed of members from qinghai temples and monasteries, led by taktser rinpoche of kumbum monastery, set out from xining. sherab gyatso, vice chairman of the qinghai provincial people ' s government and a leading tibetan scholar, delivered a radio talk, calling on the local government of tibet to \" quickly dispatch plenipotentiary representatives to beijing for peace talks. \" on july 10 a delegation of ten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4391627598705362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.145074"} {"text": "the qinghai provincial people ' s government and a leading tibetan scholar, delivered a radio talk, calling on the local government of tibet to \" quickly dispatch plenipotentiary representatives to beijing for peace talks. \" on july 10 a delegation of ten, including the 5th gedar tulku of beri monastery in garze, xikang, also went to tibet. however, these mediation activities suffered obstruction from imperialist aggressors and pro - imperialist separatists in tibet. they were driven away or detained, some delegations were split up, and gedar tulku was even poisoned to death in qamdo. meanwhile, the local government of tibet, incited by imperialist aggressors and dominated by the pro - imperialist separatists in the upper strata of tibet, expanded the tibetan army and deployed seven regiments in areas around qamdo along the western bank of the jinsha river, in an attempt to halt the pla ' s advance into tibet. qamdo was the only way into tibet from the southwest. on august 23, 1950 mao zedong pointed out that the capture of qamdo \" will help us to change the political situation in tibet and advance into tibet next year, \" and \" may spur the tibetan delegation to come to beijing for negotiations for a peaceful settlement. \" on october 6 the pla troops started to cross the jinsha river to carry out the task of liberating qamdo. on october 19 qamdo was liberated. on this basis, the first people ' s congress of qamdo was held, at which the qamdo people ' s liberation committee was elected and a working committee was founded, composing of representatives from both the ecclesiastical and secular, in qamdo to strive for the peaceful liberation of tibet. the qamdo battle opened the door to peace negotiations and created the necessary conditions for the peaceful liberation of tibet. 4. the 17 - article agreement was signed, and tibet was liberated peacefully. the central people ' s government and chairman mao zedong had never given up their efforts for the peaceful liberation of tibet. even during the qamdo battle, mao zedong urged that the tibetan \" delegation should come to beijing as soon as possible. \" the qamdo battle led to a division within the local government of tibet, when patriotic and advanced forces got the upper hand, while the pro - imperialist separatist regent taktra ngawang sungrab was forced to resign. on november 17 the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43469202101321136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.146192"} {"text": ". after friendly talks, the central people ' s government and the local government of tibet signed the agreement of the central people ' s government and the local government of tibet on measures for the peaceful liberation of tibet in beijing on may 23, 1951. regarding the peace talks and the signing of the 17 - article agreement, we need to stress some basic historical facts as follows : first, the peace talks were held on the premise that the local government of tibet admitted that tibet is an inseparable part of china. when the 14th dalai lama and the local government of tibet dispatched the delegation, every representative got a sealed plenipotentiary certificate, which stated the name and identity of the holder on the envelope, and inside the statement that tibet is a part of china and some other sentences. the essential problem to be solved during the talks was to enhance ethnic solidarity and safeguard national unity. as ngapoi recalled, on this problem, \" the basic standpoints of the representatives of the two sides were the same. \" second, the central people ' s government ' s \" ten policies \" for the peaceful liberation of tibet were the basis for the talks. the main contents were : british and us imperialist aggressive forces shall be driven out of tibet ; regional ethnic autonomy shall be exercised in tibet ; the present political system in tibet shall remain unchanged ; freedom of religious belief shall be guaranteed ; economy, culture and education in tibet shall be developed ; matters of reform in tibet shall be settled by the tibetan people and tibetan leaders through consultation ; and the pla troops shall enter tibet. at first, the tibetan representatives stressed that they could not accept the pla ' s entry into tibet. at that time, the central people ' s government representatives did not force them to accept this term ; instead, they suggested a two - day adjournment, during which they arranged tibetan representatives to visit some places, while patiently persuaded them, saying that now that the local government of tibet admitted tibet as an inseparable part of china, it had no reason to obstruct the pla from entering tibet. in the meantime, the central government took into full consideration the problem raised by the tibetan representatives that it would be difficult for economically backward and resource - poor tibet to supply the pla, and promised that the pla troops would \" be supplied by the central government after entering tibet, all their expenses will be borne by the central government. \" after negotiations, the two sides finally agreed that the local government of tibet would make positive efforts to assist the pla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47152013674519244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.148347"} {"text": "pla troops would \" be supplied by the central government after entering tibet, all their expenses will be borne by the central government. \" after negotiations, the two sides finally agreed that the local government of tibet would make positive efforts to assist the pla ' s entry into tibet for national defence. third, the conflict between the dalai lama and panchen erdeni was an important problem that had to be resolved in the talks. due to instigation by imperialist aggressors, the 9th panchen lama did not get along with the 13th dalai lama in the early 1920s, and thus was forced to leave tibet for inland china. he died in yushu, qinghai province, in december 1937 on his way back to tibet. on august 10, 1949, the 10th panchen lama was enthroned at the kumbum monastery in qinghai, with the approval of the national government. at first, the tibetan delegation did not acknowledge the legal status of the 10th panchen lama. the central government delegation showed to the tibetan delegation all the official documents by which the kuomintang ' s national government had approved and confirmed the 10th panchen lama as the reincarnated soul boy of the 9th panchen lama, and the photos of the enthronement ceremony at the kumbum monastery, which representatives of the dalai lama attended. faced with this irrefutable evidence, the tibetan delegation finally acknowledged the legal status of the 10th panchen lama. the may day holiday arrived during the peace talks, and the central people ' s government invited all the representatives of the local government of tibet and the 10th panchen lama to attend the celebration on the tian ' anmen rostrum, during which ngapoi ngawang jigme and the 10th panchen lama had a friendly meeting and were received by mao zedong. fourth, the agreement was reached on the basis of mutual respect and friendly negotiations. most terms of the agreement were about how to handle internal relations and affairs of tibet. for these issues, the plenipotentiary representatives of the central people ' s government took initials to offer some proposals in line with the ethnic policy of the central government and the reality in tibet. the tibetan representatives also raised their suggestions. the central people ' s government studied and adopted some, while patiently explaining the reasons for not accepting others. representative tubdain daindar talked about his experience of the talks : \" as an ecclesiastic official from the yitsang ( secretariat ), i offered many suggestions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44109349328847414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.149490"} {"text": "and adopted some, while patiently explaining the reasons for not accepting others. representative tubdain daindar talked about his experience of the talks : \" as an ecclesiastic official from the yitsang ( secretariat ), i offered many suggestions about religious beliefs, monastery income and some other related issues, most of which were adopted by the central government. \" a han - language version and a tibetan - language one of the agreement were prepared from the very beginning of the talks. and every revision made in both versions was only with consent from the tibetan delegation. after the talks, both versions were signed and issued together. as plenipotentiary representatives from the local government of tibet, they discussed and established the following principles before formal talks : \" plenipotentiary representatives shall quickly decide on terms that they can decide on, and report to the kashag in yadong those that they cannot settle ; \" and when there was not enough time, \" the plenipotentiary representatives can decide first and then report to the dalai lama. \" the channel for the tibetan delegation to ask for instructions from the dalai lama and the kashag was always unimpeded, and the representatives discussed among themselves for which items they would request instructions. soon after the talks started, the issue of the pla ' s entry into tibet arose. the tibetan representatives telegraphed the dalai lama and the kashag in yadong via cryptograph brought by kemai soinam wangdui and tubdain daindar, saying that there would not be a big problem regarding most of the items, but if the local government of tibet did not permit the pla to enter tibet, the talks could fail. during the talks, they contacted the kashag in yadong twice regarding its relationship with the panchen lama. during the 20 - odd - day talks, although representatives from the two sides disagreed on some items, the talks went on in a friendly and sincere atmosphere and with full consultation. at the signing ceremony, the representatives of the two sides signed and sealed both versions of the agreement. to ensure that the agreement was earnestly implemented, the central people ' s government and the local government of tibet signed two appendices to the agreement, and one was the regulations on matters concerning the entry and stationing of the people ' s liberation army in tibet. regarding the pla ' s entry into and stationing in tibet, the plenipotentiary representatives of the local government of tibet questioned the number and deployment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47730694228143744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.150447"} {"text": "on matters concerning the entry and stationing of the people ' s liberation army in tibet. regarding the pla ' s entry into and stationing in tibet, the plenipotentiary representatives of the local government of tibet questioned the number and deployment of and supplies for the troops. since these details were military secrets, they could not be written in the agreement, which was to be announced. thus it was necessary to put them in appendix i. appendix ii was the declaration on the local government of tibet being responsible for carrying out the agreement on measures for the peaceful liberation of tibet. if the dalai lama acknowledged the agreement and returned to lhasa, then the peaceful liberation of tibet would be a natural result. but if he did not return to lhasa for some time for whatever reason, the tibetan delegation hoped that the central people ' s government would allow the dalai lama to choose his own place of residence during the first year of the implementation of the agreement, and to retain his status and power unchanged if he returned to his original post during this year. the central people ' s government consented. but if this clause was written into the agreement, it would provoke controversy. so the two sides agreed on preventive stipulations for future possibilities and wrote them into this appendix. these two appendices were detailed rules for the implementation of the agreement and complements to the agreement on matters that had not been covered in the agreement. fifth, the agreement gained support from the dalai lama and both ecclesiastical and secular people in tibet. after ngapoi ngawang jigme returned to lhasa from beijing, the local government of tibet held between september 26 and 29, 1951 an \" officials ' meeting \" attended by more than 300 people, including all ecclesiastical and secular officials, khenpo ( abbot ) representatives of the three most prominent monasteries, and tibetan army officers above the regimental - commander rank. at the conference, a report to the dalai lama was approved. it stated, \" the 17 - article agreement that has been signed is of incomparable benefit to the grand cause of the dalai lama and to buddhism as a whole, and to the politics, economy and other aspects of life in tibet. naturally it should be carried out. \" the dalai lama sent a telegram to chairman mao zedong on october 24 to express his support for the agreement. the telegram read, \" this year the local government of tibet sent five delegates with full authority, headed by kalon ngapoi, to beijing in late april 1951 to conduct peace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45057081747747285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.151415"} {"text": "mao zedong on october 24 to express his support for the agreement. the telegram read, \" this year the local government of tibet sent five delegates with full authority, headed by kalon ngapoi, to beijing in late april 1951 to conduct peace talks with delegates with full authority appointed by the central people ' s government. on the basis of friendship, the delegates of the two sides signed on may 23, 1951 the agreement on measures for the peaceful liberation of tibet. the local government of tibet as well as the ecclesiastical and secular people unanimously support this agreement, and, under the leadership of chairman mao and the central people ' s government, will actively assist the pla troops entering tibet to consolidate national defense, ousting imperialist influences from tibet and safeguarding the unification of the territory and the sovereignty of the motherland. i hereby send this cable to inform you of this. \" on october 26, chairman mao zedong telegraphed the dalai lama in reply, expressing thanks for his efforts in carrying out the agreement. the signing of the 17 - article agreement symbolized the peaceful liberation of tibet, thus opening a new page in the history of social progress in tibet. the peaceful liberation enabled tibet to shake off imperialist aggression and imperialist political and economic fetters, safeguarded the national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of china, enhanced the solidarity among all ethnic groups of china and within tibet, and created the basic preconditions for tibet to advance and develop together with other parts of the country. ii. sixty - years ' development since peaceful liberation peaceful liberation was an important turning point in the historical development of tibet. over the 60 years since then tibet has gone through several phases of development, such as the democratic reform, establishment of the autonomous region, building of socialism, and reform and opening up, scoring spectacular achievements. 1. implementing the 17 - article agreement, maintaining national unity and ethnic solidarity, and launching tibet ' s drive towards modernization - sending troops to tibet and consolidating border defense. as stipulated in the 17 - article agreement and its appendix i, the pla troops with the 18th army as the major force marched into tibet from september 1951 to june 1952, and were stationed in strongholds such as gyamda, gyangtse, shigatse, lhuntse dzong, dromo, zayul and gerze, bringing to an end the history of tibet ' s 4, 000 - km border being undefended. - handling tibet ' s foreign - related affairs on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45373764238046904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.152400"} {"text": "lhuntse dzong, dromo, zayul and gerze, bringing to an end the history of tibet ' s 4, 000 - km border being undefended. - handling tibet ' s foreign - related affairs on a centralized basis. on september 6, 1952 the foreign affairs office of the central government representative stationed in tibet was set up, responsible for all the foreign - related affairs of tibet under the leadership of the ministry of foreign affairs of the central people ' s government. on april 29, 1954 the people ' s republic of china and the republic of india signed in beijing the agreement on trade and intercourse between the tibet region of china and india, abolishing the privileges india had inherited from the british invaders. in 1955 china established official diplomatic ties with nepal, and signed the agreement on maintaining friendly relations between the people ' s republic of china and the kingdom of nepal and on trade and intercourse between the tibet region of china and nepalin 1956, which cancelled nepal ' s privileges in tibet, advancing and consolidating the sino - nepalese relationship to a new level. to this day, all the foreign - related affairs of tibet are dealt with by the central people ' s government on a centralized basis. - attaining self - sufficiency and satisfying both military and civilian needs. the central government issued such instructions as \" sending troops to tibet but not depending on local people for grain supply \" and \" tightening the budget and attaining self - sufficiency, \" and put forward a series of financial policies such as \" guaranteeing food supplies for the army and taking into consideration of civilian needs \" and \" unified procurement and economical practice. \" soon after the pla entered tibet, it funded itself by selling local wool to the central government at prices higher than those of india. this move foiled the scheme of illegal hoarding and profiteering plotted by reactionaries of the tibetan upper class with an aim to sow discord between tibetans and han people and greatly benefited many of the upper class, enabling them to acknowledge the central government ' s goal of safeguarding the interests of the tibetan people. they thus gradually reduced their dependence on and connection with the imperialist forces and drew closer to the central government. - carrying out united front work, and promoting national unity and progress. encouraged by the central government, the 10th panchen lama and his entourage returned to lhasa from qinghai province to have a friendly meeting with the 14th dalai lama in april 1952. the cpc working committee of tibet then made great efforts to help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43824745461835835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.154633"} {"text": ". encouraged by the central government, the 10th panchen lama and his entourage returned to lhasa from qinghai province to have a friendly meeting with the 14th dalai lama in april 1952. the cpc working committee of tibet then made great efforts to help settle both the current practical problems and those left over from history between the dalai and panchen lamas, who in 1953 were elected as honorary presidents of the buddhist association of china, with living buddha kundeling as vice president. in september 1956 the tibetan branch of the buddhist association of china was set up. in september 1954 the 14th dalai and 10th panchen lamas went together to beijing to attend the first session of the first national people ' s congress of the people ' s republic of china, which demonstrated that the tibetan people enjoyed equal rights with other ethnic groups in participating in the administration of china ' s state affairs. concurrently, a total of 1, 000 people in 13 groups were organized from 1952 to 1957 to visit the hinterland, including upper - class monks and lay officials to lamas and common people including women and youngsters, which strengthened connections between tibet and the hinterland and promoted national unity. - actively undertaking the modernization program to promote tibet ' s economic, social and cultural development. after the peaceful liberation, the pla and people from other parts of china working in tibet persisted in carrying out the 17 - article agreement and the policies of the central authorities, built the xikang - tibet and qinghai - tibet highways, damxung airport, water conservancy projects, modern factories, banks, trading companies, post offices, farms and schools. they adopted a series of measures to help the farmers and herdsmen expand production, started social relief and disaster relief programs, and provided free medical service for the prevention and treatment of epidemic and other diseases. all this promoted the region ' s economic, social and cultural development, created a new social atmosphere of modern civilization and progress, produced a far - reaching influence among people of all walks of life in tibet, ended the long - term isolation and stagnation of tibetan society, paved the way for tibet ' s march toward a modern society, opened up wide prospects for tibet ' s further development and provided necessary conditions for the common progress of tibet and the nation as a whole. 2. implementing the democratic reform, abolishing feudal serfdom, and emancipating millions of serfs and the social productive forces, achieving the most profound social reform in the history of tibet prior to the democratic reform, tibet practiced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4580327574472478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.156166"} {"text": "2. implementing the democratic reform, abolishing feudal serfdom, and emancipating millions of serfs and the social productive forces, achieving the most profound social reform in the history of tibet prior to the democratic reform, tibet practiced a system of feudal serfdom under theocracy, which was darker and more backward than in europe in the middle ages. the three major estate - holders - officials, nobles and upper - ranking monks in monasteries - accounted for less than five percent of tibet ' s total population but owned all the farmland, pastures, forests, mountains and rivers, and the majority of the livestock. the serfs and slaves, accounting for more than 95 percent of the population, had no means of production or freedom of their own. they were not only subjected to the three - fold exploitation of corvee labor, taxes and high - interest loans, but also suffered cruel political oppression and punishment rarely seen in world history. their lives were no more than struggles for existence. thus, reforming the social system of tibet was an inevitable requirement of social development and the fundamental aspiration of the tibetan people. in consideration of the special conditions of tibet, the 17 - article agreement stipulated that \" the central authorities will not alter the existing political system in tibet ; \" \" in matters related to various reforms in tibet, there will be no compulsion on the part of the central authorities. the local government of tibet shall carry out reforms of its own accord, and when the people raise demands for reform, they shall be settled by means of consultation with the leading personnel of tibet. \" after tibet was liberated peacefully, the central people ' s government adopted a very prudent and tolerant attitude toward the reform of its social system, hoping to persuade the people of the local ruling class of the need for reform and waiting patiently for them to take initiative to start the social reform. but the serf owners were totally opposed to any reform which would mean giving up their privileges, and sabotaged the 17 - article agreement and plotted a series of activities to split tibet from china, which ended in a full - scale insurrection in 1959. in order to safeguard the unity of the nation and the fundamental interests of the tibetan people, the central people ' s government, together with the tibetan people, took decisive measures to suppress the rebellion, dissolved the local government and carried out the democratic reform in tibet, which fundamentally uprooted the feudal serfdom. through this reform, the theocratic system was annulled to separate religion from government ; the feudal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4396109607061769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.157296"} {"text": "measures to suppress the rebellion, dissolved the local government and carried out the democratic reform in tibet, which fundamentally uprooted the feudal serfdom. through this reform, the theocratic system was annulled to separate religion from government ; the feudal serf owners ' right to own means of production was abolished and private ownership by farmers and herdsmen was established ; the serfs and slaves ' personal bondage to the officials, nobles and upper - ranking monks was cancelled, and they won their freedom of the person. the democratic reform constituted an epoch - making change in the social progress of tibet and its development of human rights. it emancipated a million of serfs and slaves politically, economically and in other aspects of social life, effectively promoted the development of social productive forces in tibet and opened up the road towards modernization. the former serfs and slaves got over 186, 000 hectares of land in the democratic reform and, in 1960, when the democratic reform was basically completed, the total grain yield of tibet was 12. 6 percent higher than in 1959 and 17. 7 percent higher than in 1958 prior to the reform. in addition, the total number of livestock was 9. 9 percent higher than in 1959. 3. implementing regional ethnic autonomy, making tibet embark on the road of socialism. the democratic reform in tibet coincided with its construction of democratic politics. after the rebellion broke out in march 1959 the state council issued an order to dissolve the kashag and decided to make the preparatory committee for the tibet autonomous region exercise the local government ' s duties and power. later, the qamdo people ' s liberation committee and the panchen kampus assembly were abolished, and a centralized people ' s democratic government was set up, thus ending the co - existence of several political powers of different nature. in 1961 a general election was held across tibet. for the first time, the former serfs and slaves were able to enjoy democratic rights as their own masters, as they elected power organs and governments at all levels. many emancipated serfs and slaves took up leading posts at various levels in the region. in september 1965 the first session of the first people ' s congress of tibet was convened in lhasa, at which the founding of the tibet autonomous region and the regional people ' s government were officially proclaimed. then, through the socialist transformation of agriculture and animal husbandry, tibet embarked on the road of socialism. the founding of the tibet autonomous region and adoption of the socialist system provided an institutional guarantee for the realization of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48089480916643323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.158328"} {"text": "people ' s government were officially proclaimed. then, through the socialist transformation of agriculture and animal husbandry, tibet embarked on the road of socialism. the founding of the tibet autonomous region and adoption of the socialist system provided an institutional guarantee for the realization of ethnic equality, unity, mutual help and common prosperity. it also provided a guarantee for all ethnic groups in tibet to enjoy equal rights to participate in the administration of state affairs and that of ethnic affairs. in this way, an institutional guarantee was put in place for tibet to develop along with other parts of china, with special support and assistance by the state and according to its local conditions. 4. implementing reform and opening up, promoting tibetan economy to change from a closed one into an open one and from a planned one to a market one. the 1980s witnessed a great upsurge of the reform, opening - up and modernization drive in tibet, as in all the other parts of china. in 1980 and 1984, respectively, the central authorities held the first and second tibet work forums, setting the guiding principles for work in the region - focusing on economic development, changing from a closed economy to an open one and from a planned economy to a market one. the central government also formulated a series of special policies for economic development in tibet, such as \" long - term right to use and independently operate land by individual households \" and \" long - term right to have, raise and manage livestock by individual households, \" to promote the reform of the region ' s economic system and its opening - up program. since 1984, 43 projects have been launched in tibet with state funds and aid from nine provinces and municipalities. the implementation of the policy of reform and opening up and the state aid have invigorated the tibetan economy, raised the overall level of industries and the level of commercialization of economic activities in tibet, and helped tibet take another step forward in its economic and social development. 5. exploring and formulating the basic policies for the work in tibet in the new period as required by the new situation, constantly speeding up the development of tibet and maintaining its stability. ever since the dalai lama and his clique fled abroad, they have stuck to their claims and efforts for \" tibet independence \" and secessionist activities. with the support of the cia of us, they proclaimed the setting up of an \" independent tibet \" in india, and established bases for armed forces in india and nepal, launching armed attacks on china ' s borders intermittently. in 1964, at the 151st conference of the state council, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4916940221491717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.159458"} {"text": "they proclaimed the setting up of an \" independent tibet \" in india, and established bases for armed forces in india and nepal, launching armed attacks on china ' s borders intermittently. in 1964, at the 151st conference of the state council, the decision on the removal of the dalai lama from his official positions was adopted, which stated, \" after the dalai lama staged the treasonous armed rebellion in 1959, he fled abroad and organized a ' government - in - exile, ' issued a bogus constitution, supported indian reactionaries who invaded our country, and engaged in the organization and training of remnants of tibet ' s armed forces who had fled abroad with the object of attacking our borders. all this proves that he has alienated himself from the country and the people, and been reduced to a traitor working for imperialists and reactionaries abroad. \" after the policies of reform and opening up were implemented in tibet, the dalai lama clique pressed on with their infiltration and sabotage activities, and plotted the lhasa riots in the late 1980s, which were quickly quelled by resolute actions adopted by the central government. in 1989 the chinese government put forward ten propositions to guide the development of tibet, which served to unify the people ' s thinking and promote stability, thus constituting a turning point for the work in tibet in the new period. in 1994 the central government held the third tibet work forum, and set the guiding principles for work in the region in the new era as follows : focusing efforts on economic development, firmly grasping the two major tasks of developing the economy and stabilizing the situation, securing a high - speed development of the economy, overall social progress and lasting political stability in tibet, and ensuring the continuous improvement of the tibetan people ' s living standards. at the forum, the central authorities also adopted the important decisions to devote special attention to tibet and ask all other parts of china to aid tibet, and formulated a series of special favorable policies and measures for speeding up the development of the autonomous region. the forum led to the birth of a mechanism for all - round aid for the modernization of tibet, in which the state would take the lead to directly invest in construction projects in the region, the central government would provide financial subsidies, and the other parts of the country would provide paired - up aid. in 2001 the central authorities held the fourth tibet work forum, at which it was decided that more effective measures would be adopted and efforts would be further strengthened to support tibet and push forward in an all - around way the region", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4690467023938127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.161455"} {"text": "provide paired - up aid. in 2001 the central authorities held the fourth tibet work forum, at which it was decided that more effective measures would be adopted and efforts would be further strengthened to support tibet and push forward in an all - around way the region ' s development and stability. since 1994 the central government has organized 60 state organs, 18 provinces and municipalities and 17 state - owned enterprises to provide aid to tibet in the fields of human resources, finance and materials, technology and management in a paired - up way to cover all the cities at the prefectural level and 73 counties ( including cities and districts at the county level ) in tibet. the completion of 62 aid projects identified in 1994 and 117 aid projects identified in 2001, respectively, in tibet gave a strong impetus to its economic and social development. in the meantime, the central government overcame interference and sabotage from the dalai lama clique, identified the reincarnated the soul boy of the 10th panchen lama, approving gyaltsen zangpo ' s position as the 11th panchen lama, and resolutely struggled against the dalai lama ' s secessionist group, all of which helped to maintain stability in tibet. 6. upholding the scientific outlook on development, vigorously accelerating tibet ' s development to realize leapfrog development, and achieving lasting peace based on stability. after the 16th national congress of the cpc, in light of the new historical conditions, the central authorities explicitly stated that its priorities for tibet ' s economic and social development would be to ensure and improve the production and living conditions of farmers and herdsmen, and to increase their incomes as required by the scientific outlook on development. by doing this, it helped to promote the region ' s economy and society to develop in a better and faster way, and make all ethnic groups in tibet enjoy the fruit of the reform and development. in 2006 the central government formulated 40 preferential policies aiming to accelerate tibet ' s development and maintain its stability, and identified 180 ( the actually completed number is 188 ) construction projects for its 11th five - year plan ( 2006 - 2010 ), which helped tibet to score remarkable achievements in development and stability. tibet ' s economy developed at a high rate, infrastructure construction in transportation and energy improved markedly, a large number of major projects including the qinghai - tibet railway were completed and have produced satisfactory economic benefits, social undertakings showed all - around progress, the living standards of people of all ethnic groups in tibet were greatly improved and tibet ' s self - development capacity was further enhanced. in the meantime", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5060267015826991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.163288"} {"text": "- tibet railway were completed and have produced satisfactory economic benefits, social undertakings showed all - around progress, the living standards of people of all ethnic groups in tibet were greatly improved and tibet ' s self - development capacity was further enhanced. in the meantime, the government put down the march 14th lhasa incident according to law, resolutely prevented and cracked down on splittist activities instigated by the dalai lama clique, further conducted education in patriotism and law in the monasteries, scored a great victory in the anti - secession struggle and strengthened ethnic unity constantly. in january 2010 the central authorities held the fifth tibet work forum, at which it further enriched and perfected the guiding principles for the work in tibet, and drew up comprehensive plans for every aspect of its development and stability, which were : focusing efforts on economic development, safeguarding ethnic unity, taking improvement of people ' s livelihood as both the starting point and final aim of all work, holding fast to development and stability, ensuring a leapfrog development of economy and society, national security and prolonged peace in tibet, and working for the constant improvement of the standard of people ' s material and cultural life, and a sound ecological environment. at a new starting point in its history, tibet is showing great momentum for prosperity again. iii. historic achievements that capture world attention in the 60 years since its peaceful liberation in 1951, tibet, under the leadership of the central people ' s government and with the support of people of all ethnic groups in china, and with the hard work of all ethnic groups in the autonomous region, has fulfilled two historic leaps from a society of feudal serfdom to one of socialism, and from a state of isolation, poverty and backwardness to one of opening, prosperity and civilization, scoring historic achievements in various undertakings that caught world attention. 1. tibet has scored brilliant political achievements and made historic changes in its social system. since its peaceful liberation tibet has abolished feudal serfdom, implemented regional ethnic autonomy and established socialism featuring people ' s democracy. the former serfs and slaves have since become masters of their own country and society. they enjoy both the right to equally participate in the administration of state affairs and the right to handle local and ethnic affairs on their own. in the elections of people ' s congresses at the autonomous regional, prefectural ( municipal ), county and township ( town ) levels in 2007, 96. 4 percent of the eligible residents participated in the electoral process. of the more than 34, 000 deputies directly or indirectly elected to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4571107087516979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.165817"} {"text": "congresses at the autonomous regional, prefectural ( municipal ), county and township ( town ) levels in 2007, 96. 4 percent of the eligible residents participated in the electoral process. of the more than 34, 000 deputies directly or indirectly elected to the people ' s congresses at the aforementioned four levels, more than 94 percent were members of the tibetan or other ethnic minorities. of the deputies to the current national people ' s congress, 20 are from tibet, including 12 tibetans, one monba and one lhoba. people from all walks of life in tibet also attend the people ' s political consultative conferences at various levels to participate in the deliberation and administration of state affairs, and to exercise their democratic rights. among the deputies to the national committee of the chinese people ' s political consultative conference, quite a number of them are tibetans and a few are from the tibetan religious circle. since the founding of the tibet people ' s political consultative conference in 1959, an overwhelming part of the members have been tibetans or members of other ethic minorities. regional ethnic autonomy has constantly been institutionalized. statistics show that since 1965 the standing committee of the people ' s congress of the tibet autonomous region has enacted 279 local regulations, resolutions and decisions with legal effect, which cover political power buildup, economic development, culture and education, spoken and written languages, justice, medical care and public health, relics protection, protection of wild animals and plants, protection of natural resources, and environmental protection. now tibet has established a legal regime of local autonomy, with autonomy - related regulations and separate regulations as the mainstay, protecting the special rights and interests of the people in tibet in the areas of politics, economy and social life, and promoting the development of various local undertakings. these regulations have distinctive local features. they include the regulations on legislation of the tibet autonomous region, implementing rules for election of deputies to the people ' s congresses at various levels in the tibet autonomous region, resolutions on the study, use and development of the tibetan language in the tibet autonomous region, resolutions on maintaining national unification, enhancing ethnic solidarity and opposing secessionist activities, regulations of the tibet autonomous region on the protection and management of cultural relics, and regulations of the tibet autonomous region on environmental protection. cadres of the tibetan and other ethnic minorities constitute the main body of cadres in tibet and the backbone of the construction and development of the region. since the founding of the tibet autonomous region in 1965, all chairpersons of the standing committee of the people ' s congress and all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4785366674823449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.169457"} {"text": "other ethnic minorities constitute the main body of cadres in tibet and the backbone of the construction and development of the region. since the founding of the tibet autonomous region in 1965, all chairpersons of the standing committee of the people ' s congress and all governors of the people ' s government of the tibet autonomous region have been tibetan citizens. cadres of the tibetan and other ethnic minorities account for 70. 3 percent of the total at the autonomous regional level and 81. 6 percent at the county and township levels. at present, tibet has 54, 000 specialized technical personnel, among whom 76. 8 percent are from ethnic minorities. 2. the local people ' s living standards have been greatly improved along with leapfrog economic development. before the peaceful liberation, the economy in tibet was in a state of stagnation, and the masses lived in dire poverty. since the peaceful liberation however, the economy has leaped forward with each passing day. to boost local economic and social growth, the central government has adopted a series of preferential policies for tibet in such areas as banking, finance and taxation, investment, infrastructure construction, industrial development, farming and animal husbandry, environmental protection, education, public health, science and technology, culture and physical education, and has rendered tibet strong support in terms of finance, materials and manpower. the central government has never taken a cent from tibet, but constantly increased the allotment in the central budget for tibet. in the period from 1952 to 2010, the central government sent a total of 300 billion yuan to tibet as financial subsidies, with an annual growth rate of 22. 4 percent. over the past 60 years the central government has allocated more than 160 billion yuan in direct investment to tibet and approved at different periods 43, 62, 117 and 188 major projects respectively concerning tibet ' s long - term development and its people ' s livelihood. highways, railways, airports, telecommunications facilities, energy and other key infrastructural projects have been completed one after the other, thus greatly improving tibet ' s infrastructure and its people ' s living and production conditions. statistics show that from 1994 to 2010 state departments, provincial and municipal governments, and state - owned enterprises involved in the paired - up support program launched 4, 393 aid projects in six batches, with a total of 13. 3 billion yuan in aid funds and 4, 742 cadres from across the country dispatched to work in tibet. thanks to the care of the central authorities and the support of the whole nation, tibet has witnessed a historic leap in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46871931822332485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.170757"} {"text": "total of 13. 3 billion yuan in aid funds and 4, 742 cadres from across the country dispatched to work in tibet. thanks to the care of the central authorities and the support of the whole nation, tibet has witnessed a historic leap in its economic and social development. from 1959 to 2010 fixed assets investment in the region totaled 275. 1 billion yuan, registering an average annual growth of over 15 percent. the figure was 264. 3 billion yuan from 1994 to 2010, and the annual growth rate in that period was more than 20 percent. the local gdp soared from 129 million yuan in 1951 to 50. 746 billion yuan in 2010, a 111. 8 - fold increase or an average annual growth of 8. 3 percent at comparable prices. since 1994 the local gdp has grown at an annual rate of 12 percent, registering double - digit growth for 18 years in a run. during the 11th five - year plan ( 2006 - 2010 ) tibet ' s gdp exceeded 30, 40 and 50 billion yuan successively. in 2010 the per - capita gdp was 17, 319 yuan, and the local budgetary receipts reached 3. 665 billion yuan, showing an average annual growth of over 20 percent for eight consecutive years. there was no modern industry in old tibet. but the region now has a modern industrial system covering over 20 sectors with distinctive local features, including energy, light industry, textiles, machinery, mining, building materials, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food processing, folk handicrafts and tibetan medicine. the total industrial output value increased from 1. 4 million yuan in 1956 to 7. 561 billion yuan in 2010, registering an annual growth rate of 14. 1 percent. competitive industries with local features keep expanding. the gyama copper - polymetallic deposit in tibet has been put into operation and gone public in hong kong. some specialty products, such as lhasa barley beer, \" 5100 tibet glacier spring water \" and ganlu traditional tibetan medicine have entered the market in other parts of the country as well as the international market. tourism in tibet has also maintained a sustained and rapid growth. some 6. 8514 million people visited tibet in 2010, and the tourism revenue reached 7. 14 billion yuan. tibet is set to be one of the most popular destinations for visitors from all over the world. tibet ' s energy, transportation and other basic industries are also flourishing. on the eve of tibet ' s peaceful liberation, there was only one 125 - kw hydropower station in the region, which supplied electricity only to a handful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4839213629676908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.171758"} {"text": "all over the world. tibet ' s energy, transportation and other basic industries are also flourishing. on the eve of tibet ' s peaceful liberation, there was only one 125 - kw hydropower station in the region, which supplied electricity only to a handful of senior officials and aristocrats. now, an extensive energy system has been formed, with hydropower as the mainstay, backed up by geothermal, wind and solar energy sources. in 2010 the installed power - generating capacity in tibet reached 974, 000 kw, and more than 82 percent of the population had access to electricity. the qinghai - tibet dc power transmission line is under construction, which will link the tibetan grid to those of the rest of the country. in the old days there was not a single highway in tibet. today, a comprehensive transportation network has taken shape, with highway, rail, air and pipeline transportation as the backbone. all townships and more than 80 percent of the administrative villages in tibet have gained access to highways, which now total 58, 200 km. china ' s last \" isolated \" county is soon to be connected to the country ' s highway network with the completion and operation of the galung la tunnel on the medog highway. the operation of the qinghai - tibet railway ended tibet ' s history of being without railways. the navigation lighting project at the lhasa gongkar airport, and the nyingchi menling airport, ngari gunsa airport, xigaze peace airport have been completed and put into use, allowing night flights into and out of tibet and greatly increasing the number of air routes. an airport layout has taken shape in tibet, with the lhasa gongkar airport as the main hub, and the chamdo bangda, nyingchi menling, ngari gunsa and xigaze peace airports as the branches, catering to 22 domestic and international air services. in old tibet, letters were carried by people or beasts of burden and relayed via posthouses. nowadays, tibet has entered the information age, having established a modern telecommunications network with cables, satellites and the internet as the backbone. it has also realized broadband coverage in all townships and telephone communication in all villages. in the old days tibet ' s agriculture and animal husbandry were completely at the mercy of the weather. nowadays, modern facilities have been widely introduced. the added value of primary industry ( agriculture ) in tibet increased from 128 million yuan in 1959 to 6. 813 billion yuan in 2010, registering an average annual growth of 4. 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5038245863932798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.172767"} {"text": "of the weather. nowadays, modern facilities have been widely introduced. the added value of primary industry ( agriculture ) in tibet increased from 128 million yuan in 1959 to 6. 813 billion yuan in 2010, registering an average annual growth of 4. 8 percent. grain output rose from 182, 900 tonnes in 1959 to 920, 000 tonnes in 2010. meanwhile the grain output per mu ( 15 mu equal one ha. ) rose from 91 kg in 1959 to 357. 4 kg in 2008, with the number of livestock rising from 9. 56 million head in 1959 to 23. 21 million head at the end of 2010. before the peaceful liberation, more than 90 percent of the people in tibet had no private housing, nor had they enough food and clothing. but over the past 60 years the tibetan people ' s living conditions have constantly improved. in 1951 the per - capita housing of urban dwellers was less than three sq m, but the figure reached 34. 72 at the end of 2010. since 2006, with the construction of a new socialist countryside and comfortable housing project underway, 274, 800 households, comprising 1. 4021 million farmers and herdsmen, have moved into modern houses, and the per - capita housing space has increased to 24 sq m in rural areas. the aim of providing farmers and herdsmen living in poor conditions with comfortable houses has been realized. tibet has also improved its facilities in the areas of water, electricity, highways, telecommunications, gas, radio and television, postal services and the environment in farming and pastoral areas, giving rise to historic changes in these areas. the coverage rate of postal services in townships, that of highways in townships, and that of highways in administrative villages have reached 85. 7 percent, 99. 7 percent and 81. 2 percent, respectively. the region has provided safe drinking water for 1. 532 million farmers and herdsmen, and iodized salt for 91. 2 percent of the residents in farming and pastoral areas. in 2010 the per - capita net income of farmers and herdsmen was 4, 138. 7 yuan, registering a double - digit growth for eight consecutive years. the per - capita disposable income of urban dwellers stood at 14, 980 yuan. meanwhile, the consumption pattern of tibetan residents is becoming more diversified with improvement in their livelihood, and such consumer goods as refrigerators, color tvs, computers, washing machines, motorcycles and mobile phones have got access to ordinary homes. a survey shows that for every 100 rural households there are 73. 45 color tvs, 52", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.496939909719839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.173743"} {"text": "their livelihood, and such consumer goods as refrigerators, color tvs, computers, washing machines, motorcycles and mobile phones have got access to ordinary homes. a survey shows that for every 100 rural households there are 73. 45 color tvs, 52. 64 mobile phones and 3. 98 private cars, and for every 100 urban households in lhasa, there are 63 pcs, 182 mobile phones and 32 private cars. radio, television, the internet and other modern means of information keep growing with progress in other parts of china and the rest of the world. they have become an integral part of people ' s daily life in tibet as well. 3. tibetan society has progressed in an all - round way, with all social undertakings flourishing. in old tibet there was not a single school in the modern sense. education was monopolized by monasteries, and there were only a limited number of schools run by monks and officials. almost all students in such schools were children of the nobility. the masses of serfs and slaves had been robbed off the right of receiving education. the enrollment rate for school - age children was less than 2 percent, while the illiteracy rate was as high as 95 percent among the young and the middle - aged, to say nothing of ignorance of modern science and technology. from 1951 to 2010 the central government invested 40. 73 billion yuan to give a boost to tibet ' s education. now, tibet has basically established an educational system with special local flavor and minority ethnic characteristics, which includes pre - school, primary and middle schools, secondary vocational and technical schools, institutions of higher learning, and adult and special education institutions. in 2010 tibet had six institutions of higher learning, 122 junior and senior high schools, and 872 primary schools. the total enrollment was over 500, 000. more than 20, 000 tibetan students are studying in tibetan classes in schools of the hinterland. in 12 hinterland provinces and municipalities of china, 42 secondary vocational schools have classes for tibetan students. now the enrollment rate for primary school - age children of the tibetan ethnic group has reached 99. 2 percent ; that for junior high school, 98. 2 percent ; that for senior high school, 60. 1 percent ; and that for institutions of higher learning, 23. 4 percent. the illiteracy rate among the young and the middle - aged has fallen to 1. 2 percent. the average educational period of people above 15 years old in tibet has reached 7. 3 years. the children enjoy \" three guarantees \" for compulsory education, i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4999354127113501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.174838"} {"text": "has increased from 35. 5 to 67 years. according to the sixth national census, the total population of tibet increased from one million before the peaceful liberation to more than three million, of whom 2. 7164 million or 90. 48 percent were tibetans. tibet has established a social security system mainly covering basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance, unemployment insurance for urban workers, industrial accident insurance and maternity insurance, which cover all urban and rural residents. from november 2009, with the initiation of the new rural pension social insurance, to the end of 2010, 73 counties ( cities and districts ) were made pilot areas to try out the policy, granting accumulatively 76. 3155 million yuan of basic pension insurance payments to residents over 60 years old in farming and pastoral areas. pensions received by enterprise retirees reached 2, 439 yuan per month per person, higher than the national average. the inpatient reimbursement rate for urban residents covered by the medical insurance policy reached 75. 1 percent. the highest reimbursement of medical expenses in 2010 was 130, 000 yuan, 8. 7 times the per - capita disposable income of 14, 980 yuan of urban dwellers in tibet. the number of tibetan people underwriting policies of social insurance stood at 1. 6623 million, and 1. 732 billion yuan of various social insurances have been collected. meanwhile, there were 527, 100 employees in the urban areas, and the registered urban unemployment rate was 3. 81 %. 4. ethnic culture in tibet is enjoying unprecedented prosperity, and freedom of religious belief is respected and protected. the central and regional governments always attach great importance to carrying on, protecting and developing the excellent traditional culture of the tibetan ethnic group. the study, use and development of the tibetan language are protected by law, and the tibetan script has become the first ethnic - minority script in china that has international text coding standards for information exchange. the state has altogether apportioned 1. 45 billion yuan to maintain and repair the potala palace, the norbulingka and sakya monastery, and other cultural relics and historical sites. tibet ' s 76 distinctive cultural items such as folk handicrafts, folk art and tibetan opera have been listed among items of state - level intangible cultural heritage, and 53 people have been recognized as representatives of the state - level intangible cultural heritage. the potala palace, jokhang monastery and norbulingka have been listed as unesco world cultural heritage sites. tibetan opera and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4899061086781522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.177525"} {"text": "cultural heritage, and 53 people have been recognized as representatives of the state - level intangible cultural heritage. the potala palace, jokhang monastery and norbulingka have been listed as unesco world cultural heritage sites. tibetan opera and the famous legend of king gesar have been put upon the world intangible cultural heritage list. tibetan medicine, with unique local features, has entered the world market, and tibetology research is flourishing as never before. tibet ' s radio, tv, press and publications are also growing rapidly. in 2010 the region had four radio stations, five tv stations, 27 medium - wave transmitting and relay stations, 68 radio and tv transmitting and relay stations at the county level, and 9, 371 radio and tv receiving and transmitting stations at the township level. tibet has built china ' s first ethnic - minority - language radio and tv program dubbing center - tibetan radio and tv program dubbing center. more than 380, 000 households can receive 55 digital radio and tv programs though the direct broadcasting satellite. the radio and tv coverage rate has reached 90. 28 percent and 91. 4 percent, respectively. tibet publishes 58 kinds of newspapers and periodicals, and has accumulatively published 12, 000 titles of books in chinese and tibetan, totaling 250 million printed copies. tibet now has 10 professional art performing troupes, 500 - odd amateur art performing and tibetan opera teams, and 19 folk art performing groups at the county level. a large number of traditional festivals have been inherited and revived, such as the annual shoton festival in lhasa, qomolangma cultural and tourist festival in xigaze and summer horse races in nagqu. tibet endeavors to extend radio and tv coverage to every village and household, share cultural information and resources and establish cultural centers at the county and township levels to enrich the cultural life of farmers and herdsmen. it also endeavors to realize the complete coverage of comprehensive cultural centers and county - level sharing of cultural information and resources. a number of literary and artistic works and programs have been created which have a strong local flavor and display the features of our times, and there have been great improvement in both their quantity and quality. freedom of religious belief of all ethnic groups is respected and protected in tibet. all religions, all religious sects are equal in tibet. the living buddha reincarnation system, unique to tibetan buddhism, is fully respected. people are free to learn and debate buddhist doctrines, get ordained as monks and practice buddhist rites. academic degrees in buddhism are also promoted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4916952689015565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.178653"} {"text": "sects are equal in tibet. the living buddha reincarnation system, unique to tibetan buddhism, is fully respected. people are free to learn and debate buddhist doctrines, get ordained as monks and practice buddhist rites. academic degrees in buddhism are also promoted. the central government has listed some famous sites for religious activities as cultural relics units subject to state or autonomous regional protection, including the potala palace, jokhang monastery, and tashilhunpo, drepung, sera and sakya monasteries. tibet now has more than 1, 700 venues for religious activities, and about 46, 000 monks and nuns. monks and laymen organize and take part in the sakadawa festival and other religious and traditional activities every year. more than one million worshipers make pilgrimage to lhasa each year. 5. ecological conservation has been progressing rapidly, and environmental protection is being strengthened in an all - round way. tibet serves as an important ecology safety barrier in china. in old tibet macro - ecological conservation or comprehensive environmental protection was out of the question. but since the peaceful liberation, and especially since the adoption of the reform and opening - up policies, the central and regional governments have attached great importance to ecological conservation and environmental protection, and plowed in large amounts of funds, manpower and materials in these endeavors. in 2002 the central government decided to launch 160 key projects in this regard. during the 10th five - year plan ( 2001 - 2005 ), the state granted 3. 243 billion yuan for ecological and environmental protection in tibet, and during the 11th five - year plan ( 2006 - 2010 ) the figure tripled to 10. 162 billion yuan. the people ' s congress and people ' s government of the tibet autonomous region have published more than 30 local regulations, regulatory documents and administrative rules covering ecological conservation and environmental protection. a relatively comprehensive system of environmental protection has taken shape. meanwhile, tibet actively carries out projects to protect its natural forests, and convert farmland into forest and pastures into grassland. it also makes efforts to control desertification and soil erosion, manage small watersheds and prevent geological disasters. tibet led the whole country to initiate the ecological compensation mechanism for the protection of grassland. it has launched a project to replace firewood with clean energy, and 150, 000 households have begun to use methane gas. tibet is home to 21 ecological function conservation areas, seven national forest parks, three geological parks, one state - class scenic area and 47 nature reserves at various levels, accounting for 34. 5 percent of the total land area of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4832914507977988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.179758"} {"text": "use methane gas. tibet is home to 21 ecological function conservation areas, seven national forest parks, three geological parks, one state - class scenic area and 47 nature reserves at various levels, accounting for 34. 5 percent of the total land area of the region, topping any other part in china. the forest coverage rate has risen from less than 1 percent before the peaceful liberation to 11. 91 percent at present, and more than six million hectares of wetland have been protected. according to the latest report on the state of the environment of china, generally speaking, there is no pollution of the atmosphere or water in tibet. the region has basically maintained its original natural state, being one of the areas with the best environmental quality in the world. tibet has embarked on a path of sustainable development, with economic growth and ecological protection advancing side by side. on march 2, 2009 the central government approved the plan for ecology safety barrier protection and construction in tibet ( 2008 - 2030 ), with the projected investment amounting to 15. 5 billion yuan. sixty years are just a fleeting moment in the history of mankind. however, within six decades tibet has achieved development that would normally call for a millennium. under the leadership of the cpc and the chinese government, the people of tibet have created a miracle. the 60 years following tibet ' s peaceful liberation have proved that tibet, as an inseparable part of china, shares its destiny with the motherland, and its development is also impossible without that of china. in modern times, when china was reduced to semi - colonial and semi - feudal society beset with poverty and weakness under corrupt and incompetent regimes, tibet was also invaded and bullied by western powers. after the founding of the people ' s republic of china in 1949, tibet was peacefully liberated. under the leadership of and with special care from the central people ' s government, and through democratic reform, the founding of the autonomous region, socialist construction and the reform and opening - up, tibet abolished serfdom and theocracy, become a modern, democratic socialist society, achieved rapid and comprehensive economic and social development, and embarked on the road to modernity. tibet ' s 60 years of development would have been impossible without the care of the central authorities and the support of the entire nation. moreover, tibet ' s rebirth and development would have been impossible without national unification, independence and prosperity. only by adhering to the leadership of the cpc, the path of socialism, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the development mode with chinese characteristics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4529577076387687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.181004"} {"text": "having mentored young people in sporting associations, including the australian institute of sport ( ais ) when those young athletes are on respite and from his pastoral experiences over a life time, he ' s aware that teenagers do not always listen to their parents. in fact, new research shows that their brains are not ' adult ' until they are about 24! ( www. smh. com. au ) however, for parents today, help might be at hand. perhaps the kids will listen to recent scientific studies that support parents ' common sense. protecting children ' s precious ears mark tronson is concerned that kids are protected from the heartbreak of deafness. his own father damaged his ears as a result of fireworks ( a ' penny bunger ' ) going off close to him when he was only ten ; and his wife has had hearing problems from birth. but today ' s teenagers are more likely to suffer loss of hearing from loud music at live venues or from their earphones, danish researchers reported at a conference recently. ( www. sciencedaily. com ) without ear protection, \u201c heavy metal \u201d fans have 15 mins at a concert before they risk permanent hearing damage, report australian scientists at the national acoustics laboratories who have been trialling some new filtered ear plugs which don ' t affect the quality of the music. the teenagers quickly got used to using them, and relished waking up the morning after a gig without ringing in their ears. the earplugs are useful for professional musicians in classical orchestras, too. ( smh. com. au ) sugary drinks may damage teeth and hearts being involved in sports all his life, and now co - ordinating respite centres for athletes and coaches, mark tronson points to several scientific studies indicating that food and drink ' sports ' supplements for kids are not necessary, will not improve performance, and may be downright harmful for growing bodies. it is already known that a daily consumption of sugary soft - drinks is correlated with increased heart disease in adults, but australian scientists now report that the beginnings of diseased arteries can be seen in children who drink sugary drinks every day. ( www. smh. com. au ) mark tronson warns that some ' energy ' drinks contain sugar ; and should only be used in conjunction with supervised training and not as everyday refreshments. another study warns that some sports drinks can irreversibly damage teenagers ' permanent teeth. ( www. sciencedaily. com ) sports supplements unnecessary for kids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4448411074118852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.195191"} {"text": "and should only be used in conjunction with supervised training and not as everyday refreshments. another study warns that some sports drinks can irreversibly damage teenagers ' permanent teeth. ( www. sciencedaily. com ) sports supplements unnecessary for kids \u2013 and could do harm in a recent sydney morning herald article, australian sports dieticians warned that long - term damage can be done to children who take proprietary supplements in an attempt to increase their body mass, muscle tone or stamina. these supplements are sometimes requested by parents who are over - anxious to see their kids succeed. ( www. smh. com. au ) mark tronson marvels at the wonderful human body that the lord has given us, which will adapt and change its energy requirements if trained for a particular sport in a particular way. he is reminded of 1 corinthians 6 : 19 - 20 \u201c or do you not know that your body is a temple of the holy spirit within you, whom you have from god? you are not your own, for you were bought with a price. so glorify god in your body. \u201d during training, endurance athletes can ' teach ' their bodies to slowly use the fat stores already put down by correct nutrition in the weeks leading up to the sporting event. ( www. marathonguide. com ) other athletes are more proficient at fast - movement aerobic sports, and they need completely different diets and training regimes so their bodies learn to use short - term energy from glucose in the blood and glycogen in the muscles. sports scientists and nutritionists sports scientists and nutritionists understand more now about how an appropriate diet of healthy foods will be sufficient to help young athletes ' muscles grow strong, and ' learn ' to naturally use the resources so miraculously laid down for stressful situations such as we impose when we train for competitive sports. ( www. ncga. coolrunning. com. au sections 9 and 10 ). mark tronson advises young athletes to seek the advice of reputable dieticians and coaches about correct diet, training and sleep regimes to build optimal muscle and improve performance ; and only take medication recommended by a trusted doctor if necessary for a medical condition. this way, all children can reach their potential and enjoy their chosen sport. supplements cannot help them do any better than this. as a minister of 35 years he is aware, that with the pressures upon his life and ministry, he needs to take time out to recharge and refresh and this is part of his medical advice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44446673702664147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.198802"} {"text": "it \u2019 s pretty easy to highlight every other row in excel using a condition. in the matters of highlighting a row based on a value of single cell is another story. not entirely complex but nonetheless requires some knowledge of writing formulas and knowledge of the indirect function. bastien blogged about conditional row color based on a cell value which illustrates the process quite nicely. the steps i am about to cover mimic bastien \u2019 s procedures with the exception of targeting excel 2007 instead of excel 2003. sample data set step 1 : highlight the rows you will need to highlight the rows that are targeted in which you wish to apply the conditional formatting. step 2 : click on conditional formatting conditional formatting is found under the home tab of the ribbon. step 3 : select manage rules step 4 : click new rule step 5 : select use a formula to determine which cells to format step 6 : enter the following formula which uses the indirect function then click the format button to specify the formatting options step 7 : click the fill tab step 8 : select the background color once you have selected a color click the ok button to proceed step 9 : click ok step 10 : click ok to apply formatting to highlight the rows that have a gender value of f in column c simply repeat steps 4 \u2013 10 and switch the conditional value to f as in ( step 6 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40499179214957914, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.203332"} {"text": "history of initiative & referendum in arizona | laws \u2022 history | | list of measures | the history of initiative & referendum in arizona began when acquired statewide initiative, referendum, and recall rights at the time of statehood in 1912. the first initiative in the state was for women ' s suffrage. it was a landslide victory, passing by a margin of greater than two to one on nov. 5, 1912. then, in 1914, arizona saw of 15 qualified initiatives, which held the record until 2006 when 19 initiatives were passed. four of the 1914 initiatives passed because of the efforts of organized labor. one prohibited blacklisting of union members ; a second established an \" old age and mothers ' pension \" ; another established a state government contract system, and a fourth limited businesses employment of non - citizens. lastly, the voters in 1914 passed an initiative that barred the governor and legislature from amending or repealing initiatives. in response, the legislature tried to pass a constitutional amendment that would make it more difficult to pass initiatives. because this amendment needed the approval of voters, the arizona federation of labor waged a campaign against the measure. the amendment was narrowly defeated in 1916. - this chart includes all ballot measures to appear on the arizona ballot in the year indicated, not just initiated measures. see also arizona ballot measures. | year | | propositions on ballot | | how many were approved? | | how many were defeated? | arizonans owe many of their reforms to john kromko. kromko, like most arizonans, is not a native ; he was born near erie, pennsylvania, in 1940 and moved to tucson in the mid - 1960s. he was active in protests against the vietnam war, and in the 1970s and 1980s he was elected to the lower house of the state legislature several times. by night, he was a computer - programming instructor ; by day, he was arizona \u2019 s \" mr. initiative. \" kromko \u2019 s first petition was a referendum drive to stop a tucson city council ordinance banning topless dancing, arguing for free speech. in 1976 kromko was among the handful of arizonans who, in cooperation with the people \u2019 s lobby western bloc campaign, succeeded in putting on the state ballot an initiative to phase out nuclear power. the initiative lost at the polls, but kromko \u2019 s leadership on the issue got him elected to his first term in the legislature. repealing the sales tax on food once elected, kromko set his sights on abolishing the sales tax on food, a \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38103663212242583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.214471"} {"text": ", but kromko \u2019 s leadership on the issue got him elected to his first term in the legislature. repealing the sales tax on food once elected, kromko set his sights on abolishing the sales tax on food, a \" regressive \" tax that hits the poor hardest. unsuccessful in the legislature, kromko launched a statewide initiative petition and got enough signatures to put food tax repeal on the ballot. the legislature, faced with the initiative, acted to repeal the tax. after the food tax victory, kromko turned to voter registration reform. again the legislature was unresponsive, so he launched an initiative petition. he narrowly missed getting enough signatures in 1980, and he failed to win re - election that year. undaunted, he revived the voter registration campaign and turned to yet another cause : medicaid funding. arizona in 1981 was the only state without medicaid, since the legislature had refused to appropriate money for the state ' s share of this federal program. in 1982, with an initiative petition drive under way and headed for success, the legislature got the message and established a medicaid program. kromko and his allies on this issue, the state \u2019 s churches, were satisfied and dropped their petition drive. motor voter initiative the voter registration initiative, now under the leadership of les miller, a phoenix attorney, and the state democratic party, gained ballot placement and voter approval. in the ensuing four years, this \" motor voter \" initiative increased by over 10 percent the proportion of arizona \u2019 s eligible population who were registered to vote. late legislative career kromko, re - elected to the legislature in 1982, took up his petitions again in 1983 to prevent construction of a freeway in tucson that would have smashed through several residential neighborhoods. the initiative was merely to make freeway plans subject to voter approval, but tucson officials, seeing the campaign as the death knell for their freeway plans, blocked its placement on the ballot through various legal technicalities. kromko and neighborhood activists fighting to save their homes refused to admit defeat. they began a new petition drive in 1984, qualified their measure for the ballot, and won voter approval for it in november 1985. arizona \u2019 s moneyed interests poured funds into a campaign to unseat kromko in 1986. kromko not only survived but also fought back by supporting a statewide initiative to limit campaign contributions, sponsored by his colleague in the legislature, democratic state representative reid ewing of tucson. voters passed the measure by a two to one margin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44904507926161363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.215700"} {"text": "bbsrc is not responsible for the content of external websites biology by design \u2013 how synthetic biology could revolutionise everything from medicines to energy 13 july 2012 in a series of articles we will be highlighting the work of some of the leading synthetic biology researchers in the uk. here we profile professor dek woolfson of the university of bristol, professor jamie davies of the university of edinburgh and professor richard cogdell of the university of glasgow. flat pack proteins \u2013 professor dek woolfson, university of bristol professor dek woolfson is hoping to use synthetic biology to create new structures out of proteins with uses ranging from wound repair to water purification. - proteins play many important roles in nature. - proteins can assemble into complicated structures like tiny pumps and motors. - scientists are hoping to combine proteins in new ways using synthetic biology to create useful new tools for uses as diverse as water filtration and medicine. proteins are like nature ' s robots working tirelessly in the cells of every plant, animal and microbe to do virtually all of the important functions that make life tick. each individual protein can twist and fold into an incredibly complex 3d shape, with holes, cracks and protrudances giving it its function. groups of proteins then combine with one another and other types of molecules to create bigger and more complicated structures still. understanding how proteins assemble and combine is at the heart of professor dek woolfson ' s research at the university of bristol. professor dek woolfson this work is important for our understanding of biology because by figuring out how to make parts these molecular machines from scratch scientists can get a much better understanding of how they work in nature. it could also have a range of possible applications. professor woolfson and his team are working on a toolkit of newly designed proteins that could be used as building blocks to produce biological machines. this is a key pillar of a synthetic biology approach. scientists like professor woolfson hope to create catalogues of modular parts so that biological structures can be built from flat pack rather than being crafted from scratch each time. one such structure that professor woolfson ' s team are working on is a synthetic version of the extracellular matrix, the scaffold that surrounds our cells. a synthetic extracellular matrix could be used in regenerative medicine to help generate tissues like skin, nerves or bone in the test tube that could then be transplanted into patients. professor woolfson is currently working with clinical scientists exploring applications for the technology in wound repair. another project in their lab is attempting to use rational protein design to produce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5439787700144028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.238678"} {"text": "skin, nerves or bone in the test tube that could then be transplanted into patients. professor woolfson is currently working with clinical scientists exploring applications for the technology in wound repair. another project in their lab is attempting to use rational protein design to produce new technologies for water purification and desalination. the team have discovered a new cylindrical protein structure which they call cc - hex which they think could be engineered into biological membranes to filter water. these devices would be particularly valuable for producing small scale products that could be used easily by people who do not have access to clean water in the developing world. this research is being developed in collaboration with the university of oxford and with an australian water consortium that brings together a team of engineers, biochemists, chemists, materials scientist and microbiologists. prof woolfson explains \" when we discovered cc - hex we thought we might use it to make enzymes. it was a visiting colleague from australia who recognised the similarity of the structure to aquaporins ( a natural protein that rescues water in kidneys, the brain and even the roots of plants ). he suggested that we explore that direction too and it is now the basis of our latest bbsrc grant. we are far from achieving a working prototype but are collaborating with australian scientists with this goal in mind. \" designer tissues \u2013 professor jamie davies, university of edinburgh stem cells offer incredible medical promise because they can turn into virtually any tissue in our bodies ; but what about tissues that do not exist in our bodies or even in nature? - during development, a simple group of cells multiplies and rearranges to form complicated tissues and organs and eventually a whole plant or animal. - currently, scientists are working to coax stem cells to produce human tissues in the lab to repair damaged organs. - using synthetic biology, scientists could put new programming in to cells so that they develop into never - before seen types of tissues with a range of medical uses. professor jamie davies of the university of edinburgh is working to use synthetic biology to control cell and tissue shape, research which he calls ' synthetic morphology '. his work could lead to a future where cells can be programmed to self assemble into new structures and tissues which have never existed before in nature. professor jamie davies this science is in its infancy and there are a number of technical hurdles still to be overcome. however it promises to give us a far greater understanding of how organisms develop which might give scientists insights that could help prevent developmental abnormalities like conjoined twinning. as well as increasing our understanding of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5526147247991073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.240281"} {"text": "are a number of technical hurdles still to be overcome. however it promises to give us a far greater understanding of how organisms develop which might give scientists insights that could help prevent developmental abnormalities like conjoined twinning. as well as increasing our understanding of development this work could allow the production of useful new tissues that would not be possible with stem cells. you could imagine, for example, that tissues grown in this way could provide an interface to allow a person to control movement in an artificial hand or even to see through an artificial eye. these developments are still some way off. however in the nearer term professor davies hopes to be able to improve medical technologies like dialysis machines by developing tissues that can live happily inside medical machinery. dialysis machines are very good at replicating the mechanical functions of a kidney but they cannot perform the biochemical functions that are important in properly filtering blood. by designing tissues that could grow along the tubes of a dialysis machine researchers could produce a more effective artificial kidney. professor davies explains \" the development of even really complex tissues can be broken down into a series of simple events like the multiplication, clumping together or movement of cells. there are about ten of these simple behaviours and we think that by programming cell circuitry to carry them out in different orders we can coax cells into new types of tissues in ways that we can predict. \" the immediate value of this work to scientists is that it will give them a much deeper understanding of the process of development. how relatively unorganised populations of cells assemble precisely into something as complex as a person is one of the big outstanding questions in biology. by developing synthetic systems that cause cells to organise and assemble themselves, the researchers can begin to understand how it happens in nature. one of the immediate challenges that professor davies and their team faced when starting this work was that they wanted to work with animal cells. most synthetic biology to date has been in simple organisms that are easy to work with like bacteria or yeast. mammalian cells are much bigger and more complex than those of bacteria which make them considerably harder to work with. however this work is not just limited to human or animal cells. it should be possible to programme bacteria, yeast or plant cells to form new multicellular structures which could have an enormous range of uses in medicine and industry. the artificial ' leaf ' \u2013 professor richard cogdell, university of glasgow professor richard cogdell is hoping to use synthetic biology to create an artificial \" leaf \" capable of converting the sun ' s energy into sustainable liquid fuels. - plants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5153740501955963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.242236"} {"text": "industry. the artificial ' leaf ' \u2013 professor richard cogdell, university of glasgow professor richard cogdell is hoping to use synthetic biology to create an artificial \" leaf \" capable of converting the sun ' s energy into sustainable liquid fuels. - plants use photosynthetisis to capture energy of the sun to create fuel to power the plant ' s growth. - we use this fuel ourselves in the form of wood, coal, oil and gas. - by using the tools of synthetics biology, scientists hope to create an artificial system that can do photosynthesis, - this could capture the sun ' s energy like a solar panel but would produce liquid fuel rather than electricity. we have always relied on plants to provide us with energy. for millennia, burning wood was humanity ' s main, sometimes only, source of power. later, more energy dense fuels \u2013 coal, oil and gas, drove the development of modern society. professor richard cogdell by burning these fuels we are tapping into the stored energy of the sun. in the case of wood this might have been captured months or years before. when we burn fossil fuels we are releasing energy that fell as sunlight on the world of the dinosaurs hundreds of millions of years ago. only plants, algae and some bacteria have the amazing ability to capture and store the sun ' s rays as sugars using photosynthesis. while amazing, photosynthesis is actually quite an inefficient process. a plant is not a machine for producing fuel, rather a machine for producing plants, and as such scientists think that they might be able to tweak photosynthesis to produce fuel more efficiently. the researchers, based at the university of glasgow, hope to deliver the next stage in our long relationship with photosynthesis by taking it out of the leaf and into the lab. professor cogdell, who is leading the research project, explains : \" more energy hits the surface of the earth in the form of sunlight in the space of one hour than the entire human race uses in a whole year. this abundant energy is given away for free but making use of it is tricky. we can use solar panels to make electricity but it ' s intermittent and difficult to store. you can ' t fly an aeroplane or send a ship round the world using batteries, you need a fuel. what we are trying to do is to take the energy from the sun and trap it so that it can be used when it is needed most. \" the researchers hope to use a chemical reaction similar to photos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5321476995986758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.247628"} {"text": "world using batteries, you need a fuel. what we are trying to do is to take the energy from the sun and trap it so that it can be used when it is needed most. \" the researchers hope to use a chemical reaction similar to photosynthesis but in an artificial system. plants take solar energy, concentrate it and use it to split apart water into hydrogen and oxygen. the oxygen is released and the energy from the hydrogen used to lock carbon into a fuel. the latest research aims to use synthetic biology to replicate the process outside of the cell. professor cogdell added : \" we are working to devise a chemical system that could replicate photosynthesis artificially on a grand scale. this artificial leaf would use solar collectors and produce a fuel, as opposed to electricity. \" professor cogdell hopes that his team ' s artificial system could also improve on natural photosynthesis to make better use of the sun ' s energy. by stripping back photosynthesis to a level of basic reactions, much higher levels of energy conversion could be possible. ultimately, success in this research could allow the development of a sustainable carbon neutral economy arresting the increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning. in fact, if successful, this research could allow for carbon to be harvested from the atmosphere and returned to the ground, reversing the accumulation of carbon caused by burning fossil fuels. the research is funded through a joint eu funding scheme \" eurosolarfuels \" which aims to produce fuels from light. the bbsrc funds the uk part of this research. what is synthetic biology? synthetic biology is the science of designing, engineering and building useful new biological systems which have not existed before in nature. using our ever - increasing understanding of genetics and cell biology synthetic biologists are able to design complicated biological parts, systems and devices to act as sensors, tissues or to produce useful chemicals. these technologies could deliver advances in a wide range of fields including medicine, biofuels and renewable materials. a synthetic biology approach offers incredible promise but also poses many ethical, legal and even existential questions for the scientific community, policymakers and for all of us to think about. some of these questions were explored in a public dialogue carried out by bbsrc and the engineering and physical sciences research council in 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5747801560080497, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.249724"} {"text": "a chinese farmer dries corn outside of qingdao, 14 oct. 2009. china has approved its 1st strain of gm rice, which is locally - developed, for commercial production. china has also approved its first gm corn. \" africa \u2014 from basket case to breadbasket \" op - ed, new agriculturalist author : calestous juma, professor of the practice of international development ; director, science, technology, and globalization project ; principal investigator, agricultural innovation in africa calestous juma, professor of the practice of international development and director of the agricultural innovation project at harvard kennedy school, is optimistic about economic prospects in his native continent of africa. in his new book, the new harvest : agricultural innovation in africa, launched in january 2011, he states very clearly that africa is a continent that can feed itself within a generation. for readers of new agriculturist he outlines why, despite the challenges of ever increasing population and climate change, he thinks africa will change its image of being a basket case to becoming a breadbasket. the basis for my optimism is the reality on the ground and knowledge of the rapid rate at which africa is changing. one concrete example is the investment that africa is making in economic transformation. take infrastructure for example : a significant effort is being made by african countries to extend road networks, the lack of which has been the biggest barrier to agricultural production, especially connecting markets to farms. similar investments are being made in energy and irrigation. only seven per cent of african agriculture is irrigated \u2014 3. 6 per cent in sub - saharan africa \u2014 compared to about 47 per cent in south asia ; this is changing. the impact of telecommunications has served as an important source of inspiration and evidence of the role of infrastructure in development. mobile phones are helping farmers to know when to plant, where to sell and where to bank. mobile technology is also becoming a substitute for traditional extension services. the next wave of broadband technology will be even more transformative and will affect all sectors of the economy. agriculture will be a key beneficiary of the terrestrial cables that are being laid across the continent. innovation in agriculture now includes the use of genetically - modified crops that have been adopted in south africa, burkina faso and egypt. other countries such as kenya and tanzania are planning to follow suit. but africa will go further in using all methods, including organic farming, as well as alternative crops such as breadfruit that help meet food needs while providing vegetation cover. sustainable agriculture can take root in africa. the second fact that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043069779917965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.265902"} {"text": "to follow suit. but africa will go further in using all methods, including organic farming, as well as alternative crops such as breadfruit that help meet food needs while providing vegetation cover. sustainable agriculture can take root in africa. the second fact that reinforces my optimism is the creation of regional markets. in the past each african country has struggled by itself. and, if it did not have sufficient lands and sufficient investment, it would rely on foreign food aid. now countries and regional bodies like comesa ( common market for eastern and southern africa ) are starting to trade among themselves and a large part of this trade is in food. the east african community ( kenya, uganda, tanzania, rwanda and burundi ) has committed itself to a regional approach to agriculture. the third reason for my confidence in africa is the increase in examples of countries that have turned their agriculture around in very few years. rwanda ' s recovery after the genocide focused remarkably on agricultural restoration. malawi is a more well - known example of rapid agricultural recovery. in both cases presidential leadership was critical to rapid recovery. more african presidents are starting to pay attention to the fact that in africa agriculture and the economy are one and the same. as highlighted in the new harvest, africa is also actively learning from the experiences of other agricultural giants such as china, brazil and india. but more importantly, it is also learning from itself. african presidents meet more regularly than in any other region of the world. they learn a great deal from each other and are starting to draw on their own experts openly. in looking ahead, attention will need to focus on building technical capacity in agriculture, especially for women. there is no alternative to decentralizing institutions of higher learning and linking them directly to farming communities. the african rural university for women ( aru ) project in western uganda is an example of what needs to be done. aru started off as a project of a non - governmental organization training young women : it is now seeking to become a full university. when african women farmers raise their productivity and become technology - oriented, their children will also have a better appreciation for the role of innovation to create a new generation of young people that are interested in using innovation to improve their living conditions. universities are just one option to build technical competence. another is adding a vocational component to high schools located in agricultural areas. this will make education more relevant to young people. today, the creativity of young people is not fully tapped : such a youthful continent needs a different type of education. in large parts of africa the majority of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46281550217904294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.268297"} {"text": "component to high schools located in agricultural areas. this will make education more relevant to young people. today, the creativity of young people is not fully tapped : such a youthful continent needs a different type of education. in large parts of africa the majority of the population are of school age. vocational schools can help to build competence in areas such as food processing. up to 40 per cent of the food produced in africa is wasted through post - harvest loss. improvements are needed in processing, storage and transportation. international aid agencies could play a key role in funding the purchase of equipment needed to turn high schools into vocational centres. some sceptics argue that any gains that are made in agricultural production will be eroded by climate change. to the contrary, much of the interest among african leaders to focus on agriculture is inspired by their concern over climate. they reason that making agriculture more resilient is the best way to adapt to climate change. it is for this reason that president jakawa kikwete of tanzania convened a retreat of east african presidents last december to discuss ' food security and climate change '. it was at this event that the new harvest was launched. it was clear from the discussions at the retreat that african leaders are not interested in predicting the future ; they are determined to define it. for more information about this publication please contact the belfer center communications office at 617 - 495 - 9858. full text of this publication is available at : for academic citation :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46552389247550036, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.270276"} {"text": "the french painter nicolas de stael ( 1914 - 1955 ) was a major painter of the school of paris. his work is characterized by a simplification of forms and the application of paint in thick slabs. nicolas de stael was born on jan. 5, 1914, in st. petersburg, the son of a wealthy baron. nicolas ' s mother encouraged him to draw and paint at a very early age. in 1919 the russian revolution forced the family into exile in poland. within 2 years his parents were dead, and nicolas was sent to brussels to study humanities. in 1932 he entered the royal academy of art there. during the 1930s stael embarked on a series of travels to see as many kinds of art as possible. in the netherlands he was particularly impressed by the works of rembrandt and jan vermeer, and in paris he was very moved by the paintings of paul cezanne, henri matisse, and georges braque. he traveled in spain, italy, morocco, and algeria and then settled in paris in 1938. when world war ii broke out, stael joined the french foreign legion and fought in tunisia for a year. in 1942 stael ' s individual style began to emerge. he gave up direct representation for a highly sensuous, nonfigurative approach, as in his composition 45 ( 1945 ). he became friends with braque and andre lanskoy, whose work he greatly admired and who encouraged and advised him. stael ' s life had been one of extreme poverty, but by 1948, when he became a french citizen, he was beginning to be successful. although he was painting nonfigurative pictures, he did not consider himself an abstract painter. \" one does not start from nothing, and a painting is always bad if it has not been preceded by contact with nature. \" in 1951 stael made a trip to london, where he became familiar with the work of j. m. w. turner and john constable, an interest that presaged his return to nature in 1952. that year he executed a series of paintings of football players. he began to paint directly from nature and, greatly influenced by gustave courbet, developed a highly personal style of landscape painting. stael applied brilliant flat colors with a minimum of detail to suggest the essence of a vista ; this suggestive simplification of a recognizable scene was one of his contributions to the development of modern painting. it is exemplified in landscape, sky, blue and gray ( 1953 ). a dedicated artist who lived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42090191174453206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.273365"} {"text": "endearingly dubbed the ' garden of england ' by natives, kent ' s claim to fame can be summarised in two words : organic produce. this verdant south east county provides an estimated forty per cent of the uk ' s ' homegrown ' organic fruit and veg, coupled with a significant contribution of hops to microbreweries throughout england. with a temperate climate and very little precipitation during key ' growing ' months, kent was the ideal location for the introduction of mediterranean and south american fruits during the 1600 ' s. both the morello cherry and kentish red made rich pairings with white meats such as duck and turkey, subsequently fueling a surge in fruity jams supplied exclusively to the court of king henry viii. cider making continues to thrive in the region and many of our homegrown apples and pears continue to be sourced by major supermarket chains. lesser discussed are kentish desserts, which, given the diversity of its fruit and grain industries, have survived over eons to become firm staples in modern family homes. from flat griddled cakes and fruity pies, to the old delicacy of lamb ' s tail pie, kentish cuisine is as variegated and homely as that of any of its northerly counterparts. for scrumptious cottages in kent. best described as a cross between a classic english teacake and donut - shaped modern bagels, huffkins are a kentish staple rumoured to date back to the 16th century. huffkins are predominantly flat, oval shaped cakes with a hole at the centre for hot, sweet fillings, such as stewed cherries or pear. although eaten year round, huffkins are particularly popular during the harvest months of september and october, traditionally flavoured with hops and eaten hot, with a serving of steaming cherry preserve to sweeten. lamb ' s tail pie thought to originate from the romney marsh area of kent, lamb ' s tail pie dates back to the 1700 ' s when breeding cattle were first introduced onto the romney marshes. such was the ratio of salt in the grasses, farmers discovered their lamb meat to be far more tender than of cattle grazing elsewhere, promptly starting a demand for this finer texture and the evolution of everyday lamb stew into lamb ' s tail pie. traditionally, lamb ' s tails were docked at birth, therefore the pie was an annual delicacy, only made during lambing season. after boiling, the tails would be skinned and slow - cooked with root vegetables, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38902112855809223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.287297"} {"text": "s tail pie. traditionally, lamb ' s tails were docked at birth, therefore the pie was an annual delicacy, only made during lambing season. after boiling, the tails would be skinned and slow - cooked with root vegetables, such as onion, potato and carrots for up to three hours. encased within a shortcrust pastry, the mixture was topped with peas and sliced hard - boiled eggs, with a pinch of parsley or mint to season, then baked until a delicious golden brown. lamb ' s tail pie is fairly uncommon on the menus of kent today, however, may still be found on occasion at old kentish pubs, paired with local ales. whitstable dredgerman ' s breakfast a classic english seaside town with sweeping promenades and a rickety old peer, it ' s difficult to believe whitstable was once an industrious fishing port. in the 19th century, oysters were netted in droves to satisfy london markets and later, the archaic wheelers oyster market also set up shop here. in need of a hearty warm up prior to embarking out on the high seas, fishermen would congregate within seafront cafes for their daily fill : whitstable dredgerman ' s breakfast. it ' s essentially a toasted sandwich laden with freshly caught oysters and streaked bacon, dripping through with fat to soak the bread. a simple, yet filling starter prior to braving the winds off the south east coast, it was washed down with strong black tea to aid digestion. kent lent pie lent, a time of acknowledged abstinence for many was also a grueling hardship for churchgoing natives with a sweet tooth. according to foodies, kent lent pie was borne from the desire of two folkestone cooks, to create a dish that would not breach the church ' s rules on foods that could not be eaten. made from shortcrust pastry, double cream, milk and eggs, kent pudding pie is essentially a cheesecake, seasoned with nutmeg and occasionally filled with raisins or currants. its simplicity was key to its acceptance among churchgoers and many still consume it today during the abstinence period. what yummy local kent meals stand out for you?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3640896304371438, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.288511"} {"text": "michaela binder, durham university sudan has perhaps one of the richest and most fascinating archaeological records in the world. construction projects such as roads and dams are an increasing threat to its cultural heritage which prompts a large number of salvage excavations by sudanese and international teams. accordingly, as a large number of archaeological sites are cemeteries, the amount of human remains housed in museums and universities for use in research is steadily growing. despite the fact sudan has many excellent archaeologists, the scientific potential of human remains \u2013 which can increase our knowledge about many aspects of past human cultures \u2013 is not fully harnessed. this is mainly due to the fact that there is relatively little training in the study of human remains within the country itself. recognising this problem, the british museum \u2019 s amara west project has instigated a bioarchaeology field school, generously funded by the institute of bioarchaeology. i am currently in khartoum running a one - week workshop at the national council of antiquities and museums ( ncam ). over the course of the workshop, nine participants, including senior members of ncam and archaeologists from the universities of khartoum, shendi, bahri ( juba ) and wadi al - nil, will gain a basic understanding of the study of human remains, the methods involved and the potential information that can be obtained. during the first few days, we have been busy learning about the anatomy of the human skeleton. following practice on a plastic skeleton, the participants get hands - on experience with skeletons excavated at the meroitic cemetery at berber, by workshop participant mahmoud suleiman bashir, an inspector at ncam. we have also visited excavations at al - khiday near khartoum, a multi - period site with cemeteries of the pre - mesolithic, neolithic and meroitic periods, where tina jakob of durham university, who works on the human remains of al - khiday, gave a talk about her research. you can read more about our discoveries at amara west on the british museum website where we have uploaded new pages about the excavation of a ramesside house at the town, and post - new kingdom burials in cemetery c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43373664407962925, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.291409"} {"text": "an efficient solar harvest solar power could be harvested more efficiently and transported over longer distances using tiny molecular circuits based on quantum mechanics, according to research inspired by new insights into natural photosynthesis. incorporating the latest research into how plants, algae and some bacteria use quantum mechanics to optimize energy production via photosynthesis, ucl scientists have set out how to design molecular circuitry that is 10 times smaller than the thinnest electrical wire in computer processors. published in nature chemistry, the report discusses how tiny molecular energy grids could capture, direct, regulate and amplify raw solar energy. solar fuel production is all about energy from light being absorbed by an assembly of molecules ; this electronic excitation is subsequently transferred to a suitable acceptor. for example, in photosynthesis, antenna complexes capture sunlight and direct the energy to reaction centers that then carry out the associated chemistry. in photosynthesis chlorophyll captures sunlight and directs the energy to special proteins that help make oxygen and sugars. this is no different in principle than a solar cell. in natural systems energy from sunlight is captured by colored molecules called dyes or pigments, but it is only stored for a billionth of a second. this leaves little time to route the energy from pigments to the molecular machinery that produces fuel or electricity. the key to transferring and storing energy very quickly is to harness the collective quantum properties of antennae, which are made up of just a few tens of pigments. recent studies have identified quantum coherence and entanglement between the excited states of different pigments in the light - harvesting stage of photosynthesis. although this stage of photosynthesis is highly efficient, it remains unclear exactly how or if these quantum effects are relevant. dr alexandra olaya - castro, co - author of the paper from ucl \u2019 s department of physics and astronomy said : \u201c on a bright sunny day, more than 100 million billion red and blue colored photons strike a leaf each second. \u201d \u201c under these conditions plants need to be able to both use the energy that is required for growth but also to get rid of excess energy that can be harmful. transferring energy quickly and in a regulated manner are the two key features of natural light harvesting systems. \u201c by assuring that all relevant energy scales involved in the process of energy transfer are more or less similar, natural antennae manage to combine quantum and classical phenomena to guarantee efficient and regulated capture, distribution and storage of the sun \u2019 s energy. \u201d summary of lessons from nature about concentrating and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6531076294972885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.297215"} {"text": "the president, in his inaugural address, told america and the world that if god \" truly \" created us \" equal, \" biblically condemned homosexual relations are morally equivalent to biblically affirmed heterosexual relations. twisting scripture. twisting truth. some thoughts about what he said : the president ' s carefully crafted words created pictures of pilgrims on a journey. pilgrims making progress. a picture of secular progressivism and relative truth, wrapped in the original intent of our founding fathers and god ' s plan for mankind as revealed in his word. he spoke of a people and a country \" without boundaries. \" while it is true our pursuit of excellence and achievement is nearly limitless - - - the sky is the limit, it is equally true that morality has boundaries. freedom, as the founders understood it, was freedom to do the morally right thing, not license to do anything and everything. and they made it abundantly clear their understanding of freedom and morality was based on biblical teaching. our country was founded on judeo - christian values and principles, not evolving moral \" truth. \" the president said, \" our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like everyone else under the law, for if we are truly created equal, then surely their love and commitment to one another must be equal as well. \" there is no question all people must be treated with equal dignity and respect. but should the most fundamental component of human culture, marriage and family, be redefined to conform to a sexual behavior in order to prove respect or tolerance? in the context of his speech, his recent statements and his actions to move the homosexual agenda forward, this is the message : if homosexual behavior is not elevated, affirmed and treated as normal, moral and equal to heterosexual relationships, then god didn ' t create us equal. or. those who oppose normalizing homosexual behavior and redefining marriage are taking a stand against god. if you oppose redefining marriage, or \" marriage equality \" on the journey as the president ' s sees it, you oppose both god and the original intent of the founding fathers. this is a deceptive message which twists the truth. and it twists scripture. god ' s word is abundantly clear on homosexual behavior. he loves the person and extends forgiveness and restoration to them, as he does to all of us, but not license to behave as we may be inclined to behave. the president ' s narrative reminds me of an ancient conversation that also involved removing boundaries and relative, evolving truth. a journey without moral boundaries. right and wrong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5125509397368395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.305155"} {"text": "does to all of us, but not license to behave as we may be inclined to behave. the president ' s narrative reminds me of an ancient conversation that also involved removing boundaries and relative, evolving truth. a journey without moral boundaries. right and wrong. \" has god indeed said, ' you shall not eat of every tree of the garden '? \" he said. she replied, \" we can eat it all, except this one. if we eat of this fruit, we will die. \" \" surely you won ' t die, \" he replied. both of them knew god is love. \" no, \" he said, \" god ' s word doesn ' t mean that, you misunderstand. if you eat that fruit, you will actually ' be like god ' - - - equal to god. and you will know good and evil \" ( gen. 3 ). when we reach equality with god, why would we need his word to teach us the difference between good and evil? we then define it for our own journey. evolving truth. no moral restraint or boundaries. a journey without boundaries. america is on the wrong path. we need spiritual restoration, so political restoration can begin. may god help us to seek spiritual restoration and renewal through repentance and recommitment to his truth. that is the journey our founding fathers envisioned and god intended for every human being. be vigilant. be prayerful. be discerning. be active. be blessed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49568614249935034, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.306438"} {"text": "the last week has been a banner one for finding additional images of long - lost vehicles. first, we found the color images of the brooks stevens fc - 150 commuter, and now, thanks to bob stinnette, we have three more images of the mysterious mars express. bob wrote on his my hemmings page that his father, robert b. stinnette, took the photos sometime in the late 1930s on u. s. route 1 just north of richmond, virginia. we know from automotive historian bob cunningham that the mars express first appeared on american roads in 1934, promoting the pan american petroleum corporation. as an account in the tuscaloosa news from june 14, 1934, reported, pan american advertised the mars express as a 1, 000 mph car that \u201c follows scientific forecasts of 50 years in the future. \u201d there will be decorated automobiles of the newest type accompanying the rocket car. and a special auto will carry the \u201c man from mars, \u201d who depicts the characters that we will see journeying to earth perhaps from our neighboring planets. the car \u2019 s complete streamline effect will help to make possible the unbelievable speeds of the future \u2013 speeds of 1, 000 and more miles an hour. to eliminate useless weight, while retaining essential strength, the car has an aluminum body, painted copper. its overall length is 20 feet, width 7 feet, height 6 feet. the rocket car has powerful radio, two loudspeakers and microphone. on the dashboard, ahead of the driver \u2019 s seat is a planetary map \u2026 a well - known artist \u2019 s fanciful idea of the heavens. the cabin is beautifully finished in fine tan leather. here you see the control board, with strange instruments predicted for rocket car tours \u2013 switches for humidimeter, velocimeter, disintegrator ray and oxygen tanks. pan am is the first to build an actual practical car following rocket car lines. that last claim appears to be just as fanciful as the rest of the claims made about the car. either way, the mars express next shows up in 1938, just a few days after orson welles \u2019 s radio broadcast of the war of the worlds, with the somewhat more plausible claim of being able to run 115 mph with a supercharged ford v - 8 engine powering it. however, pan - american no longer associated itself with the car ; instead, peter vacca ( sometimes referred to as peter vacco ) of buffalo, new york, claimed to have spent $ 16, 000 building the car. the man in st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46033378700714156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.312998"} {"text": "machines that \u201c destroy \u201d the earth ( nov, 1946 ) machines that \u201c destroy \u201d the earth intricate mechanisms at new york planetarium show how celestial forces could burn, blast or freeze the world. by harry samuels three times a day in five spectacular ways the earth \u201c dies \u201d in the hayden planetarium in new york. first performed in 1939, the planetarium \u2019 s sky drama was shut down by the war in 1941 and was not resumed until recently. the new \u201c end of the world \u201d show is considerably more vivid than its prewar predecessor because of added startling effects and more authentic background material worked out by the planetarium technical and scientific staffs. the pictures and captions on the accompanying pages explain how these effects are obtained. scientists and othersa\u20ac \u201d mostly others - have predicted a possible end to the world in the near future as a result of chain reactions set off by the use of atomic energy. the varieties of cosmic destruction depicted in the planetarium show are, however, many millions of years distant by estimates of most astronomers. the planetarium audience, seated under a huge dome, is transported through time and space to the center of central park in new york on a day billions of years in the future. the earth comes to its end the first time as the result of the misbehavior of the sun. the sun bursts into a nova, or new star, something that more than 10 other self - illuminated, gigantic heavenly bodies do each year ( psm, july \u2019 46, p. 108 ). the sudden, cataclysmic flood of heat and energy generated by the blast shrivels the earth to death. next, the planetarium onlookers watch the other, but equally final, extremea\u20ac \u201d the eventual cooling of the sun to a degree where our globe becomes bleak and frozen and can no longer sustain life. gordon a. atwater, planetarium chairman, says this cooling of the sun is an almost certain eventuality unless it has some unknown and inexhaustible means of renew - ing its energy. in the third preview of doom, the earth and all the other planets of our solar system are innocent victims of a celestial hit - and - run accident. the sun explodes as the result of a collision with a star from far out in space. the fourth possible end of the world occurs when a mysterious wanderer from space, a comet with a flaming tail, appears on the celestial stage. it approaches the earth at bewildering speed. closer and closer it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4994345314517932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.320860"} {"text": "the rainforest pyramid, which opened in 1993, is a ten - story glass pyramid that recently underwent a massive enhancement project to make it better for both visitors and its animal and plant residents. the rainforest pyramid has shared the wonders of the asian, african, and american rainforests with millions of visitors. it has also brought attention to the dangers rainforests are facing and the endangered species that inhabit them. the popular moody gardens attraction is a great entertainment destination, but it is also the center point of moody gardens rainforest conservation efforts. over the years, moody gardens has shown its dedication to saving the rainforest in a variety of ways. in the last decade, moody gardens purchased 2, 215 acres of rainforest in panama for protected reserves. we have also collected over $ 69, 000 for research and conservation in central and south america to help preserve the diminishing rainforests in those regions. moody gardens contributed to purchasing land in peru to help complete the renuperu ethno botanical garden at the amazon center for environmental education and research. other funds from moody gardens have been donated to support the belizean ministry of natural resources as they try to save the mountain pine ridge forests area from the devastation caused by a massive pine beatle infestation. we also contributed to the rainforest foundation to help indigenous people preserve their land from being taken over. moody gardens contributes to helping save the rainforest through our animal programs and our research efforts. we stand by our mission : \u201c moody gardens is a public, non - profit educational destination utilizing nature in the advancement of rehabilitation, conservation, recreation, and research. \u201d to learn more about our rainforest conservation efforts, come visit our rainforest pyramid. you can make a trip out of your visit by staying with us at the moody gardens hotel, one of the best places to stay in galveston.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4583000452982048, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.323799"} {"text": "fda \u2019 s approval of truvada, a once - a - day oral combination of tenofovir and emtricitabine, for pre - exposure prophylaxis ( or prep, a method for preventing hiv infection ) arrived during a chorus of optimism surrounding major developments in the fight against aids. at conferences in the uk and the us last month, the possibility and even likelihood of an aids - free generation in our lifetime graced the lips of innumerable activists, academics and government officials including secretary of state hillary clinton and nih director francis collins. \u201c i honestly believe, \u201d rock star sir elton john told an audience at the international aids conference in washington dc, \u201c that before i die, i will more or less be seeing the remains, the last remaining people infected with aids. \u201d much of this optimism is a result of the hiv prevention trials network ( hptn ) \u2013 an international collaborative clinical trials network \u2013 and the findings from its key study, hptn - 052. that study was halted last april after demonstrating that hiv - infected individuals, when treated with antiretroviral therapy ( art ), experienced an astonishing 96 % reduction in transmission of hiv to an uninfected partner. prior to that discovery, the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ), in partnership with the bill and melinda gates foundation and gilead sciences, sponsored the iprex study, which looked at uninfected men who have sex with men, and transgendered women who have sex with men, with an eye toward prevention. that study, which served as the basis for truvada \u2019 s prep indication approval, found that study participants who took a daily dose of truvada experienced an average of 43. 8 % fewer hiv infections than those receiving placebo. study participants who said they took the drug 90 % of the time \u2013 100 % representing perfect, daily adherence \u2013 had 72. 8 % fewer hiv infections, a finding that points to the necessity of adherence for full benefit. combine these studies with viral load testing capabilities and comprehensive educational measures, and the picture starts to look almost rosy, despite a continuing need for access to education, testing and art in many parts of the world. the case for treating hiv - positive patients with art as a preventative measure \u2013 known as treatment as prevention, or tasp \u2013 is easily justified in environments where healthcare coverage is accessible and affordable, particularly for patients who want to begin treatment earlier. as for prescribing truva", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46009211973339936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.332575"} {"text": "with art as a preventative measure \u2013 known as treatment as prevention, or tasp \u2013 is easily justified in environments where healthcare coverage is accessible and affordable, particularly for patients who want to begin treatment earlier. as for prescribing truvada in \u201c high - risk individuals \u201d as a protective measure, many questions remain, not least of which is cost - effectiveness. of the 48, 000 to 56, 000 new hiv infections in the us each year, 56 % to 61 % occur among men having sex with men ( msm ), according to original research published in the annals of internal medicine last april. within the msm population, researchers designated 20 % as \u201c high - risk ; \u201d in the high - risk population, truvada provided considerable savings, with a caveat. \u201c because prep provides the most value in reducing hiv transmission when used in high - risk msm, efficient clinical prep will depend on a clinician \u2019 s ability to identify high - risk msm, \u201d according to the authors. indeed, it will be critical for physicians to determine who \u2019 s high risk and who isn \u2019 t, by asking questions about frequency of condom use and the number of sexual partners a man has had in the last year ; the research points to diminishing returns cost - wise when prep is used in larger msm populations, beyond the highest - risk populations. at the joint international association of physicians in aids care ( iapac ) and british hiv association ( bhiva ) conference in london, michael horberg, director of hiv / aids at kaiser permanente, estimated that prep treatment \u2013 including lab work and appointments, would cost private payers approximately $ 17, 450 for the first year of treatment. these costs are estimated for msm populations only. at the same conference, jim rooney, gilead \u2019 s vp, medical affairs, said stakeholder meetings were underway in the us to get feedback on prep use in msm populations, but \u201c subsequent meetings have included discussion of prep in heterosexuals as well. \u201d gilead will provide education via third parties, and will not promote the drug directly, said rooney. will payers get behind an expensive preventative treatment that only makes sense for patients carefully selected by physicians educated on high - risk msm lifestyles, and willing to ask the necessary questions? will payers pony up for a treatment that only works half of the time if patients don \u2019 t strictly adhere to the daily dose? truvada looks to be a solid test case in the ongoing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4588995421686906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.334576"} {"text": "while typically thought of as three sisters, according to mythology, the real number of them are unknown. virgil, the classical roman poet, was first to recognize the three known furies. their names are alecto ( which means \" unceasing \" ), megaera ( \" grudging \" ), and tisiphone ( \" avenging murder \" ). they tend to appear as women with serpent wreathes on their heads, blood running from their eyes and the wings of a bat or bird. and occasionally even the body of a dog. when they ' re not pursuing wrongdoers on earth, the furies are thought to spend most of their time in tartarus, which is in the underworld below hades, torturing damned souls. | ' orestes pursued by the furies ' ( 1921 ) by john singer sargent | - on a rare few occasions, they would be called to punish a god, but mostly, they sought justice on mortals who broke laws such as murdering kin or breaking oaths. - a common greek story featuring the furies is \" eumenides \" by aeschylus. the furies torment orestes until he begs the goddess athena to convince the furies to leave him alone. - the furies are known to be just, so if one repents, they will stop tormenting the person and sometimes bestow upon them blessings. good links to check out for more information :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41972030301460045, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.337360"} {"text": "the study of motion is often called kinematics. we will begin our study with one dimensional kinematics. we will later expand to 2 and 3 dimensional kinematics after we have studied vectors. we can give the position of an object in relation to a reference point. there are a number of variables we can use for position, such as x, d, or s. the official metric unit for position is the meter ( abbreviated m ). the meter was first defined in terms of the circumference of the earth on a meridian passing through paris. it is now defined in terms of the speed of light. when working with other scales, it might be convenient to use other metric units such as the nanometer ( nm ), the centimeter ( cm ), and the kilometer ( km ). we will often use exponential notation. exponential notation is convenient for expressing very large and small numbers. for instance, 12, 300 would be expressed as 1. 23 x 10, 000 or 1. 23 x 104 so 3. 14 km = 3140 m = 3. 14 x 103 m for small numbers, 0. 000345 = 3. 45 x 10 - 4 a micrometer, 1 \u03bcm = 10 - 6 m the width of a human hair on average is 10 \u03bcm. this would be 10 x 10 - 6 m. the wavelength of a helium - neon laser is 633 nm = 633 x 10 - 9 m = 6. 33 x 10 - 7 m the common metric units are given in powers or 3. the kilometer is 1000 m. although the 100 centimeters = 1 meter it is not actually a common unit. 1 millimeter = 1mm = 10 - 3 m 1 micrometer = 1um = 10 - 6 m 1 nanometer = 1nm = 10 - 9 m 1 picometer = 1pm = 10 - 12 m 1 femotometer = 1fm = 10 - 15 m also known as a fermi except for kilometer, we often do not use the larger metric prefixes for distance. but they are used for frequencies and other units in physics. 1 kilometer = 1 km = 1000 m = 103 m megameter = 1mm = 106 m gigameter = 1gm = 109 m terrameter = 1 tm = 1012 m common british imperial units for measuring distance include the inch, the foot, the yard, and the mile. an easy way to remember the conversion from meters to miles can be remembered in terms of track and field. the loop in a track", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5979612696882161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.348832"} {"text": "1012 m common british imperial units for measuring distance include the inch, the foot, the yard, and the mile. an easy way to remember the conversion from meters to miles can be remembered in terms of track and field. the loop in a track is \u00bc mile long. it is also known as the 400 m race, so 1 mile is approximately = 1600 m. engineers in america commonly use imperial units. very small measurements for the purposes of manufacturing are given in 1 / 1000ths of an inch. when dealing with astronomical distances there are other units we might use such as the light - year, the parsec, or the astronomical unit. the light - year is the distance light will travel in one year. an object which is one parsec away has one arc - second of parallax from earth. an astronomical unit is the average distance from the earth to the sun. distance vs displacement in physics we often study the change in position of an object. if we are only examining the change in position from the start of our observation to the end, we are talking about displacement. we ignore how we get from point a to point b. we are only concerned with how the crow flies. if we are concerned with our path, we are working with distance ( see figure a ). for example, let us suppose i were to talk around the perimeter of a square classroom ( see figure b ). the classroom is 10 meters on a side. at the end of my trip i return to my original starting position. the distance traveled would be 40 m. the displacement would be zero meters because displacement only depends on the starting and ending positions. the other important distinction between distance and displacement is that distances do not have a direction. if you were wearing a pedometer is would record distance. the odometer on a car records distance. displacement has a direction and a magnitude. magnitude is a fancy physics term for size or amount. for instance, suppose i walked 10 m north, 10 m east, 10 south, and then 5 m west ( see figure c ). my distance traveled would be 35 m. there is a magnitude but no net direction. since we can describe distance with just a magnitude ( but no direction ) we call it a scalar. but my displacement would be 5 m due east. as displacement has both a magnitude and a direction, we call it a vector. we measure time in seconds. we will use the variable t for time. the elapsed time for a certain action would be \u03b4t.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5310950210036582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.349823"} {"text": "5 m due east. as displacement has both a magnitude and a direction, we call it a vector. we measure time in seconds. we will use the variable t for time. the elapsed time for a certain action would be \u03b4t. the greek letter delta, \u03b4, is used to represent a change in a quantity. if we are talking about a reoccurring event ( such as the orbit of the earth around the sun ) we talk about the period of time t, with a capitol t. for longer periods of time we will often use the conventional minutes, hours, days, or years. for shorter periods of time will often use exponential notation or may use milliseconds, microseconds, picoseconds, or femtoseconds. for instance, chemical reactions may often take place on the picosecond timescale. just as when you dance under a strobe like at a cool school dance you can see your movements in stop action. scientists use pulsed lasers with picosecond and femtosecond pulses to examine dynamics at the molecular level. speed and velocity building on changes in position and changes in time, we can examine the rate at which these changes in position take place. how fast are we moving? you probably use the terms speed and velocity interchangeably in your everyday vernacular, but in physics they have distinct meanings. speed is a scalar and has no direction. speed can be defined as speed = distance / elapsed time velocity is a vector. we could consider velocity to be speed in a given direction. to calculate the average velocity over a period of time, we use displacement and elapsed time. where v is velocity, x is position, t is time. the greek letter delta, \u03b4, means a change in a quantity, such as the change in position or the change in time. the bar over the velocity v means the terms in averaged. for instance, \u03b4x = xf \u2013 xo, or the change is position equals the difference of the final position and the original positions. our first set of problems will involve the above kinematic equation. problem solving method when solving physics problems, it is useful to follow a simple problem solving strategy. although at first, it may be easy to solve some problems in your head, by following this strategy you will develop good problem solving habits. just as you must develop good habits by brushing your teeth every day, you should attempt to follow the following methodology for solving physics problems. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6228020933950746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.350765"} {"text": "be easy to solve some problems in your head, by following this strategy you will develop good problem solving habits. just as you must develop good habits by brushing your teeth every day, you should attempt to follow the following methodology for solving physics problems. the first step is step 0 because it does not always apply. step 0 : draw a picture of the problem if appropriate. step 1 : write down the given information step 2 : write down the unknown quantity you are trying to find out step 3 : write down the physics equations or relationships that will connect your given information to the unknown variables. step 4 : perform algebraic calculations necessary to isolate the unknown variable. step 5 : plug in the given information to the new equation. cancel appropriate units and do the arithmetic. example 1 : a robot travels across a countertop a distance of 88. 0 cm, in 30 seconds. what is the speed of the robot? in this case, we do not need to do any algebra. significant figures : at this point we should not how many significant figures our answer has. your final answer cannot have more information that your original data. we were presented with a distance and a time with only 3 significant figures, therefore our final answer cannot have more precision than this. now let us look at a problem which does require some algebra. example 2 : the sr - 71 blackbird could fly at a speed of mach 3, or 1, 020 m / s. how much time would it take the sr - 71 to take off from los angeles and fly to new york city via a path which is a distance of 5500 miles. you should note that you need to convert miles to meters, remembering that 1 mile = 1600 m first we need to algebraically isolate the variable t. first we multiply both sides by t, and t cancels on the right hand side of the equation. then dividing both sides by v gives us now, plugging in for distance and speed gives us note the units and the number of significant digits. because one piece of our original data ( distance ) only had two significant digits, we have to round off our final answer to 2 significant digits. also, look at the cancelation of units. the meters in the units cancel. our units have the reciprocal of a reciprocal, thus the final units are in seconds, which you might have guessed since we are working with time. for ease of perspective we converted these units into minutes. average velocity vs instantaneous velocity another important distinction is finding an average value or the velocity versus the velocity at a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5815780955047555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.351947"} {"text": "when a person has a heart attack, the heart repairs its damaged muscle by forming scar tissue. as a result, the heart never truly goes back to the way it was. but when a zebrafish has a heart injury, like having a large chunk of it chopped off, it grows a brand new piece to replace it. two independent reports published in the journal nature show that within days of an injury to its heart, the zebrafish has the remarkable ability to regenerate most of the missing cardiac tissue using mature heart cells \u2013 not stem cells, as some researchers had suspected. the findings help explain why human beings can \u2019 t regenerate a heart or missing limbs. the reports contradict a previous study ( pdf ) done by one of the research teams in 2006 that suggested that stem cells, the general all - purpose cells that develop into all the mature and functional cells of the body, were responsible for self - repair. the finding suggest that doctors have been on the wrong track with recent stem cell - based therapies for heart attack patients. many heart patients have received injections of stem cells, often ones taken from their own bone marrow. but the beneficial effects have generally been unremarkable [ the new york times ]. in one study, a team led by chris jopling and juan carlos izpisua belmonte genetically engineered the fish \u2019 s heart muscle cells so that when they proliferated they would synthesize a fluorescent green protein [ the new york times ]. then they chopped off part of the fish \u2019 s heart and watched to see if the fish would employ stem cells to regrow the heart or use mature heart muscle cells, known as cardiomyocytes. in just a few days, scientists found the zebrafish had regrown the missing piece of heart. on further observation, scientists found that all the cells in the new part of the heart glowed green, proving that existing heart muscle cells were the principal or only source of the new tissue [ the new york times ]. further experiments showed that the cardiomyocytes near the injury site seem to take a step backward in development, detaching from one another and losing their typical shape \u2014 presumably to make it possible for them to start dividing again as they replenish the lost tissue [ sciencenow ]. experiments conducted by kenneth poss, the researcher behind the 2006 study, showed similar results. both teams say the next step is to identify the cellular signals that trigger the regeneration process. the scientists say that prior to heart failure, mammalian heart cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4813355161216683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.355876"} {"text": "]. experiments conducted by kenneth poss, the researcher behind the 2006 study, showed similar results. both teams say the next step is to identify the cellular signals that trigger the regeneration process. the scientists say that prior to heart failure, mammalian heart cells go into a state called hibernation, where the muscle cells stops contracting in an effort to save themselves. hibernating cardiomyocytes are also seen in zebrafish, but unlike the mammal cells, the fish cells then take another step and begin proliferating. scientists are trying to understand what gives the fish cells the ability to start multiplying, and hope to conduct further studies on mice to see whether mammalian cells can be induced to follow suit. \u201c maybe all they need is a bit of push in the right direction, \u201d jopling said [ healthday news ]. 80beats : injecting special protein could make hearts heal themselves 80beats : could stem cells patch up a broken heart? 80beats : researchers could grow replacement tissue to patch broken hearts 80beats : harvesting infant hearts for transplants raises ethical questions 80beats : the upside of nuclear testing : traceable radioactivity in our heart cells image : chris jopling. the green - glowing heart cells are shown at 7, 14, and 30 days after injury.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49567720321531944, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.356739"} {"text": "as a native marylander, i \u2019 ve had many discussions with friends about whether we can call it a southern state. you could say it \u2019 s in \u201c dixie, \u201d which ( according to one historical interpretation from this civil war fact book ) means south of the mason - dixon line. one could also argue that because it fought for the north in the civil war, maryland should be considered a northern state. however, we can \u2019 t forget that maryland was a slave state that was chock full of southern sympathizers during the war. for evidence, just look up the official state song that remains on the books. you might be surprised ( or perhaps offended ) at the lyrics. according to this npr story, a group of active fourth - graders were certainly offended when linda tuck, a school library \u201c media specialist, \u201d led their study and discussion of the song. here are some of the lines seen as offensive : \u201c the despot \u2019 s heel is on thy shore, maryland! \u201d \u201c huzza! she spurns the northern scum! \u201d by the way, that \u201c despot \u201d refers to the revered abraham lincoln. james ryder randall wrote the poem in 1861, after riots in baltimore led to the deaths of a few civilians, according to dissonance by david detzer. tuck took a vote and found that the school children wanted to see the lyrics changed. they then wrote letters to state delegates, and now a bill is in the works. delegate pamela beidle, who introduced the bill, wants to use a different poem written in 1894 for the lyrics of the song. according to a local news article, the bill does have its critics, who say that the song \u2019 s a reminder of a part of maryland \u2019 s history that is too often forgotten. others would simply rather leave it up to voters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4282776969448362, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.361721"} {"text": "for more trusted health news and information, visit cbs boston ' s chicago ( ap ) \u2014 exposure to the chemical bisphenol - a before birth could affect girls \u2019 behavior at age 3, according to the latest study on potential health effects of the compound used in the manufacturing of some plastic drink bottles and food can linings. wbz newsradio 1030 \u2032 s diane stern reports preschool - aged girls whose mothers had relatively high urine levels of bpa during pregnancy scored worse but still within a normal range on behavior measures including anxiety and hyperactivity than other young girls. read : bpa info for parents the results are not conclusive and experts not involved in the study said factors other than bpa might explain the results. the researchers acknowledge that \u201c considerable debate \u201d remains about whether bpa is harmful, but say their findings should prompt additional research. the researchers measured bpa in 244 cincinnati - area mothers \u2019 urine twice during pregnancy and at childbirth. the women evaluated their children at age 3 using standard behavior questionnaires. nearly all women had measurable bpa levels, like most americans. but increasingly high urine levels during pregnancy were linked with increasingly worse behavior in their daughters. boys \u2019 behavior did not seem to be affected. the researchers said if bpa can cause behavior changes that could pose academic and social problems for girls already at risk for those difficulties. \u201c these subtle shifts can actually have very dramatic implications at the population level, \u201d said joe braun, the lead author and a research fellow at harvard \u2019 s school of public health. for every 10 - fold increase in mothers \u2019 bpa levels, girls scored at least six points worse on the questionnaires. the study was released online monday in pediatrics. linda birnbaum, director of the national institute of environmental health sciences and the national toxicology program, said the study contributes important new evidence to \u201c a growing database which suggests that bpa exposure can be associated with effects on human health. \u201d grants from that federal agency helped pay for the study. the food and drug administration has said that low - level bpa exposure appears to be safe. but the agency also says that because of recent scientific evidence, it has some concern about potential effects of bpa on the brain and behavior in fetuses, infants and small children. the fda is continuing to study bpa exposure and supports efforts to minimize use in food containers. bpa has many uses, and is found in some plastic bottles and coatings in metal food cans. it was widely used in plastic baby bottles and sip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46228205093355423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.371867"} {"text": "the fda is continuing to study bpa exposure and supports efforts to minimize use in food containers. bpa has many uses, and is found in some plastic bottles and coatings in metal food cans. it was widely used in plastic baby bottles and sippy cups but the industry phased out that use. braun said it \u2019 s possible that exposure to bpa during pregnancy interferes with fetal brain development, a theory suggested in other studies, and that could explain the behavior differences in his study. why boys \u2019 behavior wasn \u2019 t affected isn \u2019 t clear. but bpa is thought to mimic the effects of estrogen, a female hormone. the researchers evaluated other possible influences on children \u2019 s behavior, including family income, education level and whether mothers were married, and still found an apparent link to bpa. but dr. charles mckay, a bpa researcher and toxicologist with the connecticut poison control center, said the researchers failed to adequately measure factors other than bpa that could explain the results. for example, there \u2019 s no information on mothers \u2019 eating habits. that matters because mothers \u2019 higher bpa levels could have come from eating lots of canned foods instead of healthier less processed foods, which might have affected fetal brain development. the american chemistry council, a trade group whose members include companies that use bpa, said the research \u201c has significant shortcomings \u2026 and the conclusions are of unknown relevance to public health. \u201d ( copyright 2011 by the associated press. all rights reserved. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48061920062999863, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.372472"} {"text": "partnership is the most common form of business organisation in india. partnership firms are governed by the provisions of the indian partnership act, 1932. the act lays down the rules relating to formation of partnership, the rights and duties of partners and dissolution of partnership. it defines partnership as a \" relationship between persons who have agreed to share the profits of business carried on by all or any of them acting for all \". this definition gives three minimum requirements to constitute a partnership : - - there must be an agreement entered into orally or in writing by the persons who desire to form a partnership. - the object of the agreement must be to share the profits of business intended to be carried on by the partnership. - the business must be carried on by all the partners or by any of them acting for all of them. under the act, persons who have entered into partnership with one another are individually called as ' partners ' and collectively as ' firm ' and the name under which they run their business is called the ' firm name '. provisions relating to taxation of partnership firms partnership firm is subjected to taxation under the income tax act, 1961. it is the umbrella act for all the matters relating to income tax and empowers the central board of direct taxes ( cbdt ) to formulate rules ( the income tax rules, 1962 ) for implementing the provisions of the act. the cbdt is a part of department of revenue in the ministry of finance. it has been charged with all the matters relating to various direct taxes in india and is responsible for administration of direct tax laws through the income tax department. the income tax act is subjected to annual amendments by the finance act, which mentions the ' rates ' of income tax and other taxes for the corresponding year. under the income tax act, the partnership firm is taxed as a separate entity, distinct from the partners. in the act, there is no distinction between assessment of a registered and unregistered firms. however, the partnership must be evidenced by a partnership deed. the partnership deed is a blue print of the rights and liabilities of partners as to their capital, profit sharing ratio, drawings, interest on capital, commission, salary, etc, terms and conditions as to working, functioning and dissolution of the partnership business. under the act, a partnership firm may be assessed either as a partnership firm or as an association of persons ( aop ). if the firm satisfies the following conditions, it will be assessed as a partnership firm, otherwise it will be assessed as an aop : - - the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5293713384339082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.376366"} {"text": "be assessed either as a partnership firm or as an association of persons ( aop ). if the firm satisfies the following conditions, it will be assessed as a partnership firm, otherwise it will be assessed as an aop : - - the firm is evidenced by an instrument i. e. there is a written partnership deed. - the individual shares of the partners are very clearly specified in the deed. - a certified copy of partnership deed must accompany the return of income of the firm of the previous year in which the partnership was formed. - if during a previous year, a change takes place in the constitution of the firm or in the profit sharing ratio of the partners, a certified copy of the revised partnership deed shall be submitted along with the return of income of the previous years in question. - there should not be any failure on the part of the firm while attending to notices given by the income tax officer for completion of the assessment of the firm. it is more beneficial to be assessed as a partnership firm than as an aop, since a partnership firm can claim the following additional deductions which the aop cannot claim : - - interest paid to partners, provided such interest is authorised by the partnership deed. - any salary, bonus, commission, or remuneration ( by whatever name called ) to a partner will be allowed as a deduction if it is paid to a working partner who is an individual. the remuneration paid to such a partner must be authorised by the partnership deed and the amount of remuneration must not exceed the given limits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4357949311726152, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.378501"} {"text": "between the two world wars, the dominant trend in hungarian history writing was geistesgeschichte, as represented by the works of gyula szekfu, balint homan, gyula kornis, tibor joo, jozsef deer, and peter vaczy. fully versed in the works of ranke, meinecke, dilthey and lamprecht, gyula szekfu, the most outstanding of these historians, was also the one to conclude that hungarian history would lend itself admirably to a consistent synthesis. in his a magyar allam eletrajza ( 1918 ), and in his bethlen gabor ( 1929 ), szekfu expressly models his approach on meinecke ' s, and tells the entire story from the vantage point of raison d ' etat and the national point of view. this meant that for him, the central issue of hungarian history was the territorial integrity of historic hungary, the hungary of st. stephen. this particular outlook is even more evident in szekfu ' s harom nemzedek ( 1920 ), the veritable bible of the period. here, he depicts the nineteenth - century hungarian liberals responsible for the disintegration effected by trianon. blinded by the political tradition of the nobility ' s struggle for hungarian independence throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries - ran szekfu ' s indictment of the liberals - they construed the word \" freedom \" to mean \" independence from the habsburgs \", and failed to realize that the territorial integrity of historic hungary ( i. e., hungarian rule over the nationalities ) could be maintained only with the support of an outside great power, namely, the habsburg empire. ( this correlation was something that szechenyi had recognized, and szekfu, accordingly, esteemed him as by far the greatest hungarian. ) one finds the same train of thought in all the sections that szekfu wrote of magyar tortenet ( hungarian history, 1929 - - 1933 ), a seven - volume synthesis he published together with balint homan. ( szekfu authored the period stretching from king matthias corvinus and the renaissance to the date of publication ). in the final analysis, at every stage of hungary ' s history, we find him dividing the leading politicians into two groups : those who believed in \" small hungary \" and those who believed in \" greater hungary \". the \" small hungarians \" were those whose primary goal was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4979479378439269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.387217"} {"text": ", at every stage of hungary ' s history, we find him dividing the leading politicians into two groups : those who believed in \" small hungary \" and those who believed in \" greater hungary \". the \" small hungarians \" were those whose primary goal was national independence from the habsburgs. but this aspiration of theirs, he maintained, was motivated not by some lofty ideal, the love of freedom, for example, but by selfish \" class interest \" ( the nobility ' s determination to protect its privileges ), coupled with a passion for dissension and upheaval inherited from their eastern ancestors. another name for this \" passion \" was protestantism, which, as szekfu saw it, was ab ovo inspired by the resolve to spark denominational conflict and create disorder. the \" great hungarians \", on the other hand, had always appreciated that the great power status of the habsburg empire was a historical necessity. they recognized the need for political compromise, and strove to promote social reform, and the nation ' s material improvement and intellectual progress ( naturally, with habsburg support ). szekfu ' s synthesis presents the baroque culture of the eighteenth century as the zenith of hungarian history, a time when the country ' s territorial integrity had been more or less restored, when religious ( protestant vs. catholic ) and political ( estates vs. absolutism ) in - fighting no longer undermined the unity of the nation, when the country ' s economic and cultural development picked up momentum, and its resettlement began. even in the late ' 30s, szekfu was very much preoccupied by matters of external politics and national sovereignty. in his allam es nemzet ( state and nation, 1942 ), he rejected both the french notion of a political nation and the german \" ethnic nation \" concept, and presented a uniquely hungarian notion, one rooted in st. stephen ' s tolerance toward the \" foreigners \". it was a nation concept which guaranteed the country ' s minorities a high degree of autonomy, while its raison d ' etre was to safeguard, and / or to restore hungary ' s territorial integrity. \" a nepiseg tortenete \" ( ethnohistory ) written in 1931, was the most comprehensive formulation malyusz would ever give of his program. the study starts with a definition of the notion of \" the ethnic \". as opposed to \" the national \", the conscious expression of a people ' s cultural and political aspirations, \" the ethnic \" was shorthand for the spontaneous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5331765056009016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.388257"} {"text": "of his program. the study starts with a definition of the notion of \" the ethnic \". as opposed to \" the national \", the conscious expression of a people ' s cultural and political aspirations, \" the ethnic \" was shorthand for the spontaneous ways and cultural preferences of a particular people. the best way to get started in ethnohistorical research, he went on to say, was to write \" synthetic \" local and / or county histories. by \" synthetic \" he meant just the opposite of the village by village approach of the prewar county histories : the historian was to focus on the small, organically - related historico - geographical units - estates, valleys, plains, and so on - units he would later call \" cultural regions \", and whose study he expected to reveal an entire network of southern, eastern and northern cultural contacts. malyusz honed his theory by clashing swords with proponents of the most powerful historical ideology of his time. taking a direct stab at geistesgeschichte, its preoccupation with western cultural influences and its exclusive reliance on the evidence of the written word, he set ethnohistory the task of concentrating on \" spontaneous \" cultural elements such as roads, means of transportation, architecture, systems of local political and administrative organization, and \" anthropological \" data of every kind that might serve to give an accurate picture of the day - to - day life of the people. malyusz ' s views on the nature and techniques of ethnohistory, were thus fully developed by the time he came to give his \" introduction to ethnohistory \" course ( i. e., the series of lectures that form the core of the volume under review ) in the 1936 - - 37 academic year. ( as the editor makes clear, only the lectures delivered in the second semester have been found among malyusz ' s extant papers. ) one of the issues addressed in the lectures was the matter of the \" auxiliary disciplines \" which malyusz proposed to \" modify \" with a view to making them integral parts of the science of ethnohistory. he was particularly enthusiastic about the potential of ethnography and of linguistics, attaching great importance to the study of dialects ( and their exact geographic mapping ), and to tracing the origins of place names and personal names. he was also keen to have his students learn to use questionnaires, and to set up the institutional framework of ethnohistorical research. malyusz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.509645145660309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.389232"} {"text": "geographic mapping ), and to tracing the origins of place names and personal names. he was also keen to have his students learn to use questionnaires, and to set up the institutional framework of ethnohistorical research. malyusz ' s ethnohistory was the revival of the positivist traditions of the nineteenth century. the legacy of positivism, as his contemporaries were quick to point out, was evident in his preoccupation with the collective, and with the law - like regularities of development, and in his concentration on cultural history. but ethnohistory proposed to give an account of cultural development with full regard to its grounding in economic history and historical geography. instead of political and administrative units, it took organically related historical and / or geographic regions for its units of analysis, and investigated them at all levels and with all the tools that we have come to associate with microhistory and microgeography. so far, so good. the picture is tainted, however, by the fact that the contemporary inspiration of malyusz ' s ethnohistory was the volkstumskunde associated with aubin, kotzschke, keyser, and spamer in the inter - war years. volkstumskunde itself harked back to the nation concept espoused by herder, arndt, fichte and the brothers grimm, which posited race and ethnicity as the basis of nationhood, and defined national affiliation in terms of a community of descent, language and culture. it was an approach humanist in inspiration, but wide open to racist exploitation. thus it was that by the turn of the century, the pan - german movement had made it into an ideology of world domination, oneserving to substantiate their doctrine of the germans ' racial superiority over the slavs. allied with ostforschung, another fin - de - siecle intellectual trend, volkstumskunde came to present german history as essentially a crusade to spread german culture ( the german \" cultural ground \" ), principally toward the east. empire building and \" civilizing \" - founding cities, introducing the german legal system, organizing churches - was, on this view, at the very heart of german history, as was the struggle for pan - german unification. ( paradoxically, for all its chauvinism, volkstumskunde proved to be a highly fruitful trend in german historiography. as opposed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5168996655322282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.390152"} {"text": "heart of german history, as was the struggle for pan - german unification. ( paradoxically, for all its chauvinism, volkstumskunde proved to be a highly fruitful trend in german historiography. as opposed to the tradition represented by troeltsch, meinecke, and below - concentrating on the state, the history of ideas and \" great personalities \" - volkstumskunde explored collective phenomena and material culture for sources of historical evidence, and encouraged a basically interdisciplinary approach. ) considered purely as a methodology, volkstumskunde, like malyusz ' s ethnohistory, would have had the potential for providing relatively impartial, in - depth depictions of particular segments of the past. there is, however, no way to disregard their political and ideological thrust. malyusz ' s introductory lecture to the second semester of his course on ethnohistory ( pp. 19 - - 46 ) leaves absolutely no doubt as to his explicitly political agenda. his studies of the early 1930s on the new german nationalism bear this out. post - war europe, he noted ( and would continue to reiterate for another decade ), had given rise to a new kind of nationalism, one predicated not on state formations, but on ethnicity. perhaps the most problematic aspect of malyusz ' s concept of an \" ethnic nation \" was that it necessitated his precluding the country ' s jews from the body politic. \" let us exclude the jewry from our nation \", he wrote ; \" let us dismiss, in amicable accord, all those who do not, in their heart of hearts, feel that they are thoroughly hungarian \". admittedly, malyusz was not a racist : he did not believe that history was, in essence, the struggle of the various races for lebensraum, with the superior races winning. in fact, in his \" a nepiseg tortenete \" of 1931, he criticized german historians for identifying \" culture \" with german culture. the task facing hungarian historians, he insisted, was to preserve for posterity what the magyars had achieved jointly with the slavs in the way of culture. malyusz ' s cultural nationalism was anti - german in several respects. for one thing, his very emphasis on the autonomy of hungarian culture implied resistance to hitler ' s attempts at expansionism. but there was also another side to it. malyusz ' s cultural nationalism - as he himself admitted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4996305422478233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.391066"} {"text": "german in several respects. for one thing, his very emphasis on the autonomy of hungarian culture implied resistance to hitler ' s attempts at expansionism. but there was also another side to it. malyusz ' s cultural nationalism - as he himself admitted - was meant to lay the groundwork for revisionism. his resolute underscoring of the strength and autonomy of hungarian culture was meant to provide an alternative to szekfu ' s vision of a hungary whose fortunes were irrevocably tied to that of the habsburgs. given the opportunity, malyusz was suggesting, hungary would be capable of carrying through a territorial revision on its own. all in all, however, malyusz might most equitably be judged as having posited - as opposed to szekfu ' s concept of nation as state - the concept of nation as culture. for all its manifest ideological and political bias, in respect of methodology, ethnohistory anticipated our current approach to social history. in publishing malyusz ' s lectures for the first time ever in book form, the editor of the volume under review has enabled non - historians, too, to draw their own conclusions about the more universal lessons of ethnohistory. the lesson might prove as timely as the german revisitation of volkstumskunde has proved to be.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5135607071750985, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.391566"} {"text": "some time in the past, before the ice age, most of western north america ( and probably the whole world ) was accurately mapped by a technologically advanced people. who these people were and what technology they used is lost to us, but their maps remain as evidence that they did indeed accomplish the task. these ancient source maps were used by mapmakers in the 1600 to 1700s to fill in the vast unknown areas on the western side of north america. the recent mapmakers had no idea what was there, nor did anyone else, but they had source maps that showed the area as an island and they used them to fill in the gaps. when were these source map made? they had to be made before the end of the ice age, because at the end of the ice age, the great ice dam holding back water in a huge lake finally gave way and the grand canyon was carved in just a few weeks. the grand canyon does not appear on any maps of california as an island that i have found, and is certainly not on the map used for this study, the vingboons map of 1651. in fact, on the vingboons map, two rivers cross the location of the grand canyon. this creates a problem, because the ice age supposedly reached a maximum 18, 000 years ago ( see wikipedia article ), putting the date for modern man well before that. this pushes the date back into the realm of the neanderthals, or even into the paleolithic period, when we were supposed to be only capable of using stone tools. an even greater problem is that the map also had to predate the uplift of the nevada - utah - wyoming area that followed the end of the latest continental drift event in north america. ( see wikipedia, farallon plate ) according to continental drift theory, when the continents spread apart, the north america continental plate was pushed over an oceanic plate, which was forced down into the mantle of the earth. the lighter minerals floated up against the bottom of north america, under the nevada - utah - wyoming area. this area was lifted up from sea level ( at least in nevada, where the map shows where the sea encroached ) to over 7, 000 feet elevation in central nevada, and similarly across all three states. the routes of rivers changed. the rio grande, shown on the vingboons map as the rio de norte, which used to flow into the gulf of california, was forced to flow to the gulf of mexico. the map places a geologically recent date", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45614807834192217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.396530"} {"text": "routes of rivers changed. the rio grande, shown on the vingboons map as the rio de norte, which used to flow into the gulf of california, was forced to flow to the gulf of mexico. the map places a geologically recent date on continental uplift, the uplift having happened after the map was made, putting it within the historical presence of humans on earth. unfortunately, geology dates the north american continental drift events to the jurassic period, 200, 000, 000 to 150, 000, 000 years ago. how will science deal with the loss of 150, 000, 000 years? since it requires abandoning a well entrenched worldview, it is most likely that the vast majority of academia will simply ignore this study and its implications. in the following series of articles, i analyze the johannes vingboons \u201c california as an island \u201d map area by area. we will see that the makers of the original map possessed a detailed knowledge of the geography of western north america. correlation of features on the map to actual locations demonstrates that the map is very accurate. after the analysis of the map i have included some information on the historical mapmaking and exploration of this area by the spanish after the arrival of columbus. the spanish were extremely slow to explore this area, and the information they had was not allowed to be made public because they needed to protect information on their trade routes from their competitors. vingboons was not using spanish information to present california as an island. these articles are my work and the result of my research. i have referenced all the sources i have used. none of these sources presents \u201c california as an island \u201d as anything more than a myth. i graduated from ucla in 1976 from the school of engineering. i followed the course of study in chemical engineering. i was introduced to the whole topic of california as an island in about 2008 by cliff paiva, who was also researching the locations of features on the map. we have taken different paths in our efforts to decipher the map, but i much appreciate cliff \u2019 s getting me started. if you have any questions regarding these articles, you can email me at email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48584342138885317, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.397541"} {"text": "character counts! in jacksonville is working to bring character and and awareness to our community. we create a shared language by educating on the six pillars of character : trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring & citizenship. trustworthiness. respect. responsibility. fairness. caring. citizenship. the six pillars of character are ethical values to guide our choices. the standards of conduct that arise out of those values constitute the ground rules of ethics, and therefore of ethical decision - making. there is nothing sacrosanct about the number six. we might reasonably have eight or 10, or more. but most universal virtues fold easily into these six. the number is not unwieldy and the six pillars of character can provide a common lexicon. why is a common lexicon necessary? so that people can see what unites our diverse and fractured society. so we can communicate more easily about core values. so we can understand ethical decisions better, our own and those of others. the six pillars act as a multi - level filter through which to process decisions. so, being trustworthy is not enough \u2014 we must also be caring. adhering to the letter of the law is not enough \u2014 we must accept responsibility for our action or inaction. the pillars can help us detect situations where we focus so hard on upholding one moral principle that we sacrifice another \u2014 where, intent on holding others accountable, we ignore the duty to be compassionate ; where, intent on getting a job done, we ignore how. in short, the six pillars can dramatically improve the ethical quality of our decisions, and thus our character and lives. people are not things, and everyone has a right to be treated with dignity. we certainly have no ethical duty to hold all people in high esteem, but we should treat everyone with respect, regardless of who they are and what they have done. we have a responsibility to be the best we can be in all situations, even when dealing with unpleasant people. the golden rule \u2014 do unto others as you would have them do unto you \u2014 nicely illustrates the pillar of respect. respect prohibits violence, humiliation, manipulation and exploitation. it reflects notions such as civility, courtesy, decency, dignity, autonomy, tolerance and acceptance. civility, courtesy and decency a respectful person is an attentive listener, although his patience with the boorish need not be endless ( respect works both ways ). nevertheless, the respectful person treats others with consideration, and doesn \u2019 t resort to intimidation, coercion or violence except in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46899272867389497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.402087"} {"text": "transformations in the coordinate plane transformations in the coordinate plane are often represented by \" coordinate rules \" of the form ( x, y ) - - > ( x ', y ' ). this means a point whose coordinates are ( x, y ) gets mapped to another point whose coordinates are ( x ', y ' ). when possible, simple formulas are given for x ' and y ' in terms of x and y. for example, ( x, y ) - - > ( x + y, x \u2013 y ) is a coordinate rule for some transformation and maps the points ( 0, 0 ), ( 2, 0 ), ( 2, 5 ), and ( 0, 5 ) as follows : ( 0, 0 ) - - > ( 0, 0 ) ( 2, 0 ) - - > ( 2, 2 ) ( 2, 5 ) - - > ( 7, \u2013 3 ) ( 0, 5 ) - - > ( 5, \u2013 5 ) this transformation is not an isometry ( it changes the size of any figure ) and the image of the blue rectangle with those vertices is the red rectangle : translations of geometric figures in the coordinate plane can be determined by translating the x - and y - coordinates of points. horizontal and vertical translations are the easiest. all other translations can be thought of as a composition of horizontal and vertical translations. the following examples illustrate this. example 1 : give a coordinate rule for translating a figure horizontally by 3 units. solution : a horizontal translation just changes the x - coordinates of all points, so the rule is ( x, y ) a ( x + 3, y ). to illustrate, the blue rectangle with vertices ( 0, 0 ), ( 2, 0 ), ( 2, 5 ), and ( 0, 5 ) is translated to the red rectangle with coordinates ( 3, 0 ), ( 5, 0 ), ( 5, 5 ), and ( 3, 5 ) : example 2 : give a coordinate rule for a translation by a distance of 4 units at 30o. solution : consider a point with coordinates ( x, y ) and its image with coordinates ( p, q ) draw a right triangle with the point and its image as the endpoints of the hypotenuse. this is a 30 - 60 - 90 triangle, so the side opposite the 30o angle is half the hypotenuse and the other side is that times the square root of 3. therefore we have the following picture : from this picture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5607445454263185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.407568"} {"text": ". this is a 30 - 60 - 90 triangle, so the side opposite the 30o angle is half the hypotenuse and the other side is that times the square root of 3. therefore we have the following picture : from this picture we see that and q = x + 2 therefore the coordinate rule is : ( x, y ) - - > when a point is reflected in a line, the line is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining the point and its image. we will only consider coordinate rules for reflections in horizontal and vertical lines, and in the lines y = x and y = \u2013 x since the rules for lines in general involve messy details beyond the scope of this course. example 3 : give a coordinate rule for reflecting in the line vertical line x = 3. solution : consider a point ( x, y ) and its image ( p, q ) : the y - coordinate of the image is the same as the y - coordinate of the preimage, so q = y. since the line x = 3 bisects the segment from the point to its image, the horizontal distances from the point to the line and its image to the line are equal, so 3 \u2013 x = p \u2013 3 adding 3 to both sides tells us that p = 6 \u2013 x. therefore the coordinate rule is : ( x, y ) - - > ( 6 \u2013 x, y ) example 4 : give a coordinate rule for reflecting in the line y = x. solution : again let the point and its image have coordinates ( x, y ) and ( p, q ), respectively. the line y = x is a 45o line through the origin, and the relation between the point and its image looks like this : if we draw horizontal and vertical segments from the axes through the points and to the line y = x, we have the following : since the green line is at 45o, we can focus on two squares to see that q = x and p = y : thus, the coordinate rule is : ( x, y ) - - > ( y, x ) that is, when reflected in the line y = x, the coordinates of any point are transposed. coordinate rules for reflections in general, the following coordinate rules for reflections can easily be established : reflection in x - axis : ( x, y ) - - > ( x, \u2013 y ) reflection in y - axis : ( x, y ) - - > ( \u2013 x, y ) reflection in y = x : ( x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5493669908726004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.408445"} {"text": "established : reflection in x - axis : ( x, y ) - - > ( x, \u2013 y ) reflection in y - axis : ( x, y ) - - > ( \u2013 x, y ) reflection in y = x : ( x, y ) - - > ( y, x ) reflection in y = \u2013 x : ( x, y ) - - > ( \u2013 y, \u2013 x ) we will only consider rotations about the origin of multiples of 90o. example 5 : give a coordinate rule for a rotation about the origin of 90o ( counterclockwise ). solution : such a rotation is equivalent to reflections in two lines that intersect at the origin and are 45o apart. we could use the x - axis as the first line and the line y = x as the second. the composite of these reflections is : ( x, y ) - - > ( x, \u2013 y ) - - > ( \u2013 y, x ) that is, a rotation about the origin of 90o has the coordinate rule : ( x, y ) - - > ( \u2013 y, x ) coordinate rules for rotations in general, we can state the following coordinate rules for ( counterclockwise ) rotations about the origin : for a rotation of 90o : ( x, y ) - - > ( \u2013 y, x ) for a rotation of 180o : ( x, y ) - - > ( \u2013 x, \u2013 y ) for a rotation of 270o : ( x, y ) - - > ( y, \u2013 x ) dilations in the coordinate plane first consider dilations with the origin as center. then the coordinate rule for a dilation with scale factor k is simply this : ( x, y ) - - > ( kx, ky ). example 6 : triangle abc has coordinates a ( \u2013 1, \u2013 3 ), b ( 1, 1 ) and c ( 2, \u2013 3 ). triangle def has coordinates d ( 2, 6 ), e ( \u2013 4, 6 ) and f ( \u2013 2, \u2013 2 ). show that triangle dfe is the image of triangle abc under a dilation with center at the origin, and find the scale factor. solution : the image of a is given by ( \u2013 1, \u2013 3 ) - - > ( \u2013 1k, \u2013 3k ). if d is that image, then \u2013 1k = 2 and \u2013 3k = 6. both give k = \u2013 2. if we apply this dilation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5618320212903015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.409236"} {"text": "1, \u2013 3 ) - - > ( \u2013 1k, \u2013 3k ). if d is that image, then \u2013 1k = 2 and \u2013 3k = 6. both give k = \u2013 2. if we apply this dilation to b and c, we find that f is the image of b and e is the image of c. dilations with center other than the origin a dilation with any point other than the origin as the center of dilation can be accomplished by first translating the center of dilation and figure so the origin becomes the center, and then translating back : example 7 : find a coordinate rule for the dilation with center ( 5, \u2013 3 ) and scale factor 2. solution : if ( x, y ) is a point on a figure to be dilated, we first translate left 5 and up 3. this gives us the point ( x \u2013 5, y + 3 ), and the origin becomes the center of the dilation. the dilation now gives us ( 2x \u2013 10, 2y + 6 ). then we translate back - - that is, right 5 and down 3, which gives us ( 2x \u2013 10 + 5, 2y + 6 \u2013 3 ). so the coordinate rule is : ( x, y ) - - > ( 2x \u2013 5, 2y + 3 ) return to lesson 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5281420743539282, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.409707"} {"text": "celebrate being an american on the fourth of july, constitution day, citizenship day, and other special days, but don ' t stop there. celebrate year - round with children ' s books for younger kids to kids in middle school. these recommended children ' s books include books about the constitution and the declaration of independence, a children ' s cookbook, a poetry book, book of tall tales, stories about the white house and its occupants, an illustrated version of the poem \" america the beautiful, \" and children ' s books about some of our important national symbols, like the statue of liberty. keep scrolling down to see all 10 of the books i recommend. 1. lady liberty : a biography doreen rappaport \u2019 s lady liberty : a biography is the story of the statue of liberty, from the idea to the planning, fundraising and building to the celebration when it was completed. the book, in picture book format, features large and dramatic watercolor, ink and pencil illustrations by matt tavares. i recommend lady liberty for children eight and older, younger if they have visited the statue of liberty. because of the dramatically told story and the large amount of fascinating information in the book, i would also highly recommend lady liberty for teens and adults. compare prices. ( candlewick press, 2008. isbn : 9780763625306 ) read my review of lady liberty : a biography. 2. our white house : looking in looking out our white house : looking in looking out is a large book, with a great many entries by a variety of authors and illustrators, and including both historical fiction and nonfiction. while the book is sometimes confusing, it is filled with fascinating stories and facts, presented in a variety of ways. the book should be of interest to 9 - 14 year olds and to families looking for a book related to american history to enjoy together. compare prices. ( candlewick press, 2008. isbn : 9780763620677 ) read my review of our white house : looking in looking out. 3. america the beautiful chris gall ' s powerful artwork is the perfect complement to the words of the poem \" america the beautiful \" by katharine lee bates. the illustrations are reminiscent of wpa murals. even children who are used to singing \" america the beautiful, \" the song based on bates ' poem, may not have really thought about the meaning of the words until seeing this book. compare prices. ( little, brown and co., 2004. isbn : 0316737437 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4062321417127917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.418308"} {"text": "the beautiful, \" the song based on bates ' poem, may not have really thought about the meaning of the words until seeing this book. compare prices. ( little, brown and co., 2004. isbn : 0316737437 ) read my review of america the beautiful. 4. celebrate independence day if you are looking for a nonfiction children ' s books about independence day for kids in elementary school, i recommend celebrate independence day by deborah heiligman. the book is illustrated with high quality color photographs, accompanied by brief paragraphs that stress the history of independence day in the u. s. and fourth of july traditions and festivities. compare prices. ( national geographic society, 2007. isbn : 9781426300752 ) read my review of celebrate independence day. 5. shh! we ' re writing the constitution i recommend this book for 8 - 12 year olds, particularly on constitution day. jean fritz, who is known for her children \u2019 s books about american history, wrote the book. award - winning artist tomie depaola provided the entertaining illustrations. while the subject is serious and the content rich with information, the author and illustrator tackle the serious subject matter with enough humor to keep the readers \u2019 interest. compare prices. ( putnam publishing group. 1987. isbn : 0399214038 ) 6. the united states cookbook as the subtitle states, this children \u2019 s cookbook contains recipes for \u201c fabulous food and fascinating facts from all 50 states. \u201d for each state, there \u2019 s a map, illustrations of several state symbols, information about the state, fun food facts about the state, plus a recipe related to the state. recipes include key lime pie from florida and swedish meatballs from minnesota. the cookbook also contains sections on cooking skills and safety rules. compare prices. ( john wiley & sons, 2000. isbn : 9780471358398 ) 7. the declaration of independence this nonfiction book contains the full text of the declaration of independence inscribed by sam fink and accompanied by his witty illustrations. the book also contains a four - page 1748 - 1776 events chronology, a four - page glossary, and a page of recommended online and print resources. i recommend it for children 10 - 14 and would include it on your constitution day and citizenship day booklist. compare prices. ( scholastic inc., 2000. isbn : 9780439407007 ) 8. american tall tales the nine stories in mary pope osborne \u2019 s 115 - page collection of american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43359130132951407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.419415"} {"text": "your constitution day and citizenship day booklist. compare prices. ( scholastic inc., 2000. isbn : 9780439407007 ) 8. american tall tales the nine stories in mary pope osborne \u2019 s 115 - page collection of american tall tales feature, among others, paul bunyan, johnny appleseed, john henry, and sally ann thunder. a u. s. map shows the location of each tale. each story includes historical notes and contains a number of colorful wood engravings by michael mccurdy. compare prices. ( alfred a. knopf, 1991. isbn : 0679800891 ) 9. uncle sam and old glory delno c. west and jean m. west provide a brief look at 15 different american symbols, each illustrated with a handsome woodcut by christopher manson. the symbols include the american flag, smoky the bear, the liberty bell, and uncle sam. while i would not have selected all of the symbols chosen, i \u2019 d recommend the book. compare prices. ( atheneum books for young readers, 2000. isbn : 0689820437 ) 10. my america : a poetry atlas of the united states this book of poetry selected by lee bennett hopkins is divided into sections representing different regions of the u. s., each with a map and information about the states. the illustrations, paintings by stephen alcorn, and the poetry, such as nikki giovanni \u2019 s \u201c knoxville, tennessee, \u201d create a sense of place for the reader. compare prices. ( simon & schuster, 2000. isbn : 0689812477 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4066667027155071, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.420094"} {"text": "this story also appeared on america public media ' s marketplace. kai ryssdal : there are now, the united nations tells us, seven billion people on the planet. sooner rather than later - - another 30, 35 years or so - - there ' s going to be more than nine billion. that ' s a whole lot of mouths to feed. so today we ' re starting a year - long series about the global food system, and how we ' re going to feed those nine billion people - - if we ' re going to be able to feed ' em at all. we start at dinner. you can think of the world ' s food system as a giant potluck dinner. woman : hello, come in! ryssdal : the first thing that strikes you is the abundance. there ' s a huge table, it ' s piled with food. and the smells - - ryssdal : wow, what is that? woman : it ' s goat stew. try some! ryssdal : fifty years ago, people were eating a lot less on average, especially meat. man : have a hamburger. it ' s delicious. ryssdal : back in the ' 60s and ' 70s, about a billion people - - one in every three human beings - - were hungry. millions of people were dying in famines in china, africa, bangladesh. people worried there was no way to keep up with an exploding population. but then came the green revolution. and over the course of just a couple of decades, global food production skyrocketed. famines are now actually pretty rare. we ' re producing more food, and we ' re better at dealing with emergencies. but even with that, things aren ' t exactly working. down at this end of the room, there ' s a family sitting on the floor with a few grains of something, looks like millet. the number of chronically hungry people in the world is still around a billion. granted that ' s one in seven of us - - not one in three - - but still, it ' s a lot. and clearly something ' s out of whack, because there are also about a billion obese people worldwide. actually, a lot of things are out of whack. back here in the kitchen, the water system ' s all messed up - - there ' s too much in some places, not enough in others. there ' s a big pile of rotting - - something - - over there, and man, it '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45104636565233436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.429626"} {"text": "here in the kitchen, the water system ' s all messed up - - there ' s too much in some places, not enough in others. there ' s a big pile of rotting - - something - - over there, and man, it ' s getting hot. and crowded, too. there ' s hardly any room to move. here comes another busload of people - - and they look hungry, too. ryssdal : a question you might draw from such a scene setter is : now what the heck do we do? more than nine billion people. so over the course of the next year, in collaboration with homelands productions and pbs newshour, we ' ll be looking at what we have do now to be able feed ourselves in the future. maybe one place to start is science. can ' t we just research and develop our way out of this? it ' s worked before. here ' s jon miller. reporter jon miller : i figured mexico was a good place to go to take a look into the scientific pipeline. this is where farmers thousands of years ago transformed a grass called teosinte into what we now know as corn. it ' s also where scientists in the 1950s and ' 60s developed the semi - dwarf wheat varieties that launched the green revolution. my first stop is where a lot of that work was done, at the international maize and wheat improvement center outside mexico city. i ' m here watching technicians clean and sort experimental corn seeds to go out around the world. i ask research director marianne banziger if there ' s some big game - changer on the horizon. she says, basically, forget about it. marianne banziger : it is not just one solution. i mean, our action plans are 10 approaches. and the 10 approaches are not just breeding, they ' re about really looking at the whole livelihood of a farm family. reporter : so the idea isn ' t just to increase the total amount of food the world produces. it ' s also to make life better for the two billion or so people who depend on farming for their food and livelihood. because ironically, most of the world ' s poorest and hungriest people are in the food production business. if they can produce more, the thinking goes, everybody benefits. banziger says for most crops, a good place to start is by closing what ' s known as the \" yield gap. \" that ' s the difference between what farmers could be producing, using existing technology, and what they actually do produce.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47228110536553713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.430802"} {"text": "banziger says for most crops, a good place to start is by closing what ' s known as the \" yield gap. \" that ' s the difference between what farmers could be producing, using existing technology, and what they actually do produce. banziger : in africa, under the best conditions, you can get 10 times more yield than what farmers get today. on average, i would say in africa we can increase production four or five times. reporter : in asia and latin america, she figures output could double. actually realizing those gains - - well, that ' s the challenge. people speaking spanish : buenos dias, hola, hola. porfirio bastida para servirles. reporter : i go on a little field trip to see porfirio bastida, who farms just over an acre of corn near the mexico city airport. the city ' s been creeping closer and closer, sucking up water and land. people speaking spanish : esta bien. buenos dias. pasenle! reporter : for the last three years, bastida has been practicing what ' s known as \" conservation agriculture \" - - he doesn ' t plow and he doesn ' t hoe and he lets the stalks and leaves of the corn plants stay in the field after harvest. american farmers have been doing this for decades to control erosion, but here it ' s a pretty radical departure from the way people normally farm. porfirio bastida : mire, en primer lugar, hemos visto que, pues, ya no tenemos suficiente agua. interpreter : yeah, so basically porfirio is saying that they decided to use conservation agriculture because they don ' t have much water available for their crops. when they keep all the organic material on the soil, that helps the field to retain humidity. reporter : bastida says he ' s using much less water now, and he ' s harvesting twice as much corn. plus it ' s less work. still, of all the farmers in this area, so far only he and his wife have adopted the method. take - home message : it takes time for new things to catch on. i spend the next day tromping around cornfields with fernando castillo, a mexican geneticist who teaches at a nearby university. fernando castillo : que es lo que mas le intereseria? farmer : primero las plagas. reporter : working with a tiny budget, he helps local farmers improve the way they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44344221102052106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.431928"} {"text": ", a mexican geneticist who teaches at a nearby university. fernando castillo : que es lo que mas le intereseria? farmer : primero las plagas. reporter : working with a tiny budget, he helps local farmers improve the way they select the corn they ' ll save for planting the next season. these are traditional varieties, not hybrids or gmos, and since mexico is where corn comes from, there ' s lots of genetic diversity in any given field. castillo says with a little tutoring, mexico ' s 2. 8 million corn farmers can accomplish much more than a few plant breeders with ph. ds. castillo : farmers have worked for years, and they have learned from their parents and grandparents the local conditions and the management. so most of it is based on local knowledge and local resources. reporter : castillo says the process could raise mexican corn yields by 2 percent per year, which is just about what ' s needed to keep up with the demand. but he ' s been at this for 15 years, and he ' s still just working with a handful of farmers. around the world, thousands of scientists are hacking away at thousands of problems. some are experimenting with \" agro - ecological \" methods - - mixing different crops and trees and animals to diversify diets and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. others are trying to breed crops that resist insects or diseases, or that tolerate flooding or drought. some of this stuff is pretty ambitious. matthew reynolds : this field contains the first experiment of the wheat yield consortium in mexico. reporter : matthew reynolds is a wheat specialist at the maize and wheat center. he ' s heading a global push to make wheat plants much more efficient at converting sunlight into grain. there ' s a parallel effort going on in rice. reynolds : this is actually a very interesting area, the spike photosynthesis, because no one has ever systematically tried to improve this photosynthesis of the spikes. reporter : it ' s not just about the spikes - - those are the parts of the plants with the seeds on them - - it ' s about fundamentally changing the way the plant works. reynolds says the research will take 20 or 30 years to bear fruit - - if it bears fruit at all. but it could increase wheat yields by 50 percent. reynolds : so what are the odds? the answer to that question is more : what are the consequences if we fail? reporter : but no one is really counting on the project succeeding - - there are just too many scientific uncertainties. so the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48261272084558665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.432913"} {"text": ". reynolds : so what are the odds? the answer to that question is more : what are the consequences if we fail? reporter : but no one is really counting on the project succeeding - - there are just too many scientific uncertainties. so the strategy for now is to keep working on as many fronts as possible. with climate change, and another two or three billion people coming, i ask marianne banziger if it ' ll be enough. banziger : we can feed the world in 2050. maize is the livelihood for 900 million poor people. wheat feeds more than 1. 2 billion poor people. so it is a little bit absurd to think that the resources are not there. they are there. reporter : still, everyone i talk to here says no matter how generous the funding, no matter how good the science, it won ' t make a difference if government policies aren ' t right. that means fair prices for farmers and help when crops fail. it means access to land and roads and warehouses and markets. it means education and nutrition programs and family planning. but you can ' t just wait for all those things and then call in the scientists. because if there ' s one resource scientists need more than anything, it ' s time. in texcoco, mexico, i ' m jon miller for marketplace. ryssdal : food for 9 billion is a collaboration between marketplace, homelands productions, pbs newshour and the center for investigative reporting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48213179167488507, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.433480"} {"text": "investigation of neurofeedback with real - time fmri in healthy volunteers and patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders - many people can learn to use feedback about brain activity to modify that activity, but is it not known if people with tourette syndrome can modify their brain activity. - researchers have evidence that certain areas of the brain are involved in causing tics in people with tourette syndrome. if people with tourette syndrome can use feedback about brain activity to modify activity in those parts of the brain, they may be able to modify their brain activity to help control the tics. - to determine if people with and without tourette syndrome can learn to use thought to control brain activity. - to test whether people who have tourette syndrome can learn to control brain activities, possibly helping to control tics. - healthy volunteers ages 18 and older who are right - handed and are willing to not consume caffeine or alcohol for 24 hours before the study visit. - patients with tourette syndrome who have tics that can be observed and studied. - all participants must be able to undergo magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scans. - healthy volunteers ( two visits to the nih clinical center over a 2 - to 4 - week period ; visit may last up to 3 hours ) : - screening visit, including physical examination and medical history, and a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scan if the individual has not had one performed at the national institutes of health in the past year. - study visit : functional mri ( fmri ) scan to allow researchers to see if volunteers can learn to control their brain activity during a scan. volunteers will be asked to complete tasks as directed during the fmri scan. - patients with tourette syndrome ( three or four outpatient visits over a 4 - to 6 - week period ; each visit may last up to 4 hours ) : - screening visit, including physical examination and medical history, and an mri scan if the individual has not had one performed at the national institutes of health in the past year. - evaluation visit to ask questions about tourette symptoms and to have patients complete questionnaires about their tics and their mental health. - study visit : fmri scan to allow researchers to see if patients can learn to control their brain activity during a scan. patients will be asked to complete tasks as directed during the fmri scan. - final visit : researchers will ask questions about tic symptoms, have patients complete questionnaires, and perform a brief exam. afterward, patients will have an fmri scan similar to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5214154025524896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.438224"} {"text": "be asked to complete tasks as directed during the fmri scan. - final visit : researchers will ask questions about tic symptoms, have patients complete questionnaires, and perform a brief exam. afterward, patients will have an fmri scan similar to the previous one. - all participants will be paid a small amount of money in compensation for their participation in the study. | study design : | | time perspective : prospective | | official title : | | investigation of neurofeedback with real - time fmri in healthy volunteers and patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders | | study start date : | | april 2009 | the objective of this study is to see if healthy volunteers and patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders such as tourette syndrome ( ts ) are able to learn how to alter their brain activity using feedback during functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ), and whether such feedback training can lead to improvement in symptoms in ts patients. this study is to be carried out in three phases. in phase 1 we will study the feedback technique using fmri with right - handed adult healthy volunteers, in phase 2 we intend to study if right - handed adult patients with ts are also able to learn the feedback technique, and in phase 3 we intend to study whether feedback training with fmri leads to improvement in symptoms in ts patients and whether patients were able to retain the ability to alter their brain activity. phase 1 : healthy volunteers will be shown an image that corresponds to their brain activity being measured continuously during fmri scanning and asked to attempt to alter this activity first with a simple finger - tapping task and then with their thoughts. phase 1 will require two visits ( one screening and one scanning ) ( completed ). phase 1a : a pilot study evaluating the ability of healthy volunteers to learn to modulate their own brain connectivity using feedback of connectivity patterns between two motor regions during a real - time fmri paradigm. phase 1a will require three visits ( one screening and two scanning with evaluation ). phase 2 : ts patients will be studied to see if they can learn to alter their brain activity in a similar way as the healthy volunteers. patients will have their symptoms videotaped and a brief interview after scanning. phase 2 will require three visits ( one screening, one evaluation, and one scanning ). phase 3 : the effect of altering brain activity in a specific brain area on symptoms in ts patients will be studied. patients will be asked to continue to focus their thoughts as they did during feedback scanning any time that they feel an urge prior to a tic or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5289817112844901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.439197"} {"text": ": the effect of altering brain activity in a specific brain area on symptoms in ts patients will be studied. patients will be asked to continue to focus their thoughts as they did during feedback scanning any time that they feel an urge prior to a tic or every hour while awake, whichever is more frequent, until a follow - up visit and fmri scan two or three days later. phase 3 will require four visits ( one screening, one evaluation, one scanning, and one follow - up ). no visit will last more than 4 hours. the primary outcome for phases 1 and 2 is the difference in brain activation within a specific area after feedback training compared to a baseline, and for phase 3 it is the difference in symptoms measured by a ts rating scale before fmri scanning compared to two or three days after learning the feedback technique. secondary outcomes for all three phases include the changes in activation in a specific brain area compared to a baseline after repeated scanning trials and when no feedback image is displayed. | contact : elaine p considine, r. n. | | ( 301 ) firstname. lastname @ example. org | | contact : mark hallett, m. d. | | ( 301 ) email @ example. com | | united states, maryland | | national institutes of health clinical center, 9000 rockville pike | | recruiting | | bethesda, maryland, united states, 20892 | | contact : for more information at the nih clinical center contact patient recruitment and public liaison office ( prpl ) 800 - 411 - 1222 ext tty8664111010 firstname. lastname @ example. org | | principal investigator : | | mark hallett, m. d. | | national institute of neurological disorders and stroke ( ninds ) |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.538074006176043, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.439836"} {"text": "t - reg cell kinetics, stem cell transplant, regale patients have a type of blood cell disorder that is very hard to cure. we are now suggesting a treatment that might help patients live longer without disease than other treatment plans would. this treatment is known as a stem cell transplant. we believe this may help patients as it allows us to give much stronger doses of drugs and radiation to kill the diseased cells than we could give without the transplant. we also think that the healthy cells may help fight any diseased cells left after the transplant. stem cells are special \" mother \" cells that are found in the bone marrow ( the spongy tissue inside bones ), although some are also found in the bloodstream ( peripheral blood ). as they grow, they become either white blood cells which fight infection, red blood cells which carry oxygen and remove waste products from the organs and tissues or platelets, which enable the blood to clot. for the transplant to take place, we will collect these stem cells from a \" donor \" ( a person who agrees to donate these cells ) and give them to recipient. patients do not have a sibling that is a perfect match, so the stem cells will come from a donor who is the best match available. this person may be a close relative or an unrelated person whose stem cells best \" matches \" the patients, and who agrees to donate stem cells. before the transplant, two very strong drugs plus total body irradiation will be given to the patient ( pre - conditioning ). this treatment will kill most of the blood - forming cells in the bone marrow. we will then give the patient the healthy stem cells. once these healthy stem cells are in the bloodstream they will move to the bone marrow ( graft ) and begin producing blood cells that will eventually mature into healthy red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. this research study will also use campath - 1h as a pre - treatment. campath - 1h is an antibody against certain types of blood cells. campath - 1h is important because it stays active in the body for a long time after infusion, which means it may work longer at preventing gvhd symptoms. the stem cell transplant described above is considered to be \" standard \" treatment. we would like to collect additional blood as described below in order to evaluate how the immune system is recovering. we are asking permission to draw blood from the patient so that we can measure the number of certain blood cells called t regulatory cells. t regulatory cells are special immune", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4632381234275391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.447811"} {"text": "to collect additional blood as described below in order to evaluate how the immune system is recovering. we are asking permission to draw blood from the patient so that we can measure the number of certain blood cells called t regulatory cells. t regulatory cells are special immune cells that can control or regulate the body ' s immune response. we want to determine whether t regulatory cells are important participants in graft versus host disease ( gvhd ), infection and relapse. in gvhd, certain cells from the donated marrow or blood ( the graft ) attack the body of the transplant patient ( the host ). gvhd can affect many different parts of the body. the skin, eyes, stomach and intestines are affected most often. gvhd can range from mild to life - threatening. we do not know whether t regulatory cells can modify these conditions. we want to measure these t regulatory cells and learn if these cells do influence these conditions. if we learn that t regulatory cells do affect these conditions, then it may be possible to modify these cells for the benefit of transplant patients. non hodgkin lymphoma drug : ara c radiation : total body irradiation ( tbi ) procedure : stem cell infusion | study design : | | intervention model : single group assignment masking : open label primary purpose : treatment | official title : | | t - regulatory cell kinetics for patients receiving alemtuzamb and undergoing stem cell transplantation from hla mismatched - related, or hla matched, or one antigen mismatched - unrelated donors | - to define the biologic recovery and behavior of t reg cells for pts undergoing stem cell transplant [ time frame : 3 years ] [ designated as safety issue : no ] - to determine that the administration of campath 1h as part of conditioning therapy to patients undergoing stem cell transplantation from mismatched related donors or from matched unrelated donors permits t regulatory cell recovery. [ time frame : 3 years ] [ designated as safety issue : no ] | study start date : | | october 2007 | | estimated study completion date : | | may 2013 | | estimated primary completion date : | | may 2013 ( final data collection date for primary outcome measure ) | experimental : stem cell transplant all patients will receive ara c iv every 12 hours for 6 doses starting at 1400 hours on day - 8. cyclophosphamide iv once daily on day - 7 and day - 6 starting at 1400 hours. mesna will be administered 15 minutes prior to each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48792167404734565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.448805"} {"text": "c iv every 12 hours for 6 doses starting at 1400 hours on day - 8. cyclophosphamide iv once daily on day - 7 and day - 6 starting at 1400 hours. mesna will be administered 15 minutes prior to each dose of cyclophosphamide and 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours after each dose of cyclophosphamide. campath 1h will be given on day - 4, day - 3, day - 2 and day - 1. tbi ( total body irradiation ) will be delivered in 8 fractions of 1. 75 gy in two fractions on day - 4, day - 3, day - 2, and day - 1. stem cell infusion are infused on day 0. drug : ara c ara c ( 3000 mg / m2 ) iv every 12 hours for 6 doses ( days - 8 to - 5 ) other name : cytarabinedrug : cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide ( 45mg / kg ) iv once daily on day - 7 and day - 6 other name : cytoxandrug : mesna mesna ( 45mg / kg ; divided into 5 doses ) will be administered 15 minutes prior to each dose of cyclophosphamide and 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours after each dose of cyclophosphamide. other name : mesnexradiation : total body irradiation ( tbi ) tbi : total dose 14. 0 gy, will be delivered in 8 fractions of 1. 75 gy in two fractions on day - 4, day - 3, day - 2, and day - 1 other name : radiationbiological : campath - 1h campath ( 3 mg iv for patients between 5 and 15 kg ; 5 mg for patients between 16 and 30 kg ; and 10 mg for patients greater than 30 kg ) will be given on day - 4, day - 3, day - 2 and day - 1. other name : alemtuzumabprocedure : stem cell infusion stem cells are infused on day 0 to participate in this transplant, the patient will need to have a central line. before the transplant we will test the blood for viruses which can cause problems after the transplant. these viruses include hepatitis b, cytomegalovirus and hiv. if the patient is positive for the aids virus, they will not be able to undertake the transplant. standard therapy : the patient will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4657999340173797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.449642"} {"text": "for viruses which can cause problems after the transplant. these viruses include hepatitis b, cytomegalovirus and hiv. if the patient is positive for the aids virus, they will not be able to undertake the transplant. standard therapy : the patient will be given 6 doses of chemotherapy with a drug called ara c in high doses ( every 12 hours ) which will begin 8 days before the stem cell transplant. then, another chemotherapy drug called cyclophosphamide will be given in high doses by vein for two days on the 7th and 6th days before the transplant. a drug called mesna will be given with cyclophosphamide. mesna is used to decrease the side effects caused by cyclophosphamide. the patient will also receive an antibody called campath ( each day for 4 days before the transplant ) to help destroy the immune system so that there is less host resistance to the growth of the donor cells. radiation treatment will be given to the entire body on each day for 4 days before transplant. this will be given 2 times a day for 4 days. the chemotherapy and radiation treatment will last 8 days. if the patient has a diagnosis of t - cell lymphoma, they will not be given the ara - c. extra bone marrow tests may be recommended by the physician to check on the patients condition, especially if the marrow is slow to grow. the day after the radiation treatment is completed ; the patient will receive the healthy stem cells by vein. once in the bloodstream, these stem cells will go to the bone marrow and should begin to grow. in prevention of gvhd, the patient will also receive medicine called fk506 as well as low dose methotrexate. the fk506 will be given intravenously initially starting 2 days before the transplant and later by mouth ( when they are able to take oral medications ). this drug will be given each day for several weeks. four doses of low dose methotrexate will be given intravenously. the methotrexate will be given on the day after the transplant, 3, 6 and 11 days after the transplant. if the gvhd cannot be controlled with fk506, other medicines may need to be given. the doctor will describe these medicines at that time. blood samples for research : to study how these cells are working in the patients system, blood samples will be taken each month for six months, at nine months, at one year, 2 years and 3 years following transplant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43455506682284945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.450578"} {"text": "small cetacean species may not survive another decade warns new landmark publication iucn - the world conservation union, gland, switzerland, 14. 05. 03. a new publication on the status of the world ' s cetaceans - whales, dolphins and porpoises, offers a stark warning that the smaller, lesser - known species such as the baiji ( or yangtze river dolphin ) may not survive the next decade. dolphins, whales and porpoises : 2002 - 2010 conservation action plan for the world ' s cetaceans, is an authoritative, benchmark publication providing the latest information on the status of cetaceans worldwide while recommending actions that could help save the most threatened species. as a guiding document for all those involved in cetacean conservation, it will be used by scientists in the field and academic institutions, as well as those making critical decisions about the future of these species and their habitats. this new publication is the most recent of three action plans compiled by the cetacean specialist group ( csg ) of iucn ' s species survival commission during the past 15 years. the group has over 75 members worldwide contributing significant experience and expertise to the growing pool of knowledge about cetaceans. this action plan provides scientific information about the current status of cetaceans worldwide ; identifies threats to their survival and ways to further understand and assess these threats ; and recommends specific conservation actions. with ongoing revision and debate about how they should be classified, there are currently 86 recognised cetacean species. these animals live in a variety of habitats, from the high seas far beyond the national jurisdiction of any country, to the shallow freshwater rivers, lakes and coastal waters of southern asia and south america. some species are highly migratory, requiring vast areas of ocean to move between feeding and calving waters, whilst others reside in particular sections of rivers and coastal waters. \" some of the great whales such as the blue, humpback, sperm and right whales often receive a lot of attention. they are magnificent animals, and certainly important to the csg ' s mission. the group focuses, however, on smaller species, often lesser - known and in developing countries, that are particularly threatened with extinction, \" says dr randall reeves, chair of the csg. swimming against extinction to date, humans have not caused the extinction of any cetacean species. this claim may not hold true for much longer though. according to former csg chair, william f. perrin, \" it seems unlikely that the bai", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44042454119328117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.457016"} {"text": "swimming against extinction to date, humans have not caused the extinction of any cetacean species. this claim may not hold true for much longer though. according to former csg chair, william f. perrin, \" it seems unlikely that the baiji [ or yangtze dolphin, lipotes vexillifer ] will still be around when the next new action plan is formulated eight or ten years from now \". the baiji, a freshwater dolphin with its distribution now limited to the main channel of the yangtze river in china, is considered the most endangered cetacean. from surveys conducted in 1985 and 1986, the total baiji population was guessed to number around 300 animals. between 1997 and 1999, extensive surveys sighted only 21 - 23 dolphins. the new action plan states that there may be no more than a few tens of yangtze dolphins in existence. of the species / populations that have been assessed against the iucn red list of threatened species criteria, the baiji, vaquita ( gulf of california porpoise, phocoena sinus ), and several geographical populations of whales and dolphins are categorised as critically endangered. northern hemisphere right whales ( eubalaena glacialis and e. japonica ), the blue whale ( balaenoptera musculus ), hector ' s dolphin ( cephalorhynchus hectori ) and ganges / indus river dolphins ( platanista gangetica ) are listed as endangered. there are others yet to be formally assessed, some of which are known to be in serious danger of extinction. threats facing cetaceans the first cetacean action plan, published in 1988, expanded awareness of not only the great whales ( the 14 recognised baleen species and the toothed sperm whale ), but also the approximately 70 species of smaller and medium - sized species. in 1994, the second action plan emphasised the vulnerability of freshwater and coastal cetacean populations, highlighting their geographically restricted ranges and dependence on resources also used by humans. perrin sees a glimmer of conservation success, but notes that urgent action is warranted to deal with the extinction crisis facing particular species and populations. \" some progress has been made, but as the present plan testifies, grave threats to the continued existence of many cetaceans still exist, and some threats are worsening, \" says perrin. \" cetacean diversity, like all biodiversity worldwide, is crumbling so we must redouble our efforts, \" he concludes. traditional threats", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4395015302415658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.458147"} {"text": "existence of many cetaceans still exist, and some threats are worsening, \" says perrin. \" cetacean diversity, like all biodiversity worldwide, is crumbling so we must redouble our efforts, \" he concludes. traditional threats to cetaceans such as the deliberate killing of some species for food and predator control continue. these are increasingly accompanied by additional threats : animals die from entanglement in fishing gear ; collisions with powered vessels injure and kill cetaceans ; some species are targeted to supply the demand from oceanaria for live animals ; changing ecosystem dynamics resulting from either industrial or intensive artisanal fishing may be depleting food sources for some species ; activities such as the construction of dams, irrigation infrastructure, and aquaculture facilities degrade habitat ; in addition to longstanding concerns about acoustic disturbance, new types of military sonar apparently can cause lethal trauma to deep - diving cetaceans. cautious optimism for some populations whilst recognising that the status of many cetaceans is worsening and threats to their survival are in many cases increasing, cautious optimism is now being expressed about the effectiveness of past and ongoing conservation actions for some populations of great whales. right and bowhead whales have been protected from commercial whaling under international law since 1935, gray whales since 1946, and humpback whales ( megaptera novaeangliae ) and blue whales since the mid - 1960s. add to this the continuing worldwide moratorium on commercial whaling which took effect in 1986, and it appears that a lot of work has been done by many individuals over the years to achieve effective conservation measures for cetaceans across the globe. despite the fact that many thousands of right, blue, and humpback whales were taken illegally in the southern ocean and north pacific during the 1950s and 1960s ( in some cases putting populations of these species in jeopardy ), several populations of southern right whales ( eubalaena australis ), humpbacks in many areas, gray whales in the eastern north pacific, and blue whales in both the eastern north pacific and central north atlantic have begun to show signs of recovery. recommendations for action \" over the past 15 years, it has become clear that, in certain cases, existing scientific evidence is sufficient to justify, or indeed require, immediate action. the csg therefore decided to include a number of recommendations in this action plan that go beyond research ; these address specific actions that need to be taken to promote the recovery of species or populations immediately threatened with extinction, \" says dr reeves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4703185911193976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.459327"} {"text": ", immediate action. the csg therefore decided to include a number of recommendations in this action plan that go beyond research ; these address specific actions that need to be taken to promote the recovery of species or populations immediately threatened with extinction, \" says dr reeves. amongst others in the publication, recommendations include actions to prevent injury to the baiji from snag - line and electric fishing ; eliminate fishing methods that take vaquitas as bycatch throughout their range ; and for the hector ' s dolphin, endemic to new zealand, increase the size of existing protected areas to include the harbours and bays in the north island sanctuary, and also extend the offshore boundaries for both sanctuaries. dolphins, whales and porpoises : 2002 - 2010 conservation action plan for the world ' s cetaceans is available electronically on this site in. pdf and can be purchased in hard copy from the iucn world conservation bookstore http : / / www. iucn. org / bookstore / ; email : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; tel : + 44 1223 277894 ; fax + 44 1223 277175. read more on the website of the wildlife conservation society, a key partner in production of the action plan. for more information contact : dr randall reeves, chair, iucn / ssc cetacean specialist group and action plan co - author tel : + 1 450 458 6685 ( canada ) fax : + 1 450 458 7383 brian smith - csg asia coordinator and action plan co - author tel : + 66 ( 76 ) 383 144 ( thailand ) email : email @ example. com or firstname. lastname @ example. org andrew mcmullin - communications officer - species programme iucn - the world conservation union tel : + 41 ( 0 ) 22 9990153 fax : + 41 ( 0 ) 22 9990015", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4630352385372914, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.460461"} {"text": "the introduction to this series of posts can be found here. articulation, or speech sound production, is the part of a speech - language pathologist \u2019 s job that the public is most aware of. when we tell the majority of lay people what we do for a living, they assume we spend our days working with kids on their / l /, / r / and / s / sounds, and when children are referred to us due to concerns about language development, we often have a lot to explain about the breadth of our expertise. no matter what our areas of expertise, most of us spend at least some of our time working with children on articulation. there are some terrific ipad apps dedicated to assisting children in their articulation development. while there are many apps that families can use at home to improve their children \u2019 s communication, these dedicated apps are more appropriate for use under supervision of a trained clinician in a therapy session. why would a speech - language pathologist work on articulation using an ipad? for one thing the device makes the clinician \u2019 s job substantially easier in that it holds a great many pictures, replacing the boxes of ( typically ) outdated picture cards that often sit on our shelves, and it makes it very simple to collect and share data. further, kids are highly motivated by the interactive, hands - on nature of the device. however, there is absolutely no reason to purchase more than one dedicated articulation app for your clients \u2013 choose carefully to make sure that the app you invest in will work for the majority of the kids you see. the articulation app i have been using the most in my work this past year is artikpix. articpix allows you to customize the flashcards you use in practice and then in a matching game. the graphics are simple drawings, similar to mayer - johnson symbols. after selecting target phoneme ( s ), the clinician can select which word position will be practiced ( e. g., you can create an activity that includes / s / in initial word position and medial / l / ). when the child taps the screen, the word is clearly pronounced. the child can tap a microphone icon to record him or herself repeating the word, and then listen to it. this immediate feedback is wonderful. the clinician then taps the smiley face or frown face to collect data on accuracy. there are \u201c yay! \u201d and \u201c awww \u2026 \u201d sounds that correspond with these, but you can also turn those sounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44746674921920687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.471043"} {"text": "this immediate feedback is wonderful. the clinician then taps the smiley face or frown face to collect data on accuracy. there are \u201c yay! \u201d and \u201c awww \u2026 \u201d sounds that correspond with these, but you can also turn those sounds off in settings. however, the child can see how you judged their production and with older children, i \u2019 ll ask them to rate their own productions that way. the latest update of artikpix allows the clinician to collect data easily for up to four students in a group. the app saves your data for each child ( and any notes you have added on that session ). you can share results by email. for $ 29. 99 you can purchase the \u201c full \u201d version which comes with 21 card decks of 40 cards for each phoneme \u2013 there are close to 1, 000 total articulation cards. click here for a complete description. we did not purchase the full version at our office. we downloaded the free artikpix app and we purchase individual phoneme decks for $ 1. 99 each as needed. it is possible to download extra decks of cards from within the app so it \u2019 s very quick and easy. since we see a small number of children for speech sound production, this worked well for us, but if you are working with many kids who have a variety of error sounds, it would be more cost effective to purchase the full version. this app does not target phonological processes, but the developer created an additional app to address this. phonopix - full can be purchased separately for $ 24. 99. here is a video of a client working with one of my graduate student clinicians on his / l / sound using artikpix : i recently purchased articulate it! for my ipad. articulate it! was developed by smarty ears, whose wide variety of apps are created by a speech - language pathologist. this app includes all english phonemes and over 1, 200 photo cards. similar to artikpix, the clinician can collect data and share it ( but more easily, in a clear graph form, and you can opt to include the client \u2019 s recordings in your email ). additionally, the clinician can choose targets based on phoneme, phonological processes ( e. g., fronting, stopping, initial consonant deletion, to name a few ), or manner of articulation ( e. g., fricatives, glides, nasals ). again,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4579760219855663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.472125"} {"text": "with the ipad, but the general idea is that the child chooses a background theme and characters ( or draws their own! ), and then uses the structured narrative arc to create and narrate his or her own story. after creating each scene, the child has an opportunity to choose appropriate background music that fits the mood of the scene ( e. g., scary, happy, excited ). for our older clients we usually incorporate all pieces of the story arc, but with younger children like this one we stick to a beginning, middle, and ending by deleting some steps within the app. kids love it and it \u2019 s been a really fun way to move into less structured articulation practice! if the clinician and child want to share the story, it can be uploaded to the toontastic website. before doing so, i make sure that the child \u2019 s identification is protected. in any therapy, the ipad is only as creative as you are. toontastic illustrates an important point about use of the ipad in speech therapy, which is that you can go light years beyond dedicated speech apps in therapy if you use your natural creativity as a clinician. if you are able to think outside the box without the ipad, you \u2019 ll be able to do the same with it. it is simply another tool in your toolbox. you can have as much success with apps that were never intended for therapy as with dedicated ones like artikpix or articulate it! in addition to activities like toontastic, you might engage a child in drawing a series of nice, long / s / sounds while producing the \u201c sssssss \u201d, using a free app like draw, or you could work with a young child on a puzzle in an app like puzzld!, targeting all the / s / words in it. the sky \u2019 s the limit! please feel free to share your experiences with these apps \u2013 and any others you \u2019 ve tried \u2013 when remediating articulation and phonology difficulties in a pediatric population! stay tuned for a summary of our favorite ipad apps for language remediation! jordan sadler, ms, ccc / slp, is a speech - language pathologist and has been the director of communication therapy, p. c. since 2004. she loves finding new ways to bring the ipad into therapy sessions and helping families find useful apps for home and community settings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4426825171316421, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.474059"} {"text": "join hundreds of early years practitioners in the tes early years group. find lesson ideas and inspiration, share best practice and get your questions answered by your peers. what age group? what ' s wrong with paper and pencils? give them a variety of paper and writing implements to choose in your writing area, include different colours and sizes, post - it notes, envelopes, rolls of paper etc. and access to glue sticks, sellotape, paper clips. have clipboards and pens or pencils, post its, notebooks, exercise books, etc. placed in all your other areas so they can writie while they are there. at the moment i ' ve got scrolls made from paper discoloured with tea bags and rolled up in my castle role play along with a quill pen made from a feather taped to a biro. i ' ve got a clipboard next to some castle and knights small world play and they use it for noting down the score between two sets of knights, i haven ' t been able to fathom their rules yet but never mind! i ' ve got small world superhero characters made from laminated photos of some of the boys dressed up and mounted on wooden blocks placed on my author ' s table with appropriate vocabulary and small blank books for them to write in, these are well used. laminated photos of other children are mixed with the wooden fairytale characters in a fairytale small world setting along with a clipboard, i haven ' t had much writing in that area yet but a lot of verbal story telling. don ' t forget paper on clipboards, long rolls of wallpaper as well as whiteboards and pens, chalkboards and large chalks for writing on the ground outside. in the past i ' ve had paper and a plastic bottle near pirate small world play and they used it for writing messages. it was hard getting the scrunched up paper out of the bottle but certain reluctant boys improved rapidly. most important - celebrate any writing that they do. share it with the class - praise the letter formation, the quantity, the firm positive pencil strokes, the attempt at using letter sounds, anything positive at all - the other children will take their cue from this and want to get in on it. i agree with inkyp mashed potato is fun and so is paint and sand and mud and... but in reception they need to use pen / pencil and paper and sometimes reluctant boys have to do things they don ' t automatically choose. it ' s not what they use to mark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.50939333476371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.481085"} {"text": "is fun and so is paint and sand and mud and... but in reception they need to use pen / pencil and paper and sometimes reluctant boys have to do things they don ' t automatically choose. it ' s not what they use to mark make with it ' s giving it a purpose that is important and why any child chooses to write. our nursery boys were very taken with paper sellotaped to the underside of tables. they lay on cushions and had a lot of fun - good for hand strength too. letter formation is of prime importance [ sorry to state the obvious ] in reception and you need something a lot more structured and, yes, monitor - able than vague squishy activities if you want to make sure it ' s developing well. inkypwhat ' s wrong with paper and pencils? mszbut in reception they need to use pen / pencil and paper and sometimes reluctant boys have to do things they don ' t automatically choose. i think you need to be clear whether you want exciting mark making activities or you want to encourage reluctant boys to engage in writing ( emergent or more structured ) because however exciting the mark making is it is not going to make boys want to write only to make marks, which is fine in itself as it develops lots of skills. hi some ideas i use in my room are ; taping down wall paper and giving a selection of mark making tools - they love this as they feel there writing on the table. clip boards everywhere especially in the construction area as they make plans for their models. coloured sand in shallow trays to use paint brushes / fingers etc. magnifying glasses outside to hunt for words and write them. home corner - shopping lists, copying out of catalogues, telephone numbers from the phone book etc. we put crates tyers and police fancy dress costumes outside and they loved writing the names of who they caught and writing a sign for their police station. and lots of other random bits and pieces that work with our daily routines in rec. msz i think you need to be clear whether you want exciting mark making activities or you want to encourage reluctant boys to engage in writing ( emergent or more structured ) because however exciting the mark making is it is not going to make boys want to write only to make marks, which is fine in itself as it develops lots of skills. had you said that was what you wanted i would have posted ideas for mark making unfortunately they won ' t encourage relucatant boys to want to write! korunot interested in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4712877524293968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.482118"} {"text": ", which is fine in itself as it develops lots of skills. had you said that was what you wanted i would have posted ideas for mark making unfortunately they won ' t encourage relucatant boys to want to write! korunot interested in a debate come on, koru - the debate is needed and one day you ' ll join in with alacrity. why are you not interested in debate? should we not be quetioning our practice? i ' m so pleased we aren ' t alone in having enthusiastic boys when it comes to reading and writing. \" driving \" the toy cars through paint then driving them around the paper. ~ or wheeled vehicles outdoors sponge pan scourers in paint. or large sponge floor mops bubble wrap is good - get them to paint the bubbly side then lay a sheet of paper on top. painting with decorators brushes shaving brushes are good in paint, easier than paint brushes for little hands, feathers in paint roll tyres / balls through paint sticks and mud washing up liquid bottles with water or watery paint plant sprays and paint top of page tes editorial \u00a9 2012 tsl education ltd. all pages of the website are reproduce, duplicate, copy, sell, resell or exploit any material on the website for any commercial purposes. tsl education ltd registered in england ( no 02017289 ) at 26 red lion square, london, wc1r 4hq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4669350872713697, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.482674"} {"text": "the classic free - speech axiom is that the cure for bad speech is more speech. this article considers the possible social costs of speech, focusing on speech strategies that impede and degrade change, even if the speech itself is socially acceptable. this article introduces the clucking theorem, which states that human nature unnecessarily inflates the costs of processes related to proposed legal changes. clucking is a form of externality \u2014 it is an action that inflates the social costs associated with discourse over a new or revised norm. it also alters transitions, degrades the quality of reforms, impedes certain changes, and facilitates undesirable transitions. this article \u2019 s inquiry into the characteristics of clucking is supported by a qualitative study of debates and disputes over changes to backyard chicken laws in more than one hundred localities between 2007 and 2010. this study emphasizes that certain clucking characteristics are unrelated to the substance of the issue at stake, the size of the population, or the innovation in the proposed change. in synthesizing the study, this article identifies five categories of individuals who engage in clucking : losers, winners, status quo enforcers, political opportunists, and human roosters. finally, this article stresses that civility norms and procedural rules are viable means to reduce the social costs of clucking. a supplement to this article is available here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5432566848018148, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.484040"} {"text": "history of border walls in the u. s. and around the world much of the 3, 000 - mile ( 4, 828kilometer ) great wall of china was constructed during the ming dynasty ( 1368 - 1644 ) [ see timeline of chinese history ] to prevent attacks from rival forces, although officials as early as the fifth century bce also built sections of this and other walls. the roman empire was protected by natural barriers, including rivers in europe and the sahara desert in north africa. however, when the roman emperor hadrian ( 76 - 138ce ) visited britain in 122 ce, he ordered a stone wall built to protect this more vulnerable northern boundary. hadrian ' s wall stretched across england for over 73 miles ( 117 kilometers ) and was as thick as 10 feet ( 3 meters ). [ see list of roman emperors ] during world war ii, the nazis forced hundreds of thousands of polish jews into a small area of warsaw and contained them with a wall. within the walled territory, which was known as the warsaw ghetto, disease, starvation, and other pitiful conditions spread. the warsaw ghetto became a symbol of severe repression throughout the world during the mid - twentieth century. the 96 - mile ( 154 - kilometer ), nearly 12 - foot ( 3. 6 - meter ) high berlin wall built in 1961 by the communist german democratic republic ( gdr ) divided east berlin from west berlin. the wall effectively prevented most citizens in the east from defecting to the west until 1989, when the cold war ended and the wall was demolished. in 1986, congress passed, and president reagan signed the immigration reform and control act ( irca ), granting lawful permanent residence to 2. 7 million people. instead of ending the flow of illegal immigration, it actually caused a brief spike, as family members of the newly legal residents entered the country illegally. within a decade, the number of illegal immigrants was back to more than five million. in 1990, the united states constructed a 66 - mile ( 106 - kilometer ) fence along the california coast from san diego to the pacific ocean to deter illegal immigration. arrests of illegal immigrants in the san diego region declined sharply as a result of the fence, but increased nearly 600 percent in arizona, where the number of accidental deaths also climbed as mexicans attempted to traverse the harsh desert environment. in 1996, president bill clinton signed the illegal immigration reform and immigrant responsibility act. the act increased fines for illegal aliens, provided additional funding for border patrol and surveillance, and also approved the installation of an additional 14 - mile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.457366939201933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.487967"} {"text": "traverse the harsh desert environment. in 1996, president bill clinton signed the illegal immigration reform and immigrant responsibility act. the act increased fines for illegal aliens, provided additional funding for border patrol and surveillance, and also approved the installation of an additional 14 - mile ( 22 - kilometer ) fence near san diego. some landowners in arizona, new mexico, and texas erected their own fences, often with the help of militia, but no permanent barrier had been constructed by the government in these areas until recently. the secure fence act, signed by president george w. bush in 2006, promised 700 miles ( 1, 126 kilometers ) of fencing along the u. s. - mexico border ; however, lawsuits and protests from citizen groups halted construction. the sierra club and defenders of wildlife filed a lawsuit challenging the ability of the bush administration to waive important environmental regulations in order to build the wall on the san pedro riparian national conservation area in arizona. these regulations include the endangered species act, the clean water act, and the migratory bird treaty act. in october 2007, a u. s. district court sided with the organizations and stopped construction. many members of the tohono o ' odham nation in arizona also protest a section of the barrier being built on their reservation, especially since they claim they were not first consulted by the bush administration. the tohono o ' odham have members who live on each side of the border and consider both countries their home. they value the ability to cross the border unimpeded, but also express frustration at the problems that illegal immigrants bring to their reservation. bodies are found almost daily, as people die from exposure to the harsh desert climate or are killed by smugglers. a virtual wall may offer a compromise for some residents who live along the border ; such a wall was among the requests put forth by representative raul grijalva ( d - az ), who introduced the borderlands conservation and security act ( hr 2593 ) in 2007. the bill would mitigate some of problems cited by critics of the secure fence act. virtual walls are not without controversy. some americans who live in areas in which high - tech surveillance is used complain of the invasion of privacy caused by cameras and other equipment, and safety issues related to using laser, radar, and biometric technology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4746547262724532, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.488939"} {"text": "the seasat - a scatterometer ( sass ) was designed to measure the near - surface wind field over the ocean by inferring the wind from measurements of the surface radar backscatter. while backscatter measurements were also made over land, they have been primarily used for the calibration of the instrument. this has been due in part to the low resolution of the scatterometer measurements ( nominally 50 km ). in a separate paper the present authors introduced a new method for generating enhanced resolution radar measurements of the earth ' s surface using spaceborne scatterometry. in the present paper, the method is used with sass data to study vegetation classification over the extended amazon basin using the resulting medium - scale radar images. the remarkable correlation between the ku - band radar images and vegetation formations is explored, and the results of several successful experiments to classify the general vegetation classes using the image data are presented. the results demonstrate the utility of medium - scale radar imagery in the study of tropical vegetation and permit utilization of both historic and contemporary scatterometer data for studies of global change. because the scatterometer provides frequent, wide - area coverage at a variety of incidence angles, it can supplement higher resolution instruments which often have narrow swaths with limited coverage and incidence angle diversity. ( c ) 1994 ieee. personal use of this material is permitted. however, permission to reprint / republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the ieee. ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48496413525299864, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.490650"} {"text": "philippines \u2013 the coconut country philippines, in southeast asia, is also known as the republic of the philippines. the country covers an area of 299, 700 square kilometers and has a population of 82. 7 million, of which 85 % are malay. other groups include indonesians, chinese and so on. residents are catholic. filipino is the language, and english is also spoken. the currency is the peso. the capital is manila ( manila ). a white equilateral triangle is located to the side, inside of which there is a yellow sun, with yellow five - pointed stars at the corners. the right side of the flag is blue and red, usually blue over the red after the last war. as the sun represents freedom, eight represents the initial eight provinces and the rest represents other provinces. the three five - pointed stars symbolize the three regions : lu case, samar, and mindanao. blue symbolizes loyalty, honesty, and integrity, and red symbolizes courage, while the white symbolizes peace and purity. the philippines was originally a number of indigenous tribes, separatists from the kingdom of malay. in 1521, magellan led a spanish expedition to the philippines. spain occupied the philippines in 1565 and ruled the philippines for over 300 years. on june 12, 1898, the philippines declared independence, establishing the republic of the philippines. in the same year, the united states and spain, after their war, signed a \" paris treaty \" concerning the occupation of the philippines. in 1942, the philippines were occupied by japan. after \" world war ii, \" the philippines once again became a u. s. colony. on july 4, 1946, the united states was forced to agree to the independence of the philippines. economic and cultural customs the economy dominated by agriculture, with 20 % of the population involved in agriculture. coconut, sugar cane, tobacco, and ge ma are the four agricultural specialties of the philippines. one fifth or more of the population is directly involved in the coconut industry. ge ma fiber is solid and resistant to seawater corrosion, an excellent raw material for marine cables. northern luzon cigars are made of tobacco leaf produced in the phillipines and are world - renowned. industry is primarily in the manufacturing, mining, fuel, and power sectors. philippines flowers are said to be the \" garden island \" and \" pacific fruit plate. \" lush fruit, such as coconut, mango, pineapple, durian and other fruits are delicious. filipinos love to wear bright colors and a simple skirt -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4639723402989397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.496613"} {"text": "philippines flowers are said to be the \" garden island \" and \" pacific fruit plate. \" lush fruit, such as coconut, mango, pineapple, durian and other fruits are delicious. filipinos love to wear bright colors and a simple skirt - like sarong, and they also love to sing and dance, especially the opening and closing jump of the bamboo pole dance. a popular pastime is cock fighting on sundays and holidays ; it is legal in the cock - fighting the coconut palace is a large modern building constructed using coconut. reclamation of the new district is located in manila. of hexagonal roof construction, a total of 2000 trees were used for more than 70 years of age at the completion of the palace. the roof was built using coconut wood, while a coconut column was constructed of dry wall made of coconut fiber ( shell hair ) and cement. bricks and doors are inlaid with coconut shell pieces in the composition of 4000 geometric patterns. lamps, chandeliers, floor clocks, and the dining table are made from coconut shell. the palace has a restaurant with a dining table inlaid with 47, 000 pieces of different shapes of coconut shell. using a coconut tree for the raw material for carpet, furniture, handicrafts and so on is fascinating. the palace has 150 coconut trees planted around it, and with forest green grass, flowers and trees, it is a unique delight. bana wei titian in northern luzon in the philippines, in ifugao province, there is a mountain with rice terraces that are more than 2000 years old. ancient working people transformed this with their hands. the mountain is steep, and the terraces were constructed through ancient hard work. the two to four meters high outer terrace is built of huge stone blocks, with a the total amount of material larger than the pyramids of egypt. with a total height of 2, 400 meters, its majesty is crazy. according to statistics, the total length of the irrigation canals on the terraced mountain are thousands of meters above 1. 9, almost a half circle around the earth ' s equator. on the southeastern tip of luzon is the philippines largest active volcano, one of the most famous in the world. rising 2416 meters above sea level, the perimeter is 138 km. the top of the conical volcano was hailed as \" the world ' s most perfect volcanic cone. \" it stands in the middle of green rice fields and plains and is covered with coconut trees. is the mountain is majestic, tall, and straight. during the day, the volcano is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45640191433379784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.497644"} {"text": "what is a cyborg? revision as of 00 : 15, 24 december 2010 by caseorganic anything that is an external prosthetic device creates one into a cyborg. the idea of a cell phone being a technosocial object that enables an actor ( user ) to communicate with other actors ( users ) on a network ( information exchange and connectivity ) makes one into what david hess calls low - tech cyborgs : \" i think about how almost everyone in urban societies could be seen as a low - tech cyborg, because they spend large parts of the day connected to machines such as cars, telephones, computers, and, of course, televisions. i ask the cyborg anthropologist if a system of a person watching a tv might constitute a cyborg. ( when i watch tv, i feel like a homeostatic system functioning unconsciously. ) i also think sometimes there is a fusion of identities between myself and the black box \" ( gray, 373 ). types of cyborgs \" according to the editors of the cyborg handbook, cyborg technologies take four different forms : restorative, normalizing, reconfiguring, and enhancing ( gray, 3 ). cyborg translators are currently thought of almost exclusively as enhancing : improving existing translation processes by speeding them up, making them more reliable and cost - effective. and there is no reason why cyborg translation should be anything more than enhancing \". source : cyborg translation consumptive vs. necessitative prosthetics i ' d additionally define two additional types of cyborgs based on consumptive practices : those who attach prosthetics as a necessity, and those who attach them as an external representation of status and tribal affiliation. in the latter case, one ' s external prosthesis is chosen carefully and updated frequently. this is most often seen in middle classes, especially in the young offspring of these classes. other specialized cyborg types : 1. cyborgs actually do exist ; about 10 % of the current u. s. population are estimated to be cyborgs in the technical sense, including people with electronic pacemakers, artificial joints, drug implant systems, implanted corneal lenses, and artificial skin. a much higher percentage participates in occupations that make them into metaphoric cyborgs, including the computer keyboarder joined in a cybernetic circuit with the screen, the neurosurgeon guided by fiber optic microscopy during an operation, and the teen gameplayer in the local videogame arc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.529702211301637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.501137"} {"text": "them into metaphoric cyborgs, including the computer keyboarder joined in a cybernetic circuit with the screen, the neurosurgeon guided by fiber optic microscopy during an operation, and the teen gameplayer in the local videogame arcarde. \" terminal identity \" scott bukatman has named this condition, calling it an \" unmistakably doubled articulation \" that signals the end of traditional concepts of identity even as it points toward the cybernetic loop that generates a new kind of subjectivity ( gray, 322 ). 2. this merging of the evolved and the developed, this integration of the constructor and the constructed, these systems of dying flesh and undead circuits, and of living and artificial cells. have been called many things : bionic systems, vital machines, cyborgs. they are a central figure of the late twentieth century.... but the story of cyborgs is not just a tale told around the glow of the televised fire. there are many actual cyborgs among us in society. anyone with an artificial organ, limb or supplement ( like a pacemaker ), anyone reprogrammed to resist disease ( immunized ) or drugged to think / behave / feel better ( psychopharmacology ) is technically a cyborg. the range of these intimate human - machine relationships is mind - boggling. it ' s not just robocop, it is our grandmother with a pacemaker ( gray, 322 ). - george p. landow, professor of english and art history, brown university. in \" cyborgology : constructing the knowledge of cybernetic organisms \" - - the introduction to the ( gray, introduction ), four classes of cyborg are described : the latter category seeks to construct everything from factories controlled by a handful of \" worker - pilots \" and infantrymen in mind - controlled exoskeletons to the dream many computer scientists have - downloading their consciousness into immortal computers ( gray, 3 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.557937689955537, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.501948"} {"text": "type 1 diabetes tied to thinner bones study : women with type 1 diabetes may need early bone density test jan. 27, 2006 - - women with type 1 diabetes may want to consider getting their bone density checked before menopause, researchers report. the scientists studied bone density in women with and without type 1 diabetes. their finding : women with type 1 diabetes tended to have thinner bone and more bone fractures. thinner bone is at higher risk to break and can be a sign of developing osteoporosis, in which bone density dips dangerously low. think of the difference between a thin, brittle twig and a thick, firm tree branch - - denser is better to avoid a sudden snap. the university of pittsburgh ' s elsa strotmeyer, phd, and colleagues conducted the study, which appears in diabetes care. osteoporosis usually strikes later in life. in women, it ' s typically seen after menopause. men can also develop osteoporosis, but strotmeyer ' s study only included women. participants were 67 women with type 1 diabetes and 237 women without diabetes. the women were 33 - 55 years old and had not gone through menopause. the researchers checked the women ' s height, weight, and bone density. the women also completed surveys about health habits that can help bones ( such as weight - bearing exercise ) or hurt bones ( such as smoking, heavy drinking, use of certain medications, and skimping on calcium and vitamin d ). weaker bones with type 1 diabetes even after adjusting for those factors, women with type 1 diabetes had lower bone density than those without diabetes. in addition, a third of women with type 1 diabetes reported having a bone fracture after age 20, compared with less than a quarter of those without diabetes. it ' s not known if the results apply to men or to people with type 2 diabetes, since they weren ' t included in the study. most people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, which usually starts later in life than type 1 diabetes. for instance, in strotmeyer ' s study, women with type 1 diabetes had been diagnosed at age 10, on average, and had had type 1 diabetes for more than 30 years. bone density tests to measure the women ' s bone density, the researchers used a dexa ( dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry ) machine. the machine checked the women ' s overall bone density as well as the density of their hips, neck, and spine. bone density peaks in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4432501580239808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.506010"} {"text": "pet care : cats nutrition for the cancer patient cancer is a disease that most of us are familiar with. we are either survivors or know someone who is a survivor or someone who lost the battle with this dreadful disease. most of the cancers that affect people can also affect our beloved furry companions. as dogs and cats live longer and longer, they are more likely to develop cancer. recently, investigations into dietary effects on the survival of pets battling cancer have been made. there is some interesting study about certain cancers and how they are affected by nutrition. pets with cancer often develop a condition called cancer cachexia. this simply means that the pet is losing body condition despite adequate calorie intake. pets that are undergoing chemotherapy may not feel very well and may not eat as well as they should. chemotherapy in pets is much different than it is for humans. much lower doses are used so they don \u2019 t lose their hair and are seldom ill with vomiting. keeping pets that are ill ( no matter what is causing their illness ) in good body condition helps them recover more quickly. composition of the diet plays a role in this equation. cancers are most able to use carbohydrates as an energy source, so low carbohydrate diets are best for cancer patients. diets are made up of protein, fat, moisture, ash, fiber, and carbohydrates. in traditional pet foods, carbohydrates make up the biggest percentage of the diet. if we lower the percentage of carbohydrates, we must add higher percentages of some other category or categories. we don \u2019 t want to raise the ash or fiber, so this leaves protein, fat, and moisture. most dry pet foods are less than 10 % moisture to help prevent mold from developing in the bag. so, raising the moisture is not really an option either. protein and fat are typically the two nutrients that are present in higher quantities. this helps the patient by restricting carbohydrates that are available to the cancer. increasing the fat content helps provide more calories to the pet to help prevent cancer cachexia. fat is also the nutrient that cancer cells are least able to use for energy. omega - 3 fatty acids are important for keeping many systems of the body in ideal condition. these important substances are known to inhibit the growth of tumors and enhance the body \u2019 s ability to fight the cancer by stimulating the immune system. many pet foods contain ratios of omega - 6 fatty acids to omega - 3 fatty acids of 5 : 1 to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44246966793362386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.513014"} {"text": "these important substances are known to inhibit the growth of tumors and enhance the body \u2019 s ability to fight the cancer by stimulating the immune system. many pet foods contain ratios of omega - 6 fatty acids to omega - 3 fatty acids of 5 : 1 to 10 : 1. recommended for cancer patients is a ratio as low as 3 : 1. therefore, a supplement of omega - 3 fatty acids may be required. arginine is an amino acid that is essential for cats and conditionally essential for dogs. this means that cats must obtain arginine from their diets, while dogs require it in their diets only in certain situations. cancer may just be one of those situations. arginine enhances the immune system by stimulating t - cells ( one of the types of cells that is responsible for attacking foreign invaders ). the mechanism behind this is not very well understood. arginine may also suppress tumor growth, like omega - 3 fatty acids. vitamins may affect cancer as well, particularly the antioxidant vitamins a, c and e. the vitamin a family may be responsible for impeding the cancer \u2019 s ability to develop new cells. vitamin c is a water - soluble vitamin that has been studied extensively. despite the numerous studies, there is little scientific proof that vitamin c is as effective as many people believe. vitamin e is the most promising of the three vitamins, with scientific proof that it interferes with cancer and enhances the immune system. minerals have beneficial and detrimental effects on the cancer patient. selenium and zinc have the ability to block the development of cancer in rodents. iron is required by most cancers to grow and multiply. so, restricting iron intake may help slow the process. it is critical to provide the patient with adequate calories and nutrition to maintain body condition. this may not be possible without other methods of feeding ( besides oral ). tubes can be placed into the esophagus, stomach, or directly into the small intestine to provide nutrients directly to the gastrointestinal tract. this is especially true in cases of mouth cancer or facial cancer. working closely with a veterinarian to develop a treatment plan is critical. focusing on nutrition is just as important as the surgical or medical treatments that are involved. please note that this information does not replace professional veterinary care. it is solely for educational purposes. your pet ' s medical condition should be evaluated by a veterinarian before any medical decisions are implemented. if there is a potentially life - threatening emergency involving your pet,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45489778212244547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.514079"} {"text": "| a children ' s mummer ' s parade, as on the fourth of july, with prizes for the best costumes. | | a fool or simpleton ; ninny. | | the science or occupation of cultivating land and rearing crops and livestock ; farming ; husbandryrelated : geoponic | | [ c17 : from latin agricultura, from ager field, land + cultura | | agriculture ( ag ' ri - kul ' ch\u0259r ) pronunciation key the science of cultivating land, producing crops, and raising livestock. tilling the ground ( gen. 2 : 15 ; 4 : 2, 3, 12 ) and rearing cattle were the chief employments in ancient times. the egyptians excelled in agriculture. and after the israelites entered into the possession of the promised land, their circumstances favoured in the highest degree a remarkable development of this art. agriculture became indeed the basis of the mosaic commonwealth. the year in palestine was divided into six agricultural periods : - i. sowing time. tisri, latter half ( beginning about the autumnal equinox. ) marchesvan. kisleu, former half. early rain due = first showers of autumn. ii. unripe time. kisleu, latter half. tebet. sebat, former half. iii. cold season. sebat, latter half. adar. [ veadar. ] nisan, former half. latter rain due ( deut. 11 : 14 ; jer. 5 : 24 ; hos. 6 : 3 ; zech. 10 : 1 ; james 5 : 7 ; job 29 : 23 ). iv. harvest time. nisan, latter half. ( beginning about vernal equinox. barley green. passover. ) ijar. sivan, former half., wheat ripe. pentecost. v. summer ( total absence of rain ) sivan, latter half. tammuz. ab, former half. vi. sultry season ab, latter half. elul. tisri, former half., ingathering of fruits. the six months from the middle of tisri to the middle of nisan were occupied with the work of cultivation, and the rest of the year mainly with the gathering in of the fruits. the extensive and easily - arranged system of irrigation from the rills and streams from the mountains made the soil in every part of palestine richly productive ( ps. 1 : 3 ; 65 : 10 ; prov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.501024170258608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.519835"} {"text": "mainly with the gathering in of the fruits. the extensive and easily - arranged system of irrigation from the rills and streams from the mountains made the soil in every part of palestine richly productive ( ps. 1 : 3 ; 65 : 10 ; prov. 21 : 1 ; isa. 30 : 25 ; 32 : 2, 20 ; hos. 12 : 11 ), and the appliances of careful cultivation and of manure increased its fertility to such an extent that in the days of solomon, when there was an abundant population, \" 20, 000 measures of wheat year by year \" were sent to hiram in exchange for timber ( 1 kings 5 : 11 ), and in large quantities also wheat was sent to the tyrians for the merchandise in which they traded ( ezek. 27 : 17 ). the wheat sometimes produced an hundredfold ( gen. 26 : 12 ; matt. 13 : 23 ). figs and pomegranates were very plentiful ( num. 13 : 23 ), and the vine and the olive grew luxuriantly and produced abundant fruit ( deut. 33 : 24 ). lest the productiveness of the soil should be exhausted, it was enjoined that the whole land should rest every seventh year, when all agricultural labour would entirely cease ( lev. 25 : 1 - 7 ; deut. 15 : 1 - 10 ). it was forbidden to sow a field with divers seeds ( deut. 22 : 9 ). a passer - by was at liberty to eat any quantity of corn or grapes, but he was not permitted to carry away any ( deut. 23 : 24, 25 ; matt. 12 : 1 ). the poor were permitted to claim the corners of the fields and the gleanings. a forgotten sheaf in the field was to be left also for the poor. ( see lev. 19 : 9, 10 ; deut. 24 : 19. ) agricultural implements and operations. the sculptured monuments and painted tombs of egypt and assyria throw much light on this subject, and on the general operations of agriculture. ploughs of a simple construction were known in the time of moses ( deut. 22 : 10 ; comp. job 1 : 14 ). they were very light, and required great attention to keep them in the ground ( luke 9 : 62 ). they were drawn by oxen ( job 1 : 14 ), cows ( 1 sam. 6 : 7 ), and asses ( isa. 30 : 24 ) ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4373382443068263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.520725"} {"text": "required great attention to keep them in the ground ( luke 9 : 62 ). they were drawn by oxen ( job 1 : 14 ), cows ( 1 sam. 6 : 7 ), and asses ( isa. 30 : 24 ) ; but an ox and an ass must not be yoked together in the same plough ( deut. 22 : 10 ). men sometimes followed the plough with a hoe to break the clods ( isa. 28 : 24 ). the oxen were urged on by a \" goad, \" or long staff pointed at the end, so that if occasion arose it could be used as a spear also ( judg. 3 : 31 ; 1 sam. 13 : 21 ). when the soil was prepared, the seed was sown broadcast over the field ( matt. 13 : 3 - 8 ). the \" harrow \" mentioned in job 39 : 10 was not used to cover the seeds, but to break the clods, being little more than a thick block of wood. in highly irrigated spots the seed was trampled in by cattle ( isa. 32 : 20 ) ; but doubtless there was some kind of harrow also for covering in the seed scattered in the furrows of the field. the reaping of the corn was performed either by pulling it up by the roots, or cutting it with a species of sickle, according to circumstances. the corn when cut was generally put up in sheaves ( gen. 37 : 7 ; lev. 23 : 10 - 15 ; ruth 2 : 7, 15 ; job 24 : 10 ; jer. 9 : 22 ; micah 4 : 12 ), which were afterwards gathered to the threshing - floor or stored in barns ( matt. 6 : 26 ). the process of threshing was performed generally by spreading the sheaves on the threshing - floor and causing oxen and cattle to tread repeatedly over them ( deut. 25 : 4 ; isa. 28 : 28 ). on occasions flails or sticks were used for this purpose ( ruth 2 : 17 ; isa. 28 : 27 ). there was also a \" threshing instrument \" ( isa. 41 : 15 ; amos 1 : 3 ) which was drawn over the corn. it was called by the hebrews a moreg, a threshing roller or sledge ( 2 sam. 24 : 22 ; 1 chr. 21 : 23 ; isa. 3 : 15 ). it was somewhat like the roman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4359195873014502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.521628"} {"text": "corn. it was called by the hebrews a moreg, a threshing roller or sledge ( 2 sam. 24 : 22 ; 1 chr. 21 : 23 ; isa. 3 : 15 ). it was somewhat like the roman tribulum, or threshing instrument. when the grain was threshed, it was winnowed by being thrown up against the wind ( jer. 4 : 11 ), and afterwards tossed with wooden scoops ( isa. 30 : 24 ). the shovel and the fan for winnowing are mentioned in ps. 35 : 5, job 21 : 18, isa. 17 : 13. the refuse of straw and chaff was burned ( isa. 5 : 24 ). freed from impurities, the grain was then laid up in granaries till used ( deut. 28 : 8 ; prov. 3 : 10 ; matt. 6 : 26 ; 13 : 30 ; luke 12 : 18 ). the active production of useful plants or animals in ecosystems that have been created by people. agriculture has often been conceptualized narrowly, in terms of specific combinations of activities and organisms - wet - rice production in asia, wheat farming in europe, cattle ranching in the americas, and the like - but a more holistic perspective holds that humans are environmental engineers who disrupt terrestrial habitats in specific ways. anthropogenic disruptions such as clearing vegetation or tilling the soil cause a variety of localized changes ; common effects include an increase in the amount of light reaching ground level and a reduction in the competition among organisms. as a result, an area may produce more of the plants or animals that people desire for food, technology, medicine, and other uses. learn more about agriculture with a free trial on britannica. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5143194523895465, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.522283"} {"text": "- the ghegs resemble kosovar albanians in having a higher frequency of e1b1b1. - tosks on the other hand have a higher frequency of i. - the high j2 frequency resembles greeks, with the expected 10 to 1 or so ratio between j2 and j1, and is dissimilar from northwestern balkan populations. past studies have shown however, that j2b is dominant in albanian, rather than j2a which is dominant in most greek populations tested so far ( although j2b is also represented ). - similar frequencies to greeks are also found in r1. - there is also a relative paucity of g compared to greeks, and limited introgression of gypsy chromosomes ( h1 ) in the main albanian groups ( gheg and tosk ). international journal of legal medicine doi : 10. 1007 / s00414 - 010 - 0432 - x y - str variation in albanian populations : implications on the match probabilities and the genetic legacy of the minority claiming an egyptian descent gianmarco ferri et al. y chromosome variation at 12 str ( the powerplex\u00ae y system core set ) and 18 binary markers was investigated in two major ( the ghegs and the tosks ) and two minor ( the gabels and the jevgs ) populations from albania ( southern balkans ). the large proportion of haplotypes shared within and between groups makes the powerplex 12 - locus set inadequate to ensure a suitable power of discrimination for the forensic practice. at least 85 % of y lineages in the jevgs, the cultural minority claiming an egyptian descent, turned out to be of either roma or balkan ancestry. they also showed unequivocal signs of a common genetic history with the gabels, the other albanian minority practising social and cultural roma traditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941930128894771, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.524960"} {"text": "date of award doctor of philosophy ( phd ) frank j. floyd, ph. d. - chair this study examined mechanisms by which sibling relationships may buffer the harmful effects of negative peer experiences on the psychological adjustment of children with mental retardation ( mr ) or learning disabilities ( ld ). the study broadened existing findings with typically developing children and examined the effects of sibling social competency training on peer experiences and the impact of sibling relationship qualities, including warmth and positivity, supportiveness, conflict, and negativity, on children \u2019 s loneliness, internalizing, and delinquent behavior problems. the participants included 100 families with children who were between 8 and 10 years old. the families had a sibling dyad in which the target child had mr ( n = 36 ), an ld ( n = 43 ), or was typically developing ( n = 21 ), while siblings were typically developing. parents, target children, and siblings completed questionnaires and interviews assessing family and peer relationships. sibling dyads completed a video - taped interaction. results indicated that, as predicted, children with an ld or mr experienced significantly lower rates of positive peer experiences and significantly higher rates of negative peer experiences than did typically developing children. they exhibited significantly higher rates of loneliness and internalizing, but not delinquent, behavior problems than typically developing children. there was only partial support for the hypothesized protective effects of siblings on children \u2019 s development of adverse peer experiences. in particular, there was an indirect effect of one form of social competency training : social involvement mediated the effect of learning disabilities on adverse peer experiences. as predicted by the buffering hypothesis, emotional supportiveness by siblings moderated the impact of negative peer experiences on children \u2019 s internalizing and delinquent behavior problems. in addition, negativity within the sibling relationship moderated the effect of negative peer experiences on children \u2019 s internalizing problems while sibling conflict moderated the effect of positive peer experiences on loneliness. there were no significant effects for sibling warmth and positivity. findings that siblings of children with mr or an ld can buffer some of the harmful effects of adverse peer experiences on psychological well being in specific instances suggest that including siblings in interventions aimed at improving peer experiences and psychological functioning may be relevant under certain circumstances. hindes, andrea r., \" the buffering effect of sibling relationships on problems with peer experiences and psychological functioning in children with cognitive disabilities \" ( 2006 ). psychology dissertations. paper 20.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5256159815219508, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.531527"} {"text": "for animals like us, eating seems pretty simple : you bite the food directly, or you use arms to shovel it in. but that ' s far from the only way to do it. across the animal kingdom there are numerous creative ways to ingest food and drink - - some gross, some conniving, and some wonderfully weird. these are a few of our favorites. polychaeta are a class of worms that are commonly called bristle worms because of the many bristles that help them move around. but they also have a bizarre way of ingesting : an axial proboscis ( pictured at right ) that researchers liken to a retractable elephant trunk. it ' s actually inside the worm ' s body, and after the worm deploys it to catch food it flexes muscles that retract it. if you ' re a snoozing bird, that is. madagascar has more than its fair share of odd animals, and that includes this moth with a fearsome proboscis it uses to snatch the tears of birds. there ' s no shortage of tear - stealers on mainland africa, but those typically exploit animals too big to swat them or to flee. with a bird, you have to be more careful. so the moth strikes at night, using its barbed implement to peel back the bird ' s double eyelid. this moth isn ' t a tearjerker ; it ' s a tear - drinking jerk. you may have heard about the extraordinary tongue of the chameleon, the longest compared to its body size for all vertebrates. but within mammals, that honor goes to anoura fistulata, the tube - lipped nectar bat discovered in the cloud forests of ecuador. while some of its relatives can extend their tongues an inch and a half, this bat ' s tongue can reach an astonishing 3. 4 inches, or more than one and a half times its body length. this gives it access to the nectar inside bell - shaped flowers that no other bat can reach, and it ' s possible because the tongue is anchored deep inside the bat ' s rib cage, between its heart and sternum. that lends it this extra leverage. the vicious thorns of the acacia tree, insects flying around the eyes - - these are no match for the tongue of the giraffe, one of the longest in the animal kingdom. besides its prodigious span, the giraffe tongue is also marked by its distinct bluish - black color. some zoologists think this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4682758748521662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.536025"} {"text": "no match for the tongue of the giraffe, one of the longest in the animal kingdom. besides its prodigious span, the giraffe tongue is also marked by its distinct bluish - black color. some zoologists think this may be a way to keep the tongue from getting sunburned, since it spends so much time outside the animal ' s mouth. hawk moths aren ' t the most svelte or slender fliers. but when you can unfurl a 14 - inch long proboscis, who cares? like nectar bats, many species of hawk moths ( sometimes called sphinx moths ) can reach nectar inaccessible to other flying creatures. instead of keeping their appendages tucked deep inside, though, the moths keep theirs curled up until they need them. famously, charles darwin predicted that there must have been moths with exceedingly long proboscises in madagascar after he saw the orchids from that island with deeply recessed nectar. those moths weren ' t discovered until after the great naturalist ' s death, so he was posthumously proven correct. no, they ' re not elephants. and technically, they ' re not even shrews. but it ' s not hard to see how elephant shrews got their name. this insectivorous african animal uses that glorious and elongated nose to hunt down spiders, worms, and insects, and then suck them up like an anteater does. biologists in the past believed these creatures were related to true shrews, hedgehogs, or maybe even primates and rabbits. but, it seems, they are rather their own distinct order dating back millions of years, and a new species turned up in tanzania just two years ago. as is the case the elephant shrews, it ' s clear where this handsome fellow, the star nose mole, gets his moniker. that star nose is made of 22 separate tentacles covered in 160, 000 sensors per square inch, according to the pbs nature episode \" the beauty of ugly, \" which featured the mole. when it burrows, those tentacles can touch 12 different objects every second, appearing to the human eye as no more than a pink blur of activity. with this ability, it takes less than a second for the star - nose mole to devour its prey, often worms or insects. as we said about naked mole rats in our gallery of weird lab animals, you ' ve got to be tough and talented if you ' re this ugly. star nose moles certainly are. the scientific name for barnacle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46609712483839594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.537006"} {"text": "traditional medicine has come far. but in some ways, it has not kept pace with the times. far too often, through today \u2019 s symptom based healthcare system, \u2018 illnesses \u2019 are too quickly diagnosed. introducing yet another foreign substance ( more medication ) into the system may not be the best solution. toxins in the body frequently are the problem. toxins can enter our bodies in many ways \u2026 from the foods and liquids we eat and drink or from our environment. major culprits can be processed foods, junk foods, deep - fried foods, fast foods, preservatives, soft drinks, alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and a variety of sugars. also included are chemicals and substances such as hormones and antibiotics from meats, dairy and poultry products, even fertilizers and pesticides used in farming. plus, other chemicals used in manufacturing, cleaning solutions, painting and building supplies may prove harmful. sadly, in the times we live in, even personal care products and popular, handy containers should be suspect. of course, heavy metals like mercury, lead and others are always a red flag... while the list goes on. surprisingly, we can also create our own toxins. mental and emotional stress from personal loss, worry, your job, depression, divorce and finances, among others can cause the body to manufacture its own toxins. additionally, a lengthy illness or hospital stay with prescribed medication, although sometimes necessary, can be toxic themselves, and may actually worsen one \u2019 s biochemical imbalances long term. to our detriment, all of these toxins may become stored in the liver and other vital organs, creating inflammation and making us more susceptible to disease. in many a case, the symptoms alone can make us feel sick. for some people it may be one or two ; for others, an entire rash of symptoms, which can manifest quickly or gradually, over months or years. it is the mission of the detoxification network of america ( dna ) to bring awareness of these challenges to the masses. dna will also educate and inform them of viable solutions : through the new medicine foundation protocol, detoxification happens by removing these toxins and restoring health at the cellular / biochemical level. as balance is restored, the symptoms ; many symptoms, sometimes misdiagnosed as illness, quite often diminish and then disappear completely. at dna, we work with a diligence toward assuring you the highest quality in knowledge, treatment, counseling and personal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111397784716469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.541335"} {"text": "maryland ' s natural communities - shale barrens in maryland kasecamp shale barrens, allegany county photograph by richard h. wiegand being on a shale barren feels a bit like being in an old western. hot. dry. gritty. stunted trees and copperheads, crumbling rock and open sky. all that ' s missing is the withered old prospector. but you won ' t find gold in \" them thar hills. \" there ' s a different kind of treasure here. the treasure of shale barrens is not gold or silver. the hidden treasure of the shale barrens is the collection of rare and endemic plants and animals, the unusual geology, the extreme conditions that encourage patience and determination to unlock the secrets of this rare and forbidding natural community. shale barrens, for the most part, occur along a band of devonian shale in the ridge and valley physiographic province of the appalachian mountains. locally, that means you can find them in allegany county ; there are several good examples in green ridge state forest. shale barrens are the result of a unique combination of geology, soil, topography and climate. at the base of it all is bedrock, shale. shale is a highly friable rock, meaning it crumbles easily. small fragments of rock, called \" channers, \" cascade down the steep south - to west - facing slopes, creating a highly unstable substrate. the soil is consequently shallow. it sheds water easily so it tends toward a xeric, or dry, state. rains hit the shale and run off, causing erosion, resulting in crumbled rocks and loose soil. couple the lack of infiltration by water with the hot sun from a southern exposure and you have desert - like conditions, especially in the summer when temperatures on the outcrops easily exceed 100 degrees fahrenheit. this environment is not for every plant or animal. these hostile conditions favor open canopies, often with rock outcrops, and usually sparse woodlands of stunted drought - tolerant trees with little herbaceous understory. plant species composition and density can vary with the acidity of the soil, with the more acid soils supporting fewer scattered species and the neutral or basic soils hosting a more developed herbaceous layer with higher diversity. the most commonly found trees include scrubby forms of chestnut oak, virginia pine, eastern redcedar and pignut hickory. other typical trees include white ash, oaks ( post, black and red ), pines ( table - mountain and white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4126806173977414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.549183"} {"text": "diversity. the most commonly found trees include scrubby forms of chestnut oak, virginia pine, eastern redcedar and pignut hickory. other typical trees include white ash, oaks ( post, black and red ), pines ( table - mountain and white ), and shagbark hickory. the few shrub species include shadbush, black huckleberry, deerberry and bear oak. many of the herbaceous species that do occur on shale barrens are endemic or near - endemic, meaning they are found on no other habitat type. their names tell the story : shale - barren pussytoes, shale - barren ragwort, shale - barren evening primrose. unusual habitats often support rare species and shale barrens are a perfect example of this. kate ' s - mountain clover, yellow nailwort, and low false bindweed are three rare species associated with shale barrens. common plants that occur on shale barrens can also be found on other natural communities that also tend toward dry conditions ; these species include : wavy hairgrass, common dittany, rattlesnake - weed, poverty oat - grass, little bluestem, birdfoot violet and reindeer lichens. herbaceous openings are sparsely vegetated and often scattered within a woodland matrix. even with these extreme conditions, there are some animals that still call shale barrens their home. reptiles include five - lined skinks, eastern fence lizards, wood turtles, copperheads and timber rattlesnakes. birders will find pine warblers, prairie warblers, carolina wrens, common ravens and broadwing hawks. turkeys have been spotted soaring from the elevated heights of the barrens to the floodplains of the potomac below. the sunny herbaceous openings provide patrolling areas for many skippers, butterflies and moths. several mammal species, both game and nongame, can be found on shale barrens : white - tailed deer, eastern gray squirrels, foxes, coyotes, striped skunks, bobcats, eastern red bats and many more. even though many shale barrens are remote, there are still threats to their existence. the greatest of this is the encroachment of invasive species. certain non - native species, which have no natural control, are capable of moving into an area and changing the conditions, adding organic material to the soil and shade to the open canopy while crowding out the native species. non - native grasses, spotted knapweed, japanese honeysuckle, garlic - mustard and tree - of - heaven", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.463801913132973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.550177"} {"text": "certificate - based authentication over an ssl connection is the most secure type of authentication. therefore, when authentication occurs at the connection layer, the client does not need to provide an additional name ( bind dn ) and password to directory proxy server during the ldap bind. a client can only perform certificate - based authentication over an ssl connection. the basic steps in establishing an ssl connection are as follows : the client requests that a secure connection be established. as part of this request, directory proxy server provides a server certificate to the client. a server certificate is a single certificate associated with one instance of directory proxy server. when a secure connection is used, the server certificate identifies the instance of directory proxy server to the client. the establishment of the connection includes a negotiation phase. during this phase, the client and directory proxy server attempt to agree on the encryption policy that is used. the server certificate contains the list of encryption policies ( ciphers ) that are supported by the directory proxy server. depending on the security configuration of the proxy server, the server might require the client to provide a certificate. the client provides a certificate to the server, either because the client is configured to do so, or because the proxy server has requested it. the client then sends an ldap bind request to directory proxy server to establish the client ' s identity on that connection. if the request is a simple bind, directory proxy server uses the bind dn and password provided by the client. if the request is a sasl external bind, directory proxy server does one of two things : considers the subject of the certificate as the bind dn of the client. maps the certificate by searching the backend server for an entry that matches the received certificate. if the verify - certs property is set, directory proxy server verifies that the received certificate is the one stored in the entry that is found. the following configuration properties determine how directory proxy server performs that search : cert - data - view - routing - policy cert - data - view - routing - custom - list cert - search - bind - dn cert - search - bind - pwd - file cert - search - base - dn cert - search - attr - mappings when the proxy server has the bind dn, it can verify the validity of the client. for more information about ssl for directory proxy server, see secure sockets layer for directory proxy server. for certificate - based authentication to occur, directory proxy server must be configured to accept client certificates and the client", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5344768973815992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.555260"} {"text": "it can verify the validity of the client. for more information about ssl for directory proxy server, see secure sockets layer for directory proxy server. for certificate - based authentication to occur, directory proxy server must be configured to accept client certificates and the client must be configured to use sasl external bind. when you create a directory proxy server instance, the certificate database is automatically populated with the ca certificates of certain trusted cas. you can add trusted ca certificates to the certificate database if necessary, by using the directory service control center ( dscc ) or by using the dpadm command. for more information, see to install a ca - signed server certificate for directory proxy server in oracle fusion middleware administration guide for oracle directory server enterprise edition. when a client provides a certificate to directory proxy server, the server verifies that certificate against the list of trusted ca certificates in its certificate database. the verification is successful if the server ' s certificate database contains the client certificate itself, or the ca certificate with which the client certificate was generated. the server certificate can be one of the following : self - signed certificate. a public and private key pair, where the public key is signed by directory proxy server. trusted ca certificate. a single certificate that is automatically generated by the company \u2019 s internal certificate server or by a known certificate authority ( ca ). directory proxy server also supports the use of a server certificate chain. a server certificate chain is a collection of certificates that are automatically generated by the company \u2019 s internal certificate server or by a known ca. the certificates in a chain trace back to the original ca, providing proof of identity. this proof is required each time you obtain or install a new server certificate. when an instance of directory proxy server is created, a default self - signed certificate is created. by default, directory proxy server manages the ssl certificate database password internally. you can install any number of certificates on a server. when you configure ssl for an instance of directory proxy server, you must install at least one server certificate and one trusted ca certificate. for an explanation of how certificate - based authentication works, see certificate - based authentication. for information about how to configure certificate - based authentication for directory proxy server, see to configure certificate - based authentication in oracle fusion middleware administration guide for oracle directory server enterprise edition. when a client binds to directory proxy server with the simple authentication and security layer ( sasl ) external bind, directory proxy server obtains the credentials of the client from the certificate, rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5015081570856461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.556370"} {"text": "the energy information administration has released \u201c world shale gas resources, \u201d an important commissioned report providing an assessment of how much natural gas is locked in shale deposits in 14 regions around the world. ( here \u2019 s its overview of shale gas in the united states. ) here \u2019 s a map of the surveyed regions : the report includes some pretty remarkable numbers from countries that currently have limited domestic gas options, including china and quite a few western european nations that have been held somewhat hostage by russia. its publication comes in sync with a disturbing article in the times noting how much crop production, including tropical staples such as cassava, is being diverted to making biofuels. i sent the following query to a batch of people immersed in assessing and / or developing the world \u2019 s energy menu but it \u2019 s a query for you, as well, of course ( i \u2019 ve tweaked it to remove some e - mail shorthand ) : i would greatly appreciate some reflection from you on the new shale gas assessment from eia ( global estimates for areas that have been surveyed ) against the trends for food crops, including cassava, going to make fuels, as reported today by elisabeth rosenthal in the times. i \u2019 ve seen some fresh analysis saying this new shale report completely ices the case that gas is now ( more than was already clear ) a fundamental game changer. the figures for china help explain why a team of chinese gas experts, as i was told not long ago by folks at oklahoma state university, has been there studying extraction technologies. there are strong new hints that gas can play a much bigger role in energy for transport ( for example lng for big trucks ) and that it will ( and should? ) outcompete nuclear, coal and renewables for electricity ( at least in the us ). can it compete with the political influence of big agriculture here, and, any time soon, with coal in china? jesse ausubel long ago also noted that natural gas is a far better bet to link with carbon capture ( through \u201c zero emission power plant \u201d technology ), if you think carbon capture and sequestration is a serious prospect down the line. so is this it? one thing i note in that e. i. a. report is the big blank spots in assessed regions, many of which ( like much of sub - saharan africa, of course ) are also regions locked in deep energy poverty. how does this gas push relate to ending energy poverty in such places? the first reply came from ausubel, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5190694478668164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.559410"} {"text": "as we check our coding page in. net application we found that at the top after the namespaces there is a call that is partially defined in every web page. the question arrives in our mind that what is this partial and why we use the class with partial access specifier. why we not use the class as publicly or privately? here we are to answer all these question. first we will get the partial class definition and its need. the normalisation is a data analysis technique to design a database system. the normalisation allows the database designer to understand the current data structure within an organisation. the end result of a normalisation is a set of entity. we remove the unnecessary redudency by normalising the database table. read the rest of this entry \u00bb the alias name is the name that is referred to any column name or table name that is given by user. the alias name also used to represent some column or table without using its real name. as we will proceed in this article we will see that how we can use both the alias column name and alias table name in sql server. using the querystring is the another method to pass information between pages in your asp. net application. as we know that querystring is the portion of the url after a question mark (? ). the information is always retrieved as a string that can be converted with any type. here we get the code to pass multiple values at a single time in querystring. the cast ( ) function is used to change the data type of a column. we can use the cast ( ) function for various purpose. cast ( original _ expression as desired _ datatype ) read the rest of this entry \u00bb the convert ( ) function is used to convert an expression of one specific data type to another type. also this function can be used to represent the value of date / time type variable in different different format. as we will discuss later in this post we will see how we accomplish this task. reference type are important features of the c # language. they enable us to write complex and powerful application and effectively use the run - time framework. if we define the reference type variables in c # then the reference type variables contain a reference to the data not the value. the value is stored in a separate memory area. for example in c # we used several reference type variables such as classes, structures, array, enumeration etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5467206779115286, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.563546"} {"text": "even before the recent flurry of children \u2019 s toy recalls, i questioned the effectiveness of the consumer product safety commission ( cpsc ) when they failed to act on the presence of lead in children \u2019 s lunchboxes. the news has only gotten worse, since i wrote about it last february. almost everyday, i receive a new email from the cpsc listing more toy recalls, mostly for lead content. how can this be? who is protecting our youngest consumers? in the past two months, there have been millions of toys recalled for dangerous levels of lead content, and other products that contain smaller levels of lead, such as lunchboxes, have not been recalled. in fact, doctors warn that lead levels considered safe by the cpsc still put children at risk. according to webmd, lead poisoning interferes with neural development in children and developing fetuses. high levels of lead in children can cause learning and behavior problems. the cdc considers lead levels in the blood above 10 micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood to be a concern in children. but some studies have shown harmful effects in children with lead levels measured at or near the current standard. the cpsc was created in 1974 to protect consumers from the expanding globalization of products. since its creation, imports to the us have increased 338 percent, yet the cpsc \u2019 s budget is less than half of what it was in 1974! while we buy more overseas products, the us government has been cutting staffing for this agency, limiting its ability to regulate imports and protect consumers. the agency began with 800 employees in the seventies, and now the cpsc has only 420 staff members. currently, there is a bill written to empower the agency : the safety assurance for every consumer product act ( safe ), yet cpsc chairperson nancy nord opposes this bill. - require children \u2019 s products to undergo independent third - party testing ; - expand civil and criminal penalties ; ban lead in children \u2019 s products ; - enhance cpsc recall and inspection authority ; - expedite recall disclosure to the public ; and - provide additional resources to the cpsc. why would nancy nord oppose these changes, especially when the cpsc has only one full - time toy tester? in an interview on pbs, nord says, but the change that we \u2019 ve got to have is change that is going to be constructive, workable, and is going to help the agency do its job. my concerns with the senate bill is that it includes a number of requirements for undertaking activities that are really", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4567069573327249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.568948"} {"text": "that we \u2019 ve got to have is change that is going to be constructive, workable, and is going to help the agency do its job. my concerns with the senate bill is that it includes a number of requirements for undertaking activities that are really outside our core mission. for example, it has us mediating employer and employee disputes in whistleblower cases. it has us implementing or enforcing intellectual property rights violations in some instances. it has us certifying laboratories. so this is nasty stuff, and it appears that the chemical is actually converting into it in the body. \u201d of course, aqua dots was manufactured in china, where most of the recently recalled toys have originated from. representative diana degette ( d - colorado ) co - introduced the safe act to revamp the cpsc. according to degette, you \u2019 ve got more products coming in from overseas. you \u2019 ve got a huge spike in recalls, which is very concerning, because, of course, only a fraction of those people who bought the products will return them. and you have the head of the agency saying, \u201c oh, well, this is no big deal, and we don \u2019 t want the money. \u201d over two - thirds of the recent recalls involve products from china, and the problem of dangerous toys is growing. with the holiday season approaching, many parents are very concerned. the toy industry association has launched a new site to inform parents about toy safety. of course, this site is designed to assure parents that the toy industry is using rigorous standards of toy safety, and there is a lot of useful information on the site ; however, you do have to consider the source. for example, the toy industry association answers the question, \u201c should i avoid toys made in china? \u201d by stating : all toys sold in america regardless of where they are made must conform to tough u. s. safety standards \u2013 standards that have served as models for other industries and countries around the world. since it is companies, not countries, that make toys, it is companies that are responsible for adhering to rigorous safety standards and conducting inspections throughout the process. random on - site and off - site testing occurs in all manufacturing plants, in china and elsewhere. toys are also randomly inspected before export to the us. in light of the recent recalls, there has been additional testing and vigilance by toy manufacturers, retailers and importers. somehow, these assurances don \u2019 t make me feel better in light of recent events. i will stick to researching reputable companies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42180828810301935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.570182"} {"text": "session e : libraries in the digital age arja - riitta haarala : the role of libraries in information management in finnish university setting libraries have for some time been in a turbulent state. the information milieu is changing as a result of new technology : information media are in a state of rapid change ; the need for increased computing power continues to increase ; the use of information is changing ; and our masters demand more effectiveness and better results. old ways of doing things are now less effective. even the concept of service quality has evolved. users request new types of services, new ways of producing them, and new methods of delivery. libraries in finland have been active in introducing new information services and have a strong tradition of piloting computer - based services. in early 70\u00b4s online database searching were introduced among the first ones in europe. the first experimental packet - switched nordic telecommunication network scannet was implemented in nordic technical libraries in 70\u00b4s, and it included first nordic electronic journal extemplo. libraries were also among first ones in universities to accommodate microcomputers for public use in early 80\u00b4s. according to the outlines mentioned earlier universities have been developed strategies at the local level. most common are information technology strategies in which libraries are only shortly mentioned, and with a strong emphasis on information technologies. libraries tend to develop their own strategies. the helsinki university libraries assessment panel writes in their report \" the university already has a strategy for information management. the panel believes that this may need to be updated and revised in the light of its recommendations as they affect the goals, objectives, budgets and staff of the libraries, in compliance with the university of helsinki policy research and education. \" furthermore they make a recommendation that the university should appoint a director of academic information and learning resources. there are also information strategies where all key players at the local level are taken into account. recent strategy by the university of kuopio is a comprehensive one integrating computing centre, kuopio university printing office, learning centre, library and photographic laboratory under the same umbrella as a profit centre. similar type of strategies are developed in the university of lapland and lappeenranta university of technology. libraries have also actively entered in publishing business. quite often they are responsible for university publishing operations, especially so nowadays due to digital publishing. co - operation has considered as important by libraries. therefore regular national annual meetings have been organised with directors of it and computing centres together with directors of university libraries for some time. furthermore at the local level it steering committees or advisory committees for information management have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4783853882285527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.575429"} {"text": "co - operation has considered as important by libraries. therefore regular national annual meetings have been organised with directors of it and computing centres together with directors of university libraries for some time. furthermore at the local level it steering committees or advisory committees for information management have been introduced at universities. it is necessary to consider the evolutionary stage of present library, computer and information services as well as other players in the field. are they yet at a sufficiently mature stage for new systems to be designed with confidence, or is there still a great deal of dynamism, so that different design criteria must be incorporated to deal with the continuing evolution? consequently, most organisations have started to look at new ways of working. co - operation and collaboration have been found productive and useful, with organisations entering into new type of alliances. libraries and computing centres have developed closer relationships in the uk and usa, although less so in other countries. the first alliance of this type in finland is at tampere university of technology, where the computing centre as a independent institute was terminated. co - operation has always been a strong feature in finnish university libraries, and not less today. a major work has been carried out in selecting and at the moment implementing a new library system voyager. this is a second system consecutively in university libraries, and co - operation has proven its advantages and benefits. another success story is finelib, finnish electronic library that acquires electronic material for university libraries. the finnish universities form the core of the finelib consortium, and it started already in 1997. it is financed by the ministry of education ( 18 mill. finnish marks ) and the rest comes from the licence fees of university libraries. finnish electronic library works in close co - operation with other national development programmes. common concerns include electronic publishing, long - term storage of electronic material, copyright and other topical issues. international projects in the field of electronic libraries are being followed closely. virtual university collaboration and the development of digital learning environments is the next extensive area to be considered. the work has already begun under the project of finnish virtual university. \u00a9 this publication and its compilation in form and content is copyrighted. every realization which is not explicitly allowed by copyright law requires a written agreement. especially, this holds for reprography and processing / storing by electronic systems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5007551896165257, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.576363"} {"text": "a map of marco polo ' s route to and from china. in the 13th century, a young venetian named marco polo set out with his father and uncle on a great adventure. following a series of trade routes, they traveled across the vast continent of asia and became the first europeans to visit the chinese capital ( modern beijing ). marco so impressed the reigning emperor of china, kublai khan, that he was appointed to the imperial court. for the next 17 years, marco was sent on missions to many parts of kublai ' s sprawling empire. the polos finally returned to venice via the sea route. marco later wrote a book about his experiences, which inspired new generations of explorers to travel to the exotic lands of the east. read through the entire lesson plan and become familiar with the content and resources. bookmark relevant websites for later reference. begin this activity by telling your students that they will be learning about a young man, marco polo, who was one of the first europeans to travel to china. marco grew up in the 13th century in venice, an important trading city in italy. have the students locate venice using the following links : students should note that venice is an archipelago ( a group of islands ) in a fairly shallow lagoon. during the 13th century, venice was an international center of trade. its strategic location on the mediterranean enabled the city to attract ships from trading ports in other parts of europe was well as africa and asia. these ships carried a wide variety of products, such as ivory, precious stones, and spices, which were bought by venetian merchants or exchanged for such local products as woven wool cloth and colored glass. marco ' s father was a merchant. he and his brother left for an extended business trip when marco was five. the boy lived alone with his mother while he was growing up. at one point, he worked in a spice shop overlooking the harbor. marco was fascinated by the tales he heard from merchants and mariners, and he often dreamed of the day when he, too, could travel to distant places. to learn more about venice ' s role as a trading hub, students can visit the following links : have the students, working in pairs, fill out the chart and answer the questions about 13th - century venice available in pdf format. once they have gathered this information, tell them to pretend that they are 13th - century travel agents. still working in pairs, their task is to design travel brochures, advertising with words and pictures ( drawings or images they have downloaded ) the wonders of venice. 1 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48258600816428265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.581408"} {"text": "teachers were working way too hard on some things that modern technology could make so much easier, says to dan levin. \u201c precisely, there are a lot of questions available on the internet, but they tend to be in the form of pdf files, \u201d he says. \u201c teachers need to get the pdfs, skim through them, find the kinds of questions they are looking for and then, after doing all that work, they still have to cut and paste and reformat. \u201d his solution to all that, problem - attic, makes the process a whole lot faster, simpler and more convenient. here, dan discusses what the name means, takes us through the late 1980s when technology integration into the classroom began in earnest, through an era of large vertical systems \u2014 and into the present time environment of technology in education to fill us in on what he thinks is really going on with teachers and technology. victor : what does the name mean? dan : the name problem - attic gradually evolved from a lot of experimentation with words such as test, quiz, problem, question and exercise. we wanted to combine that part of instruction with the concept of storage, particularly long - term storage, and content curation. a lot of the documents that we thought we could make more searchable and useful to teachers have been up on websites for years. some of them have been gathering \u201c digital dust \u201d because they are much harder to access than they should be. we eventually realized that problem - attic was a really good play on words for what we are doing. victor : so the attic is really coming from the attic of the house? dan : that \u2019 s the metaphor. there are gobs of really good questions on the internet that organizations and states have been putting up for decades \u2013 new york regents exams are a good example \u2013 but they were too hard to access. but they \u2019 re great questions! to us, attic means long - term storage, so we thought problem - attic was appropriate. really, what we \u2019 ve done is dusted off the questions and made them modern and accessible \u2013 made them new again. victor : what is it? who created it? dan : our company, educaide, is the creator of problem - attic. we have a long history of providing schools with high - quality, standards - based material for assessment and instruction. what we \u2019 ve done with problem - attic reflects more of a startup mentality. like a lot of young companies, we spotted a problem that could be fixed, and we thought we could make the lives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5561069982533878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.596653"} {"text": "standards - based material for assessment and instruction. what we \u2019 ve done with problem - attic reflects more of a startup mentality. like a lot of young companies, we spotted a problem that could be fixed, and we thought we could make the lives of teachers, homeschoolers, tutors and parents a lot easier. it was fortunate for us that our company had experience developing question banks and teacher tools. even though we approached this with a startup mentality, we were able to apply some unique skills because we had already been doing something similar for a long time. we \u2019 d already figured out how to handle the formatting, and we knew how to scale up and organize a lot of questions quickly. i think we brought in a good understanding of what needed to be done and how to do it. i helped found educaide about 20 years ago. some people might have given up and moved on, but we \u2019 ve always approached our work as a long - term effort. a lot of things happen quickly on the internet, but this is content curation, so we \u2019 ve had to grow our offerings almost as a museum director would. knowing how to organize content and make searching efficient requires a particular set of skills. i think that we were uniquely positioned to develop problem - attic because we had been grappling with these issues for a long time. i was a teacher before this company was founded, so the main idea behind problem - attic, which is coming into play now, comes from my own experience. as a teacher, i was frustrated. computers were entering classrooms in the late 1980s, and i had a dream, even back then, of building a massive database for teachers to eliminate the problems of cutting and pasting, searching for material and sharing. so problem - attic is not a new idea, but a confluence of factors was needed to make it a reality. one is the whole web 2. 0 model, which is only about 10 years old. the second is a good understanding of how websites like this should work, what the interaction should be. a lot of the technology behind the website is actually very new \u2013 probably no more than a few years old. so even though i think we were way ahead of our time 20 years ago and we tried mightily to do something like problem - attic back in the 1990s, we were stuck with desktop applications and databases, and we had no good distribution model. the model became clearer around 2002 to 2003 with no child left behind. we started to get some insight into what a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5278347514009052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.597938"} {"text": "something like problem - attic back in the 1990s, we were stuck with desktop applications and databases, and we had no good distribution model. the model became clearer around 2002 to 2003 with no child left behind. we started to get some insight into what a large - scale solution might look like. then, in recent years, the quantity of available material became even larger, states began to coalesce around certain things such as common core standards, and people became very comfortable with the idea of software as a service. everything came together perfectly for us, which is to say, changes in the world around us finally made our dream of problem - attic achievable. i hope problem - attic is an overnight success, but it will have taken us 20 years to achieve that overnight success! victor : what does problem - attic do? what are the benefits? dan : first and foremost, problem - attic puts a lot of good material back in the hands of teachers \u2013 material that was excellent when it first came out and has unfortunately gotten lost or buried, become inaccessible over time or was not in a good form for teachers. problem - attic gives them access to great questions that have already been written and shouldn \u2019 t be forgotten. it \u2019 s a waste of time for so many educators around the world to be rewriting this stuff, reinventing the wheel. from the technical side, problem - attic eliminates the drudgery of cutting and pasting, reformatting and putting questions together into a test, quiz or worksheet. problem - attic \u2019 s output is gorgeous and can make a teacher feel proud. it doesn \u2019 t look like you took scissors and tape and went over to the photocopy machine. it looks like there is real desktop publishing muscle behind what you created. i think that \u2019 s really neat and that a lot of teachers are going to appreciate it. the documents look very professional. from there, problem - attic \u2019 s benefits flow down to students. although it is definitely a time - saving tool for teachers, that is only a means to an end. the goal is to help students learn, to personalize learning. giving kids quick feedback, having a convenient way to do ongoing assessment, being able to serve classes of mixed abilities, meeting students \u2019 individual needs \u2013 all that makes for a powerful tool! victor : how is it unique from other similar products / services? what companies do you see as in the same market? dan : one of the interesting things about the web is that it is pretty easy to put up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5274285908327663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.599010"} {"text": "that makes for a powerful tool! victor : how is it unique from other similar products / services? what companies do you see as in the same market? dan : one of the interesting things about the web is that it is pretty easy to put up a shingle and say you \u2019 ve started a business. so there are many companies out there in the same general space. i don \u2019 t think there is anything profound in what we \u2019 re doing, but there was definitely a need for problem - attic, an unmet need. i think we are way ahead of what anyone else is doing in terms of scale \u2013 just the sheer magnitude of the number of questions we \u2019 re able to put up and how much more we have coming soon. we have probably another 200, 000 to 250, 000 questions that we can put up onto the site. that \u2019 s pretty formidable. and again, that \u2019 s because of our 20 - year history. victor : when was problem - attic developed? what is something interesting or relevant about its development history? dan : i would narrow it down to just the last few years. just a few, key things needed to be in place for this actually to work. one is a really good model for serving up content through the web. so, if i can take you down memory lane a tiny bit, you will see what i mean. the \u2019 90s were pretty much all - desktop applications with some networking, and then by the late \u2019 90s, we were into the dot - com boom \u2013 which people are now calling web 1. 0. it was a different kind of model : less interactivity with users and more just plain selling. you went on the web to buy stuff. people didn \u2019 t quite understand this notion of interacting in a deep way with a website where it is, say, a software service \u2013 and then, of course, social networking was in its infancy as well. as we all know, the dot - com thing imploded and there were some survivors, some amount of e - commerce and online purchasing. gradually, out of the ashes, came a lot of new technologies and a new understanding about how users might want to interact with websites. this is all changing really quickly now with mobile phones and ipads. interestingly, in our industry, i think no child left behind stalled things quite a bit. around 2001 to 2002, a lot of interest, including our own interest in what we developed, shifted toward large - scale assessment, state standards, and scoring and reporting \u2013 basically,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.480049153929798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.600307"} {"text": "industry, i think no child left behind stalled things quite a bit. around 2001 to 2002, a lot of interest, including our own interest in what we developed, shifted toward large - scale assessment, state standards, and scoring and reporting \u2013 basically, toward data - driven instruction. the way i see it, there was a need for development in that area, but ultimately it sidetracked us a little bit from that dream we had in the \u2018 90s of doing more pure content and serving the needs of teachers. like a lot of companies, we shifted our focus to assessment, and in retrospect, that \u2019 s a different industry, a different model. it doesn \u2019 t work quite as well with web 2. 0 because it is so large and integrated. so that whole era, from about 2001 or 2002 to just a couple of years ago, was based on the concept of large, vertical systems that did everything for schools and teachers \u2013 everything from attendance and grading to curriculum management, from tracking student progress to contacting parents. and that still is somewhat of a model in education, though i think it is fading. in the last three or four years, we began to see a change, an understanding that websites could be more directed at specific needs, and that they could speak to each other. so it turns out you don \u2019 t really need big systems. thus there has been fertile development in a lot of areas, a shift toward best - of - class solutions for specific problems. of course the solutions should talk to one another so teachers end up with a complete solution that is best - of - class, seamlessly integrated, convenient and, of course, usable on a whole bunch of different devices and with different applications in the classroom. that \u2019 s the change which has occurred, or rather is occurring, in k - 12 education. the shift from big, vertically integrated systems is producing a fertile environment with much more adaptable software, with a better understanding that the end user, rather than the company that made it, should decide how to do the work. so that \u2019 s our philosophy : let the end user decide the best way to make use of all of these great questions. and i think that what i just described is how a lot of people are approaching the web these days. it is not unique to education. victor : where did it originate? where can you get it now? dan : as i said earlier, problem - attic was developed by educaide, of which i \u2019 m one of the founders. we still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5257771300528435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.601356"} {"text": "it is not unique to education. victor : where did it originate? where can you get it now? dan : as i said earlier, problem - attic was developed by educaide, of which i \u2019 m one of the founders. we still make a desktop app, and we will continue to support that because it is a really good development platform. it has allowed us to build up our massive database of questions. and it is still a great tool for teachers who want an industrial - strength program for putting their own questions on the computer, for authoring, organizing and publishing. teachers can find problem - attic, with more than 45, 000 questions from the new york state regents exams and tens of thousands more to come, at www. problem - attic. com. victor : how much does it cost? what are the options? dan : access to the questions and current tools on problem - attic is free and will remain free. down the road, we will consider adding some for - pay options that might include additional content, editing and document management and storage capabilities. we might do some partnerships with publishers or content developers, where they would use problem - attic \u2019 s platform to deliver their questions to their audience. we will almost certainly begin to look at exporting questions to various devices \u2013 everything from tablets and phones to more traditional classroom applications such as assessment systems \u2013 in the very near term. victor : who is it particularly tailored for? who is it not for? dan : problem - attic is tailored for any educator who finds the content relevant. the new york state regents exam questions that are available now are largely targeted at a secondary audience \u2013 not just in new york but in every state \u2013 and as we add more questions in the future, there will be content for all grade levels. by the way, when i say any educator, i mean teachers, parents, homeschoolers, tutors, researchers, and so on. i \u2019 m not sure if \u201c self - educator \u201d is a common term, but certainly students can access the site also and make use of the questions to further their own learning. victor : what are your thoughts on education these days? dan : i think it is a really exciting time for education. everything i just talked about that has happened over the last 20 years is making it an amazing time because there are so many things that can be done now to improve education and help teachers. we look at our company as helping to solve one piece of the puzzle. problem - attic helps fulfill the promise of a digital classroom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49407841346185977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.602379"} {"text": "is making it an amazing time because there are so many things that can be done now to improve education and help teachers. we look at our company as helping to solve one piece of the puzzle. problem - attic helps fulfill the promise of a digital classroom \u2013 personalized learning and everything that goes with that. it is a great time to be in this field. victor : what sort of formative experiences in your own education and teaching career helped to inform your approach to creating problem - attic? dan : like a lot of inventors going back centuries, it was frustration over something that had to be better. of course, i don \u2019 t think problem - attic is a complicated type of invention or discovery compared with some. but it can help solve teachers \u2019 frustration with not having easy access to, or not a having a good means of formatting, high - quality, proven content. i have two daughters, and i help them at home with their math homework. i was a math coach and a math club adviser when they were in middle school. there were a lot of times i would have done anything to have a product like problem - attic because i was spending so much time trying to pull questions together. i hope we can help teachers of all types who are in search of good questions, in and out of the classroom, to help kids understand difficult concepts. victor : how does problem - attic address some of your concerns about education? dan : education needs help in many ways, but the system is also showing great promise right now. i think problem - attic, like a lot of other great web tools, does change the economics. i think that it shows, among other things, that this can be done affordably and that valuable resources can be made available free of charge. there is no reason that the tools that educators need should be costly. and that isn \u2019 t just our discovery. khan academy does free videos, and so do others. a couple of companies that could be considered our competitors have realized that they will have to make a lot of things available for free. i think that is maybe the biggest way we are changing the economics \u2013 making the solutions less expensive and more widely available, if they are done right. it took a lot of years to figure out how to do this ; there were no shortcuts. victor : what is your outlook on the future of education? dan : i \u2019 m excited about where education is headed, toward more online and blended learning. i also realize there will be bumps in the road. one thing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5252295911834792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.603365"} {"text": "were no shortcuts. victor : what is your outlook on the future of education? dan : i \u2019 m excited about where education is headed, toward more online and blended learning. i also realize there will be bumps in the road. one thing i feel strongly about is that as we enter this new age we shouldn \u2019 t throw out everything that worked before. many things still work well. that doesn \u2019 t mean they can \u2019 t be improved, but it would be a mistake to think that every student can be put in front of a computer and learn that way. teachers can and should and will remain an integral part of the learning process for a long, long time to come. i think that inspiration and education often come from the personal side of teaching \u2013 the human side. that is very much what we are trying to support. we are not putting our heads in the sand ; we are not thinking that education is always going to follow that old, traditional model of a teacher in front of a classroom. but we also don \u2019 t think that the importance of that teacher, tutor, mentor, parent \u2013 whomever \u2013 should be overlooked. they need quality tools like everyone else! they need tools that will make their jobs easier and make them more efficient, so they can concentrate on teaching and learning. there is no doubt that technology is bringing about great changes, but my observation is that much of what has gone into classrooms in the past 20 years has not directly aided the teacher. a lot of it helps tangentially, but most \u2013 and i \u2019 m not putting it down \u2013 has been for student use, or for communication between parents and teachers, or for administrative purposes, like grading or attendance. when you get right down to it, few things can actually be called tools for teachers. the main exceptions are probably email and word processors, and everybody has those. but you see my point : if they were doctors or journalists or electricians, they would have new tools and a new kind of tool belt to carry around! while teachers have a lot more software and hardware, interactive whiteboards for example, some of it makes teachers \u2019 lives harder. our focus is to support the work of teachers. victor : could you share an anecdote that our readers would find interesting? dan : the most interesting thing is being a long - time player in the game. as i watch all of the really exciting things being done in education, many by young people, it \u2019 s kind of fun to be an \u201c adult \u201d in the room. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49392840992700987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.604355"} {"text": "10 tips to preserve the environment | this article is part of the | living together theme becoming more mindful of the environment is not as hard as one might think. there are plenty of little things we can do on a daily basis to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit our impact on the environment ( ecological footprint ). every single thing is important and will make a difference : this is our responsibility, but it ' s also an honour, being a green ecocitizen is very gratifying and rewarding. buy less consumption implies pollution. before buying anything, think twice and make sure you need this item. there are other solutions : do it yourself, repair the older one, borrow the tools you won ' t often need and save money. use cars and planes as little as possible it can be easy to refrain from using your car or any other polluting vehicle, use alternative means of transport. as a rule, we ' ll do 5 trips a week back and forth to go to work. this can be a good start to do without cars. in many cases we can walk or ride to work and it often proves to be more pleasant and convenient, even compared to public transport : no need to bother about parking your car or traffic jams. another solution is car sharing which is good for your purse as well as for the environment. trains and boats or ferries are also greener solutions than personal vehicles, your holiday trips will be much more pleasant than in the tiny space of a seat in a plane. let ' s eat less meat, for animal proteins, opt for meat with low ecological footprint contrary to what many people think, a diet excluding meat, is as good for our health as for the environment. without necessarily opting for vegetarianism, a moderate consumption of meat ( say once or twice a week ) will significantly lower one ' s ecological footprint. as a matter of fact, breeding implies a huge waste of cereals, of water, of the end of oil | fossil energy and of arable land. in the us, more than half the cereals are cropped to feed cattle. for the same area of arable land, we get 16 kilos of soy or other cereal and 1 kilo of beef. more and more forests are destroyed to make room for fields whose only use is growing crops for cattle. a recent study from the scientific journal \" nature \" explains that 40 % of the amazon forest will be destroyed by 2050 if the trend continues. not to mention a un report, breeding is the first cause of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4479034276410626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.609710"} {"text": "only use is growing crops for cattle. a recent study from the scientific journal \" nature \" explains that 40 % of the amazon forest will be destroyed by 2050 if the trend continues. not to mention a un report, breeding is the first cause of greenhouse gas emissions, more than global transport. among the various options, selecting the right kind of meat for animal proteins is important too, as shown on this graph. thus beef, veal and cheese are worse than chicken, eggs or milk. pork is so and so and mutton between pork and beef. as for fish, abstain from consuming predators such as ( salmon, tuna, trout ), since eating one kilo os such fish implies eating many kilos of other fish. prefer sardines and herrings. you can also select food with low environmental impact among vegetables. for cereals, prefer corn, quinoa, rye or barley rather than rice : rice is more polluting as paddies produce methane. even better than cereals, potatoes are less polluting and good starchy food. act local whether it be food, clothing, furniture, we must always mind the negative aspect of transport for all these goods. opting for local products can also mean producing locally. a few hens in the back garden will eat your dinner wastes on your compost heap. you can also easily learn to deal with hives. easier still, replace flowers by aromatic herbs along your alleys ( thyme, rosemary, mint... ). in the same line of idea, you can help support local agriculture by buying your weekly basket in a nearby farm. we can help reduce pollution very easily by sorting out our plastic bottles for instance. always opt for the product with less packaging. consider a building with 7000 employees who regularly recycle their paper wastes : this is equivalent to saving the pollution of 400 cars. composting is an efficient way of reducing household wastes ( from 20 to 30 % ) that would otherwise be incinerated or dumped into landfills, instead they ' ll fertilize your garden for free... it ' s easy, you can make your bin yourself or you may even get incentives to buy one as in quebec. save electricity and water turn the lights off when leaving a room, turn off your computer ( and the screen ) when you don ' t use it, same with the tv and other electric appliances, prefer compact fluorescent lamps or even better leds. when a device is on stand - by, its transform", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4512012140501818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.611860"} {"text": "a room, turn off your computer ( and the screen ) when you don ' t use it, same with the tv and other electric appliances, prefer compact fluorescent lamps or even better leds. when a device is on stand - by, its transformator uses electricity, using a multi plug with a switch will save this useless waste. there are easy but very efficient things you can do. we can do without a tumble drier. little things are all important. don ' t let the water run while brushing your teeth. fix leaks that represent big volumes of water at the end of the day. install dry toilets to save even more water ( more than 10m3 / per head every year ) and to get compost. prefer tap water, quite drinkable in western countries to save the plastic and wrapping of bottle water. use biodegradable soap for your washing and select a low temperature program. buy second - hand items is it always necessary to buy new items? second - hand goods are often quite a good idea and are cheaper. as for quality, there can be different cases but older products will often last longer. using second - hand things is consuming less and so polluting less. instead of considering an item as waste, you can give it a second life! however, the energy consumption of older appliances must be taken into account. use biodegradable products try and use as little plastic as possible : is it always necessary to wrap an item you can hold in your hand? a good alternative is using cloth bags or willow baskets. be careful with the so - called biodegradable plastic bags, some will only be fragmented, which makes a difference. plenty of polluting and toxic products can easily be replaced by biodegradable ones for housecleaning : white vinegar, hydrogen carbonate will do wonders. the higher the quality of a product, the longer it will last. so prefer wood to plastic for your furniture, wood is sturdier and can be repaired. same for building, use timber which is more environment friendly as it traps and stores carbon, also, it is a renewable resource. let ' s take action we have the duty to pass on a healthy planet to the next generations so we must do our best to become worthy eco - citizens, we can join green groups locally and raise awareness, share our pleasure in simple living and, last but not least, we can contribute to... ekopedia! see also - \u2191 the american dietetic association position paper at eatright, pdf. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5012551832345482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.613105"} {"text": "ottoman women and daily life for the harems women, whose daily recreational pursuits were largely confined to conversation, embroidery, drinking coffee and smoking pipes, receiving guests and holding musical gatherings were occasions that added colour to their lives. in the palace harem there were orchestras and groups of dancers consisting of female slaves, and the female musicians were taught by the most eminent teachers of the time. singing and playing music was one of the most popular pursuits of women at the palace and the upper echelons of society. ottoman women had limited opportunities for activities outside the home. the upper - class women rarely went shopping, most of their needs being met by servants or peddler women. wedding celebrations and feasts, visits to holy tombs and sufi lodges, and friends and relatives, social gatherings known as ' helva nights ', mevlit ceremonies, weekly visits to the public baths, and above all picnics and country excursions in spring and summer were events that took women out of their homes. western men, who had to make do with second - hand accounts of ottoman harem life, only had the opportunity to see these women for themselves when they were travelling from place to place, shopping in the company of eunuchs, or enjoying country outings. the most popular excursion places were kag\u0131thane on the golden horn and goksu and kucuksu on the asian shore of the bosphorus. pleasing scenes of women in gauzy yashmaks and colourful outer robes promenading in their carriages, strolling in meadows, or being rowed along in graceful caiques, lacy sunshades in hand, were a favourite topic for western painters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.416184164513916, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.615796"} {"text": "general chemistry / periodicity and electron configurations blocks of the periodic table the periodic table does more than just list the elements. the word periodic means that in each row, or period, there is a pattern of characteristics in the elements. this is because the elements are listed in part by their electron configuration. the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals have one and two valence electrons ( electrons in the outer shell ) respectively. these elements lose electrons to form bonds easily, and are thus very reactive. these elements are the s - block of the periodic table. the p - block, on the right, contains common non - metals such as chlorine and helium. the noble gases, in the column on the right, almost never react, since they have eight valence electrons, which makes it very stable. the halogens, directly to the left of the noble gases, readily gain electrons and react with metals. the s and p blocks make up the main - group elements, also known as representative elements. the d - block, which is the largest, consists of transition metals such as copper, iron, and gold. the f - block, on the bottom, contains rarer metals including uranium. elements in the same group or family have the same configuration of valence electrons, making them behave in chemically similar ways. causes for trends there are certain phenomena that cause the periodic trends to occur. you must understand them before learning the trends. effective nuclear charge the effective nuclear charge is the amount of positive charge acting on an electron. it is the number of protons in the nucleus minus the number of electrons in between the nucleus and the electron in question. basically, the nucleus attracts an electron, but other electrons in lower shells repel it ( opposites attract, likes repel ). shielding effect the shielding ( or screening ) effect is similar to effective nuclear charge. the core electrons repel the valence electrons to some degree. the more electron shells there are ( a new shell for each row in the periodic table ), the greater the shielding effect is. essentially, the core electrons shield the valence electrons from the positive charge of the nucleus. electron - electron repulsions when two electrons are in the same shell, they will repel each other slightly. this effect is mostly canceled out due to the strong attraction to the nucleus, but it does cause electrons in the same shell to spread out a little bit. lower shells experience this effect more because they are smaller and allow the electrons to interact more. coulomb ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5758116635228664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.623733"} {"text": "canceled out due to the strong attraction to the nucleus, but it does cause electrons in the same shell to spread out a little bit. lower shells experience this effect more because they are smaller and allow the electrons to interact more. coulomb ' s law coulomb ' s law is an equation that determines the amount of force with which two charged particles attract or repel each other. it is, where is the amount of charge ( + 1e for protons, - 1e for electrons ), is the distance between them, and is a constant. you can see that doubling the distance would quarter the force. also, a large number of protons would attract an electron with much more force than just a few protons would. trends in the periodic table most of the elements occur naturally on earth. however, all elements beyond uranium ( number 92 ) are called trans - uranium elements and never occur outside of a laboratory. most of the elements occur as solids or gases at stp. stp is standard temperature and pressure, which is 0\u00b0 c and 1 atmosphere of pressure. there are only two elements that occur as liquids at stp : mercury ( hg ) and bromine ( br ). bismuth ( bi ) is the last stable element on the chart. all elements after bismuth are radioactive and decay into more stable elements. some elements before bismuth are radioactive, however. atomic radius leaving out the noble gases, atomic radii are larger on the left side of the periodic chart and are progressively smaller as you move to the right across the period. conversely, as you move down the group, radii increase. atomic radii decrease along a period due to greater effective nuclear charge. atomic radii increase down a group due to the shielding effect of the additional core electrons, and the presence of another electron shell. ionic radius for nonmetals, ions are bigger than atoms, as the ions have extra electrons. for metals, it is the opposite. extra electrons ( negative ions, called anions ) cause additional electron - electron repulsions, making them spread out farther. fewer electrons ( positive ions, called cations ) cause fewer repulsions, allowing them to be closer. | ionization energy is the energy required to strip an electron from the atom ( when in the gas state ). ionization energy is also a periodic trend within the periodic table organization. moving left to right within a period or upward within a group, the first ionization energy generally increases. as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5819497082468859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.624926"} {"text": "an electron from the atom ( when in the gas state ). ionization energy is also a periodic trend within the periodic table organization. moving left to right within a period or upward within a group, the first ionization energy generally increases. as the atomic radius decreases, it becomes harder to remove an electron that is closer to a more positively charged nucleus. ionization energy decreases going left across a period because there is a lower effective nuclear charge keeping the electrons attracted to the nucleus, so less energy is needed to pull one out. it decreases going down a group due to the shielding effect. remember coulomb ' s law : as the distance between the nucleus and electrons increases, the force decreases at a quadratic rate. it is considered a measure of the tendency of an atom or ion to surrender an electron, or the strength of the electron binding ; the greater the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to remove an electron. the ionization energy may be an indicator of the reactivity of an element. elements with a low ionization energy tend to be reducing agents and form cations, which in turn combine with anions to form salts. electron affinity | electron affinity is the opposite of ionization energy. it is the energy released when an electron is added to an atom. electron affinity is highest in the upper left, lowest on the bottom right. however, electron affinity is actually negative for the noble gasses. they already have a complete valence shell, so there is no room in their orbitals for another electron. adding an electron would require creating a whole new shell, which takes energy instead of releasing it. several other elements have extremely low electron affinities because they are already in a stable configuration, and adding an electron would decrease stability. electron affinity occurs due to the same reasons as ionization energy. electronegativity is how much an atom attracts electrons within a bond. it is measured on a scale with fluorine at 4. 0 and francium at 0. 7. electronegativity decreases from upper right to lower left. electronegativity decreases because of atomic radius, shielding effect, and effective nuclear charge in the same manner that ionization energy decreases. metallic character metallic elements are shiny, usually gray or silver colored, and good conductors of heat and electricity. they are malleable ( can be hammered into thin sheets ), and ductile ( can be stretched into wires ). some metals, like sodium, are soft and can be cut with a knife. others, like iron,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5849564338023971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.625913"} {"text": "adriatic campaign of world war ii the adriatic campaign of world war ii was a minor naval campaign fought during world war ii between the greek, yugoslavian and italian navies, the kriegsmarine, and the mediterranean squadrons of the united kingdom, france, and the yugoslav partisan naval forces. considered a not important part of the naval warfare of world war ii, it nonetheless saw interesting developments, given the specificity of the dalmatian coastline. prelude \u2014 italian invasion of albania on april 7, 1939, mussolini ' s troops occupied albania, overthrew zog, and annexed the country to the italian empire. naval operations in the adriatic consisted mostly of transport organisation through the ports of taranto. greco - italian war the greco - italian war lasted from 28 october 1940 - 30 april 1941 and was part of world war ii. italian forces invaded greece and made limited gains. at the outbreak of hostilities, the royal hellenic navy was composed of the old cruiser georgios averof, 10 destroyers ( four old theria class, four relatively modern dardo class and two new greyhound class ), several torpedo boats and six old submarines. faced with the formidable regia marina, its role was primarily limited to patrol and convoy escort duties in the aegean sea. this was essential both for the completion of the army ' s mobilization, but also for the overall resupply of the country, the convoy routes being threatened by italian aircraft and submarines operating from the dodecanese islands. nevertheless, the greek ships also carried out limited offensive operations against italian shipping in the strait of otranto. the destroyers carried out three bold but fruitless night - time raids ( 14 \u2013 15 november 1940, 15 \u2013 16 december 1940 and 4 \u2013 5 january 1941 ). the main successes came from the submarines, which managed to sink some italian transports. on the italian side, although the regia marina suffered severe losses in capital ships from the british royal navy during the taranto raid, italian cruisers and destroyers continued to operate covering the convoys between italy and albania. also, on 28 november, an italian squadron bombarded corfu, while on 18 december and 4 march, italian task forces shelled greek coastal positions in albania. invasion of yugoslavia the invasion of yugoslavia ( also known as operation 25 ) began on 6 april 1941 and ended with the unconditional surrender of the royal yugoslav army on 17 april. the invading axis powers ( nazi germany, fascist italy and hungary ) occupied and dismembered the kingdom of yugoslavia. when germany and italy attacked yugoslavia on 6 april 1941", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40560125679511816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.640544"} {"text": "ended with the unconditional surrender of the royal yugoslav army on 17 april. the invading axis powers ( nazi germany, fascist italy and hungary ) occupied and dismembered the kingdom of yugoslavia. when germany and italy attacked yugoslavia on 6 april 1941, the yugoslav royal navy had available three destroyers, two submarines and 10 mtbs as the most effective units of the fleet. one other destroyer, the ljubljana was in dry - dock at the time of the invasion and she and her anti - aircraft guns were used in defence of the fleet base at kotor. the remainder of the fleet was useful only for coastal defence and local escort and patrol work. kotor ( cattaro ) was close to the albanian border and the italo - greek front there, but zara ( zadar ), an italian enclave, was to the north - west of the coast and to prevent a bridgehead being established, the destroyer beograd, four of the old torpedo boats and six mtbs were despatched to sibenik, 41 ft 6 in ( 12. 65 m ) 80 km to the south of zara, in preparation for an attack. the attack was to be co - ordinated with the 12th \" jadranska \" infantry division and two odred ( combined regiments ) of the royal yugoslav army attacking from the benkovac area, supported by air attacks by the 81st bomber group of the royal yugoslav air force. the yugoslav forces launched their attack on 9 april, but by 13 april the italian forces - under the orders of general vittorio ambrosio - had counter - attacked and were in benkovac by 14 april. the naval prong to this attack faltered when beograd was damaged by near misses from italian aircraft off sibenik when her starboard engine was put out of action, after which she limped to kotor, escorted by the remainder of the force, for repair. the maritime patrol float - planes of the royal yugoslav air force flew reconnaissance and attack missions during the campaign, as well as providing air cover for mine - laying operations off zara. some of their successes included an italian tanker being damaged by a near miss off the italian coast near bari, attacks on the albanian port of durres, as well as strikes against italian re - supply convoys to albania. on 9 april, one dornier do 22k floatplane notably took on an italian convoy of 12 steamers with an escort of eight destroyers crossing the adriatic during the day, attacking single - handed in the face of intense aa fire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3989131735226657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.641651"} {"text": "convoys to albania. on 9 april, one dornier do 22k floatplane notably took on an italian convoy of 12 steamers with an escort of eight destroyers crossing the adriatic during the day, attacking single - handed in the face of intense aa fire. italian occupation and yugoslav resistance after the invasion, italy controlled the entire eastern adriatic coast through the annexation of much of dalmatia, the italian occupation zone of the independent state of croatia, and the italian puppet regimes of the kingdom of montenegro ( 1941 \u2013 1944 ) and the albanian kingdom ( 1939 \u2013 1943 ). naval forces of the yugoslav partisans were formed as early as 19 september 1942, when partisans in dalmatia formed their first naval unit made of fishing boats, which gradually evolved into a force able to engage the italian navy and kriegsmarine and conduct complex amphibious operations. this event is considered to be the foundation of the yugoslav navy. at its peak during world war ii, the yugoslav partisans ' navy commanded nine or 10 armed ships, 30 patrol boats, close to 200 support ships, six coastal batteries, and several partisan detachments on the islands, around 3, 000 men. after the italian capitulation of 8 september 1943, following the allied invasion of italy, the partisans took most of the coast and all of the islands. on 26 october, the yugoslav partisans ' navy was organized first into four, and later into six maritime costal sectors ( pomorsko obalni sektor, pos ). the task of the naval forces was to secure supremacy at sea, organize defense of coast and islands, and attack enemy sea traffic and forces on the islands and along the coasts. german occupation as a first move ( operation wolkenbruch ) the germans rushed to occupy the northern adriatic ports of trieste, fiume and pula, and established the operational zone adriatic coast ozak, with its headquarters in trieste, on 10 september. it comprised the provinces of udine, gorizia, trieste, pula ( pola ), rijeka ( fiume ) and ljubljana ( lubiana ). since an allied landing in the area was anticipated, ozak also hosted a substantial german military contingent, the befehlshaber operationszone adriatisches kustenland commanded by general der gebirgstruppe ludwig kubler. on 28 september 1944, these units were redesignated xcvii armeekorps. soon also german marine units were formed. royal navy engagement was also on the rise. vize - admiral joachim lietzmann", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39327524595411206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.642658"} {"text": "of civilian population from dalmatia fleeing the german occupation, and moved them to the el shatt refugee camp in egypt. vis island by 1944, only vis island remained unoccupied and divisions task become its defense against later cancelled german invasion ( operation freischutz ). the island was about 14 mi ( 12 nmi ; 23 km ) long and 8 mi ( 7. 0 nmi ; 13 km ) wide, with a mainly hilly perimeter, with a plain in the centre covered with vines, part of which has been removed to make way for an airstrip about 750 yd ( 690 m ) long, from which four spitfires of the balkan air force were operating. at the west end of the island was the port of komiza, while at the other end was the port of vis, these were connected by the only good road running across the plain. vis was organized as a great stronghold, held until the end of world war ii. in 1944, tito ' s headquarters moved there and british forces with over 1, 000 troops was also included in the defence of vis. the british forces, already on the island, were called land forces adriatic, and were under the command of brigadier george daly, and consisted of the no. 40 ( royal marine ) commando and no. 43 ( royal marine ) commando of the 2nd special service brigade, the highland light infantry ( part of the 51st highland infantry division ) and other support troops. operating from the two ports were several royal navy craft, marshal tito ' s forces numbered about 2, 000. vis was functioning as the political and military center of the liberated territories until the liberation of belgrade in late 1944. a remarkable figure was the canadian captain thomas g. fuller, son of the canadian chief dominion architect thomas william fuller, who in 1944 took command of the 61st mgb flotilla. operating from the island of vis he supplied the partisans by pirating german supply ships. he managed to sink or capture 13 german supply boats, was involved in 105 fire fights and another 30 operations where there was no gunfire. characteristically for the yugoslav operations theatre, fuller attributed a good part of his success to the blood - curling threats uttered by the yugoslav partisan who manned the mgb ' s loud hailer : a 400 ton schooner was captured with its whole cargo and whose crew gave up without a struggle because of the explanation of what would be done to them personally, with knives, if they disobeyed. liberation of dalmatia british naval forces in the middle east operating in the adriatic sea were under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4269252086919091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.645182"} {"text": "and whose crew gave up without a struggle because of the explanation of what would be done to them personally, with knives, if they disobeyed. liberation of dalmatia british naval forces in the middle east operating in the adriatic sea were under the command of the flag officer taranto and adriatic & liaison with the italians ( f. o. t. a. l. i ). all the naval forces were controlled from taranto and operated in close coordination with the coastal attack operations conducted by the baf. the yugoslavs used the units in the british navy to transport materials and men, but especially to make landings on the islands of dalmatia to liberate them from german occupation. during the vis period, partisans carried out several seaborne landings on dalmatian islands with help of royal navy and commandos : - solta - operation detained - hvar - operation endowment - mljet - operation farrier - brac - operation flounced the french navy was involved as well in the first half of 1944, with the 10th division of light cruisers made up of three fantansque - class destroyers ( le fantasque, le terrible, le malin ) making high speed sweeps in the adriatic, destroying german convoys. in the second half of 1944 the royal navy sent a destroyer flotilla in the adriatic. the biggest engagement happened on 1 november, when two hunt - class destroyers hms avon vale and wheatland were patrolling the coastal shipping routes south of lussino in the adriatic. that evening, two enemy corvettes were sighted ; uj - 202 and uj - 208. the two destroyers opened fire at a range of 4, 000 yd ( 3, 700 m ). in less than 10 minutes, the enemy ships were reduced to mere scrap, the two british ships were circling the enemy and pouring out a devastating fire of pom - pom and small calibre gunfire. when the first corvette was sunk avon vale closed to rescue the germans while wheatland continued to shoot up the second corvette which eventually blew up. ten minutes later, the british came under fire from the german torpedoboot ausland destroyer ta - 20 ( ex - italian destroyer audace ) which suddenly appeared on the scene. when the two british ships directed their fire at her and the enemy destroyer was sunk. but while the adriatic campaign continued to the end of the war, the hunts did not again engage large german warships, although the german navy was constantly launching and commissioning light destroyer types from the yards of trieste and fiume. moreover, on 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4067699703413599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.646173"} {"text": "sunk. but while the adriatic campaign continued to the end of the war, the hunts did not again engage large german warships, although the german navy was constantly launching and commissioning light destroyer types from the yards of trieste and fiume. moreover, on 14 december, hms aldenham struck a mine around the island of skrda and it was the last british destroyer lost in world war ii. to prevent entrance to north adriatic in last two years of second world war, germans spread thousands mines and blocked all ports and canals, many of underwater mine fields has been situated at the open sea. mine sweeping was executed by britain ships equipped with special mine - sweep technology. on 5 may 1945, the shakespeare - class trawler hms coriolanus hit a mine while it was sweeping the sea in front of novigrad. planned allied landings the allies, first under french initiative of the general maxime weygand planned landings in the thessaloniki area. although discarded by the british, later the landing option became most advocated by winston churchill. the so - called ljubljana gap strategy proved ultimately to be little more than a bluff owing to american refusal and skepticism upon the whole operation. nevertheless, the british command planned several landing operations in dalmatia and istria codenamed armpit and a more ambitious plan gelignite. facing american opposition the british made last attempts were marked by sending an air force called fairfax in zadar area, and an artillery attachment called floyd force also in dalmatia, but due to yugoslav obstruction such attempts ceased. nevertheless, the bluff worked since hitler eventually awaited an allied landing in the northern adriatic, and diverted important resources in the area. instead of landings the allied agreed to provide tito land units with aerial and logistical support by setting up the balkan air force. the biggest british - led combined operation in the eastern adriatic codenamed operation antagonise in december 1944 was intended to capture the island of losinj, where the germans kept e - boats and ( possibly ) midget submarines. it was only partially executed since the partisan navy commander in chief, josip cerni, refused to give his troops for the landing operation. instead, a group of destroyers and mtbs shelled the german gun positions and 36 south african air force bristol beaufighters attacked the naval base installations with rp - 3 3 in ( 76 mm ) rocket projectiles as the attacks proved ineffective in stopping german activities they were repeated also in the first months of 1945. by the end of october 1944, the germans still had five destroyers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.407223054278924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.647222"} {"text": "naval base installations with rp - 3 3 in ( 76 mm ) rocket projectiles as the attacks proved ineffective in stopping german activities they were repeated also in the first months of 1945. by the end of october 1944, the germans still had five destroyers ( ta20, ta40, ta41, ta44, and ta 45 ) three corvettes ( uj205, uj206, and ta48 ). on 1 january 1945, there were four german destroyers operative in the northern adriatic ( ta40, ta41, ta44, and ta 45 ) three u - boot jager corvettes ( uj205, uj206, and ta48 ). even as late as 1 april ta43, ta 45 and uj206 were in commission and available to fight. allied aircraft sank four in port ( at fiume and trieste ) in march and april, british mtb torpedoed ta 45 in april. the very last operations of the german navy involved the evacuation of troops and personnel from istria and trieste before the advancing yugoslavs that took place in may 1945. an estimated enemy force of 4, 000 was landing from 26 ships of all types at the mouth of the tagliamento river at lignano sabbiadoro. the area is a huge sand spit running out into a big lagoon, and at its southern end the tagliamento river enters the sea. the germans had evacuated trieste to escape the yugoslav army. the germans were protected by naval craft holding off three british mtbs, which could not get in close enough to use their guns effectively. there were about 6, 000 of them and their equipment included e - boats, lsts, a small hospital ship, all types of transport, and a variety of weapons. the 21st battalion of the new zealand 2nd division was outnumbered by 20 to one, but at the end the germans surrendered on 4 may 1945. others had already surrendered to the british troops on german ships which arrived from istria to ancona on 2 may. british sources wrote there were about 30 boats, but no exact record is mentioned. - fatutta, et al, 1975. - whitely, 2001, p. 312. - shores, et al, 1987, p. 218. - \" history of partisan and yugoslav navy \". retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05. - \" vice admiral joachim lietzmann \". archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 24. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05. - david twiston davies ' ' canada from afar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4167764509146424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.648137"} {"text": "and yugoslav navy \". retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05. - \" vice admiral joachim lietzmann \". archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 24. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05. - david twiston davies ' ' canada from afar ' '. books. google. com. retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21. - the german fleet at war, 1939 - 1945 - google books. books. google. com. retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21. - f a mason, the last destroyer : hms aldenham, 1942 - 44, london : hale, 1988. - \" hms coriolanus \". retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21. - thomas m. barker, \" the ljubljana gap strategy : alternative to anvil / dragoon or fantasy? journal of. military history, 56 ( january 1992 ) : 57 - 86 - paul j. freeman, the cinderella front : allied special air operations in yugoslavia during world war ii, air command and staff college, march 1997. url : www. au. af. mil / au / awc / awcgate / acsc / 97 - 0150a. pdf - william klinger, lussino, dicembre 1944 : operazione \" antagonise \" quaderni, vol xx, centro di ricerche storiche, rovigno, 2009. - \" operation ' antagonise ' by vernon copeland \". retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05. - o ' hara, vincent p. ' ' the german fleet at war, 1939 \u2013 1945 ' '. books. google. com. retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21. - cody, j. f. \" 21 battalion, the official history of new zealand in the second world war 1939 \u2013 1945, historical publications branch, 1953, wellington \". retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4318925170573308, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.648882"} {"text": "in formal language theory, a grammar ( when the context isn ' t given, often called a formal grammar for clarity ) is a set of production rules for strings in a formal language. the rules describe how to form strings from the language ' s alphabet that are valid according to the language ' s syntax. a grammar does not describe the meaning of the strings or what can be done with them in whatever context \u2014 only their form. formal language theory, the discipline which studies formal grammars and languages, is a branch of applied mathematics. its applications are found in theoretical computer science, theoretical linguistics, formal semantics, mathematical logic, and other areas. a formal grammar is a set of rules for rewriting strings, along with a \" start symbol \" from which rewriting starts. therefore, a grammar is usually thought of as a language generator. however, it can also sometimes be used as the basis for a \" recognizer \" \u2014 a function in computing that determines whether a given string belongs to the language or is grammatically incorrect. to describe such recognizers, formal language theory uses separate formalisms, known as automata theory. one of the interesting results of automata theory is that it is not possible to design a recognizer for certain formal languages. parsing is the process of recognizing an utterance ( a string in natural languages ) by breaking it down to a set of symbols and analyzing each one against the grammar of the language. most languages have the meanings of their utterances structured according to their syntax \u2014 a practice known as compositional semantics. as a result, the first step to describing the meaning of an utterance in language is to break it down part by part and look at its analyzed form ( known as its parse tree in computer science, and as its deep structure in generative grammar ). introductory example a grammar mainly consists of a set of rules for transforming strings. ( if it only consisted of these rules, it would be a semi - thue system. ) to generate a string in the language, one begins with a string consisting of only a single start symbol. the production rules are then applied in any order, until a string that contains neither the start symbol nor designated nonterminal symbols is produced. a production rule is applied to a string by replacing one occurrence of its left - hand side in the string by its right - hand side ( cf. the operation of the theoretical turing machine ). the language formed by the grammar consists of all distinct strings that can be generated in this manner. any particular sequence of production", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6174886772602655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.662038"} {"text": "its left - hand side in the string by its right - hand side ( cf. the operation of the theoretical turing machine ). the language formed by the grammar consists of all distinct strings that can be generated in this manner. any particular sequence of production rules on the start symbol yields a distinct string in the language. if there are multiple ways of generating the same single string, the grammar is said to be ambiguous. for example, assume the alphabet consists of a and b, the start symbol is s, and we have the following production rules : then we start with s, and can choose a rule to apply to it. if we choose rule 1, we obtain the string asb. if we then choose rule 1 again, we replace s with asb and obtain the string aasbb. if we now choose rule 2, we replace s with ba and obtain the string aababb, and are done. we can write this series of choices more briefly, using symbols :. the language of the grammar is then the infinite set, where is repeated times ( and in particular represents the number of times production rule 1 has been applied ). formal definition the syntax of grammars - a finite set n of nonterminal symbols, none of which appear in strings formed from g. - a finite set of terminal symbols that is disjoint from n. - a finite set p of production rules, each rule of the form - where is the kleene star operator and denotes set union. that is, each production rule maps from one string of symbols to another, where the first string ( the \" head \" ) contains an arbitrary number of symbols provided at least one of them is a nonterminal. in the case that the second string ( the \" body \" ) consists solely of the empty string \u2013 i. e., that it contains no symbols at all \u2013 it may be denoted with a special notation ( often, e or ) in order to avoid confusion. - a distinguished symbol that is the start symbol. the semantics of grammars the operation of a grammar can be defined in terms of relations on strings : - given a grammar, the binary relation ( pronounced as \" g derives in one step \" ) on strings in is defined by : - the relation ( pronounced as g derives in zero or more steps ) is defined as the reflexive transitive closure of - a sentential form is a member of that can be derived in a finite number of steps from the start symbol ; that is, a sentential form is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5811016818826502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.663121"} {"text": "g derives in zero or more steps ) is defined as the reflexive transitive closure of - a sentential form is a member of that can be derived in a finite number of steps from the start symbol ; that is, a sentential form is a member of. a sentential form that contains no nonterminal symbols ( i. e. is a member of ) is called a sentence. - the language of, denoted as, is defined as all those sentences that can be derived in a finite number of steps from the start symbol ; that is, the set. note that the grammar is effectively the semi - thue system, rewriting strings in exactly the same way ; the only difference is in that we distinguish specific nonterminal symbols which must be rewritten in rewrite rules, and are only interested in rewritings from the designated start symbol to strings without nonterminal symbols. for these examples, formal languages are specified using set - builder notation. consider the grammar where,, is the start symbol, and consists of the following production rules : this grammar defines the language where denotes a string of n consecutive ' s. thus, the language is the set of strings that consist of 1 or more ' s, followed by the same number of ' s, followed by the same number of ' s. some examples of the derivation of strings in are : - ( note on notation : reads \" string p generates string q by means of production i \", and the generated part is each time indicated in bold type. ) the chomsky hierarchy when noam chomsky first formalized generative grammars in 1956, he classified them into types now known as the chomsky hierarchy. the difference between these types is that they have increasingly strict production rules and can express fewer formal languages. two important types are context - free grammars ( type 2 ) and regular grammars ( type 3 ). the languages that can be described with such a grammar are called context - free languages and regular languages, respectively. although much less powerful than unrestricted grammars ( type 0 ), which can in fact express any language that can be accepted by a turing machine, these two restricted types of grammars are most often used because parsers for them can be efficiently implemented. for example, all regular languages can be recognized by a finite state machine, and for useful subsets of context - free grammars there are well - known algorithms to generate efficient ll parsers and lr parsers to recognize the corresponding languages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6014881670727974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.664132"} {"text": "for example, all regular languages can be recognized by a finite state machine, and for useful subsets of context - free grammars there are well - known algorithms to generate efficient ll parsers and lr parsers to recognize the corresponding languages those grammars generate. context - free grammars a context - free grammar is a grammar in which the left - hand side of each production rule consists of only a single nonterminal symbol. this restriction is non - trivial ; not all languages can be generated by context - free grammars. those that can are called context - free languages. the language defined above is not a context - free language, and this can be strictly proven using the pumping lemma for context - free languages, but for example the language ( at least 1 followed by the same number of ' s ) is context - free, as it can be defined by the grammar with,, the start symbol, and the following production rules : a context - free language can be recognized in time ( see big o notation ) by an algorithm such as earley ' s algorithm. that is, for every context - free language, a machine can be built that takes a string as input and determines in time whether the string is a member of the language, where is the length of the string. deterministic context - free languages is a subset of context - free languages that can be recognized in linear time. there exist various algorithms that target either this set of languages or some subset of it. regular grammars in regular grammars, the left hand side is again only a single nonterminal symbol, but now the right - hand side is also restricted. the right side may be the empty string, or a single terminal symbol, or a single terminal symbol followed by a nonterminal symbol, but nothing else. ( sometimes a broader definition is used : one can allow longer strings of terminals or single nonterminals without anything else, making languages easier to denote while still defining the same class of languages. ) the language defined above is not regular, but the language ( at least 1 followed by at least 1, where the numbers may be different ) is, as it can be defined by the grammar with,, the start symbol, and the following production rules : all languages generated by a regular grammar can be recognized in linear time by a finite state machine. although, in practice, regular grammars are commonly expressed using regular expressions, some forms of regular expression used in practice do not strictly generate the regular languages and do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5453818790176472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.665133"} {"text": "languages generated by a regular grammar can be recognized in linear time by a finite state machine. although, in practice, regular grammars are commonly expressed using regular expressions, some forms of regular expression used in practice do not strictly generate the regular languages and do not show linear recognitional performance due to those deviations. other forms of generative grammars many extensions and variations on chomsky ' s original hierarchy of formal grammars have been developed, both by linguists and by computer scientists, usually either in order to increase their expressive power or in order to make them easier to analyze or parse. some forms of grammars developed include : - tree - adjoining grammars increase the expressiveness of conventional generative grammars by allowing rewrite rules to operate on parse trees instead of just strings. - affix grammars and attribute grammars allow rewrite rules to be augmented with semantic attributes and operations, useful both for increasing grammar expressiveness and for constructing practical language translation tools. recursive grammars a recursive grammar is a grammar which contains production rules that are recursive. for example, a grammar for a context - free language is left - recursive if there exists a non - terminal symbol a that can be put through the production rules to produce a string with a as the leftmost symbol. all types of grammars in the chomsky hierarchy can be recursive. analytic grammars though there is a tremendous body of literature on parsing algorithms, most of these algorithms assume that the language to be parsed is initially described by means of a generative formal grammar, and that the goal is to transform this generative grammar into a working parser. strictly speaking, a generative grammar does not in any way correspond to the algorithm used to parse a language, and various algorithms have different restrictions on the form of production rules that are considered well - formed. an alternative approach is to formalize the language in terms of an analytic grammar in the first place, which more directly corresponds to the structure and semantics of a parser for the language. examples of analytic grammar formalisms include the following : - the language machine directly implements unrestricted analytic grammars. substitution rules are used to transform an input to produce outputs and behaviour. the system can also produce the lm - diagram which shows what happens when the rules of an unrestricted analytic grammar are being applied. - top - down parsing language ( tdpl ) : a highly minimalist analytic grammar formalism developed in the early 1970s to study the behavior", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5165732579779491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.666207"} {"text": "lm - diagram which shows what happens when the rules of an unrestricted analytic grammar are being applied. - top - down parsing language ( tdpl ) : a highly minimalist analytic grammar formalism developed in the early 1970s to study the behavior of top - down parsers. - link grammars : a form of analytic grammar designed for linguistics, which derives syntactic structure by examining the positional relationships between pairs of words. - parsing expression grammars ( pegs ) : a more recent generalization of tdpl designed around the practical expressiveness needs of programming language and compiler writers. see also - chomsky, noam ( 1956 ). \" three models for the description of language \". ire transactions on information theory 2 ( 2 ) : 113 \u2013 123. doi : 10. 1109 / tit. 1956. 1056813. - chomsky, noam ( 1957 ). syntactic structures. the hague : mouton. - ginsburg, seymour ( 1975 ). algebraic and automata theoretic properties of formal languages. north - holland. pp. 8 \u2013 9. isbn 0 - 7204 - 2506 - 9. - harrison, michael a. ( 1978 ). introduction to formal language theory. reading, mass. : addison - wesley publishing company. p. 13. isbn 0 - 201 - 02955 - 3. - sentential forms, context - free grammars, david matuszek - grune, dick & jacobs, ceriel h., parsing techniques \u2013 a practical guide, ellis horwood, england, 1990. - earley, jay, \" an efficient context - free parsing algorithm, \" communications of the acm, vol. 13 no. 2, pp. 94 - 102, february 1970. - knuth, donald ( july 1965 ). \" on the translation of languages from left to right \". information and control 8 : 707 \u2013 639. retrieved 29 may 2011. - joshi, aravind k., et al., \" tree adjunct grammars, \" journal of computer systems science, vol. 10 no. 1, pp. 136 - 163, 1975. - koster, cornelis h. a., \" affix grammars, \" in algol 68 implementation, north holland publishing company, amsterdam, p. 95 - 109, 1971. - knuth, donald e., \" semantics of context - free languages, \" mathematical systems theory, vol. 2 no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5669937733230624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.667206"} {"text": "grammars, \" in algol 68 implementation, north holland publishing company, amsterdam, p. 95 - 109, 1971. - knuth, donald e., \" semantics of context - free languages, \" mathematical systems theory, vol. 2 no. 2, pp. 127 - 145, 1968. - knuth, donald e., \" semantics of context - free languages ( correction ), \" mathematical systems theory, vol. 5 no. 1, pp 95 - 96, 1971. - notes on formal language theory and parsing, james power, department of computer science national university of ireland, maynooth maynooth, co. kildare, ireland. jpr02 - birman, alexander, the tmg recognition schema, doctoral thesis, princeton university, dept. of electrical engineering, february 1970. - sleator, daniel d. & temperly, davy, \" parsing english with a link grammar, \" technical report cmu - cs - 91 - 196, carnegie mellon university computer science, 1991. - sleator, daniel d. & temperly, davy, \" parsing english with a link grammar, \" third international workshop on parsing technologies, 1993. ( revised version of above report. ) - ford, bryan, packrat parsing : a practical linear - time algorithm with backtracking, master \u2019 s thesis, massachusetts institute of technology, sept. 2002.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5550929021923704, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.667731"} {"text": "french conquest of algeria the french conquest of algeria took place between 1830 and 1847. using an 1827 diplomatic slight by hussein dey, the ruler of the ottoman regency of algiers, against its consul as a pretext, france invaded and quickly seized algiers in 1830, and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. amid internal political strife in france, decisions were repeatedly taken to retain control over the territory, and additional military forces were brought in over the following years to quell resistance in the interior of the country. algerian resistance forces were divided between forces under ahmed bey at constantine, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in kabylie and the west. treaties with the nationalists under ` abd al - qadir enabled the french to first focus on the elimination of the remaining ottoman threat, achieved with the 1837 capture of constantine. al - qadir continued to give stiff resistance in the west. finally driven into morocco in 1842 by large - scale and heavy - handed french military action, he continued to wage a guerilla war until the moroccan government, under french diplomatic pressure following its defeat in the first franco - moroccan war, drove him out of morocco. he surrendered to french forces in 1847. the conquest of algeria was initiated in the last days of the bourbon restoration by charles x as an attempt to increase his popularity amongst the french people, particularly in paris, where many veterans of the napoleonic wars lived. he believed he would bolster patriotic sentiment and turn eyes away from his domestic policies by \" skirmishing against the dey \". the territory now known as algeria was only partially under the ottoman empire ' s control in 1830. the dey ruled the entire regency of algiers, but only exercised direct control in and around algiers, with beyliks established in a few outlying areas, including oran and constantine. the remainder of the territory ( including much of the interior ), while nominally ottoman, was effectively under the control of local arab and berber tribal leaders. the dey acted largely independently of the ottoman emperor, although he was supported by ( or controlled by, depending on historical perspective ) turkish janissary troops stationed in algiers. the territory was bordered to the west by the sultanate of morocco and to the east by the ottoman regency of tunis. the western border, nominally the tafna river, was particularly porous since there were shared tribal connections that crossed it. the fan affair in 1795 - 1796, the french republic had contracted to purchase wheat for the french army from two jewish merchants in algiers, and charles x was apparently uninteres", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35333478252268863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.682950"} {"text": ", was particularly porous since there were shared tribal connections that crossed it. the fan affair in 1795 - 1796, the french republic had contracted to purchase wheat for the french army from two jewish merchants in algiers, and charles x was apparently uninterested in paying off the republic ' s debt. these merchants, who had debts to hussein dey, the ottoman ruler of algiers, claimed inability to pay those debts until france paid its debts to them. the dey had unsuccessfully negotiated with pierre deval, the french consul, to rectify this situation, and he suspected deval of collaborating with the merchants against him, especially when the french government made no provisions for repaying the merchants in 1820. deval ' s nephew alexandre, the consul in bone, further angered the dey by fortifying french storehouses in bone and la calle against the terms of prior agreements. after a contentious meeting in which deval refused to provide satisfactory answers on 29 april 1827, the dey struck deval with his fan. charles x used this slight against his diplomatic representative to first demand an apology from the dey, and then to initiate a blockade against the port of algiers. the blockade lasted for three years, and was primarily to the detriment of french merchants who were unable to do business with algiers, while barbary pirates were still able to evade the blockade. when france in 1829 sent an ambassador to the dey with a proposal for negotiations, he responded with cannon fire directed toward one of the blockading ships. the french then determined that more forceful action was required. following the failure of the ambassador ' s visit, charles appointed as prime minister jules, prince de polignac, a hardline conservative, an act that outraged the liberal french opposition, which was then in a majority in the chamber of deputies. polignac opened negotiations with muhammad ali of egypt to essentially divide up north africa. ali, who was strongly under british influence ( in spite of nominally being a vassal of the ottomans ), eventually rejected this idea. as popular opinion continued to rise against polignac and the king, they came to the idea that a foreign policy victory such as the taking of algiers would turn opinion in their favour again. invasion of algiers admiral duperre took command in toulon of an armada of 600 ships and then headed for algiers. following a plan for the invasion of algeria originally developed under napoleon in 1808, general de bourmont then landed 34, 000 soldiers 27 kilometres ( 17 mi ) west of algiers, at sidi ferr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4416954181341107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.684060"} {"text": "of 600 ships and then headed for algiers. following a plan for the invasion of algeria originally developed under napoleon in 1808, general de bourmont then landed 34, 000 soldiers 27 kilometres ( 17 mi ) west of algiers, at sidi ferruch, on 14 june 1830. to face the french, the dey sent 7, 000 janissaries, 19, 000 troops from the beys of constantine and oran, and about 17, 000 kabyles. the french established a strong beachhead and pushed toward algiers, thanks in part to superior artillery and better organization. on 19 june the french defeated the dey ' s army at the battle of staoueli, and entered algiers on 5 july after a three - week campaign. the dey accepted capitulation in exchange for his freedom and the offer to retain possession of his personal wealth. five days later, he went into exile in naples with his family. the turkish janissaries also quit the territory, leaving for turkey. the dey ' s departure ended 313 years of ottoman rule of the territory. while the french command had nominally agreed to preserve the liberties, properties, and religious freedoms of the inhabitants, french troops immediately began plundering the city, arresting and killing people for arbitrary reasons, seizing property, and desecrating religious sites. by mid - august, the last remnants of turkish authority were summarily deported without opportunity to liquidate significant assets. one estimate indicates that more than fifty million francs of assets were diverted into private hands during the plunder. this activity had a profound effect on future relations between the french occupiers and the natives. a french commission in 1833 wrote that \" we have sent to their deaths on simple suspicion and without trial people whose guilt was always doubtful... we massacred people carrying safe conducts... we have outdone in barbarity the barbarians \". one important side effect of the expulsion of the turks was that it created a power vacuum in significant parts of the territory, from which resistance to french occupation immediately began to arise. hardly had the news of the capture of algiers reached paris than charles x was deposed during the three glorious days of july 1830, and his cousin louis - philippe, the \" citizen king \", was named to preside over a constitutional monarchy. the new government, composed of liberal opponents of the algiers expedition, was reluctant to pursue the conquest begun by the old regime. however, the victory was enormously popular, and the new government of louis - philippe only withdrew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3812079161205791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.685106"} {"text": "speculation in expanding the french zone of occupation. over a ten - year period they created large agricultural tracts, built factories and businesses, and bought cheap local labor. clauzel also attempted to extend french influence into oran and constantine by negotiating with the bey of tunis to supply \" local \" rulers that would operate under french administration. the bey refused, seeing the obvious conflicts inherent in the idea. the french foreign ministry objected to negotiations clauzel conducted with morocco over the establishment of a moroccan bey in oran, and in early 1831 replaced him with baron berthezene. berthezene was a weak administrator opposed to colonisation. his worst military failure came when he was called to support the bey at medea, whose support for the french and corruption had turned the population there against him. berthezene led troops to medea in june 1831 to extract the bey and the french garrison. on their way back to algiers they were continually harassed by kabyle resistance, and driven into a panicked retreat that berthezene failed to control. french casualties during this retreat were significant ( nearly 300 ), and the victory fanned the flames of resistance, leading to attacks on colonial settlements. the growing colonial financial interests began insisting on a stronger hand, which louis - philippe provided in duke rovigo at the end of 1831. rogivo regained control of bone and bougie ( present - day bejaia ), cities that clauzel had taken and then lost due to resistance by the kabyle people. he continued policies of colonisation of the land and expropriation of properties. his suppression of resistance in algiers was brutal, with the military presence extended into its neighborhoods. he was recalled in 1833 due to the overtly violent nature of the repression, and replaced by baron voirol. voirol successfully established french occupation in oran, and another french general, louis alexis desmichels, was given an independent command that gained control over arzew and mostaganem. on 22 june 1834, france formally annexed the occupied areas of algeria, which had an estimated muslim population of about two million, as a military colony. the colony was run by a military governor who had both civilian and military authority, including the power of executive decree. his authority was nominally over an area of \" limited occupation \" near the coast, but the realities of french colonial expansion beyond those areas ensured continued resistance from the local population. the policy of limited occupation was formally abandoned in 1840 for one of complete control. voirol was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4065415271022368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.687366"} {"text": "over an area of \" limited occupation \" near the coast, but the realities of french colonial expansion beyond those areas ensured continued resistance from the local population. the policy of limited occupation was formally abandoned in 1840 for one of complete control. voirol was replaced in 1834 by jean - baptiste drouet, comte d ' erlon, who became the first governor of the colony, and who was given the task of dealing with the rising threat of ` abd al - qadir and continuing french failures to subdue ahmed bey, constantine ' s ruler. the rise of ` abd al - qadir the superior of a religious brotherhood, muhyi ad din, who had spent time in ottoman jails for opposing the bey ' s rule, launched attacks against the french and their makhzen allies at oran in 1832. in the same year, tribal elders in the territories near mascara chose muhyi ad din ' s son, twenty - five - year - old ` abd al - qadir, to take his place leading the jihad. abd al - qadir, who was recognized as amir al - muminin ( commander of the faithful ), quickly gained the support of tribes in the western territories. in 1834 he concluded a treaty with general desmichels, who was then military commander of the province of oran. in the treaty, which was reluctantly accepted by the french administration, france recognized abd al - qadir as the sovereign of territories in oran province not under french control, and authorized abd al - qadir to send consuls to french - held cities. the treaty did not require abd al - qadir to recognize french rule, something glossed over in its french text. abd al - qadir used the peace provided by this treaty to widen his influence with tribes throughout western and central algeria. while d ' erlon was apparently unaware of the danger posed by abd al - qadir ' s activities, general camille alphonse trezel, then in command at oran, did see it, and attempted to separate some of the tribes from abd al - qadir. when he succeeded in convincing two tribes near oran to acknowledge french supremacy, abd al - qadir dispatched troops to move those tribes to the interior, away from french influence. trezel countered by marching a column of troops out from oran to protect the territory of those tribes on 16 june 1835. after exchanging threats, abd al - qadir withdrew his consul from oran and ejected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39202363423330333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.688349"} {"text": "interior, away from french influence. trezel countered by marching a column of troops out from oran to protect the territory of those tribes on 16 june 1835. after exchanging threats, abd al - qadir withdrew his consul from oran and ejected the french consul from mascara, a de facto declaration of war. the two forces clashed in a bloody but inconclusive engagement near the sig river. however, when the french, who were short on provisions, began withdrawing toward arzew, al - qadir led 20, 000 men against the beleaguered column, and in the battle of macta routed the force, killing 500 men. the debacle led to the recall of comte d ' erlon. general clausel was appointed a second time to replace d ' erlon. he led an attack against mascara in december of that year, which abd al - qadir, with advance warning, had evacuated. in january 1836 he occupied tlemcen, and established a garrison there before return to algiers to plan an attack against constantine. abd al - qadir continued to harry the french at tlemcen, so additional troops under thomas robert bugeaud, a veteran of the napoleonic wars experienced in irregular warfare were sent from oran to secure control up to the tafna river and to resupply the garrison. abd al - qadir retreated before bugeaud, but decided to make a stand on the banks of the sikkak river. on july 6, 1836, bugeaud decisively defeated al - qadir in the battle of sikkak, losing less than fifty men to more than 1, 000 casualties suffered by abd al - qadir. the battle was one of the few formal battles al - qadir engaged in ; after the loss he restricted his actions as much as possible to guerilla - style attacks. ahmed bey had continuously resisted any attempts by the french or others to subjugate constantine, and continued to play a role in resistance against french rule, in part because he hoped to eventually become the next dey. clausel and ahmed had tangled diplomatically over ahmed ' s refusal to recognize french authority over bone, which he considered to still be ottoman territory, and clausel decided to move against him. in november 1836 clausel led 8, 700 men into the constantine beylik, but was repulsed in the battle of constantine ; the failure led to clausel ' s recall. he was replaced by the comte de damremont, who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3962763806392947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.689333"} {"text": "against him. in november 1836 clausel led 8, 700 men into the constantine beylik, but was repulsed in the battle of constantine ; the failure led to clausel ' s recall. he was replaced by the comte de damremont, who led an expedition that successfully captured constantine the following year, although he was killed during the siege and replaced by sylvain charles, comte valee. al - qadir ' s resistance renewed in may 1837, general thomas robert bugeaud, then in command of oran, negotiated the treaty of tafna with al - qadir, in which he effectively recognized al - qadir ' s control over much of the interior of what is now algeria. al - qadir used the treaty to consolidate his power over tribes throughout the interior, establishing new cities far from french control. he worked to motivate the population under french control to resist by peaceful and military means. seeking to again face the french, he laid claim under the treaty to territory that included the main route between algiers and constantine. when french troops contested this claim in late 1839 by marching through a mountain defile known as the iron gates, al - qadir claimed a breach of the treaty, and renewed calls for jihad. throughout 1840 he waged guerilla war against the french in the provinces of algiers and oran, which valee ' s failures to adequately deal with led to his replacement in december 1840 by general bugeaud. bugeaud instituted a strategy of scorched earth, combined with fast - moving cavalry columns not unlike those used by al - qadir to progressively take territory from al - qadir. the troops ' tactics were heavy - handed, and the population suffered significantly. al - qadir was eventually forced to establish a mobile headquarters that was known as a smala or zmelah. in 1843 french forces successfully raided this camp while he was away from it, capturing more than 5, 000 fighters and al - qadir ' s warchest. al - qadir was forced to retreat into morocco, from which he had been receiving some support, especially from tribes in the border areas. when french diplomatic efforts to convince morocco to expel al - qadir failed, the french resorted to military means with the first franco - moroccan war in 1844 to compel the sultan to change his policy. eventually hemmed between french and moroccan troops on the border in december 1847, al - qadir chose to surrender to the french,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4044357151180709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.690272"} {"text": "##ed to military means with the first franco - moroccan war in 1844 to compel the sultan to change his policy. eventually hemmed between french and moroccan troops on the border in december 1847, al - qadir chose to surrender to the french, under terms that he be allowed to enter exile in the middle east. the french violated these terms, holding him in france until 1852, when he was allowed to go to damascus. - a global chronology of conflict : from the ancient world to the modern middle..., by spencer c. tucker, 2009 p. 1154 - a global chronology of conflict : from the ancient world to the modern middle..., by spencer c. tucker, 2009 p. 1167 - \" algeria, colonial rule \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. p. 39. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19. - abun - nasr, jamil, p. 249 - abun - nasr, p. 250 - ruedy, p. 47 - ruedy, p. 48 - ruedy, p. 49 - ruedy, p. 50 - ruedy, p. 52 - wagner, p. 235 - wagner, pp. 237 - 239 - wagner, p. 240 - wagner, pp. 241 - 243 - abun - nasr, jamil ( 1987 ). a history of the maghrib in the islamic period. cambridge university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 33767 - 0. - priestley, herbert ingram ( 1966 ). france overseas : a study of modern imperialism. routledge. isbn 978 - 0 - 7146 - 1024 - 5. - ruedy, john douglas ( 2005 ). modern algeria : the origins and development of a nation ( second ed. ). bloomington, indiana : indiana university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 253 - 21782 - 0. - wagner, moritz ; pulszky, francis ( translator ) ( 1854 ). the tricolor on the atlas : or, algeria and the french conquest. london : t. nelson and sons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4498350208687724, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.691007"} {"text": "| look up gable in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | a gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof. the shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system being used ( which is often related to climate and availability of materials ) and aesthetic concerns. thus the type of roof enclosing the volume dictates the shape of the gable. a gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall, including the gable and the wall below it. a variation of the gable is a crow - stepped gable, which has a stair - step design to accomplish the sloping portion. crow - stepped gables were used in scotland and england as early as the seventeenth century. examples of the crow - stepped gable can be seen at muchalls castle and monboddo house, both 17th century scottish buildings. other early examples are found in parts of denmark and sweden. gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the classic pediment form. but unlike classical structures, which operate through trabeation, the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing - wall structures. thus, the detailing tends to be ambiguous, misleading, and to some architects \" deceitful \". [ why? ] see : john ruskin and the seven lamps of architecture. gable end roofs are among the worst roof designs for hurricane regions. not only do gable roofs easily peel off in hurricane winds, but according to one hurricane survival guide book, a gable end \" catches wind like a sail. \" [ this quote needs a citation ] when wind flows over a gable roof it behaves much like a wing. lift is created on the leeward side of the roof. the flatter the roof the more likely this will happen. steep roofs tend to cause the wind to \" stall \" as it goes over the roof and breaks up the effect. the addition of a \" vertical fin \" to low pitched roofs will also help. see also - bell - gable \u2013 espadana - crow - stepped gable - dutch gable - gablet roof - hip roof - cape dutch architecture - roof damage by hurricane force winds in bermuda the fabian experience, september 2003, page 5, mark rowe, department of environmental protection, government of bermuda | wikimedia commons has media related to : gables |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5227806657939671, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.694774"} {"text": "| part of a series on | terminology mining, term extraction, term recognition, or glossary extraction, is a subtask of information extraction. the goal of terminology extraction is to automatically extract relevant terms from a given corpus. in the semantic web era, a growing number of communities and networked enterprises started to access and interoperate through the internet. modeling these communities and their information needs is important for several web applications, like topic - driven web crawlers, web services, recommender systems, etc. the development of terminology extraction is essential to the language industry. one of the first steps to model the knowledge domain of a virtual community is to collect a vocabulary of domain - relevant terms, constituting the linguistic surface manifestation of domain concepts. several methods to automatically extract technical terms from domain - specific document warehouses have been described in the literature. typically, approaches to automatic term extraction make use of linguistic processors ( part of speech tagging, phrase chunking ) to extract terminological candidates, i. e. syntactically plausible terminological noun phrases, nps ( e. g. compounds \" credit card \", adjective - nps \" local tourist information office \", and prepositional - nps \" board of directors \" - in english, the first two constructs are the most frequent ). terminological entries are then filtered from the candidate list using statistical and machine learning methods. once filtered, because of their low ambiguity and high specificity, these terms are particularly useful for conceptualizing a knowledge domain or for supporting the creation of a domain ontology. furthermore, terminology extraction is a very useful starting point for semantic similarity, knowledge management, human translation and machine translation, etc. see also - computational linguistics - natural language processing - domain ontology - subject indexing - taxanomy ( general ) - text mining - text simplification - menczer f., pant g. and srinivasan p. topic - driven crawlers : machine learning issues. - fan j. and kambhampati s. a snapshot of public web services, in acm sigmod record archive volume 34, issue 1 ( march 2005 ). - yan zheng wei, luc moreau, nicholas r. jennings. a market - based approach to recommender systems, in acm transactions on information systems ( tois ), 23 ( 3 ), 2005. - bourigault d. and jacquemin c. term extraction + term clustering : an integrated platform for computer - aided terminology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5331156841697596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.702470"} {"text": "systems, in acm transactions on information systems ( tois ), 23 ( 3 ), 2005. - bourigault d. and jacquemin c. term extraction + term clustering : an integrated platform for computer - aided terminology, in proc. of eacl, 1999. - collier n., nobata c. and tsujii j. automatic acquisition and classification of terminology using a tagged corpus in the molecular biology domain, terminology, 7 ( 2 ). 239 - 257, 2002 - k. frantzi, s. ananiadou and h. mima. ( 2000 ). automatic recognition of multi - word terms : the c - value / nc - value method. in : c. nikolau and c. stephanidis ( eds. ) international journal on digital libraries, vol. 3, no. 2., pp. 115 - 130. - k. frantzi, s. ananiadou and j. tsujii. ( 1998 ) the c - value / nc - value method of automatic recognition of multi - word terms, in : ecdl ' 98 proceedings of the second european conference on research and advanced technology for digital libraries, pp. 585 - 604. [ isbn : 3 - 540 - 65101 - 2 ] - l. kozakov, y. park, t. fin, y. drissi, y. doganata, and t. cofino. \" glossary extraction and utilization in the information search and delivery system for ibm technical support \", ibm system journal, volume 43, number 3, 2004 - navigli r. and velardi, p. learning domain ontologies from document warehouses and dedicated web sites. computational linguistics. 30 ( 2 ), mit press, 2004, pp. 151 - 179 - y. park, r. j. byrd, b. boguraev. \" automatic glossary extraction : beyond terminology identification \", international conference on computational linguistics, proceedings of the 19th international conference on computational linguistics - taipei, taiwan, 2002. - sclano, f. and velardi, p.. termextractor : a web application to learn the shared terminology of emergent web communities. to appear in proc. of the 3rd international conference on interoperability for enterprise software and applications ( i - esa 2007 ). funchal ( madeira island ), portugal, march 28 \u2013 30th, 2007. - p. velardi, r. navigli, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5418718983268828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.703418"} {"text": "the 3rd international conference on interoperability for enterprise software and applications ( i - esa 2007 ). funchal ( madeira island ), portugal, march 28 \u2013 30th, 2007. - p. velardi, r. navigli, p. d ' amadio. mining the web to create specialized glossaries, ieee intelligent systems, 23 ( 5 ), ieee press, 2008, pp. 18 - 25. - wermter j. and hahn u. finding new terminology in very large corpora, in proc. of k - cap ' 05, october 2 \u2013 5, 2005, banff, alberta, canada - wong, w., liu, w. & bennamoun, m. ( 2007 ) determining termhood for learning domain ontologies using domain prevalence and tendency. in : 6th australasian conference on data mining ( ausdm ) ; gold coast. [ isbn : 978 - 1 - 920682 - 51 - 4 ] - wong, w., liu, w. & bennamoun, m. ( 2007 ) determining termhood for learning domain ontologies in a probabilistic framework. in : 6th australasian conference on data mining ( ausdm ) ; gold coast. [ isbn : 978 - 1 - 920682 - 51 - 4 ] - wong, w., liu, w. & bennamoun, m. ( 2008 ) determination of unithood and termhood for term recognition. in : m. song and y. wu ; handbook of research on text and web mining technologies ; igi global. [ isbn : 978 - 1 - 59904 - 990 - 8 ] - texlexan - an open - source text summarizer and keyword extractor. - anchovy anchovy is a free multilingual cross - platform glossary editor and term extraction tool based on the open glossary markup language ( glossml ) format. - lexterm, a free / open - source lexical extractor for terminology and translation ( mono - and bilingual extraction ). - sematext key phrase extractor, a package for extraction of collocations, statistically improbable phrases ( sips ), etc. by sematext - five filters term extraction, a free software term extraction service web application - alchemyapi, a web - based multi - lingual keyword / terminology extraction api web application - zemanta api, a web - based keyword extraction and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5378175523570855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.704433"} {"text": "five filters term extraction, a free software term extraction service web application - alchemyapi, a web - based multi - lingual keyword / terminology extraction api web application - zemanta api, a web - based keyword extraction and disambiguation api by zemanta - yahoo term extraction api web application - introduction to terminology management, by ibm - termine, a term management system by the uk ' s national centre for text mining. web application - termextractor, a free terminology extraction web application - termfinder, free online terminology extractor web application - trm extractor, experimental terminology extractor web application that can process english and hungarian texts - statistical bilingual terminology extractor, online terminology extractor web application - ngram statistics package, open source package for identifying collocations - heartsome araya bilingual terminology extractor for tmx files, by heartsome europe - english phrases extractor, by the blogscope team at the university of toronto, extracted terms are used to search for conceptually related blogs over the web rather than for linguistic analysis purpose web application - a demo of document skimming and scanning using domain - related terms extracted from news articles. the domain terms are organised into ' term clouds ' for visualising key concepts in the news. - an interface for extracting domain - relevant terms from documents using the ot and th measures. a list of documents together with their automatically extracted domain - relevant terms are available for browsing here. - gabor melli ' s info page on terminology extraction - yahoo! quest demo exploiting term extraction for browsing the yahoo! answers q & a collection - ultimate research assistant, a free online literacy tool with strong multi - lingual terminology extraction capabilities and visualizations including bar charts, mind maps, and taxonomies. includes xml web services for term extraction, text summarization, and taxonomy generation / clustering.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5105705724484788, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.705236"} {"text": "| sir walter raleigh | portrait of sir walter raleigh inscribed right : aetatis suae 34 an ( no ) 1588 ( \" in the year 1588 of his age 34 \" ) and left : with his motto amore et virtute ( \" by love and virtue \" ). national portrait gallery, london, npg 7 22 january 1552 ( or 1554 ) | hayes barton, devonshire | died | | 29 october 1618 65 ) | occupation | | writer, poet, soldier, courtier, explorer | sir walter raleigh ( / /, / /, or / / ; c. 1554 \u2013 29 october 1618 ) was an english aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. he is also well known for popularising tobacco in england. raleigh was born to a protestant family in devon, the son of walter raleigh and catherine champernowne. little is known of his early life, though he spent some time in ireland, in killua castle, clonmellon, county westmeath, taking part in the suppression of rebellions and participating in the siege of smerwick. later he became a landlord of property confiscated from the native irish. he rose rapidly in the favour of queen elizabeth i, and was knighted in 1585. instrumental in the english colonisation of north america, raleigh was granted a royal patent to explore virginia, which paved the way for future english settlements. in 1591 he secretly married elizabeth throckmorton, one of the queen ' s ladies - in - waiting, without the queen ' s permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the tower of london. after his release, they retired to his estate at sherborne, dorset. in 1594 raleigh heard of a \" city of gold \" in south america and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of \" el dorado \". after queen elizabeth died in 1603 raleigh was again imprisoned in the tower, this time for allegedly being involved in the main plot against king james i, who was not favourably disposed toward him. in 1616 he was released to lead a second expedition in search of el dorado. this was unsuccessful and men under his command ransacked a spanish outpost. he returned to england and, to appease the spanish, was arrested and executed in 1618. little is known about raleigh ' s birth. some historians believe he was born on january 22, 1552, although the oxford", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37532492037484366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.724688"} {"text": "landowners in munster, but he enjoyed limited success in inducing english tenants to settle on his estates. during his seventeen years as an irish landlord, frequently being domiciled at killua castle, clonmellon, county westmeath, raleigh made the town of youghal his occasional home. he was mayor there from 1588 to 1589. his town mansion, myrtle grove, is assumed to be the setting for the story that his servant doused him with a bucket of water after seeing clouds of smoke coming from raleigh ' s pipe, in the belief he had been set alight. but this story is also told of other places associated with raleigh : the virginia ash inn in henstridge near sherborne, sherborne castle, and south wraxall manor in wiltshire, home of raleigh ' s friend, sir walter long. amongst raleigh ' s acquaintances in munster was another englishman who had been granted land there, the poet edmund spenser. in the 1590s, he and raleigh travelled together from ireland to the court at london, where spenser presented part of his allegorical poem, the faerie queene, to elizabeth i. raleigh ' s management of his irish estates ran into difficulties, which contributed to a decline in his fortunes. in 1602, he sold the lands to richard boyle, 1st earl of cork, who subsequently prospered under kings james i and charles i. following raleigh ' s death, members of his family approached boyle for compensation on the ground that raleigh had struck an improvident bargain. the new world raleigh ' s plan in 1584 for colonisation in the \" colony and dominion of virginia \" in north america ended in failure at roanoke island, but paved the way for subsequent colonies. these expeditions were funded primarily by raleigh and his friends, but never provided the steady stream of revenue necessary to maintain a colony in america. ( subsequent colonization attempts in the early 17th century were made under the joint - stock virginia company, which was able to raise the capital necessary to create successful colonies. ) in 1587, raleigh attempted a second expedition, again establishing a settlement on roanoke island. this time, a more diverse group of settlers was sent, including some entire families, under the governance of john white. after a short while in america, white returned to england to obtain more supplies for the colony. he was unable to return the following year as planned, because the queen had ordered that all vessels remain at port for potential use against the spanish armada. : 125 \u2013 126 the threat of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40550976586915355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.727046"} {"text": "white returned to england to obtain more supplies for the colony. he was unable to return the following year as planned, because the queen had ordered that all vessels remain at port for potential use against the spanish armada. : 125 \u2013 126 the threat of the armada was only partially responsible for delaying white ' s return until 1590. after england ' s victory over the spanish fleet in 1588, the ships were given permission to sail. unfortunately for the colonists at roanoke, the small fleet first made an excursion towards cuba. they tried to capture the treasure - laden spanish merchant ships reported to proliferate in those waters at that time. white is said to have objected to this unplanned foray, but was helpless to dissuade the crews. : 125 \u2013 126 they had been told by the experienced portuguese pilot, hired by raleigh to navigate the voyage, of enormous riches to be had. it was not until 1590, 3 years after white left, that the supply vessel arrived at the colony \u2013 only to find that all colonists had disappeared. : 130 \u2013 33 the only clue to their fate was the word \" croatoan \" and letters \" cro \" carved into tree trunks. white had arranged with the settlers that if they should relocate, the name of their destination be carved into a tree or corner - post. this suggested the possibilities that they had relocated to croatoan island ( now hatteras island ). but a hurricane prevented john white from investigating the island for survivors. : 130 \u2013 33 other speculation includes their having starved, or been swept away or lost at sea during the stormy weather of 1588. no further attempts at contact were recorded for some years. whatever the fate of the settlers, the settlement is now remembered as the \" lost colony of roanoke island \". in december 1581, raleigh returned to england from ireland to despatches as his company had been disbanded. he took part in court life and became a favourite of queen elizabeth i. various colourful stories are told about him at this period, but they are likely apocryphal. in 1585 raleigh was knighted and was appointed warden of the stannaries, that is of the mines of cornwall and devon, lord lieutenant of cornwall, and vice - admiral of the two counties. both in 1585 and 1586, he sat in parliament as member for devonshire. raleigh commissioned the shipbuilder r. chapman, of deptford to build a ship for him. originally called ark, it became ark raleigh, following", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39688617806740945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.728280"} {"text": ". both in 1585 and 1586, he sat in parliament as member for devonshire. raleigh commissioned the shipbuilder r. chapman, of deptford to build a ship for him. originally called ark, it became ark raleigh, following the convention at the time by which the ship bore the name of its owner. the crown, in the form of queen elizabeth i, purchased the ship from raleigh in january 1587, for the sum of \u00a35, 000 ( \u00a3900, 000 as of 2013 ). ( this took the form of a reduction in the sum sir walter owed the queen : he received exchequer tallies, but no money. ) as a result, the ship was renamed ark royal. in 1592, raleigh was given many rewards by the queen, including durham house in the strand and the estate of sherborne, dorset. he was appointed captain of the yeomen of the guard. however, he had not been given any of the great offices of state. in the armada year of 1588, raleigh was appointed vice admiral of devon, looking after the coastal defences and military levies. in 1591, raleigh was secretly married to elizabeth \" bess \" throckmorton ( or throgmorton ). she was one of the queen ' s ladies - in - waiting, eleven years his junior, and was pregnant at the time. she gave birth to a son, believed to be named damerei, who was given to a wet nurse at durham house, but died in october 1592 of plague. bess resumed her duties to the queen. the following year, the unauthorised marriage was discovered and the queen ordered raleigh imprisoned and bess dismissed from court. both were imprisoned in the tower of london in june 1592. he was released from prison in august 1592 to divide the spoils from the captured spanish ship madre de dios ( mother of god ). bess was released in december. it would be several years before raleigh returned to favour. the couple remained devoted to each other. during raleigh ' s absences, bess proved a capable manager of the family ' s fortunes and reputation. they had two more sons, walter ( known as wat ) and carew. raleigh was elected a burgess of mitchell, cornwall, in the parliament of 1593. he retired to his estate at sherborne where he built a new house, completed in 1594, known then as sherborne lodge. since extended, it is now known as sherb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37867785326544723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.729543"} {"text": "mitchell, cornwall, in the parliament of 1593. he retired to his estate at sherborne where he built a new house, completed in 1594, known then as sherborne lodge. since extended, it is now known as sherborne ( new ) castle. he made friends with the local gentry, such as sir ralph horsey of clifton maybank and charles thynne of longleat. during this period at a dinner party at horsey ' s, there was a heated discussion about religion. the argument later gave rise to charges of atheism against raleigh. he was elected to parliament, speaking on religious and naval matters. in 1594, he came into possession of a spanish account of a great golden city at the headwaters of the caroni river. a year later he explored what is now guyana and eastern venezuela in search of manoa, the legendary city. once back in england, he published the discovery of guiana ( 1596 ) an account of his voyage which made exaggerated claims as to what had been discovered. the book can be seen as a contribution to the el dorado legend. although venezuela has gold deposits, there is no evidence raleigh found any mines. he is sometimes said to have discovered angel falls, but these claims are considered far - fetched. from 1600 to 1603, as governor of the channel island of jersey, raleigh modernised its defences. this included construction of a new fort protecting the approaches to saint helier, fort isabella bellissima, or elizabeth castle. trial and imprisonment royal favour with queen elizabeth had been restored by this time but his good fortune did not last. the queen died in 1603, and raleigh was arrested at exeter inn, ashburton, devon and imprisoned in the tower of london on 19 july 1603. on 17 november, raleigh was tried in the converted great hall of winchester castle for treason, due to alleged involvement in the main plot against king james. raleigh conducted his defence. the chief evidence against raleigh was the signed and sworn confession of henry brooke, 11th baron cobham. raleigh frequently requested that cobham be called in to testify so that he might recant, \" [ let ] my accuser come face to face, and be deposed. were the case but for a small copyhold, you would have witnesses or good proof to lead the jury to a verdict ; and i am here for my life! \" raleigh essentially was objecting that the evidence against him was \" hearsay \" ; but the tribunal refused to allow cobham to testify and be cross examined.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4246127374394183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.730741"} {"text": "good proof to lead the jury to a verdict ; and i am here for my life! \" raleigh essentially was objecting that the evidence against him was \" hearsay \" ; but the tribunal refused to allow cobham to testify and be cross examined. although hearsay was frowned upon under common law, raleigh was tried under civil law, which allowed hearsay. king james spared his life, despite a guilty verdict. he remained imprisoned in the tower until 1616. while there, he wrote many treatises and the first volume of the historie of the world ( published 1628 ) about the ancient history of greece and rome. his son, carew, was conceived and born ( 1604 ) while raleigh was imprisoned in the tower. in 1616, raleigh was released in order to conduct a second expedition to venezuela in search of el dorado. during the expedition, raleigh ' s men, under the command of lawrence keymis, attacked the spanish outpost of santo tome de guayana ( san tome ) on the orinoco river. in the initial attack on the settlement, raleigh ' s son, walter, was fatally shot. on raleigh ' s return to england, an outraged count gondomar, the spanish ambassador, successfully demanded that king james reinstate raleigh ' s death sentence. raleigh was brought to london from plymouth, by sir lewis stukeley, and passed up numerous opportunities to make an effective escape. execution and aftermath raleigh was beheaded in the old palace yard at the palace of westminster on 29 october 1618. \" let us dispatch \", he said to his executioner. \" at this hour my ague comes upon me. i would not have my enemies think i quaked from fear. \" after he was allowed to see the axe that would behead him, he mused : \" this is a sharp medicine, but it is a physician for all diseases and miseries. \" according to many biographers \u2013 for instance, raleigh trevelyan in sir walter raleigh ( 2002 ) \u2013 raleigh ' s final words ( as he lay ready for the axe to fall ) were : \" strike, man, strike! \" having been one of the people to popularise tobacco smoking in england, he left a small tobacco pouch, found in his cell shortly after his execution. engraved upon the pouch was a latin inscription : comes meus fuit in illo miserrimo tempore ( \" it was my companion at that most miserable time \" ). raleigh ' s head was embalmed and presented to his wife. his body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.38552560030359995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.732680"} {"text": "pouch was a latin inscription : comes meus fuit in illo miserrimo tempore ( \" it was my companion at that most miserable time \" ). raleigh ' s head was embalmed and presented to his wife. his body was to be buried in the local church in beddington, surrey, the home of lady raleigh, but was finally laid to rest in st. margaret ' s, westminster, where his tomb may still be visited today. \" the lords \", she wrote, \" have given me his dead body, though they have denied me his life. god hold me in my wits. \" it has been said that lady raleigh kept her husband ' s head in a velvet bag until her death. after his wife ' s death 29 years later, raleigh ' s head was returned to his tomb and interred at st. margaret ' s church. although raleigh ' s popularity had waned considerably since his elizabethan heyday, his execution was seen by many, both at the time and since, as unnecessary and unjust. any involvement in the main plot appears to have been limited to a meeting with lord cobham. one of the judges at his trial later said : \" the justice of england has never been so degraded and injured as by the condemnation of the honourable sir walter raleigh. \" raleigh ' s poetry is written in the relatively straightforward, unornamented mode known as the plain style. c. s. lewis considered raleigh one of the era ' s \" silver poets \", a group of writers who resisted the italian renaissance influence of dense classical reference and elaborate poetic devices. in poems such as \" what is our life \" and \" the lie \", raleigh expresses a contemptus mundi ( contempt of the world ) attitude more characteristic of the middle ages than of the dawning era of humanistic optimism. but, his lesser - known long poem \" the ocean to cynthia \" combines this vein with the more elaborate conceits associated with his contemporaries edmund spenser and john donne, expressing a melancholy sense of history. raleigh wrote a poetic response to christopher marlowe ' s \" the passionate shepherd to his love \" of 1592, entitled \" the nymph ' s reply to the shepherd \". both were written in the style of traditional pastoral poetry and follow the structure of six four - line stanzas employing a rhyme scheme of aabb, with raleigh ' s an almost line - for - line refutation of marlowe ' s sentiments. years later the 20th century poet william carlos williams would join", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4173307426640165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.734018"} {"text": "and follow the structure of six four - line stanzas employing a rhyme scheme of aabb, with raleigh ' s an almost line - for - line refutation of marlowe ' s sentiments. years later the 20th century poet william carlos williams would join the poetic \" argument \" with his \" raleigh was right. \" the state capital of north carolina and its second largest city was named raleigh in 1792 for sir walter, sponsor of the roanoke colony. in the city a bronze statue, which has been moved around different locations within the city, was cast in honor of the city ' s namesake. the \" lost colony \" is commemorated at the fort raleigh national historic site on roanoke island, north carolina. - many alternative spellings of his surname exist, including rawley, ralegh, ralagh and rawleigh. \" raleigh \" appears most commonly today, though he, himself, used that spelling only once, as far as is known. his most consistent preference was for \" ralegh \". his full name is / /, though, in practice, / /, ral - ee or even / /, rah - lee are the usual modern pronunciations in england. - \" 100 great britons - a complete list \". daily mail. 21 august 2002. retrieved 5 august 2012. - nicholls, mark ; williams, penry ( september 2004 ). \" ralegh, sir walter ( 1554 \u2013 1618 ) \". oxford dictionary of national biography. oxford university press. retrieved 20 may 2008. ( subscription or uk public library membership required ) - hayes barton, woodbury common. - ronald, p. 249. - edward edwards, the life of sir walter ralegh. volume i ( london : macmillan, 1868 ), p. 26. - edwards, p. 33. - markham, jerry w. ( 2001 ). a financial history of the united states. armonk, n. y : m. e. sharpe. p. 22. isbn 0 - 7656 - 0730 - 1. - blacker, irwin ( 1965 ). hakluyt ' s voyages : the principle navigations voyages traffiques & discoveries of the english nation. new york : the viking press. p. 522. - quinn, david b. ( 1985 - 02 ). set fair for roanoke : voyages and colonies, 1584 - 1606. unc press books. isbn 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4123 - 5. retrieved 3 june 2011. - fragmenta regalia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44616482524346845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.735145"} {"text": "( 1985 - 02 ). set fair for roanoke : voyages and colonies, 1584 - 1606. unc press books. isbn 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4123 - 5. retrieved 3 june 2011. - fragmenta regalia - fuller ' s worthies - j. k. laughton and sidney lee, ralegh, sir walter ( 1552? \u2013 1618 ), military and naval commander and author, 1896 - uk cpi inflation numbers based on data available from lawrence h. officer ( 2010 ) \" what were the uk earnings and prices then? \" measuringworth. - archaeologia, p. 151 - sir walter raleigh. the discovery of guiana project gutenberg. - \" walter raleigh \u2013 delusions of guiana \" at the lost world : travel and information on the gran sabana, canaima national park, venezuela web page. retrieved 5 july 2008. - circumscribed legend mis - engraved as tnsihnia for insignia - 1 criminal trials 400, 400 \u2013 511, 1850. - raleigh, walter. \" the historie of the world \". retrieved 19 november 2009. - wolffe, mary. \" stucley, sir lewis \". oxford dictionary of national biography ( online ed. ). oxford university press. doi : 10. 1093 / ref : odnb / 26740. ( subscription or uk public library membership required ) - \" stucley, lewis \". dictionary of national biography. london : smith, elder & co. 1885 \u2013 1900. - trevelyan ( 2002 ) p. 552 - gene borio. \" tobacco timeline : the seventeenth century - the great age of the pipe \". tobacco. org. retrieved october 29, 2012. - \" sir walter raleigh ' s tobacco pouch \". wallace collection. retrieved 1 november 2012. - williams, norman lloyd. \" sir walter raleigh \", cassell biographies, 1962 ) - durant, will, the story of civilization, vol. vii, chap. vi, p. 158 - \" full text of \" raleghana \" \". archive. org. retrieved october 29, 2012. - lloyd, j & mitchinson, j : \" the book of general i. - ed. ronald christenson, political trials in history : from antiquity to the present, p. 385 - 7. transaction publishers ( 1991 ). isbn 978 - 0 - 88738 - 406 - 6 - historical summary, crawford v. washington ( page 10 of. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43183124562706654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.736197"} {"text": ", political trials in history : from antiquity to the present, p. 385 - 7. transaction publishers ( 1991 ). isbn 978 - 0 - 88738 - 406 - 6 - historical summary, crawford v. washington ( page 10 of. pdf file ) - \" notes for \" the passionate shepherd to his love \" \". dr. bruce magee, louisiana tech university. retrieved 29 october 2012. - adamson, j. h. and folland, h. f. shepherd of the ocean, 1969 - dwyer, jack dorset pioneers the history press, 2009. isbn 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5346 - 0 - edwards, edward the life of sir walter ralegh. volume i ( london : macmillan, 1868 ). - fuller, thomas anglorum speculum or the worthies of england, 1684 - lewis, c. s. english literature in the sixteenth century excluding drama, 1954 - naunton, robert fragmenta regalia 1694, reprinted 1824. - nicholls, mark and williams, penry. \u2018 ralegh, sir walter ( 1554 \u2013 1618 ) \u2019, oxford dictionary of national biography, oxford university press, 2004. - pemberton, henry ( author ) ; carroll smyth ( editor ), susan l. pemberton ( contributor ) shakespeare and sir walter raleigh : including also several essays previously published in the new shakspeareana, kessinger publishing, llc ; 264 pages, 2007. isbn 978 - 0548312483 - ronald, susan the pirate queen : queen elizabeth i, her pirate adventurers, and the dawn of empire harper collins publishers, new york, 2007. isbn 0 - 06 - 082066 - 7 - stebbing, william : sir walter ralegh. oxford, 1899 project gutenberg etext - trevelyan, raleigh sir walter raleigh, henry holt & co. ( 2002 ). isbn 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9326 - 4 - the sir walter raleigh collection in wilson library at the university of north carolina at chapel hill | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : walter raleigh | | wikisource has original works written by or about : | wikimedia commons has media related to : sir walter raleigh | - sir walter raleigh ' s grave - biography of sir walter raleigh at britannia. com - biography of sir walter raleigh at britishexplorers. com - description and pictures of hayes barton at britishexplorers. com - sir walter raleigh at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43918005467789256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.737141"} {"text": "sir walter raleigh ' s grave - biography of sir walter raleigh at britannia. com - biography of sir walter raleigh at britishexplorers. com - description and pictures of hayes barton at britishexplorers. com - sir walter raleigh at the fort raleigh website - quotes attributed to sir walter raleigh - story of raleigh ' s last years and his beheading - poetry by sir walter raleigh, plus commentary - searching for the lost colony blog - robert viking o ' brien & stephen kent o ' brien, discovery of guiana essay, yearbook of comparative and general literature - tytler, patrick fraser ( 1848 ). life of sir walter raleigh, founded on authentic and original documents. london : t. nelson and sons ( published 1853 ). retrieved 17 august 2008 texts by raleigh - works by walter raleigh at project gutenberg - worldly wisdom from the historie of the world the earl of bedford | lord warden of the stannaries the earl of pembroke sir francis godolphin sir william mohun | lord lieutenant of cornwall the earl of pembroke | vice - admiral of devon the earl of bath ( north devon ) and sir richard hawkins ( south devon ) | captain of the yeomen of the guard sir thomas erskine sir matthew arundell | custos rotulorum of dorset viscount howard of bindon sir anthony paulet | governor of jersey sir john peyton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36769092810751824, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.737671"} {"text": "page : historical lectures and addresses. djvu / 27 and remove him from his pedestal. it is often found easier to construct for him an ornamental niche and treat him with outward marks of deference. perhaps nothing is more capricious than the selection of worthies who are supposed to have prepared the way for the reformation. the continuous effort for the reform of ecclesiastical abuses is one of the chief features of medi\u00e6val history. the attempt was made in various ways and was supported by various arguments. the prevalence of corruption was acknowledged by all serious men ; the extent of the corruption was exposed often in exaggerated language ; the causes of the corruption were fearlessly attacked. it is hard to see in some cases the line which distinguishes those who are exalted as reformers from those who are passed by unnoticed. the tendency of an age as a whole is frequently misrepresented through a desire to elevate unduly some prominent figure into a prophet of the future. i pass on to consider the general bearings of the subject of ecclesiastical history. if we regard the course of events since the first appearance of christianity as an organised system in the world, we see how large, how very large a part it has played in history. in the decline of the roman world, christianity was the only influence which bound society together, and afforded the only possible basis for a reorganisation of the imperial system. when the decline of population and energy within the borders of the empire invited the settlements of the german tribes, the fortunes of those tribes depended upon their power of assimilating the principles, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4689143622101255, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.739511"} {"text": "the wisdom of the ancients / 1 the earliest antiquity lies buried in silence and oblivion, excepting the remains we have of it in sacred writ. this silence was succeeded by poetical fables and these, at length, by the writings we now enjoy ; so that the concealed and secret learning of the ancients seems separated from the history and knowledge of the following ages by a veil, or partition - wall of fables, interposing between the things that are lost and those that remain. many may imagine that i am here entering upon a work of fancy ; or amusement, and design to use a poetical liberty, in explaining poetical fables. it is true, fables in general are composed of ductile matter, that may be drawn into great variety by a witty talent or an inventive genius, and be delivered of plausible meanings which they never contained. but this procedure has already been carried to excess ; and great numbers, to procure the sanction of antiquity to their own notions and inventions, have miserably wrested and abused the fables of the ancients. nor is this only a late or unfrequent practice, but of ancient date and common even to this day. thus chrysippus, like an interpreter of dreams, attributed the opinions of the stoics to the poets of old ; and the chemists, at present, more childishly apply the poetical transformations to their experiments of the furnace. and though i have well weighed and considered all this, and thoroughly seen into the levity which the mind indulges for allegories and allusions, yet i cannot but retain a high value for the ancient mythology. and, certainly, it were very injudicious to suffer the fondness and licentiousness of a few to detract from the honour of allegory and parable in general. this would be rash, and almost profane ; for, since religion delights in such shadows and disguises, to abolish them were, in a manner, to prohibit all intercourse betwixt things divine and human. upon deliberate consideration, my judgment is, that a concealed instruction and allegory was originally intended in many of the ancient fables. this opinion may, in some respect, be owing to the veneration i have for antiquity, but more to observing that some fables discover a great and evident similitude, relation, and connection with the thing they signify, as well in the structure of the fable as in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4898532302437696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.754930"} {"text": "be owing to the veneration i have for antiquity, but more to observing that some fables discover a great and evident similitude, relation, and connection with the thing they signify, as well in the structure of the fable as in the propriety of the names whereby the persons or actors are characterized ; insomuch, that no one could positively deny a sense and meaning to be from the first intended, and purposely shadowed out in them. for who can hear that fame, after the giants were destroyed, sprung up as their posthumous sister, and not apply it to the clamour of parties and the seditious rumours which commonly fly about for a time upon the quelling of insurrections? or who can read how the giant typhon cut out and carried away jupiter ' s sinews - which mercury afterwards stole and again restored to jupiter - and not presently observe that this allegory denotes strong and powerful rebellions, which cut away from kings their sinews, both of money and authority ; and that the way to have them restored is by lenity, affability, and prudent edicts, which soon reconcile, and as it were steal upon the affections of the subject? or who, upon hearing that memorable expedition of the gods against the giants, when the braying of silenus ' s ass greatly contributed in putting the giants to flight, does not clearly conceive that this directly points at the monstrous enterprises of rebellious subjects, which are frequently frustrated and disappointed by vain fears and empty rumours? again, the conformity and purport of the names is frequently manifest and self - evident. thus metis the wife of jupiter, plainly signifies counsel ; typhon, swelling ; pan, universality ; nemesis, revenge, & c. nor is it a wonder, if sometimes a piece of history or other things are introduced, by way of ornament ; or if the times of the action are confounded ; or if part of one fable be tacked to another ; or if the allegory be new turned ; for all this must necessarily happen, as the fables were the inventions of men who lived in different ages and had different views ; some of them being ancient, others more modern ; some having an eye to natural philosophy, and others to morality or civil policy. it may pass for a farther indication of a concealed and secret meaning, that some of these fables are so absurd and idle in their narration as to show and proclaim an allegory, even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5005327300445961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.756082"} {"text": "philosophy, and others to morality or civil policy. it may pass for a farther indication of a concealed and secret meaning, that some of these fables are so absurd and idle in their narration as to show and proclaim an allegory, even afar off. a fable that carries probability with it may be supposed invented for pleasure, or in imitation of history ; but those that could never be conceived or related in this way must surely have a different use. for example, what a monstrous fiction is this, that jupiter should take metis to wife, and as soon as he found her pregnant eat her up, whereby he also conceived, and out of his head brought forth pallas armed. certainly no mortal could, but for the sake of the moral it couches, invent such an absurd dream as this, so much out of the road of thought! but the argument of most weight with me is this, that many of these fables by no means appear to have been invented by the persons who relate and divulge them, whether homer, hesiod, or others ; for if i were assured they first flowed from those later times and authors that transmit them to us, i should never expect anything singularly great or noble from such an origin. but who - ever attentively considers the thing, will find that these fables are delivered down and related by those writers, not as matters then first invented and proposed, but as things received and embraced in earlier ages. besides, as they are differently related by writers nearly of the same ages, it is easily perceived that the relators drew from the common stock of ancient tradition, and varied but in point of embellishment, which is their own. and this principally raises my esteem of these fables, which i receive, not as the product of the age, or invention of the poets, but as sacred relics, gentle whispers, and the breath of better times, that from the traditions of more ancient nations came, at length, into the flutes and trumpets of the greeks. but if any one shall, notwithstanding this, contend that allegories are always adventitious, or imposed upon the ancient fables, and no way native or genuinely contained in them, we might here leave him undisturbed in that gravity of judgment he affects ( though we cannot help accounting it somewhat dull and phlegmatic ), and if it were worth the trouble, proceed to another kind of argument. men have proposed to answer two different and contrary ends by the use of parable ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5179059030337938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.757125"} {"text": "judgment he affects ( though we cannot help accounting it somewhat dull and phlegmatic ), and if it were worth the trouble, proceed to another kind of argument. men have proposed to answer two different and contrary ends by the use of parable ; for parables serve as well to instruct or illustrate as to wrap up and envelop, so that though, for the present, we drop the concealed use, and suppose the ancient fables to be vague, undeterminate things, formed for amusement, still the other use must remain, and can never be given up. and every man, of any learning, must readily allow that this method of instructing is grave, sober, or exceedingly useful, and sometimes necessary in the sciences, as it opens an easy and familiar passage to the human understanding, in all new discoveries that are abstruse and out of the road of vulgar opinions. hence, in the first ages, when such inventions and conclusions of the human reason as are now trite and common were new and little known, all things abounded with fables, parables, similes, comparisons and allusions, which were not intended to conceal, but to inform and teach, whilst the minds of men continued rude and unpractised in matters of subtilty and speculation, or even impatient, and in a manner uncapable of receiving such things as did not directly fall under and strike the senses. for as hieroglyphics were in use before writing, so were parables in use before arguments. and even to this day, if any man would let new light in upon the human understanding, and conquer prejudice, without raising contests, animosities, opposition, or disturbance, he must still go in the same path, and have recourse to the like method of allegory, metaphor, and allusion. to conclude, the knowledge of the early ages was either great or happy ; great, if they by design made this use of trope and figure ; happy, if, whilst they had other views, they afforded matter and occasion to such noble contemplations. let either be the case, our pains, perhaps, will not be misemployed, whether we illustrate antiquity or things themselves. the like indeed has been attempted by others ; but to speak ingenuously, their great and voluminous labours have almost destroyed the energy, the efficacy, and grace of the thing, whilst being unskilled in nature, and their learning no more than that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.525068267935071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.758081"} {"text": "been attempted by others ; but to speak ingenuously, their great and voluminous labours have almost destroyed the energy, the efficacy, and grace of the thing, whilst being unskilled in nature, and their learning no more than that of commonplace, they have applied the sense of the parables to certain general and vulgar matters, without reaching to their real purport, genuine interpretation, and fill depth. for myself, therefore, i expect to appear new in these common things, because, leaving untouched such as are sufficiently plain and open, i shall drive only at those that are either deep or rich. chapter i the poets relate, that apollo, falling in love with cassandra, was still deluded and put off by her, yet fed with hopes, till she had got from him the gift of prophecy ; and having now obtained her end, she flatly rejected his suit. apollo, unable to recall his rash gift, yet enraged to be outwitted by a girl, annexed this penalty to it, that though she should always prophesy true, she should never be believed ; whence her divinations were always slighted, even when she again and again predicted the ruin of her country. explanation. - this fable seems invented to express the insignificance of unseasonable advice. for they who are conceited, stubborn, or intractable, and listen not to the instructions of apollo, the god of harmony, so as to learn and observe the modulations and measures of affairs, the sharps and flats of discourse, the difference between judicious and vulgar ears, and the proper times of speech and silence, let them be ever so intelligent, and ever so frank of their advice, or their counsels ever so good and just, yet all their endeavours, either of persuasion or force, are of little significance, and rather hasten the ruin of those they advise. but, at last, when the calamitous event has made the sufferers feel the effect of their neglect, they too late reverence their advisers, as deep, foreseeing, and faithful prophets. of this we have a remarkable instance in cato of utica, who discovered afar off, and long foretold, the approaching ruin of his country, both in the first conspiracy, and as it was prosecuted in the civil war between c\u00e6sar and pompey yet did no good the while, but rather hurt the commonwealth, and hurried on its destruction, which cicero wisely observed in these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47688682694600104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.759024"} {"text": ", both in the first conspiracy, and as it was prosecuted in the civil war between c\u00e6sar and pompey yet did no good the while, but rather hurt the commonwealth, and hurried on its destruction, which cicero wisely observed in these words : \" cato, indeed, judges excellently, but prejudices the state ; for he speaks as in the commonwealth of plato, and not as in the dregs of romulus. \" chapter ii the fable runs, that juno, enraged at jupiter ' s bringing forth pallas without her assistance, incessantly solicited all the gods and goddesses, that she might produce without jupiter : and having by violence and importunity obtained the grant, she struck the earth, and thence immediately sprung up typhon, a huge and dreadful monster, whom she committed to the nursing of a serpent. as soon as he was grown up, this monster waged war on jupiter, and taking him prisoner in the battle, carried him away on his shoulders, into a remote and obscure quarter : and there cutting out the sinews of his hands and feet, he bore them off, leaving jupiter behind miserably maimed and mangled. but mercury afterwards stole these sinews from typhon, and restored them to jupiter. hence, recovering his strength, jupiter again pursues the monster ; first wounds him with a stroke of his thunder, when serpents arose from the blood of the wound : and now the monster being dismayed, and taking to flight, jupiter next darted mount \u00e6tna upon him, and crushed him with the weight. explanation. - this fable seems designed to express the various fates of kings, and the turns that rebellions sometimes take, in kingdoms. for princes may be justly esteemed married to their states, as jupiter to juno : but it sometimes happens, that, being depraved by long wielding of the sceptre, and growing tyrannical, they would engross all to themselves ; and slighting the counsel of their senators and nobles, conceive by themselves ; that is, govern according to their own arbitrary will and pleasure. this inflames the people, and makes them endeavour to create and set up some head of their own. such designs are generally set on foot by the secret motion and instigation of the peers and nobles, under whose connivance the common sort are prepared for rising : whence proceeds a swell in the state, which is appositely denoted by the nursing of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44547262557501827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.760647"} {"text": "set on foot by the secret motion and instigation of the peers and nobles, under whose connivance the common sort are prepared for rising : whence proceeds a swell in the state, which is appositely denoted by the nursing of typhon. this growing posture of affairs is fed by the natural depravity, and malignant dispositions of the vulgar, which to kings is an envenomed serpent. and now the disaffected, uniting their force, at length break out into open rebellion, which, producing infinite mischiefs, both to prince and people, is represented by the horrid and multiplied deformity of typhon, with his hundred heads, denoting the divided powers ; his flaming mouths, denoting fire and devastation ; his girdles of snakes, denoting sieges and destruction ; his iron hands, slaughter and cruelty ; his eagle ' s talons, rapine and plunder ; his plumed body, perpetual rumours, contradictory accounts, & c. and sometimes these rebellions grow so high, that kings are obliged, as if carried on the backs of the rebels, to quit the throne, and retire to some remote and obscure part of their dominions, with the loss of their sinews, both of money and majesty. but if now they prudently bear this reverse of fortune, they may, in a short time, by the assistance of mercury, recover their sinews again ; that is, by becoming moderate and affable ; reconciling the minds and affections of the people to them, by gracious speeches, and prudent proclamations, which will win over the subject cheerfully to afford new aids and supplies, and add fresh vigour to authority. but prudent and wary princes here seldom incline to try fortune by a war, yet do their utmost, by some grand exploit, to crush the reputation of the rebels : and if the attempt succeeds, the rebels, conscious of the wound received, and distrustful of their cause, first betake themselves to broken and empty threats ; like the hissings of serpents ; and next, when matters are grown desperate, to flight. and now, when they thus begin to shrink, it is safe and seasonable for kings to pursue them with their forces, and the whole strength of the kingdom ; thus effectually quashing and suppressing them, as it were by the weight of a mountain. chapter iii it is related that the cyclops, for their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4635236697796869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.762094"} {"text": "for kings to pursue them with their forces, and the whole strength of the kingdom ; thus effectually quashing and suppressing them, as it were by the weight of a mountain. chapter iii it is related that the cyclops, for their savageness and cruelty, were by jupiter first thrown into tartarus, and there condemned to perpetual imprisonment : but that afterwards, tellus persuaded jupiter it would be for his service to release them, and employ them in forging thunderbolts. this he accordingly did ; and they, with unwearied pains and diligence, hammered out his bolts, and other instruments of terror, with a frightful and continual din of the anvil. it happened long after, that jupiter was displeased with \u00e6sculapius, the son of apollo, for having, by the art of medicine, restored a dead man to life : but concealing, his indignation, because the action in itself was pious and illustrious, he secretly incensed the cyclops against him, who, without remorse, presently slew him with their thunderbolts : in revenge whereof, apollo, with jupiter ' s connivance, shot them all dead with his arrows. explanation. - this fable seems to point at the behaviour of princes, who, having cruel, bloody, and oppressive ministers, first punish and displace them ; but afterwards, by the advice of tellus, that is, some earthly - minded and ignoble person, employ them again, to serve a turn, when there is occasion for cruelty in execution, or severity in exaction : but these ministers being base in their nature, whet by their former disgrace, and well aware of what is expected from them, use double diligence in their office ; till, proceeding unwarily, and over - eager to gain favour, they sometimes, from the private nods, and ambiguous orders of their prince, perform some odious or execrable action : when princes, to decline the envy themselves, and knowing they shall never want such tools at their back, drop them, and give them up to the friends and followers of the injured person ; thus exposing them, as sacrifices to revenge and popular odium : whence with great applause, acclamations, and good wishes to the prince, these miscreants at last meet with their desert. chapter iv narcissus is said to have been extremely beautiful and comely, but intolerably proud and disdainful ; so that, pleased", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4292385249735721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.763381"} {"text": "no more, like the way of a ship in the sea, was by the ancients consecrated to the infernal shades and powers. chapter v the only solemn oath, by which the gods irrevocably obliged themselves, is a well - known thing, and makes a part of many ancient fables. to this oath they did not invoke any celestial divinity, or divine attribute, but only called to witness the river styx ; which, with many meanders, surrounds the infernal court of dis. for this form alone, and none but this, was held inviolable and obligatory : and the punishment of falsifying it, was that dreaded one of being excluded, for a certain number of years, the table of the gods. explanation. - this fable seems invented to show the nature of the compacts and confederacies of princes ; which, though ever so solemnly and religiously sworn to, prove but little the more binding for it : so that oaths in this case seem used, rather for decorum, reputation, and ceremony, than for fidelity, security, and effectuating. and though these oaths were strengthened with the bonds of affinity, which are the links and ties of nature, and again, by mutual services and good offices, yet we see all this will generally give way to ambition, convenience, and the thirst of power : the rather, because it is easy for princes, under various specious pretences, to defend, disguise, and conceal their ambitious desires, and insincerity ; having no judge to call them to account. there is, however, one true and proper confirmation of their faith, though no celestial divinity ; but that great divinity of princes, necessity ; or, the danger of the state ; and the securing of advantage. this necessity is elegantly represented by styx, the fatal river, that can never be crossed back. and this deity it was, which iphicrates the athenian invoked in making a league : and because he roundly and openly avows what most others studiously conceal, it may be proper to give his own words. observing that the laced\u00e6monians were inventing and proposing a variety of securities, sanctions, and bonds of alliance, he interrupted them thus : \" there may indeed, my friends, be one bond and means of security between us ; and that is, for you to demonstrate you have delivered into our hands, such things as that if you had the greatest desire to hurt us you could not be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47120425881458655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.765541"} {"text": "\" there may indeed, my friends, be one bond and means of security between us ; and that is, for you to demonstrate you have delivered into our hands, such things as that if you had the greatest desire to hurt us you could not be able. \" therefore, if the power of offending be taken away, or if by a breach of compact there be danger of destruction or diminution to the state or tribute, then it is that covenants will be ratified, and confirmed, as it were by the stygian oath, whilst there remains an impending danger of being prohibited and excluded the banquet of the gods ; by which expression the ancients denoted the rights and prerogatives, the affluence and the felicities, of empire and dominion. - ^ varro distributes the ages of the world into three periods ; viz. the unknown, the fabulous, and the historical. of the former we have no accounts but in scripture ; for the second we must consult the ancient poets, such as hesiod, homer, or those who wrote still earlier, and then again come back to ovid, who in his metamorphoses, seems, in imitation perhaps of some ancient greek poet, to have intended a complete collection, or a kind of continued and connected history of the fabulous age, especially with regard to changes, revolutions, or transformations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5040694191853455, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.766149"} {"text": "a stock character is a fictional character that relies heavily on cultural types for its personality, manner of speech, and other characteristics. stock characters are instantly recognizable to members of a given culture. stock characters in the western tradition originate from the theatres of ancient greece and rome. some examples of stock characters are : - the hero - the villain, evil personified, be it the duke of gloucester in william shakespeare ' s richard iii or prince john in the robin hood stories. - the damsel in distress, the young, beautiful, virginal woman who must be rescued from some cruel fate by the hero, a la penelope pitstop [? ]. - the femme fatale, la belle dame sans merci, the black widow, the beautiful, but evil woman who leads the hero to his doom. - the fop : the fop is a man attempting but failing to rise into fashionable aristocratic culture. he is typically overdressed and his speech is characterized by over - use or misuse of popular phrases ( often french phrases ) or various forms of hypercorrection [? ]. the fop is never intelligent and always talkative. zorro hid behind the image of the fop, don diego. the scarlet pimpernel hid behind the persona of sir percy blakeney. - the fool : the fool is a clown or joker who speaks in riddles and puns. often, the fool is intelligent and witty and reveals key truths about the characters he fools with ( shakespeare ' s fools, such as the ones in twelfth night and king lear, are well - known examples ). - the mad scientist : the insane man of science, who either accidentally or intentionally \" meddles with the forces of nature \" and causes the trouble which the hero must correct. - the revenger : the revenger is a hot - blooded young man who has had a loved one ( ideally a fiance ) cruelly murdered and / or raped and seeks his revenge outside the law. ( laertes in hamlet and hamlet himself are examples of revengers. ) - the sidekick - the hero ' s helper, sancho panza in don quixote, dr. watson in sherlock holmes. the sidekick is often a figure of fun, but is trustworthy and sometimes shows surprising resourcefulness and bravery. in whodunnits and secondary literature on detective fiction in general, the sidekick is often referred to as the watson - - slightly dumber than the average reader, time and again overlooking decisive clues, occasionally drawing the wrong conclusions ( such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5002680744566455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.768978"} {"text": "energy in agriculture resources energy in agriculture program - food and fiber processing technologies read about california food and fiber processing facilities participating in research, development, and demonstration projects to advance the adoption of energy and resource efficient technologies. process energy videos food processing video : steam system best practices are used to optimize system performance. basic management principles and maintenance proceedures are described that will enhance steam system efficiencies. - california ' s food processing industry energy efficiency initiative : adoption of industrial best practices, january 2008, cec publication # cec - 400 - 2008 - 006, posted : january 31, 2008. ( pdf file, 35 pgs., 2. 3 mb research and demonstration projects - fetzer case study # 1 - heat exchange system improvement saves energy and improves production at a winery. - fetzer case study # 2 - controls upgrade at a winery saves energy and increases equipment life. electricity peak load reduction - pacific coast producers - tomato - processing company moves facility location to upgrade equipment, increase production, improve efficiency, and be closer to where the tomatoes are grown. pacific coast producers - measurement and verification report, energy commission publication # cec - 400 - 2003 - 902, march 2003. ( pdf file, 19 pages, 702 kilobytes ) - campbell soup company - waste heat driven turbines - valley fig growers - variable speed controlled refrigeration system benchmarking, power quality & market studies - technology roadmap : energy efficiency in california ' s food industry - the california institute of food and agricultural research formed a food industry advisory council of industry and technology experts. this group prioritized research that would help the industry meet their objectives, and developed a vision and plan for the future. their findings, bolstered by input from public forums, are presented in this roadmap, along with recommendations for the future. - dynamic characterization of process power quality for the california food processing industry - in - line - monitoring systems were installed to collect real time performance data from plant equipment while the food production was in process. using this monitoring data, plant process equipment schematics and historical plant process performance data, overall process sensitivities to different power quality disturbances were defined. - california institute of food and agricultural research survey on energy management in the food industry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5666124857965743, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.771784"} {"text": "ananyo writes \" rappers making up rhymes on the fly while in a brain scanner have provided an insight into the creative process. freestyle rapping \u2014 in which a performer improvises a song by stringing together unrehearsed lyrics \u2014 is a highly prized skill in hip hop. but instead of watching a performance in a club, siyuan liu and allen braun, neuroscientists at the u. s. national institute on deafness and other communication disorders in bethesda, maryland, and their colleagues had 12 rappers freestyle in a functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) machine. the artists also recited a set of memorized lyrics chosen by the researchers. by comparing the brain scans from rappers taken during freestyling to those taken during the rote recitation, they were able to see which areas of the brain are used during improvisation. the rappers showed lower activity in part of their frontal lobes called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during improvisation, and increased activity in another area, called the medial prefrontal cortex. the areas that were found to be ' deactivated ' are associated with regulating other brain functions. the results echo an earlier study of jazz musicians. the findings also suggest an explanation for why new music might seem to the artist to be created of its own accord. with less involvement by the lateral prefrontal regions of the brain, the performance could seem to its creator to have ' occurred outside of conscious awareness, ' the authors write in the paper. \" bonus points for science rhymes ; for anyone who has the time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5353240622016087, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.774599"} {"text": "glue ear, grommets ( ventilation tubes ) and adenoids mr james w fairley bsc mbbs frcs ms consultant ent surgeon \u00a9 1993 - 2013 jw fairley last updated 11 november 2010 - what is glue ear? - the normal ear and hearing - what causes glue ear? - what are adenoids? - what are the symptoms of glue ear? - how is glue ear diagnosed? - what is the treatment? - what about alternative treatments? - what is a grommet / ventilation tube - how does it work? - how is the operation done? - what happens after the operation? - what about swimming and grommets? - does fluid discharge from the ear? - how to treat ear infection in the presence of a grommet - how to use ear drops - how will you know if you have an ear infection with a grommet? - what happens after the grommet comes out? - how do you know when the grommet is out? - do grommets scar the eardrum? - what are the complications of grommets? - i ' ve heard that grommet operations are unnecessary - further reading / links what is glue ear? glue ear is a build - up of fluid behind the eardrum, in the middle ear. glue ear with fluid level behind right eardrum - the fluid may be thick and sticky, or thin and watery. - either way it stops the ear drum and ossicles vibrating easily, so quieter sounds are not heard. - glue ear is the commonest cause of deafness in children. - adults can also be affected. - other names for glue ear are middle ear effusion and chronic secretory otitis media. glue ear is a middle ear disease, associated with poor eustachian tube function. the outer and middle ear work like an old mechanical gramophone in reverse. they collect sound energy, and concentrate it onto the small area of the stapes footplate the normal ear and hearing the human ear is divided into three parts : - outer ear - middle ear - inner ear the outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. the outer ear funnels sound waves in air to the eardrum. eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) normal left eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) the eardrum is a paper - thin membrane, shaped like a miniature satellite dish, 8 - 10 mm diameter. the tympanic membrane forms the boundary between outer and middle ear. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49414902366844865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.797765"} {"text": "normal left eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) the eardrum is a paper - thin membrane, shaped like a miniature satellite dish, 8 - 10 mm diameter. the tympanic membrane forms the boundary between outer and middle ear. the eardrum vibrates when sounds arrive through the external ear canal. the vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear via three small bones ( ossicles ) suspended in the middle ear. abnormally thin right eardrum damaged by glue ear and showing ossicles - malleus incus and stapes the three little bones ( oss - i - culls ) are - malleus ( mal - ee - us ) shaped like a hammer - incus ( ink - us ) shaped like an anvil - stapes ( stay - peas ) shaped like a stirrup their job is to concentrate the sound energy, collected by the relatively large area of the eardrum, onto the tiny footplate of the stapes. the outer and middle ear work like an old mechanical gramophone in reverse. the gramophone needle picks up vibrations from the grooves in the record, passes them to a vibrating membrane, then into the large horn, and so to the outside world. the outer and middle ear collect sound from the outside world and concentrate it down to the stapes footplate. the footplate moves like a piston in the oval window, the opening of the inner ear. the inner ear has two parts, the cochlea and the vestibular labyrinth. cochleathe cochlea is the hearing part of the inner ear. it is a biological microphone. sound vibrations are turned into electrical signals and sent to the brain in the nerve of hearing. the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear is concerned with balance. disturbance of the balance organ of the inner ear can cause vertigo. the eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the back of the nose. to hear normally, the eardrum and ossicles must be able to move easily. for this to occur, the middle ear must contain air at the same atmospheric pressure as the outer ear. air in the middle ear comes from the back of the nose, via the eustachian tube. the job of the eustachian tube is to ventilate the middle ear, keeping the pressure in the middle ear the same as in the outer ear. most middle ear diseases, including glue ear, are associated with poor eustachian tube function. the health of the middle ear depends on the eustachian tube", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5001050611053109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.798829"} {"text": ", keeping the pressure in the middle ear the same as in the outer ear. most middle ear diseases, including glue ear, are associated with poor eustachian tube function. the health of the middle ear depends on the eustachian tube working properly. what causes glue ear? glue ear is usually caused by a problem with the eustachian tube. temporary glue ear ( less than 3 months ) - most children get glue ear at some stage in their lives. - it often follows after a cold or ear infection. biofilms may form in some cases. - the eustachian tube is small and blocks easily. - it then fails to ventilate the middle ear. - sticky secretions can ' t drain away, so fluid builds up in the middle ear. - movement of the eardrum and ossicles is impaired, causing partial deafness. most cases get better quickly after the cold resolves. a minority persist for months or years. - occasionally glue ear is caused by flying with a cold - the eustachian tube is unable to equalise pressure during descent - diving with a cold is very likely to cause glue ear, or worse damage. all divers are taught not to dive with a cold. persistent glue ear ( longer than 3 months ) common reasons for persistent glue ear in children are sometimes glue ear runs in families, though it is not strictly speaking hereditary. less common reasons for persistent glue ear include - cleft palate - down ' s syndrome rarely, glue ear in an adult is caused by a tumour at the back of the nose. often, no particular cause is found. adenoids seen through a nasal endoscope. the eustachian tubes open either side of the adenoids at the back of the nose. swollen adenoids interfere with the normal opening of the eustachian tube. what are adenoids? adenoids are cauliflower - like swellings of the immune tissue at the back of the nose. - normal adenoids probably help fight off infections. - if they get too big, they cause blockage of the nose and eustachian tube and cause more trouble than they are worth. - in severe cases they can cause obstruction of breathing at night. if the adenoids are very big, the tonsils are usually big too. what are the symptoms of glue ear? - deafness of mild to moderate degree. - hearing loss often varies from week to week, being worse after a cold. - speech may be delayed, especially if deaf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4626364372608024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.799737"} {"text": "the tonsils are usually big too. what are the symptoms of glue ear? - deafness of mild to moderate degree. - hearing loss often varies from week to week, being worse after a cold. - speech may be delayed, especially if deafness occurs early in childhood. - unclear speech and constant shouting are common. - later, education may be affected. - sometimes deafness is not suspected, but the child is thought to be inattentive, slow or lazy. - concentration may be poor. - the child often seems to be \" in a world of his own \". - some sufferers get frequent earaches, usually worse at night. - repeated ear infections, with high temperature in some cases leading to fits. - poor balance and clumsiness may feature. - older children and adults often complain of noises in the ears - tinnitus. how is glue ear diagnosed? child ear examination with auriscope ( ear torch ) child hearing test - pure tone audiometry in sound proofed booth. test suitable for children from around the age four. child hearing test - brain stem electric response under general anaesthetic in operating theatre. test suitable for babies and children of any age. diagnosis is based on history, examination and special investigations. - the specialist may be able to see signs of fluid behind the eardrum with the otoscope ( ear torch ). - this is not always possible, wax or discharge may block the view. - some children may not be sufficiently cooperative for examination. - a tympanogram is a test carried out by the audiologist to check on how easily the eardrum moves. it takes about a minute. it is not a test of hearing ability, but a physical test on the movement of the eardrum. a flat trace on the tympanogram usually means glue ear. - an audiogram ( hearing test ) is carried out on children old enough to cooperate with the test. this will help assess the degree of hearing loss. - sometimes, the only way to make the diagnosis is under general anaesthetic on the operating table. what is the treatment? the fluid frequently goes away by itself, so a policy of watchful waiting is usually advised. around the age of 8, many children grow out of it, though this is only the average. some will carry on having trouble into their teens. - blowing up balloons or an otovent\u00ae device, to try and force air up the eustachian tube, may help but the published results are very short term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4616637158038519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.800793"} {"text": "is only the average. some will carry on having trouble into their teens. - blowing up balloons or an otovent\u00ae device, to try and force air up the eustachian tube, may help but the published results are very short term and not many children will persist with this treatment. - any exacerbating factors should be eliminated especially passive smoking. - antibiotics and painkillers e. g. calpol\u00ae can be used for associated ear infections. - decongestants e. g. sudafed\u00ae are often prescribed but have never been proven effective. - other medical treatments including - medicines to try and thin sticky mucus - dietary modification - cutting down on dairy products - is often advocated but again is of no proven benefit, and does carry risks in children who need their calcium better in summer, worse in winter glue ear can be seasonal, worse in the winter and better in the summer. - an operation may be deferred if the child is seen in the spring. - an operation is more likely to be recommended in the autumn. persistent glue ear ( longer than 3 months ) - if deafness persists for longer than 3 months, an operation is usually needed. - the decision to operate is always individual, based on all the factors in that particular case. - for immediate relief, myringotomy and grommets insertion is highly effective. - removal of the adenoids may be recommended if the adenoids are enlarged, and where glue ear recurs after initial grommet insertion. what about alternative treatments? none of the following are of any proven help : - homeopathic medicines - chinese / hopie ear candles - cranial osteopathy although many parents have seen improvements in their child following the use of various treatments, this is almost certainly because of the natural tendency for glue ear to improve. if half the children are going to get better anyway, we would expect a 50 % success rate from a treatment with no real benefit, so long as it didn ' t make things worse. this is known as the placebo effect. we would also expect a 50 % improvement on no treatment at all. a few ent specialists recommend the use of hearing aids for children with persistent glue ear, hoping that the fluid will eventually clear without recourse to grommets. sometimes, if glue ear has persisted a long time, the eardrum may become permanently damaged and will not hold a grommet. in such cases, a hearing aid may be the only way of restoring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45037484298512276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.801803"} {"text": "recourse to grommets. sometimes, if glue ear has persisted a long time, the eardrum may become permanently damaged and will not hold a grommet. in such cases, a hearing aid may be the only way of restoring hearing. what is a grommet / ventilation tube - how does it work? shah grommet held between forefinger and thumb shah grommet in position right eardrum - abnormally thin due to longstanding retraction prior to fitting grommet. head of stapes visible, long process of incus partially eroded long term shah ventilation tube in position right ear eac = external ear canal vt = ventilation tube tm = tympanic membrane ( eardrum ) the long term ventilation tube is larger than the standard grommet. a grommet is a tiny plastic tube, shaped like a miniature cotton reel, about 2mm diameter. it is fitted through a small cut in the eardrum ( myringotomy ). the tension of the eardrum grips the grommet around its waist. the cotton - reel shape stops it falling in or out, like a shirt stud in a button hole. the grommet allows air from the outer ear directly into the middle ear. provided the grommet remains in position and is not blocked, the hearing returns to normal almost immediately. a grommet does not drain, it ventilates - lets air in the grommet does not drain fluid out, it lets air into the middle ear. another name for a grommet is a ventilation tube, sometimes abbreviated to tube or vt. they can also be called tympanostomy tubes or tt ' s. short term and long term grommets the standard shah grommet is designed to stay in position for about nine months. then the opening in the eardrum heals over, and the grommet is pushed out. longer term ventilation tubes are sometimes fitted, which can last for several years. but long term grommets are more likely to leave a perforation which may need repair later. grommets don ' t treat underlying cause of glue ear it is important to understand that a grommet does not cure the underlying cause of glue ear. grommets do help relieve deafness and earache - for a while a grommet does provide highly effective and immediate relief of deafness and earaches. the grommet only works while it is - in the right position ( in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5205882538965347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.802682"} {"text": "falling in or out, like a shirt stud in a button hole. if the eardrum is badly thinned, stretched and damaged, it might not have the strength to hold a standard grommet in place. a bigger grommet ( long term ventilation tube ) might be used in such a case. - some eardrops are ususally applied at the end of the procedure. if the adenoids are to be removed, this is normally done under the same anaesthetic. the adenoids are removed via the mouth. no external cut is needed. what happens after the operation? after grommet operation children recover very rapidly from grommets insertion, and should be able to return to school after a day or two. how long before the hearing improves? the hearing normally improves immediately, but don ' t worry if there is still some difficulty in the first weeks as it can take time in some cases. if the glue was very thick, you may be asked to use some ear drops for a week. earache and bleeding from the ear - there may be a very slight earache, treated easily with calpol, or paracetamol for older children. - there may be slight bleeding from the ear in the first few days after the operation. this is normal and nothing to worry about. - the child should stay off school for 10 days and avoid contact with anyone who has a cold or other infection. - there is a small risk of heavy bleeding from the nose. - if this occurs you should telephone the hospital and / or attend your nearest accident & emergency department. ear plugs held in place by neoprene headband what about swimming and grommets? no swimming for the first two weeks. - after the first out - patient visit, to check all is well, surface swimming is allowed without earplugs. - if your child wishes to dive or use water chutes, some well fitting silicone rubber earplugs such as kapiseal\u00ae or ear putty\u00ae should be worn, preferably with a neoprene headband such as the ear band - it\u00ae to stop them from falling out. - bath water is much worse than swimming pool water, because it contains germs from the rest of the body and irritant soap. - bath water should not be allowed in the ears. the head should not be submerged in the bath. - for hairwashing, either use earplugs, or a piece of cotton wool dipped in vaseline\u00ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43601765575087936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.804977"} {"text": "irritant soap. - bath water should not be allowed in the ears. the head should not be submerged in the bath. - for hairwashing, either use earplugs, or a piece of cotton wool dipped in vaseline\u00ae to provide a waterproof seal. does fluid discharge from the ear? - in the first few days after operation there may be a slight discharge or bleeding from the ear. this is normal and nothing to worry about. - after that there should be no discharge. - if the ear runs persistently, and especially if the discharge is smelly, that means an ear infection. - the infection is usually in the middle ear. the discharge comes out through the grommet. in severe cases it will not be possible to see the grommet because the discharge fills the ear canal ( see photo ). - infection may be caused by dirty water in the ear, or a cold. how to treat ear infection in the presence of a grommet - the infection is best treated with antibiotic / steroid eardrops such as sofradex\u00ae or gentisone hc\u00ae. - the manufacturers of these drugs do not recommend using them in the presence of a perforated eardrum, because of the risk that the aminoglycoside antibiotic in the drops could cause damage to the inner ear and deafness. - despite these reservations, most ent specialists agree that the risk of deafness from the infection is greater than the risk of using the drops, and that these combined antibiotic steroid drops are the most reliable way of treating ear infection in the presence of a grommet. - in 2007, ent - uk published recommendations on treating patients discharging ears in the presence of a perforated eardrum or grommet. aminoglycoside ear drops should only be used to treat obvious infection, and for no longer than 2 weeks. whenever possible and practical, a hearing test should be done before treatment. - another type of antibiotic drops, containing a quinolone which is does not carry any risk of damaging the inner ear, is ciprofloxacin. at present, this is only available in the uk as ciloxan\u00ae eye drops, and not as a combined product with steroids. combined quinolone and steroid ear drops such as ciflox\u00ae are in use in other countries, and have been imported into the uk by the pharmacy at great ormond street hospital, but are still not generally available. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42023604997752273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.806059"} {"text": "steroids. combined quinolone and steroid ear drops such as ciflox\u00ae are in use in other countries, and have been imported into the uk by the pharmacy at great ormond street hospital, but are still not generally available. the use of a quinolone avoids the tiny risk of damaging the ear from the aminoglycoside. since the ent specialists preference for quinolones over aminoglycoside ear drops was clearly expressed in a british medical journal editorial in 2000, it is not clear why there has been such a delay in getting this combination licensed for use in the uk. similar delays occurred in australia until recently. - in persistent infection and especially tube granuloma where bacteria become attached to the surface of the grommet as biofilm, causing a foreign body reaction and bleeding from surrounding eardrum, the grommet may have to be removed. how to use ear drops correct position for putting in eardrops - ear drops must be inserted correctly, otherwise they may not work. - eardrops should be applied at body temperature. - to get the drops to body temperature, put the bottle in your pocket for 15 - 20 minutes before use - the patient should lie on his side with the affected ear uppermost. - any discharge should be mopped gently away with a cotton bud. - pull the ear gently backwards to funnel the drops into the ear canal. - you then massage the tragus ( the piece of skin that sticks out just in front of the ear canal like an open trapdoor ) to force the drops through the grommet into the middle ear. - it is rather like plunging a blocked sink. - the infection should clear up within a few days. - antibiotics taken by mouth are not very good in treating ear infections where there is a grommet present. how will you know if you have an ear infection with a grommet? is the temperature raised? - discharge ( fluid running from the ear ) is the main sign of infection with a grommet. - the discharge may be any colour. pale green, creamy yellow and orange brown are common. it may be bloody. - sometimes it will be painful, but often there is little or no pain. - temperature is usually normal, unlike an acute otitis media when the temperature will be raised. what happens after the grommet comes out? the grommet only helps while it is in the eardrum and open. the eardrum normally heals up and pushes the grommet out after six", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.452619681715392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.807133"} {"text": "media when the temperature will be raised. what happens after the grommet comes out? the grommet only helps while it is in the eardrum and open. the eardrum normally heals up and pushes the grommet out after six to twelve months. the time can taken varies from a few weeks to several years. once the grommet has come out of the eardrum, it is no longer working. - in 2 out of 3 cases, the hearing remains normal, there is no further build - up of fluid, and the condition is cured. - if the eustachian tube is still blocked, the glue ear can recur, and it may be necessary to operate again in 1 in 3 cases. - of patients who have a second set of grommets, about 1 in 3 will require a third, ( 1 in 9 overall ) of those 1 in 3 will require a fourth set ( 1 in 27 overall ) and so on. - if the hole in the eardrum does not heal up, it may be necessary to repair it at a later date. how do you know when the grommet is out? a loose grommet lying in the ear canal, one year after it was fitted. grommets are pushed out of the eardrum by the growth of skin around the flange. they are carried slowly outwards along the natural migration pathways of the ear canal skin. often, you won ' t know. if the grommet comes out, the eardrum heals up, and the glue ear doesn ' t come back, there may be no symptoms at all. that is why we recommend periodic check - ups, so we can tell you what is happening. - most patients don ' t notice anything when the grommet comes out. - there may be a slight pain or discomfort. - occasionally, the grommet comes out with an ear infection, in which case there may be discharge or bleeding from the ear. when we say the grommet has come out, we mean out of the ear drum. a grommet can sit in the ear canal, having come out of the ear drum. sometimes it can be hard to tell, even for a specialist, whether a grommet is still in the right place. wax, layers of skin, dried discharge, or a sharp bend in the ear canal, can all prevent a proper view. - when a grommet is just sitting in the ear canal, it is not working. - it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4013061809899021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.808165"} {"text": "the right place. wax, layers of skin, dried discharge, or a sharp bend in the ear canal, can all prevent a proper view. - when a grommet is just sitting in the ear canal, it is not working. - it is no longer doing any good. - mostly, it is not doing any harm either, and we just wait for it to come right out by itself. being very small, you won ' t always see a grommet when it comes out. they can easily get lost in the bedding. this doesn ' t matter. you don ' t need to keep a lookout for grommets. you should, however, pay attention to any recurrence of - hearing problems - bleeding from the ear any of these could indicate a problem needing further treatment. what happens to the grommet isn ' t too important. it ' s what happens to the ear that matters. will the ear bleed when the grommet comes out? - bleeding from the ear is most often caused by a tube granuloma. - it is a sign of infection. - usually, if caught early, it can be treated successfully with ear drops. do grommets scar the eardrum? yes. but the scar doesn ' t have any noticeable effect on hearing. it is less of a problem than the scarring caused by repeated ear infections. what are the complications of grommets? infected ventilation tube mucoid discharge with bubbles from middle ear tube granuloma left ear. long term ventilation tube colonised with biofilm and blocked with mucopus. key : g = granuloma eac = external ear canal vt = ventilation tube tm = tympanic membrane ( eardrum ) cholesteatoma left ear white keratin bone eroded from outer attic wall most grommet operations are straighforward and it is unlikely anything will go wrong. but all surgical procedures have risks. apart from the general risk of having an anaesthetic in hospital, the particular complications of grommets are - infection. normally shows as a discharge from the ear. best treated with eardrops, they must be correctly applied in order to work properly. - persistent infection tube granuloma, often with bleeding from the ear. probably due to bacteria becoming attached to the surface of the grommet as a biofilm and causing a reaction in the surrounding eardrum. if caught early, will usually respond to treatment with eardrops. otherwise, the gr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4563656733260322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.814054"} {"text": "from the ear. probably due to bacteria becoming attached to the surface of the grommet as a biofilm and causing a reaction in the surrounding eardrum. if caught early, will usually respond to treatment with eardrops. otherwise, the grommet may have to be removed to settle this infection. - perforated eardrum. the hole where the grommet was put does not always heal up. this may require further surgery to repair the perforated eardrum at a later stage. a grommet that stays in a long time ( years ) is more likely to leave a perforation. this does not necessarily mean the grommet should be removed. an eardrum which does not have very active healing will not push the grommet out. a grommet which stays in too long is probably the result, rather than the cause, of the perforation. - cholesteatoma. a ball of skin erodes the middle ear structures. said to be a rare complication of grommet insertion. more likely that a small cholesteatoma ( which may co - exist with glue ear ) is not noticed at the first operation to fit a grommet. the cholesteatoma then grows and becomes obvious later. i ' ve heard that grommet operations are unnecessary insertion of grommets is the commonest operation performed on children in the uk and there has been controversy over how many of these operations are really necessary. in most cases, glue ear is a temporary self - limiting condition. although grommets give immediate improvement in hearing, it is not sensible to subject a child to surgery if they are about to get better on their own. the difficulty lies in predicting who is going to get better without surgery and who is not. no - one has a completely accurate crystal ball for this, but experience allows us to have a fair idea. factors that make us recommend grommets are : - length of history - the longer fluid has persisted, the less likely it is to clear up on its own. we would normally wait at least three months before deciding on grommets. - age of the child - the younger the child, the less likely the glue ear will clear up. the normal age for \" growing out of \" glue ear is eight or nine. - severity of the hearing loss - the more severe the loss of hearing, the more likely grommets will be recommended. - the time of year - glue ear tends to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4215406056425276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.815522"} {"text": "age for \" growing out of \" glue ear is eight or nine. - severity of the hearing loss - the more severe the loss of hearing, the more likely grommets will be recommended. - the time of year - glue ear tends to get better in the spring and summer, worse in the autumn and winter. if we see a child with glue ear at the end of the summer, the chances are it will get worse not better, so an operation is more likely to be needed. - previous and family history - a child who has had glue ear before, or comes from a family where glue ear is common, is more likely to need grommets. - observing progressive damage to the eardrum - if the eardrum appears to be sucked in and thinned, or develops a retraction pocket, surgery is more likely to be recommended to try and prevent permanent damage. sometimes the damage will progress anyway, even if grommets are fitted and adenoids removed. - earaches and infections - a child subject to frequent earaches and infections will get more benefit from grommets. we may monitor the condition for months, or occasionally even years, before operating. - we only operate on patients who have had a reasonable chance to get better on their own, yet show no signs of improvement. - we do not carry out any unecessary operations. - the pros and cons of surgery, and any possible alternatives, are always fully discussed before a decision is made. - that decision is made solely in the best interests of the patient, following the principle of how we would like a member of our own family treated. further reading / links - national deaf children ' s society - parent - friendly guide to glue ear - nhs direct - nhs direct information sheet on glue ear - latest research on causes of glue ear - nice clinical guideline on surgical management of otitis media with effusion in children - issued february 2008. detailed, technical, written for healthcare professionals. - use and abuse of evidence based medicine - grommets, doctors and spin doctors. by jw fairley and idb hore. all information and advice on this website is of a general nature and may not apply to you. there is no substitute for an individual consultation. we recommend that you see your general practitioner if you would like to be referred.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3903068527720046, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.816777"} {"text": "most atlantic hurricanes start to take shape when thunderstorms along the west coast of africa drift out over warm ocean waters that are at least 80 degrees fahrenheit ( 27 degrees celsius ), where they encounter converging winds from around the equator. warm air, warm water make conditions right for hurricanes hurricanes start when warm, moist air from the ocean surface begins to rise rapidly, where it encounters cooler air that causes the warm water vapor to condense and to form storm clouds and drops of rain. the condensation also releases latent heat, which warms the cool air above, causing it to rise and make way for more warm humid air from the ocean below. as this cycle continues, more warm moist air is drawn into the developing storm and more heat is transferred from the surface of the ocean to the atmosphere. this continuing heat exchange creates a wind pattern that spirals around a relatively calm center, or eye, like water swirling down a drain. converging winds create hurricanes converging winds near the surface of the water collide, pushing more water vapor upward, increasing the circulation of warm air, and accelerating the speed of the wind. at the same time, strong winds blowing steadily at higher altitudes pull the rising warm air away from the storms center and send it swirling into the hurricanes classic cyclone pattern. high - pressure air at high altitudes, usually above 30, 000 feet ( 9, 000 meters ), also pull heat away from the storms center and cool the rising air. as high - pressure air is drawn into the low - pressure center of the storm, the speed of the wind continues to increase. as the storm builds from thunderstorm to hurricane, it passes through three distinct stages based on wind speed : - tropical depressionwind speeds of less than 38 miles per hour ( 61. 15 kilometers per hour ) - tropical stormwind speeds of 39 mph to 73 mph ( 62. 76 kph to 117. 48 kph ) - hurricanewind speeds greater than 74 mph ( 119. 09 kph ) scientists debate cause of temperature changes that create hurricanes while scientists agree on the mechanics of hurricane formation, and they agree that hurricanes are becoming more frequent and severe, thats where consensus ends. some scientists believe that human activity already has contributed significantly to global warming, which is increasing air and water temperatures worldwide and making it easier for hurricanes to form and gain destructive force. other scientists believe that the increase in severe hurricanes over the past decade is due to natural salinity and temperature changes deep in the atlanticpart of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46811291836521324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.820310"} {"text": "[ erlang - questions ] design methodology going from object oriented to functional programming? tue oct 23 04 : 41 : 26 cest 2007 actually, at the level you are describing, there should be no difference between fp and oop. while oop definitely emphasize data and relations, it is not the only paradigm that does so - and given your background you should be experienced with the relational paradigm, which has even heavier emphasis on data and relations, but is not oop. to leverage your knowledge on relations - you can pretend sql queries are functions, i. e. select is a function, update is a function, and insert is a function. then instead of writing insert ( object ) - which looks a lot like the sql query insert into table... that ' s it. in the java style oop the head of the statement is an object, and in fp the head of the statement is a function name. but in either case you need to model the same world. an extremely crude way of thinking about fp is that it decouples the data from the function ( or vice versa, that oop couples functions and data ). that means some facilities that you ' ve taken for granted in oop, such as inheritance, polymorphism, etc., will no longer be available. but fp have a different approaches to address these problems, and that ' s where the rubber meet the road. erlang ' s process model is basically the actor model - the idea of everything is an actor feels similar to everything is an object in oop. so as others have alluded to instead of thinking in objects you can think in processes. but actor model is independent of fp or oop, so you would still have to get used to the fp part in erlang. you might want to check out http : / / www. math. chalmers. se / ~ rjmh / papers / whyfp. html < http : / / www. math. chalmers. se / % 7erjmh / papers / whyfp. html >. a higher level introduction is http : / / www. defmacro. org / ramblings / fp. html. on 10 / 22 / 07, alexander lamb < > wrote : > hello list, > i am trying to understand what is the design process ( intellectual, that > is ) when building a program in erlang. > indeed, in the object oriented world, i would start by finding what my > classes might be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5299363241264955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.826262"} {"text": "> hello list, > i am trying to understand what is the design process ( intellectual, that > is ) when building a program in erlang. > indeed, in the object oriented world, i would start by finding what my > classes might be and the relationship between them. gradually i would add > functions ( class or instance methods ) to the classes in order to provide > solid foundations on top of which i can write an application. > for example, i could have person, profile, role, feature, etc... and > decide a profile is a collection of features. a person can have 0 or many > roles. a role is a profile on a given area ( a department for example ) for a > given time. i would then add functions such as \" give all the active roles > for the user \" or \" what features give that profile \" or \" does the user have a > given feature for that department \". > i admit it is more complexe than that, but you get the idea. > obviously, this doesn ' t seem to be the way to go with erlang. intuitively, > i would start making a list of all the functions which will allow me to > interract with my application. in that case i could have \" give me all users > with an active role on that department \", etc... then by implementing those > high level functions i would split them into pieces by calling smaller > simpler functions. the underlying data structure will \" just follow \" or > \" appear \" naturally. > hence : object oriented design is \" data structure and relationships first, > functions second \" and functional design is \" functions first, data structure > am i being over simplistic here. are there some guidelines as to how one > can approach a problem when creating a new program? especially programs > which deal with persistent data, not protocole analysers or socket servers! > alexander lamb > founding associate > rodanotech sarl > 4 ch. de la tour de champel > 1206 geneva > tel : 022 347 77 37 > fax : 022 347 77 38 > erlang - questions mailing list - - - - - - - - - - - - - - next part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - an html attachment was scrubbed... more information about the erlang - questions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.536093341586749, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.829857"} {"text": "brussels, 27 november 2003 travelling with pets : pet passports to be introduced in july 2004 the european commission today adopted a decision establishing a model passport which will allow pets and their owners to travel more easily within the european union. new eu legislation ( 1 ) comes into force in july 2004 which will mean all cats, dogs and ferrets will need a passport to travel. the pet passport, a veterinary document, will provide proof that the animal has been vaccinated against rabies. this is the sole requirement for pets to travel to all member states except ireland, sweden and the united kingdom ( 2 ). the passport can also contain details of other vaccinations, including those not required by law, as well as information on the animal ' s medical history. david byrne, the eu health and consumer protection commissioner said : \" this is great news for pet owners like myself. a pet passport will be accepted throughout the eu as proof that a pet has received the anti - rabies vaccination. it also makes it easier for vets to learn about the pet ' s medical history. this is a significant step for the free movement of people and their pets and a step that was made possible by dramatic advances made in our fight against rabies. rabies is now close to being totally eradicated from the eu \". why do pets need passports? harmonised veterinary controls on the movement of animals between member states for trade have been in place for some time. the same rules do not exist for pets. member states require many different documents to prove a pet meets the veterinary conditions required for travel. regulation 998 / 2003 harmonised the rules on travelling with pets to make it easier for eu citizens and their cats or dogs to enjoy the freedom of movement within the union. from 3 july 2004 the regulation will require cats, dogs and ferrets to have a pet passport. it will provide proof that the animal has been vaccinated against rabies. this is the sole requirement for pets to travel to all member states except ireland, sweden and the united kingdom. the pet passport will be accepted in all member states. it can also contain details of other vaccinations and clinical examinations to give a clear picture of the animal ' s health status. this will facilitate veterinary checks and provide evidence of good health for a pet travelling to third countries free of rabies or where the disease is under control. what will the passport look like? the pet passport will measure 100 x 152 mm with a blue cover and the yellow stars of the european emblem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47259045185499193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.836956"} {"text": "of good health for a pet travelling to third countries free of rabies or where the disease is under control. what will the passport look like? the pet passport will measure 100 x 152 mm with a blue cover and the yellow stars of the european emblem. the languages used will be english and the official language of the member state where the passport is issued. the words \" european union \" and the name of the member state will appear on the cover, along with the passport number which is the iso code of the member state followed by a unique number. what difference will it make? travelling with pets will become much easier. all the different documents needed for travel into each member state will be replaced by one veterinary document, the pet passport, which will be recognised across the eu. visits to the vet will also become much more straightforward as the passport can instantly inform the vet about the pet ' s medical history. more information : ip / 02 / 950. if you would like to receive a copy of the passport electronically, please send an e - mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org, indicating the language. ( 1 ) regulation 998 / 2003. ( 2 ) pets travelling to ireland, sweden and the united kingdom from the rest of the eu need to have an antibody titration test several months after the rabies vaccination to check it has been effective. the uk and ireland also require pets to be treated for ticks and tapeworm ( echinococcus ) as part of the pets travel scheme ( pets ). pets travelling to sweden need to follow different procedures according to the country of origin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4601359866752209, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.839637"} {"text": "block island is located at the eastern end of long island sound at 41. 2\u00b0 north and 71. 5\u00b0 west. it is composed of 7, 000 acres, and is seven miles long and three miles across. the island is a part of washington county, rhode island as the town of new shoreham, located about 14 miles of the rhode island coast at point judith. the island has about 1000 year round residents, which grows to over 10000 residents and visitors during the summer months. the geography of the island is dominated by the great salt pond near the center of the island, and is the location of the main harbor for the island. block island was created during the last ice age, when large glaciers spread across new england, carving out the landscape and depositing large piles of debris off the coast. this debris was then compacted by the glaciers, and created many of the islands to the south of new england, including nantucket, martha ' s vineyard, long island, and block island. the island was the home to the manissean tribe, which was a part of the narragansett tribes that lived along the coast. dutch explorer adriaen block explored the island in 1614. after being shipwrecked near manhattan a year before, block went on to explore the connecticut river and much of the coast of long island sound. the island now bears his name. the first settlers to the island came from the massachusetts bay colony in 1661, and it was incorporated as a town in the colony of rhode island in 1672. like many of the other small islands located off the southern coast of new england, block island remained isolated from the mainland. many of the inhabitants of the island survived by fishing or farming what they could out of the rocky soil. the invention of the steam engine in the early 1800 ' s changed the course of life on the island. because of the efficiency of the new steam ships, it was now easy and convenient for tourists to visit the island during the warm months. a large harbor and several new hotels were built to accommodate tourists visiting from connecticut and new york city. the invention of the automobile made tourism on the mainland easier, and the tourist industry began to decline. the island reinvented itself as a rustic fishing community. more recently, the island has witnessed a resurgence in tourism, but without the heavy bustle of the 1800 ' s. today, a stay on block island is more about relaxation than most other new england tourist spots. the seas around block island are notorious among sailors for the shallow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4155654488087649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.852216"} {"text": "has witnessed a resurgence in tourism, but without the heavy bustle of the 1800 ' s. today, a stay on block island is more about relaxation than most other new england tourist spots. the seas around block island are notorious among sailors for the shallow shoals and frequent fog. between 1819 and 1838, 59 ships were wrecked on or near the island. lighthouses were soon built on the north and southeast ends of the island in order to prevent such tragedies. block island north light this lighthouse was built in 1829, composed to two lights facing opposite directions. however, this did not prevent the schooner \" warrior \" from wrecking on nearby sandy shoals a few years later, killing 21 sailors. shifting sand threatened the building, and a new lighthouse was built a little farther inland in 1837. sailors still complained that the lights were too dim on the house, making it nearly useless on foggy seas. another new lighthouse was built in 1857, and this one too was threatened by sand. finally, the current lighthouse was built in 1869 by a contractor from fall river, massachusetts for $ 15000. the building is made out of granite with an iron tower containing a fresnel lens, and looks much like other lighthouses along long island sound. while originally lit by kerosene, the lighthouse was given a rotating electrified light in 1940. the light was automated in 1956, and eventually replaced with a steel structure located closer to the beach in 1973. after a massive restoration by the town of new shoreham, the north light was placed back into active service in the august 5, 1989, with it ' s bottom floor restored as a museum. block island southeast light this lighthouse was originally supposed to be built in 1857, but the money was diverted to reconstructing the north light instead. in 1872, local nicholas ball petitioned the government to build a lighthouse on the south end of the island, as many ships were in danger. congress again gave money for construction, and the southeast light was completed in 1875. the lighthouse is the tallest light in new england. the lighthouse is unlike any other on the new england coast, made with a combination of italianate and gothic revival architectural styles. it was built by t. h. tynan of staten island. the entire structure is built of brick, with a granite foundation. a 2 - story keeper ' s house is attached to the tower, which is capped by an iron lantern. the light was equipped with a kerosene - powered fog horn in 1906. after being destroyed by a fire, the fog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41048190741523716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.853627"} {"text": "granite foundation. a 2 - story keeper ' s house is attached to the tower, which is capped by an iron lantern. the light was equipped with a kerosene - powered fog horn in 1906. after being destroyed by a fire, the fog signal was replaced in 1972. because of the gradual erosion of the cliff edge near the lighthouse ( at one point nearly 50 feet away from the structure ), the lighthouse was moved 300 feet further inland in 1994, at a cost of $ 2 million. the lens for the light was replaced with another fresnel lens from cape lookout light in north carolina, and was relit on august 24, 1994. this lighthouse is now listed on the national register of historic places. block island is home to a very unique ecology. over 40 animals and plants that are found on the island are rare or endangered species, and this has brought the attention of both state and local governments. the town of new shoreham, as well as other local environmental organizations, have been putting forth money and resources to reserve parts of block island as nature reserves. one can get to block island by ferry from narragansett, new london, or riverhead, or on a new england airlines flight out of westerly. @ @ n41. 19, w71. 57 @ @", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4252397208623638, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.854418"} {"text": "for those of you who don ' t want to read the entire node a summary can be gleaned by reading the bold sections. like this? hate this? / msg great neb and tell me. philip ii, king of spain philip ii succeeded his father, charles v as king of spain. with this title came lands in the netherlands, milan, sicily, naples and the new world. philip was groomed for sovereignty from an early age and had extensive experience of ruling when he inherited the throne in 1556 due to his father ' s abdication. this was in stark opposition to his father ' s inexperience and youth upon his ascension. however despite this apparent advantage combined with his greatly diminished responsibility - charles v gave the holy roman empire and the habsburg lands to his brother ferdinand of habsburg - philip failed to prevent the loss of the netherlands to calvinist rebels or to take advantage of french weakness during his reign. he did manage to annex portugal in 1580 and he continued to expand spanish control in the new world. philip ' s biggest problem was money and he went bankrupt four times during his reign. philip was the subject of much malignment through the black legend, a series of writings designed to discredit their catholic opponents. these works are exaggerated and best and completely untrue at worst. known as el prudente in his native spain he had nothing of the wild hatred of heretics that he is accused of harboring. he was a cautious, perhaps over cautious, planner and thinker who considered all things carefully before making a decision. isabella = charles v, holy roman emperor, charles i of spain of portugal | of habsburg ( 1503 - 39 ) | ( 1500 - 58 ) | \u2191 \u2191 \u2191 \u2191 philip ii, king of spain = ( 1 ) maria = ( 2 ) mary tudor = ( 3 ) elizabeth = ( 4 ) anne of habsburg | of portugal | of england | of valois | of austria ( 1527 - 98 ) | ( 1527 - 45 ) x ( 1516 - 58 ) | ( 1545 - 68 ) | ( 1549 - 80 ) | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | | | | | don carlos | catalina = charles philibert | of habsburg | of habsburg | of savoy | ( 1545 - 68 ) | ( 1567 - 1597 ) | ( 1562 - 1630 ) | | | | isabella = albert | | of habsburg | of habsburg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44731418474183204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.884622"} {"text": "= charles philibert | of habsburg | of habsburg | of savoy | ( 1545 - 68 ) | ( 1567 - 1597 ) | ( 1562 - 1630 ) | | | | isabella = albert | | of habsburg | of habsburg \u2193 | ( 1566 - 1633 ) x ( 1559 - 1621 ) | | | | | | ferdinand carlos lorenzo diego philip iii maria of habsburg of habsburg of habsburg of habsburg of habsburg ( 1571 - 78 ) ( 1573 - 75 ) ( 1575 - 82 ) ( 1578 - 1621 ) ( 1580 - 83 ) x denotes died without issue his early life philip was born in valladolid on 21 may 1527, the first son of isabella of portugal and charles v. much like his parents he was, according to the venetian ambassador, paolo tiepolo, \" slight of stature and round - faced with very pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lips and pink skin \". he also possessed the distinctive habsburg chin that was large and stuck out. his early education primarily fell to martinez siliceo and bartholome de carranze and other specialist scholars. it soon became clear that, as g woodward puts it, \" philip was an aesthete, not an athlete \". charles intended to groom his son for kingship from an early age and at twelve philip attended council meetings. at sixteen philip became regent of spain and in his twenties he travelled to milan, the holy roman empire, the netherlands and england. in 1543 he married his cousin, maria of portugal but she died only two years later with birth of his first son don carlos. during the next decade philip continued to play a major part in ruling his father ' s dominions throughout europe. in 1554 philip married mary tudor, queen of england. the marriage was purely political and mary was ten years philip ' s senior. philip himself did not care for mary in the slightest and could not stand to spend time with her, for her part mary was obsessed with him. philip and religion for philip the church and his catholic faith was the centre of his life. no decision could be made without consulting his spiritual advisers and when looking at his decisions one must bare in mind the key part that his faith played in his choices. philip was extremely pious from an early age, inspired by his mother, isabella of portugal. he attended mass daily throughout his life and his great palace el escorial was also a jeronimite monastary. most importantly god ' s omniscience meant that events", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4010915649316509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.885981"} {"text": "early age, inspired by his mother, isabella of portugal. he attended mass daily throughout his life and his great palace el escorial was also a jeronimite monastary. most importantly god ' s omniscience meant that events were always as he desired them and could be no other way. when his advisers questioned his plans or opinions in even the most respectful way he would often fall back on an argument of god ' s will. philip saw himself as god ' s tool on earth and he believed he had been given a mission by god. this messianic imperialism often annoyed his advisers and as the duke of parma remarked in 1586, \" one day god will grow tired of working miracles for us \" nevertheless religion continued to be the driving force in many of philip ' s decisions, \" the cause of religion must take precedence over everything \" - philip ii 1591. his wars against england, the dutch rebels and the turks all had religious motivations behind them. despite this as g parker \" it happened that these goals [ religious ones ] coincided with philip ' s perception of spain ' s political interests, and this congruence ' between god ' s service and mine ' no doubt played a part in his numerous decisions to go to war \" religion remained the cornerstone of philip ' s policy making and often presented problems when war could no longer be sustained and a peace agreement needed to be reached. he would not compromise over religion, stating in 1566 to the pope \" i would rather lose all my lands and a hundred lives if i had them because i do not propose to be a ruler over heretics \" philip : a bureaucrat philip was one of the first monarchs to have to deal with the huge increase in information that occurred during the 16th century. communications from all over his vast empire would be supplemented by a huge number of domestic issues that were now dealt with centrally under philip ' s extremely centralised government. on top of this all ambassadors and spanish contacts at foreign contacts at the european courts would send information to philip and his government. philip insisted on reading all of this information personally and making a decision himself. this became one of his most significant problems with governing his empire, his inability to delegate. philip continued to use the concilliar system of his father, charles v, to govern where possible. this consisted of a number of councils as follows : | the king | | councils | councils | | | | _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48238490745597923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.887095"} {"text": ", to govern where possible. this consisted of a number of councils as follows : | the king | | councils | councils | | | | _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | | | | | | | | council of | | inquisition | | castile | _ _ _ | indies | | state ( 1522 ) | | ( 1483 ) | | ( 1480 ) | | ( 1524 ) | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | | | _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | | | | | | | | council of | | military | | aragon | _ _ _ | italy | | war ( 1517 ) | | orders 1495 | | ( 1481 ) | | ( 1555 ) | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | | | | | cruxada | | portugal | | ( 1509 ) | | ( 1582 ) | | | | | | finance | | flanders | | ( 1523 ) | | ( 1588 ) | note : the dates are the foundation dates of the individual councils the council of state was the supreme council along with the council of war and together they governed the empire, subordinate only to philip. the remaining councils dealt with their own specific area as is implied by their names with the cruxada dealing with crusades. additional councils could be set up to deal with specific issues, such as the armada. philip rarely sat in on the council of state but did attend the council of castile once a week. he insisted that all councils report all their meetings to him on paper. he considered personal meetings inefficient and unproductive. the spanish court was traditionally conducted on an aural basis and so this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4589812161088275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.887836"} {"text": "the council of castile once a week. he insisted that all councils report all their meetings to him on paper. he considered personal meetings inefficient and unproductive. the spanish court was traditionally conducted on an aural basis and so this often irritated those at court, with don luis manrique, the king ' s almoner, angrily remarking, \" god did not send your majesty and all the other kings to spend their time on earth so that they could hide themselves away reading and writing, or even meditating or praying. \" this policy of micro - management meant that above all, each decision took a very long time, as pope pius v \" your majesty spends so long considering your undertakings that when the moment to perform them comes the occasion has passed and the money has been spent. \" or as cardinal granvelle \" if death came from spain, i should be immortal \" charles mortgaged the future for the sake of the present philip ' s father, charles v had ruled over a huge european empire comprising of spain, parts of italy, the netherlands and the holy roman empire. he had experienced great troubles in attempting to govern such a huge area, so spread throughout europe. as he neared the end of his reign he decided to divide his territories and his son philip was to inherit spain, her territories in the new world and italy and the netherlands. charles left his son a number of pieces of advice including writing a \" manual \", often referred to as his ' political testament ' for government that instructed philip in the ways of ruling and contained charles ' thoughts on the most troublesome areas of his empire. as later as 1600 the spanish ambassador in savoy reminded his sovereign of \" what his majesty the emperor said in the instructions that he gave the later king our lord philip ii \" and suggested that its strategic analysis still held good. philip himself clearly valued these pieces of advice, as he told a councillor in 1559 : \" i remember a lesson that his majesty [ charles ] taught me very many years ago and things have gone well for me when i followed it and very badly when i did not \" charles ' political testament is often considered to be an extremely shrewd summary of the political problems likely to face philip during his reign. here are some extracts : \" common sense and experience show that unless you watch and take the trouble to understand the actions of other states and rulers, and maintain friends and informants in all areas, it will be difficult if not impossible to live in peace, or to avoid, oppose, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4174545770666134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.888852"} {"text": "and experience show that unless you watch and take the trouble to understand the actions of other states and rulers, and maintain friends and informants in all areas, it will be difficult if not impossible to live in peace, or to avoid, oppose, and remedy anything that is attempted against you and your possessions... especially since ( as i have already noted ) they are separated from another, and the object of envy. \" \" avoiding war and keeping it at bay is not always in the power of those who want it... especially of those who rule realms as great and as numerous and as far - flung as god, in his goodness, has given me and which, if he pleases, i shall leave to you. rather this depends on the good or ill will of neighbours and other states. \" both these points succinctly summarise some of the difficulties that charles faced and that philip was to face. while philip was not such an obvious subject for jealousy as charles ( not possessing the holy roman empire ) he was still the most powerful european monarch and on many occasions natural allies would oppose him fearing an increase in spain ' s power. both quotes emphasise the troubles of that the geographical location of philip ' s territories would cause him. \" the preservation, peace and grandeur of spain depends on the affairs of italy being well ordered \" philip was able to gain almost entire control of large parts of italy at the beginning of his reign following his defeat of the french. this, combined with the weak divided nature of the french nation throughout the latter part of the 16th century, gave him the required well ordered affairs in italy. this proved of some advantage when attacking the turks and in maintaining access to his lands in the netherlands \" your treasury will be in such a state [ when you succeed me ] that it will give you a lot of trouble \" this was certainly an accurate appraisal, if a little obvious and he proceeded to recommend, \" attend closely to finances and learn to understand the problems involved. \" however, as g. woodward points out \" neither charles nor philip paid much attention to this aphorism \" and in this perhaps lay philip ' s downfall and with it the downfall of spain. ascension of philip and defeat of france on 22 october 1555 charles v abdicated in the netherlands and ceded his territories there to philip ii. this was followed on 16 jan 1556 with the abdication of charles v in spain and philip ' s ascension. philip now ruled over the netherlands, spain and all spain ' s territories including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49397305827689797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.889899"} {"text": "in the netherlands and ceded his territories there to philip ii. this was followed on 16 jan 1556 with the abdication of charles v in spain and philip ' s ascension. philip now ruled over the netherlands, spain and all spain ' s territories including those in the new world. he had inherited his father ' s mantle of the most powerful monarch in europe. only one man could challenge him - suleiman the magnificent, ottoman sultan. the ottoman turks had been steadily encroaching on the austrian habsburg lands throughout his father ' s reign and now they were to challenge him in the mediterranean. philip inherited a war from charles v that had started in 1550 and was to continue to 1578. this battle was vital to spain as many spaniards saw the mediterranean as spain ' s true sphere of influence. however in the 1550s tripoli, penon de velez and bougie fell to the turks and philip knew that if the coast of africa became turkish communications with naples and sicily ( both spanish territories ) would be seriously threatened. despite this threat philip ' s primary concern when he came to power was france. the valois kings of france and the habsburg holy roman emperors had been enemies for decades and philip now had to deal with this rivalry. italy and the netherlands had traditionally been the battle grounds for the valois / habsburgs conflicts. inheriting his father ' s conflict in italy philip sent alva at the head of a 12, 000 strong army to threaten the pope into peace. the army proved a suitably persuasive tool and while francis, duke of guise suffered defeat at civitella the pope was forced to capitulate. philip ' s clement terms for the papacy in the subsequent peace treaty won him the support of all major states in italy. a number of skirmishes followed in the next two years but neither henry ii of france nor philip ii could afford to continue the costly war and peace talks got underway at cateau - cambresis. the talks proved successful for philip. he had to sacrifice calais ( as king of england he had a claim to it ) but he retained savoy and all of the italian states. to seal the treaty philip married elizabeth of valois, henry ' s daughter. with france now dealt with philip was free to concentrate on the mediterranean. in 1560 his fleet sailed out only to be defeated by the turks and eight galleys and 10, 000 men were captured. philip busied himself assembling a large fleet and in 1564 a spanish fleet recaptured penon de velez and in september", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4436462964495133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.891005"} {"text": "1560 his fleet sailed out only to be defeated by the turks and eight galleys and 10, 000 men were captured. philip busied himself assembling a large fleet and in 1564 a spanish fleet recaptured penon de velez and in september 1565 spanish vessels lifted the siege of malta. philip had established spanish control in the mediterranean, defeated france, won italy and seen his great rival, henry ii of france, die in a jousting accident in 1559. philip had passed the early test of his reign but troubles lay over the horizon. from these promising beginnings troubles began to arise for philip. in 1568 the moriscos, converted muslims, revolted in spain. the moriscos had been increasingly discriminated against, their primary source of income, the silk trade, had gone into recession and the harvest failed in 1567. in addition the moriscos still resented their forcible conversion in 1526 and many had not changed their ways at all, they remained a predominantly non - christian element in spain. the discrimination against the moriscos culminated on 1st january 1567 with a royal decree banning moorish literature, songs, dress and traditional customs. the war was extremely bloody and atrocities were committed on both sides. at medena, for example, the curate was filled with gunpowder and blown up by muslim rebels. don john of austria, the spanish leader, ordered the entire population of galera, about 2, 500 men, women and children, to be put to death in february 1570. perhaps the cruellest blow came with philip ' s solution to the revolt, the deportation and resettlement of all morsicos throughout spain. the moriscos were uprooted with few or none of their possessions and moved all over spain. although they were no longer able to rebel the policy had no success in integrating the moriscos into spanish society. whilst spain ' s morisco revolt was crushed philip ' s subjects in the netherlands were making their voices heard. the nobility resented philip ' s attempts to increase his control, the presence of spanish troops and they wanted toleration for their calvinist faith. philip ' s natural sister, margaret of parma, was his governor general in the netherlands and she panicked, fearing that she was losing control. she wrote to philip claiming that the netherlands was in outright calvinist rebellion, a completely exaggerated claim. philip prepared to send an army to the netherlands under the command of the duke of alva. the army arrived in the netherlands expecting a country in a disar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4080505075443511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.892082"} {"text": "to philip claiming that the netherlands was in outright calvinist rebellion, a completely exaggerated claim. philip prepared to send an army to the netherlands under the command of the duke of alva. the army arrived in the netherlands expecting a country in a disarray and rebellion. when they arrived they found an entirely ordered and calm country. not one to be deterred by such minor matters alva proceeded to persecute the dutch until a rebellion actually occurred. this rebellion would result in 78 years of conflict, broken only by the twelve year truce between 1609 and 1621. alva remained in control of the netherlands until 1572 when william of orange invaded with the help of the sea beggars. he succeeded in taking the northern states of holland and zealand and these states became the base for the dutch / spanish conflict. alva was recalled in 1573 and replaced by don luis de requesens y zuniga. this has little success though and requesens dies in 1576 having achieved little. the next governor general, don john of austria, took over 6 months to arrive and it while the spanish forces remained leaderless the dutch signed the pacification of ghent. calling a truce between the spanish and rebel territories. the turks returned as a threat after philip ' s victories in 1564 and 65. the mounting problem prompted pope pius v to form a holy league comprising of the papacy, venice and spain. philip reluctantly agreed and in october 1571 the league fleet scored an astounding victory over the turks at lepanto. the fleet, commanded by don john of austria, philip ' s half brother, captured over half the turkish ships and killed 30, 000 turks. this was the worst naval defeat for the turks since 1402. the defeat marked a key point in the ongoing battle for control of the mediterranean and historians have argued that after this the mediterranean no longer held the same level of significance for spain. by 1578 philip appeared to be facing a united netherlands aided by a recovering france, a protestant england and german nobility. he had declared bankruptcy in 1575 for the third time. more importantly at the age of 51 his eldest son was only three and many spaniard believed that his death would result in the collapse of spain. despite these problems philip recovered over the next decade to annex portugal and make significant gains in the netherlands thanks to his new governor general, allesandro farnese, duke of parma. unification of the iberian peninsula and religious war sebastian i, king of portugal disappeared whilst crusading against the turks and he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4057878434733406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.893135"} {"text": "and make significant gains in the netherlands thanks to his new governor general, allesandro farnese, duke of parma. unification of the iberian peninsula and religious war sebastian i, king of portugal disappeared whilst crusading against the turks and he was assumed killed at alcazarquivir in morocco. his heir was his great - uncle henry. unfortunately, as g woodward puts it henry was a \" deaf, half - blind, toothless, sixty - six - year - old cardinal who was far from well when he surprisingly married the thirteen - year - old daughter of the duchess of braganca ; a \". henry died on 31 january 1580 and philip had a claim to the throne through his mother, isabella of portugal, daughter of manuel i. philip acted quickly sending representatives to portugal to win over the nobility. by june he had sufficient support to send in an army of 37, 000 troops. the army swiftly dealt with don antonio, an illegitimate son of henry ' s brother and philip gained control of portugal. he was recognised as king of portugal in april 1581 and the iberian peninsula was unified. philip ' s fortunes in the netherlands began to turn as parma showed his military prowess by retaking a number of key towns and forcing the rebels back into their stronghold of holland and zealand. the unification of the netherlands was over and the catholic southern provinces united under spain with union of arras while the northern rebels signed the union of utrecht, both in 1579. the rebels were successful in enlisting help from the english who signed the treaty of nonsuch in 1585 pledging key support to the rebels. despite this they were still decidedly on the defensive. william of orange, the rebel leader, had been assassinated in 1584 by a catholic fanatic and the rebels now remained unsure of direction and in danger of succumbing to parma. however philip ' s later insistence that parma take a quick jaunt into france cost the spanish valuable territory. in france henry iii was proving to be a foolhardy and incompetent king and philip had to intervene on numerous occasions with troops to aid the catholic league. he had been funding the guise family and the league in their religious war for some years yet henry ' s indecision and attempts to play the huguenots and catholics off against each other had caused further troubles. although the situation in france distracted philip it was not until 1589 with the assassination of henry iii that the situation became truly desperate. england ' s involvement in the netherlands had forced philip to consider strategies for launching", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3958600311831614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.895339"} {"text": "off against each other had caused further troubles. although the situation in france distracted philip it was not until 1589 with the assassination of henry iii that the situation became truly desperate. england ' s involvement in the netherlands had forced philip to consider strategies for launching an assault on britain. the plans for the enterprise of england would take two years but they culminated in one of the largest fleets ever assembled and one the most famous naval battles in history. in 1588 the spanish armada set sail from lisbon and travelled along the coast of france to the english channel. a series of events ( detailed in the spanish armada node ) resulted in the resounding defeat of the armada, an enterprise that had cost philip 10 million ducats. the defeat was a blow to the prestige of spain and of philip but more importantly it had failed to end english aid to the dutch rebels and as parma was distracted by events in france the rebels were able to win back many of the towns taken by him. the damage was so great that by 1594 the rebels held all land which they could hope to lay claim to. philip ' s hopes of retaining a united netherlands under spain had evaporated and without parma there was no real chance of future success. in france king henry iii was assassinated in 1589 and henry iv, a protestant, immediately claimed the throne. he had already proved his military prowess and he laid siege to paris. he had defeated the armies of the guise family and the catholic league and it was clear that the fall of paris was imminent. philip decided that should paris fall the catholic cause would be lost so in 1590 he ordered parma to leave the netherlands and relieve paris. parma successfully did this and henry iv was forced to give up his siege. however henry iv was able to continue his successful manoeuvrings around france and he managed to take more and more cities. philip was forced to send parma back into france in 1592. parma again showed his reputation as one of the best generals in europe was deserved as he out manoeuvred henry ' s forces and relieved rouen. parma, however, died on his return journey to the netherlands and philip lost both a great general and a valued adviser. philip is viewed differently by historians. traditionally he has been seen as a bungler whose insistence on micro - management and bureaucracy caused huge problems for his regents, espcially with the size of his empire. however recent historians, particularly geoffrey parker and henry kamen have taken a more kindly view towards philip ' s efforts. henry kamen believes that, \" philip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4401566029778492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.896393"} {"text": "management and bureaucracy caused huge problems for his regents, espcially with the size of his empire. however recent historians, particularly geoffrey parker and henry kamen have taken a more kindly view towards philip ' s efforts. henry kamen believes that, \" philip was never at any time in adequate control of events, or of his kingdoms, or even of his own destiny. it follows that he cannot be held responsible for more than a small part of what eventually transpired during his reign... he was ' imprisoned with a destiny in which he himself had little hand '. he could do little more than play the dice available to him \" while a kinder view of philip than historians have so far presented is perhaps merited one must not fall into the trap of blindly following modern revisionist historians. philip made a number of mistakes during his reign and his policy of micro management caused him and spain a number of serious problems, not least of which were financial. in 1556 philip did not inherit a healthy treasury but as the following table shows he left it in an even worse state for his son, philip iii. | estimated | national | debt | income | debt | interest 1560 | 3. 1 | 25. 5 | 1. 6 1575 | 5. 5 | 40. 0 | 2. 7 1598 | 9. 7 | 85. 5 | 4. 6 philip ' s son, philip iii, is commonly regarded as having presided over the decline of the spanish empire. however the seeds for this decline were most definitely sown in the reign of philip ii. he lost part of the netherlands to rebellion, his treasury was in a dire state and france, england and germany were dominated by protestants. despite the improvement in communications technology the efficiency and speed of communication was not high enough for philip ' s policy of central government. his decision were often slow to arrive and out of date by the time they did so yet he would not allow his generals and regents scope to make their own judgements and decisions. my own notes made in class philip ii - geoffrey woodward, longman 1993 philip ii : a grand strategy - geoffrey parker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4330909069666024, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.897278"} {"text": "cori spezzati ( kor ' ee spetz ah ' tee ), italian for \" separated choirs, \" is the term used to describe a musical composition that uses spatial effects to emphasize the interplay between its various voices. typically, this means placing two or more choirs or groups of instruments in various places around a performance space. music that is intended to be performed cori spezatti is by nature antiphonal ; in fact, some consider these two terms to be synonymous, at least when they refer to instrumental music. cori spezzati isn ' t a particularly common form of music, and for obvious reasons. in order for it to work out right, it must be performed in a specific type of space ; namely, one which is both big enough to accomodate the separation of the instrumental / vocal groups and acoustically suited to the kind of call and answer phrasing that characterizes antiphonal music. ( if the space is too echoey, the interplay among the groups just becomes muddled. if it ' s just moderately echoey, though, it sounds great. ) and even in concert halls which meet these specifications, there ' s a certain awkwardness to the idea of putting half the ensemble onstage and sending the rest up to the balcony or ( as i have seen done ) forsaking the stage altogether and having half the group stand in the left - hand balcony and the other half in the right - hand one. the type of performance space which is most obviously suited to cori spezzati is the cathedral ; in churches, the problem of the stage is eliminated, and there are generally balconies and nooks and crannies galore in renaissance - style basilicas. unsurprisingly, a renaissance basilica was the formal birthplace of cori spezzati : in the late 1500 ' s, giovanni gabrieli, the music director, organist, and composer - in - residence at st. mark ' s basilica in venice, began experimenting with the idea of separating his choirs and putting them in different places around the church. gabrieli is considered to be the father of cori spezzati, and probably the only composer to write a serious volume of work in this style. he wrote both choral and instrumental pieces ( mostly sacred, because of the nature of his job ), some of which are still performed today and shouldn ' t be too hard to find recordings of. ( i, unfortunately, do not own recordings of any of gabriel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5068888938314834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.899890"} {"text": "what does it mean? and what is it for? it is used to map a canonical name for a servlet ( not an actual servlet class that you ' ve written ) to a jsp ( which happens to be a servlet ). on its own it isn ' t quite useful. you ' ll often need to map the servlet to a url - pattern as : all requests now arriving at / test / * will now be serviced by the jsp. additionally, the servlet specification also states : jsp - file element contains the full path to a jsp file within the web application beginning with a \u201c / \u201d. if a jsp - file is specified and the load - onstartup element is present, then the jsp should be precompiled and so, it can be used for pre - compiling servlets, in case your build process hasn ' t precompiled them. do keep in mind, that precompiling jsps this way, isn ' t exactly a best practice. ideally, your build script ought to take care of such matters. is it like code behind architecture in asp. net? no, if you ' re looking for code - behind architecture, the closest resemblance to such, is in the managed beans support offered by jsf.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48204966155410783, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.901095"} {"text": "i have taught this introductory survey course to large groups ranging from 75 to 120 students. in the classroom, i use structured class discussions to promote student engagement, assign in - class writing on weekly readings, utilize small groups to involve even the most reserved students in class activities, and bring research and media familiar to students ' lives as a way of illustrating key sociological concepts. i often incorporate my own research on collegiate cultures to demonstrate both how to do research and ways that sociology intersects with their own worlds.. in this introductory course, we will explore what it means to do sociology. one of the most exciting things about sociology is that you can study anything from a sociological perspective. therefore, this class will cover a variety of diverse issues including but not limited to race, class, gender, deviance, religion, and politics. throughout the semester we will look at how these topics relate to current social issues. most importantly, students will learn to apply a sociological lens to the topics that most interest them. this upper - level course is designed for between 50 - 75 students. the class provides the students with empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks necessary to understand the k - 12 and postsecondary educational systems in the united states. the class is discussion based, and focused on honing students \u2019 critical thinking skills. students must complete two mini - paper assignments designed to build their writing skills. in this class we explore how external forces ( like politics, financial support, and demographics of the population ) shape how schools work, how internal institutional arrangements sort and channel students in different directions, what factors shape student achievement and behavior, and how schooling influences where individuals end up in society. we start with a case study of how gender, race, and class shape students \u2019 experiences in urban schools. we then move to examination of key theories in the sociology of education, and analyze their utility for understanding today \u2019 s educational issues. the class also includes a second case study that helps us to look across and within schools as institutions. finally, we end with a closer look at how social class, race, gender, and sexuality both organize and are organized by educational environments. this upper - level course is designed for a small group of students, up to 35. in the class, i seek to build studentsi knowledge of sociological perspectives on the family while strengthening their written and oral communication skills. the class is discussion based, and driven by student participation. i encourage critical thinking about how data on the family are collected, analyzed, and presented as \" fact. \" students also employ critical thinking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5194921217808197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.904486"} {"text": "citing rising jewish intermarriage rates, the leading organization devoted to combating tay - sachs is urging doctors to encourage the use of more comprehensive testing methodology to identify carriers of the deadly genetic disease. the national tay - sachs & allied diseases association issued its position statement on tay - sachs carrier screening in september 2009. the statement stressed the importance of using enzyme testing to discover whether individuals are tay - sachs carriers, rather than relying solely on dna testing, which it warned is becoming \u201c less sensitive \u201d as \u201c the ashkenazi jewish population becomes less homogeneous. \u201d in the 1970s, when the first tay - sachs screening programs were set up, the only carrier - detection method was enzyme testing, which uses a blood sample to look for the low levels of hexosaminidase a enzyme that suggest someone is a tay - sachs carrier. in recent years, however, dna testing has enabled screening for a battery of jewish genetic diseases all at once via a saliva or buccal sample. dna testing geared toward ashkenazi jews searches for specific genetic mutations that cause tay - sachs and are prevalent among this population. but it does not turn up other tay - sachs mutations that are more prevalent among non - jews. rising levels of intermarriage mean that the traditional ashkenazi mutations increasingly are not the only ones that jews have to worry about. \u201c as jews have become a more mixed group, there is less and less chance that those mutations are the only ones that can be found in jews, \u201d said dr. jodi hoffman of the tufts medical center, who led the ntsad advisory panel that recommended updating the guidelines. \u201c anyone who has ever had someone marry into the family who \u2019 s not ashkenazi can have a different mutation. \u201d when two parents are both carriers of mutations that cause tay - sachs, each of their children will have a 25 % chance of being born with the disease. despite common misconceptions, tay - sachs does not affect only jews. one in 30 ashkenazi jews is a carrier, but carriers are equally common in non - jewish french - canadian and cajun popultions, and irish people also have a relatively high carrier rate. the carrier rate in the general population is about 1 in 300. according to the ntsad statement, dna testing first became available in the 1990s and screening for three mutations has yielded a 92 % to 98 % success rate in identifying carriers among people of entirely ashkenazi descent. intermarriage, however, is making the jewish community more het", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46415336051028544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.908880"} {"text": ", dna testing first became available in the 1990s and screening for three mutations has yielded a 92 % to 98 % success rate in identifying carriers among people of entirely ashkenazi descent. intermarriage, however, is making the jewish community more heterogeneous. \u201c the genetic mix in our society is not as segregated as it once was, so the simple dna test may not be effective anymore, \u201d said ntsad \u2019 s executive director, susan kahn. dna testing for three mutations among non - ashkenazi individuals is reported to have yielded a detection rate of only about 20 %. even when the dna test looked for five different mutations, the success rate climbed to just 60 %. enzyme testing, which studies have shown to be 98 % reliable in detecting tay - sachs carriers, works by measuring the hex - a activity in serum or white - blood cells. in babies born with tay - sachs, the absence of hex - a enzyme causes lipid buildup in nervous system cells, especially in the brain, which almost always leads to death by age 5. carriers, though asymptomatic, have lower levels of hex - a that can be detected in a blood sample. because enzyme testing measures actual rates of hex - a rather than looking for specific genetic mutations \u2014 which can be different in different populations \u2014 intermarriage does not compromise its reliability. the decreased level of hex - a is analogous to a fever : it is easy and straightforward to measure, even though its underlying cause \u2014 in this case, a mutation \u2014 may be difficult to pinpoint. the ntsad statement expressed concern about people who have had a dna test opting out of enzyme testing. while it stated that \u201c dna testing is the appropriate screening modality for many other genetic disorders, \u201d it urged medical professionals to emphasize the importance of enzyme analysis, which it recommended \u201c as the primary testing modality for identifying carriers for tay - sachs disease. \u201d the statement suggested that \u201c dna testing can and should be used to confirm tay - sachs enzyme results, to clarify indeterminate enzyme results, to identify cases of pseudodeficiency, as well as to provide molecular information for reproductive procedures and genetic counseling. \u201d \u201c dna testing is nice because it can be confirmatory, \u201d hoffman said. \u201c it provides added information, but enzyme testing is the gold standard. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4805324375693847, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.909908"} {"text": "hsbc launches $ 100 million climate change effort hsbc launches $ 100 million climate change initiative financial services giant hsbc has announced a five - year, $ 100 million partnership with four environmental organizations to respond to the threat of global climate change. comprised of hsbc, the climate group, the earthwatch institute, the smithsonian tropical research institute, and the world wildlife fund, the hsbc climate partnership will build on hsbc ' s previous five - year, $ 50 million \" eco - partnership, \" investing in nature, which concluded in 2006. the latest commitment by the company represents both the largest charitable donation ever made by a british company and the largest contribution ever received by each of the nonprofit partners. \" by working with four of the world ' s most respected environmental organizations and creating a ' green taskforce ' of thousands of hsbc employees worldwide, we believe we can tackle the causes and impacts of climate change, \" said paul lawrence, president and ceo of hsbc bank usa. the partnership will work to help five of the world ' s major cities \u2014 hong kong, london, new york, shanghai, and mumbai \u2014 respond to the challenges of climate change ; create \" climate champions \" worldwide to undertake field research and bring back valuable information and experience to their communities ; conduct the largest - ever field experiment on the world ' s forests to measure carbon and the effects of climate change ; and help protect some of the world ' s major rivers, including the amazon, ganges, thames, and yangtze, from the effects of climate change, benefiting the 450 million people who rely on them. according to christopher walker, u. s. director of the climate group, climate change increasingly is an urban issue. \" high summer temperatures, storms, and rising sea levels will have more extreme impacts on city life.... [ and ] many of the solutions lie in cities \u2014 concentrations of capital, decision makers, opinion formers, and population, \" he added. \" through the hsbc climate partnership, we will accelerate our program in five world cities, engaging the most influential businesses and city governments to lead a ' coalition of the willing ' against global warming. \" hsbc announces us $ 100 million program to combat climate change world - wide. hsbc press release primary subject : environment location ( s ) : china, hong kong, india, international, london, mumbai, national, new york, new york city, shanghai, united kingdom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4494315707390293, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.914670"} {"text": "france, officially the french republic is a unitary semi - presidential republic in western europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the indian, pacific, and atlantic oceans. metropolitan france extends from the mediterranean sea to the english channel and the north sea, and from the rhine to the atlantic ocean. it is often referred to as l \u2019 hexagone because of the geometric shape of its territory. it is the largest western european country and it possesses the second - largest exclusive economic zone in the world, just behind that of the united states. over the past 500 years france has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in europe and around the world. during the 17th and 18th centuries, france colonised great parts of north america and southeast asia ; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, france built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of north, west and central africa, southeast asia, and many caribbean and pacific islands. france has its main ideals expressed in the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen. the french republic is defined as indivisible, secular, democratic and social by its constitution. france is one of the world ' s most developed countries, it possesses the world ' s fifth largest economy measured by gdp, the ninth - largest economy measured by purchasing power parity and is europe ' s second largest economy by nominal gdp. france is the wealthiest nation in europe \u2013 and the fourth wealthiest in the world \u2013 in aggregate household wealth. france enjoys a high standard of living as well as a high public education level, and has also one of the world ' s longest life expectancies. france has been listed as the world ' s \" best overall health care \" provider by the world health organization. it is the most visited country in the world, receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually. france has the world ' s fourth largest nominal military budget, the third largest military in nato and eu ' s largest army. france also possesses the third largest nuclear weapons stockpile in the world \u2013 with around 300 active warheads as of 25 may 2010 \u2013 and the world ' s second largest diplomatic corps. france is a founding member of the united nations, one of the five permanent members of the un security council, and a member of the francophonie, the g8, g20, nato, oecd, wto, and the latin union. it is also a founding and leading member state of the european union and the largest eu state by area. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5092273085158479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.920852"} {"text": "member of the francophonie, the g8, g20, nato, oecd, wto, and the latin union. it is also a founding and leading member state of the european union and the largest eu state by area. in 2011, france was listed 20th on the human development index and 24th on the corruption perceptions index. mont saint - michel is a rocky tidal island and a commune in normandy, france. it is located approximately one kilometre off the country ' s north - western coast, at the mouth of the couesnon river near avranches. the population of the island is 41, as of 2006. the island has been a strategic point holding fortifications since ancient times, and since the 8th century ad it became the seat of the saint - michel monastery, from which it draws the name. the mont - saint - michel and its bay are part of the unesco list of world heritage sites. more than 3, 000, 000 people visit it each year. mont - saint - michel was used in the 6th and 7th centuries as an armorican stronghold of romano - breton culture and power, until it was ransacked by the franks, thus ending the trans - channel culture that had stood since the departure of the romans in ad 460. before the construction of the first monastic establishment in the 8th century, the island was called \" monte tombe \". according to legend, the archangel michael appeared to st. aubert, bishop of avranches, in 708 and instructed him to build a church on the rocky islet. aubert repeatedly ignored the angel ' s instruction, until michael burned a hole in the bishop ' s skull with his finger. the mount gained strategic significance in 933 when william \" long sword \", william i, duke of normandy, annexed the cotentin peninsula, definitively placing the mount in normandy. it is depicted in the bayeux tapestry which commemorates the 1066 norman conquest of england. harold, earl of wessex is pictured on the tapestry rescuing two norman knights from the quicksand in the tidal flats during a battle with conan ii, duke of brittany. norman ducal patronage financed the spectacular norman architecture of the abbey in subsequent centuries. in 1067, the monastery of mont - saint - michel gave its support to duke william of normandy in his claim to the throne of england. it was rewarded with properties and grounds on the english side of the channel, including a small island off the southwestern coast of cornwall which was modeled after the mount and became a norman priory named st michael", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43848783965815386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.922316"} {"text": "of normandy in his claim to the throne of england. it was rewarded with properties and grounds on the english side of the channel, including a small island off the southwestern coast of cornwall which was modeled after the mount and became a norman priory named st michael ' s mount of penzance. during the hundred years ' war, the english made repeated assaults on the island, but were unable to seize it due to the abbey ' s improved fortifications. les michelettes \u2013 two wrought - iron bombards left by the english in their failed 1423 \u2013 24 siege of mont - saint - michel \u2013 are still displayed near the outer defense wall. when louis xi of france founded the order of saint michael in 1469, he intended that the abbey church of mont saint - michel be the chapel for the order, but because of its great distance from paris, his intention could never be realized. the wealth and influence of the abbey extended to many daughter foundations, including st michael ' s mount in cornwall. however, its popularity and prestige as a centre of pilgrimage waned with the reformation, and by the time of the french revolution there were scarcely any monks in residence. the abbey was closed and converted into a prison, initially to hold clerical opponents of the republican regime. high - profile political prisoners followed, but by 1836, influential figures \u2013 including victor hugo \u2013 had launched a campaign to restore what was seen as a national architectural treasure. the prison was finally closed in 1863, and the mount was declared a historic monument in 1874. the mont - saint - michel and its bay were added to the unesco list of world heritage sites in 1979, and it was listed with criteria such as cultural, historical, and architectural significance, as well as human - created and natural beauty. photo by lucky edited by mobydick74 added by chl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39576312467215546, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.923156"} {"text": "national ocean sciences accelerator mass spectrometer facility, department of geology and geophysics, woods hole oceanographic institution data center description the woods hole oceanographic institution ' s national ocean sciences accelerator mass spectrometry facility ( nosams ) was established in 1989 to process and analyze a large number of small volume seawater samples ( > 13, 700 ) collected as part of the world ocean circulation experiment ( woce ). an ongoing commitment to automation and high - precision 14c ams measurements has allowed nosams to successfully meet the goals of the woce program while providing over 17, 000 ams radiocarbon results ( carbon dating ) to non - woce investigators from a wide variety of carbon - bearing materials. all of the formal woce program samples have been analyzed as of the spring of 2002, and all pacific and indian ocean data have been released to the woce hydrographic office. the atlantic ocean dataset is expected to be released by the summer of 2002. ams analyses are reported with a routine precision of below 4 per mil ( thousand ) on samples with a 14c content of more than 70 % of that of a modern sample. nosams accepts samples from all qualified research laboratories and charges fees that vary according to the difficulty of analysis and the nature of the project. samples from federally supported research programs receive the lowest rates. overall, the objective of this facility is to support research in all studies of global change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.486884380452138, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.924618"} {"text": "step 2 is difficult. chapter 5 of \" the book of genesis \" ( \" the bog \" ), which was assigned as reading for this lecture, gives some useful information for answering the two questions. this chapter ( segev, 2005 ) is also very mathematical, and it is easy to get lost in the equations and forget what they are used for. i wanted you to read it in order to get an overview of the theory of passive propagation in dendrites. now, i ' ll list what i think is important for you to remember. there are three things that can be measured experimentally and are related to the parameters that we need for a model : - the attentuation of voltage with distance, and the \" space constant \" or - the membrane time constant. - the input resistance of the cell, measured at the soma. this slide gives a summary of the electrical properties of a uniform section of passive dendrite having length l and diameter d. the conducting cytoplasm inside the neuron, the insulating neural membrane, and the liquid ( similar to salt water ) surrounding the neuron form a cable with a capacitance cm. the inner conductor, the cytoplasm, is a poorer conductor than the copper wire used in an undersea cable, and it has an resistance along the length of the cable ra, the \" axial resistance \". the membrane in not a perfect insulator due to the ion - conducting channels that pass through it. it is convenient to make a distinction between the \" passive channels \" that do not vary in conductance, and the \" active channels \" that have conductances varying with voltage, calcium concentration, or synaptic input. the passive channels account for the membrane resistance rm and the associated leakage current ileak. the active channels are represented by the various variable conductances that are labeled as gk in the neural compartment diagram and the differential equation for vm that we described in the previous section on compartments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5753639345419717, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.928738"} {"text": "| http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / a service of the u. s. national library of medicine\u00ae | the official name of this gene is \u201c ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1. \u201d ethe1 is the gene ' s official symbol. the ethe1 gene is also known by other names, listed below. the ethe1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme that is involved in energy production. this enzyme is active throughout the body in mitochondria ( the energy - producing centers in cells ), where it may form part of a larger protein complex. little is known about the enzyme ' s function in mitochondria. more than 20 different mutations in the ethe1 gene have been identified in people with ethylmalonic encephalopathy. most of these mutations lead to the production of an abnormally short, nonfunctional version of the ethe1 enzyme or prevent cells from making any of this enzyme. these genetic changes impair the body ' s ability to produce energy in mitochondria. additionally, a lack of the ethe1 enzyme allows potentially toxic compounds, including ethylmalonic acid and lactic acid, to build up in the body. excess amounts of these compounds can be detected in urine. it is unclear how a loss of the ethe1 enzyme leads to the progressive features of ethylmalonic encephalopathy. researchers suggest that a buildup of toxic compounds in the brain could be responsible for the neurologic signs and symptoms. changes in the blood vessels or in blood flow could also contribute to nervous system damage, leading to the characteristic features of the disorder. cytogenetic location : 19q13. 31 molecular location on chromosome 19 : base pairs 44, 010, 870 to 44, 031, 395 the ethe1 gene is located on the long ( q ) arm of chromosome 19 at position 13. 31. more precisely, the ethe1 gene is located from base pair 44, 010, 870 to base pair 44, 031, 395 on chromosome 19. see how do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / howgeneswork / genelocation ) in the handbook. you and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about ethe1 helpful. you may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers. see how are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4799096549967724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.947291"} {"text": "gis at nci introduction to gis at nci geospatial tools are used at nci for a variety of applications, including : - the identification and display of the geographic patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates in the us and their change over time, - the creation of complex databases for the study of cancer screening, diagnosis and survival at the community level, - environmental exposure assessment through satellite imagery, - spatial statistical models to estimate cancer incidence, prevalence and survival for every us state, - communication of local cancer information to the public and public health professionals through interactive web - based tools, - the identification of health disparities at the local level through the comparison of cancer outcomes across demographic subgroups, and - development of new methods of displaying geospatial data for clear communication to the public and for examination of complex multivariate data by researchers. - the epidemiology and genomics research program ( egrp ) and the surveillance research program ( srp ) support grant research to use gis in cancer research and the development of methodologies to accomplish this research. egrp also funded the development and maintenance of a geographic information system for breast cancer studies on long island ( li gis ). the li gis is available to researchers and can be used to study other types of cancer and conditions as well. - statistical methodology and applications branch ( smab ) the statistical methodology and applications branch ( smab ) contributes to gis research by developing statistical methods for the analysis, display, and web - based communication of georeferenced cancer data. - surveillance systems branch ( ssb ) the surveillance systems branch ( ssb ) oversees the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results ( seer ) program, an integrated, comprehensive, multiple population - based reporting system of cancer registries covering 26 % of the u. s. population. cancer incidence information is provided at the state, county and census tract level. investigators in seer ' s rapid response surveillance studies ( rrss ) are exploring and applying gis technology in several areas. - the epidemiology and biostatistics program ( ebp ) ebp has a long history of publishing the nci cancer atlases. - the occupational and environmental epidemiology branch ( oeeb ) oeeb has an active research program in using satellite imagery to estimate the potential exposure to cancer - causing environmental agents by individuals living in agricultural areas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4524883382087047, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.958074"} {"text": "how to use gis? 1. mapping where things are mapping where things are lets you find places that have the features you are looking for and to see where to take action. 1. find a feature \u2014 people use maps to see where or what an individual feature is. 2. finding patterns \u2014 by looking at the distribution of features on the map instead of just an individual feature, you can see patterns 2. mapping quantities people map quantities, such as where the most and least are, to find places that meet their criteria and take action, or to see the relationships between places. this gives an additional level of information beyond simply mapping the locations 3. mapping densities while you can see concentrations by simply mapping the locations of features, in areas with many features it may be difficult to see which areas have a higher concentration than others. a density map lets you measure the number of features using a uniform areal unit, such as acres or square miles, so you can clearly see the distribution. 4. finding what ' s inside use gis to monitor what is happening and to take specific action by mapping what is inside a specific area. for example, you would monitor infection disease spreading in a certain district to find out the pattern of the cases distribution \u2014 if so, the proper action should be taken. 5. finding what ' s nearby find out what is occurring within a set distance of a feature by mapping what is nearby. for example, you may need to notify all residents within 500 feet of a proposed 6. mapping change map the change in an area to anticipate future conditions, decide on a course of action, or to evaluate the results of an action or policy. by mapping where and how things move over a period of time, you can gain insight into how they behave. for example, public health professionals may need to track the spreading of a certain disease over a period of time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.462359315868886, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:48.968566"} {"text": "social issues in sport title : social issues in sport author : woods, ronald b. publisher : human kinetics call no. : gv706. 5. w655 2007 from the publisher : sport is all around us. yet few of us look critically at how it affects our lives \u2014 and even fewer look at how we as a society affect sport. social issues in sport is an outstanding introduction to the multifaceted roles of sport and physical activity in society and the perfect tool for examining sport from a critical perspective. the text \u2019 s engaging writing style, full - color format, and sound learning tools make it accessible and effective at getting students involved in and excited about the material. a full array of instructor resources make this book a highly functional and enjoyable way for instructors to introduce this subject to their students. while the book is solidly grounded in research, it does not dwell on theory. social issues in sport is written to whet the appetite of students in sport management and sport studies for a deeper look at the issues, contradictions, and confusion that characterize our love \u2013 hate affair with sport. in social issues in sport, students will find heavy emphasis on areas that other texts often overlook \u2014 including the role of coaches, importance of lifetime sport and fitness, sport in education, and sport for special populations such as the physically and mentally challenged and the elderly. as a result, students gain a complete view of what constitutes sport and physical activity and a firm grasp of the sociocultural considerations vital to their understanding of sport. students are encouraged to see the sport world not only with their eyes wide open to the problems but also with an optimistic, encouraging view of its future. author ronald woods draws on a lifetime in sport as a participant, observer, fan, teacher, coach, administrator, and critic. his wide - lens view of sport helps students make sense of the world of sport and physical activity and, more important, apply it to their own personal and professional lives. woods \u2019 easy - to - comprehend distinction between sport for recreational participation, high performance, and spectating illuminates for students the profound differences in how sport can be viewed and challenges their thinking about their own roles as participants and spectators. woods \u2019 diverse background in sports gives him a unique perspective and allows him to write with a style and clarity that students will appreciate. this full - color book is organized into four parts that reflect the presence of sports around us. part i sets the stage for studying sport in society. part ii examines the scope and effect of sport", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47463905955441127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.005441"} {"text": "write with a style and clarity that students will appreciate. this full - color book is organized into four parts that reflect the presence of sports around us. part i sets the stage for studying sport in society. part ii examines the scope and effect of sport on society. part iii explores sport as an institution and how it functions within other institutions such as schools, colleges, and the olympic movement. part ivfocuses on the interaction between our society \u2019 s culture and sports. in 19 chapters, the book enthusiastically invites students to explore many issues, such as how a participant, spectator, coach, and administrator may have differing views of sports ; how to distinguish between different levels of play, games, and sport when assessing the role of sport ; and what trends to expect in the future and how to be part of a positive development of sporting structures. social issues in sports contains the following features that encourage learning : - an engaging writing style, rich with examples and pedagogical aids, gets students excited about and invested in the sporting world around them. - interesting sidebars include up - close profiles of significant people and organizations ( in the arena with ), examples of how sport is viewed in the public ( pop culture ), and insights from those who study the subject extensively ( expert \u2019 s view ). - activity time - outs, nicely integrated with the text, invite readers to recognize and assess the sociocultural issues that sport raises and apply the book \u2019 s concepts to their own lives. - an instructor guide, test package, and presentation package provide instructors with tools and assignment ideas to ensure that students remain engaged. social issues in sport is an engaging, in - depth, and inspiring resource that will help students understand the value of sport and its limitations and equip them to make choices about the role sports will play in their lives. about the author : ron woods, ph. d is a performance coach at the human performance institute in orlando, florida and an adjunct professor at the university of tampa and the university of south florida. ron formerly worked for the united states tennis association for twenty years as director of player development and community tennis. formerly, a professor at west chester university of pennsylvania in exercise science and coach of men \u2019 s tennis. he has been honored by the international tennis hall of fame, national coach of the year for united states professional tennis association and was inducted into the athletic hall of fame at both east stroudsburg university and west chester university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5124231474130059, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.006849"} {"text": "bisphenol a, or bpa, is a chemical compound used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. bpa has been in use for over 50 years, and is often used to make plastics hard and shatter - resistant. it ' s also used to coat metal items like the inside of food cans, bottle caps and canned drinks. you can find bpa in plastic baby bottles, sports equipment, compact discs, water bottles, medical equipment, dental sealants, eyeglass lenses, electronic devices, paints, and countless other consumer products. even cash register receipts can be coated with bpa. health effects of bisphenol a bpa has come under increased scrutiny in recent years for its possible connection to birth defects and reproductive problems. studies have shown that bpa mimics the hormone estrogen, and it might be linked to problems like lower sperm counts, hormonal changes, enlarged prostate glands, brain and behavioral abnormalities, early onset of puberty, obesity and a host of other health problems. ( it shares many of these problems with another plastic additive, phthalates. ) it ' s unclear at what levels bpa will health problems, or if bpa studies in animals can be applied to humans. people can be exposed to bpa through many sources, though food and drink account for most exposures. the recycling symbol \" 7 \" indicates a polycarbonate plastic containing bpa. metal cans, however, will usually not indicate whether they contain a bpa lining or not. if you ' re concerned about exposure to bpa, follow these simple suggestions from the national institute of environmental health sciences : - don \u2019 t microwave polycarbonate plastic food containers. ( look for the recycling symbol # 7 on the bottom. ) - reduce your use of canned foods. - when possible, opt for glass, porcelain or stainless steel containers, particularly for hot food or liquids. - use baby bottles and toys that are bpa - free.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5145050203896329, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.008952"} {"text": "born giovanni antonio canale in venice in october 1697, canaletto, the son of theatrical scenery painter bernardo canale, was one of the world ' s most influential and prolific artists ( having some 900 paintings attributed to him ), and remains one of the most popular. canaletto, with his brother christoforo, initially followed his father into theatrical painting, including work in rome in 1719, where he was introduced to gian paolo pannini ' s paintings of roman city scenes. these proved to be a great influence on him. by 1723, canaletto ' s output was dominated by accurate, almost photographic views ( known as vedute esatte ) of venice featuring a startlingly convincing use of perspective. while the paninni influence is clear, canaletto took things to another level, as in the magical use of light in the stonemason ' s yard. many of canaletto ' s early works were painted ' on - site '. this differed from the usual practice of drawing sketches and then later completing them in the studio1, though later in his career, a large workload compelled him to utilise the latter method. success at a venetian public exhibition brought his work to the attention of patrons such as the merchant stefano conti and the imperial ambassador to venice, whose commissions were invaluable to canaletto at the start of his career - partly because of the money but, more importantly, because they introduced his work to the english. thanks to painting during the peak of the grand tour2, canaletto was in the right place at the right time. when young english gentlemen travelled the world ( ostensibly to broaden their minds ) they wanted some souvenirs to take home. as this was a long time before the instant camera, the only way to get a picture was to commission someone to paint one, and canaletto ' s predominantly literal style meant that he was perfect for this type of work. it is thought that he received his first commission of this type from owen mcswiney3, who also steered him in a direction more tailored to the grand tourists ' requirements. through mcswiney, and later joseph smith4, much of canaletto ' s work found its way into english collections5, leading to huge demand and the acquisition of an enviable reputation. he eventually had to employ assistants ( including his nephew and probably his father ) to help him keep up with the workload. one criticism of canaletto is that much of his work is not his own but his assistants ' completion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4934571289709898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.015212"} {"text": "enviable reputation. he eventually had to employ assistants ( including his nephew and probably his father ) to help him keep up with the workload. one criticism of canaletto is that much of his work is not his own but his assistants ' completion6 of his sketches, many of which he is thought to have created with the aid of a camera obscura. canaletto was certainly not alone in employing studio assistants ; the quantity of work commissioned from the popular artists of the time would have been impossible for them to complete single - handed. the tourist industry throughout europe was hit hard by the outbreak of the war of the austrian succession, causing canaletto ' s primary source of commissions to dry up. so he went off on a little tour of his own, eventually ending up in london in 1746. while there, smith introduced him to, among others, the duke of richmond, who commissioned some of canaletto ' s best works from this time. many of his english works were vanity pieces, including several paintings of the aristocracy ' s country homes. some of his london paintings, such as the stunning ranelagh, interior of the rotunda, can be seen in london ' s national gallery. but, even though these were impressive, his style had become formulaic and the glory years were gone. canaletto returned to venice in 1755 where he stagnated, although he finally gained recognition from the venetian academy of fine arts ( the accademia veneziana di pittura e scultura ), who elected him a member in 1763. canaletto died in poverty on 10 april, 1768, leaving a huge body of work and a fascinating pictorial record of 18th - century venice. some more of examples canaletto ' s work include venice : the grand canal with s simeone piccolo and the doge ' s palace, both from the national gallery in london, and many other paintings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39684838688690016, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.015960"} {"text": "| version 5 ( modified by simonmar, 3 years ago ) | the garbage collector gc algorithms supported : - copying gc - parallel gc? - marking? ( for compaction or sweeping ) - sweeping? ( for mark - region gc ) the gc is designed to be flexible, supporting lots of ways to tune its behaviour. here ' s an overview of the techniques we use : - generational gc, with a runtime - selectable number of generations ( + rts - g < n > - rts, where n > = 1 ). currently it is a traditional generational collector where each collection collects a particular generation and all younger generations. generalizing this such that any subset of generations can be collected is a possible future extension. - the heap grows on demand. this is straightforwardly implemented by basing the whole storage manager on a block allocator. - aging : objects can be aged within a generation, to avoid premature promotion. see commentary / rts / storage / gc / aging. - the heap collection policy is runtime - tunable. you select how large a generation gets before it is collected using the + rts - f < n > - rts option, where < n > is a factor of the generation ' s size the last time it was collected. the default value is 2, that is a generation is allowed to double in size before being collected. gc data structures the main data structure is generation, which contains : - a pointer to a list of blocks - a pointer to a list of blocks containing large objects - a list of threads in this generation - the \" remembered set \", a list of blocks containing pointers to objects in this generation that point to objects in younger generations and various other administrative fields ( see includes / rts / storage / gc. h for the details ). generations are kept in the array generations, indexed by the generation number. a nursery is a list of blocks into which the mutator allocates new ( small ) objects. for resaons of locality, we want to re - use the list of blocks for the nursery after each gc, so we keep the nursery blocks rather than freeing and re - allocating a new nursery after gc. the struct nursery contains only two fields - the list of blocks in this nursery - the number of blocks in the above list in the threaded rts, there is one nursery per capability, as each capability allocates independently into its own allocation area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5155008311529659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.018595"} {"text": "the history of kool - aid remember that tv ad? well, kool - aid got its start right here in hastings, nebraska. this internationally known soft drink mix, now owned by kraft foods, actually started out as a liquid concentrate called fruit smack, invented by edwin perkins. edwin perkins was always fascinated by chemistry and enjoyed inventing things. when his family moved to southwest nebraska around 1900, a young perkins experimented with home made concoctions in his mother \u2019 s kitchen. his father opened a general store in hendley, nebraska, and it was in that store where edwin became entranced with a new dessert mix introduced by a childhood friend ( and future wife ) kitty shoemaker. the popular powdered dessert came in six delicious flavors and was called jell - o. edwin convinced his father to carry the dessert line in his store. it was at this same time edwin sent away for a kit called \u201c how to become a manufacturer. \u201d during the following years, perkins graduated from high school, published a weekly newspaper, did job printing, served as postmaster and set up a mail order business called \u201c perkins products co. \u201d to market the numerous products he had invented. in 1918, perkins married his childhood sweetheart, kitty, and developed a remedy to kick the tobacco habit called nix - o - tine. by 1920, the demand for this and other products was so great, perkins and his wife moved to hastings, which had better rail service for shipping purposes. another product that was proving to be popular was a concentrated drink mix called fruit smack. fruit smack, like jell - o, came in six delicious flavors. the four - ounce bottle made enough for a family to enjoy at an affordable price. however, shipping the bottles proved to be costly and breakage was also a problem. in 1927, perkins developed a method of removing the liquid from fruit smack so the remaining powder could be re - packaged in envelopes ( which perkins designed and printed ) under a new name to be called kool - ade. ( he later changed the spelling to kool - aid. ) the product, which sold for 10\u00a2 a packet, was first sold to wholesale grocery, candy and other suitable markets by mail order in six flavors ; strawberry, cherry, lemon - lime, grape, orange and raspberry. in 1929, kool - aid was distributed nation - wide to grocery stores by food brokers. it was a family project to package and ship the popular soft drink mix around the country. by 1931, the demand for ko", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3692822142513281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.022811"} {"text": "and raspberry. in 1929, kool - aid was distributed nation - wide to grocery stores by food brokers. it was a family project to package and ship the popular soft drink mix around the country. by 1931, the demand for kool - aid was so strong, other items were dropped so perkins could concentrate solely on kool - aid. he moved the entire production to chicago for more efficient distribution, to be closer to supplies and to be able to expand even further if necessary. during the great depression, perkins cut the price in half to just 5\u00a2 a packet, a \u201c luxury \u201d most families could afford. young entrepreneurs sprung up across the country setting up kool - aid stands. while most of the profits were consumed by the youngsters, it was something most children enjoyed. perkins introduced off - shoots of kool - aid, including pie fillings and ice cream mixes. these products never really took off with the public. during world war ii, fruit acid and dextrose rationing prevented any expansion. after the war, the demand for kool - aid was so great that perkins had to expand the factory and by 1950, some 300 production workers produced nearly 1 million packets of kool - aid each day! in 1953, perkins announced to his staff that he was selling kool - aid to general foods. within a year, the popular smiling face pitcher was introduced in print advertisements. root beer and lemonade flavors were added to the original six flavors in 1955 and pre - sweetened kool - aid was developed in 1964 and redeveloped in 1970. kraft foods eventually acquired general foods and became the new owners of kool - aid. they refined the kool - aid pitcher into kool - aid man and introduced new kool - pumps and kool bursts to the market. kool - aid continues to be a popular product with roots in hastings. it is the official soft drink of nebraska! edwin and kitty perkins never forgot their nebraska ties and returned home often. the perkins foundation has been instrumental in many projects in and around hastings, including gifts to hastings college, mary lanning memorial hospital, good samaritan retirement village and the hastings museum. edwin passed away in 1961 and kitty followed 16 years later. both are buried in hastings. the hastings museum houses an impressive kool - aid collection as part of the kool - aid : discover the dream exhibit, including the original kool - aid man costume worn in the television commercials.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42048711402042793, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.024123"} {"text": "new way of collecting samples is easier on growers, too hay growers can get a better idea of how fertile their alfalfa fields are if they have plants tested rather than soil. that ' s especially important considering the skyrocketing costs of fertilizer and the high value of hay, says steve orloff, siskiyou county, ca, farm advisor. \u201c if you soil sample, you can measure how much of that nutrient is in the soil, \u201d he says. \u201c but by testing the plant itself, you ' re measuring what the plant actually took up. \u201d before planting a field of alfalfa, soil test to learn what nutrients may be deficient. \u201c after that i would switch to plant - tissue testing, \u201d orloff recommends. \u201c growers should tissue test once a year until they have their fertility programs established ; then test every other year. \u201d it ' s also good for diagnosing problem areas in a field to determine if the cause is nutrient - related by sampling good and poor growth areas and comparing the results, he says. the plant - nutrient - measuring method is just catching on in the forage industry \u2014 in orloff ' s northern california region, at least. growers of higher - value crops have used the method for years, and orloff and his university of california - davis colleagues have been pushing hay growers to use it in recent years. while soil tests determine the amount of phosphorus and potassium in soil, they do a poor job measuring sulfur levels, he says. tissue tests, however, can tell how much of all three nutrients \u2014 as well as boron and molybdenum \u2014 were used by plants. \u201c the main drawback with plant - tissue testing is that you obviously don ' t want to test weedy fields because their nutrient concentrations would be different. you also don ' t want the field to be stressed ; if it ' s stressed from water or insect damage, it could skew the results, \u201d he says. other detriments : the time and effort needed to cut and prepare representative plant tissue samples. \u201c the california method has been to go through the field and collect 40 - 60 stems. then you have to divide those stems into thirds and different components are analyzed for different values. it involves walking through a field before it ' s cut. one of the last things a grower wants to do is run out ahead of a swather and take a sample. \u201d but orloff and colleagues believe they have an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42610151093606535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.031753"} {"text": "different values. it involves walking through a field before it ' s cut. one of the last things a grower wants to do is run out ahead of a swather and take a sample. \u201d but orloff and colleagues believe they have an easier way of gathering tissue samples. \u201c growers now are taking core samples from bales for forage - quality analysis. a lot of the dairy industry will demand that before they buy a grower ' s hay, and people are putting a lot of care into collecting good samples for forage - quality analysis. so the thought was, why not use that same sample for nutrient analysis? \u201d he tested the core - sampling method the past two years on 39 grower fields. \u201c it looks like it will work, \u201d he says. \u201c i think it ' s far more convenient \u2014 you can just sample a stack and get a more representative sample from the field. if you ' re collecting 40 - 60 stems walking a field and bending over each time, your tendency is to cut a plant and get a whole bunch of stems off it because you ' re tired of bending over. \u201d bales should be cored for tissue - test samples at first cutting in cooler - season areas where first cuttings yield well. in longer - season areas, bale cores should be taken from second or third cutting for tissue testing. the 20 cores currently recommended as an accurate sample for forage analysis are adequate for tissue testing as well, says orloff. accuracy - wise, it ' s hard to determine whether a bale - core sample is better than a plant sample. \u201c that ' s what we ' re keying in on now, but so far the relationship looks pretty good. \u201c it ' s been amazing to see the variability in different grower fields ; it goes from very deficient all the way up to very high for each nutrient. with one grower who took tissue samples, the lab actually called him because his values were so high. he was able to go several years without applying sulfur. \u201d orloff worries that many growers have a fertilizer routine and figure it will continue to work because it has in the past. \u201c but some nutrients could be accumulating or, on the flip side, you may not be putting on enough nutrients, \u201d he says. in his trials, the farm advisor compared soil samples, whole - plant samples and core samples and sampled at different growth stages. \u201c one of the concerns is, with ordinary plant - tissue testing in most states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44800753845499774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.033556"} {"text": "putting on enough nutrients, \u201d he says. in his trials, the farm advisor compared soil samples, whole - plant samples and core samples and sampled at different growth stages. \u201c one of the concerns is, with ordinary plant - tissue testing in most states, it ' s recommended to take a sample at one - tenth bloom. a lot of growers now, especially if they ' re selling to the dairy market, are cutting earlier \u2014 usually in bud stage. the nutrient concentration at bud stage is different than it would be at one - tenth bloom, so we ' ve done trials sampling at different time periods to see how values need to be adjusted if alfalfa is cut earlier. \u201d it costs more to tissue test \u2014 possibly double the cost of a soil sample. but with high fertilizer and hay prices expected, and the improved accuracy, tissue testing is worth it, orloff says. growers who want to tissue - test fields should talk with their labs to see if they offer what ' s needed. results will then need to be evaluated with the help of the local extension educator or lab personnel, who can help growers find values to compare. \u201c we plan to have values for cored samples later this year that will be based on our results and values established for whole tops, \u201d he says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41393697552828607, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.034146"} {"text": "before the days of integration, african - american students in hazard attended one of two schools, the liberty school or a local boarding school. these institutions were often underfunded and utilized hand - me - down books and supplies, yet out of this many of the students have gone on to achieve success in life, and think fondly of their time at liberty. dozens of former students from liberty school came out to remember their school, their experiences, and their classmates during a reunion on saturday. every two years the former students get together at the liberty school monument on liberty street. the monument itself was designed by one of the former students, james \u201c jc \u201d collins, who said that it means a lot to him to return and reunite with with other former students. the liberty street school was built as part of the work progress administration in 1936. the administration was created by president franklin roosevelt to put americans back to work after the great depression, and would be responsible for building much of the american infrastructure, including highways, bridges and even schools. the school was open until 1963, but the integration of the schools started a year earlier. collins said that along with consolidating schools in the name of integration, it also gave the students of liberty school a chance at better facilities and opportunities. \u201c really, we didn \u2019 t have the facilities that we should have had, \u201d said collins. \u201c we had some great sport teams \u2014 basketball, football, baseball \u2014 we had it in spite of not having the facilities. \u201d students at liberty school also had only a few teachers working from kindergarten through twelfth grade. paulette roberts said that she remembers getting used books from hazard high school, and was so fed up that they weren \u2019 t receiving new books that she and her sister threw the old books out of a window in the building. from these humble beginnings, many of these students learned valuable lesions of relying on each other, working hard and consequences of their actions. many of these students left the school and went on to become doctors, judges, lawyers and business owners. the school was made up of a lower level for elementary kids and a upper floor for high school. while many of the communities around perry county had african - american elementaries, there was only one public high school. \u201c we drew kids from as far away as red fox, \u201d noted kenneth combs, the president of the liberty school alumni association. these students were given a bus voucher of up to $ 15 a week to get back and forth to school on public buses. the school was strict", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41253525857902146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.037671"} {"text": "away as red fox, \u201d noted kenneth combs, the president of the liberty school alumni association. these students were given a bus voucher of up to $ 15 a week to get back and forth to school on public buses. the school was strict and administrators believed in corporal punishment. many of the students reminisced about being paddled by their teachers, but also how it made them stronger. some even said that teachers would show up at their homes to make sure parents were aware of their mistakes. while these rough days in education are now gone, the lasting memory of the influence of the liberty school can be felt. many of the students left the area, making their homes across the united states. hazard independent schools board member dennis smith attended saturday \u2019 s reunion as a representative to show the board \u2019 s support for the school \u2019 s alumni. \u201c it is important to share the great memories that you have had here, \u201d said smith. as a way of honoring the memory of the school and its students, people in attendance released balloons for those that have passed away since the last reunion. the former liberty dragons that were in attendance ended the ceremony, honoring the school by singing the school song. the last line sums up how many of these students feel about their school : \u201c dear old liberty high school, i \u2019 m in love with you. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3742233080342807, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.038502"} {"text": "keeping an eye on your bones many of us start to think about osteoporosis as we approach our senior years. after all, that ' s when bone loss occurs, right? wrong. doctors tend to treat patients with osteoporosis in their 60s, 70s, and older - - but bone loss begins much earlier. our bone mass peaks around age 20. bone loss can begin once peak bone mass is reached. those at high risk are more likely to lose bone mass early. when bone loss goes unchecked for years, the result is fractures - - often of the hip, spine, wrist, or leg bones. menopause speeds the process. that ' s why 80 percent of the more than 10 million americans with osteoporosis are women past menopause. in the first few years after menopause, bone loss accelerates ; after that, it continues, but at a slower rate. osteoporosis can strike men, too, but usually at a later age because they start with more bone. one in four men over 50 will end up with a fracture related to osteoporosis. to learn who needs help, the u. s. preventive services task force urges routine osteoporosis screening for all healthy women 65 and older. high - risk women should seek screening at age 60 or as advised by your doctor. the best screening method is a dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry ( dexa ) scan. medicare covers this non - invasive test for women 65 and older once every two years if they have certain risk factors for osteoporosis or are taking medicine to treat osteoporosis. several medications have been approved to treat osteoporosis, including calcitonin, bisphosphonates such as alendronate and risedronate, parathyroid hormone, and selective estrogen - receptor modulators such as raloxifene. according to the task force, each of these treatments has potential benefits and harms. prevention includes getting enough calcium and vitamin d. weight - bearing exercise helps, too. who ' s at high risk? women older than 65 white or asian women women with small bones women who are sedentary people with a family history of osteoporosis adults who are very thin people who break bones after age 45 because of \" low trauma, \" such as a fall while standing long - term corticosteroid users people who drink alcohol to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42987194814145624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.042119"} {"text": "join for just $ 16 a year - discounts on travel and everyday savings - subscription to aarp the magazine - free membership for your spouse or partner vulvovaginitis, vulvitis, and vaginitis are general terms that refer to the inflammation of the vagina and / or vulva ( the external genital organs of a woman ). these conditions can be caused by bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections. also, vulvovaginitis can be caused by low estrogen levels ( called \" atrophic vaginitis \" ) or any type of allergic or irritation response from things such as spermicidal products, condoms, soaps, and bubble bath. in general, vulvovaginitis causes vaginal discharge, irritation, and itching. one of the most common reasons why women visit their doctor is because of a change in vaginal discharge. it is completely normal for a woman to have a vaginal discharge, the amount and consistency of which varies during the course of the menstrual cycle. each of the three most common types of vulvovaginitis will be described separately. bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginitis during the childbearing years. forty percent to 50 % of vaginitis cases are caused by bacterial vaginosis. the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis is difficult to determine but studies have proposed that 10 % to 41 % of bacterial vaginosis is not caused by a particular organism but is a change in the balance of normal vaginal bacteria. ninety percent of the bacteria found in a healthy vagina belong to the lactobacillus family. for unknown reasons, there is a shift in the bacterial population that results in overgrowth of other bacteria. patients suffering from bacterial vaginosis have very high numbers of bacteria such as gardnerella vaginalis, mycoplasmahominis, bacteroides species, and mobiluncus species. these bacteria can be found at numbers 100 to 1000 times greater than found in the healthy vagina. in contrast, lactobacillus bacteria are in very low numbers or completely absent from the vagina of women with bacterial vaginosis. author info : belinda rowland phd, the gale group inc., gale, detroit, gale encyclopedia of medicine, 2002this feature is for informational purposes only and should not be used to replace the care and information received from your healthcare provider. please consult a healthcare professional with any health concerns you may have. enter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48455011003363646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.046282"} {"text": "a splendrous lotus with four superb petals for over 200 years, western scholars have struggled to understand hinduism, a faith whose followers seemed ( to outsiders ) to arbitrarily worship any one of a dozen gods as the supreme, a religion vastly diverse in its beliefs, practices and ways of worship. some indologists labeled the hinduism they encountered polytheistic ; others even coined new terms, like henotheism, to describe this baffling array of spiritual traditions. few, however, have realized, and fewer still have written, that india ' s sanatana dharma, or \" eternal faith, \" known today as hinduism and comprising nearly a billion followers, is a family of religions with four principal denominations saivism, shaktism, vaishnavism and smartism. this single perception is essential for understanding hinduisim and explaining it accurately to others. contrary to prevailing misconceptions, hindus all worship a one supreme being, though by different names. for vaishnavites, lord vishnu is god. for saivites, god is siva. for shaktas, goddess shakti is supreme. for smartas, liberal hindus, the choice of deity is left to the devotee. each has a multitude of guru lineages, religious leaders, priesthoods, sacred literature, monastic communities, schools, pilgrimage centers and tens of thousands of temples. they possess a wealth of art and architecture, philosophy and scholarship. these four sects hold such divergent beliefs that each is a complete and independent religion. yet, they share a vast heritage of culture and belief karma, dharma, reincarnation, all - pervasive divinity, temple worship, sacraments, manifold deities, the guru - shishya tradition and the vedas as scriptural authority. in this eight - page insight, drawn from satguru sivaya subramuniyaswami ' s dancing with siva, we offer a synopsis of these four denominations, followed by a point - by - point comparison. each of hinduism ' s philosophies, schools and lineages shares a common purpose : to further the soul ' s unfoldment to its divine destiny. nowhere is this process better represented than in the growth of the renowned lotus, which, seeking the sun, arises from the mud to become a magnificent flower. its blossom is a promise of purity and perfection. saivite hindus worship the supreme god as siva, the compassionate one. saivites esteem self discipline and philosophy and follow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5221865714464069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.059665"} {"text": ", seeking the sun, arises from the mud to become a magnificent flower. its blossom is a promise of purity and perfection. saivite hindus worship the supreme god as siva, the compassionate one. saivites esteem self discipline and philosophy and follow a satguru. they worship in the temple and practice yoga, striving to be one with siva within. shaktas worship the supreme as the divine mother, shakti or devi. she has many forms. some are gentle, some are fierce. shaktas use chants, real magic, holy diagrams, yoga and rituals to call forth cosmic forces and awaken the great kundalini power within the spine. vaishnavites worship the supreme as lord vishnu and his incarnations, especially krishna and rama. vaishnavites are mainly dualistic. they are deeply devotional. their religion is rich in saints, temples and scriptures. smartas worship the supreme in one of six forms : ganesha, siva, sakti, vishnu, surya and skanda. because they accept all the major hindu gods, they are known as liberal or nonsectarian. they follow a philosophical, meditative path, emphasizing man ' s oneness with god through understanding. what is the deeply mystical saiva sect? saivism is the world ' s oldest religion. worshiping god siva, the compassionate one, it stresses potent disciplines, high philosophy, the guru ' s centrality and bhakti - raja - siddha yoga leading to oneness with siva within. aum. seated on nandi, his bull mount, the perfect devotee, lord siva holds japa beads and the trident, symbol of love - wisdom - action, and offers blessings of protection and fearlessness. mount kailas, his sacred himalayan abode, represents the pinnacle of consciousness. saivism is ancient, truly ageless, for it has no beginning. it is the precursor of the many - faceted religion now termed hinduism. scholars trace the roots of siva worship back more than 8, 000 years to the advanced indus valley civilization. but sacred writings tell us there never was a time when saivism did not exist. modern history records six main schools : saiva siddhanta, pashupatism, kashmir saivism, vira saivism, siddha siddhanta and siva advaita. saivism ' s grandeur and beauty are found in a practical culture, an enlightened view of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48461768876141054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.061408"} {"text": "pashupatism, kashmir saivism, vira saivism, siddha siddhanta and siva advaita. saivism ' s grandeur and beauty are found in a practical culture, an enlightened view of man ' s place in the universe and a profound system of temple mysticism and siddha yoga. it provides knowledge of man ' s evolution from god and back to god, of the soul ' s unfoldment and awakening guided by enlightened sages. like all the sects, its majority are devout families, headed by hundreds of orders of swamis and sadhus who follow the fiery, world - renouncing path to moksha. the vedas state, \" by knowing siva, the auspicious one who is hidden in all things, exceedingly fine, like film arising from clarified butter, the one embracer of the universe by realizing god, one is released from all fetters. \" aum namah sivaya. what is the magic and power of shaktism? shaktism reveres the supreme as the divine mother, shakti or devi, in her many forms, both gentle and fierce. shaktas use mantra, tantra, yantra, yoga and puja to invoke cosmic forces and awaken the kundalini power. aum. shakti, depicted in her green form, radiates beauty, energy, compassion and protection for followers. wearing the tilaka of the shakta sect on her forehead, she blesses devotees, who shower rosewater, hold an umbrella and prostrate at her feet. while worship of the divine mother extends beyond the pale of history, shakta hinduism arose as an organized sect in india around the fifth century. today it has four expressions devotional, folk - shamanic, yogic and universalist all invoking the fierce power of kali or durga, or the benign grace of parvati or ambika. shakta devotionalists use puja rites, especially to the shri chakra yantra, to establish intimacy with the goddess. shamanic shaktism employs magic, trance mediumship, firewalking and animal sacrifice for healing, fertility, prophecy and power. shakta yogis seek to awaken the sleeping goddess kundalini and unite her with siva in the sahasrara chakra. shakta universalists follow the reformed vedantic tradition exemplified by sri ramakrishna. \" left - hand \" tantric rites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4818961179793658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.062288"} {"text": "to awaken the sleeping goddess kundalini and unite her with siva in the sahasrara chakra. shakta universalists follow the reformed vedantic tradition exemplified by sri ramakrishna. \" left - hand \" tantric rites transcend traditional ethical codes. shaktism is chiefly advaitic, defining the soul ' s destiny as complete identity with the unmanifest, siva. central scriptures are the vedas, shakta agamas and puranas. the devi gita extols, \" we bow down to the universal soul of all. above and below and in all four directions, mother of the universe, we bow. \" aum chandikayai namah. what is the devotional vaishnava sect? vaishnavism is an ancient hindu sect centering on the worship of lord vishnu and his incarnations, especially krishna and rama. largely dualistic, profoundly devotional, it is rich in saints, temples and scriptures. aum. vishnu is the infinite ocean from which the world emerges. he stands on waves, surrounded by the many - headed seshanaga, who represents agelessness and is regarded as an extension of divine energy and an incarnation of balarama, lord krishna ' s brother. the worship of vishnu, meaning \" pervader, \" dates back to vedic times. the pancharatra and bhagavata sects were popular prior to 300 bce. today ' s five vaishnava schools emerged in the middle ages, founded by ramanuja, madhva, nimbarka, vallabha and chaitanya. vaishnavism stresses prapatti, single - pointed surrender to vishnu, or his ten or more incarnations, called avataras. japa is a key devotional sadhana, as is ecstatic chanting and dancing, called kirtana. temple worship and festivals are elaborately observed. philosophically, vaishnavism ranges from madhva ' s pure dualism to ramanuja ' s qualified nondualism to vallabha ' s nearly monistic vision. god and soul are everlastingly distinct. the soul ' s destiny, through god ' s grace, is to eternally worship and enjoy him. while generally nonascetic, advocating bhakti as the highest path, vaishnavism has a strong monastic community. central scriptures are the vedas, vaishnava agamas, itihasas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.492282873039479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.063134"} {"text": "and enjoy him. while generally nonascetic, advocating bhakti as the highest path, vaishnavism has a strong monastic community. central scriptures are the vedas, vaishnava agamas, itihasas and puranas. the bhagavad gita states, \" on those who meditate on me and worship with undivided heart, i confer attainment of what they have not, and preserve what they have. \" aum namo narayanaya. what is the universalistic smarta sect? smartism is an ancient brahminical tradition reformed by shankara in the ninth century. worshiping six forms of god, this liberal hindu path is monistic, nonsectarian, meditative and philosophical. aum. adi sankara lived from 788 to 820 ce, a mere 32 years, yet he gave hinduism a new liberal denomination smartism. here, wearing sacred marks, he holds his writings and is flanked by the six deities of the smarta altar : surya the sun, siva, shakti, vishnu, kumaran and ganesha. smarta means a follower of classical smriti, particularly the dharma shastras, puranas and itihasas. smartas revere the vedas and honor the agamas. today this faith is synonymous with the teachings of adi shankara, the monk - philosopher known as shanmata sthapanacharya, \" founder of the six - sect system. \" he campaigned india - wide to consolidate the hindu faiths of his time under the banner of advaita vedanta. to unify the worship, he popularized the ancient smarta five - deity altar ganapati, surya, vishnu, siva and shakti and added kumara. from these, devotees may choose their \" preferred deity, \" or ishta devata. each god is but a reflection of the one saguna brahman. shankara organized hundreds of monasteries into a ten - order, dashanami system, which now has five pontifical centers. he wrote profuse commentaries on the upanishads, brahma sutras and bhagavad gita. sankara proclaimed, \" it is the one reality which appears to our ignorance as a manifold universe of names and forms and changes. like the gold of which many ornaments are made, it remains in itself unchanged. such is brahman, and that art thou. \" aum namah sivaya", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4799115970672704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.064067"} {"text": "which appears to our ignorance as a manifold universe of names and forms and changes. like the gold of which many ornaments are made, it remains in itself unchanged. such is brahman, and that art thou. \" aum namah sivaya. comparing the four major denominations as just seen, the spectrum of hindu religiousness is found within four major sects or denominations : saivism, shaktism, vaishnavism and smartism. among these four streams, there are certainly more similarities than differences. all four believe in karma and reincarnation and in a supreme being who is both form and pervades form, who creates, sustains and destroys the universe only to create it again in unending cycles. they strongly declare the validity and importance of temple worship, in the three worlds of existence and the myriad gods and devas residing in them. they concur that there is no intrinsic evil, that the cosmos is created out of god and is permeated by him. they each believe in maya ( though their definitions differ somewhat ), and in the liberation of the soul from rebirth, called moksha, as the goal of human existence. they believe in dharma and in ahimsa, noninjury, and in the need for a satguru to lead the soul toward self realization. they wear the sacred marks, tilaka, on their foreheads as sacred symbols, though each wears a distinct mark. finally, they prefer cremation of the body upon death, believing that the soul will inhabit another body in the next life. while hinduism has many sacred scriptures, all sects ascribe the highest authority to the vedas and agamas, though their agamas differ somewhat. here, now, is a brief comparison of these four denominations. on the personal god / goddess saivism : personal god and temple deity is siva, neither male nor female. lords ganesha and karttikeya are also worshiped. shaktism : personal goddess and temple deity is shri devi or shakti, female, worshiped as rajarajeshvari, parvati, lakshmi, sarasvati, kali, amman, etc. the divine mother. vaishnavism : personal god and temple deity is vishnu, male. his incarnations as rama and krishna are also worshiped, as well as his divine consort, radharani. smartism : personal god and temple deity is ishvara, male or female, worshiped as vishnu, si", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5266469862329742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.065121"} {"text": "is vishnu, male. his incarnations as rama and krishna are also worshiped, as well as his divine consort, radharani. smartism : personal god and temple deity is ishvara, male or female, worshiped as vishnu, siva, shakti, ganesha and surya or any deity of devotee ' s choice, e. g., kumara or krishna. on the nature of shakti saivism : shakti is god siva ' s inseparable power and manifest will, energy or mind. shaktism : shakti is an active, immanent being, separate from a quiescent and remote siva. vaishnavism : no special importance is given to shakti. however, there are parallels wherein the divine consorts are conceived as the inseparable powers of vishnu and his incarnations : e. g., krishna ' s radharani and rama ' s sita. smartism : shakti is a divine form of ishvara. it is god ' s manifesting power. on the nature of personal god saivism : god siva is pure love and compassion, immanent and transcendent, pleased by our purity and sadhana. shaktism : the goddess shakti is both compassionate and terrifying, pleasing and wrathful, assuaged by sacrifice and submission. vaishnavism : god vishnu is loving and beautiful, the object of man ' s devotion, pleased by our service and surrender. smartism : ishvara appears as a human - like deity according to devotees ' loving worship, which is sometimes considered a rudimentary self - purifying practice. on the doctrine of avatara saivism : there are no divine earthly incarnations of the supreme being. shaktism : the divine mother does incarnate in this world. vaishnavism : vishnu has ten or more incarnations. smartism : all deities may assume earthly incarnations. on the soul and god saivism : god siva is one with the soul. the soul must realize this advaitic ( monistic ) truth by god siva ' s grace. shaktism : the divine mother, shakti, is mediatrix, bestowing advaitic moksha on those who worship her. vaishnavism : god and soul are eternally distinct. through lord vishnu ' s grace, the soul ' s destiny is to worship and enjoy god. smartism : ishvara and man", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46773286535041747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.066098"} {"text": "devotion, followed by internalized worship, or yoga, and its meditative disciplines. union with god siva comes through the grace of the satguru and culminates in the soul ' s maturity in the state of jnana, or wisdom. saivism values both bhakti and yoga, devotional and contemplative sadhanas, or disciplines. shaktism : the spiritual practices in shaktism are similar to those in saivism, though there is more emphasis in saktism on god ' s power as opposed to being, on mantras and yantras, and on embracing apparent opposites : male - female, absolute - relative, pleasure - pain, cause - effect, mind - body. certain sects within shaktism undertake \" left - hand \" tantric rites, consciously using the world of form to transmute and eventually transcend that world. the \" left - hand \" approach is somewhat occult in nature ; it is considered a path for the few, not the many. the \" right - hand \" path is more conservative in nature. vaishnavism : most vaishnavites believe that religion is the performance of bhakti sadhanas, devotional disciplines, and that man can communicate with and receive the grace of the gods and goddesses through the darshan ( sight ) of their icons. the paths of karma yoga and jnana yoga lead to bhakti yoga. among the foremost practices of vaishnavites is chanting the holy names of the avataras, vishnu ' s incarnations, especially rama and krishna. through total self - surrender, prapatti, to vishnu, to krishna or to his beloved consort radharani, liberation from samsara ( the cycle of reincarnation ) is attained. smartism : smartas, the most eclectic of hindus, believe that moksha is achieved through jnana yoga alone defined as an intellectual and meditative but non - kundalini - yoga path. jnana yoga ' s progressive stages are scriptural study ( shravana ), reflection ( manana ) and sustained meditation ( dhyana ). guided by a realized guru and avowed to the unreality of the world, the initiate meditates on himself as brahman, absolute reality, to break through the illusion of maya. devotees may also choose from three other non - successive paths to cultivate devotion, accrue good karma and purify the mind. these are bhakti yoga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5271345963075205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.067933"} {"text": "note to students, parents and teachers : this educational insight is hinduism today magazine ' s response to the controversy in california over the way hinduism is taught in public - school history books. it is a 16 - page lesson on hindu history, beliefs and practices for sixth graders written from the hindu point of view. it is historically sound and acceptable in content and tone to the various denominations of the hindu community. the problem with every existing textbook for this grade level is that hinduism is presented negatively, incompletely and inaccurately. this lesson is patterned after a typical chapter on the other faiths in these same books. it deliberately does not follow the specific california standards for presenting the hindu religion because we believe them to be deeply flawed and contrary to the state ' s own general rule that teaching material must : 1 ) be historically accurate, 2 ) \" instill in each child a sense of pride in his or her heritage \" and 3 ) avoid \" adverse reflection \" on a religion. it is our intent that this lesson will serve as a model for us textbooks, providing an authentic depiction of the eminent history and traditions of the faith while giving 10 - year - old hindu students justifiable pride in their religion. in most states teachers are allowed to supplement the textbooks with additional material. this lesson may be offered as a more accurate basis for the classroom study of the origins and development of hinduism in ancient india. hinduism today ' s teaching standards : at the beginning of each of these chapters sections, we present our outline for hinduism in 6th grade history books. it is intended to replace existing lists of required topics, such as those found in the california standards. 1. explain the similarities between indus - sarasvati civilization and later hindu culture. 2. discuss why the aryan invasion theory has been disputed by many scholars. 3. discuss the social and political system and advancement of science and culture. 4. explain the development of religion in india between 1000 bce and 500 ce. what you will learn... 1. many hindu religious practices are seen in the archeological remains of the indus - sarasvati civilization. 2. the sacred texts of hinduism are in the sanskrit language and were originally memorized but unwritten. 3. ancient indian art and science were highly developed. the big idea : hinduism developed over thousands of years in india. key terms : indus and sarasvati rivers ; vedas ; sanskrit if you lived then... your house is built on a wide, waterless riverbed. your father tells you it was once the giant sarasvati river,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4917368927277287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.157215"} {"text": "india. key terms : indus and sarasvati rivers ; vedas ; sanskrit if you lived then... your house is built on a wide, waterless riverbed. your father tells you it was once the giant sarasvati river, five kilometers across. there is not enough rain to provide for the family ' s crops and cattle. travelers tell of another great river, the ganga, hundreds of miles away. your father and other villagers decide they must move. how would you feel about the long journey? building background india ' s known history begins with the indus - sarasvati civilization, 5, 500 years ago. we know from archeology that this culture shows many features of later hindu practice. understanding ancient indian history the early cities of india developed along the indus and sarasvati rivers starting around 3500 bce. they are called the indus - sarasvati civilization or, sometimes, the harappan culture. it was the largest and most advanced civilization in the ancient world. but the mighty sarasvati river dried up, and what was once a fertile area became a desert. the people of the region moved to other parts of india and beyond. by 2000 bce the civilization had entered a period of decline. the religion of the indus - sarasvati people a great many artifacts have been discovered from the indus - sarasvati cities. these include pottery, seals, statues, beads, jewelry, tools, games, such as dice, and children ' s toys, such as miniature carts. the flat, stone seals have pictures and writing on them. scholars have not yet agreed on what the mysterious script on the seals means. they show deities, ceremonies, symbols, people, plants and animals. we learn from them that people at that time followed practices identical to those followed by hindus today. one seal shows a meditating figure that scholars link to lord siva, while others show the lotus posture used by today ' s meditators. the swastika, a sacred symbol of good luck used throughout hindu history, is common. there are statues, including a small clay figure with its hands pressed together in the traditional hindu greeting of \" namaste. \" a figurine of a married woman shows a red powder called sindur in the part of her hair. hindu women today follow this same custom as a sign of their married status. the pipal tree and banyan tree are depicted often. these remain sacred to hindus to this day. the central holy books of hinduism are the four vedas. hindus regard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4171897695814474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.159156"} {"text": "hindu women today follow this same custom as a sign of their married status. the pipal tree and banyan tree are depicted often. these remain sacred to hindus to this day. the central holy books of hinduism are the four vedas. hindus regard them as spoken by god. they are in sanskrit. the vedas were not written down but memorized. students might spend twelve years learning these scriptures. some would memorize one veda, others all four. even today there are priests who can chant an entire veda - - as many as 10, 500 verses - - from memory. the relationship between the people of the indus - sarasvati civilization and those who composed the vedas is not clearly understood. we know that the rig veda describes the sarasvati as the \" most mighty of rivers \" flowing from the himalayan mountains to the ocean. therefore, the holy texts had to be composed well before 2000 bce - - by which time the river had dried up. the vedas describe a powerful and spiritual people, their clans, kings and emperors. their society was complex. the economy included agriculture, industry, trade, commerce and cattle raising. the vedas contain thousands of hymns in praise of god and the gods. they describe a form of fire worship, yajna, around a specially - built brick fire altar. in several indus - sarasvati cities archeologists have unearthed what look like fire altars. the aryan invasion theory many school books present an \" aryan invasion \" of india. it is the theory that aryan invaders came from central asia in 1500 bce and conquered the indigenous indus - sarasvati civilization. it was these foreigners, the theory states, who wrote the rig veda in sanskrit. the theory was proposed in the 19th century by scholars in europe, based on language studies. in part, it tried to explain why sanskrit is so closely related to european languages, including english. many scholars now dispute this theory because all the evidence for it is questionable. additionally, modern scientists have found no biological evidence, such as dna, that people came from outside india in significant numbers since at least 6, 000 bce. many common explanations about indian history and culture are based on the aryan invasion theory. those who defend it claim that sanskrit, the caste system and hindu ways of worship came from outside india. if you are studying india in school, you may read about this outdated theory. as the indus - sarasvati culture declined, many of its people migrated to other places. they settled mostly in north and central india", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4365515548559755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.162388"} {"text": "of worship came from outside india. if you are studying india in school, you may read about this outdated theory. as the indus - sarasvati culture declined, many of its people migrated to other places. they settled mostly in north and central india, especially along the ganga river system. they interacted with tribes who had lived in those areas from ancient times. around 1000 bce, the tamil - speaking dravidian people in the south had separately developed a sophisticated language and culture. because of inadequate archeological research, we do not know a lot about this period. however, by 600 bce, india had developed a common culture from north to south and east to west. by this time the social, religious and philosophical ideas and practices central to hinduism are fully evident. these are in continuity with the religion of the indus - sarasvati culture, the teachings of the vedas, dravidian culture and elements of the tribal religions. hindu public worship, described in the vedas, took place in temporary shelters built for that purpose. the earliest mention of permanent temples for the worship of god is in the grihya sutras, around 600 bce. a distinctive feature of india at this time was the varna or class system. society was classified into groups with specific occupations. these groups tended to become hereditary. there were four broad classes - - priests, warriors, merchants and workers ( including craftsmen ). the system provided order and stability to society. later on, the varnas divided into hundreds of sub - sections called jatis ( castes ). individual jatis developed a strong identity and pride in their occupation. from time to time people would move from one caste to another, or establish new ones. the evolving caste system became unfair to the people at the very bottom of the social order. though caste is still an important factor in arranging marriages, caste discrimination is illegal in modern india. women have always been held in high regard in india. some of india ' s foremost religious and political leaders are women. hinduism is the only major religion in which god is worshiped in female form. life in ancient times was hard work for both men and women. the women were responsible for running the household ; the men for their craft or farm, as well as security. in general, women had fewer property rights than men, but received lighter punishments for crimes and paid fewer taxes. they participated equally with their husband in religious ceremonies and festival celebrations. some women were highly educated, and a few even composed several of the holy vedic hymns. the period from 1000 bce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47782458144068307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.164685"} {"text": "than men, but received lighter punishments for crimes and paid fewer taxes. they participated equally with their husband in religious ceremonies and festival celebrations. some women were highly educated, and a few even composed several of the holy vedic hymns. the period from 1000 bce through the gupta period up to the mid - 6th century ce was a time of great advancement. hindus discovered the zero and established the counting method, including the decimal system, we use today. their astronomers knew that the earth orbits the sun and calculated the length of a year with great precision. medicine was so advanced that doctors were performing complex surgery not equaled in europe until the 18th century. in ancient times india was one of the most advanced and wealthy nations on earth. since ancient times, a quarter of the world ' s people have lived in india. impact today : the disputed aryan invasion theory is still taught as fact in most books on india continuity : unbroken connection or line of development hereditary : passed from parents to children timeline : early indian history 5000 bce : beginning of indus - sarasvati cities 2600 - 2000 bce : height of indus - sarasvati civilization. the city of lothal includes large buildings and an enclosed harbor. 2000 bce : sarasvati river dries up. people move to north and central india. 600 bce : india is a unified culture at this time. large cities flourish in the gangetic plains. indian physician sushruta develops complex methods of surgery. tamil language flourishes in the south. first mention of temple worship appears in the grihya sutras. 500 bce : magadha empire in the north and pandyan kingdom in the south flourish. buddhism and jainism, offshoots of hinduism, become prominent religions. 321 bce : foundation of the pan - indian maurya empire. time of great advancement in science, statecraft, economy, architecture, music and art. 200 bce : tiruvalluvar composes tirukural, one of india ' s greatest scriptures on ethics 200 ce : hindu influence starts to spread into what is now cambodia, thailand, malaysia and indonesia. in 1200 ce, the hindu temple called angkor wat is built in cambodia. it is the world ' s largest religious structure. 320 ce : gupta empire reigns over most of india, with tamil kingdoms in far south. this is the golden age of india and hinduism, with respect and tolerance for all religions. section 1 assessment reviewing ideas, terms and people 1. a. explain : what happened to the sarasvati river? b. analyze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4306264826041796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.167065"} {"text": "kingdoms in far south. this is the golden age of india and hinduism, with respect and tolerance for all religions. section 1 assessment reviewing ideas, terms and people 1. a. explain : what happened to the sarasvati river? b. analyze : what customs from modern hinduism are depicted in artifacts of the indus - sarasvati civilization? 2. elaborate : what are the advantages of a hereditary occupation? what are the disadvantages? 3. a. summarize : how are women regarded in hindu society? b. recall : what are some of the great scientific achievements in ancient india? 4. a. explain : how were the vedas preserved? b. list : what kind of information is in the vedas? c. explain : why is it important that the rig veda mentions the sarasvati river as a \" mighty river? \" 5. analyze : what does your school history book say about the aryan invasion? how does this lesson differ? section two : hindu beliefs and scriptures hinduism today ' s teaching standards : 5. explain the basic hindu beliefs regarding god, the gods and goddesses, dharma, karma and reincarnation. describe basic hindu practices. 6. discuss the hindu principles of nonviolence and religious tolerance. 7. describe the vedas and their upanishads, ramayana, mahabharata ( including the bhagavad gita ) and other important hindu scriptures. what you will learn... 1. hindus believe in a one supreme god and also many gods and goddesses. 2. dharma, karma and reincarnation are central hindu beliefs. there is a special emphasis on nonviolence. 3. vedas are the primary hindu scriptures. there are other important scriptures as well. the big idea : hindus believe every soul will ultimately achieve god realization. key terms : sanatana dharma, brahman, deva, puja, karma, reincarnation, if you lived then... the king has passed a new law increasing the taxes on farmers. the farmers in your village have not had a good year. the harvest is smaller than usual. the new tax may mean people will go hungry. some in the village want to attack the tax collectors. others want to lie about the amount of harvest. still others say a peaceful protest will cause the king to change his mind on the tax increase. how would you respond to the tax increase? why? building background : from its beginnings, hinduism has been an open - minded religion. it is a basic hindu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49734172551956524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.169539"} {"text": "others say a peaceful protest will cause the king to change his mind on the tax increase. how would you respond to the tax increase? why? building background : from its beginnings, hinduism has been an open - minded religion. it is a basic hindu belief that there are many ways to approach god. hinduism does not dictate one way as the only way. hindus believe \" truth is one, paths are many \" and that every person eventually finds spiritual salvation. religion permeates the hindu ' s daily life hindus base their way of life upon their religion. the hindu culture comes from hindu beliefs. the key beliefs are in a one supreme god, subordinate gods and goddesses, heaven worlds, the divinity of the soul, dharma, karma, reincarnation, god realization and liberation from rebirth. god realization means the direct and personal experience of the divine within oneself. the original sanskrit name for hinduism is sanatana dharma, meaning \" eternal religion. \" belief in god and the gods and goddesses hindus believe in and worship a one supreme god. in the scriptures, the supreme god is called brahman or bhagavan, worshiped as both male and female. brahman is all - powerful, all - knowing, all - loving and present in all things. god created everything in the universe out of himself. this creation is not separate from him. he guides the evolution of everything over vast spans of time. ultimately, he absorbs the universe back into himself. this cycle of creation, preservation and absorption repeats without end. the supreme god is both transcendent and immanent. these are two key philosophical concepts. as transcendent, god exists beyond the physical universe. as immanent, his divine form pervades all nature and humanity. in hinduism, the soul is called atman. god exists within each soul. the chandogya upanishad explains it like this : \" what you see when you look into another person ' s eyes, that is atman, immortal, beyond fear ; that is god. \" hinduism has different branches with varying beliefs and practices. the four major branches are saiva, shakta, vaishnava and smarta. saivas and shaktas call the supreme god siva, though shaktas worship the female aspect of god. vaishnavas call him vishnu. smartas may choose one of six deities to worship as the supreme. by whichever name or form, he is the same, one supreme god. the rig veda says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5290198245273972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.171478"} {"text": "are many ways to worship the divine. dharma, karma and reincarnation dharma means righteousness, divine law, ethics, religion, duty, justice and truth. dharma means the proper way one should live one ' s life. to follow dharma, one should be religious, truthful, kind, honest and generous. dharma includes the practice of nonviolence, called ahimsa in sanskrit. it is the ideal of not injuring others in thought, word or action. karma, a central hindu belief, is the law of cause and effect. it means that anything you do will eventually return to you in this or future lives. if we do something selfish or hateful, we will in time experience the same pain and suffering we caused to others. if our acts are good and kind, we will receive goodness and kindness. reincarnation means literally to \" re - enter the flesh. \" it is the belief that the soul, atman, is reborn in a new body, experiencing many lifetimes. the purpose of rebirth is to progressively achieve spiritual maturity and god realization. eventually each soul learns to live by religious principles and avoid creating negative karma. the process of reincarnation continues through many lives until the soul achieves liberation. hinduism ' s sacred scriptures the four vedas are the holiest scriptures for all hindus. the upanishads, an important part of the vedas, explain the hindu philosophy. the next most important scriptures, also in sanskrit, are the agamas. there are specific agamas for each major tradition in hinduism - - saiva, shakta and vaishnava. the agamas explain philosophy, personal conduct, worship and temple construction. there are hundreds of other scriptural texts dealing with religious and secular law, government, social order, economics, ecology, health, architecture, science, music, astronomy and many other subjects. the puranas are encyclopedic accounts of the forms and avatars of god, the many subordinate gods and divine beings, creation, spiritual teachings, historical traditions, geography and culture. the tirukural is a tamil masterpiece on ethics and moral living. the yoga sutras of patanjali explore yoga and meditation. the ramayana and mahabharata are two sacred epic histories of india. the ramayana is the story of lord rama, who is the seventh incarnation of lord vishnu, and his divine wife sita. this 24, 000 - verse poem describes prince rama ' s birth, his banishment to a forest for 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5349160837085949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.176293"} {"text": "india. the ramayana is the story of lord rama, who is the seventh incarnation of lord vishnu, and his divine wife sita. this 24, 000 - verse poem describes prince rama ' s birth, his banishment to a forest for 14 years, the abduction of sita by the demon ravana and rama ' s victory over ravana. the ramayana remains immensely popular to this day in india and southeast asia. the mahabharata, \" great india, \" is a 78, 000 - verse story of a massive war that took place in ancient times between the pandavas and their cousins, the kauravas, for the throne of a great kingdom. it also describes the nature of self and the world, karma, important family lineages of india, human loyalties, saints and sages, devotion to god and the ideals of dharma. lord krishna, the eighth incarnation of lord vishnu, is a key figure in the epic. a central episode called the bhagavad gita narrates krishna ' s dialogue with the pandava archer, arjuna, on the day of the battle. it is one of the most popular and revered among vaishnava and smarta scriptures. hindu sacred music, dance, drama and the arts draw heavily on the ramayana, the mahabharata and the many puranas. the hindu principle of ahimsa, or nonviolence, is important today. mahatma gandhi, a devout hindu, said, \" nonviolence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. it is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man. \" by nonviolent means gandhi largely won india ' s independence, using peaceful protests, boycotts, strikes and speeches. in the 1950s, martin luther king, jr. studied gandhi ' s methods and went to india to meet his followers. he learned how india ' s nonviolent movement worked and applied the same methods to fight for and win civil rights for america ' s black minority. aung san suu kyi, a devout buddhist, has campaigned without violence for years to win democracy for the people of her native myanmar ( burma ). in 1991 she won the nobel peace prize for her peaceful struggle against the country ' s military dictatorship. another example is cesar chavez, who won rights for california farm workers using nonviolent methods. analysis skill : what are the advantages of nonviolence over violence in bringing about social change? subordinate : lower in rank, less important per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4667599831979107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.178938"} {"text": "military dictatorship. another example is cesar chavez, who won rights for california farm workers using nonviolent methods. analysis skill : what are the advantages of nonviolence over violence in bringing about social change? subordinate : lower in rank, less important pervade : to be present throughout encompass : to surround and hold within consecrated : made sacred through ceremony invoke : summon a deity ; appeal to secular : activities or things not related to religion section 2 assessment reviewing ideas, terms and people 1. a. define : what is sanatana dharma? b. explain : what is a deva? c. elaborate : what are the two key terms used by hindus to describe the supreme god? 2. categorize : what are the four main branches of hinduism? 3. a. recall : why do hindus pray first to lord ganesha? b. identify : what are the two most popular incarnations of lord vishnu? c. explain : what is the purpose of the hindu puja? 4. a. explain : what is karma? b. illustrate : what are some examples of following dharma? c. explain : what is the purpose of reincarnation? 5. summarize : make a list of hindu scriptures, starting with the vedas. 6. evaluate : why do hindus believe that there are many ways to approach the supreme god? 7. understanding nonviolence : write a paragraph explaining your way to deal with the tax increase example given on page six. do you think a nonviolent approach would succeed? sacred texts : an excerpt from the upanishads translated by swami prabhavananda and frederick manchester the upanishads are the part of the vedas that teach philosophy. the word upanishad means \" sitting by devotedly, \" as a student sits near his guru to learn. this excerpt is taken from the kena upanishad. it explains the nature of the supreme god, called brahman in sanskrit. try to sum up the meaning of each sentence in your own words. once the gods won a victory over the demons, and though they had done so only through the power of brahman, they were exceedingly vain. they thought to themselves, \" it was we who beat our enemies, and the glory is ours. \" brahman saw their vanity and appeared before them as a nature spirit. but they did not recognize him. then the other gods said to the god of fire, \" fire, find out for us who this mysterious nature spirit is. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5745209639149781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.183497"} {"text": "ours. \" brahman saw their vanity and appeared before them as a nature spirit. but they did not recognize him. then the other gods said to the god of fire, \" fire, find out for us who this mysterious nature spirit is. \" \" yes, \" said the god of fire, and approached the spirit. the spirit said to him : \" who are you? \" \" i am the god of fire. as a matter of fact, i am very widely known. \" \" and what power do you wield? \" \" i can burn anything on earth. \" \" burn this, \" said the spirit, placing a straw before him. the god of fire fell upon it with all his might, but could not consume it. so he ran back to the other gods and said, \" i cannot discover who this mysterious spirit is. \" then said the other gods to the god of wind : \" wind, can you find out for us who he is? \" \" yes, \" said the god of wind, and approached the spirit. the spirit said to him : \" who are you? \" \" i am the god of wind. as a matter of fact, i am very widely known. i fly swiftly through the heavens. \" \" and what power do you wield? \" \" i can blow away anything on earth. \" \" blow this away, \" said the spirit, placing a straw before him. the god of wind fell upon it with all his might, but was unable to move it. so he ran back to the other gods and said, \" i cannot discover who this mysterious spirit is. \" then said the other gods to indra, greatest of them all, \" o respected one, find out for us, we pray you, who he is. \" \" yes, \" said indra and humbly approached the spirit. but the spirit vanished, and in his place stood goddess uma, well adorned and of exceeding beauty. beholding her, indra asked : \" who was the spirit that appeared to us? \" \" that, \" answered uma, \" was brahman. through him it was, not of yourselves, that you attained your victory and your glory. \" thus did indra, and the god of fire, and the god of wind, come to recognize brahman, the supreme god. philosophy : a theory or attitude that guides behavior vain : excessively proud consume : to destroy completely, as by fire adorned : beautifully dressed beholding : looking at something remarkable attained : won", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4934791950479441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.184624"} {"text": "of wind, come to recognize brahman, the supreme god. philosophy : a theory or attitude that guides behavior vain : excessively proud consume : to destroy completely, as by fire adorned : beautifully dressed beholding : looking at something remarkable attained : won ; achieved understanding sacred texts 1. analyzing : hindus believe that the supreme god is immanent. that means he exists everywhere in the universe, in everyone and everything. how does this belief appear in the story? 2. comparing : what is the difference between brahman, the supreme god, and the other gods introduced here - - indra, the god of fire and the god of wind? 3. one verse says that the gods were vain. what test did the supreme god put them through? 4. indra took a different approach to finding out who the spirit was. why did he succeed when the others failed? section three : hinduism in practice hinduism today ' s teaching standards 8. describe the spread of hinduism outside of india in ancient and modern times. 9. describe the daily observances of hindus, home and temple worship, religious teachers and the major festivals. 10. explain how hinduism has survived over the last 5, 000 years. what you will learn... 1. hinduism has spread outside of india several times. 2. hinduism is the third largest religion in the world. 3. hindus practice religion at home and in temples and through the many festivals. the big idea : hinduism is the oldest world religion flourishing today. key terms : samskara, bindi, puja, swami, kumbha mela if you lived then... you are born in fiji in 1910. your parents were brought from india by the british to work in the sugarcane fields as indentured laborers. now they are free of debt and own farmland. the public school is ok, but your parents want you to go to the best private school. the principal there says you must leave hinduism and convert to his religion before you can enroll. what do you think your parents would do? building background : hinduism is the only major religion from the distant past that is still vibrant today. it survived because of its tradition of home - centered worship, because of its rich teachings and many religious leaders, and because it is not merely tolerant of other religions but respects the validity of all spiritual paths. traditions and holy days hinduism is the oldest living religion in the world. there are today nearly a billion hindus worldwide, 95 percent of whom live on the indian subcontinent. hinduism continues to thrive for many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5635874400675531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.185680"} {"text": "other religions but respects the validity of all spiritual paths. traditions and holy days hinduism is the oldest living religion in the world. there are today nearly a billion hindus worldwide, 95 percent of whom live on the indian subcontinent. hinduism continues to thrive for many reasons. its followers find answers to their deepest questions about the mysteries of life. with personal religious practices, pilgrimage to sacred shrines, temple - and home - centered worship, hindus strive for god realization. and through celebration of the yearly cycle of vibrant and colorful festivals, they experience great blessings and joy. there are five basic practices, pancha nitya karmas, often observed by hindus. they are to : 1 ) worship daily, 2 ) follow dharma, 3 ) observe the samskaras ( rites of passage ), 4 ) celebrate the holy days and 5 ) go on pilgrimage to sacred places. other practices include meditation, chanting of mantras, study of scripture, hatha yoga and other yoga techniques, and simple austerities, such as fasting. there are many samskaras, including a child ' s name - giving ceremony, the first feeding of solid food, the beginning of formal education and marriage. it is a common practice for hindu women to wear a bindi, a red dot on the forehead. a similar mark, called tilaka, is worn by men at the temple or on ceremonial occasions. this forehead mark symbolizes many things, especially spiritual vision. worship in the home every hindu home has a place of worship. it may be as simple as a shelf with pictures of god or an entire room dedicated to worship. many families have a spiritual guide or guru whose picture is displayed in the shrine. there, the family may light a lamp, ring a bell and pray daily. the most devout hold a formal morning worship ritual. they offer flowers, incense, lights and food to god while chanting sacred verses. individual members will often go to the shrine for blessings before leaving for school or work. at other times one may sit alone in the shrine, pray and chant the names of god, read from scripture, meditate silently or sing devotional songs. hindus prefer to live within a day ' s journey of a temple. the temple is a special building, revered as the home of god. the main deity is enshrined in the temple ' s central sanctum. in india, there are hundreds of thousands of temples, most quite ancient. temples in india can be enormous, covering many acres, having vast pillared hallways that can accommodate 500, 000 devotees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47943815925266475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.187175"} {"text": "the religious ministers of hinduism. many swamis teach, others run large institutions that perform social service for their communities, and still others live alone and meditate long hours each day in their pursuit of divine enlightenment. special among these are the holy gurus. gu means darkness and ru means remover. so guru literally means \" the one who removes darkness. \" these men and women are great religious teachers, some with millions of followers. several gurus have popularized the hindu practice of yoga by establishing training centers all over the world. no one person or institution is in charge of hinduism. instead, there are thousands of independent spiritual traditions, monastic orders and religious institutions. the yearly festival cycle there are many religious festivals celebrated by hindus each year. they are observed at home, in temples and public places. most hindu festivals are observed according to an ancient solar - lunar calendar. several festivals honor the avatars of lord vishnu. for example, ram navami celebrates the birth of lord rama in march / april. krishna janmashtami, in july / august, celebrates the birth of lord krishna. mahasivaratri takes place in february / march, when devotees fast and worship the transcendent lord siva all night in the temple. diwali, or dipavali, is the biggest festival of the year. it is dedicated to lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, and takes place in october / november. navaratri is the second largest festival. it lasts nine days and takes place in september / october. it is dedicated to the worship of the goddess, shakti. in her three forms : durga, the goddess of protection ; lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, and sarasvati, the goddess of knowledge. holi, in march / april, is a highly spirited festival where everyone sprinkles each other with colored water and powders. it signifies the triumph of good over evil and marks the beginning of the winter crop harvest. vaikasi visakham ( may / june ) is sacred to hindus, buddhists and sikhs. guru purnima is a special festival to honor one ' s spiritual teacher, or guru. it takes place on the full moon day in july. there are also many social festivals in india, such as pongal. it is held in january and celebrates the incoming harvest. one special festival, the kumbha mela, takes place in a twelve - year cycle. hindu saints and millions of devotees travel to certain sacred rivers at an auspicious time for worship. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4964050339373002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.189866"} {"text": "held in january and celebrates the incoming harvest. one special festival, the kumbha mela, takes place in a twelve - year cycle. hindu saints and millions of devotees travel to certain sacred rivers at an auspicious time for worship. the 2001 kumbha mela was held at prayag ( modern allahabad ) in north india. it was attended by 70 million people, including 30 million on january 24 alone. this was the largest religious gathering ever held on the earth. hinduism is the oldest world religion. it accepts that there are many ways to worship god. it has endured for so long because the religion and culture have instilled in each hindu a unique and strong sense of identity and community. the rig veda concludes, \" let there be everlasting unity and peace among all human beings. \" hindu migration through the centuries : hinduism has spread outside of india in several waves. first it was adopted by cultures throughout southeast asia through the 12th century ce. second, in the 19th century many hindus moved to the various european colonies, such as south africa, the caribbean and fiji. and most recently, hindus migrated to more than 150 countries in the 20th century. the biggest hindu festival of the year is diwali, or dipavali, the festival of lights, celebrating the victory of good over evil, light over darkness. it takes place for five days around the new moon in october / november. it also honors the return of lord rama to ayodhya after 14 years in exile. lakshmi, the goddess of wealth is invoked for prosperity, and her presence is felt in every home. hindus thoroughly clean the house, take a special bath and put on new clothes. thousands of small lamps, including traditional clay oil lamps ( pictured at right ), are placed everywhere and fireworks signal hope for mankind. it is a national holiday in india and in many countries with large hindu populations. some hindu festivals take place mostly at home, such as raksha bandhan, which is on the full moon in july / august. sisters tie a rakhi, or colored thread, around the wrist of their brothers. in return, the brother gives his sister a present and promises to protect her. the rakhi can also be given to anyone chosen as an \" adopted brother. \" analysis skill : how do festivals help remind people to be more kind and generous to one another? the impact today : there are hindu temples in nearly every country of the world indentured : under contract to work for a certain number of years aus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4611026500271225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.191022"} {"text": "\" analysis skill : how do festivals help remind people to be more kind and generous to one another? the impact today : there are hindu temples in nearly every country of the world indentured : under contract to work for a certain number of years austerity : a difficult practice of self - denial and discipline meditate : think deeply about, go within yourself or seek god within mendicant : a holy person who lives by begging auspicious : a favorable time - - for the mela, as determined by the hindu calendar section 3 assessment reviewing ideas, terms and people 1. a. list : what are the five basic practices of hinduism? b. define : what does the bindi, red dot, signify? c. explain : how do hindus use their home shrine room? 2. list : what are the various kinds of priests and holy men and women in hinduism? 3. a. explain : what is the year ' s biggest hindu festival? b. define : what is the meaning of the rakhi bracelet? c. recall : what is special about the kumbha mela? d. elaborate : why has hinduism lasted so long? 4. list : make a list of three columns. in the first column write the name of a major hindu festival. in the second, put the time of year it occurs. in the third list what it celebrates. 5. understanding hindu practices : why do you think hindus want to live near a temple? chapter one standards assessment directions : read each question and circle the letter of the best response 1. evidence for what form of worship in the vedas was found by archaeologists in the ruins of the indus - 2. the indus - sarasvati civilization ended because : 3. the aryan invasion theory was based upon : 4. which discovery was not made in ancient india? 5. evidence of hindu temple worship can be as early as : 6. which of these descriptions does not apply to women in ancient india? 7. which of these words does not describe the hindu concept of the supreme god? 8. hindus believe that the devas, such as lord ganesha or goddess lakshmi, are like : 9. which of the following is not used in nonviolent protests? 10. the hindu scriptures include : 11. hindus believe that every other religion : 12. how many countries do hindus live in today? 13. the saints of hinduism are : 14. the biggest religious event in the world is : internet resources : go to http : / / www. hinduismto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5043600958881199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.192119"} {"text": "james e. west was an attorney active with juvenile cases in washington dc. he was recruited in 1911 as executive secretary, in part because boyce wanted the bsa based in natioanal capital to demonstrate the organization ' s national character. west changed his title to chief scout executive. he more than any other person created a well - organized national structure that was a key to the bsa ' s growth and reputation. he intended to make scouting only a temporary diversion from his legal career, but that changed with the tremendous growth of the movement. west remained chief scout executive from 1911 until he retired in 1943. scouting founder willam d. boyce did not get along with west. boyce saw scouting has his own organization. as a result of the quarel and differences of opinion, west had boyce ' s name virtually deleted from bsa records. west also had problems with ernest thompson seaton another founder of the scouting movement. both seaton and west were strong - willed individuals. they had conflicting ideas on how scouting should develop. seton was deeply committed to the ethos of scouting saw west as a city lawyer and simple administrator / he challenged west ' s authority to control the young program ' s development. west controlled the bsa organization and power base, and forced seton out in 1916. seaton ' s writing was removed from the boy scout handbook. drspite seaton ' s departure, like boyce, these men left an indelible impression on american scouting. west for many years resisted the creation of a cubbing program for younger boys. james was born in washington, d. c. ( 1876 ). his father died at about the time james was born. his mother had to be hospitalized with tuberculosis when jimmie was still very young ( 1882 ). james was placed in the washington city orphan home. after which his mother died, leaving him an orphan. james called jummie had a rough childhood. when his mother contracted tuberculosis he was placed in the washington city orphan home ( 1882 ). there was no extended family to take him in. he apparently contracted the disease from her. he may have contracted polilo as well. he was reported as a cripped boy. one leg did not develop properly and was shorter than the other. at the orphanage, because of his disability, james was given work assignments with girls - - sewing and caning chairs. he turned to reading. he virtually took over the orphanage library. he decided he wanted to enter the local public school. the orphanage staff was concerned it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38861195746143307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.216369"} {"text": "because of his disability, james was given work assignments with girls - - sewing and caning chairs. he turned to reading. he virtually took over the orphanage library. he decided he wanted to enter the local public school. the orphanage staff was concerned it would interfere with his chores ( stoking the coal furnace and feeding chickens ). he began in the 5th grade. james graduated with honors from business high school ( 1895 ). at the highschool he edited the school newspaper, served as the football team ' s business manager, and occassionally taught match when the teacher was absent. despite the lack of family support, west mamaged to go to college and graduate from law school, a major accomplishment at the time. after leaving the orphanage, he worked as a tutor and a bicycle mechanic ( 1896 ). he attended national law school while supporting himself as the assistant to the general secretary of the ymca. here he developed an interest in youth work. he earned his bachelor of laws ( 1900 ) and master of laws ( 1901 ). he was admitted to the washington, d. c. bar. the spanish american war interupted his studies. west volunteered during the spanish - american war and worked as a clerk. after the war he worked as a clerk in the war office. president theodore roosevelt appointed him to the board of pension appeals in the department of the interior ( 1902 ). he played an important role in creating the juvenile court system, helping to convince congress to pass a law. another impressive accomplishment for such a young man. west became a successful attorney in washington dc. perhaps because of his background, he became active with juvenile cases. west became a a mason and joined the knights of pythias. he became the sunday school superintendent for the mount pleasant congregational church. he got involved with youth work. west was willing to do the mundane organizational and administrative work that did not appeal to others. he became interesting in the boys ' brigade. this was a predecessor to the boy scouts more closely tied to christian churches. it proved to be stronger in britain, but was organized in many british colonies and the unitd states. he worked as finance chairman for the boys brigade and the secretary of the washington playground association which eventually develope into the playground association of america. he lsubsequently served as secretary of the national child rescue league whoch worked to find homes for orphaned children. west was appointed as secretary of the white house conference on dependent children. here he worked for reforms in the operation of orphanages. thus at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42817108284437727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.217595"} {"text": ". west provided the organizational skill needed to build scouting into the largest and most effective youth organization in the country. west remained chief scout executive from 1911 until he retired in 1943 - - a rather long 6 months. when he retired in 1943, dr. west was recognized throughout the country as the true architect of the boy scouts of america. he more than any other person created a well - organized national structure that was a key to the bsa ' s growth and reputation. he intended to make scouting only a temporary diversion from his legal career, but that changed with the tremendous growth of the movement. scouting founder willam d. boyce did not get along with west. boyce saw scouting as his own organization. he did not want to involve himself in day to day operations, but he wanted to control the organization. as a result, of the quarel and differences of opinion, west had boyce ' s name virtually deleted from bsa records. west also had problems with ernest thompson seaton another founder of the scouting movement. both seaton and west were strong - willed individuals. they had conflicting ideas on how scouting should develop. seton was deeply committed to the ethos of scouting saw west as a city lawyer and simple administrator. he challenged west ' s authority to control the young program ' s development. west controlled the bsa organization and power base, and forced seton out in 1916. seaton ' s writing was removed from the boy scout handbook. drspite seaton ' s departure, like boyce, these men left an indelible impression on american scouting. west married marion speaks ( june 19, 1907 ). the wests had five children. james \" jimmie \" ellis west was born ( december 25, 1909 ). arthur was born ( 1912 ). marion ws born ( 1914 ). jimmie died of pneumonia while marion was pregnant with helen ( 1916 ) bob was born ( 1917 ). west published occassional articles for boys ' life as well as a mumber of books. lone scout of the air ( 1927 ) was a biography of charles lindbergh. the boy scout ' s book of true adventure ( g. p. putnam ' s sons : new york, 1931 ) was an account of 14 honorary scouts. there was a foreword by theodore roosevelt and biographical notes by west. the boy scout ' s book of honor ( 1931 ) was edited by west. he - who - sees - in - the - dark ( 1932 ) was the boys ' story of frederick burnham, the american scout.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4359967894714616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.219639"} {"text": "roosevelt and biographical notes by west. the boy scout ' s book of honor ( 1931 ) was edited by west. he - who - sees - in - the - dark ( 1932 ) was the boys ' story of frederick burnham, the american scout. it was written by west and peter o. lamb and illustrated by baden - powell. west ' s last book was making the most of yourself ( 1941 ). navigate the historic boys ' uniform chronology pages : [ return to the main chronologies page ] [ the 1840s ] [ the 1850s ] [ the 1860s ] [ the 1870s ] [ the 1880s ] [ the 1890s ] [ the 1900s ] [ the 1910s ] [ the 1920s ] [ the 1930s ] [ the 1940s ] [ the 1950s ] navigate the historic boys ' uniform web site : [ return to the main biography page ] [ activities ] [ biographies ] [ chronologies ] [ countries ] [ essays ] [ garments ] [ organizations ] [ religion ] [ other ] [ introduction ] [ bibliographies ] [ contributions ] [ faqs ] [ questions ] [ unknown images ] [ boys ' uniform home ] navigate the historic boys ' uniform web organization pages : [ boys ' brigade ] [ camp fire ] [ hitler youth ] [ national ] [ pioneers ] [ royal rangers ] [ scout ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4044633498439433, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.220228"} {"text": "joseph bradley varnum, collection of u. s. house of representatives about this object after serving nine terms in the house, two of them as speaker, joseph varnum of massachusetts resigned his house seat to serve as a senator. on this date, the house passed h. r. 7, \u201c an act fixing the military peace establishment of the united states, \u201d creating a military academy for u. s. soldiers in west point, new york. in the 5th congress ( 1797 \u2013 1799 ), robert harper of south carolina proposed \u201c a military school, and a corps constantly existing, in which officers may always be found fit to command troops. \u201d harper reasoned that if \u201c an army or revenue were wanted, they could at any time be raised ; but good officers and military science could not be created without much previous application, by practice, and a course of study. \u201d ultimately, the south carolinian believed that such a school would help to ensure \u201c the safety of [ the ] country when it is known that such a class of men exists to any considerable degree. \u201d president thomas jefferson, who had long promoted the idea of creating a national university to benefit society as a whole, found the military academy proposal appealing. jefferson encouraged his secretary of war, henry dearborn, to form such a school in 1801. introduced by joseph varnum of massachusetts, a veteran of the american revolution who assisted in suppressing shays \u2019 rebellion in 1786, the west point bill passed on a 71 to 12 vote. the senate added amendments to the bill and passed it on march 5, 1802. the house concurred with the amendments 10 days later, and sent it to president jefferson, who signed the bill into law on march 16, 1802.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3955802001922104, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.222664"} {"text": "good answer by fishtoaster. the science is ancient, discovered by archimedes. 1 : any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. in other words, if you put a ball, with volume 1 litre completely under water, there is an upwards force on the ball ( buoyancy or flotation ) equal to the weight of 1 litre of water. ( i. e. 1 kilogram - force or 9. 81 newtons ) 2 : ( corollary ) any floating object displaces its own weight of fluid. if we place a floating object of mass 1 kilo, it will displace exactly 1 kilo of water, or 1 litre of water. if the volume of our object is less than 1 litre, it will float. so, with a hydrometer, it is weighted such that the submerged volume at the 1. 000 reading is exactly equal to the weight of the hydrometer. if we dissolve solids into the water ( sugar ) that volume of water is heavier, and less of it needs to be displaced in order for the hydrometer ' s weight to be matched, and the hydrometer floats higher.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5086006687191891, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.225631"} {"text": "steel is one of the world \u2019 s most important engineering and construction materials, and increasingly a material of choice in commercial and residential applications. although no one is certain when it was first used, a british inventor named henry bessemer is credited with creating the first technique by which steel could be mass - produced. today, the metal is produced by adding a small amount of carbon to iron ore, and removing impurities, such as sulfur and phosphorous. small amounts of alloying metals, such as nickel, manganese, chromium and vanadium may also be added. facts about steel - there are currently more than 3, 500 different grades, most of which have been developed within the last few decades. the eiffel tower, if it were built using modern varieties of steel, would require only one - third as much steel as was used in 1889 when it was constructed. - the recent economic boom in china and india has caused a massive increase in it \u2019 s demand. - china is the world \u2019 s top producer, followed by japan, russia, and the united states, respectively. the physical properties of steel offer significant advantages over concrete, wood, and other building materials. here are some of these advantages : - it is highly recyclable. in the united states, more steel is recycled than plastic, glass and aluminum combined, making it the most recycled material nationally. the reason for this is threefold : first, by virtue of its magnetic properties, steel can be easily separated from the waste stream. second, recycling saves the steel industry an enormous amount of energy \u2014 enough to power 18 million homes for one year, according to the steel recycling institute. third, recycled steel loses none of its properties, making the recycling process simple and efficient. - it \u2019 s use saves trees. a typical 2, 000 - square - foot house, which requires 26, 700 board feet to build, would require the use of 102 trees, according to the the idaho forest products commission. - more windows can be integrated in structures of steel construction, due to elevated mechanical properties of the metal. windows reduce energy consumption and increase the comfort of building occupants. - steel has the highest strength - to - weight ratio of any comparable construction material, making it among the most durable. - steel conforms to any aesthetic. the availability of finishes, facades and other wall claddings allows builders to craft steel structures in any fashion. - there is an unlimited production capacity. steel \u2019 s main ingredient \u2013 iron \u2013 is one of the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5138086658330756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.235976"} {"text": "steel conforms to any aesthetic. the availability of finishes, facades and other wall claddings allows builders to craft steel structures in any fashion. - there is an unlimited production capacity. steel \u2019 s main ingredient \u2013 iron \u2013 is one of the most common metals in the earth \u2019 s crust. the united states \u2019 structural steel industry has the capacity to produce 6 million tons of structural steel per year, which is comfortably more than what will be needed in the foreseeable future. - steel is economical due to its enhanced quality and reduced costs owing to off - site fabrication and rapid construction. - steel is non - combustible, which allows for lower insurance costs. steel in residential construction steel has long been a staple in commercial construction, but the material has seen recent use in residences, as well. increasing lumber prices and a need to conserve timber products, as well as design elements such as resistance to termites, are fueling the transition to steel in the residential construction market. in addition, steel offers excellent earthquake, fire - and wind - resistance. steel ceiling joists can span greater distances than wooden ones, allowing for a broader range of design possibilities for builders and architects. a disadvantage, however, is that steel readily conducts heat and cold, which may degrade a home \u2019 s energy efficiency. contractors can mitigate this potential by wrapping steel framing in insulation board, as well as by placing insulation batts between the studs. also, noise due to thermal expansion and contraction, as well as that produced by heavy rain, may cause irritation for occupants. steel is often used in houses in the following applications : - rebar within concrete foundations ; - floor joists, floor bearers and columns used to raise houses off the ground ; - wall framing ; and - battens, trusses and roof sheeting. fyi, steel is an excellent building material for residences as well as commercial buildings. if you are really interested in building with steel, framing with steel has obvious advantages over wood. yet building with steel requires skills that can present challenges to the wood - frame builder or framer. the following book explains the secrets of steel framing techniques for building homes \u2014 whether pre - engineered or built by stick framing. it shows, in step - by - step instructions how to build with steel. it shows you the techniques, tools and materials \u2014 even how to estimate steel - framing costs. you \u2019 ll find instructions for designing for steel, tools and fasteners you \u2019 ll need, foundations and anchoring, installing floor joists, standing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4612412868596112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.238224"} {"text": "human blood - - it drives mosquitoes wild. today marlene cimmons of the national science foundation ( nsf ) spotlights chemical ecologist walter leal, professor of entomology, university of california, davis, on the livescience web site. this interesting feature takes a behind - the - scenes look at leal, a brazilian - born scientist trained in three countries : brazil, japan and the united states. his research, partly funded by a nsf grant, has received international acclaim. last year he was elected a fellow of the 6000 - member entomological society of america, a prestigious honor reserved for only 10 or fewer scientists a year. leal, who focuses his research on how insects detect smells, is not shy about being a human subject. or human pincushion. cimmons wrote about how leal \" rolled up his sleeves \" when he and his colleagues were looking for the substance that would lure mosquitoes into a blood meal. \" and they found it - - nonanal, a substance made by humans and birds that creates a powerful scent that culex mosquitoes find irresistible. \" leal also recalls the time when he was searching for beetles in mexico and mosquitoes went after him with a vengeance. \" they ' ll go through anything, even jeans, as long as they know there is a blood vessel on the other side, \" leal told cimmons. \" they can sense the heat. \" indeed, some folks just seem to attract more than their share of mosquitoes. only the female mosquitoes bite - - they need a blood meal to develop their eggs. related links : uc davis researchers identify dominant chemical that attracts mosquitoes to humans groundbreaking research on deet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49140202569429914, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.241276"} {"text": "robots game activity bring the stack of crc index cards you developed in lab yesterday to lecture, one for each class you hope to design in your robots program. this activity will involve elaboration of these cards, giving greater specificity to responsibilities and describing each class ' s attributes. your task in class is to embellish these cards as follows : - each card should list of member functions and instance variables of the class. ( instance variables are the private variables. ) insofar as possible, you should give the type / class of all parameters and return values of the member functions, and the types of the instance variables. - one additional card lists non - member functions ( if any ) along with the purpose of each. again, give the type / class of all parameters and return values. - number all member functions and procedures in the order you intend to code and test them. you ' ll put the number ( 1 ) in front of all methods and procedures you can test on their own without writing any others. put a ( 2 ) in front of procedures you can ' t write until you ' ve written procedures from ( 1 ), and so forth. - identify with a ( * ) all methods which appear challenging to write. these are ones which you hope you can break up later into smaller procedures once you ' ve thought about the robots program more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5122784914014377, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.245245"} {"text": "in a previous column about the stress of working in an \u201c open \u201d office, i suggested that the popular practice of listening to music with earbuds or headphones not only cuts down on background noise but may also give employees a sense of control over their aural environment. but does having a constant soundtrack to your day also distract you from the task at hand? that depends on the task. research shows that under some conditions, music actually improves our performance, while in other situations music makes it worse \u2014 sometimes dangerously so. absorbing and remembering new information is best done with the music off, suggests a 2010 study published in applied cognitive psychology. adults aged 18 to 30 were asked to recall a series of sounds presented in a particular order. participants \u2019 performance suffered when music was played while they carried out the task as compared to when they completed the task in a quiet environment. nick perham, the british researcher who conducted the study, notes that playing music you like can lift your mood and increase your arousal \u2014 if you listen to it before getting down to work. but it serves as a distraction from cognitively demanding tasks. that finding is key to understanding another condition under which music can improve performance : when a well - practiced expert needs to achieve the relaxed focus necessary to execute a job he \u2019 s done many times before. a number of studies have found, for example, that surgeons often listen to music in the operating room and that they work more effectively when they do. a study in the journal of the american medical association reported that surgeons carrying out a task in the laboratory worked more accurately when music that they liked was playing. ( music that they didn \u2019 t like was second best, and no music was least helpful of all. ) ( more : remember more without trying ) the doctors listening to their preferred music were also the most relaxed, as revealed by measurements of their nervous system activity. still, surgeons might want to ask others in the operating room for their opinions on playing music : one survey of anaesthetists found that about a quarter felt that music \u201c reduced their vigilance and impaired their communication with other staff, \u201d and about half felt that music was distracting when they were dealing with a problem with the anesthesia. ( and who would want to be the patient in that situation? ) research suggests that singing along might even heighten the distraction. a study presented earlier this month at the international conference on traffic and transport psychology, reported that singing along with music in a car may slow drivers \u2019 responses to potential hazards. christina rudin - brown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47085057905286065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.251794"} {"text": "the economic security of unmarried women today nearly half of women are unmarried - - a transformational societal change from 1960 when only one - third of women were unmarried. and today virtually every woman will spend at least part of her adult life as the sole supporter of herself or her family. with so many women living on their own, it is crucial that lawmakers take seriously unmarried women ' s economic security needs. unfortunately, the economic circumstances of unmarried women are troubling. they face greater economic insecurity compared to the general population or their married counterparts by almost any measure. they must confront disproportionate unemployment, poverty, and lack of health insurance, as well as other hardships. despite being just under half of the female population, they represent 63 percent of unemployed women, 60 percent of women without health insurance, and three - quarters of women in poverty. there are many roots of these inequities. first, like all women, unmarried women face gender - based wage discrimination and segregation into lower - paying occupations, and they earn less on average than married women. second, many unmarried women hold low - wage jobs that do not support an adequate standard of living, especially for a family or a woman living on one income. and these low - wage jobs often do not provide benefits like health insurance, sick time, or other basic necessities. factors like race or sexual orientation too often result in additional discrimination and unequal job opportunities. third, many unmarried women have family responsibilities - to their partners, children, parents, or extended family - but too many workplaces are not family friendly. for many unmarried women, finding quality child or elder care is difficult and may be very expensive - more even than their own income. finally, the definition of \" family \" in policy is outdated, stuck in the 1950s notion of a nuclear family that excludes too many of today ' s nontraditional families. many policies, particularly sharing of health insurance and retirement plans, are based on one ' s marital status regardless of the fact that nearly half of the population today is unmarried. the combination of these factors puts too many unmarried women in a unique but unfortunately precarious economic position. despite the economic disparities unmarried women face, they make major contributions to the economy and their communities. most unmarried women work outside the home, and they are more than a fifth of the nation ' s workers. they are a sizeable and growing consumer group, too, who are already demonstrating their economic prowess and independence by purchasing homes, representing a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4750807998629941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.257534"} {"text": ". most unmarried women work outside the home, and they are more than a fifth of the nation ' s workers. they are a sizeable and growing consumer group, too, who are already demonstrating their economic prowess and independence by purchasing homes, representing a fifth of homebuyers in 2008. they are also heads of households and caregivers who are taking care of our elders and raising the next generation, and they are serving as the economic decision makers for enormous numbers of people - affecting all major sectors of our economy. but their potential contribution is unrealized. fortunately, many current and proposed policies will benefit unmarried women. this report outlines an economic security agenda for unmarried women that focuses on the key areas of legislation in the 111th congress that would benefit them, including good jobs ; policies for single mothers and their children ; quality, affordable health care ; adequate, affordable housing ; financial protection ; and a secure, dignified retirement. the report is intended to serve as a resource for policymakers and advocates concerned about the economic security of unmarried women. it examines legislation under discussion, rather than ideal recommendations, and there is ample room for improvement, which will be examined in future work at the center for american progress and by women ' s voices. women vote. still, each of the new laws and proposed policy changes described in this report has its place in an agenda to improve unmarried women ' s economic conditions. together, this legislation would make significant progress. congress doesn ' t need to wait to get started on this agenda, either. the top four policy proposals described in this report that are likely to move through congress quickly and would have a significant impact on the economic security of unmarried women are : - the health care system overhaul currently pending in congress, which would fill a major gap in public policy by greatly expanding the availability and affordability of health insurance. - a proposed reauthorization and expansion of the child care and development block grant, which provides subsidies for child care to low - income families. - the expected reauthorization of the workforce investment act, which congress can use to focus on the workforce development needs of single women. bills such as the pathways advancing career training act and the women win jobs act would target opportunities for job training and good jobs to women. - the paycheck fairness act, which the senate is expected to consider this year and the house passed in january 2009. women continue to face gender - based pay discrimination, and this bill would strengthen legal protections against wage discrimination. unmarried women - - and our country - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4667364656936549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.258731"} {"text": "sixty - seven years ago today a united states army airforce b - 29 called the enola gay dropped an atomic bomb its makers \u2019 quaintly named \u201c little boy \u201d on the japanese city of hiroshima. between 90, 000 and 140, 000 mostly civilians died as a result of this devastating attack. in 1962 the american trappist monk thomas merton wrote a letter to the hon. shinzo hamai who was the mayor of hiroshima. in his letter, merton wrote, it is my conviction that the people of hiroshima stand today as a symbol of the hopes of humanity. it is good that such a symbol should exist. the events of august 6, 1945, give you the most solemn right to be heard and respected by the whole world. but the world only pretends to respect your witness. in reality it cannot face the truth which you represent. but i wish to say on my own behalf and on behalf of my fellow monks and those who are like - minded, that i never cease to face the truth which is symbolized in the names hiroshima, nagasaki. ( the hidden ground of love, 380, 381 ) merton did not disclose in his letter what he believed to be the truth that the world \u201c cannot face \u201d that is represented by hiroshima. four days after the bombing of hiroshima a second atomic bomb rained death upon nagasaki killing an estimated 70, 000 and leaving several hundred thousand others diseased and dying. the truth we do not want to see that confronts us in hiroshima and nagasaki is that we human beings are capable of committing cold - blooded acts of violence against predominantly civilian populations in an attempt to protect what we perceive to be our own interests. merton went on in his letter to the mayor of hiroshima to write, i wish to say on my own behalf and on behalf of my fellow monks and those who are like - minded, that i never cease to face the truth which is symbolized in the names hiroshima, nagasaki. each day i pray humbly and with love for the victims of the atomic bombardments which took place there. all the holy spirits of those who lost their lives then, i regard as my dear and real friends. i express my fraternal and humble love for all the citizens of hiroshima and nagasaki. ( the hidden ground of love, 381 ) merton understood the deep truth to which the writer of the letter to the ephesians pointed when he wrote for this reason i bow my knees before the father, from whom every family in heaven and on earth takes its name. ( ephesians 3 : 14,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49206873454249384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.269148"} {"text": "deep truth to which the writer of the letter to the ephesians pointed when he wrote for this reason i bow my knees before the father, from whom every family in heaven and on earth takes its name. ( ephesians 3 : 14, 15 ) if \u201c every family in heaven and on earth takes its name \u201d from the same \u201c father \u201d, then we are all connected. every human being who has ever taken up space on this earth, is my brother or my sister. there is, according to the writer of ephesians, only one human family. we are not separated by ethnicity, cultural barriers, or artificial national boundaries. we are all linked by our common parentage. the japanese people who were slaughtered and maimed in hiroshima and nagasaki were not separate from their killers. the atomic bombs killed the brothers and sisters of those who dropped the bombs. \u201c little boy \u201d destroyed the family members of those who ordered the bombing. we who appear to have benefited from the carnage of hiroshima bear the terrible legacy of the annihilation of hundreds of thousands of our brothers and sisters. until we find the courage to acknowledge the monstrous fratricide for which we are guilty, we will never truly confront the violence that lies coiled in our hearts. no weapons will preserve us from the unacknowledged darkness beneath the surface of our civilized exterior. we who deny our complicity in the dark realities of the past are doomed to repeat its errors. we do well on this day to remember the horror of hiroshima.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49022189494737356, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.270579"} {"text": "selection of diamonds these diamonds are from a collection held at the natural history museum, london, uk. \u201c an oblique photograph of mount etna looking to the southeast taken by astronauts onboard the international space station on october 30, 2002. the dark plume rising from the top of the volcano is an ash cloud. the broad white cloud streaming from areas of lower elevation is smoke produced by forest fires ignited as a hot lava flow moved through a pine forest. the ash and smoke caused air traffic to be diverted and forced the closing of roads, schools and businesses. \u201d \u201c many species of insects are found in the green river formation including dragonflies. the wetland margins of fossil lake provided ideal breeding and foraging opportunities. national park service photo. \u201d mars exploration rover on the surface of mars, artwork. \u201c the first of two identical nasa rovers, spirit, landed on mars on 4 january 2004. the second, opportunity, landed on the other side of the planet on 24 january 2004. the rovers are powered by solar panels ( flat, across centre ) and are mobile. cameras mounted on the mast give scientists panoramic views of the martian surface. this enables them to instruct the rovers which rocks to analyse and where to look for water. tools on board the golf buggy - sized rovers include spectrometers for analysing rock samples, a microscope and an abrasion tool. each rover has a 90 - day mission on the surface of mars. \u201d geological time : late jurassic, 150, 8 - 148, 5 ma found in germany sand, light micrograph \u201c sand is a loose collection of fragments of rock, shell and coral. this sand was collected from a beach in villefranche on france \u2019 s mediterranean coast. magnification : x15 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. \u201d geological time : late cretaceous, 75 - 71 ma found in mongolia locality : ohio, usa atlantis, south africa geological time : early cretaceous, 130 - 125 ma cyanotrichite, cu4al2 ( so4 ) ( oh ) 12. 2h2o migmatite gneiss, sw montana. geological time : late cretaceous, 89 ma found in argentina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48527120506886345, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.275728"} {"text": "west valley college r. lopez natural provinces of california the first step in learning about the geology of california is learning its geography. 1 ) on a sketch a map of california, be able to outline the natural provinces, and name them. 2 ) name at least two famous valleys in the basin and range province of california. 3 ) why is the basin and range so arid? 4 ) what is the general geologic structure of the sierra nevada? 5 ) what was the tectonic setting of mesozoic california and the sierra nevada batholith? 6 ) what is the approximate thickness of sedimentary rocks beneath the central great valley, and what was the source of the sediments. 7 ) when was the largest historical earthquake in california, where did it occur, and what was its geological significance? 8 ) what two major factors may have played a role in the 1980 mammoth lakes earthquake swarm? 9 ) what are horst and grabens? what are normal faults? what type of stress is associated with normal faults? 10 ) what are range front faults? what is the significance of the owens valley quake of 1872? 11 ) what are pleistocene lakes? what two lines of evidence support high water stands in the basins of the basin and range? 12 ) the rocks of the klamath province are most like those of what other province? 13 ) what age and type of rocks occur in the klamath province? what are accreted terranes? what is an ophiolite? 14 ) what is the general age and rock type found in the cascade range and the modoc plateau, and why are the landforms in these provinces so different? 15 ) what is the plate tectonic setting of the cascade range? 16 ) what tectonic plate is subducting off of northern california to form the california cascades? 17 ) why is the modoc plateau a plateau? what are fissure eruptions? 18 ) what major geologic structures define the nw and sw boundaries of the mojave desert? 19 ) the colorado desert province is the on - land extension of what major geologic structure ( see p. 392 )? 20 ) is the salton trough below sea level? what is the geologic structure of the salton trough? 21 ) what evidence do the salton buttes have that supports the structure implied for the question above? 22 ) how did the salton sea form? ( see page 243 ) 23 ) what faults border the ne and sw boundaries of the salton trough? 24 ) rocks of the peninsular range are most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4408281199804873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.301718"} {"text": "isle royale travelog the history of isle royale the island of isle royale has had a long and varied history. the island itself came into being around 1. 2 billion years ago in the precambrian era. continuous pounding by wind, rain, and glaciers have molded the island into its current configuration, a wilderness measuring 45 miles long by 8. 5 miles wide, and covering an area of more than 850 square miles. the island lies some 40 miles north of michigan ' s upper peninsula and 18 miles south of ontario, canada in the heart of lake superior. it is estimated that man may have arrived on the island as early as 7000b. c. white explorers, namely french, began to explore the region in the late 17th century in search of copper. they also bestowed upon the island its formal name, isle royale. the possible importance of the island as a source for natural resources was not overlooked in 1783 when benjamin franklin negotiated the treaty of paris, insisting that the island be included in united states territory. although the island lies closer to the state of minnesota, michigan gained control of the island in 1873. industry on the island has come in two forms, fishing and mining, both of which have had difficulty in sustaining a livelihood for settlers. while exploration had begun in the late 17th century, real attempts at taking advantage of the island ' s resources did not begin in earnest until the 1800 ' s as fisherman moved into the area in search of trout and white fish. even so, the life of commercial enterprises on the island were often short - lived due to the remote and rugged characteristics of the island. the american fur company began a fishing camp on belle isle in 1837. within 2 years they had opened 7 camps and employed 33 people, only to close down the operation in 1841. attempts at mining began in 1843 and continued on and off until the end of the 19th century. minong mine became the largest mine in the 1870 ' s and the town was home to approximately 150 workers and their families. in 1875, isle royale county was established with the town of island mine being the county seat and the minong settlement being a separate township. lack of prosperity led to the decline of both the mining and fishing industries, although a small fishing enclave still remains today. wildlife is a large part of isle royale and one of the main attractions for visitors and researchers. the fluctuating moose and wolf populations have been a source of research and study for years. other species inhabiting the island include bats, fox, beaver, red squirrels, hares,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40028243526266266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.327280"} {"text": "royale and one of the main attractions for visitors and researchers. the fluctuating moose and wolf populations have been a source of research and study for years. other species inhabiting the island include bats, fox, beaver, red squirrels, hares, american toads, several types of frogs, and the western painted turtle. birds visible and audible on the island include the common loon, various types of geese, ducks and gulls, hawks, eagles, osprey, owls, woodpeckers, chickadees, warblers, wrens, swallows, sparrows, thrushes, and kingfishers. additional points of interest for visitors include the trees and plants of the island. prominent tree species include birch, aspen, spruce and fir. wood lily, wild prickly rose, canada dogwood, eastern columbine, wild iris, and thimbleberry are among the many flowering plants visible among the forests of the island. the island was designated a national park on april 3, 1940 and designated an international biosphere reserve in 1980. tourism remains the largest industry on the island, which serves as a destination for avid hikers, campers, and kayakers. the island includes more than 165 miles of hiking trails, two visitor centers ( rock harbor and windigo ) and several campgrounds. dufresne, jim. isle royale national park : foot trails & water routes. seattle, wa : the mountaineers, 1991. larson, karen. \" wild archipelago \". cruising world. august 1994 : 46. isle royale national park. national park service. 15 october 2001 < http : / / www. nps. gov / isro >. isle royale travelog copyright \u00a92001 alexandra van doren & carol whittaker. all rights reserved. reproduction by any means, in part or in full, without the express permission of the authors, is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4226379318482464, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.342282"} {"text": "one of the most difficult genealogical tasks you may face in researching your italian roots is in tracing the ancestry of an italian foundling. known in italy as trovatelli or proietti, a foundling is a child abandoned at birth, for one reason or another. the most common is that the child was born out of wedlock, but others, such as ; the family being to poor to care for another child, are not unheard of. these infants were usually left at a foundling home. the foundling homes were a place where italian women could legally abandon their children, with complete anonymity ( although, often times, especially in small towns, the identity of at least the mother was generally known ). sometimes children were left with tokens to indicate their parentage, in the event the mother or father should ever want to reclaim them, although, this was rare. after the child was abandoned, their birth would be registered in the stato di civile, under a name the mayor or other town official would give the child. these names were made up by the town official, some of the names were unique ( such as one i have in my ancestry, clemanni ), others were generic names given to many foundlings, such as ; esposito ( literally meaning \" exposed \" ). after the infant ' s birth was registered, they were placed in the care of a woman who recently had given birth to a child ( usually one that had recently lost a child ). these women were called, wet nurses. the roles these women had in the child ' s life varied greatly. some took the child in, simply to collect money given to them by the town to care for the child, others treated them as their own, sometimes even giving the child their own surname. often times, family lore and myths existed about the child ' s parents. a common one is that the foundling was the child of a nobleman. these stories, while not always untrue, can stem from a variety of sources. one being that the mother made the claims while pregnant ( to dignify to some extent something that was a social taboo at the time ). secondly being that when the child was born, he / she was given a name by the town official, that sounded \" noble \" ( della luna, for instance ). whatever the case, while these stories are fun to think about, always take them with a grain of salt. birth records for foundlings can be found in the registri dell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.445319097605153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.443048"} {"text": "official, that sounded \" noble \" ( della luna, for instance ). whatever the case, while these stories are fun to think about, always take them with a grain of salt. birth records for foundlings can be found in the registri dello stato civile, atti di nascita ( birth acts ) of the child ' s town of origin, usually in parte ii. these records rarely give the parents names ( as previously stated, their identity was to be kept secret if they chose it to be ). if his or her parents recognized the child, these records can usually be found in the atti diversi ( misc. acts ) for the year of the child ' s birth. other records that can help you in tracing your foundling ancestor ' s genealogy are marriage records and baptism records. marriage records would be found in the registri dello stato civile, atti di matrimonio ( marriage acts ), whereas baptism records ( battesimo ) are maintained by the church where he / she was baptized, and can be hard to obtain. again, tracing the ancestry of a foundling can be incredibly difficult, and sometimes, impossible, so to familiarize oneself with the common procedures that took place is very important. foundling history in italy is complex, and i couldn ' t begin to go through all the variables in one post. this is just an attempt to help you understand the general process. a valuable resource for further research is the book \u2018 sacrificed for honor : italian infant abandonment and the politics of reproductive control \u2019 by david i. kertzer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4034937218652698, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.474958"} {"text": "affecting both men and women, \u201c heart disease \u201d refers to conditions that affect the function of the heart, such as coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. coronary artery disease is a type of heart disease that begins when plaque builds up along the walls of arteries. this buildup narrows the arteries, restricting proper blood flow. if left unchecked, heart disease increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. whether or not you have a family history of heart disease, it \u2019 s important to understand the risk factors for the condition, which include : - hypertension ( high blood pressure ) - sedentary lifestyle - obesity, especially excess fat in the central abdominal region - elevated cholesterol - diabetes mellitus ( metabolic disorder resulting in elevated blood glucose ) practicing a healthy lifestyle, which includes good nutrition and exercise, is a good way to help prevent heart disease. most people should engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. this helps control blood pressure and weight. talk with your primary care doctor before beginning any exercise program. as for diet and nutrition, choosing the right foods, such as fruits, vegetables and lean proteins, and avoiding excessive amounts of caffeine, sugar and salt also are good ways to prevent heart disease. additionally, adults should have periodic preventive health exams and testing so that fasting cholesterol and glucose levels, as well as blood pressure, can be checked and treated, if necessary. while there is no one symptom that signals the onset of heart disease, there are a number of warning signs. some of the most common include : - chest pain or pressure - unexplained pain in the back, chest, neck or arm - shortness of breath or difficulty breathing - palpitations or \u201c fluttering \u201d in the chest - indigestion, heartburn \u2013 and sometimes even nausea or loss of appetite although these symptoms can indicate heart disease, they also may be related to many other conditions. generally, i recommend contacting your doctor if you have new or unusual symptoms to ensure you are properly evaluated. if your doctor suspects heart disease, he or she will likely refer you for further testing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4917569370247224, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.559564"} {"text": "| digital evidence - science insider reported january 2009 what is cyber forensics? the subset of forensic science concerned with interpreting evidence contained in computers and digital media is called cyber forensics. the field is concerned with issues such as recovering lost data and revealing and decrypting data hidden on a suspect ' s computer. in addition to computers, cyber forensics specialists can also recover information from cellular phones, mp3 players, cds, dvds and more. approximately 80 to 90 percent of legal cases today involve some sort of digital evidence. what ' s a flasher box? a flasher box is a device that transfers data from a cell phone to a computer, where people unfamiliar with the device in question can examine files for evidence. with one of these devices, non - experts are able to check for clues that may help them solve cases, even if they have never before seen a similar device. the institute of electrical and electronics engineers, inc., contributed to the information contained in the tv portion of this report. if you would like more information, please contact : richard p. mislan purdue university, cyber forensics lab west lafayette, in 47907 - 2021 institute of electrical and electronics engineers, inc. ieee - usa washington, dc 20036 - 5104 on the web... cyber forensics lab - purdue university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.588950141787172, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.563740"} {"text": "recently i came to the conclusion middle school students need instruction on how to effectively reflect on their writing. i just got done handing back my 7th graders book reviews. my classroom is essentially paperless and they had to complete the assignment using google docs. as i grade papers, whether it is 7th or 8th grade, i make notes on the areas my students struggle with throughout the particular writing assignment. throughout this assignment, students struggled with basic spelling, sentence structure, and capitalization. in addition, students struggled with one major concept with the review, which was the compare / contrast section of the review. upon returning the student \u2019 s papers i asked the students to have me help them. i was frustrated with them not following directions. after all, i am well into the second semester and i needed them to realize their mistakes were nothing more then following simple directions. when i asked them what i can do to make them more successful \u2026 silence. why couldn \u2019 t my students reflect on their own writing, or even their own work so i could help them grow? after discussing with a colleague who had taught english before, we both came to the conclusion middle school students don \u2019 t know how to reflect on their work. my students have writing portfolios, both physical and digital. in addition, i have given them reflection prompts for their past assignments, but in all honesty i feel confident my students are more or less going through the motions rather then thinking critically about their own writing and how they can make it better. the common core state standards say very little about reflection, but it is essential for creating a more rigorous classroom and for students to evaluate their own learning. so, what can we do as middle school english teachers to help students reflect on their writing? to be honest, i don \u2019 t have any solid answers. one strategy i have adopted for my students is for them to look at a specific comment i have placed on their document. then, they need to rewrite the comment and complete some tasks on a pre - made template i hand out to students. below are the tasks. 1. what was your initial response to the comment by mr. hyler? 2. in your own words rewrite what it is that mr. hyler commented on. 3. give an example of how you are going to make your writing better based on the comment by mr. hyler. 4. how are you going to apply what you learned from reflecting on your writing to future assignments? be specific. i am sure there are other ways for students to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44926491377353805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.567843"} {"text": "guest speaker and candlelight memorial planned for holocaust remembrance day - release date : - november 1, 2012 - matt heidt, email @ example. com hamburg, n. y. \u2013 on november 8 hilbert college will pay tribute to those who lost their lives and survived the holocaust with a holocaust remembrance day event. the holocaust remembrance day has been planned by students as part of a service learning project in their representations of the holocaust class with professor dr. amy smith. the day \u2019 s events begin at 9 : 30 a. m. in the west herr atrium with a poster display of significant people and events associated with the holocaust including elie wiesel, the kindertransport, young adult literature about the holocaust, and others. at 9 : 45 a. m. in the west herr atrium, dr. herman stone will discuss his experiences during kristallnacht, a wave of violent anti - jewish attacks against individuals, businesses, and religious institutions that occurred on november 9 and 10, 1938. dr. stone was born in munich, germany and is currently a member of the speakers bureau of the holocaust resource center of buffalo. the presentation date of november 8 was chosen because of the closeness to the anniversary of kristallnacht. refreshments will be provided. an exhibit featuring works of art and literature created during and in memory of the holocaust will open at 12 : 30 p. m. in the lower level of the mcgrath library. the exhibit, put together by sarah karn, will show how the holocaust has been represented in a variety of moving and powerful ways. the events of the day will conclude with the showing of the film, \u201c the boy in the striped pajamas, \u201d at 3 : 15 p. m. in bogel hall, room 160. the movie portrays wwii as seen through the eyes of bruno, an eight year - old boy and the son of a commandant at a concentration camp, who befriends a jewish boy in the camp. a discussion about the issues and consequences that occur from the boys \u2019 friendship will take place afterwards. immediately following the film and discussion, a candlelight memorial honoring the millions of lives lost during the holocaust will take place in the quad area ( rain location will be in the back foyer of bogel hall ). holocaust remembrance day events are free and open to the public. additional information is available by contacting jerrell mason, student coordinator / event supervisor, at firstname. lastname @ example. org, or dr. amy smith at 716 - 649", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4458453590096624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.571807"} {"text": "from mozillazine knowledge base about : config is a feature of mozilla applications which lists application settings ( known as preferences ) that are read from the profile files prefs. js and user. js, and from application defaults. many of these preferences are not present in the options or preferences dialog. using about : config is one of several methods of modifying preferences and adding other \" hidden \" ones. this article is a companion article for about : config entries where the most important about : config variables are described. warning : modifying preferences can, in rare circumstances, break firefox, thunderbird or the mozilla suite, or can cause strange behavior. only do so if you know what you are doing or are following trustworthy advice. adding modifying and resetting preferences to add a new preference, context - click ( right - click ) anywhere in the list of preferences. in the context menu, select new then select the type of preference you are adding. to modify an existing preference, context - click ( right - click ) on the preference, select modify and type in the new value. in some cases, toggle will be the selection offered for boolean ( true - false ) preferences. to reset a preference to its default value or to remove an added preference, context - click ( right - click ) on the preference and select reset. if you added the entry via about : config, the preference will no longer be listed after restarting the program. ( for more information about resetting preferences, see this article ). you can use the \" search \" bar at the top of the about : config page ( \" filter \" bar in older versions ) to filter the preferences that you want to inspect. the search bar is case - insensitive, unlike the actual configuration variables. some examples to filter results : some examples of regular expressions ( regexp ) to filter results", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5149071034079545, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.576743"} {"text": "the mekong, a precious jewel of southeast asia, has become a critical battleground between hydropower dam projects and the survival of the world \u2019 s greatest freshwater fisheries. the future of this 4, 880 km ( 3032 miles ) long river may well be decided by what happens to the xayaburi mega - dam project in laos, the first of a cascade of 11 dam projects on the lower mekong. ame trandem from the ngo international rivers explained that, \u201c the mekong river is the lifeblood of southeast asia, feeding and employing millions of people. to move forward with the xayaburi dam would be reckless and irresponsible, as the dam would fatally impact the river \u2019 s ecosystem and fisheries. \u201d in spite of repeated reports that the xayaburi dam project had been suspended pending further scientific studies, a recent visit to the dam - site has suggested that the lao government has not bowed to international pressure. as a world wildlife fund analysis recently warned, \u201c construction work is marching ahead at the xayaburi dam site in northern laos and risks making a mockery of the decision last december by mekong countries to delay building the dam on the mekong mainstream. \u201d in december 2011 the four - member nations of the mekong river commission \u2013 cambodia, laos, thailand, and vietnam \u2013 agreed that no dams should be built until further scientific studies of the negative impacts on all the riparian countries had been completed. scientists have warned that if the 11 dams are built it could bring on an ecological disaster that harms many of the 877 mekong fish species. furthermore, it is the uninhibited flow of the mekong through the heart of southeast asia and the river \u2019 s bountiful natural resources that guarantees 65 million people \u2019 s food security. although cambodia and vietnam are determined to stop the dam, everything indicates that the thai developer ch. karnchang and the lao people \u2019 s democratic republic ( pdr ) are equally determined to build it. in this context, a failure to resolve the dam issue could also trigger a major diplomatic row among the mekong nations, undermining the credibility of the mrc and disrupting international cooperation along the region \u2019 s most important waterway. \u201c the xayaburi dam will trigger an ecological crisis of tremendous proportions. we urge the prime ministers of laos and thailand to show leadership by cancelling this project, \u201d shalmali guttal of focus on the global south, a member of the 263 coalition of ngos from 51 nations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4210065889574631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.592810"} {"text": "trigger an ecological crisis of tremendous proportions. we urge the prime ministers of laos and thailand to show leadership by cancelling this project, \u201d shalmali guttal of focus on the global south, a member of the 263 coalition of ngos from 51 nations said in a statement condemning the damn. in response to this opposition, lao foreign minister, thongloun sisoulithmade announced during last month \u2019 s asean fm summit that his country was suspending work on the xayaburi dam until further studies on its impact could be done. although opponents of the dam welcomed vientiane \u2019 s announcement, they soon were disappointed. soon after the lao government \u2019 s announcements, a number of diplomats, mrc officials, experts, and donors visited laos to see the site. after the visit some mrc observers then asserted that, \u201c the project is in an advanced preparation stage with exploratory excavation in and around the river completed. \u201d similarly, international rivers concluded in their own unofficial investigation of the dam - site in june, that, \u201c the dredging and widening of river has already taken place. \u201d meanwhile back in bangkok, ch. karnchang, the thai developer of the us $ 3. 8 billion project, said the dam was going ahead with no delays in the original timetable. initial construction has evidently started, however. has the laotian government then reneged on its international commitments? deputy minister for energy and mines viraphonh viravonghas denied any violation of the mrc agreements. instead he contended that all the construction done so far falls under the rubric of \u201c preparatory work, \u201d noting that the construction \u201c does not involve permanent structures \u201d and instead is mostly about building makeshift housing for construction workers. but fisheries experts say that long before the river is fully blocked, existing construction will disturb the riverbed enough to significantly affect fish populations and the flow of sediments downstream. dr. jian - hua meng, a sustainable hydropower specialist working at the wwf, argues that, \u201c this will be the first direct intervention in the riverbed, and will mark a milestone in the ongoing dam construction. \u201d according to a wwf report, which was strongly critical of the dam project, viraphonh viravong, laos \u2019 s deputy minister of energy and mines, contradicted the foreign minister when he allegedly told the mrc - led delegation that the project would proceed without further reviews. since september 2010 ongoing consultations based on the mrc regulatory framework has resulted in the lao government trying to answer the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43470617593652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.595761"} {"text": "mines, contradicted the foreign minister when he allegedly told the mrc - led delegation that the project would proceed without further reviews. since september 2010 ongoing consultations based on the mrc regulatory framework has resulted in the lao government trying to answer the strong objections from cambodia and vietnam. unsatisfied, vietnam has called for a 10 - year moratorium on dam construction. to answer these objections laos appointed two foreign consultants : the swiss \u2013 based poyry energy and french company cnr ( compagnie nationale du rhone ). still, cambodia and vietnam remain convinced that any dam will block fish migration and reduce the flow of sediment. both foreign consultants argue that fish ladders or fish passes can enable 85 % of all fish to get past the turbines and successfully swim up or down river but this claim has not been fully tested. indeed, many dismissed poyry \u2019 s previous report - a compliance review of the xayaburi dam in 2011 regarding the consultation process with its neighbors - as lacking the necessarily scientific data. it \u2019 s also worth noting that the finnish - based poyry has been blacklisted by the world bank for unrelated corruption charges that have led the ceo to resign. this calls into question its credibility. very different advice to the lao government came from the visiting u. s. secretary of state hillary clinton, who said last month that, \u201c i \u2019 ll be very honest with you ; we made a lot of mistakes \u2026. we \u2019 ve learned some hard lessons about what happens when you make certain infrastructure decisions, and i think that we all can contribute to helping the nations of the mekong region avoid the mistakes that we and others made. \u201d washington is also concerned that if the xayaburi dam goes ahead, china is lined up to build at least three more dams further down the mekong thus penetrating ever deeper into the mekong sub - region. ngos representing people from the eight provinces in northeast thailand are about to file legal action in the courts to force the thai government to review the contract with the electricity generating authority of thailand ( egat ), the state \u2019 s electricity body. thailand has agreed to buy 95 % of all the power generated from the xayaburi dam. the thai government has quietly endorsed the mrc consensus that further scientific study is needed. now ngos are demanding that the thai government do more and use its power to freeze the xayaburi / egat contract, which in turn would pressure the thai dam - builder karnchang to halt the project. according to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4472195366713516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.597982"} {"text": "you just heard you have a math test on friday \u2014 the same day as your big history test and weekly quiz on spanish verbs. are they crazy? how will you get all your studying done? don ' t panic. there are some secrets to good studying. these 5 study tips can help you take tests with confidence. 1. start studying in school studying for tests and quizzes actually starts way before you even know you ' ll have a test. good study techniques begin in the classroom as you take notes. note - taking is a way of remembering what you were taught or what you ' ve read about. some keys to note - taking are to write down facts that a teacher mentions or writes on the board during class. if you miss something, ask your teacher to go over the facts with you after class. keep your notes organized by subject and making sure they ' re easy to read and review. this may mean that you need to recopy some notes at home or during a free period while the class is still fresh in your mind. unfortunately, most schools don ' t have classes that teach you how to take notes. when it comes to taking good notes, it can take some experimenting to figure out what works, so don ' t give up. when you sit down to study, think about how much time you want to devote to each topic. this will keep you from getting overwhelmed. if it ' s monday, and you ' ve got three tests on friday, figure out how much time you need for studying between now and then. then figure out how long each subject will take. for example, a weekly spanish verb test probably won ' t be as intense as a big history test. so you won ' t need to set aside as much study time for the spanish test \u2014 and if you break it up into a short amount every night, that ' s even better. another study technique is called \" chunking \" \u2014 breaking large topics down into chunks. let ' s say you have a history test on world war ii. instead of thinking about studying all of world war ii ( which could overwhelm even an expert ), try breaking your study sessions into 2 - year chunks or studying the material by specific battles. most people can concentrate well for about 45 minutes. after that you ' ll probably want to take a short break. if you find yourself getting distracted and thinking about other things as you study, pull your attention back. remind yourself that when your 45 minutes of studying are up, you can take a 15 - minute break", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42919434530303463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.605003"} {"text": "' ll probably want to take a short break. if you find yourself getting distracted and thinking about other things as you study, pull your attention back. remind yourself that when your 45 minutes of studying are up, you can take a 15 - minute break. many teachers tell students ahead of time what the format of an exam will be. this can help you tailor how you study. for example, if you know you ' re going to have multiple - choice questions on world war ii, you ' ll know to focus on studying facts and details. but if the exam will contain essay questions, you ' ll want to think about which topics are most likely to be covered. then come up with several possible essay topics and use your notes, books, and other reference sources to figure out how you might answer questions on those topics. as you study, review your notes and any special information from your textbook. read things over several times if you need to, and write down any phrases or thoughts that will help you remember main ideas or concepts. when trying to memorize dates, names, or other factual information, keep in mind that it usually takes a number of tries to remember something correctly. that ' s one reason why it ' s a good idea to start studying well in advance of a test. use special memory triggers that the teacher may have suggested or ones that you invent yourself. in the case of math or science problems or equations, do some practice problems. pay special attention to anything the teacher seemed to stress in class. ( this is where good note - taking comes in handy! ) some people find it helps to teach what they ' re studying aloud to an imaginary student. or work with a study partner and take turns teaching aloud. another study technique is making flashcards that summarize some of the important facts or concepts. you can then use these to review for a test. it ' s tempting to put off studying until the last minute ( also known as procrastination ). unfortunately, by the time students get to high school there ' s so much going on that there ' s usually no room for procrastination. if you ' re a procrastinator ( and who isn ' t sometimes? ), one of the best ways to overcome it is by staying organized. after you ' ve written test dates and project due dates on a calendar, it ' s hard to ignore them. and sitting down to organize and plan your work really highlights how much time things take. organization makes it harder to procrastinate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45817901806358646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.606047"} {"text": ". after you ' ve written test dates and project due dates on a calendar, it ' s hard to ignore them. and sitting down to organize and plan your work really highlights how much time things take. organization makes it harder to procrastinate. sometimes people put off studying because they feel overwhelmed by the fact that they ' re behind on things or they just feel really disorganized. don ' t let this happen to you. keep your notes organized, stay on top of required readings, and follow the other study tips mentioned earlier to stay focused and in control. your teachers will give you plenty of notice on important tests so you have enough time to study for the type of exam you ' ll be taking. but what if you ' re feeling overwhelmed by all the stuff you have to do? are classes or extracurricular activities limiting your time to study properly? ask your teachers for help prioritizing. you may need to involve the people in charge of your activities \u2014 such as your coach or music or drama teacher \u2014 in working out a solution. don ' t wait until the last minute to talk to your teachers, though, or you ' ll just look like a procrastinator! and don ' t be afraid to ask for help. teachers respect students who are thoughtful and interested in learning and doing well. sometimes it can be useful to go over things with people who are studying for the same test : you can make sure that your notes are correct and that you understand the subject. study groups are also helpful because you can work together to come up with ways to remember concepts and then test one another. for some people who are easily distracted, though, study groups spell disaster because they get off the topic. when you ' re with a bunch of friends or classmates, you may spend more time hanging out than actually studying. one way to ensure quiet and focus when studying with a group is to study in the library. you ' ll be forced to keep things more low - key than if you ' re at someone ' s kitchen table. in the end, it comes down to what works best for you. if you like to study alone and feel most confident doing it that way, that ' s great. if you think you ' d like to work in a group, try it out \u2014 just be aware of the drawbacks. when you ' ve finished studying, you should feel like you can approach the test or quiz with confidence \u2014 not necessarily that you will get 100 % of the answers correct, but that you have a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4582680888161256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.607642"} {"text": "a stye is a small bump on your top or bottom eyelid, right where your eyelashes are. it can get red, swollen, and painful. styes form because a gland in your eye is clogged. they ' re too small to see, but you have lots of little glands in your eyelid. they make a special oil that mixes with your tears to keep your eyes wet even when you ' re not crying. sometimes old oil, skin cells, and dead germs get into a gland and clog it up so the oil can ' t get out. that makes the gland get bigger and bigger. ouch! that ' s when you ' ll feel a stye and see it, too. what you should do about a stye if you think you have a stye, tell a parent or the adult who ' s caring for you. a stye is usually a minor problem that can be treated. a parent can call your doctor to see if you should come in for a visit. or the doctor might just give your parent some advice over the phone. often, a doctor will recommend a nice warm washcloth. warmth will help unclog the gland and get the gunk to drain out. ask a grownup to get it to the right temperature if you ' re not sure ( you don ' t want to use hot water ). and wring it out so it ' s not too drippy. find a comfy place to relax and put the warm washcloth over your eye. do this a few times a day. if the washcloth gets cool, you can warm it back up with warm water. sometimes, your doctor might recommend watered - down baby soap as a gentle cleanser for your eye. you don ' t want to put any old soap in your eyes because it will burn! you ' ll need to see a doctor if your stye doesn ' t get better or if it gets worse. your doctor might give you a medicated cream or other medicine to take. how to prevent styes? to prevent styes, don ' t touch your eyes. that ' s how germs get in there. washing your hands regularly is a good idea, too. some kids get styes a lot. it might have something to do with the kind of skin they have. if that sounds like you, your doctor will have ideas on how to treat and prevent them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48379419385505584, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.611216"} {"text": "andy ' s a good tennis player. correction : andy is a great tennis player. he loves the competition and intensity of the game and is known for his dominating serve. recently andy developed a sharp pain in his elbow. at first he thought nothing of it and continued his training, but the pain became unbearable. the pain was so bad he went to see his doctor, who informed him he had elbow bursitis. what is bursitis? from your head down to your big toes, your body has lots of differently shaped and sized joints. many have something in common near the area of the joint \u2014 a customized fluid sac that provides cushioning for movement and pressure. these small cushions are known as bursae ( a single one is called a bursa ). bursitis is the term used to describe inflammation or irritation of a bursa. bursitis can result from a direct hit or from repetitive joint movements ( like a tennis serve ). if a bursa becomes irritated, either by a direct hit or from a nearby joint repeating the same movement ( like a tennis serve ), then bursitis can occur. people can also get bursitis when the body has to change its balance or movement to adapt to differences ; for example, if a person has one leg that ' s longer than the other. bursitis, especially in teens, is often likely to happen because of sports - related injuries, usually from repeated use of a particular joint or trauma from a direct hit in a contact sport. it ' s not only sporty types who get bursitis, though. it can sometimes be caused by other problems, such as arthritis or a bacterial infection of the bursa. here are some of the areas in which teens most commonly get bursitis : elbow. because the elbow is an essential part of many activities, like throwing a ball or swinging a tennis racket, elbow bursitis is one of the most common types of bursitis in teens. knee. bursitis in the knee can be the result of falling directly on the knee or any activity that requires long periods of kneeling. hip. bursitis of the hip is often associated with running injuries. shoulder. bursitis of the shoulder can be the result of something as simple as an awkward fall or as complicated as a rotator cuff injury ( the rotator cuff keeps the shoulder secure ). ankle. someone who goes overboard jumping, running, or walking can get ankle bursitis. just wearing the wrong type of shoes for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45094542335026794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.623561"} {"text": "awkward fall or as complicated as a rotator cuff injury ( the rotator cuff keeps the shoulder secure ). ankle. someone who goes overboard jumping, running, or walking can get ankle bursitis. just wearing the wrong type of shoes for a particular activity can lead to ankle bursitis. how to detect bursitis bursitis can cause a number of different symptoms : pain and sensitivity in or around a joint. this is the most common and obvious sign that a person may have bursitis. difficulty moving the affected joint. this happens because the bursa has swollen and made it tough to move the joint properly. reddening of the skin. the inflamed bursa may cause the skin around the joint to change color. burning. the irritated bursa can cause the skin to sting and feel warmer than usual. in most cases, you will probably be able to treat bursitis at home. the key part of at - home treatment, as with many injuries, is rest. besides resting the affected joint or region, to help get rid of bursitis try : ice ice, baby. ice should be used on the bursitis while the inflamed area is still warm to the touch. ice can be applied several times a day for up to 20 minutes. icing the area will also help to lessen the swelling that can occur with bursitis. the heat is on. putting heat on the joint when it is no longer warm to the touch can reduce the pain. as with ice, don ' t apply heat for more than 20 minutes at a time. elevation. raising a joint that is swollen for any reason can help to reduce swelling. that goes for bursitis, too. if possible, elevate the affected joint so it is above the level of the heart. under pressure. avoid placing pressure on the joint. this will aggravate bursitis rather than help it to heal. just like a pill. anti - inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen may help. bursitis is often the result of a hard impact on a joint or overworking a joint, and sometimes these injuries are unavoidable. but there are some steps you can take to avoid getting bursitis : stay in shape. working out regularly strengthens muscles and joints, which helps protect against bursitis. don \u2019 t overdo it. too much of anything can be bad, and the same goes for overworking joints. start and stop workouts properly. one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42249505921545066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.625435"} {"text": "working out regularly strengthens muscles and joints, which helps protect against bursitis. don \u2019 t overdo it. too much of anything can be bad, and the same goes for overworking joints. start and stop workouts properly. one of the best ways to prevent bursitis is by working out properly. warming up and cooling down are essential parts of working out and should never be skipped. gradually starting and stopping your workout is less stressful for your joints and body. stretch it out. stretching not only helps improve flexibility but it is also useful in preventing bursitis. mix it up. whether you ' re rotating exercises while lifting weights or just taking a breather from a strenuous activity, your joints will thank you. better padded than sorry. use cushions on wooden or metal chairs and kneepads when kneeling on hardwood or concrete floors to help reduce the risk of developing bursitis. also avoid putting extreme amounts of pressure or weight directly on joints. keep it moving. don ' t stay planted on your butt, knees, or other joints for long periods of time. even if it ' s for a few minutes, get up and move around. if you realize that a particular activity causes you to get bursitis, stop doing it and talk to your doctor or coach about safer methods. be on the lookout for bursitis if you participate in a sport. the best way to avoid it is by using the proper techniques and equipment. if your bursitis was caused by something like ill - fitting shoes or other equipment, replace that equipment with something that fits you better.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3718448764250363, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.626371"} {"text": "to write a cool attention grabbing narrative essay needs the right spices, just like cooking a curry masala. the first thing about writing narrative essay is creative imagination. you need to be creative and different. think out of the box and let loose your imagination. see it through like a movie plot before you write down on your paper. read the question carefully in spm public examination, the question for narrative type of essay either starts with \" write a story beginning with : \" or \" write a story ending with : \". in the year 2010 it was \" beginning \", so there is a big chance this year 2011 it would be \" ending \". for example, if the question says \" write a story beginning with : it had been raining all day \", then you start your essay with the given phrase. the same goes for question which has \" ending with \", you write the phrase at the ending of your essay. i prefer the \" beginning \" type because it gives you more freedom to create your plot. draft your plot for narrative essay use the [ plot ] technique instead of using the [ intro - body - conclusion ] technique. draft your plot carefully. put in some twists and turns in your story. have an element of surprise. keep your readers glued to their seat. build your story scene by scene like in a movie. give a big impact in your climax scene and let the audience make the conclusion.... that would surely cause them to have some sleepless nights itching to know the end...... ( surprise - - surprise ) use adjectives, adverbs, verbs, idioms, contrast, flashback, imagery etc to tell your story. this technique will help readers to have a vivid picture in their mind. every character or scene you tell can come alive to the readers and help them flow along with the story. grammar and punctuation take care of your grammar, make sure to use the correct english grammar when writing your essay. a strong grammar will help you to relate your story to your readers. readers need to know what you are telling them. this is only impossible if you are able to use proper grammar and punctuation. use your tenses properly when dealing with story telling. a story can start in the present tense flashback into the past tense and zoom into the future tense. there are also the present perfect and past perfect tenses which you might need to use. creativity and imagination be creative and arrange your story line carefully. imagine that you are a director directing a movie. as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39134498663024586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.632126"} {"text": "past tense and zoom into the future tense. there are also the present perfect and past perfect tenses which you might need to use. creativity and imagination be creative and arrange your story line carefully. imagine that you are a director directing a movie. as a director you have a responsibilty to make sure your movie is a box office hit. the same goes with your story, make sure it is one of a kind story, totally different from the rest of your friends essays. sorry to say this but most of the essays are stale and does not have the extra edge which screams for attention. how to write it....? you can use the 7p essay structure tehnique to write a story. - first paragraph - exposition ( beginning of your story ) - 40 - 50 words - second, third and forth paragraph - events - 40 - 50 words - fifth paragraph - climax - 40 - 50 words - sixth paragraph - anti - climax - 40 - 50 words - seventh paragraph - ending - 40 - 50 words * focus on one event / incident for every paragraph * don ' t write two or three events / incidences in one paragraph * try not to use the phrase \" in conclusion \" when you end your story. * make sure your essay is more than 350 words, roughly 350 - 400 words * marks will be deducted if your essay is less than 350 words. * narrative - beginning * narrative - ending * narrative - tips ( 1 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45611260493665845, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.632854"} {"text": "john thurtell \u2014 \u201c the elstree murder \u201d john thurtell \u2019 s case was considered sensational at the time. it also made history in two significant ways and therefore forms a valuable part of the chronology of capital punishment in britain. thurtell was born on december 21st 1794, son of the then mayor of norwich. he seems to have been a fairly wealthy young man and was a gambler. he had a grudge against a fellow gambler, solicitor william weare, whom he accused of having cheated him of \u00a3300 in a game of cards and to whom he now owed, by the standards of the day, this vast sum. a waxwork was made of thurtell after execution and is shown here. thurtell invited weare to spend a weekend gambling with him and some friends at a cottage owned by fellow gambler william probert at radlett in hertfordshire and they travelled up from london together in thurtell \u2019 s gig on october 24th 1823. as they neared the cottage thurtell confronted weare over his behaviour, outside the wagon and horses inn, in watling street, radlett. he drew a pistol and fired its single shot at weare \u2019 s face, the bullet glancing off his cheekbone as the gun had misfired. as shooting had not worked thurtell set about the now dazed weare with a penknife and cut his throat. he also rammed the muzzle of the gun into weare \u2019 s scull with maximum force, leaving blood, hair and tissue in the barrel. william probert and another friend, joseph hunt, an actor, helped thurtell dispose of weare \u2019 s body. initially they put it into a pond in the garden of probert \u2019 s cottage but later, under cover of darkness moved it to and threw it into another pond in elstree, hence why the newspapers dubbed this the \u201c the elstree murder \u201d. a labourer found the bloody knife and pistol by the cottage and took them to the authorities and a murder investigation began. as the owner of the cottage, probert was the first to be questioned and realising his predicament turned king \u2019 s evidence against weare. he also implicated hunt who was soon arrested and led the police to the body. thurtell and hunt were taken into custody and came up for trial at the january sitting of the hertford assizes before mr. justice park. thurtell was charged with the murder of weare and hunt with being an accessory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3772962864270031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.640683"} {"text": "the body. thurtell and hunt were taken into custody and came up for trial at the january sitting of the hertford assizes before mr. justice park. thurtell was charged with the murder of weare and hunt with being an accessory to it. it was virtually impossible for them to get a fair trial for two reasons. firstly their guilt was seen as self evident by both the press and the public, to the extent that the judge remarked that if \u201c these statements of evidence before trial which corrupt the purity of the administration of justice in its source are not checked, i tremble for the fate of our country. \u201d the newspapers had shown great interest in thurtell \u2019 s case and every detail was lapped up by an eager public. secondly this was to be the last trial in england conducted under the old 16th century principals in which the accused has to defend himself against the prosecution, being allowed only to make a speech after the evidence against them had been heard and not being allowed to cross examine the prosecution witnesses. this was hardly conducive to a fair trial and neither man was represented by counsel. thurtell made a lengthy and somewhat rambling address to the court in which he tried to shift the blame for the killing to probert. he referred to his christian upbringing and also made references, apparently, to voltaire and saint paul, all of which failed to impress either the judge or the jury. a witness for thurtell said, \u201c i always thought him ( thurtell ) a respectable man. \u201d being asked by the judge what he meant by this he replied, \u201c he kept a gig. \u201d not surprisingly this was not in itself enough to save him and it took the jury just twenty minutes to find both accused guilty. mr. justice park then sentenced them to death and ordered that thurtell \u2019 s body be anatomised after execution, as was the norm at that time for murderers. hunt \u2019 s sentence was commuted to transportation for life and he was duly shipped to australia \u2019 s botany bay where he was to live on for very many years. thurtell was returned to hertford prison to await execution. it is noteworthy that even being an accessory to murder carried the death penalty in the 1820 \u2019 s. the new gallows. hangings at hertford were not a frequent event even then. the previous one having occurred in august 1822 when charles lee was executed there for burglary. it was thus decided that a new gallows incorporating a proper drop should be built for thurtell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4556311604348946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.641776"} {"text": "at hertford were not a frequent event even then. the previous one having occurred in august 1822 when charles lee was executed there for burglary. it was thus decided that a new gallows incorporating a proper drop should be built for thurtell. this design did away with the need for ladders and carts to get the prisoner suspended and was copied for several other prisons round the country, becoming effectively the standard pattern of its day. a very similar one was used at york castle from the mid 1820 \u2019 s. construction began before the trial, so certain was everybody of the outcome! mr. nicholson, the under sheriff of hertfordshire supervised the work and the gallows consisted of a \u201c temporary platform with a falling leaf ( single trap door ) supported by bolts which could be withdrawn in an instant \u201d so launching the criminal into eternity, as was the contemporary expression. the substantial cross beam was supported by two equally substantial uprights, about 8 feet high. the enclosure beneath the beam consisted of boards 7 feet high and dovetailed into each other so that there were no gaps ( through which the body could be viewed ). it was 30 feet long and 15 feet deep with a short flight of steps up to the platform at the back leading directly from the prison door. the whole gallows was painted black and presented \u201c a very gloomy appearance \u201d. the walls of the platform rose approximately 2 feet above the platform so the bulk of the prisoner \u2019 s body was hidden from view after the drop. the outer enclosure was for the javelin men who stood guard at hangings to prevent escape or rescue attempts. james foxen, the hangman, arrived from london on the thursday and made the usual preparations. thurtell dressed for the occasion and was described as being \u201c elegantly attired in a brown great coat with a black velvet collar, light breeches and gaiters, and a fashionable waistcoat with gilt buttons \u201d. a little before 12 noon on friday the 9th of january 1824 foxen pinioned thurtell \u2019 s hands in front of him with handcuffs ( unusual ) and he was then led from his cell to the accompaniment of the tolling prison bell and the prison chaplain reading the burial service. a few moments earlier he had confessed his guilt to the chaplain. he mounted the five steps slowly but steadily and positioned himself on the trap. here foxen removed his cravat and loosened his collar. when thurtell had finished praying foxen drew the white cotton cap over his head and placed the noose around his neck.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44309069650990696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.643165"} {"text": "steps slowly but steadily and positioned himself on the trap. here foxen removed his cravat and loosened his collar. when thurtell had finished praying foxen drew the white cotton cap over his head and placed the noose around his neck. the governor of hertford gaol and the chief warder both shook hands with him, before foxen adjusted the noose. wilson said \u201c good bye mr. thurtell, may god almighty bless you \u201d to which thurtell replied \u201c god bless you, mr. wilson, god bless you. \u201d at two minutes past midday, on the signal from mr. nicholson, the under sheriff, foxen drew the bolts and thurtell dropped into box like the trap with a crash. it was reported that his neck broke \u201c with a sound like a pistol shot \u201d but this is most unlikely as he would certainly not have been given sufficient length of drop for this to occur. it is probable that the reporter who made the statement got confused by the sound of the falling trap doors. however by the standards of the day thurtell died easily and was not seen to struggle. after hanging the customary hour his body was taken down and sent to london for dissection in surgeon \u2019 s hall in accordance with his sentence. a wax work of him was made and exhibited in madame tussauards. the new gallows had been designed to be quickly dismantled and was taken back into the prison after the execution. it was judged to be a success and considerably speeded up the process. it was to be used for a further 14 hangings up to 1838, including two double executions for burglary later in 1824 and a treble hanging in 1838, when three men were executed for murder. after that there were no more public hangings in hertfordshire and it was to be 1876 before the next execution occurred \u2014 out of the public gaze and utilising marwood \u2019 s \u201c long drop \u201d method. the concept of carrying out hangings at midday was quite common at this time as it allowed more time for the public to assemble to watch the proceedings. william probert, although escaping prosecution over weare \u2019 s murder, was to be convicted horse stealing the following year and he was hanged by foxen on the 20th of june 1825 outside newgate with three other men. web page made on 22 january 2006 ; last edited on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4465197767333935, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.645343"} {"text": "fri february 1, 2013 dung beetles use cosmic gps to find their way originally published on fri february 1, 2013 12 : 03 pm ira flatow, host : now for a surprising find from the insect world. the dung beetle, that insect known for sculpting little balls of animal feces that they roll around and later feast on. well, it turns out that these beetles have a built - in cosmic gps that helps them navigate around. dung beetles use light - listen to this - use light from the milky way to orient themselves at night. it ' s all in a paper published earlier this month in the journal current biology. my next guest is here to tell us more about how dung beetles see the starry - how do they see the starry night, a starry sky? eric warrant is a co - author of the dung beetle study in current biology, professor of functional zoology at lund university in lund, sweden. welcome to the program. eric warrant : thank you very much. it ' s nice to be here. flatow : so dung beetles use the starry night, they use the milky way to navigate around? warrant : they do indeed. yes. it ' s a surprising finding, but they do indeed. yeah. we discovered it almost by chance, really, because we were studying their mechanisms of navigating with regards to the moon, which is slightly more visible and obvious stimulus during the night sky. but we discovered on most parts of the month when the moon came up extremely late after midnight, particularly that until midnight, we suddenly discovered that the beetles were still able to navigate even without the moon. so we were quite puzzled by this, a bit alarmed actually at first because we were worried that our previous work was wrong. but then after further contemplation, we sort of realized that, well, maybe they were using the stars. and it turned out to be the case. flatow : they can actually see the milky way at night time? warrant : they can, yes. they probably don ' t see that many individual stars because their eyes really aren ' t sensitive enough to discern many more than probably the 10 or so brightest stars. but they can actually see the very dim stripe of light, which is - which makes up the milky way, especially in the southern hemisphere. it ' s very, very obvious actually compared to the northern hemisphere. and it ' s this broad and rather dim stripe of light which they ' re able to detect and to orient with respect to.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49559583924869643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.651387"} {"text": "the milky way, especially in the southern hemisphere. it ' s very, very obvious actually compared to the northern hemisphere. and it ' s this broad and rather dim stripe of light which they ' re able to detect and to orient with respect to. flatow : how do you craft an experiment to discover this? warrant : yes. well, the first clue we got was that we covered their heads with little tiny cardboard hats, which we cut out of black card and then taped onto the back of their bodies so that they - the view of the night sky was removed. and when we did that, they were no longer able to orient. and the way they normally orient is that they roll balls of dung in straight lines directly away from the dung pad. they have to do this because if they don ' t do this, they end up rolling back into the dung pad. and there ' s a lot of beetles there, all competing for this very valuable resource, and it ' s very likely that they get their dung ball stolen after quite a fight often. so they must get away from the dung pad in a straight line. that ' s the quickest and the most efficient way of leaving the dung pad, and so it ' s critically important for them that they do this. and so the stripe of light in the sky helps them to do this. they can actually orient with respect to it and orient in straight line away. flatow : so what happens when it ' s a cloudy night and they can ' t see the sky? they just don ' t go out that night? warrant : no, they do but they roll in circles. so it ' s actually a very dangerous night indeed for dung beetles. warrant : but thankfully, in south africa where we were working, cloudy nights are not all that common. flatow : wow. and so they must have developed this over the millennia, this ability to do this? warrant : well, we ' re not absolutely sure when and how and for how long it ' s evolved. but certainly, i daresay, it been around for a while because, as i say, it ' s a very important behavior that they have. everything that they live for really has to do with dung. so - and the dung ball is incredibly important to them because they have to find a mate and lay their eggs in this ball. so it ' s a very valuable thing, this ball. so rolling away from the dung pile in a straight line with the help of the moon and - if it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5188988241257548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.653336"} {"text": "to them because they have to find a mate and lay their eggs in this ball. so it ' s a very valuable thing, this ball. so rolling away from the dung pile in a straight line with the help of the moon and - if it ' s present - and with the milky way if the moon isn ' t present seems to be something that probably has evolved some time ago. and they ' re probably not the only animals that are able to see it either. flatow : yeah. that was my next question. they must think - there must be other animals that do this too. warrant : it ' s very likely. we - this is the first animal that we know of that ' s able to orient with respect to the milky way. but it ' s very likely that there are others. there are many night - flying moths and grasshoppers and locusts, for instance, that migrate considerable distances at night. and it might be the case that they, too, can use the milky way under a dark night. flatow : wow. starry, starry night has a whole new meaning now. warrant : indeed it does. flatow : all right. eric warrant, thank you very much for taking time to be with us. warrant : a pleasure. flatow : good luck. warrant : thank you very much for having me. thank you. bye bye. flatow : you ' re welcome. eric warrant is professor of zoology in the department of biology at lund university in lund, sweden. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.498481077130818, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.654241"} {"text": "a spring reminder \u2013 what do weather warnings mean and what should you do? spring will be here before you know it, and along with it the best chance for severe weather this year. the period of march, april, and may is the time of year where we see the most severe thunderstorms and tornadoes around our part of the country. the peak is from early april thru mid may. as we get into late may we begin to settle into a summertime pattern, which rapidly decreases the chances for tornadoes, but still leaves the chances for severe thunderstorms. there are several kinds of watches and warnings which are issued by the national weather service. severe thunderstorm watch : this means conditions are favorable for severe thunderstorms to develop. a storm becomes severe if its winds are at least 50 miles per hour. these storms often contain hail of various sizes, with frequent deadly lighting. you should watch the skies and listen to your radio for any possible warnings. severe thunderstorm warning : this is broadcast when the national weather service detects a thunderstorm on radar that fits the description of a severe thunderstorm. if a severe thunderstorm warning has been issued for your area, then weather conditions can be expected to deteriorate rapidly. you should take cover in a sturdy structure and ride out the storm. this will hopefully keep you out of situations where hail pummels your vehicle and blinding rains may make driving difficult. tornado watch : a tornado watch simply means that conditions are favorable for severe thunderstorms to develop which could very likely spawn tornadoes. a watch is usually issued hours before bad weather may develop. you should monitor radio stations are other venues to keep up with the weather in case severe storms and tornadoes develop and watch the skies for darkening clouds. tornado warning : a tornado warning means that a possible tornado has been detected on radar or has been seen by the public. the national weather service will then issue a tornado warning for the county or counties that will be imminently affected by this storm and possible tornado. if a tornado warning is issued for your area, you should immediately seek shelter in a sturdy structure. be prepared to get to a reinforced part of the building away from outer walls and windows. do not try and outrun a tornado in your vehicle and do not stay in a mobile home. if caught in the path of one of these storms, get out of the vehicle or mobile home and lie flat in a ditch if possible. flash flood watch : this means conditions are favorable for heavy rains that may cause flash flooding. simply monitor radio or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4796295623645859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.658016"} {"text": "if caught in the path of one of these storms, get out of the vehicle or mobile home and lie flat in a ditch if possible. flash flood watch : this means conditions are favorable for heavy rains that may cause flash flooding. simply monitor radio or other sources in the event that heavy rains begin that could lead to floods. flash flood warning : a flash flood warning is issued when heavy rains and thunderstorms are detected on radar that have the potential to drop heavy enough rain to cause flooding of streams, underpasses, and the like. if a flash flood warning is issued by the weather service, you should get to higher ground if possible if you are in a flood - prone zone. delay travel until the storm subsides and the waters recede. do not try and drive through a flooded roadway or underpass. it is likely that you will misjudge the depth of the water. it only takes a few inches of water sometimes to sweep your vehicle off the roadway. the best idea during the spring severe weather months is to keep up with the day to day forecasts and take the watches and warnings seriously. keep your radio on and listen for updates and take the proper actions when warnings are issued. it is probably a good idea to invest in a n. o. a. a. weather radio to keep handy at night that can alert you while you are sleeping to an immediate threat. it is never a bad idea to stock up on batteries for radios in case the worst happens and you lose power, then you will still be in touch with what is going on in the area. bottled water, flashlights, food supplies and toiletries could be essentials if we ever experience a bad tornado.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41114667546463385, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.658802"} {"text": "at a glance why get tested? to give your health care provider important information about the current status of your kidneys as well as electrolyte and acid / base balance and level of blood glucose when to get tested? as part of a routine health exam ; when you are hospitalized, in the emergency room a blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm test preparation needed? you may need to fast for 10 - 12 hours prior to sample collection ; follow any instructions you are given. the test sample what is being tested? the basic metabolic panel ( bmp ) is a frequently ordered panel of 8 tests that gives a health care provider important information about the current status of a person ' s kidneys, blood glucose level, and electrolyte and acid / base balance. abnormal results, and especially combinations of abnormal results, can indicate a problem that needs to be addressed. the bmp includes the following tests : - glucose - energy source for the body ; a steady supply must be available for use, and a relatively constant level of glucose must be maintained in the blood. - calcium - one of the most important minerals in the body ; essential for the proper functioning of muscles, nerves, and the heart and is required in blood clotting and in the formation of bones - sodium - vital to normal body processes, including nerve and muscle function - potassium - vital to cell metabolism and muscle function - co2 ( carbon dioxide, bicarbonate ) - helps to maintain the body ' s acid - base balance ( ph ) - chloride - helps to regulate the amount of fluid in the body and maintain the acid - base balance - bun ( blood urea nitrogen ) - waste product filtered out of the blood by the kidneys ; conditions that affect the kidney have the potential to affect the amount of urea in the blood - creatinine \u2013 waste product produced in the muscles ; filtered out of the blood by the kidneys so blood levels are a good indication of how well the kidneys are working how is the sample collected for testing? a blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm. note : if undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles : coping with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48580746474761594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.664163"} {"text": "with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture. is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample? you may be instructed to fast ( nothing but water ) for 10 to 12 hours prior to the blood draw. depending on the reason for ordering the bmp, it may be drawn after fasting or on a random basis. ask a laboratory scientist form temporarily unavailable due to a dramatic increase in the number of questions submitted to the volunteer laboratory scientists who respond to our users, we have had to limit the number of questions that can be submitted each day. unfortunately, we have reached that limit today and are unable to accept your inquiry now. we understand that your questions are vital to your health and peace of mind, and recommend instead that you speak with your doctor or another healthcare professional. we apologize for this inconvenience. this was not an easy step for us to take, as the volunteers on the response team are dedicated to the work they do and are often inspired by the help they can provide. we are actively seeking to expand our capability so that we can again accept and answer all user questions. we will accept and respond to the same limited number of questions tomorrow, but expect to resume the service, 24 / 7, as soon as possible. note : this article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the lab tests online editorial review board. this article is periodically reviewed by the editorial board and may be updated as a result of the review. any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. sources used in current review medlineplus medical encylopedia. basic metabolic panel. available online at http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / ency / article / 003462. htm. accessed august 2012. sources used in previous reviews thomas, clayton l., editor ( 1997 ). taber ' s cyclopedic medical dictionary. f. a. davis company, philadelphia, pa [ 18th edition ]. pagana, kathleen d. & pagana, timothy j. ( 2001 ). mosby ' s diagnostic and laboratory test reference 5th edition : mosby, inc., saint louis, mo. henry ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4649128854846565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.665205"} {"text": "de minimis is a latin expression that means \u201c the law does not concern itself with trifles \u201d. the law will not resolve petty or unimportant disputes. courts have held that trifling may include minor legal violations and would fall under the category of non - actionable items and thereby it would serve as a good ground for defence. there have been many instances when the courts have dismissed the copyright infringement cases based on the principle of de minimis that the alleged infringer \u2019 s use of the copyrighted work is too insignificant. the violation of the law may not be considered as a sufficient cause of action if the effect is too small to be of much consequence. it is important to remember that a patent application should consist of only one invention. however, a person may file a group of inventions which are claimed in one patent application, but the inventions so linked should form a single inventive concept. the application for patent shall be filed at the patent office along with the respective forms. the forms include form1, form2, form 3, form 5 and form 26. according to the indian patent act, a patent application may be filed by any of following persons including true and first inventor, assignee of the true and first inventor or the legal representative of the true and first inventor. 1. true and first inventor of the invention may apply for the patent. the person who invents a new product or a process has the right to file a patent application. true and first inventor means the person who is the first to invent and also the first in filing the patent application. thus, a person who first invents a product or a process and also, first files the patent application is the true and first inventor. according to the indian patent act, the following are the inventions that are not patentable. a. frivolous inventions or inventions that are against the laws of nature are not patentable. for example an invention comprising machines that have 120 % efficiency is against the natural laws and hence, non - patentable. b. any use of an invention that is against the public order or public morality or which endangers human or plant or animal life or health is non - patentable. for example an invention of a gambling machine is not patentable. another example would include an invention of a weapon that may cause mass destruction. in simple terms invention means an act of inventing either a product or a process for producing the product. technically, invention is defined as a new product or process involving an in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5583079490275963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.667821"} {"text": "posted by denis borris on november 11, 2002 at 15 : 37 : 10 : in reply to : insect word problem posted by sheila on november 10, 2002 at 17 : 46 : 30 : : help, please. i have a word problem concerning insect larvae survival. soon after they hatch, they must search for food. the survival rate depends on many things and environmental temperature is one of them. for a certain speces of insect, a model of the number of larvae n ( t ) that survive the searching period is given by n ( t ) = - 0. 6t ^ 2 + 32. 1t - 350 where t is the temperature in degrees celsius. i have to answer the following questions : : a. at what temperature will the maximum number of larvae survive and round my answer to the nearest degree. : b. what is the maximum number of surviving larvae and round my answer to the nearest whole number. : c. find the x - intercepts to the nearest whole number, for the graph of this function. : d. write a sentence that describes the meaning of the x - intercept in the context of this problem. : i am totally clueless as to how to work this in order to answer these questions. any help would be appreciated. post a followup", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5391879570153671, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.669160"} {"text": "climate & weather resources - general resources, auroras, climatic changes & global warming, cyclones, droughts, el nino, floods, frost, ice, snow, hurricanes, meteorology, natural disasters, rainbow, space weather, storms, temperature, tides, tornadoes, typhoons, wind chill ( ucf access only ) - provides files for monthly climatic data for the world, storm data, local climatological data, climatological data, hourly precipitation data, and heating & cooling degree day data. select the free access by certain agencies and individuals link to obtain the full reports. - to retrieve local climatological data, you need to know the correct the florida stations are : | dab - daytona beach regional airport | | kyw - key west international airport | | tlh - tallahassee municipal airport | fmy - fort myers | | mia - miami international airport | | tpa - tampa international airport | gnv - gainesville municipal airport | | mco - orlando international airport | | vrb - vero beach municipal airport | jax - jacksonville international airport | | pns - pensacola regional airport | | pbi - west palm beach international airport - the ucf library has paper or microfiche copies of some earlier issues of these publications in the us documents collection, including : - climatological data - florida [ us docs c55. 214 / 8 : ] - local climatological data - orlando [ us docs c55. 217 : ] climatic data and weather observations historic data for florida stations fires and storms in florida water resources of florida - orlando subdistrict ( usgs ) - weather america [ ref qc983. w385 1996 ] provides key climatological data, with rankings, for over 4, 000 places in the united states based on observations from 1965 - 1994. - weather of u. s. cities [ ref qc983. w393 1996 ] provides a guide to the recent weather histories of 268 key cities and weather observation stations in the united states and its island territories. - engineering weather data [ ref th7015. k54 2001 ] is intended to be a comprehensive, single weather data resource including all data commonly used for building systems design and energy analysis for 375 united states, canadian and worldwide cities. includes bin data, degree days, ventilation energy consumption, humidification water consumption, heat recovery savings, economizer savings, and ashrae design conditions. \" the time period of coverage ranges from the 1830s through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43562995288245937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.672046"} {"text": "today we have a guest article from ann joy perez. thank you for your submission, ann joy. mindanao bob with at least two thousand years of history, the banaue rice terraces have been dug on the mountain slopes by filipino ancestors. the natural wonder had been gradually destroyed by man \u2019 s carelessness and greed and the strong typhoons which visited the country last year. now the government is bound to restore the majestic stair of rice paddies kissing the sky. in this article, we will discuss reasons why this move is just necessary. 1. it is one of the unesco world heritage \u2019 s sites listed in 1995. neglecting it would be a waste for its great beauty can conquer and conserve a harmonious relationship between the environment and mankind. as a primitive agriculture engineering feat that made it to the list of the unesco world heritage, reviving it is a must. else, it would be a shame to the world, lying lifeless. 2. it is used as a means of livelihood. the banaue rice terraces is not named with \u201c rice \u201d for nothing. besides being a natural wonder, it is used by several benguet local residents for planting crops ( usually rice ). the terraces are gifted withrich soil to plant rice. the ifugaos are experts in agricultural and irrigation systems. they divert water from the rivers and streams to channel through bamboo pipes and dikes and avoid soil erosion by ensuring that the right amount and no excess of water will be flown to the terraces. as such, the vast land helps our farmers of the cordillera region as well as our economy by exporting of rice in other countries. 3. it can be used to promote tourism in the philippines. the banaue rice terraces are considered as one of the most prominent tourist attractions in the country, as they are thought to be completed with only minimal materials and bare hands. in addition, the indigenous people of ifugao carved these mountains and formed them into giant stairways that are believed to connect the globe end to end. many are intrigued by this, tempting local and foreign tourists alike to visit the spot and enjoy sight - seeing with the beautiful scenery that the terraces offer. if it remains unrecovered through the years, its magnificence might just fade away and forgotten. 4. it reflects our native culture. the banaue rice terraces exhibit the ifugao farmers \u2019 diligence, creativity and determination as they were built and contoured scrupulously by our native ancestors. to date, the farmers in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44615554946082514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.675940"} {"text": "4. it reflects our native culture. the banaue rice terraces exhibit the ifugao farmers \u2019 diligence, creativity and determination as they were built and contoured scrupulously by our native ancestors. to date, the farmers in the region are still planting rice without the use of farming machineries ( e. g. mechanical thresher, rice mill and other facilities ) to mechanize their operations ; that \u2019 s why the price of their harvested crops are more expensive than the regular ones sold in the market. here, their bold efforts in everyday agricultural work and maintenance mirror our culture of hard work. 5. it has been bequeath to us by our ancestors. we should only preserve and give further important to what our ancestors had worked hard for. restoring the rice terraces is showing respect both to them, to their region, to the country and above all, to mother nature. an ancient natural monument, it would be an understatement to say that the rice terraces are a wonderful masterpiece to behold. they are more than mere sights but truly a land that can help boost our tourism and our economy by increasing the production of our upland rice exportations. therefore, we should give importance and take care of the gift from our ancestors because as they were crafted by passion and beauty, and their structure is so amazing that we can boast it to other countries. ann joy perez is an alumna from arellano university philippines, a former marketing assistant and a 25 year old, single. she is into almost all types of music especially love songs. she also love playing basketball, video games, watching entertainment and films. watching news tv and reading news paper is one of her favorite hobby and also she loves to eat. bob martin is the publisher & editor in chief of the live in the philippines web magazine. bob is an internet entrepreneur who is based in davao. bob is an american who has lived permanently in mindanao since may 2000. here in mindanao, bob has resided in general santos city, and now in davao city. bob is the owner of this website and many others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4294484087571182, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.676794"} {"text": "a murder case with all the elements of melodrama \u2014 including seduction and betrayal, political intrigue, honor, and greed \u2014 the kentucky tragedy of 1825 riveted the attention of the nation. for decades afterward, its themes resonated in american writing. with unprecedented objectivity, dickson bruce recounts the events of the case and offers an innovative analysis of the poems, novels, dramas, and commentary it inspired. he uncovers an intricate connection between public fascination with the kentucky tragedy and changing ideas about gender roles, social identity, human motivation, and freedom in the years leading up to the civil war. bruce provides a masterly narration of the tragedy. around 1819, colonel solomon p. sharp, one of kentucky ' s leading politicians, allegedly seduced ann cooke, who subsequently delivered a stillborn child she claimed was fathered by sharp. during the summer of 1825, rumors of the scandal circulated, incensing both cooke and her husband, jereboam beauchamp, who decided, with the support of his wife, that honor compelled him to kill sharp. he did so, admitted to the act, and was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to die. on the morning of the execution, the couple attempted suicide by stabbing in beauchamp ' s jail cell. cooke died, but beauchamp was merely wounded and met his date with the hangman later that day. the lurid story appeared widely in the popular press and captured the imaginations of many antebellum writers, including william gilmore simms and edgar allan poe. bruce reveals that the kentucky tragedy elicited more literary works than did any other episode of the period. by exploring the transformation of the tragedy into literature, he illuminates the shifting social, political, and intellectual forces that revolutionized american life in this era. found an error? tell us about it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46276854512339183, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.679796"} {"text": "creating a forum blackboard allows instructors to set up multiple, threaded, asynchronous discussions from the control panel, or from any content area. the discussion board is broken down into forums : each forum represents a particular broad subject of discussion, week of class, or group of users. forums are further broken down into threads : each thread is a collection of messages constituting a conversation about a more particular subject. for example, a forum about the united states constitution may contain a thread about the pursuit of happiness, another thread about the first amendment, and a third about current proposed constitutional amendments. create a discussion forum - click on control panel > course tools > discussion board to see all of your discussion boards ; click on the discussion board where you want to add a forum. - click on the create forum button. - fill in the forum title and description. - decide on availability of the forum and choose forum settings. if allow post tagging is enabled, instructors can create and apply text labels, after they have collected thread messages, to allow for grouping of message independent of thread or thread status. other discussion board users can read, filter, and search messages using the tags, but cannot create new ones. note : if you are using tagging and you notice it ' s taking a long time for discussion board pages to load, turn tagging off. if you use tagging at the beginning of a term, and then turn it off during times of heavy forum usage, you can re - enable tagging later in the term, which will restore all previous tag data. if allow members to rate posts is enabled, students can rate each others ' posts on a five point scale. the overall rating shown is an average of all rates given. if allow members to subscribe to threads is enabled, a student can click on the thread to subscribe to, then click the subscribe button. this provides an e - mail alert whenever the thread is updated or replied to ; if you select \" include body of post in the email \" under \" subscribe, \" students will also see the content of posts in their e - mail alert. students can unsubscribe in the same way, but the button will be labeled unsubscribe. if allow members to subscribe to forum is enabled, then you and your students will see a subscribe button at the top of the page when you enter your discussion forum. note that if you choose \" allow members to subscribe to threads, \" students will have to subscribe to each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5015835074099512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.683323"} {"text": "is enabled, then you and your students will see a subscribe button at the top of the page when you enter your discussion forum. note that if you choose \" allow members to subscribe to threads, \" students will have to subscribe to each individual thread. 5. click submit. note : you can also link to the discussion board page, link to a specific discussion board forum, or create a new discussion board forum from any content area using the add interactive tool menu. to add a discussion board to a content area : - select the content area you wish to add a discussion board to from the main menu. click the add interactive tool button and select discussion board. - you can create a link to the general discussion board within this content area ; create a link to a specific forum within the discussion board ; or, create an entirely new forum for the discussion board. in order to create a link to a forum that has been created in this manner, you must select the add interactive tool button again from the content area, and then select one of the first two linking options. instructors can enable private discussion boards for groups. instructors can see statistics of each student \u2019 s participation by going to the performance dashboard in the control panel. click evaluation > performance dashboard to display information for a particular student.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4369135769751239, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.683897"} {"text": "inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry ( icp ) is a powerful technique of chemical characterization capable of simultaneously measuring up to 50 different trace elements, sometimes at concentrations as low as several parts per billion. the icp - ms functions by passing small amounts of material into a plasma, a super - heated gas, which ionizes the sample material. the plasma itself operates at around 8000 degrees c, a temperature greater than the surface of the sun. this ionized sample is then sent through a series of powerful magnets called a mass spectrometer, which separates sample ions on the basis of their mass / charge ratio. these ions are then measured by a detector to establish sample composition. sample can be introduced into the icp - ms either as a vaporized solid, or as a liquid. one such method is laser ablation, in which a pulsed laser is used to remove small amounts of sample material, which is then swept into the plasma via a helium carrier gas. alternatively, samples can be dissolved in solution and sent into the plasma in liquid form. depending on sample composition, this may involve dissolving the sample in strong acids, assited by high heat and pressure produced by bombarding the sample with microwaves. our inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( icp - ms ) laboratory operates around a high sensitivity varian quadrupole icp - ms and a new wave up213 laser ablation system for solid sample introduction. additionally, the icp - ms laboratory houses a milestone microwave digestion system for sample dissolution and liquid sample introduction. the eaf icp - ms laboratory. the varian icp - ms is connected to our adaptable chamber up266 laser ablation system, with a ceramic vessel from the north coast of papua new guinea positioned for analysis. laser ablation is particularly valuable due to its ability to target specific components of samples. for ceramics, it is possible to target paste, paints, temper, slips, and glazes separately. in one study performed by museum scientists, the glazes on chinese blue and white porcelains and celadon wares were analyzed chemically by la - icp - ms. this study demonstrated that the majority of such ceramics found at archaeological sites in western india and eastern africa were produced by chinese kilns, and were not imitation wares produced at middle eastern or southeast asian kilns. other projects have studied production and exchange of ceramics from belgian neolithic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5577875743004251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.687618"} {"text": "of such ceramics found at archaeological sites in western india and eastern africa were produced by chinese kilns, and were not imitation wares produced at middle eastern or southeast asian kilns. other projects have studied production and exchange of ceramics from belgian neolithic sites, proto - historical and historical archaeological sites in the phillippines, chinese neolithic sites, ceramics on the northern coast of papua new guinea, and archaeological ceramics from throughout the central andes. likewise, la - icp - ms can be used to analyze metal and corrosion products separately on metal artifacts, eliminating problems that have plagued bulk characterization studies of archaeological metals. la - icp - ms is also highly useful for rapidly characterzing obsidian and artificial glasses. the eaf has large ongoing projects applying la - icp - ms to characterize glass beads traded in the indian ocean, and obsidian from archaeological sites in the western pacific, andes, and belize. the eaf also houses a modified adaptable chamber new wave up266 laser ablation system developed in collaboration with dr. richard cox at the university of quebec at chicoutimi, canada. this adaptable chamber laser ablation system is the first of its kind applied in a museum setting, having only been employed in experimental industrial systems previously. as such, it equips the field museum with unique, virtually non - destructive, high precision, multi - element analysis for large objects that cannot be destructively subsampled, such as complete ceramic vessels. ongoing projects using the adaptable chamber to analyze collections objects include analysis of glass objects from the sumerian city of kish, and analysis of ceramics from the western pacific.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5260385433060959, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.688323"} {"text": "four - year - old john kaykay is a serious and quiet boy \u2014 \u201c my thoughtful one, \u201d his dad calls him. when the official greeters at the front door of the mcclure early - childhood center in tulsa welcome him with their clipboards and electric cheer \u2014 \u201c good morning, john! how are you today? \u201d \u2014 he just slowly nods his small chin in their direction. when he gets to christie housley \u2019 s large, sunny classroom, he focuses intensely on signing in, writing the four letters of his name with a crayon as his dad crouches behind him. when he \u2019 s asked the question of the day \u2014 \u201c do you like music? \u201d \u2014 he pauses for a minute before putting his magnetic nameplate in the \u201c no \u201d section. john \u2019 s third day of pre - kindergarten will be filled with more questions. since yesterday was the 20th and tomorrow is the 22nd, what day is today? can he pick out the card with the number 21 written on it? if the colors go pink, blue, pink, blue, what comes next in the pattern? how many of his friends are in school today? can he think of a word that rhymes with dog? historically, americans have operated on the assumption that kids will just somehow pick up such essentials along the way to \u201c real \u201d school. but, with concerns mounting over rising dropout rates and grim earning prospects for poorly educated americans, the matter of when and under what circumstances we begin to teach children is of growing importance. guided by research that shows that most of the wiring for future academic accomplishment happens in the first five years of life, education experts have been exploring how to get our children off to a better, and earlier, start. many point to france and some of the scandinavian countries, where almost all three - and four - year - olds participate in good, public preschool. but the united states has several stalwarts of early education, too. even with budgetary challenges, georgia, arkansas, and west virginia have all managed to create high - quality pre - kindergarten programs with strong enrollment over the past few years. but it is john kaykay \u2019 s home state, oklahoma, that offers the single best example of how preschool can work when it \u2019 s done well \u2014 of how it can elevate its students \u2019 learning, expand the horizons of the educational system, and enhance the entire community. despite growing evidence of the benefits of early education, nationwide only 28 percent of four - year - olds are enrolled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43394283555243474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.708642"} {"text": "well \u2014 of how it can elevate its students \u2019 learning, expand the horizons of the educational system, and enhance the entire community. despite growing evidence of the benefits of early education, nationwide only 28 percent of four - year - olds are enrolled in public pre - k. among three - year - olds, a paltry 4 percent are enrolled in a public educational program. the numbers could decrease even more as pre - k falls victim to recessionary belt - tightening. states have already cut $ 90 million from education for three - and four - year - olds over the past two years. eleven states provide no program at all. oklahoma has bucked the national trend. seventy - four percent of four - year - olds \u2014 more than in any other state \u2014 are in high - quality pre - k. virtually every parent who wants a spot can get one, whether in a public school or in a partner organization, such as tulsa \u2019 s community action project, which runs john kaykay \u2019 s pre - k classroom. the effort has been so thorough and so widely embraced that, in effect, public school in oklahoma begins at age four. even among the states that do well by their preschoolers, oklahoma is exceptional. on paper, nine states have universal pre - - kindergarten, meaning that all four - year - olds are theoretically eligible. but in most of those states, there isn \u2019 t nearly enough funding for everyone to enroll. that \u2019 s the case in new york, where fewer than half of four - year - olds participate in the \u201c universal \u201d program. other states do a superb job with enrollment but a poor job of providing the education. florida, for instance, has the highest percentage of four - year - olds in pre - k programs \u2014 76 percent, slightly more than oklahoma, according to the most recent \u201c state of preschool \u201d report by the national institute for early education research. but because florida doesn \u2019 t require its teachers to have a college degree in early education \u2014 and because the state spends so little on each child \u2014 just $ 2, 422 per child per year, $ 5, 000 less than in oklahoma \u2014 the quality of the program is low. oklahoma \u2019 s pre - k teachers don \u2019 t make the piddling wages that prevail in much of the rest of the country. they \u2019 re paid the same as elementary and high - school teachers. christie housley, along with all other pre - k teachers in oklahoma, has not only a bachelor \u2019 s degree but also certification in early - childhood education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4327084076245096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.709720"} {"text": "of the country. they \u2019 re paid the same as elementary and high - school teachers. christie housley, along with all other pre - k teachers in oklahoma, has not only a bachelor \u2019 s degree but also certification in early - childhood education \u2014 so she knows how young kids typically learn to read, she can recognize the disabilities that tend to emerge at this age, and she understands the best ways to handle behavior problems. state law also mandates that pre - k teachers not have more than 20 students in their classroom and that they have an aide. in fact, only six children were present the august morning i was in housley \u2019 s classroom, which allowed her to focus on them individually. john, who was sitting quietly, drew praise for listening carefully to instructions \u2014 important feedback for a child who might get no attention at all in a larger class. a little girl who had pigtails and raised her hand at every opportunity was rewarded with a relatively tough question : \u201c what is the opposite of inside? \u201d when one girl strained to remember what day it was, housley helped by leading the class in a round of their days - of - the - week song. a boy named justice demanded a different kind of attention \u2014 and housley was able to give that, too. while his peers were sitting together and learning about the calendar, justice remained outside the circle playing with blocks and singing loudly. when housley invited him to join the others, he stayed where he was and increased the volume of his song. teaching the basic skills of how to participate in a group is one of the biggest tasks of pre - k \u2014 and it \u2019 s hard to do in big classes. when the rest of the children moved on to washing their hands before snack time, housley sat next to his block tower and talked with him. \u201c can you hear what the rest of us are saying when you \u2019 re over here by yourself? \u201d she asked gently. the lesson is part of a bigger one that they \u2019 ll all learn and relearn this year : how to be a productive, contributing member of a community. justice, who eventually joined the circle, seemed to be on his way to getting it. while oklahoma has a model statewide pre - k system, the city of tulsa illustrates the public - private partnerships that can grow within that model. the state \u2019 s second - largest city, in the foothills of the ozark mountains, tulsa has great economic extremes. some 84 percent of children in tulsa public schools qualify for free or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43055815448143664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.711946"} {"text": "illustrates the public - private partnerships that can grow within that model. the state \u2019 s second - largest city, in the foothills of the ozark mountains, tulsa has great economic extremes. some 84 percent of children in tulsa public schools qualify for free or reduced lunch, meaning they live in households that earn no more than $ 42, 643 for a family of four. but there is also great wealth here, much of it from the local energy industry. because oklahoma \u2019 s law enables private organizations to provide pre - k, a good deal of that wealth has been leveraged to bolster the public system. tulsa \u2019 s community action project ( cap ), which has created and runs mcclure as well as 13 other early - education facilities, is a sort of turbo - charged head start provider. with an annual budget of more than $ 52 million, it has married private money \u2014 primarily from local oilman and philanthropist george kaiser \u2014 with state and federal funds to serve young children. because state funding covers the four - year - olds, cap can devote much of its budget to children three and under. one - third of tulsa \u2019 s qualifying three - year - olds are now in public preschool ; the union school district, which has gone the furthest in enrolling younger students, is on course to serve all three - year - olds within the next year. plenty of kids in tulsa may still be behind the curve on their first day of school, but here that first day often comes at age three rather than four or five. the result is that tulsa has become a sort of sweden of the ozarks \u2014 a magnet for the country \u2019 s best early - education providers and researchers and a place where preschool is a routine part of growing up. it \u2019 s a haven for both children and their parents. cap works hard to engage adults who may have been alienated by schools in the past. to encourage parents to interact with the schools, the organization consciously decided not to provide busing. the schools \u2019 daily schedules and yearly calendars are synced with nearby public elementary schools, with which some also share land and playgrounds, a setup that allows parents to drop off their preschoolers and scoot next door to drop off older siblings. in the same cap buildings \u2014 which are carefully designed not to feel institutional \u2014 they can also take parenting classes, get career training, and receive financial services. though cap is by mission an anti - poverty organization and serves only students who qualify for free and reduced lunch, its classrooms \u201c don \u2019 t look like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4872320338455754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.713193"} {"text": "to feel institutional \u2014 they can also take parenting classes, get career training, and receive financial services. though cap is by mission an anti - poverty organization and serves only students who qualify for free and reduced lunch, its classrooms \u201c don \u2019 t look like they \u2019 re for poor people, \u201d as one mother remarked upon entering the pine cone \u2013 festooned space in which her four - year - old would be learning. draped with natural - hued fabrics and brightened with \u201c uplighting, \u201d which radiates from standing lamps and is thought to be more calming than old - style fluorescent bulbs overhead, the room looks more like a spread from a pottery barn catalog than a traditional classroom. when you look out from its picture windows to the sprawling playground where the students are climbing and digging during outdoor playtime, and then beyond to the garden plots the kids will plant and harvest throughout the year, you can \u2019 t help wanting this for all young americans. the students who go to pre - k tend to emerge from the year recognizably ahead of their peers. studies have shown it, and teachers know it. laura hamilton, who teaches kindergarten at northwoods, an elementary school in sand springs, oklahoma, says she easily picked out the 8 kids in her class of 25 this year who hadn \u2019 t gone to pre - k. \u201c they \u2019 re the ones who don \u2019 t know how to line up. they \u2019 re not used to sharing, and they \u2019 re not used to drawing or writing, \u201d she says, fishing out four of her new kindergarteners \u2019 drawings. three show recognizable scenes \u2014 a family of stick figures, a house with two girls in front, and a house with a sky in the background. the fourth, drawn by a child who didn \u2019 t attend pre - k, is of seemingly random scribbles. \u201c it \u2019 s usually these kids that have to stay back and repeat kindergarten, \u201d hamilton says, pointing to the scribbles. how did oklahoma \u2014 a poor state, and one of the \u201c reddest \u201d in the country \u2014 become a preschooling pioneer? it wouldn \u2019 t have happened if ardent children \u2019 s advocates hadn \u2019 t been in the right positions at the right times. ramona paul, who retired last year as the state \u2019 s assistant superintendent of public education, was the first to get pre - k rolling in 1980. \u201c i still remember, it was one o \u2019 clock on a thursday, \u201d says paul, a commanding, white - haired woman who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4179781308179606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.714437"} {"text": "as the state \u2019 s assistant superintendent of public education, was the first to get pre - k rolling in 1980. \u201c i still remember, it was one o \u2019 clock on a thursday, \u201d says paul, a commanding, white - haired woman who worked in the state department of education for more than two decades. \u201c my boss walked into my office and said, \u2018 ramona, what would you like to see for four - year - old children? you just write the model, and i \u2019 ll get it funded. \u2019 \u201d paul had taken part in a four - year - old program herself as a young child ( \u201c it was called nursery school back in those days, \u201d she says ), had gone on to teach preschool and college courses in child development, and was present at the rose garden ceremony when president lyndon johnson unveiled head start. the first big government early - education effort, head start was launched in 1965 as part of the war on poverty. the aim was to address the achievement gap. as with public schooling more broadly, public pre - k was initially seen as an alternative for economically disadvantaged children who couldn \u2019 t afford private or church schools. in oklahoma, which ranks 20th in child poverty, there have always been a lot of those children. the model paul designed reflected both her experience and the state \u2019 s demographics. she knew to include high standards for teacher education and pay. she was clear that she wanted the program to be available to all children \u2014 not just poor children, who made up the majority of the small number of public preschoolers in the country at the time. \u201c why would we want to educate just a certain group of children? \u201d she asks. paul \u2019 s pilot program was launched that same year. but it was only a half - day, and its small budget limited it to certain parts of the state. it wasn \u2019 t until 1998 that a legislator named joe eddins quietly pushed through a law that supplied the funding to expand paul \u2019 s vision into a mostly full - day program that would be offered throughout the state. eddins, too, was well suited to advancing early education. a democratic legislator who had worked as a rancher and high - school biology teacher, he had spent his first few years in the legislature learning about early education \u2014 and becoming convinced that school failure was sending a growing number of oklahoma \u2019 s kids down a life path of poverty and underperformance. eddins \u2019 s allies included not just child - - development experts and education policymakers but also a handful of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4016735842628605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.715625"} {"text": "becoming convinced that school failure was sending a growing number of oklahoma \u2019 s kids down a life path of poverty and underperformance. eddins \u2019 s allies included not just child - - development experts and education policymakers but also a handful of business leaders who had come to see early education as the state \u2019 s economic salvation. getting young oklahomans into school earlier was not only in the kids \u2019 best interest, they argued ; it was important for businesses, which were facing a dwindling pool of potential workers and customers. eddins had first waded into the education issue to fix what seemed a discrete problem : many school districts, especially in rural areas, were enrolling four - year - olds in kindergarten. because the state \u2019 s population was shrinking, these schools were facing declining numbers of students \u2014 and thus declining school budgets. putting four - year - olds in kindergarten sometimes allowed the districts to bring in enough money to keep their schools open because they were receiving funds based on the number of children in school. but the four - year - olds were in classes designed to teach them at a kindergarten level, and they were lost. eddins was creative \u2014 some say stealthy \u2014 in winning support for universal pre - k. he presented the legislation as an amendment to the school law merely designed to fix the four - year - old problem. his bill did do that. but it also created a statewide four - year - old program that surpassed any other in the country. among the changes it heralded was the ability of school districts to partner with outside entities on pre - k so the programs could be housed in a variety of settings, including tribal programs, churches, and assisted - living facilities. that shift paved the way for a massive partnership between the public schools and head start providers, such as cap, a move that might have raised red flags for some republicans \u2014 had they known about it. eddins was able to gloss over this groundbreaking aspect of his bill in large part because he was trusted and well liked ; few of his fellow legislators felt the need to actually read the legislation. instead, he summarized it. when he did, he chose his words carefully. \u201c i didn \u2019 t explain that we \u2019 d have this huge collaboration with head start, \u201d eddins says. \u201c i emphasized the part that said you could contract with private providers. republicans have always loved that. \u201d eddins \u2019 s bill also dodged several potential problems. it kept pre - k voluntary for parents, thus inoculating it from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35645615045725804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.716725"} {"text": ". \u201c i emphasized the part that said you could contract with private providers. republicans have always loved that. \u201d eddins \u2019 s bill also dodged several potential problems. it kept pre - k voluntary for parents, thus inoculating it from the criticism of social conservatives who believed that mothers should be home with their kids. by building its cost into the larger public - school funding formula, rather than funding early education separately in the state budget, it also protected pre - k from fiscal conservatives who might object to it as part of a \u201c nanny state. \u201d this seemingly small detail may be the key difference separating oklahoma from other states, such as arizona and illinois, where pre - k funding was slashed during the recent recession. indeed, in oklahoma, pre - k is essentially just another grade \u2014 as unlikely to be singled out as 5th or 11th. \u201c in so many other states, you have huge fights over whether pre - k funding should be cut, \u201d says lisa guernsey, director of the early education initiative at the new america foundation. \u201c it \u2019 s forever seen as an extra line at the bottom of the spreadsheet. \u201d although eddins \u2019 s law also made pre - k voluntary, \u201c people started camping out that first night before we started enrolling, \u201d says cathy burden, the superintendent of union public schools in tulsa. that was in 1998, when union enrolled less than half of its four - year - olds and pre - k was only half - day. today, about 75 percent of the district \u2019 s four - year - olds are enrolled, all are in school for full days, and demand continues to grow. \u201c if anyone tried to get rid of pre - k now, \u201d burden says, \u201c they \u2019 d get run out of town. \u201d no doubt, part of pre - k \u2019 s appeal is that it \u2019 s a safe \u2014 and free \u2014 place for children to be while their parents work. child care can cost more than $ 500 per week. but for most parents, the educational value of pre - k is at least as important as the financial benefit. \u201c i wanted my son to learn, \u201d explains maria mauricio, who lives in the low - income tulsa neighborhood of kendall - whittier. her four - year - old son, gabriel, attends pre - k through educare, another local head start provider. a stay - at - home mom of five, mauricio could have kept gabriel with her during the day. when she was growing up in mexico, mauri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37434746112952566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.717797"} {"text": "gabriel, attends pre - k through educare, another local head start provider. a stay - at - home mom of five, mauricio could have kept gabriel with her during the day. when she was growing up in mexico, mauricio went to school only through seventh grade, stopping so she could help her grandmother support the family by picking peanuts. she wanted more for her son, who, by the age of two, wasn \u2019 t speaking either english or spanish understandably, partly because of hearing problems. mauricio felt confident that starting school early would give gabriel the best shot at success. there are mountains of data to confirm mauricio \u2019 s hunch. economically disadvantaged children who take part in a high - quality pre - k program go on to do better academically. they \u2019 re less likely to need special education, less likely to repeat a grade, and more likely to graduate from high school. perhaps more important are the other ways they fare better : attending pre - k lowers their chances of becoming pregnant as a teen, abusing or neglecting their own children when they become parents, and winding up incarcerated or dependent on public benefits as an adult. the most dramatic illustration of these gains comes out of the perry preschool in ypsilanti, michigan. started in the early 1960s as an effort to improve the academic performance of low - income students, the perry program enrolled three - and four - year - olds who performed poorly on tests and had low iq scores. the early results were impressive. those who went through the half - day perry program had higher iqs when the program ended at age 5. the longer - term benefits were even more stunning. at age 14, there were moderate to large differences between the test scores of perry preschool kids and those who didn \u2019 t go through the program. at 27, they drank and smoked less. at 40, they were less likely to have been arrested and far outearned their peers. a cost - benefit analysis of perry provided incontrovertible evidence of the money that could be saved in the long term by working with such young kids. by the time the perry preschoolers reached age 27, every public dollar spent on their early education yielded a savings of $ 7. 16. but compelling as the perry study was, it was based on only 58 preschool students, and all were poor and african american. another well - studied preschool, the carolina abecedarian project in north carolina, had similarly impressive results but was also small and exclusively for poor children. as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4266812537975141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.718989"} {"text": "was, it was based on only 58 preschool students, and all were poor and african american. another well - studied preschool, the carolina abecedarian project in north carolina, had similarly impressive results but was also small and exclusively for poor children. as the idea of universal pre - k began to grow around the country, its opponents homed in on the fact that the most clear - cut benefits had been for poor kids. since there hadn \u2019 t been large - scale studies of the long - term benefits of pre - k on middle - class kids, they argued, it wasn \u2019 t worth educating all four - year - olds in tight budgetary times. as governor of massachusetts, mitt romney used this logic when he vetoed a 2006 bill unanimously approved by the legislature that would have set up a statewide pre - k program. in 2002, bill gormley, a georgetown university professor, saw oklahoma \u2019 s program as an opportunity to study the impact of early education on all kids. because pre - k in oklahoma cost around $ 7, 500 per child \u2014 more than the national average but still far less than the intensive abecedarian and perry programs \u2014 he could measure the benefits of a four - year - old program with a more acceptable price tag. because oklahoma \u2019 s pre - k was not just high - quality but also delivered on a massive scale, he could address the question of whether it could do more than level the playing field for poor kids. the tulsa public school district, the largest in the state, offered an ideal place to get results from the statewide experiment. while there \u2019 s plenty of poverty in tulsa, more than 15 percent of students are middle - class. unlike most of the kids previously studied, tulsa \u2019 s population is multiracial, with almost equal numbers of white, african american, and hispanic kids, as well as a slightly smaller group of native americans. oklahoma law also requires that all children be evaluated when they enter kindergarten, so gormley was able to use those results to compare kids who had attended pre - k with those who hadn \u2019 t. the gains he found in 2002 - 2003 were among the biggest ever documented for a universal pre - k program. by the time they started kindergarten, pre - k kids were nine months ahead of their peers with the skills necessary for reading, like recognizing letters and being able to tell stories. they were seven months ahead in pre - writing, including the ability to hold a pencil, and five months ahead in counting and other pre - math skills. the four -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43978095632629716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.719984"} {"text": "the skills necessary for reading, like recognizing letters and being able to tell stories. they were seven months ahead in pre - writing, including the ability to hold a pencil, and five months ahead in counting and other pre - math skills. the four - year - olds who had been through cap \u2019 s head start, as opposed to the regular state pre - k program in tulsa public schools, were equally ahead in math, though not quite as dramatically ahead when it came to early literacy. ( this is likely because head start, in addition to its academic goals, has a broader mission, including improving children \u2019 s health, establishing their sense of responsibility to society, and increasing their self - worth. ) the most impressive part was that the gains were throughout this entire population. though the poorest kids were helped the most, all of tulsa \u2019 s kids got a boost from pre - k. the case for universal pre - k ought to be closed. in oklahoma, it is. even as enthusiasm for the tea party has swept the state, the program has gained in popularity. oklahomans on both sides of the aisle take pride in being recognized as a national leader in early education. many rural school administrators regard the program as a lifeline because it helped them keep schools open even as the number of children in their districts diminished. regardless of their political stripe, most working parents here embrace pre - k as a superior alternative to day care. ironically, the rest of the country remains more conflicted about pre - k than rural, conservative oklahoma. though president barack obama has acknowledged universal pre - k as among the worthiest of public expenditures \u2014 he pledged funding for it back in the 2008 campaign and continues to sing its praises \u2014 he has done little to expand it in his first four years. this september, his administration established the center on enhancing early learning outcomes and is contributing $ 1. 4 million of federal funds per year to help it provide states with technical assistance on their pre - k programs. the president also used stimulus money to significantly expand head start and early head start, the federal programs that serve low - income kids from birth through age four. but these programs are within the administration for children and families, which focuses on social and economic well - being, rather than in the education system. most pre - k advocates want obama to fight harder to include early education within the department of education and leverage federal funds to encourage more state spending on pre - k programs. it \u2019 s not clear, though, that he \u2019 d succeed even if he did. many republicans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.408519015887501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.721081"} {"text": "advocates want obama to fight harder to include early education within the department of education and leverage federal funds to encourage more state spending on pre - k programs. it \u2019 s not clear, though, that he \u2019 d succeed even if he did. many republicans oppose such an expansion \u2014 and some call for shutting down the education department altogether. \u201c they want as little federal involvement in education as possible, \u201d says steven barnett, director of the national institute for early education research. the bigger problem, though, may be convincing lawmakers in both parties to take the long view of pre - k. \u201c people always want me to tell them how quickly it \u2019 s going to pay off, because if we \u2019 re not going to save enough money in the first five years, then they don \u2019 t want to pay for it, \u201d barnett says. \u201c but the big payoff is when kids are older, when they have a job, are making money, are not in jail. \u201d even oklahoma \u2019 s big, well - studied program hasn \u2019 t been around long enough to document the full extent of the bang for the bucks invested. gormley \u2019 s research team at georgetown recently published a paper using data from tulsa to estimate that pre - k participation could boost a child \u2019 s future annual earnings enormously \u2014 by an average of $ 30, 548 for low - income kids and an average of $ 24, 610 for middle - class children. but that \u2019 s just a projection. oklahoma \u2019 s universal pre - k is only in its 15th year. it \u2019 ll be two decades or so before john kaykay and his classmates reach the point where they can be expected to assume financial responsibility and make their mark on the world. if the rest of the country waits that long to learn from oklahoma \u2019 s early - education model, another generation will be lost. you need to be logged in to comment. ( if there ' s one thing we know about comment trolls, it ' s that they ' re lazy )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37510746938412176, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.721915"} {"text": "ucil identified two uranium blocks named killung and rangam in west khasi hills district of meghalaya, with total reserves of 9. 22 million tones with rated capacity of 0. 375 mtpa. the project has acquired 351 ha of land for the establishment of mines, processing plant, dcda plant ( for h2so4 plant ), township and other facilities. both mining blocks will produce 9. 22 million tones of uranium ore and 62 million tones of waste materials ( overburden ) in 24 years. the killung block is divided into killung a and killung b and rangam block will mine separately as a single block. the executive summary is silent on whether all blocks will be operated simultaneously or will operate in stages. however, it seems that both blocks will be mined simultaneously because there are wide various in uranium percentage in the ores of killung a and killung b and rangam. location wise project is very sensitive because project is located in hilly terrain and receives very high rainfall. further, project site is an important watershed of various tributaries and rivers. therefore, estimation of silt load and erosion potential of an area is crucial, however the executive summary has failed to address this significant issue. executive summary is silent on quantity and quality of tailing wastes, the report states that tailing waste will be stored initially in tailing pond adjacent to plant and disposed off in mined out area along with overburden. this will commenced from the fifth year. according to the executive summary, processing plant and tailing ponds are located in the watershed of mawkhan river, which is a tributary of wah phodthra river. hence a potential risk of surface water contamination is high. moreover, executive summary is competently silent on the impacts of project on the watershed and also failed to highlight the safeguard strategies. the executive summary is also silent on quality, quantity and mode of disposal of wastewater from the process plant. executive summary has failed to provide information on the land use pattern of acquired land and landuse pattern in buffer zone such as forest cover, agricultural land, wasteland etc. the proposed uranium ore handling and its management seem very poor. the crusher will crush ore at the mine pit ; crushed ore will be transported continuously to the processing plant by the dumper after covering a distance of 5. 5 km. further, the crushed ore is proposed to store in open at the processing plant. hence, high radiation risk could be anticipated through air borne particles. further, multiple handling of ore, coupled with dump", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4844616544052386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.726584"} {"text": "governador valadares is a brazilian city in the state of minas gerais. in 2006, its population was 260, 405 inhabitants. it is an economical center of the middle valley of the rio doce, making a significant influence on the east and northeast of minas gerais and local authorities of the state of the espirito santo. governador valadares sits on the bank of the rio doce, 324 km from belo the main watercourse through the municipality is the doce river ( \" rio doce \" in portuguese ) whose basin ( of 83, 500 square kilometers ) is composed of 222 municipalities. nowadays its waters are very polluted, with little vegetation on its banks and depleted fish stocks. valadares is also a statistical micro - region including 25 municipalities : alpercata, campanario, capitao andrade, coroaci, divino das laranjeiras, engenheiro caldas, fernandes tourinho, frei inocencio, galileia, governador valadares, itambacuri, itanhomi, jampruca, marilac, mathias lobato, nacip raydan, nova modica, pescador, sao geraldo da piedade, sao geraldo do baixio, sao jose da safira, sao jose do divino, sobralia, tumiritinga, and virgolandia. its population ( 2006 ) was estimated by the ibge to be 407, 815 inhabitants in a total area of 11, the area around governador valadares was explored in colonial first expedition to reach the doce river was in 1573, leaving from seguro in bahia. only in the beginning of the nineteenth century was its colonization begun when in 1808 the portuguese government created military divisions in the in 1823, the d. manoel barracks was established, on the left bank of the doce, exactly at the point at which the river begins to be partially navigable as far as the sea. by the end of the nineteenth century, dom manuel the main river port on the doce, being a meeting place for muleteers and canoes that took products to the coast. only after the beginning of the twentieth century was the occupation of the territory accelerated, with the construction of the vitoria - minas railway in 1902. in 1925 the first electric plant was installed to serve the residences of the town. it was powered by steam. throughout its history govern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3545092138437118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.735927"} {"text": "the twentieth century was the occupation of the territory accelerated, with the construction of the vitoria - minas railway in 1902. in 1925 the first electric plant was installed to serve the residences of the town. it was powered by steam. throughout its history governador valdares has had several - 1734 - arraial de porto de dom manuel - 1808 - porto das canoas - 1888 - santo antonio da figueira - 1889 \u2013 distrito de santo antonio do bonsucesso - 1923 - figueira in 1937 the municipality of figueira do rio doce was established, which then changed its name to governador valadares, who was the governor at the time. production and the intense trade in precious stones is the reason the \" brazil gem show \" takes place in the local authority every year : an event that consists of the commerce of precious stones with brazilians and foreign visitors governador valadares is the biggest city and commercial center of the eastern region of the state of minas gerais, having several cities in his area of influence, such as teofilo otoni and caratinga. at present, governador valadares is growing in industrial development, due to its strategic position, human resources and international reputation. it is a trade and industrial center. sawmills and food - processing plants are in the city, and mica are mined in the area. governador valadares is one of the most famous gem - trading centres in brazil. gem minerals. the golconda mine, one of the oldest in the city, attracts the curiosity of tourists and stone collectors from all over the world. the city is served by the railroad vitoria - minas, of the cvrd and by the highway rio - bahia ( br 116 ). it is also connected with the capital of the state by the br 381. the city is on the belo horizonte \u2013 vitoria railway and on the rio de janeiro \u2013 salvador highway. distances from major centers : the local airport is a category 3 airport, with a paved runway 1, 400 meters long. there are regular flights to belo paulo, rio de seguro, salvador, and vitoria. the city hosts of one of the stages of the brazilian championship of hang gliding being that the competitors get off the ibituruna ' s peak, where it is possible to catch sight of the whole region of the valley of the rio doce which bed is on the feet of the peak, and also it hosts several international championships of hang gliding, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4001960617569661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.740348"} {"text": "see also the dr. math faq : browse high school practical geometry stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. - cutting a circle out of a square [ 2 / 14 / 1996 ] what is the area ( to the nearest square centimeter ) of the largest circle that can be cut from a square piece of sheet metal 73cm. on each side? explain how you determined this. - cutting cake with geometry [ 2 / 4 / 1996 ] a cake is square when viewed from the top. height is unspecified. it is iced on top and the four vertical sides. how can the cake be divided in 5 pieces such that each piece has the same amount of cake and the same amount of icing? how can you minimize the number of cuts you have to make in the cake and still meet this target? alternatively, how can you minimize the total length of the cuts you make in the cake? - cutting carpet [ 9 / 9 / 1996 ] two pieces of carpet are to be used to cover a floor. you are allowed to make just one cut in one of the two pieces... - daylight hours and latitude [ 1 / 9 / 1995 ] how does the number of daylight hours on a given day of the year depend - depth of a tank [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] a tank 100 ' long and 10 ' wide holds 15, 000 cu. ft. of water... - designing and building a cone frustum [ 03 / 24 / 2004 ] i need help making making a pattern for a frustum shape to protect a large piece of equipment. how can i find the distance between the top and bottom arcs in a straight line? - determining an angle from side views [ 07 / 24 / 2002 ] in the end elevation of a drawing, a rod rises from point a at 32 degrees. in the side elevation, the same rod is seen rising from point a at 48 degrees. how do i work out at what angle to cut the end of the - determining cone ' s original dimensions from a slice [ 05 / 18 / 1999 ] given the inside and outside arc lengths and the thickness of a truncated cone, find the inner and outer radii and the angle. - determining length of material remaining on a roll [ 11 / 24 / 2003 ] is there a mathematical formula to determine the length of material on a roll, given the outside diameter of the core, the outside diameter of the whole roll, and the thickness of the material ( determined by a - earth ' s curvature [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4921264914100767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.749800"} {"text": "/ 2003 ] is there a mathematical formula to determine the length of material on a roll, given the outside diameter of the core, the outside diameter of the whole roll, and the thickness of the material ( determined by a - earth ' s curvature [ 01 / 27 / 1997 ] how do you figure out the degree of curvature of the earth ' s surface? - ellipse geometry [ 08 / 09 / 1998 ] i wish to draw a line departing at a given angle from the long axis of an ellipse and bisecting the perimeter of the ellipse at right angles to the tangent at that point... - elliptical orbits in the solar system [ 05 / 22 / 2005 ] i want to have my students draw a scale model of the solar system that shows the orbits of the planets. assuming i have the apogee and perigee of each planet ' s orbit about the sun, they need to construct 9 ellipses with some degree of accuracy. what ' s the best way to go about - equation for an arch [ 09 / 09 / 1997 ] i am trying to draw an arch that will go in the ceiling of a building. the arch will be at a maximum height of 28 inches... - fabric left on a roll [ 03 / 15 / 2001 ] i am going to write a program for my ti - 83 + to calculate how many feet of material are left on a roll. - filling a garden with topsoil [ 2 / 5 / 1996 ] i have a garden that is 10 ' x 10 ' ( 100 square feet ). i want to add 6 \" of topsoil to my garden. topsoil is sold by the cubic yard. how many cubic yards of topsoil will i need for my project? - filling cylindrical holes [ 05 / 18 / 1999 ] what volume of cement, in cubic yards, will fill 42 holes that have a 9 \" diameter and are 4 ' deep? - finding a plane shape for a truncated cone [ 05 / 10 / 2000 ] what is the best way to cut a flat two - dimensional piece of sheet metal into a three - dimensional truncated cone? - finding miles per hour [ 03 / 06 / 2002 ] if a wheel is making 64. 2 revolutions per minute, how many miles per hour is it going? - finding the angle of solar collectors on a sloped roof [ 08 / 30 / 2008 ] i have solar collectors on my roof. they are mounted so that the base of each panel runs up the slope of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5178803530598619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.750949"} {"text": "miles per hour is it going? - finding the angle of solar collectors on a sloped roof [ 08 / 30 / 2008 ] i have solar collectors on my roof. they are mounted so that the base of each panel runs up the slope of the roof, and the panels themselves are mounted at an angle. i ' d like to know how to determine the various angles created by this situation. - finding the area of an irregular shape [ 01 / 03 / 2007 ] i need the area of a parcel of land with 5 sides. i know the lengths of the sides and the angles at the corners, but am not sure how to calculate the area. - finding the axes of an ellipse from a known cone [ 01 / 26 / 2001 ] i ' m trying to solve a specific situation regarding lighting when viewed as an oblique circular cone... - finding the center of a disk [ 12 / 13 / 2002 ] i need to find the center of a solid disk to bore a hole. - finding the circumference of a circle using its shadow [ 1 / 26 / 1996 ] i am attempting to find the circumference of a large sphere that is hanging 25 feet in the air. - finding the length of carpet left on a roll [ 09 / 25 / 2008 ] if i can see the end of a roll of carpet i can figure out the approximate square yardage by taking the inside circumference, the outside circumference and the number of total layers left, then calculating each layer. is there a formula i can apply to calculate the result directly? - finding the radial separation of a cd track spiral [ 10 / 04 / 2000 ] on audio cds a track of pits spirals outward from a radius of 25 mm to a radius of 58 mm. how can i calculate the radial separation of the pits? - finding the radius of a pipe [ 1 / 28 / 1996 ] a pipe has become bent and is no longer round. in order for me to correct the problem, i must build a brace to go around the pipe and true it up. however, until i can determine the radius of the pipe, a brace cannot be - finding the volume of a horizontal tank [ 2 / 13 / 1996 ] what is the formula for finding the volume of a horizontal cylinder? - find the diagonal of a rectangle [ 07 / 26 / 1997 ] we use a tape measure to square different things on the job site by measuring opposite corners... - fitting a picture to a frame [ 11 / 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45742518107297403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.752210"} {"text": "a horizontal cylinder? - find the diagonal of a rectangle [ 07 / 26 / 1997 ] we use a tape measure to square different things on the job site by measuring opposite corners... - fitting a picture to a frame [ 11 / 14 / 1996 ] i have a picture frame that needs to have twice as much border on the side of the picture as on the top. if the photo is half the area of the frame, how wide should the borders be? - flattening the frustum of a cone [ 10 / 15 / 2000 ] we are building a desk the front of which forms a section of a cone. we know the radius and chord length at the top and the floor. how do we generate a flat layout of this section? - foil wrapped around a spindle [ 12 / 17 / 1997 ] i have a problem in an engineering work environment. i need to know the length of foil ( l ) needed to generate the external diameter... - formula for laying out an arc [ 09 / 27 / 2002 ] i need a formula for laying out an arc using a known radius and distance from the chord to the arc at 90 degrees. - gas in a cylindrical tank with hemispheric caps [ 02 / 09 / 2010 ] doctor jeremiah uses calculus to calculate how much gas a large pill - shaped tank holds. - geometry unit on quilting [ 07 / 16 / 1997 ] do you have any information / units / lessons / curriculum ideas on quilting in - given octagon diameter, find side length [ 04 / 09 / 2003 ] if you have the diameter of an octagon, what formula gives you the length of the sides? - hole in a sphere [ 12 / 30 / 1996 ] when you bore a 6 inch cylindrical hole through the center of a sphere, what is the volume of the remaining solid? - horizontal gas tank content formula [ 01 / 17 / 1999 ] can you help me find a formula to measure the volume of gas left in a horizontal gas tank given the height of the gas and the dimensions of the - how many liters of water does a pool hold? [ 12 / 4 / 1995 ] a pool ' s surface forms a rectangle 25 meters long by 15 meters wide. the pool is 2 meters deep at the shallow end and the depth increases at the constant rate to four meters at the other end. how many liters of water will the pool hold? - how much carpet is left? [ 03 / 27 / 1999 ] we use rolled carpet in our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48791591586003935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.753268"} {"text": "is there no possible way that it has a final digit? he even proved a stronger result, yes, loiville 1882 ( i believe ). not algebraic? it was not proven geometrical. it was proven based on an integration that produces as a result. geometrically, if we were drawing a circle, the ends must touch? ( even at the very small value level? ) here ' s my little conjecture ( since i don ' t know how to prove it and excel says it doesn ' t work, but after 200 terms i don ' t know how accurate excel can be ) this shows that the closer you get to infinity, the more decimal places will be in pi, but what if you reach infinity ( which you obviously can ' t do )? you would get infinite decimal places, and it would equal pi... does this mean that the ends of a circle do not touch at all? ( apart from at infinity ) how can you calculate that in excel?? the best i can get for calculating pi is doing the sum of about 100000 inverse squares! if pi has infinite decimal places then it must never be closed circle as there must be a space somewhere on the circle that is infinitely small and can not be filled. what i ' m thinking is usually hard to understand so think of it like this... pretend your drawing a circle with an incredibly fine pencil and your drawing of the circle is literally perfect. the diameter of the circle is 1cm so the circumference is pi. you start at a point and draw 3cm. the circle is not yet complete as there is 0. 14159.. cm left so you draw 0. 1cm but there ' s still 0. 0415926... cm left to draw! you get closer and closer but since pi has infinite decimal places ( that aren ' t all 0s ) you will never reach the starting point of the circle! i hope thats easy enough to follow! it ' s clear what you mean, but mathematically there ' s no problem and practically, there ' s no difference with other numbers. take a diameter of 1 / pi, then you have to draw the circle with circumference 1. you have your fine pencil and you start drawing, already at 0. 9, then 0. 95, then 0. 9997, then... stopping at exactly 1, isn ' t fysically / practially \" easier \" than stopping at pi. the circle is closed, because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5035807639141126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.757539"} {"text": "at 0. 9, then 0. 95, then 0. 9997, then... stopping at exactly 1, isn ' t fysically / practially \" easier \" than stopping at pi. the circle is closed, because pi is what it is, it ' s not 3. 14 and not 3. 141592653, but pi. my mistake was assuming pi would be drawn from a meaurable point of view when really \" it is what it is \". so in theory - no problem. pi has its value and thats the value in the ratio from diameter to circumference. however, on paper it can be a problem as if you draw a perfect closed circle ( ie. no errors in drawing it whatsoever ) there will always be an infinitesimally small gap! why still the gap? the paper doesn ' t know about real numbers, nor about our concept of ' meters '. the only problem which we practically encounter is our inability to draw so perfectly. for us, it ' s not harder / easier to draw a perfect 3 - 4 - 5 ( 5\u00b2 = 3\u00b2 + 4\u00b2 ) right triangle, than to draw a 1, 1, sqrt ( 2 ) ( sqrt ( 2 ) \u00b2 = 1\u00b2 + 2\u00b2 ) right triangle, although this last one has a side which has an irrational number as length! a number is said to be constructable when we can using euclidean toys ( striaghtedge and compass ) construct. this is an algebra question but the important fact about the set of all constructable numbers is that. meaning the it contains all rational numbers. thus, what you need to show is that you cannot constuct and hence show it is irrational ( note, not transcendental! this does not show this ). the problem with this approach is that these concepts was purposely created to simplify construcability problems but we are going backwards meaning from this approach making more difficult.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5179290666048987, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.758400"} {"text": "news tagged with immune related topics : immune system immunity is a biological term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. immunity involves both specific and non - specific components. the non - specific components act either as barriers or as eliminators of wide range of pathogens irrespective of antigenic specificity. other components of the immune system adapt themselves to each new disease encountered and are able to generate pathogen - specific immunity. adaptive immunity is often sub - divided into two major types depending on how the immunity was introduced. naturally acquired immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, whereas artificially acquired immunity develops only through deliberate actions such as vaccination. both naturally and artificially acquired immunity can be further subdivided depending on whether immunity is induced in the host or passively transferred from a immune host. passive immunity is acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated t - cells from an immune host, and is short lived, usually lasts only a few months, whereas active immunity is induced in the host itself by antigen, and lasts much longer, sometimes life - long. the diagram below summarizes these divisions of immunity. this text uses material from wikipedia and is available under the gnu free documentation license. human breastmilk responds quickly to protect the child when there is an infection in mothers or babies, according to new international research led by the university of western australia. immunology 20 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 ( medical xpress ) \u2014 scientists at emory vaccine center have shown that an immune regulatory molecule called il - 21 is needed for long - lasting antibody responses in mice against viral infections. immunology 20 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | more than half of patients diagnosed with non - hodgkin lymphoma ( nhl ) are now surviving the disease thanks to improved diagnosis and treatment, according to a new report1 from cancer research uk. cancer 20 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.551999575083191, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.762537"} {"text": "\" frederick, maryland - civil war crossroads \" frederick by gentlespirit frederick travel guide : 72 reviews and 148 photos for a long time, frederick was a distant suburb of the washington dc metro area. gradually, a few major industries set up shop near the city and things have changed. prices tend to be somewhat cheaper in frederick county ( compared to montgomery county and fairfax county ), so a lot of people have come out this way seeking better value in housing. as you drive out to frederick from the nearer - in suburbs you will notice more green spaces, more farms. you are getting farther from the big city. frederick is the seat of frederick county, with a 2010 population of about 65, 000 ( seems small ). frederick is at the junction of several major highways and is reasonably well located in north - west maryland. it is 46 miles ( 74 km ) west from baltimore ( maryland ) 49 miles ( 79 km ) north and west of washington dc. frederick itself dates back to colonial times, being settled by german immigrants around 1745. later came the irish, until which time german was the main language spoken in the town. because of its location, frederick ( city ) was a crossroads during the civil war. three significant civil war battlefields are within 50 miles of city limits. frederick also served as major hospital center during the civil war. frederick county had two major civil war battles. one was the 1862 battle of south mountain and the 1864 battle of monocacy. being on the mason dixon line, frederick was taken over and re - conquered several times. not too far away you will find the antietam national battlefield, the site of the bloodiest single battle in the civil war. also fairly close by is gettysburg ( penn. ). - pros : artsy, nice old town, antique shopping - cons : not very good public transport connections - in a nutshell : great for civil war history north of frederick you can see the 38 mile catoctin mountain national scenic byway. this was established as a scenic... more travel advice i have to say that frederick county did a great job with this center. located in a remodelled warehouse, they put... more travel advice gentlespirit ' s related pages frederick travel guide member travel pages - \" frederick : old - town america \" - \" frederick, md \" - \" frederick maryland \" - \" frederick, maryland - civil war crossroads \" - \" civil war town \" - see all... - things to do in frederick - transportation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37223437141145865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.766962"} {"text": "- \" frederick : old - town america \" - \" frederick, md \" - \" frederick maryland \" - \" frederick, maryland - civil war crossroads \" - \" civil war town \" - see all... - things to do in frederick - transportation in frederick - nightlife in frederick - restaurants in frederick - shopping in frederick - warnings and dangers in frederick - see all... badges & stats in frederick - 7 reviews - 0 photos - 0 forum posts - 0 comments - see all stats - see all badges ( 20 ) have you been to frederick? share your travels latest activity in frederick top 10 pages - washington d. c. intro, 69 reviews, 142 photos, 1 travelogue - paris intro, 48 reviews, 75 photos - prague intro, 46 reviews, 63 photos, 2 travelogues - cordoba intro, 45 reviews, 58 photos - krakow intro, 34 reviews, 54 photos, 1 travelogue - top 5 page for this destination arlington intro, 29 reviews, 59 photos - budapest intro, 27 reviews, 48 photos, 2 travelogues - buenos aires intro, 32 reviews, 36 photos - top 5 page for this destination olomouc intro, 30 reviews, 32 photos - top 5 page for this destination cape breton island intro, 16 reviews, 38 photos friendssee all friends ( 35 ) latest frederick hotel reviews - holiday inn frederick fort detrick - 47 reviews & opinions latest : may 16, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3707630882586122, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.767864"} {"text": "claude lorrain ( claude gellee ) ( french, 1604 / 5? \u2013 1682 ) pen and brown ink, brown wash over black chalk, heightened with white 11 13 / 16 x 17 1 / 2 in. ( 30 x 44. 4 cm ) purchase, the annenberg foundation gift, 1997 ( 1997. 156 ) this magnificent compositional study, which came to light in the late 1980s, stands out in claude ' s graphic oeuvre for its high degree of finish and detail. the biblical subject is set in an invented landscape animated by a diffuse naturalistic light. it was presumably made as a presentation drawing for francois bosquet, bishop of montpellier, who had commissioned from the artist a pendant to his sermon on the mount ( frick collection, new york ). the resulting painting, considered by claude to be his most beautiful, was later largely destroyed by fire ( a fragment survives at holkham hall, england ). claude here depicts the old testament story of queen esther, who went to the king ' s palace to implore mercy for her condemned people. as uninvited appearances before the king were forbidden under penalty of death, esther collapsed in fear as she neared his throne, a scene commonly depicted by baroque artists. by choosing instead the moment of esther ' s approach to the palace, which is not described in the biblical text, claude has shifted the focus from the clemency of the king to esther ' s act of bravery when its outcome was still unclear.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47566014424348235, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.770574"} {"text": "today \u2019 s interest in northern ontario \u2019 s ring of fire is similar in some ways. again there \u2019 s a frenzy over mineral riches in a remote area of canada. and, as in the great gold rush of yore, it \u2019 s largely over one mineral \u2013 in this case, chromite. but that \u2019 s where the similarities more or less end. for one thing, the word \u201c rush \u201d seems out - of - place in today \u2019 s regulated mining sector. anyone who wants to start mining at a particular site has regulatory hurdles to overcome and communities to consult. getting from the idea of a mine to an actual mine is a challenging, years - long process. still, there are many companies willing to endure that process in order to tap into the apparently great mineral wealth beneath the ring of fire \u2019 s surface of wetlands, rocks and trees. there are, after all, riches below the surface and considerable profits to be made. the ringthe ring of fire is a crescent - shaped area approximately 500 kilometres northeast of thunder bay, in the james bay lowlands north of the albany river. the attawapiskat river runs through some of it. predominantly muskeg, the ring is more than 5, 100 sq. km of land hitherto untouched by industry. wildlife in the region includes some species at risk \u2013 black terns, bald eagles, wolverines and woodland caribou among them. muskeg, birds and furry mammals aren \u2019 t what make the area so intriguing to miners, of course. the big attraction in this case is chromite, a dark iron chromium oxide that \u2019 s valued for its resistance to high temperatures. chromite is a key ingredient in the stainless steel that our pots and pans are made of. it \u2019 s also commonly used for protective coating of automobile parts. there is at present no chromite mine in north america. the sizable chromite deposits are vestiges of geological events that occurred 2. 7 billion years ago. magma containing chromium rose from the earth \u2019 s mantle and dissolved iron - rich rock in the crust. the result was crystallized chromite. the same thing, more or less, happened in many places on our planet, but for some reason it left especially rich deposits of chromite in the ring of fire. early in the current century, de beers canada ( which operates the victor diamond mine to the east ) found significant copper and zinc deposits there. subsequent exploration uncovered chromite deposits that rival those at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4533067602826508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.781388"} {"text": "deposits of chromite in the ring of fire. early in the current century, de beers canada ( which operates the victor diamond mine to the east ) found significant copper and zinc deposits there. subsequent exploration uncovered chromite deposits that rival those at any location in south africa, the world \u2019 s leading producer. other minerals were also found, including nickel, gold and platinum - group metals. because it was a somewhat ring - shaped \u201c hot \u201d exploration region, and ( some say ) because a key player was a johnny cash fan, it was dubbed the ring of fire. the ontario government said in may 2012 that ohio - based cliffs natural resources is expected to spend more than $ 3 billion on getting chromite out of the ring and to market. that sum includes $ 1. 85 billion for a processing facility in sudbury. \u201c this is very, very important, not only for sudbury but for the entire province, \u201d then - minister of northern development and mines rick bartolucci said at a news conference in the nickel city. other companies are also keen on getting a piece of the ring. toronto - headquartered noront resources is focused on developing its eagle \u2019 s nest nickel - copper - pgm project in the area, as well as a high - grade chromite deposit dubbed blackbird. bold ventures, also out of toronto, has reached an agreement with kwg resources under which bold will operate exploration at koper lake and kwg will fund the exploration. dozens of other companies have staked thousands of claims. but the odyssey from exploration to mining won \u2019 t be smooth sailing. environmentalists, politicians and aboriginal groups have all expressed concern over mining companies \u2019 ring ambitions. challengesindeed, opposition politicians were quick to pounce on the fact that bartolucci \u2019 s sudbury news conference had no first nations representation. \u201c if first nations aren \u2019 t part of ( development ), it won \u2019 t be happening, \u201d norm miller, mpp for parry sound - muskoka, told the toronto star. \u201c you could also ask why was the federal government not part of ( the news conference ). there are federal and provincial reviews. there are still a lot of challenges going forward \u2026 despite it sounding like the ground was being broken today. \u201d noting that the all - weather road cliffs wants to build from the town of nakina to its black thor ( mcfaulds lake ) project would run through sensitive wildlands, a leading conservation group said the plan lacked proper assessment of environmental impacts. \u201c the most important decision is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4116656680767403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.782450"} {"text": "cliffs wants to build from the town of nakina to its black thor ( mcfaulds lake ) project would run through sensitive wildlands, a leading conservation group said the plan lacked proper assessment of environmental impacts. \u201c the most important decision is the location of infrastructure. where, how much, and what? these are questions we needed ontario to ask, \u201d said janet sumner of cpaws wildland league. communities in the ring of fire \u2019 s vicinity include webequie and nibinamik ( summer beaver ) first nations to the west, marten falls first nation to the south, and neskantaga first nation to the southwest. all are members of matawa first nations, and they are remote reserves lacking road access. in january 2011 matawa named raymond ferris, former chief of constance lake first nation, as its ring of fire coordinator responsible for seeing that member communities participate in and benefit from ring development. first nations see mining as a provider of jobs and development in reserves with extremely high unemployment and vexing social problems that include high rates of drug addiction and youth suicide. they also recognize the social benefit of a road finally connecting them to the outside world, and for that reason marten falls wants the road rerouted to hook up with its 300 residents. but matawa first nations are also concerned about water pollution and other impacts on the area \u2019 s ecology. \u201c we know we \u2019 re going to get some benefits once they start development, \u201d marten falls chief eli moonias told the canadian press last year. \u201c we know that in some ways we \u2019 ll be involved as well. the issue is the environment. \u201d moonias said a road connection could help marten falls improve its drinking - water situation by enabling easier access for experts and suppliers who could help fix the reserve \u2019 s water - quality problems. marten falls \u2019 drinking - water supply is in need of major repair. the province signalled its keen interest in seeing development move forward by creating a ring of fire secretariat within the ministry of northern development and mines. the federal government has designated treasury board president tony clement as its point man for progress in the area. cliffs aims to begin production at the black thor deposit by late 2016 even though the company \u2019 s president and ceo, joseph carrabba, told analysts last october that cost pressures and other factors could push the start to 2017. \u201c right now, the target remains 2016 and it \u2019 s a schedule that \u2019 s got some risk of slippage, \u201d cliffs senior vice - president bill boor told a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4135028438872083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.783723"} {"text": "last october that cost pressures and other factors could push the start to 2017. \u201c right now, the target remains 2016 and it \u2019 s a schedule that \u2019 s got some risk of slippage, \u201d cliffs senior vice - president bill boor told a sudbury chamber of commerce luncheon audience in early november. factors that could delay production include environmental assessment processes and trying to reach working agreements with first nations. boor said discussions with first nations are progressing but \u201c we need to move the relationship to the point where they \u2019 re willing to work with us in this project. we \u2019 re not asking them to agree with the project. we \u2019 re asking them to work with us to figure it out. and we do need a bit of breakthrough there. \u201d in an email to this author, cliffs public affairs representative jennifer mihalcin said the company must \u201c finalize a definitive deal \u201d with ontario before it can begin the construction phase of its ferrochrome project. although that deal was not yet done as of march 2013, and despite the political uncertainties associated with an impending provincial election, she reiterated the company \u2019 s expectation that black thor operations will \u201c commence at the end of 2016. \u201d in an interview with the financial post, noront \u2019 s then - ceo wes hanson said noront could conceivably begin commercial production at eagle \u2019 s nest by 2016 or 2017. he said noront would use the road cliffs wants built and pay for road use in proportion to how much freight it hauls down the route. he explained that noront was planning to produce 150, 000 tonnes of concentrate annually while cliffs was planning to produce about 20 times as much. in short, there \u2019 s still much work to be done before anyone gets rich on the ring of fire.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3902426052050362, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.784557"} {"text": "in an 18 july 1952 letter, martin luther king wrote to his future wife, coretta scott, about his beliefs as a minister and proclaimed : \u2018 \u2018 let us continue to hope, work, and pray that in the future we will live to see a warless world, a better distribution of wealth, and a brotherhood that transcends race or color. this is the gospel that i will preach to the world \u2019 \u2019 ( papers 6 : 126 ). as a self - described \u2018 \u2018 advocator of the social gospel, \u2019 \u2019 king \u2019 s theology was concerned \u2018 \u2018 with the whole man, not only his soul but his body, not only his spiritual well - being, but his material well - being \u2019 \u2019 ( papers 6 : 72 ; papers 5 : 422 ). his ministry built upon the social gospel of the protestant church at the turn of the twentieth century and his own family \u2019 s practice of preaching on the social conditions of parishioners. the early social gospel movement emerged during the rapidly industrializing american society following the civil war. recognizing the injustices of \u2018 \u2018 triumphant capitalism, \u2019 \u2019 some progressive ministers prescribed a large dose of \u2018 \u2018 practical christianity \u2019 \u2019 to right these wrongs and directly address the social needs of the era ( hopkins, 121 ). one of the most prominent was walter rauschenbusch, a german - american who pastored a church in the hell \u2019 s kitchen district of new york in the late nineteenth century. in christianity and the social crisis, rauschenbusch traced the social gospel back to the lives of the hebrew prophets. he stated that rather than ritualistic ceremonies, the prophets \u2018 \u2018 insisted on a right life as the true worship of god \u2019 \u2019 ( rauschenbusch, 5 ). this \u2018 \u2018 right life \u2019 \u2019 included the belief that \u2018 \u2018 social problems are moral problems on a large scale \u2019 \u2019 ( rauschenbusch, 6 ). king read christianity and the social crisis at crozer theological seminary and wrote that its message \u2018 \u2018 left an indelible imprint on my thinking by giving me a theological basis for the social concern which had already grown up in me \u2019 \u2019 ( papers 4 : 474 ). social gospel proponent henry emerson fosdick, popular pastor of new york \u2019 s riverside church during the 1930s and 1940s, was an early influence on king \u2019 s preaching. fosdick felt that a church \u2018 \u2018 that pretends to care for the souls of people but is not interested in the slums that damn them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4836125939267618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.794878"} {"text": "\u2019 s riverside church during the 1930s and 1940s, was an early influence on king \u2019 s preaching. fosdick felt that a church \u2018 \u2018 that pretends to care for the souls of people but is not interested in the slums that damn them, the city government that corrupts them, the economic order that cripples them, and international relationships that, leading to peace or war, determine the spiritual destiny of innumerable souls \u2019 \u2019 would receive divine condemnation ( fosdick, 25 ). he also emphasized that \u2018 \u2018 the saving of society does depend on things which only high, personal religion can supply \u2019 \u2019 ( fosdick, 38 ). king \u2019 s family put him on a social gospel path, one that had already been cleared by his grandfather, a. d. williams, and father, king, sr. williams, who was minister of ebenezer baptist church at the turn of the twentieth century, helped form the georgia equal rights league in february 1906, and was a founding member of atlanta \u2019 s branch of the national association for the advancement of colored people. king, sr., succeeded williams at ebenezer and, in a 1940 address to the atlanta missionary baptist association, he envisioned a \u2018 \u2018 time when every minister will become a registered voter and a part of every movement for the betterment of our people \u2019 \u2019 ( papers 1 : 34 ). in his unpublished 1973 autobiography, king, sr., asserted that his ministry was never \u2018 \u2018 solely oriented toward life and death. it has been equally concerned with the here and now, with improving man \u2019 s lot in this life. i have therefore stressed the social gospel \u2019 \u2019 ( \u2018 \u2018 a black rebel \u2019 \u2019 ). other influences on king \u2019 s social gospel included morehouse college president and minister benjamin mays, who regularly spoke against segregation in tuesday morning chapel at the college during king \u2019 s years there. he chastised both african americans who favored a gradualist approach to civil rights and whites who did not \u2018 \u2018 want democracy to function in certain areas : especially in areas that involve negroes \u2019 \u2019 ( mays, \u2018 \u2018 three great fears \u2019 \u2019 ). king \u2019 s studies of reinhold niebuhr \u2019 s writings at crozer and boston university tempered his belief in the social gospel \u2019 s typical confidence in liberal theology and its reliance on human agency as a primary force for change. \u2018 \u2018 while i still believed in man \u2019 s potential for good, niebuhr made me realize his potential for evil as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4420501540656434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.796298"} {"text": "the social gospel \u2019 s typical confidence in liberal theology and its reliance on human agency as a primary force for change. \u2018 \u2018 while i still believed in man \u2019 s potential for good, niebuhr made me realize his potential for evil as well, \u2019 \u2019 king later recalled ( king, stride, 99 ). he also appreciated niebuhr \u2019 s assertion that \u2018 \u2018 the glaring reality of collective evil \u2019 \u2019 was one explanation for racial hatred ( king, stride, 99 ). king arrived as pastor at dexter avenue baptist church still \u2018 \u2018 a firm believer in what is called the \u2018 social gospel \u2019 \u2019 \u2019 ( papers 6 : 141 ). king tied this faith to the nonviolent protest that characterized the montgomery bus boycott, noting that \u2018 \u2018 christ furnished the spirit and motivation \u2019 \u2019 for the boycott ( papers 5 : 423 ). king took to task those churches that separated the secular realities of daily life from spiritual needs. his vision of the church \u2019 s role in social concerns was based on the early church \u2019 s identity, in his mind, as an institution that shaped social mores and conditions. king believed that god would harshly judge the church \u2019 s apathy on these matters and, conversely, praise those clergy who would take public stands on issues confronting their parishioners \u2019 everyday lives. king remained a proponent of the social gospel despite the many setbacks the civil rights movement suffered in the later 1960s. in a speech delivered the day before his death, king asserted that \u2018 \u2018 somehow the preacher must have a kind of fire shut up in his bones, and whenever injustice is around he must tell it \u2019 \u2019 ( king, \u2018 \u2018 i \u2019 ve been, \u2019 \u2019 213 ). fosdick, hope of the world, 1933. hopkins, rise of the social gospel, 1940. introduction, in papers 1 : 1, 10, 14, 34, 38. introduction, in papers 6 : 2. king, \u2018 \u2018 accepting responsibility for your actions, \u2019 \u2019 26 july 1953, in papers 6 : 139 \u2013 142. king, \u2018 \u2018 i \u2019 ve been to the mountaintop, \u2019 \u2019 in call to conscience, eds. carson and shepard, 2001. king, \u2018 \u2018 letter from birmingham jail, \u2019 \u2019 in why we can \u2019 t wait, 1964. king, \u2018 \u2018 my pilgrimage to nonviolence, \u2019 \u2019 1 september 1958, in papers 4 : 473 \u2013 481. king, \u2018 \u2018 pilgrimage to nonviolence, \u2019 \u2019 13 april 1960, in papers 5 : 419 \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4772759274183841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.797309"} {"text": "the first scene was on the earth. here is an important faq from imdb, where it clearly states : there is no definite answer. it could very well be earth in the early stages of life, possibly sometime after the extinction of the dinosaurs ( the meteor which was responsible actually resulted in a mass extinction of nearly all life on the planet ; the engineers could have chosen earth as it was a planet capable of supporting life, and maybe saw the creation of humanity as a way to \" heal \" the damage ). however, there is no indication that it is specifically earth. it could very well be another planet, as it is suggested that the engineers created other life besides humans. another site stated supporting it was earth : our theory : what we are seeing in the beginning is the creation of earth. the giant ship ( which is different from the ring - shaped one we see later in the film, weirdly ) has landed on earth to drop off the engineer so that he can terraform the planet and make it sustainable for life. we think he drinks the black goo to break down his own structure and spread life on earth through his own dna, but that doesn \u2019 t really explain his surprise while he \u2019 s disintegrating ( and if the engineers do have the same dna as us, it \u2019 s hard to say why the engineers had to be broken down in order to create humanity ) the prometheus forum also states it is earth showed in the first scene. the engineer basically killed himself by drinking that stuff, which broke down his body and allowed his dna to be dispersed and then ( as per the film ) this kick started life on earth. as far as the same landscape is concerned you can see there is are touches of \" slight greenery \" in the first scene, whereas when prometheus was entering the planet, no such greenery could be seen! also water was present in the first scene, whereas no signs of water was there before entering the cave in prometheus. the planet was full of rocks, sands and all. no signs of life was there. this makes the two landscapes different. however filming was done on the earth only. so there can be some symmetries ; ) slight greenery in starting scene greenery as well as water in the first scene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45558174080417324, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.799654"} {"text": "bakers and basques a social history of bread in mexico publication year : 2012 mexico city \u2019 s colorful panaderias ( bakeries ) have long been vital neighborhood institutions. they were also crucial sites where labor, subsistence, and politics collided. from the 1880s well into the twentieth century, basque immigrants dominated the bread trade, to the detriment of small mexican bakers. by taking us inside the panaderia, into the heart of bread strikes, and through government halls, robert weis reveals why authorities and organized workers supported the so - called spanish monopoly in ways that countered the promises of law and ideology. he tells the gritty story of how class struggle and the politics of food shaped the state and the market. more than a book about bread, bakers and basques places food and labor at the center of the upheavals in mexican history from independence to the aftermath of the mexican revolution. published by : university of new mexico press download pdf ( 49. 1 kb ) download pdf ( 33. 8 kb ) download pdf ( 52. 4 kb ) financial support for the research and writing of this book came from the university of california institute for mexico and the united states ( uc mexus ), the reed smith fellowship, the uc davis history department, the jarena d. wright scholarship, the uc davis hemispheric institute on the americas,... download pdf ( 958. 8 kb ) a young bakery worker, maybe ten years old, appears in a photograph from 1930. he stands in the passage that divides the retail section of the panaderia ( bakery ) from the workroom in back. thin and dark, he is dressed in an apron and cloth hairnet and looks at the camera somewhat timidly out of the corner of his eye,... 1 : \u201c zelo y desvelo \u201d : the bread monopoly and late colonial market reforms download pdf ( 103. 6 kb ) a black slave, owned by hernan cortes, allegedly planted mexico \u2019 s first wheat after he found three grains at the bottom of a rice sack. a single grain yielded 180 ; soon, wrote the sixteenth - century chronicler francisco lopez de gomara, \u201c there was infinite wheat. \u201d cortes established the santo domingo mill... 2 : \u201c a system that offends the hands of brothers \u201d : small bakers and the free market in independent mexico download pdf ( 133. 6 kb ) the leaders of independent mexico explicitly followed the late bourbon model of free market with limited government oversight.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4146975060864134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.805120"} {"text": "\u201c a system that offends the hands of brothers \u201d : small bakers and the free market in independent mexico download pdf ( 133. 6 kb ) the leaders of independent mexico explicitly followed the late bourbon model of free market with limited government oversight. they continued the search for a balance between releasing the supposedly innate dynamism of competition and curbing the equally innate greed of merchants and producers.... 3 : \u201c an uncle in america \u201d : chain migration and the spanish monopoly download pdf ( 1003. 6 kb ) few spaniards took part in the \u201c invasion of pastry chefs \u201d of the 1850s. but a decade later, immigrants from northern spain, particularly the basque province of navarre, slowly began to arrive in mexico city and venture into the bread trade. by the 1890s, they had become owners of most of the city \u2019 s panaderias.... 4 : \u201c dough kneaded with blood \u201d download pdf ( 1. 1 mb ) gendarme no. 905 was at his downtown post near the plazuela aguilita around 11 : 30 p. m. when he heard a tremendous crash and a voice calling for help. he ran down the street and entered la florida, the flour mill that pedro albaitero and jose arrache had established the year before.... 5 : \u201c we have no bread \u201d : hunger, opportunity, and war download pdf ( 1. 0 mb ) at the high point of the revolution \u2019 s violence, in fall of 1915, coronel ignacio c. enriquez, interim president of mexico city, ordered his subaltern pablo des georges to take the next day \u2019 s train to san andres chalchicomula, puebla, where he was to pick up four thousand cargas ( around 710 tons )... 6 : the bakers \u2019 revolution download pdf ( 151. 5 kb ) the bakers \u2019 revolution began in 1915, when the civil war brought the worst misery on the city, five years after the initial outbreak of violence in other parts of the country. it was no accident that bakers formed their union while residents were suffering hunger. workers, who felt the crisis disproportionately,... 7 : unionists, tlalchicholes, and canasteros download pdf ( 938. 7 kb ) the spanish monopoly had proven itself to be an essential partner of the governments that emerged in the revolution and its aftermath. hunger coincided with the brutal factional battles, and the government \u2019 s ability", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4048321488547059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.806249"} {"text": "the wonders of astronomy in a comfortableseat regardless of the time of day \u2014 or the weather! 25 may - 2 jun 2013 until 24 may 2013 on friday 10 may, australia will be treated to a special solar eclipse. comets lemmon and panstarrs together in the south. celebrating pluto day. a close encounter with 2012 da14. remembering the crew of columbia bushfire at one of australia ' s top astronomy research centres. answers to common astronomy questions. a monthly series that provides a guide to the stars and constellations. view 2013 moon phases or choose another year from the menu at left. time for the sun, moon and five bright planets as seen from melbourne. years 3 - 8 : this package supports year 3 - 8 school groups who are studying astrono... saturn is the pick of the planets this month, looking lovel... our annual discover the night sky evenings will be running thursday nights in august 2013. you can subscribe to skynotes to keep up to date with the plane... to read the latest tweets from @ museumvictoria follow planetarium on our living climate is one of four shows currently running at the planetarium - the others are called tilt, tycho to the moon, and black holes : journey...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4755812940341304, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.808958"} {"text": "a chord does not have to be made up of thirds. a chord is by definition two or more notes heard as if sounded simultaneously. not all chords have three notes either. there are dyads ( two notes ), triads ( three ), tetrachords ( four ), pentachords ( five ), and hexachords ( six ). there ' s no limit on the number of notes, and also, by definition, there ' s no limits on which notes. c - e - g is a chord. d - e - f - c is a chord. however, the most common triads are the major, minor, augmented, and diminished ( there is also the suspended ). all of these are composed of a root, a third, and a fifth ( except the suspended, which uses the root, perfect fourth and perfect fifth ). so, now to your question, why thirds? first, realize there are two types of thirds : the major and the minor. the major consists of four semitones and the minor three semitones. quoting wikipedia : the major third is classed as an imperfect consonance and is considered one of the most consonant intervals after the unison, octave, perfect fifth, and perfect fourth. in the common practice period, thirds were considered interesting and dynamic consonances along with their inverses the sixths. after the major third became established as such, it become pretty standard. every classical piece makes use of it in some way. the other reason the major third is so widely used is that it is found in the harmonic series ( between the fourth and fifth ). early brass ( e. g., posthorn, natural trumpet ) had no valves or slides and were limited to the harmonic series. this encouraged use of and familiarity with the major third. however, i ' d say the most important of all these reasons is the first. it is highly consonant. the minor third has the same level of consonance as the major third, but is found higher up in the harmonic series ( between fifth and sixth ). also, there are many common transposing instruments which sound a minor third higher or lower form where they are written. for example, the eb clarinet and the eb trumpet both sound a minor third higher than written. the oboe d ' amore, popular in the eighteenth and twentieth centuries, and the soprano clarinet in a sound a minor third higher than written. of these reasons, i ' d say the first ( again ) is the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4861982292181042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.813917"} {"text": "florida is an important place for the endangered and threatened sea turtles of the world. sea turtles nest on our beaches, forage for food in our estuaries, and all too often wash - up dead on our shoreline. florida fish and wildlife conservation commission staff are dedicated to protecting sea turtles in florida and learning as much as possible about the biology and life history of these the unusually long spell of cold weather in florida in january 2010 has had a big impact on sea turtles. the fwc has been working with staff from county, state, and federal agencies as well as numerous volunteers on a mass rescue effort for sea turtles throughout the five species of sea turtles are found swimming in florida ' s waters and nesting on florida ' s beaches. all sea turtles found in florida are protected under state statutes. the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission ' s fish and wildlife research institute coordinates nesting beach survey programs around the state. fwri staff members coordinate the florida sea turtle stranding and salvage network ( flstssn ), which is responsible for gathering data on dead or debilitated ( i. e., stranded ) sea turtles found in florida. debilitated turtles are rescued and transported to fwri marine turtle program staff conduct research on the distribution, abundance, life histories, ecology, migrations, and threats to marine turtles in florida and contiguous western atlantic and caribbean waters. illegal harvesting, habitat encroachment, and pollution are only some of the things sea turtles must fight against to stay alive. researchers at fwri are studying these threats and finding ways to help the population survive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3953506902474356, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.815669"} {"text": "yogurt, a fermented dairy food, has been around for thousands of years and is an important part of the diet in the middle east, asia, russia and eastern european countries, such as bulgaria. the beneficial bacteria in yogurt, also known as probiotics, improve your body \u2019 s ability to absorb essential nutrients, particularly calcium. yogurt is also a potent inflammation - fighter, with well - documented curative effects for the pain and stiffness of arthritis, making it an important part of the arthritis healing diet. 1. yogurt blocks inflammation. people with arthritis should eat yogurt often because it blocks inflammation. a study in the world journal of gastroenterology found that the probiotics in yogurt trigger a decrease in c - reactive protein ( crp ), a blood marker for inflammation that can go sky high in people with arthritis. even more compelling, researchers noted that the bacteria strains lactobacillus and propionibacterium exert an especially strong effect on crp. this means that certain beneficial bacteria have \u201c strain - specific \u201d anti - inflammatory abilities, so look for yogurt that contains these two when shopping. the same study found that yogurt \u2019 s beneficial bacteria caused a reduction in the body \u2019 s production of cytokines, body chemicals that turn on the inflammation response in joints. for more scientific studies on probiotics go to : http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. go / pubmed 2. calcium is critical for joint health. ounce for ounce, yogurt contains more assimilable calcium than an equal amount of milk. calcium is an essential mineral for bone and cartilage health. just 1 cup of plain nonyogurt provides 414 mg of calcium \u2014 25 % more than the same amount of nonfat milk. on top of that, the milk sugar ( lactose ) in yogurt has been predigested by beneficial bacteria, which greatly improves calcium absorption. bottom line? eating yogurt regularly is vital for everyone with arthritis. more calcium also makes weight loss easier, giving relief to over - stressed joints. a study published in the american journal of clinical nutrition, found that eating a diet high in calcium boosts fat burning in the body. women aged 18 - 30 whose weight was normal were put on either a high - calcium or a low - calcium meal plan for a full year. the high - calcium women took in 1000 - 1400 mg of calcium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45612198505760115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.819467"} {"text": "boosts fat burning in the body. women aged 18 - 30 whose weight was normal were put on either a high - calcium or a low - calcium meal plan for a full year. the high - calcium women took in 1000 - 1400 mg of calcium daily from food sources, while the low - calcium group got less than 800 mg calcium daily. results? the high - calcium group burned fat at 20 times the rate of the low - calcium group! this is a testament to calcium \u2019 s fat - burning power and its importance for people with arthritis. 3. not all yogurts are arthritis - friendly. steer clear of any yogurt containing sugar, artificial sweeteners, artificial coloring, candy and cookie pieces. these bear little resemblance to real yogurt. most also have been pasteurized, which kills the live bacteria, rendering the yogurt ineffective in treating arthritis. when shopping, read yogurt labels carefully. look for organic yogurt with labels marked \u201c living active cultures \u201d or \u201c live active cultures. \u201d some of the most beneficial bacteria to look for include l. bulgaricus, b. bifidus, l. casei, l. rhamnosus and l. reuteria. if you find plain yogurt to be too sour for your taste, just add a little fresh fruit, cinnamon and ground flaxseed for a sweet, healthful and delicious meal or snack any time of day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41695052684774025, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.820009"} {"text": "is participation in adult learning increasing? adult education activities are formal activities including basic skills training, apprenticeships, work - related courses, personal interest courses, english as a second language ( esl ) classes, and part - time college or university degree programs. this indicator examines the participation rates of individuals age 16 or older in adult education activities. overall participation in adult education among individuals age 16 or older increased from 40 percent in 1995 to 46 percent in 2001 and then declined to 44 percent in 2005. in 2005, among the various types of adult education activities, individuals age 16 or older participated most in work - related courses ( 27 percent ), followed by personal interest courses ( 21 percent ), part - time college or university degree programs ( 5 percent ), and other activities ( 3 percent ). participation rates varied by sex, age, race / ethnicity, employment / occupation, and education in 2005. for example, a greater percentage of females than males participated in personal interest courses ( 24 vs. 18 percent ) and work - related activities ( 29 vs. 25 percent ). individuals ages 16 \u2013 24 had a higher overall participation rate in adult education activities than their counterparts age 55 or older. blacks and whites had higher rates of overall participation in adult education than their hispanic peers. among those employed in the past 12 months, the overall participation rate in adult education was higher for those in a professional or managerial occupation ( 70 percent ) than for those employed in service, sales, or support jobs ( 48 percent ) or those in trade occupations ( 34 percent ). in addition, the overall participation rate in adult education for bachelor \u2019 s degree recipients or higher was greater than for those individuals who had some college or less education. source : u. s. department of education, national center for education statistics. ( 2007 ). the condition of education 2007 ( nces 2007 - 064 ), indicator 10. related tables and figures : ( listed by release date ) other resources : ( listed by release date )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46465230316920775, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.822035"} {"text": "october 9th is the 50th anniversary of the death of pope pius xii. although his memory has been shrouded in controversy over his actions, or lack thereof, during the second world war and specifically during the holocaust, he is also remembered for his many encyclicals and messages that laid the groundwork for future developments within the catholic church. his encyclicals on the mystical body of christ and the renewal of biblical studies, both published in 1943, provided inspiration for a more biblically - based ecclesiology and for a scientifically critical study of sacred scripture, both of which had a major influence on the second vatican council, convened two decades later by his successor, john xxiii. in 1947 pius xii issued yet another encyclical on liturgical renewal, followed almost a decade later by his full - scale reform of the holy week liturgies. both of these also fed into vatican ii, which promoted the active participation of the laity in the church \u2019 s worship. earlier, in 1944, with the war still raging, the pope issued a christmas message on democracy and the need for a lasting peace. reading that message today, one is struck by its florid style. what was unprecedented at the time, however, was its near - endorsement of democracy as the form of government best suited to insure justice for all. the call for \u201c democracy and more democracy, \u201d he wrote, \u201c cannot have any other meaning than to place the citizen ever more in the position to hold his own opinion, to express it and to make it prevail in a fashion conducive to the common good \u201d ( para. 20 ). nearly a half - century later, pope john paul ii gave voice to the catholic church \u2019 s strongest support for democracy thus far. in his 1991 encyclical centesimus annus, marking the one - hundredth anniversary of leo xiii \u2019 s landmark encyclical rerum novarum, john paul ii wrote : \u201c the church values the democratic system inasmuch as it ensures the participation of citizens in making political choices, guarantees to the governed the possibility both of electing and holding accountable those who govern them, and of replacing them through peaceful means when appropriate \u201d ( n. 46 ). those values are tested regularly in democratic elections held at various levels and intervals. indeed, the united states is currently in the midst of a campaign to elect a new president and vice president. like the pontificate of pius xii, the campaign is shrouded in controversy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49477450456333893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.826603"} {"text": "regularly in democratic elections held at various levels and intervals. indeed, the united states is currently in the midst of a campaign to elect a new president and vice president. like the pontificate of pius xii, the campaign is shrouded in controversy. the candidate for vice president on the republican ticket, governor sarah palin of alaska, is what we used to refer to as a \u201c fallen - away \u201d catholic. baptized and raised as a catholic, she began attending a pentecostalist church as a teenager and later joined, and retains active membership in, a fundamentalist bible church in wasilla, alaska, where she formerly served as mayor. she may, however, escape criticism from the vocal group of bishops who tend to be more upset with practicing catholic candidates like governor palin \u2019 s counterpart on the democratic ticket, senator joseph biden of delaware. they disparage him as pro - choice on the issue of abortion, and therefore pro - abortion, because he does not favor the path of criminalization. in a recent interview on \u201c meet the press \u201d ( 9 / 7 / 08 ), senator biden made clear that he accepted the teaching of the catholic church that human life begins at the moment of conception. but he also pointed out that this is a \u201c religiously - based view, \u201d a matter of faith, not scientific evidence that every reasonable person would have to accept. senator biden noted that many american citizens \u2013 protestants, jews, muslims, and others \u2013 have a different view, even though they \u201c believe in god as strongly as i do. they \u2019 re intensely as religious as i am.... for me to impose that judgment ( of faith ) on everyone else who is equally and maybe even more devout than i am seems to me is inappropriate in a pluralistic society. \u201d when tom brokaw, the interviewer, asked why senator biden had voted for abortion rights, biden objected. he said that he had voted against \u201c curtailing the right, criminalizing abortion. i voted, \u201d he continued, \u201c against telling everyone else in the country that they have to accept my religiously - based view that ( life begins at the ) moment of conception. \u201d he pointed out that he has not voted in favor of public funding of abortion \u201c because that flips the burden. that \u2019 s then telling me that i have to accept a different view. \u201d what we all need to do, he said, is \u201c reduce considerably the amount of abortions... by providing the care,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46555092302109535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.828922"} {"text": "in addition to the above types of problems, considerable research is directed to basic questions such as, do we understand how quasars form and evolve? can we connect theories of galaxy and black hole formation with the observations of quasars at high redshift and the incidence of black holes in galaxies at low redshift? here i mention briefly some recent theoretical work that demonstrates progress in our understanding of quasars and ties in with present and future observational work. haiman, madau, and loeb ( 1998 ) point out that the scarcity of quasars at z > 3. 5 in the hubble deep field implies that the formation of quasars in halos with circular velocities less than 50 km / s is suppressed ( on the assumption that black holes form with constant efficiency in cold dark matter halos ). they note that the next generation space telescope should be able to detect the epoch of formation of the earliest quasars. cavaliere and vittorini ( 1998 ) note that the observed form for the evolution of the space density of quasars can be understood at early times when cosmology and the processes of structure formation provide material for accretion onto central black holes as galaxies assemble. quasars then turn off at later times because interaction with companions cause the accretion to diminish. haehnelt, natarajan, and rees ( 1998 ) show that the peak of quasar activity occurs at the same time as the first deep potential wells form. the press - schechter approach provides a way to estimate the space density of dark matter halos. but the space density of z = 3 quasars is less than 1 % that of star - forming galaxies, which implies the quasar lifetime is much less than a hubble time. for an assumed relation between quasar luminosity and timescale and the eddington limit, it is possible to connect the observed quasar luminosity density with dark matter halos and the numbers of black holes in nearby galaxies. the apparently large number of local galaxies with black holes implies that accretion processes for quasars are inefficient in producing blue light.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5737886908155354, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.831328"} {"text": "repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rtms ) is a new tool to study brain function and is being investigated as a treatment modality for depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. 1, 2 to perform rtms, a powerful electromagnetic coil is placed on the scalp. the coil produces a rapidly changing focal magnetic field that induces an electrical current that depolarizes neurons. because the magnetic field produced by the coil decreases exponentially with distance, 3 only superficial structures are directly stimulated. currently in most rtms applications, rtms is dosed for each individual according to the amount of stimulation required to cause contraction of the contralateral ( right extremity ) abductor pollicis brevis. this is called the motor threshold ( mt ), and it is commonly expressed as a percentage of the total magnetic pulse capable for each machine. surprisingly, despite more than a decade of research now using tms as a tool to investigate the motor system, the relationship between the motor threshold for each individual and the distance from the individual ' s scalp to cortex is not well understood. because the motor threshold is inexpensively determined and appears to relate to seizure risk, 4 most studies using tms over nonmotor regions such as the prefrontal cortex have stimulated with the intensity determined by the motor threshold over motor cortex. an untested assumption is made that the motor cortex variables apply to the prefrontal cortex. initial open studies5 \u2014 7 and later crossover8, 9 and now double - blind parallel studies10 all suggest that rtms has antidepressant properties. not all studies have been positive. 11 for example, psychotically depressed patients appear not to respond to rtms as currently applied. 12 moreover, in all studies, older subjects have not responded as well as younger subjects. 7, 13 imaging studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex atrophies with age in depressed subjects. 14, 15 accordingly, the trend of nonresponse in elderly patients in the tms antidepressant trials prompted us to wonder if the degree of brain atrophy, particularly prefrontal, might play a role in the relative nonresponse in older depressed subjects. we thus carried out the following magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) study in adult depressed subjects participating in a parallel - design randomized placebo - controlled trial of left prefrontal rtms for the treatment of depression. ( for full details of this clinical trial, see nahas et al. 10 ) thirty - two depressed adults enrolled in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5478182125868665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.850316"} {"text": "participating in a parallel - design randomized placebo - controlled trial of left prefrontal rtms for the treatment of depression. ( for full details of this clinical trial, see nahas et al. 10 ) thirty - two depressed adults enrolled in a 2 - week double - blind placebo - controlled trial. two subjects who had been randomized to receive active rtms did not tolerate the procedure and dropped out after fewer than three treatments. they were excluded from final analysis. prior to treatment, all subjects had an mri scan of the head. one subject could not tolerate the initial mri scan. included for this mri study, therefore, were 29 patients ( 11 men ) who met dsm - iv criteria for either major depressive disorder ( n = 21 ; 7 men ) or bipolar disorder \u2014 most recent episode depressed ( n = 8 ; 4 men ). they were randomized into one of three cells, in each of which the subjects received 10 days of prefrontal stimulation over 2 weeks. the cells and the subject means ( \u00b1sd ) for hamilton depression score ( ham - d ) and years of age were as follows : high frequency ( active, 20 hz, n = 12 ; ham - d = 30\u00b15. 86, age = 42. 6\u00b114 ) ; low frequency ( active, 5 hz, n = 8 ; ham - d = 26. 3\u00b15. 98, age = 42. 4\u00b17 ) ; and placebo ( n = 9 ; ham - d = 23. 8\u00b14. 1, age = 48. 5\u00b18. 8 ). following full explanation of the procedures, all subjects signed a written informed consent document according to the declaration of helsinki and as approved by the medical university of south carolina institutional review board and the u. s. food and drug administration devices section. subjects were free of antidepressant medications for at least 2 weeks prior to study entry. three exceptions were bipolar patients who required ongoing mood stabilizers or benzodiazepines for anxiety. no subjects were currently abusing substances. two subjects, however, had a history of alcohol dependence, and one had a history of heroine and butane abuse. subjects underwent an mri scan of the brain at the beginning and end of the study16 and had three regional cerebral blood flow single - photon emission computed tomography ( spect ) scans : at baseline, during the fifth rtms session, and 3 days after completion of the trial prior to restarting medications. this report discusses the initial mri scans only ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5441369018843405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.851358"} {"text": "regional cerebral blood flow single - photon emission computed tomography ( spect ) scans : at baseline, during the fifth rtms session, and 3 days after completion of the trial prior to restarting medications. this report discusses the initial mri scans only ; the spect results have been discussed elsewhere. 17, 18 qualitative and quantitative analysis of mri scans done before and after the 2 weeks of treatment showed that rtms produced no mri changes. 16 transcranial magnetic stimulation a medical doctor ( a. m. s., z. n., or m. s. g. ) trained in the proper use of repetitive rtms used a cadwell magnetic stimulator ( cadwell ; kennewick, wa ) equipped with a figure - 8 - shaped coil and a continuous water cooling system to prevent overheating. subjects were seated upright in a comfortable chair with eyes open during rtms. on the initial treatment visit, motor threshold was determined at rest in the contralateral ( right extremity ) abductor pollicis brevis ( apb ) muscle, as described previously, 13 by using visible twitch. the left prefrontal cortex stimulation site was defined as the location 5 cm rostral and in a parasagittal plane from the site of maximal apb stimulation. subjects were randomly assigned to receive stimulation over 20 minutes each weekday morning for 2 weeks as active ( 5 hz or 20 hz ; see nahas et al. 10 for discussion of the role of stimulation frequency ) or placebo ( coil held tangential off the head ). the left prefrontal cortex was stimulated at 100 % mt, with an equal total number of 16, 000 stimulations across all cells. ratings and response classification before entering the study, subjects were screened and diagnosed by trained clinicians using the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. 19 in addition, the ham - d ( 21 items ) 20 was administered at baseline, on the fifth day of treatment ( end of week 1 ), and at the end of the study ( week 2 ). trained psychiatric nurses, blind to treatment arm, performed all ratings. ham - d scores were used to calculate percentage improvement from the beginning to the end of treatment ( 2 weeks ). subjects who showed \u226550 % improvement in the 21 - item ham - d at 2 weeks from baseline were classified as antidepressant treatment responders. one day prior to the beginning of treatment, a t1 - weighted 3d volumetric mri sequence was obtained with a 1. 5 - tesla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5361894563219672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.852358"} {"text": "21 - item ham - d at 2 weeks from baseline were classified as antidepressant treatment responders. one day prior to the beginning of treatment, a t1 - weighted 3d volumetric mri sequence was obtained with a 1. 5 - tesla picker mri scanner ( picker international ; cleveland, oh ). scans in this study were 142 1 - mm - thick sagittal slices covering the entire brain ( 128\u00d7128, fov = 20 cm, te = 4. 4, tr = 13 ; voxel size 1. 2\u00d71. 2\u00d71 mm ). most, but not all, subjects ( 21 of 29 ) had vitamin e capsule fiducials ( approximately 7 mm\u00d712 mm oval ) placed at the site of rtms prefrontal stimulation. mri scan reformatting and distance calculations the t1 - weighted mri scans were reformatted from sagittal to coronal plane by a blinded reader ( f. a. k. or c. d. ) using analyze mayo clinic image processing system version 7. 5. 2 on a sun ultrasparc 20 station. a line was drawn on the midsagittal view to bisect the anterior commissure and posterior commissure. the corresponding transverse image was resliced and corrected for problems in roll or yaw. the roll - correction was done by equalizing the structures of both eyes in the transverse plane and correcting yaw such that the midsagittal sulcus appeared vertical in that slice. the image was reformatted to the coronal plane, with 250 1 - mm - thick slices from the caudal to the rostral aspect of the skull. mri distance measurements were performed by a trained observer ( f. a. k. ) blind to all patient variables, using medx 2. 1 ( sensor systems ; alexandria, va ) on a dec alpha workstation with a 21 - inch high - resolution screen. the coronal mri images were enlarged so that there were three slices per screen ( approximately 7\u00d712 cm image size on the screen ). the software, medx, has a semi - automated function where, when a line is drawn from one point to another, the distance ( in mm ) and a reference angle ( e. g., moving from one point vertically upward to another gives a value of \u2014 90. 00 degrees ) are computed based on image voxel sizes ( see f1 ). prefrontal cortex distance measurement ( d - pfc ) a trained and blinded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5438364345320842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.853302"} {"text": "g., moving from one point vertically upward to another gives a value of \u2014 90. 00 degrees ) are computed based on image voxel sizes ( see f1 ). prefrontal cortex distance measurement ( d - pfc ) a trained and blinded investigator ( f. a. k. ) assessed the shortest distance from the tms coil to the nearest prefrontal cortex by using three different techniques. after determining the d - pfc with all three methods, we elected to use the standard method for testing our hypotheses because it allowed the inclusion of the 8 subjects where the fiducial was not visible. in addition, there were concerns that the fiducials, even when visible, might have been moved from the true site because of hair, gravity, or displacement by the inflatable head holder used while scanning. motor cortex distance measurement ( d - mc ) fiducials were not placed at the scalp position where the motor cortex threshold was determined. because of the difficulty of determining the motor cortex region for thumb control from a structural mri scan, particularly in the coronal plane, 21 we chose not to identify the motor cortex directly. in the clinical trial, however, we determined the prefrontal stimulation location by empirically finding the area of motor cortex for apb and then moving in a parasagittal plane 5 cm forward. thus, the motor cortex stimulation site would theoretically be 5 cm caudal from the prefrontal stimulation site. we therefore decided to use the prefrontal site as the point of reference from which to determine the motor cortex site, using the following algorithm. in order to measure the distance from the coil to the motor cortex, we first counted 16 slices rostral from the corpus callosum ( which was the first slice measured using the standard method ) and copied the vertical line from lateral left eye socket to the skull that was created by the standard method for measuring the prefrontal cortex. we then moved 50 slices ( 5 cm ) caudally, and the vertical line was copied unchanged onto this slice ( the first presumed motor cortex slice ). this provided a point of intersection between the skull and the line. a measurement was taken from that intersection to the nearest cortex. this was recorded as the distance from the coil to the motor cortex in millimeters ( d - mc ). the line was copied onto the next eight rostral contiguous slices, and distance measurements were taken as above. first, using a paired student ' s t - test, we compared whether d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5484518640010335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.854302"} {"text": "the motor cortex in millimeters ( d - mc ). the line was copied onto the next eight rostral contiguous slices, and distance measurements were taken as above. first, using a paired student ' s t - test, we compared whether d - mc significantly differed from d - pfc. correlational hypotheses were tested by using statview 4. 5, where bivariate plots were performed and a pearson ' s correlation with a fisher ' s r to z ( p - values ) was calculated to determine if significant relationships existed between our hypothesized variables ( p < 0. 05 ). we analyzed the relationship of distance from coil to motor cortex ( d - mc ) with 1 ) percentage output to reach motor threshold ; 2 ) age ; 3 ) distance from coil to prefrontal cortex ( d - pfc ) ; and 4 ) percentage antidepressant clinical response. next, we analyzed the correlation of d - pfc with 1 ) percentage clinical response ; 2 ) age among responders and nonresponders ; and 3 ) percentage output to reach motor threshold. finally, potential relationships between the nondistance measures were tested ( age, percentage output to reach motor threshold, and percentage antidepressant clinical response ). for a full description of this patient sample, see nahas et al. 10 as noted above, there were 11 men and 18 women ; 20 subjects with mri scans were in the active group and 9 in the placebo group. this antidepressant trial had 7 responders and 22 ( 9 placebo ) nonresponders. motor distance and prefrontal distance d - pfc was significantly greater than d - mc ( d - pfc = 14. 4\u00b12. 7 mm, d - mc = 12. 7 \u00b12. 6 mm, t = \u2014 3. 6, p < 0. 01 ; mean\u00b1sd and student ' s paired t - test ). distance and motor threshold mt significantly increased with increasing d - mc ( p < 0. 01, fisher ' s r to z, 29 subjects ; see f2 ). there was no significant relationship between d - pfc and mt ( p = 0. 0525 ). d - mc and d - pfc significantly cross - correlated ( r = 0. 562, p < 0. 01 ). d - mc ( r = 0. 525, p < 0. 01 ) as well as d - pfc ( r = 0. 611, p < 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5385964848336909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.855216"} {"text": "correlated ( r = 0. 562, p < 0. 01 ). d - mc ( r = 0. 525, p < 0. 01 ) as well as d - pfc ( r = 0. 611, p < 0. 001 ) significantly increased with age. interestingly, a trend for d - pfc to increase more with age than d - mc was found in this depressed cohort ( see f3 ). in this small group, there was not a significant correlation ( p = 0. 5746 ) between age and d - mc minus d - pfc. there was not a significant correlation between age and mt ( p = 0. 1340 ) or between age and percentage antidepressant response ( p = 0. 1271 ). correlation with clinical antidepressant response there was no correlation between d - mc or d - pfc and percentage clinical response. ( d - pfc did not correlate with percentage clinical response with any of the three measuring methods : fiducial to cortex ( p = 0. 1216 ), skull under fiducial to cortex ( p = 0. 4885 ), or standard ( p = 0. 2029 ). when we examined d - pfc and age, analyzed separately for responders and nonresponders ( see f4 ), the responders were significantly younger ( t = \u2014 2. 430, p = 0. 0258 ), but response did not significantly correlate with d - pfc. there does seem to be a maximum threshold of age and distance, with the responders being younger than 55 years of age and having a d - pfc of less than 17. 00 mm. there was not a significant correlation between percentage output to reach mt and percentage clinical antidepressant response ( p = 0. 1693 ). this is the first study addressing the complicated area of whether and to what degree the distance from coil to motor or prefrontal cortex interacts with motor threshold. this study also examines the relationships between age, prefrontal cortex distance, and clinical antidepressant response. as the first study exploring these questions, it suffers from several methodological shortcomings outlined below. nevertheless, there were several important findings. the estimated distance from tms coil to prefrontal cortex ( d - pfc ) was greater than the distance from coil to motor cortex ( d - mc ). the motor threshold ( mt ) significantly correlated with d - mc, whereas it did not co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5107944768904082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.856140"} {"text": "distance from tms coil to prefrontal cortex ( d - pfc ) was greater than the distance from coil to motor cortex ( d - mc ). the motor threshold ( mt ) significantly correlated with d - mc, whereas it did not correlate with d - pfc. both motor and prefrontal cortex distances increased with age in this depressed cohort, with d - pfc showing a trend to increase at a faster rate than d - mc. finally, there was not a linear correlation between d - pfc and clinical antidepressant response. all subjects however, who responded were below a critical threshold of age and prefrontal cortex distance. there are several limitations of this study that bear on proper interpretation. the most important of these was difficulty in determining the tms sites on the mri scans. one method used was to place a fiducial at the site of the rtms. when designing the study, we reasoned that this fiducial would enable a relatively precise localization of the actual site of stimulation. using this method alone, however, would have limited an already small sample size, because only about three - fifths of the subjects studied and scanned had fiducials that could be seen on the mri scan. complicating things further, during scanning several of the fiducials appeared to have moved off of the scalp, resulting in a placement that no longer represented the true site of rtms. because of these confounding factors, we felt that using the actual fiducial to measure the distance to nearest cortex in this study was not an accurate method. while trying to develop a more accurate method, we noticed that the prefrontal fiducial was often directly in line with a vertical ( \u2014 90 degree ) line from the lateral center point of the left eye. we found that the fiducial was commonly 20 slices anterior from the corpus callosum and therefore adopted this as the \" virtual \" location of the rtms coil to start measuring the eight scans. by performing the measurement 4 mm in front of and behind this chosen intersection, we averaged the scalp to cortex distance over the likely prefrontal spot. thus, even if we did not measure directly under the actual tms spot, we were able to obtain a distance measurement that likely represented the average distance of skull to cortex in this region. further, this averaging system of a virtual spot enabled us to utilize all of the scans available for analysis, and the technique often correlated well with the position of the fidu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5479765269277256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.857210"} {"text": "distance measurement that likely represented the average distance of skull to cortex in this region. further, this averaging system of a virtual spot enabled us to utilize all of the scans available for analysis, and the technique often correlated well with the position of the fiducial. the limitation was that we could not be sure how close to the actual coil stimulation the measurements were performed. despite these difficulties, the standardized method of measuring eight scans and averaging the result does appear to give a rough approximation of the distance to the nearest cortex in the area stimulated. this corresponds to either the left medial frontal gyrus or the left superior frontal gyrus ( talairach coordinates : x plane from \u2014 25 to \u2014 40, y from 50 to 58, z from 20 to 40 ). future studies with more precise fiducial placement, or even mri phase maps of the actual magnetic field3 in all subjects, would improve on the current study. similarly, there was no fiducial over the motor cortex apb area where mt was actually determined. thus, we were forced to empirically determine this spot as well by measuring backward from the prefrontal site. we again measured the motor cortex distance over a relatively large area ( 8 mm ) in order to compensate for the imprecision of our location. because we measured motor cortex distance on 8 slices, the number used as a dependent variable is thus more likely a rough measure of motor cortex atrophy, rather than the exact distance from coil to motor cortex. despite all these factors, the robust correlation of motor threshold with distance to motor cortex is surprising, especially given these limitations in spatial location. future studies with fiducials directly over the true site of optimum apb stimulation are needed. the motor threshold was determined in this study by using visible movement, which is not standard practice but which our group has shown on a different machine to correspond to mt determined by motor evoked potentials. 13 future studies exploring these issues might use electrophysiologically determined mt. similarly, our choice of the percentage change in ham - d as the dependent variable for clinical response is relatively imprecise, but a standard practice. future studies using other behavioral, neuroendocrine, or even brain metabolism measures might better address the correlation between distance and clinical response. finally, the small sample size could have reduced the power of the study such that the relationship between distance to the cortex and percentage response was not statistically significant. our sample was especially small at the extremes of age ( 5 subjects > 55 years old", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.540292249326928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.858513"} {"text": ". finally, the small sample size could have reduced the power of the study such that the relationship between distance to the cortex and percentage response was not statistically significant. our sample was especially small at the extremes of age ( 5 subjects > 55 years old ) and distance to the prefrontal cortex ( 3 subjects > 17 mm ). on a more theoretical note, the magnetic field declines logarithmically with distance, and we tested for correlations that assumed linear relationships. future studies with larger samples might explore whether nonlinear relationships exist between the distance variables and the other factors examined in this study. despite these important limitations, these data provide intriguing results that will require further investigation combining rtms and imaging. motor cortex distance and motor threshold : the distance to motor cortex correlated strongly with the motor threshold, while the prefrontal distance did not ( although there was a nonsignificant trend ). this would imply that the distance from the coil to the nearest cortex is critical in determining the amount of energy required to depolarize the pyramidal tract neurons in the motor cortex. another interpretation, however, is that brain atrophy by neuronal degeneration of cortical neurons may disproportionately alter the excitatory and inhibitory balance, requiring a higher mt. in this interpretation, the increased distance is not the most important variable and instead reflects another process that also alters the motor threshold. the current study cannot distinguish which of these, or even other, explanations lies behind the observed relationship between motor cortex distance and motor threshold. regardless of mechanism, a greater distance to cortex would indicate a higher motor threshold. further studies will be needed to address this question of mechanism. in this study, the skull to motor cortex distance alone accounts for 49. 7 % ( r - correlation value ) of the variance in mt across individuals. presumably other factors such as gyral orientation and intrinsic neuronal excitation ( particularly inhibition ) account for the rest of the variance across individuals. this finding of the importance of distance in determining mt, if confirmed, would imply that the distance is an important variable that might be measured and used as a covariate in studies where the motor threshold is used to examine pharmacology or other questions. 22 lack of direct correlation between prefrontal distance and antidepressant response : the antidepressant mechanisms of action of rtms are unknown. positive clinical effects have been found over both left and right prefrontal cortex, at intensities from 80", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5468919580719697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.859864"} {"text": "direct correlation between prefrontal distance and antidepressant response : the antidepressant mechanisms of action of rtms are unknown. positive clinical effects have been found over both left and right prefrontal cortex, at intensities from 80 % to 110 % mt, and at frequencies from 0. 5 to 20 hz. some have suggested that the studies to date have a trend toward larger antidepressant effects with greater intensity, although this has not been directly examined. 1 an assumption is made, but not formally tested, that stimulation with an intensity sufficient to cause neuronal depolarization is necessary and that low - intensity stimulation would not cause cortical cell depolarization with trans - synaptic effects. in light of these working assumptions in this new field of tms and depression, we hypothesized that increasing skull - to - cortex distance might correlate with clinical antidepressant response. although we failed to find a direct linear relationship, the many limitations of the current study preclude any large interpretation of this negative result. future clinical trials in conjunction with imaging are needed to directly test the assumptions above about the antidepressant effects of tms, intensity, and distance to prefrontal cortex. increase in distance with age : although the motor and prefrontal measurements both increase with age and do correspond to each other, the distance to prefrontal cortex appears to increase faster with age ( though not significantly ) than the distance to motor cortex. this finding of greater prefrontal atrophy with age in a depressed cohort is similar to findings in other studies that have examined depressed subjects compared with age - matched healthy control subjects. 14, 15 although in this study mt also increased with age ( though not significantly ), it may be the case that there is a greater d - pfc in older depressed subjects that is not accounted for by the more modest increase in mt with age. our finding that no individuals older than 55 years or with a prefrontal distance greater than 17 mm responded to rtms is consistent with this idea, although larger studies in elderly depressed subjects are needed to directly test it. some have suggested that older depressed patients do not respond as well to medication therapy. an age - related variable, therefore, such as prefrontal atrophy, itself may confer a resistance to antidepressant response independent of d - pfc. further study is indicated to understand the relationships between distance, age, and antidepressant action. we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5455513585204537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.861802"} {"text": ", such as prefrontal atrophy, itself may confer a resistance to antidepressant response independent of d - pfc. further study is indicated to understand the relationships between distance, age, and antidepressant action. we have found that the motor threshold measurement used in tms studies is highly dependent on the distance from cortex to skull under the tms coil. further, this distance increases with age, and in a depressed cohort there is prefrontal cortical atrophy that may outpace the motor cortex declines. these distances do not directly correlate with antidepressant clinical response, although tms did not work in older subjects with large prefrontal distances. further work combining tms with imaging will likely expand knowledge of tms brain effects. the authors thank drs. james c. ballenger, jeremy young, george arana, eric wassermann, sarah lisanby, and ulf ziemann for helpful reviews and comments. andrew m. speer assisted in the scanning and rtms for the study. the national alliance for research on schizophrenia and depression and the ted and vada stanley foundation provided grants to dr. george. an abstract of this work was presented at the new research session of the 152nd annual meeting of the american psychiatric association, washington, dc, may 1999. 23", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5367515238355809, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.862369"} {"text": "his parents were tescelin, lord of fontaines, and aleth of montbard, both belonging to the highest nobility of burgundy. bernard, the third of a family of seven children, six of whom were sons, was educated with particular care, because, while yet unborn, a devout man had foretold his great destiny. at the age of nine years, bernard was sent to a much renowned school at chatillon - sur - seine, kept by the secular canons of saint - vorles. he had a great taste for literature and devoted himself for some time to poetry. his success in his studies won the admiration of his masters, and his growth in virtue was no less marked. bernard ' s great desire was to excel in literature in order to take up the study of sacred scripture, which later on became, as it were, his own tongue. \" piety was his all, \" says bossuet. he had a special devotion to the blessed virgin, and there is no one who speaks more sublimely of the queen of heaven. bernard was scarcely nineteen years of age when his mother died. during his youth, he did not escape trying temptations, but his virtue triumphed over them, in many instances in a heroic manner, and from this time he thought of retiring from the world and living a life of solitude and prayer. st. robert, abbot of molesmes, had founded, in 1098, the monastery of citeaux, about four leagues from dijon, with the purpose of restoring the rule of st. benedict in all its rigour. returning to molesmes, he left the government of the new abbey to st. alberic, who died in the year 1109. st. stephen had just succeeded him ( 1113 ) as third abbot of citeaux, when bernard with thirty young noblemen of burgundy, sought admission into the order. three years later, st. stephen sent the young bernard, at the head of a band of monks, the third to leave citeaux, to found a new house at vallee d ' absinthe, or valley of bitterness, in the diocese of langres. this bernard named claire vallee, of clairvaux, on the 25th of june, 1115, and the names of bernard and clairvaux thence became inseparable. during the absence of the bishop of langres, bernard was blessed as abbot by william of champeaux, bishop of chalons - sur - marne, who saw in him the predes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36751502032927097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.877752"} {"text": "of bernard and clairvaux thence became inseparable. during the absence of the bishop of langres, bernard was blessed as abbot by william of champeaux, bishop of chalons - sur - marne, who saw in him the predestined man, servum dei. from that moment a strong friendship sprang up between the abbot and the bishop, who was professor of theology at notre dame of paris, and the founder of the cloister of st. victor. the beginnings of clairvaux were trying and painful. the regime was so austere that bernard ' s health was impaired by it, and only the influence of his friend william of champeaux, and the authority of the general chapter could make him mitigate his austerities. the monastery, however, made rapid progress. disciples flocked to it in great numbers, desirous of putting themselves under the direction of bernard. his father, the aged tescelin, and all his brothers entered clairvaux as religious, leaving only humbeline, his sister, in the world and she, with the consent of her husband, soon took the veil in the benedictine convent of jully. clairvaux becoming too small for the religious who crowded there, it was necessary to send out bands to found new houses. n 1118, the monastery of the three fountains was founded in the diocese of chalons ; in 1119, that of fontenay in the diocese of auton ( now dijon ) and in 1121, that of foigny, near vervins, in the diocese of laon ( now soissons ), notwithstanding this prosperity, the abbot of clairvaux had his trials. during an absence from clairvaux, the grand prior of cluny, bernard of uxells, sent by the prince of priors, to use the expression of bernard, went to clairvaux and enticed away the abbot ' s cousin, robert of chatillon. this was the occasion of the longest, and most touching of bernard ' s letters. in the year 1119, bernard was present at the first general chapter of the order convoked by stephen of citeaux. though not yet thirty years old, bernard was listened to with the greatest attention and respect, especially when he developed his thoughts upon the revival of the primitive spirit of regularity and fervour in all the monastic orders. it was this general chapter that gave definitive form to the constitutions of the order and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39482119612256006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.878901"} {"text": "greatest attention and respect, especially when he developed his thoughts upon the revival of the primitive spirit of regularity and fervour in all the monastic orders. it was this general chapter that gave definitive form to the constitutions of the order and the regulations of the \" charter of charity \" which pope callixtus ii confirmed 23 december, 1119. in 1120 bernard composed his first work \" de gradibus superbiae et humilitatis \" and his homilies which he entitles \" de laudibus mariae \". the monks of cluny had not seen, with satisfaction, those of citeaux take the first place among the religious orders for regularity and fervour. for this reason there was a temptation on the part of the \" black monks \" to make it appear that the rules of the new order were impracticable. at the solicitation of william of st. thierry, bernard defended himself by publishing his \" apology \" which is divided into two parts. in the first part he proves himself innocent of the invectives against cluny, which had been attributed to him, and in the second he gives his reasons for his attack upon averred abuses. he protests his profound esteem for the benedictines of cluny whom he declares he loves equally as well as the other religious orders. peter the venerable, abbot of cluny, answered the abbot of clairvaux without wounding charity in the least, and assured him of his great admiration and sincere friendship. in the meantime cluny established a reform, and suger himself, the minister of louis le gros, and abbot of st. denis, was converted by the apology of bernard. he hastened to terminate his worldly life and restore discipline in his monastery. the zeal of bernard did not stop here ; it extended to the bishops, the clergy, and the faithful, and remarkable conversions of persons engaged in worldly pursuits were among the fruits of his labours. bernard ' s letter to the archbishop of sens is a real treatise \" de officiis episcoporum \". about the same time he wrote his work on \" grace and free will \". in the year 1128, bernard assisted at the council of troyes, which had been convoked by pope honorius ii, and was presided over by cardinal matthew, bishop of albano. the purpose of this council was to settle certain disputes of the bishops of paris, and regulate other matters of the church of france", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4377942670957966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.879848"} {"text": "which had been convoked by pope honorius ii, and was presided over by cardinal matthew, bishop of albano. the purpose of this council was to settle certain disputes of the bishops of paris, and regulate other matters of the church of france. the bishops made bernard secretary of the council, and charged him with drawing up the synodal statutes. after the council, the bishop of verdun was deposed. there then arose against bernard unjust reproaches and he was denounced even in rome, as a monk who meddled with matters that did not concern him. cardinal harmeric, on behalf of the pope, wrote bernard a sharp letter of remonstrance. \" it is not fitting \" he said \" that noisy and troublesome frogs should come out of their marshes to trouble the holy see and the cardinals \". bernard answered the letter by saying that, if he had assisted at the council, it was because he had been dragged to it, as it were, by force. \" now illustrious harmeric \", he added, \" if you so wished, who would have been more capable of freeing me from the necessity of assisting at the council than yourself? forbid those noisy troublesome frogs to come out of their holes, to leave their marshes... then your friend will no longer be exposed to the accusations of pride and presumption \". this letter made a great impression upon the cardinal, and justified its author both in his eyes and before the holy see. it was at this council that bernard traced the outlines of the rule of the knights templars who soon became the ideal of the french nobility. bernard praises it in his \" de laudibus novae militiae \". the influence of the abbot of clairvaux was soon felt in provincial affairs. he defended the rights of the church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty henry archbishop of sens, and stephen de senlis, bishop of paris. on the death of honorius ii, which occurred on the 14th of february, 1130, a schism broke out in the church by the election of two popes, innocent ii and anacletus ii. innocent ii having been banished from rome by anacletus took refuge in france. king louis le gros convened a national council of the french bishops at etampes, and bernard, summoned thither by consent of the bishops, was chosen to judge between the rival popes. he decided in favour of innocent ii, caused him to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38725508426028793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.880778"} {"text": "le gros convened a national council of the french bishops at etampes, and bernard, summoned thither by consent of the bishops, was chosen to judge between the rival popes. he decided in favour of innocent ii, caused him to be recognized by all the great catholic powers, went with him into italy, calmed the troubles that agitated the country, reconciled pisa with genoa, and milan with the pope and lothaire. according to the desire of the latter, the pope went to liege to consult with the emperor upon the best means to be taken for his return to rome, for it was there that lothaire was to receive the imperial crown from the hands of the pope. from liege, the pope returned to france, paid a visit to the abbey of st. denis, and then to clairvaux where his reception was of a simple and purely religious character. the whole pontifical court was touched by the saintly demeanor of this band of monks. in the refectory only a few common fishes were found for the pope, and instead of wine, the juice of herbs was served for drink, says an annalist of citeaux. it was not a table feast that was served to the pope and his followers, but a feast of virtues. the same year bernard was again at the council of reims at the side of innocent ii, whose oracle he was ; and then in aquitaine where he succeeded for the time in detaching william, count of poitiers, from the cause of anacletus. in 1132, bernard accompanied innocent ii into italy, and at cluny the pope abolished the dues which clairvaux used to pay to this celebrated abbey - - an action which gave rise to a quarrel between the \" white monks \" and the \" black monks \" which lasted twenty years. in the month of may, the pope supported by the army of lothaire, entered rome, but lothaire, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of anacletus, retired beyond the alps, and innocent sought refuge in pisa in september, 1133. in the meantime the abbot had returned to france in june, and was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130. towards the end of 1134, he made a second journey into aquitaine, where william x had relapsed into schism. this would have died out of itself if william could have been detached from the cause of gerard, who had usurped the see of bordeaux and retained that of ang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4039467914098952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.881733"} {"text": "second journey into aquitaine, where william x had relapsed into schism. this would have died out of itself if william could have been detached from the cause of gerard, who had usurped the see of bordeaux and retained that of angouleme. bernard invited william to the mass which he celebrated in the church of la couldre. at the moment of the communion, placing the sacred host upon the paten, he went to the door of the church where william was, and pointing to the host, he adjured the duke not to despise god as he did his servants. william yielded and the schism ended. bernard went again to italy, where roger of sicily was endeavouring to withdraw the pisans from their allegiance to innocent. he recalled the city of milan, which had been deceived and misled by the ambitious prelate anselm, archbishop of milan, to obedience to the pose, refused the archbishopric of milan, and returned finally to clairvaux. believing himself at last secure in his cloister bernard devoted himself with renewed vigour to the composition of those pious and learned works which have won for him the title of \" doctor of the church \". he wrote at this time his sermons on the \" canticle of canticles \". in 1137 he was again forced to leave his solitude by order of the pope to put an end to the quarrel between lothaire and roger of sicily. at the conference held at palermo, bernard succeeded in convincing roger of the rights of innocent ii and in silencing peter of pisa who sustained anacletus. the latter died of grief and disappointment in 1138, and with him the schism. returning to clairvaux, bernard occupied himself in sending bands of monks from his too - crowded monastery into germany, sweden, england, ireland, portugal, switzerland, and italy. some of these, at the command of innocent ii, took possession of three fountains abbey, near the salvian waters in rome, from which pope eugenius iii was chosen. bernard resumed his commentary on the \" canticle of canticles \", assisted in 1139, at the second general lateran council and the tenth oecumenical, in which the surviving adherents of the schism were definitively condemned. about the same time, bernard was visited at clairvaux by st. malachi, metropolitan of the church in ireland, and a very close friendship was formed between them. st. malachi would gladly have taken the cis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4010398148741995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.882673"} {"text": "were definitively condemned. about the same time, bernard was visited at clairvaux by st. malachi, metropolitan of the church in ireland, and a very close friendship was formed between them. st. malachi would gladly have taken the cistercian habit, but the sovereign pontiff would not give his permission. he died, however, at clairvaux in 1148. in the year 1140, we find bernard engaged in other matters which disturbed the peace of the church. towards the close of the eleventh century, the schools of philosophy and theology, dominated by the passion for discussion and a spirit of independence which had introduced itself into political and religious questions, became a veritable public arena, with no other motive than that of ambition. this exaltation of human reason and rationalism found an ardent and powerful adherent in abelard, the most eloquent and learned man of the age after bernard. \" the history of the calamities and the refutation of his doctrine by st. bernard \", says ratisbonne, \" form the greatest episode of the twelfth century \". abelard ' s treatise on the trinity had been condemned in 1121, and he himself had thrown his book into the fire. but in 1139 he advocated new errors. bernard, informed of this by william of st. thierry, wrote to abelard who answered in an insulting manner. bernard then denounced him to the pope who caused a general council to be held at sens. abelard asked for a public discussion with bernard ; the latter showed his opponent ' s errors with such clearness and force of logic that he was unable to make any reply, and was obliged, after being condemned, to retire. he pope confirmed the judgment of the council, abelard submitted without resistance, and retired to cluny to live under peter the venerable, where he died two years later. innocent ii died in 1143. his two successors, celestin ii and lucius, reigned only a short time, and then bernard saw one of his disciples, bernard of pisa, abbott of three fountains, and known thereafter as eugenius iii, raised to the chair of st. peter. bernard sent him, at his own request, various instructions which compose the \" book of consideration \", the predominating idea of which is that the reformation of the church ought to commence with the sanctity of the head. temporal matters are merely accessories ; the principal are piety, meditation, or consideration, which ought to precede action.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46599176219080346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.883679"} {"text": "the predominating idea of which is that the reformation of the church ought to commence with the sanctity of the head. temporal matters are merely accessories ; the principal are piety, meditation, or consideration, which ought to precede action. the book contains a most beautiful page on the papacy, and has always been greatly esteemed by the sovereign pontiffs, many of whom used it for their ordinary reading. alarming news came at this time from the east. edessa had fallen into the hands of the turks, and jerusalem and antioch were threatened with similar disaster. deputations of the bishops of armenia solicited aid from the pope, and the king of france also sent ambassadors. the pope commissioned bernard to preach a new crusade and granted the same indulgences for it which urban ii had accorded to the first. a parliament was convoked at vezelay in burgundy in 1146, and bernard preached before the assembly. the king, louis le jeune, queen eleanor, and the princes and lords present prostrated themselves at the feet of the abbot of clairvaux to receive the cross. the saint was obliged to use portions of his habit to make crosses to satisfy the zeal and ardour of the multitude who wished to take part in the crusade. bernard passed into germany, and the miracles which multiplied almost at his every step undoubtedly contributed to the success of his mission. the emperor conrad and his nephew frederick barbarossa, received the pilgrims ' cross from the hand of bernard, and pope eugenius, to encourage the enterprise, came in person to france. it was on the occasion of this visit, 1147, that a council was held at paris, at which the errors of gilbert de la poree, bishop of poitiers, were examined. he advanced among other absurdities that the essence and the attributes of god are not god, that the properties of the persons of the trinity are not the persons themselves in fine that the divine nature did not become incarnate. the discussion was warm on both sides. the decision was left for the council which was held at reims the following year ( 1148 ), and in which eon de l ' etoile was one of the judges. bernard was chosen by the council to draw up a profession of faith directly opposed to that of gilbert, who concluding by stating to the fathers : \" if you believe and assert differently than i have done i am willing to believe and speak as you do \". the consequence of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.469875299377924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.884708"} {"text": "the council to draw up a profession of faith directly opposed to that of gilbert, who concluding by stating to the fathers : \" if you believe and assert differently than i have done i am willing to believe and speak as you do \". the consequence of this declaration was that the pope condemned the assertions of gilbert without denouncing him personally. after the council the pope paid a visit to clairvaux, where he held a general chapter of the order and was able to realize the prosperity of which bernard was the soul. the last years of bernard ' s life were saddened by the failure of the crusade he had preached, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him. he had accredited the enterprise by miracles, but he had not guaranteed its success against the misconduct and perfidy of those who participated in it. lack of discipline and the over - confidence of the german troops, the intrigues of the prince of antioch and queen eleanor, and finally the avarice and evident treason of the christian nobles of syria, who prevented the capture of damascus, appear to have been the cause of disaster. bernard considered it his duty to send an apology to the pope and it is inserted in the second part of his \" book of consideration \". there he explains how, with the crusaders as with the hebrew people, in whose favour the lord had multiplies his prodigies, their sins were the cause of their misfortune and miseries. the death of his contemporaries served as a warning to bernard of his own approaching end the first to die was suger ( 1152 ), of whom the abbot wrote to eugenius iii : \" if there is any precious vase adorning the palace of the king of kings it is the soul of the venerable suger \". thibaud, count of champagne, conrad, emperor of germany, and his son henry died the same year. from the beginning of the year 1153 bernard felt his death approaching. the passing of pope eugenius had struck the fatal blow by taking from him one whom he considered his greatest friend and consoler. bernard died in the sixty - third year of his age, after forty years spent in the cloister. he founded one hundred and sixty - three monasteries in different parts of europe ; at his death they numbered three hundred and forty - three. he was the first cistercian monk placed on the calendar of saints and was canonized by alexander iii, 18 january 1174. pope pius viii bestowed on him the title of doctor of the church. the cis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3981471801420791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.885681"} {"text": "three hundred and forty - three. he was the first cistercian monk placed on the calendar of saints and was canonized by alexander iii, 18 january 1174. pope pius viii bestowed on him the title of doctor of the church. the cistercians honour him as only the founders of orders are honoured, because of the wonderful and widespread activity which he gave to the order of citeaux. the works of st. bernard are as follows : his sermons are also numerous : many other letters, treatises, etc., falsely attributed to him are found among his works, such as the \" l ' echelle du cloitre \", which is the work of guigues, prior of la grande chartreuse, les meditations, l ' edification de la maison interieure, etc. apa citation. ( 1907 ). st. bernard of clairvaux. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 02498d. htm mla citation. \" st. bernard of clairvaux. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 2. new york : robert appleton company, 1907. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 02498d. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by janet grayson. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. 1907. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john m. farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback \u2014 especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.400288313153457, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.886365"} {"text": "dangerous levels of climate change could be reached in just over 20 years if nothing is done to stop global warming, a wwf - uk study claims. polar bears are at risk of dying out if the arctic summer sea ice melts at current rates, the earth will be 2c above pre - industrial levels some time between 2026 and 2060, says a paper by dr mark new of oxford university. temperatures in the arctic could rise by three times this amount, he says. it would lead to a loss of summer sea ice and tundra vegetation, with polar bears and other animals dying out. it would also mean a fundamental change in the ways inuit and other arctic residents live. dr new said : \" a very robust result from global climate models is that warming due to greenhouse gases will reduce the amount of snow and ice cover in the arctic, which will in turn produce an additional warming as more solar radiation is absorbed by the ground and the ocean. \" ice and snow reflect more solar radiation back to space than unfrozen surfaces. according to the wwf, the perennial ice, or summer sea ice, is currently melting at a rate of 9. 6 % per decade and will disappear completely by the end of the century if present trends continue. boreal forests would spread north and overwhelm up to 60 % of dwarf shrub tundra, a critical habitat and vital breeding ground for many birds. \" if we don ' t act immediately, the arctic will soon become unrecognisable, \" said dr catarina cardoso, head of climate change at wwf - uk. \" polar bears will be consigned to history, something that our grandchildren can only read about in books. \" dr new ' s paper - arctic climate change with a 2c global warming - is one of four papers contributing to a report by wwf. the papers will be presented at the avoiding dangerous climate change conference in exeter between 1 and 3 february. the conference has been organised by the uk ' s met office.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4733583481377918, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.888501"} {"text": "the research team includes first author bradley bernstein, recipient of a howard hughes medical institute ( hhmi ) physician postdoctoral fellowship who works in the harvard university laboratory of hhmi investigator stuart l. schreiber. other co - authors are from the broad institute of mit and harvard, and affymetrix. their findings are published in the january 28, 2005 issue of cell. \" now that the human genome has been sequenced, it is vital to learn how the genome is translated to make living cells and organisms, and how we can use that information to improve human health, \" said bernstein, who is an instructor of pathology at brigham & women ' s hospital and harvard medical school. \" every one of our cells has the same genome, yet is completely different. muscle cells are different from neurons. they are different because different genes are on. \" many scientists believe changes in the regulatory scaffolding surrounding the genome may be as important as changes in the genome itself in causing diseases such as cancer. this regulatory structure, called chromatin, is a key regulator of gene expression in healthy and diseased cells, bernstein said. chromatin is composed of dna spooled around bundles of histone proteins, and resembles a chain of beads which is then compressed into a working chromosome. chemical tags placed on the histones alter the way chromatin is organized, thus allowing the right combination of genes to be turned on. in their study, the researchers analyzed the chromatin structure of the two shortest human chromosomes, numbers 21 and 22, containing about two percent of the human genome. they also sampled additional regions in both the human and mouse gen contact : jennifer donovan howard hughes medical institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5635648699890442, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.890371"} {"text": "cure for eczema comes closer to realitypublished on : thu, nov 24th, 2011 | skin care | by bionews an effective cure for inflammatory skin conditions like eczema is a step closer to reality, researchers say. scientists have found that a strain of yeast implicated in skin conditions like eczema, can be killed by certain peptides and could provide a new treatment for these debilitating skin conditions. 20 percent of children in the uk suffer from atopic eczema and whilst this usually clears up in adolescence, 7 percent of adults will continue to suffer throughout their lifetime. furthermore, this type of eczema, characterized by dry, itchy, flaking skin, is increasing in prevalence. whilst the cause of eczema remains unknown, one known trigger factor is the yeast malassezia sympodialis. this strain of yeast is one of the most common skin yeasts in both healthy individuals and those suffering from eczema. the skin barrier is more fragile and often broken in those suffering from such skin conditions, and this allows the yeast to cause infection, which then further exacerbates the condition. scientists at karolinska institute in sweden looked for a way to kill malassezia sympodialis without harming healthy human cells. the researchers looked at the effect on the yeast of 21 peptides that had either ; cell - penetrating or antimicrobial properties. cell - penetrating peptides are often investigated as drug delivery vectors and are able to cross the cell membrane, although the exact mechanism for this is unknown. antimicrobial peptides, on the other hand, are natural antibiotics and kill many different types of microbe including some bacteria, fungi and viruses. tina holm and her colleagues added these different peptides types to separate yeast colonies and assessed the toxicity of each peptide type to the yeast. they found that six of the 21 peptides they tested, successfully killed the yeast without damaging the membrane of keratinocytes, human skin cells. \u201c many questions remain to be solved before these peptides can be used in humans, \u201d holm said. \u201c however, the appealing combination of being toxic to the yeast at low concentrations whilst sparing human cells makes them very promising as antifungal agents. \u201d \u201c we hope that these peptides in the future can be used to ease the symptoms of patients suffering from atopic eczema and significantly increase their quality of life, \u201d she added. the study was recently published in the society for applied micro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4782893310494001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.893055"} {"text": "why champagne is so bubblypublished on : sat, dec 31st, 2011 | food & nutrition | by bionews the unique bubbly fizz and taste that comes on popping the champagne cork is because of trapped carbon dioxide in the drink, a new study has suggested. a new year \u2019 s themed video produced by the american chemical society, explained henry \u2019 s law, which is a law of physics that states that the pressure of a gas above a solution is proportional to the concentration of the gas within the solution. for champagne, carbon dioxide is the gas that forms those delightful bubbles. and, in an unopened bottle of champagne, there is equilibrium between the co2 inside the liquid and the gas in the spaces of the cork, the discovery news reported. popping the cork disturbs this equilibrium, which is only regained as the co2 bubbles out. to get raise a perfect toast, make sure to pour on an angle, which preserves up to twice as much co2 compared to pouring into the middle of the glass, according to a 2010 paper in the journal of agricultural food chemistry. the video demonstrated that \u201c as the bubbles ascend the length of the glass in tiny trains, they drag along molecules of flavor and aroma which explode out of the surface, tickling the nose and stimulating the senses. \u201d champagne making process includes two fermentations that must be done absolutely accurately to ensure the correct concentration of bubbles in the final product. during the first fermentation, just as for any other kind of wine, yeast eats up sugar molecules in grape juice and releases co2 and ethanol. the second fermentation traps co2 inside the liquid. this procedure is definitely not that easy as during 1600s, when dom perignon is rumoured to have discovered champagne ( or at least helped perfect it ), bottles seldom ended up with no bubbles while in some occasions, co2 levels were so high that bottles exploded. ( ani )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48934934355544046, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.896057"} {"text": "just as the obama administration ditches nasa plans to return to the moon, a group in japan is vowing to send humanoid robots there by 2015. call it a giant leap for droidkind. the space oriented higashiosaka leading association ( sohla ), a satellite - manufacturing consortium in the osaka area, has vowed to put bipedal humanoid bots on the moon in the next five years, according to a jiji press report. sohla is now developing a prototype astro - bot called \" maido - kun \" that it hopes will follow in the steps of neil armstrong and buzz aldrin ( minus the \" dancing with the stars \" part ). the robot will be smaller than a person and, if it makes it onto the moon, may do things like record astronomical observations and take geological surveys ( and maybe do a bit of robot moonwalking ). development costs for maido - kun are estimated at $ 10. 6 million, but the idea is being floated in part as an economic stimulus project for small and midsize tech firms in the osaka region. sohla has already worked with japan ' s new energy and industrial technology development organization ( nedo ) and the japan aerospace exploration agency ( jaxa ). in 2009, it launched the maido 1 weather observation microsatellite aboard a jaxa hii - a rocket. sohla wants its robot to hitch a ride on a jaxa rocket bound for the moon in five years. \" humanoid robots are glamorous, and they tend to get people fired up, \" sohla board member noriyuki yoshida was quoted as saying by pink tentacle. \" we hope to develop a charming robot to fulfill the dream of going to space. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47195299445227756, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.897865"} {"text": "facing criticism, biofuels industry forms new lobby group to influence lawmakers july 25, 2008 the group, known as the alliance for abundant food and energy, was created by archer daniels midland co, dupont co, deere & co, monsanto co and the renewable fuels association. its initial budget is \" in the multimillions \", according to the group ' s executive director mark kornblau. \" there are critics who are trying to create an either - or decision between food and fuel, \" kornblau was quoted as saying by reuters. \" we believe this is a false choice. today, more than 90 percent of crops in the united states and around the world are used exclusively for food. \" the group will promote genetically modified crops to improve crops yields as a solution to meeting global food needs. it does not aim to curtail biofuel production and will lobby congress to keep subsidies for ethanol and biodiesel production in place. the alliance says that the current run up in food prices is linked to high energy prices, not production of biofuels from feedstocks such as corn and soy. the u. s. agriculture department estimates that one - third of the u. s. corn crop this year will be used to make ethanol. the un ' s food and agriculture organization says that biofuel production has consumed roughly 100 million tons of grains. food prices have doubled in the past three years according to the world bank. the international food policy research institute estimates that biofuels account for more than 30 percent of the increase. environmentalists say ethanol and biodiesel subsidies in europe and the united states have caused market distortions that have displaced biofuel feedstock production into rainforests, tropical savannas, and other biologically - rich ecosystems. biofuels can reduce emissions, but not when grown in place of rainforests ( 7 / 22 / 2008 ) biofuels meant to help alleviate greenhouse gas emissions may be in fact contributing to climate change when grown on converted tropical forest lands, warns a comprehensive study published earlier this month in the journal environmental research letters. analyzing the carbon debt for biofuel crops grown in ecosystems around the world, holly gibbs and colleagues report that \" while expansion of biofuels into productive tropical ecosystems will always lead to net carbon emissions for decades to centuries... [ expansion ] into degraded or already cultivated land will provide almost immediate carbon savings. \" the results suggest that under the right conditions, biofuels could be part of the effort to reduce humanity ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42994895113673665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.905595"} {"text": "net carbon emissions for decades to centuries... [ expansion ] into degraded or already cultivated land will provide almost immediate carbon savings. \" the results suggest that under the right conditions, biofuels could be part of the effort to reduce humanity ' s carbon footprint. beyond high food prices, little to show for $ 11b / yr in biofuel support, says oecd report ( 7 / 17 / 2008 ) government support of biofuel production in rich countries is squandering vast amounts of amounts of money while exacerbating the global food crisis and failing to meaningfully curb greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy security, alleges a new report from the oecd, the club of industrialized nations. palm oil industry moves into the amazon rainforest ( 7 / 9 / 2008 ) malaysia ' s land development authority felda has announced plans to immediately establish 100, 000 hectares ( 250, 000 ) of oil palm plantations in the brazilian amazon. the agency will partner with braspalma, a local company, to form felda global ventures brazil sdn bhd. felda will have a 70 percent stake in the venture. the announcement had been expected. last month najib said malaysia would seek to expand its booming palm oil industry overseas. the country is facing land constraints at home. britain urges ' cautious approach ' on biofuels ( 7 / 7 / 2008 ) britain and the e. u. should exercise caution in pushing for wider use of biofuels, warns a new study commissioned by the u. k. government. biofuel production on abandoned lands could meet 8 % of global energy needs ( 6 / 23 / 2008 ) using abandoned agricultural lands for biofuel production could help meet up to 8 percent of global energy needs without compromising food supplies or diminishing biologically - rich habitats, reports a new study published in the journal environmental science and technology. u. s. may allow corn farming on conservation land ( 6 / 23 / 2008 ) the u. s. department of agriculture may allow farmers to plant corn on million of acres of conservation land to bolster the food supply in response to flooding in the midwest and record high prices spurred by demand for domestic ethanol production, according to a report in the new york times. global commodities boom fuels new assault on amazon ( 6 / 20 / 2008 ) with soaring prices for agricultural goods and new demand for biofuels, the clearing of the world ' s largest rain forest has accelerated dramatically. unless forceful measures are taken, half of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44550431086322273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.906876"} {"text": "commodities boom fuels new assault on amazon ( 6 / 20 / 2008 ) with soaring prices for agricultural goods and new demand for biofuels, the clearing of the world ' s largest rain forest has accelerated dramatically. unless forceful measures are taken, half of the brazilian amazon could be cut, burned or dried out within 20 years. nestle chairman : biofuels are \" ethically indefensible \" ( 6 / 14 / 2008 ) the emergence and expansion of biofuels produced from food crops has exacerabted world ' s agriculture and water crisis and is a bigger short - term threat than global warming, argued peter brabeck - letmathe in an editorial published thursday in the wall street journal asia. biofuels expansion in africa may impact rainforests, wetlands ( 5 / 28 / 2008 ) biofuel feedstock expansion in africa will likely come at the expense of ecologically - sensitive lands, reports a new analysis presented by wetlands international at the convention of biological diversity in bonn. half of oil palm expansion in malaysia, indonesia occurs at expense of forests ( 5 / 20 / 2008 ) more than half of the oil palm expansion between 1990 and 2005 malaysia and indonesia occurred at expense of forests, reports a new analysis published in the journal conservation letters. analyzing data from the united nations food and agriculture organization, lian pin koh and david s. wilcove of princeton university found that 55 - 59 percent of oil palm expansion in malaysia and at least 56 percent of that in indonesia occurred at the expense of forests. given that oil palm plantations are biologically impoverished relative to primary and secondary forests, the researchers recommend restricting future expansion to pre - existing cropland and degraded habitats. global ban on biofuels would lead to immediate decline in food prices ( 5 / 16 / 2008 ) a global moratorium on biofuels produced from food crops would result in a significant decline in the price of corn, sugar, cassava and wheat by 2010, reports the international food policy research institute ( ifpri ). record food prices to climb through 2010 ( 3 / 6 / 2008 ) the u. n. expects record high food prices to continue through 2010, driving hunger and poverty in the world ' s poorest countries, said a top u. n. official thursday. un : biofuels are starving the poor by driving up food prices ( 2 / 14 / 2008 ) echoing sentiments increasingly expressed by politicians, scientists, and advocates for the poor, the u. n. food and agriculture organization warned that the world ' s poor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4346856494783561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.908042"} {"text": "skip to content by leigh macmillan | posted on thursday, jan. 31, 2013 \u2014 9 : 29 am in a wide - ranging lecture that moved from plants to nematode worms to human leukemia, nobel laureate andrew fire, ph. d., outlined his vision for a genomics - based understanding of how organisms respond to novel information. biological responses to foreign information involve an \u201c immune response \u201d \u2014 mediated in some organisms by rna and in others by proteins and cells, said fire, professor of pathology and genetics at stanford university school of medicine. fire and craig mello, ph. d., were awarded the 2006 nobel prize in physiology or medicine for their discovery of rna interference \u2014 an rna - based immune response that allows cells to selectively silence certain genes, for example those of a pathogenic virus. immune responses like rna interference can be \u201c positive \u201d and directed against a pathogen, or they can be \u201c negative \u201d and directed against the organism itself ( generating autoimmune disorders in humans ). \u201c we live at this interface between having the immunity good enough to target as many viruses as possible coming from outside, and having it not so effective that it starts to target our own natural products and turn off processes that are very important, \u201d fire said. in the course of their studies of rna interference, fire and his colleagues began to use high - throughput dna sequencing as a tool to probe all of the rnas produced in response to foreign information. they wondered if dna sequencing might also be applied to the human immune response, in particular to the production of antibodies and t cell receptors. dna sequencing revealed \u201c lots of sequences \u201d in a healthy individual \u2013 a rich diversity and repertoire of antibodies and receptors. in individuals with leukemia or lymphoma, the sequencing detected the amplification of single clonal receptors. the findings may be useful clinically, fire said, to track the recurrence of such clonal cells and improve monitoring of residual disease after treatment. fire also described using the approach to follow responses to the flu vaccine and to dengue virus infection. \u201c as we get more sophisticated about this, we should be able to classify antibodies by similarity to each other and \u2026 build a way to track diseases, \u201d fire said. \u201c i think it \u2019 s an opportunity to develop sequence - based diagnostics. \u201d fire was the department of cell and developmental biology distinguished faculty speaker. for a complete schedule of the flexner discovery lecture series and archived video of previous lectures, go to www. mc. vanderbilt. edu / discoveryser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5409795393950165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.912732"} {"text": "a team of amateurs has discovered evidence for 42 alien planets, including a jupiter - size world that could potentially be habitable, by sifting through data from a nasa spacecraft. forty volunteers with the crowd - sourcing planet hunters project discovered the new planet candidates, which include 15 potentially habitable worlds and ph2 b, a jupiter - size planet that the team confirmed to be in the habitable zone of its parent star. this is the second time planet hunters project, which is overseen by zooniverse, has confirmed a new exoplanet discovery. what ' s more, several candidate planets found by the project may be in the habitable zones of their parent stars. these candidates are awaiting confirmation by professional astronomers. researchers suggested this bonanza of planets in the so - called goldilocks zone around a star, a habitable zone in which conditions are liquid water to exist on a planet \u2019 s surface and potentially supportlife, could mean there is a \" traffic jam \" of worlds where life could exist, project officials said. \" these are planet candidates that slipped through the net, being missed by professional astronomers and rescued by volunteers in front of their web browsers, \u201d said the university of oxford ' s chris lintott, who helms the zooniverse, in a statement. \u201c it ' s remarkable to think that absolutely anyone can discover a planet. \u201d life on an ' avatar ' - like moon the planet ph2 b was found using data from nasa ' s prolific kepler space telescope and confirmed with 99. 9 percent confidence by observations at the w. m. keck observatory in hawaii. ph2 b is considered much too large to host life. however, any moons orbiting the planet could be strong candidates, astronomers said. the atmospheric temperature on the planet would range between 86 and minus 126 degrees fahrenheit ( 30 and minus 88 degrees celsius ) in the habitable zone. \u201c any moon around this newly discovered, jupiter - sized planet might be habitable, \" stated ji wang, a postdoctoral researcher at yale university. he is lead author of a paper about the discoveries, which has been submitted to the astrophysical journal and is available on the pre - publishing website arxiv. if a theoretical moon were to host life, it would likely have a rocky core, plus a greenhouse atmosphere of some sort that could have liquid water on its surface, the researchers said. \" it \u2019 s very similar to what was depicted in the movie \u2018 avatar \u2019 \u2013 the habitable moon pandora around a giant planet,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4645670595169582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.916228"} {"text": "rocky core, plus a greenhouse atmosphere of some sort that could have liquid water on its surface, the researchers said. \" it \u2019 s very similar to what was depicted in the movie \u2018 avatar \u2019 \u2013 the habitable moon pandora around a giant planet, polyphemus, \" wang added. a telltale dim volunteers spotted ph2 b by watching its parent star. as the planet passed in front of the star, the apparent brightness from earth dimmed. this is one of two commonly used techniques for finding exoplanets ; the other is looking for wobbles in a star ' s gravityas a planet speeds around it. excluding ph2 b, citizen scientists recently discovered 42 planetary candidates, with 20 of those likely in their respective stars ' habitable regions. \" these detections nearly double the number of gas giant planet candidates orbiting at habitable zone distances, \" the paper stated. planet hunters includes participation from oxford, yale and several other institutions. volunteers pour over data from kepler. once the strongest candidates are identified, professional astronomers take a look at them. planet hunters has found 48 candidate planets so far. the first confirmed planet, ph1, was revealed in october 2011. to learn how to participate in the planet hunters project, visit : http : / / www. planethunters. org / - 9 exoplanets that could host alien life - alien planet quiz : are you an exoplanet expert? - exoplanet art : the illustrations of lynette cook", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49224514006512543, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.916778"} {"text": "first person | new research directly ties a deficiency of vitamin d in older adults to mobility limitations and other disabilities. the findings of the six - year study put a name on the culprit behind some of the most significant physical problems that plague american seniors. results from the wake forest baptist medical center research effort are among the earliest that looked at insufficient levels of vitamin d and the onset of mobility limitations in older adults, according to medical news today. the north carolina researchers published their conclusions in the journal of gerontology : medical sciences. their project utilized data from the national institute on aging ' s health, aging, and body study. researchers defined subjects ' limitations as any difficulty walking several blocks or climbing a flight of stairs. they considered disability to mean the inability to perform these activities. denise k. houston, ph. d., of wake forest university served as study director. the school indicates that the initial goals included a pilot study to find cost - effective ways to identify individuals at elevated risk for functional decline with insufficient vitamin d levels and gathering data useful for an eventual full - scale randomized trial. the more than 3, 000 subjects consisted of black and white men and women between ages 70 and 79. researchers noted around a 30 percent elevated risk of limitations in mobility for those with low levels of vitamin d. the same group had nearly a two - fold greater risk of mobility disability. vitamin d is crucial to muscle function. having an insufficient amount has already been linked to disorders such as high blood pressure, bone - density thinning, cardiovascular disease, and lung disease. individuals get vitamin d from sun exposure, from foods rich in the vitamin, or from supplements. the mayo clinic suggests that as little as 10 minutes of daily sun exposure can prevent deficiencies. however, older adults tend to spend less time outdoors than average. houston recommends that individuals older than 70 get 800 international units of vitamin d each day, either through diet or by taking supplements. for several years, i have struggled with getting adequate levels of vitamin d. although i undergo blood work every few months due to having crohn ' s disease, until i experienced significant bone thinning, the tests never included vitamin d levels. when the doctor ordered the measurement, the extent of the deficiency was shocking. the crohn ' s & colitis foundation of america indicates a vitamin d deficiency can result in increased disease activity and a reduced quality of life for patients with crohn ' s disease and ulcerative colitis, the most common inflammatory bowel diseases. due to extreme deficiency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.483037543215961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.919633"} {"text": "223 years ago this weekend, fletcher christian and 17 other sailors held the domineering captain bligh at bayonet point against the mast of his majesty \u2019 s armed vessel bounty in the most famous mutiny in history. one month ago, national geographic embarked on a journey through their footsteps, but with the very different goal of studying the pristine coral reefs of the area ( read blogs ). bligh was set adrift in the ship \u2019 s small launch with 18 loyal shipmates, a compass, his journals, some tools, supplies, cutlasses, and food, rum, wine, and water. he navigated the castaways through the open sea some 3000 miles to safety in timor, and then continued to britain to begin his attempts to bring all the mutineers to justice at the gallows. fletcher christian led the bounty back to \u201c otaheite \u201d where they once again enjoyed laid back island life ( and women ) until fear of discovery drove them to find a new home where they \u2019 d never be discovered by the british law. that island was pitcairn. 50 descendants of the mutineers and their tahitian wives live there to this day. in 1957 national geographic \u2019 s luis marden voyaged to pitcairn and discovered the last remnants of the bounty in the waters of the island \u2019 s bay ( read original article, see photos ). now, over the past several weeks, ng explorer - in - residence enric sala has led an expedition to survey the sea - life in the area \u2019 s nearly un - touched waters ( read blogs, see photos ). in the gallery above, see photos from this most recent expedition, meet some of the locals, see some of the sights, and get a sense of what remains on pitcairn island more than two centuries after the legendary mutiny. more from the pitcairn islands expedition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3646330893688285, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.921521"} {"text": "the reason behind west nile \u2019 s appearance [ audio ] cases of west nile virus are on the rise throughout the united states. in the garden state alone there have been fifteen confirmed cases of the virus afflicting people, one of which resulted in the death of a burlington county man. so why is the virus making so much noise this late into the summer? robert kent, administrator of the department of environmental protection \u2019 s office of mosquito control coordination says the age of insects is one of the factors for the spread of west nile. \u201c we \u2019 re dealing with an old mosquito population that \u2019 s been flying for a great portion of the summer, and this gives west nile virus the opportunity to accumulate in the mosquito population. and as the mosquitoes continue to feed on birds the virus is amplified. \u201d once a mosquito takes blood from a bird infected with west nile, it \u2019 s able to metabolize the virus into something that is transferable and could be spread through other blood meals ( humans ). \u201c from our stepped up surveillance it \u2019 s suggesting that one in ten mosquitoes might be positive for west nile virus. \u201d while it may sound scary kent says compared to the average seasonal flu west nile \u2019 s affects aren \u2019 t as prevalent. he notes symptoms don \u2019 t appear in everyone. \u201c well believe it or not about 80 % of the people who have west nile virus don \u2019 t know they have it. there \u2019 s no symptoms whatsoever, but of the remaining 20 percent it could be quite severe. \u201d kent says those who do experience symptoms could have anything from a mild fever and headache, all the way to serious symptoms such as extreme fever, paralysis and neuro - invasive symptoms. kent points out though it \u2019 s usually the very young and very old who are vulnerable to west nile, they have had middle age and young adult individuals who fell ill. he suggests anyone who suspects they have symptoms, contact their physician who will decide if samples should be sent to trenton for testing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4215508359028566, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.923634"} {"text": "organic foods are mainstream what does organic mean? why does organic cost more? is organic better for my health? these questions are becoming more common now that \" organics \" have hit the mainstream supermarkets, delis, and \" fast food \" chains. organic foods no longer solely exist in health - food stores. according to the united states department of agriculture ( usda ), organic agricultural products like fruits, vegetables, and grains must be grown without the use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, radiation, or bioengineering. organic meats, poultry, eggs, and dairy products are manufactured from livestock that are not fed or injected with antibiotics or growth hormones, live in natural living conditions appropriate for their species, and are fed only organic feed. october 2002 was the rollout of the new national standards for organics. to receive the usda organic seal, a product ' s label must contain 95 - 100 % organic ingredients. labels that state 100 % organic contain only organic ingredients, whereas, labels stating organic contain at least 95 % organic ingredients. \" made with organic ingredients \" are food products containing at least 70 % organic ingredients. if the product is made with less than 70 % organic ingredients, these ingredient may be listed on the side of the package, but \" organic \" claims may not be on the front of the package. when making these claims, not only must the ingredients be certified organic but all processing and handling must also follow organic protocols. the checkbook is often a driving factor when making food purchases. costs of organic items vary from pennies above to double a conventional item ' s typical price. this price difference is a result of increased levels of labor and management required to comply with organic certifications mandated by the usda. keep your refrigerator stocked and your pocket full by purchasing organics in bulk and from your local farmers market. twelve produce items nick - named the \" dirty dozen \" have been shown to contain significantly higher levels of pesticide residues than other produce items even after thorough washing. pesticides may have harmful effects on children ' s developing bodies. the \" dirty dozen \" foods include : apples, cherries, grapes, nectarines, peaches, pears, raspberries, strawberries, bell peppers, celery, potatoes, and spinach. conventional meat, poultry, and dairy products have been linked to increased bacterial resistance in humans. organic foods are shown to have higher levels of phytonutrients. phytonutrients are linked to many health benefits ranging from battling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4689561456418644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.929603"} {"text": ". conventional meat, poultry, and dairy products have been linked to increased bacterial resistance in humans. organic foods are shown to have higher levels of phytonutrients. phytonutrients are linked to many health benefits ranging from battling the common cold to improving cardiovascular health. organic foods have made their way into the mainstream food markets and are here to stay. a survey conducted in august 2005 for whole foods market found 65 percent of americans saying they had tried organic foods and beverages. this is up from 54 percent in similar surveys conducted in 2003 and 2004. as science reveals more about the health benefits of organics, the demand for these foods will increase, and the prices at food markets will likely go down. in the meantime, when you find yourself with a few extra pennies for food shopping, consider using the change to purchase organic produce from the \" dirty dozen \" list. reasons to buy organic... - organic farming practices do not contaminate our water supply. - organic foods have higher levels of some nutrients. - organic farming methods help prevent soil erosion. - animals are treated more humanely under organic conditions. - organic farmers help cultivate nutrient rich soil. - organic farming practices are better for the health of farmers and their families. - buying organic supports small family farms across the country. - organic farming promotes biodiversity. for more information on organic foods visit : - dill garlic salmon ( new! ) - pan seared striped bass with asian dill slaw - rosemary and lemon pan seared chicken breast - pan seared rosemary salmon skewers - portobello and spinach bolognese - thyme and wild mushroom risotto - potato gnocchi with zucchini and thyme sauce - herbed goat cheese and roasted vegetable sandwich with herbed tomato couscous - pumpkin and thyme gnocchi - thyme and lemon seared salmon - summer chicken stir fry with brown rice - mediterranean chicken salad pita - vegetable pad thai - caribbean chicken soup - aztec cilantro couscous - gazpacho soup - chicken quesadilla with pico de gallo - sweet potato fries - turkey burger - asian - flavored coleslaw with rice vinegar and ginger - tofu breakfast burritos - heart healthy and planet friendly black bean burrito - sweet potato portobello mushroom wrap with savory yogurt dressing - heart healthy turkey cranberry sandwich - lentil and spinach wrap - butternut squash bisque - heart - healthy avocado pita", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4731215579229987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.930942"} {"text": "farmed salmon escapes fish raised in aquaculture production can cause serious harm when unintentionally or intentionally released from aquaculture facilities. escaped fish can harm wild fish populations, other species and the ecosystem. fish in open net pens escape in small numbers even during normal operations, and can escape in large quantities when nets are damaged by storms or predators, such as sharks and sea lions. atlantic salmon escapes on the u. s. and canadian west coasts are common ; there were 350, 000 known escapes in 1997 and farmed atlantic salmon have been found thousands of miles away from the closest salmon aquaculture facilities. in the pacific ocean, escaped non - native atlantic salmon have already been found breeding near aquaculture operations in both british columbia and south america. escapes are a significant concern because they occur on a regular basis. escaped fish potentially travel great distances and are a threat to the long - term health and fitness of native populations. in early 2009, oceana publicized a massive escape that took place on december 31, 2008. we revealed that the escape involved about 750, 000 salmon and trout and that some of the escaped salmon were infected with the isa virus. moreover, reports of salmon escapes in chile range upwards of 10 million a year. the escape of farmed salmon from their cages is one of the most serious environmental problems resulting from open - water aquaculture operations. escaped salmon generate various ecological effects including predation and competition with native species, hybridization and transmission of diseases to native wild fish. also, many of the native species affected by escaped salmon are the target species for artisanal fishing, causing economic losses in this sector estimated at $ 5 million annually. currently, regulation of salmon escape in chile is very weak. essentially the only requirement is that farming companies prepare a contingency plan. this has proved to be ineffective in mitigating and even in reporting of escapes. some companies have insured themselves against escapes which some people believe have led the companies to seek reimbursement ( when market prices are down ) by negligently permitting massive escapes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4372967894984034, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.935444"} {"text": "the samurai dominated japanese society for 700 years, and the vision of this class permeates japanese culture. ever present is the samurai ' s sword \u2014 as a tool, a companion, and a symbol. the samurai sword is both a technical marvel and a significant cultural object. as a technology, it involves a large system of craftsmen, distinct stages of and for the materials, and a long apprenticeship to develop the necessary skills. culturally, the sword is surrounded by a history of legend, prescribed behaviors, and complex status relationships. like a many - faceted diamond, a close examination of this one tool can give us a wide perspective on japanese culture. to study the relationship between the samurai and his sword, we will study the whole of samurai history. the role the sword has played has changed over time, but so have the times brought out different aspects of that many - layered relationship. the sword makes the samurai, makes him its wielder as much as he makes it his weapon. how was the technology of the sword appropriate to the samurai, and what roles did it play? we will spend considerable time exploring the psyche of the samurai, particularly with respect to zen anti - ideology. how is zen reflected in the samurai and in his sword? we will also follow japanese history as it revolves around samurai. by what fire is the samurai ' s identity forged, and what of today ' s society can its gleaming edge cut apart? | ses # | | topics | | readings | | questions | | 1 | | introduction to japan | | | storry, richard. fig. 1 - 2 and \" the silent warrior. \" the way of the samurai. london, england : orbis books, 1978, pp. 7 - 17. isbn : 9780856134043. suzuki, daisetz. \" zen and swordsmanship i. \" chapter v in zen and japanese culture. princeton, nj : princeton university press, 1970, pp. 89 - 93. isbn : 9780691017709. | 2 | | the katana | | kapp, leon, hiroko kapp, and yoshindo yoshihara. \" a craft reborn, \" and \" the sword. \" the craft of the japanese sword. new york, ny : kodansha international, 1987, pp. 17 - 27, 53 - 55 and 61 - 94. isbn : 9780870117985. | | ( pdf ) | | 3 | | the samurai ' s cultural origins | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5539231097208293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.942461"} {"text": "kodansha international, 1987, pp. 17 - 27, 53 - 55 and 61 - 94. isbn : 9780870117985. | | ( pdf ) | | 3 | | the samurai ' s cultural origins | | | tsunoda, ryusaku, william t. bary, and donald keene. sources of japanese tradition, vol. i : from earliest times to 1600. new york, ny : columbia university press, 1964. please read one of : - pp. 21 - 26 - pp. 14 - 17 and 27 - 29 - pp. 17 - 18, 29 - 30 and 274 - 276 beaseley, w. g. \" buddhism and shinto. \" in the japanese experience : a short history of japan. berkeley, ca : university of california press, 2000, pp. 42 - 47. isbn : 9780520225602. storry, richard. \" the samurai emerges. \" the way of the samurai. london, england : orbis books, 1978, pp. 18 - 41. isbn : 9780856134043. | 4 | | the code of the samurai | | | heike monogatari [ the tale of the heike ]. translated by kitagawa hiroshi and bruce t. tsuchida. tokyo, japan : university of tokyo press, 1975. chapter 1, p. 5 ; chapter 9, pp. 519 - 523 ; chapter 11, pp. 676 - 689. isbn 1 : 9780860081883 and isbn 2 : 9780860081890. tsunemoto, tamamoto. hagakure : the book of the samurai. vol. i. tokyo, japan : hokuseido press, 1980, sections 2 - 5, 9 and 12, pp. 35 - 40. isbn : 9780893461690. | 5 | | zen and the samurai | | please read one of : | - hoffman, yoel. \" the haiku, \" \" death poems and zen buddhism, \" and poems by kozan ichikyo, suzuki shosan, taigen sofu, takuan soho, zoso royo, and basho. japanese death poems. rutland, vt : c. e. tuttle, 1986, pp. 22 - 27, 65 - 76, 108, 117 - 19, 129 and 143. isbn : 9780804831796. - storry,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49817372757450684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.944347"} {"text": ". rutland, vt : c. e. tuttle, 1986, pp. 22 - 27, 65 - 76, 108, 117 - 19, 129 and 143. isbn : 9780804831796. - storry, richard. \" zen and the sword. \" the way of the samurai. london, england : orbis books, 1978, pp. 43 - 61. isbn : 9780856134043. - suzuki, daisetz. \" what is zen? \" and \" zen and the samurai. \" chapters i, iv in zen and japanese culture. princeton, nj : princeton university press, 1970, pp. 7 - 15 and 70 - 85. isbn : 9780691017709. | 6 | | civil war and unification | | | yoshikawa, eiji. taiko. new york, ny : kodansha international, 1992, pp. 653 - 663. isbn : 9784770015709. please read one of : - beaseley, w. g. \" the unifiers. \" chapter 7 in the japanese experience : a short history of japan. berkeley, ca : university of california press, 2000, pp. 116 - 127. isbn : 9780520225602. - berry, mary elizabeth. \" the sword hunt. \" and \" freezing the social order. \" chapter 5 in hideyoshi. cambridge, ma : council on east asian studies at harvard university, 1989, pp. 102 - 111. isbn : 9780674390263. | 7 | | giving up the gun | | perrin, noel. chapters 1 - 4 in giving up the gun : japan ' s reversion to the sword. boston, ma : d. r. gordine, 1988. isbn : 9780879237738. | | ( pdf ) | | 8 | | the tokugawa state | | | storry, richard. \" the armed mandarins. \" the way of the samurai. london, england : orbis books, 1978, pp. 63 - 77. isbn : 9780856134043. sadler, a. l. \" the legacy of ieyasu. \" in the maker of modern japan : the life of shogun tokugawa. rutland, vt : c. e. tuttle, 1978, pp. 387 - 398. isbn : 9780804812979. the lab for this module is to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5426138116460858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.945436"} {"text": "after you ' ve entered data, you may find that you need another column to hold additional information. for example, your worksheet might need a column after the date column, for order ids. or maybe you need another row, or rows. you might learn that buchanan, suyama, or peacock made more sales than you knew. that ' s great, but do you have to start over? of course not. to insert a single column, click any cell in the column immediately to the right of where you want the new column to go. so if you want an order - id column between columns b and c, you ' d click a cell in column c, to the right of the new location. then, on the home tab, in the cells group, click the arrow on insert. on the drop - down menu, click insert sheet columns. a new blank column is inserted. to insert a single row, click any cell in the row immediately below where you want the new row to go. for example, to insert a new row between row 4 and row 5, click a cell in row 5. then in the cells group, click the arrow on insert. on the drop - down menu, click insert sheet rows. a new blank row is inserted. excel gives a new column or row the heading its place requires, and changes the headings of later columns and rows. click play to watch the process of inserting a column and a row in a worksheet. in the practice you ' ll learn how to delete columns and rows if you no longer need them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39138933044837876, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.947024"} {"text": "add to my links, based on koch et al. 2002 ( pmid 12124289 ). as shown in this picture, dna fragments with a complementary 3 ' ( three prime ) overhang can be ligated to the unzipping construct. if dna is attached to a surface ( e. g. a coverglass ) at one end and to another surface ( e. g. a microsphere ) in the middle, the dna can be unzipped if there is a nick between the two attachments. this was first shown by bockelmann, essevaz - roulet, and heslot in the mid - 1990s ( pmid 9342340 ). we describe here a versatile adaptation first described in koch et al. 2002 ( pmid 12124289 ). compared to dna constructs for end - to - end dna stretching ( see, e. g. labeling dna by pcr unzipping constructs are more challenging to produce. the method we describe here has a significant stretch of double - stranded dna ( dsdna ) between the first and second attachment labels ( dig and biotin ). a simpler construct can be made by directly hybridizing two end - labeled dna oligos, producing a fork construct. ( see, e. g. koch _ lab : protocols / fork unzipping constructs. ) however, this produces shorter tethered particles, which was disadvantageous for the optical tweezers systems we were using. the key to this method is that unzipping of a variety of downstream dna molecules can be carried out with very little modification to the protocol. this versatility was leveraged by jiang et al. 2004 ( pmid 16337600 ), shundrovsky et al. 2006 ( pmid 16732285 ), and johnson et al. 2007 ( pmid 17604719 ). - the anchoring segment ( typically about 1 kilobase pairs ( kb ) in length ) is convenient for producing long initial tethers. however, the structural stability of this dsdna anchoring segment sets an upper limit of below 60 pn ( to assure that the dsdna anchoring segment does not undergo force - induced melting or \" overstretching \" ). - as shown in figure above, the complementary overhang is provided by the biotin - labeled strand of the \" insert duplex \" ( or \" adapter duplex \" ). this is for a 3 ' overhang. for a 5 ' overhang, the bottom strand will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5584641049936165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.951562"} {"text": "disunion follows the civil war as it unfolded. in a violent denouement to the enormous set - piece battles of second bull run and antietam in the summer of 1862, that fall cavalry clashes raged across northern virginia. in dozens of farm villages and crossroads communities, roving bands of union and confederate horsemen engaged in a series of brief and often bloody skirmishes. one such fight took place near the hamlet of little washington on nov. 8, 1862. the action began when a squadron of union army regulars collided with an enemy picket composed of a georgia lieutenant and 10 of his men. the yankees charged the outnumbered rebels, but the rebels \u201c gallantly met the onset, falling back slowly to a narrow lane, stubbornly contesting the ground, \u201d reported an unidentified confederate in a pamphlet published during the war. the mingled sounds of battle were heard by the main body of georgia troops at their nearby camp, who hurriedly formed a column and rode to the relief of their endangered comrades. among the first to saddle up was one of georgia \u2019 s most admired horse soldiers, will delony. raw aggression coursed through the veins of this beau ideal of a southern cavalryman. \u201c his full brown or mahogany beard and high massive forehead, intellectual face and eagle eyes, marked him as a man among men, resembling the finer full - bearded engravings i have seen of stonewall jackson, \u201d noted one georgian soldier, wiley c. howard. that day delony was to prove himself worthy of such a comparison. indeed, what occurred next was \u201c one of the bloodiest little fights that the history of our great struggle for right and liberty will ever record, \u201d howard wrote. the unidentified confederate observer reported that \u201c delony, putting spurs to his horse, left the column behind and dashed up into the melee, and hand to hand with his own boys, nearly all of whom had been cut down, was delivering his blows right and left. \u201d howard remembered that delony \u201c was fighting like a mad boar with a whole pack of curs about him, having his bridle hand dreadfully hacked, his head gashed and side thrust. \u201d the bluecoats called on him to surrender, but delony barked back at the federals to lay down their own arms instead : \u201c surrender! by god! i am the best man! \u201d and felled one enemy soldier with a blow of his sword. suddenly delony was attacked by another saber - swinging federal. \u201c his new antagonist \u2019 s blows were dexterously dealt, and an instant parry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45985252327455095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.962638"} {"text": "god! i am the best man! \u201d and felled one enemy soldier with a blow of his sword. suddenly delony was attacked by another saber - swinging federal. \u201c his new antagonist \u2019 s blows were dexterously dealt, and an instant parry saved his head ; a quick, heavy blow, partially warded off, fell broadside and deadened his sword arm, causing it to fall by his side, \u201d howard reported. but just then the column of georgians thundered upon the scene, led by pvt. jimmie clanton, mounted \u201c on a little keen black charger. \u201d he made a beeline for the federal cavalryman, who was raising his sword to send the vulnerable delony to his maker. clanton, \u201c with upraised gleaming sabre, arrests the fatal blow by cleaving the confident antagonist \u2019 s head in twain, and half raising it for another stroke, a pistol shot sends the noble lad, too, reeling from his saddle dangerously wounded. \u201d the rebel column tore into the yankees. the unidentified confederate reported that the federals \u201c began to yield and give ground, when a body of our dismounted men gained their flanks. \u201d he added, \u201c here our artillery came dashing up and completed the success and sent them scampering down the road at a most inconvenient speed. \u201d the next day in camp, delony sat on a log in camp with his head and hand bandaged. howard recalled that he \u201c showed me a small metallic flask, which he carried in his inside coat pocket, near the region of the heart and lungs, which showed an entire saber point thrust nearly a quarter of an inch wide clear through the metal. \u201d delony remarked \u201c that he had sometimes felt that he would hate for his wife, in case he fell in battle, to know that it was there ; but, with a humorous smile said he now thought it a good idea for every man to have one on him at the vulnerable spot where the cold steel struck with such force. \u201d neither howard nor delony mentioned if the flask was full or empty before the enemy saber pierced it. chances are delony had taken a deep draught before the fight ; his habitual drinking had prompted several officers to express concern to delony \u2019 s colonel, thomas r. r. cobb. delony \u2019 s fondness of the flask disturbed cobb very much. \u201c i don \u2019 t know what to do about it, \u201d he confessed in a letter to his wife. no evidence exists that del", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4310824451751798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.963729"} {"text": ", thomas r. r. cobb. delony \u2019 s fondness of the flask disturbed cobb very much. \u201c i don \u2019 t know what to do about it, \u201d he confessed in a letter to his wife. no evidence exists that delony drank before he joined the military. an honor graduate from the university of georgia and a successful attorney in athens, he raised a cavalry company known as the georgia troopers in 1861. the rank and file elected him captain, a common practice in the volunteer army. delony and his men then joined the \u201c georgia legion, \u201d a force of artillery, cavalry and infantry designed loosely around a roman legion and organized by colonel cobb, a popular and charismatic leader ( in fact, the unit became better known as \u201c cobb \u2019 s legion \u201d ). the concept of a legion proved impractical, and it was not used as such during the war. the cavalry from cobb \u2019 s legion served with gen. robert e. lee \u2019 s army of northern virginia, where delony proved himself a caring leader. howard exclaimed, \u201c how his men loved him, and how he stood by them, contending always for their rights and looking after their comforts, when others would treat them indifferently! his heart and purse were ever open to their needs. \u201d as he showed that day in little washington, delony was at his very best in combat. he could always be found in the hottest part of a battle, and inspired the ranks by his deeds. \u201c he was a game fighter and dared to attempt anything, \u201d howard said, \u201c even though it seemed impossible to others. \u201d howard recalled delony \u2019 s actions on june 9, 1863, at brandy station \u2014 the largest cavalry battle of the war. by this time delony had advanced to lieutenant colonel, and pierce m. b. young had replaced cobb as colonel. at one point during the engagement, the georgians charged federal cavalry, \u201c and soon their splendid line was all broken and each man of us was fencing and fighting for the time his individual foe, the fiery and impetuous onslaught of the southron was too much for the steady courage of the northman, and quick and fast as the blows fell and the cold steel slashed, the most of the enemy were making to their rear. \u201d howard observed delony \u201c smiting yankees right and left as he charged along in advance. he sat on his charger grandly, his fine physique and full mahogany beard flowing, he looked a very titan war god, flushed with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40813636177514057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.964809"} {"text": "\u201d howard observed delony \u201c smiting yankees right and left as he charged along in advance. he sat on his charger grandly, his fine physique and full mahogany beard flowing, he looked a very titan war god, flushed with the exuberance and exhilaration of victory. he called to me to rally with others of his old company about him and on he led us pressing the retreating foe. \u201d on they charged until caught in devastating cross - fire by dismounted federals. colonel young ordered delony to withdraw. \u201c but, \u201d howard wrote, \u201c shaking his head and lion - like beard delony said, \u2018 young, let \u2019 s charge them, \u2019 and in two or three minutes five horses fell and a number of our men had been shot. by this time, however, the enemy \u2019 s whole line in sight were giving way and on we went, those not unhorsed or crippled. so fierce and fast was the fighting, we had not time to accept surrender offered by many yankees \u2014 just rode on and left them behind. \u201d several weeks later, in pennsylvania during the gettysburg campaign, delony led a similar charge mounted on his bay, marion. this time he went up against union forces led by the newly minted brigadier general george armstrong custer in a cavalry fight at hunterstown on july 2, 1863. federal lead struck marion, and the horse toppled onto delony. he extricated himself with great difficulty and barely managed to escape the enemy. his luck ran out at the battle of jack \u2019 s shop, in virginia, on sept. 22, 1863. a minie ball struck delony in the left thigh, and, in a gettysburg repeat, his horse was also hit and fell on top of him. this time, though, he could not get away and fell into federal hands. transported to nearby culpeper for a brief stay, he was then carried by ambulance to washington. he was admitted to stanton general hospital and given a bed in a ward full of union boys, where he befriended one of convalescing soldiers, john a. wright of the 140th pennsylvania infantry. delony \u2019 s wound turned gangrenous. on oct. 2, 1863, surgeons informed that his condition was mortal. wright recalled that delony then asked him to read from the bible. \u201c the 14th chapter of john was selected, and the reader began : \u2018 let not your heart be troubled \u2026 \u2019 \u201d delony broke down. \u201c \u2018 oh, i could die in peace, i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3817055419534593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.965842"} {"text": "##ony then asked him to read from the bible. \u201c the 14th chapter of john was selected, and the reader began : \u2018 let not your heart be troubled \u2026 \u2019 \u201d delony broke down. \u201c \u2018 oh, i could die in peace, i could died in peace, \u2019 he sobbed, \u2018 if only i were home with my wife and children. but it is so hard to die away from home and among strangers. \u201d delony was transferred to another hospital later that day, and died that night. he was 38 years old. union authorities buried his remains in a numbered grave in the hospital cemetery. they were later disinterred and returned to his family in athens. wright survived the war and became a minister, perhaps the last man touched directly by the charismatic delony. sources : ulysses r. brooks, \u201c stories of the confederacy \u201d ; wiley c. howard, \u201c sketch of cobb legion cavalry and some incidents and scenes remembered \u201d ; william b. mccash, \u201c thomas r. r. cobb : the making of a southern nationalist \u201d ; william g. delony military service record, national archives and records service ; the war of the rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the union and confederate armies ; george f. price, \u201c across the continent with the fifth cavalry \u201d ; john f. stegeman, \u201c these men she gave : civil war diary of athens, georgia \u201d ; robert l. stewart, \u201c history of the one hundred and fortieth regiment pennsylvania volunteers \u201d ; francis s. reader, \u201c some pioneers of washington county, pa. : a family history. \u201d ronald s. coddington is the author of \u201c faces of the civil war \u201d and \u201c faces of the confederacy. \u201d his new book, \u201c african american faces of the civil war, \u201d was published in august. he writes \u201c faces of war, \u201d a column for the civil war news.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41039815885717273, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.966653"} {"text": "\u201c from outside in the fields came a sickening smack of an axe on a tree. then we heard the tree fall. the very last truffula tree of them all. \u201d \u2013 from the lorax, dr. seuss this spring, a motion picture version of dr. seuss \u2019 s the lorax hit the big screen with a not - so - subtle environmental message about the threat timber harvesting poses to the environment. published in 1971, the book tells the story of a business, led by the \u201c once - ler, \u201d that cuts down all the trees in the truffula forest, destroying wildlife habitat, the air, and water in the process. the lorax, a friendly, furry creature that \u201c speaks for the trees, \u201d announces what he thinks has caused this catastrophe, scolding the businessman, \u201c sir, you are crazy with greed. \u201d forty years after the book was published, however, a different story has been written in forests across the globe. rather than being at odds, the once - ler and the lorax have found a common interest in making sure forests grow and expand \u2015 and many of the world \u2019 s forests have benefitted. in the industrialized world, instead of the scarcity seuss predicted, forests are plentiful. last year was the international year of the forest, and the united nations offered some good news. for the last two decades, total land area covered by forest in the northern hemisphere \u2015 where forestry is particularly active \u2015 has increased. despite the implication that economic growth, or as seuss has the once - ler say, \u201c biggering, and biggering, and biggering, \u201d would lead to environmental destruction, the nations where growth has been most steady are the ones enjoying the best environmental outcomes. not only are nations in the northern hemisphere seeing forestland expand, but wood is increasingly recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly building materials. at the university of washington, researchers compared the environmental impact of building with either wood, concrete, or steel. the hands - down winner for lower energy use, less waste and less water use was wood. while concrete and steel can be mined only once, trees are constantly replacing themselves. one thing seuss got right was that once the once - ler cut all the trees down, his business went down with them. foresters understand this. destroying a forest by cutting down every last tree makes no sense, and so there are more trees in american forests today than there were just a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.450132537228802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.970684"} {"text": "once - ler cut all the trees down, his business went down with them. foresters understand this. destroying a forest by cutting down every last tree makes no sense, and so there are more trees in american forests today than there were just a few decades ago. indeed, the economic value of the trees ensures forests are replanted and available for wildlife and future generations. even companies not planning on harvesting in 60 years recognize that land with 20 - year old trees is more valuable than land with no trees at all. replanting isn \u2019 t just good for the environment, it \u2019 s good for business. this is not to say the world \u2019 s forests are forever safe, or to dismiss the impact deforestation has on the environment. the enemy in these areas, however, is more likely to be poverty than industry. few people realize the most common use for trees across the globe is as firewood to heat a home and cook a meal. these trees are not cut down by machines, but by people struggling to meet the needs of daily living. it is true that government regulation of forestry is stricter today than it was forty years ago. it is also true, however, that we are still harvesting a significant amount of wood in the northern hemisphere, while preserving vast areas for future generations. sawmills are making the most of every part of the tree, literally using lasers to measure the best way to saw the log. technology has made effective regulation possible by using every tree wisely and limiting short - term pressures to overharvest. forty years after he sprang from the imagination of dr. seuss, the lorax would be happy to see that, far from disappearing, many forests today are thriving. they are there because the real story of the forests has not been about an unending battle between the fictional lorax and the hard - hearted once - ler, but a friendship that understands that both benefit from healthy forests that future generations can enjoy. todd myers is the environmental director at washington policy center. he has more than a decade of experience in environmental policy and is the author of the book eco - fads : how the rise of trendy environmentalism is harming the environment. he is a guest contributor for cascade policy institute, oregon \u2019 s free market public policy research center.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4007531919595366, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.971601"} {"text": "| line 10 : | | line 10 : | the oldest manuscripts of gregorian chants were written using a graphic notation which uses a repertoire of specific signs called [ [ neume ] ] s ; each neume designates a basic musical gesture ( see [ [ musical notation ] ] ). as books, made of [ [ vellum ] ] ( prepared sheepskins ), were very expensive, the text was abbreviated wherever possible, with the neumes written over the text. this was a notation without lines and no exact melodic contour could be deciphered from it, which implies that the repertoire was learnt by rote the oldest manuscripts of gregorian chants were written using a graphic notation which uses a repertoire of specific signs called [ [ neume ] ] s ; each neume designates a basic musical gesture ( see [ [ musical notation ] ] ). as books, made of [ [ vellum ] ] ( prepared sheepskins ), were very expensive, the text was abbreviated wherever possible, with the neumes written over the text. this was a notation without lines and no exact melodic contour could be deciphered from it, which implies that the repertoire was learnt by rote. revision as of 05 : 19, february 6, 2011 gregorian chant is the central tradition of western plainchant, a form of monophonic liturgical music within western orthodoxy that accompanied the celebration of mass and other ritual services. it is named after pope gregory i, bishop of rome from 590 to 604, who is traditionally credited for having ordered the simplification and cataloging of music assigned to specific celebrations in the church calendar. the resulting body of music is the first to be notated in a system ancestral to modern musical notation. in general, the chants were learned by the viva voce method, that is, by following the given example orally, which took many years of experience in the schola cantorum. gregorian chant originated in monastic life, in which celebrating the ' divine office ' eight times a day at the proper hours was upheld according to the rule of st. benedict. singing psalms made up a large part of the life in a monastic community, while a smaller group and soloists sang the chants. in its long history, gregorian chant has been subjected to many gradual changes and some reforms. gregorian chant was organized, codified, and notated mainly in the frankish lands of western and central europe during the 10th to 13th centuries, with later additions and redactions, but the texts and many of the melodies have ant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4564212946912768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.997102"} {"text": "and some reforms. gregorian chant was organized, codified, and notated mainly in the frankish lands of western and central europe during the 10th to 13th centuries, with later additions and redactions, but the texts and many of the melodies have antecedents going back several centuries earlier. although popular belief credited pope gregory the great with having personally invented gregorian chant ( in much the same way that a biblical prophet would transmit a divinely received message ), scholars now believe that the chant bearing his name arose from a later carolingian synthesis of roman and gallican chant, and that at that time the attribution to gregory i was a \" marketing ruse \" to invest it with a sanctified pedigree, as part of an effort to create one liturgical protocol that would be practised throughout the entire holy roman empire. gregorian chants are organized into eight modes ( scales ). typical melodic features include characteristic incipits and cadences, the use of reciting tones around which the other notes of the melody revolve, and a vocabulary of musical motifs woven together through a process called centonization to create families of related chants. although the modern eight - tone major and minor scales are strongly related to two of these church modes ( the ionian and aeolian, respectively ), they function according to different harmonic rules. the church modes are based on six - note patterns called hexachords, the main notes of which are called the dominant and the final. depending on where the final falls in the sequence of the hexachord, the mode is characterized as either authentic or plagal. modes with the same final share certain characteristics, and it is easy to modulate back and forth between them ; hence, the eight modes fall into four larger groupings based on their finals. the oldest manuscripts of gregorian chants were written using a graphic notation which uses a repertoire of specific signs called neumes ; each neume designates a basic musical gesture ( see musical notation ). as books, made of vellum ( prepared sheepskins ), were very expensive, the text was abbreviated wherever possible, with the neumes written over the text. this was a notation without lines and no exact melodic contour could be deciphered from it, which implies that the repertoire was learnt by rote. gregorian chant was traditionally sung by choirs of men and boys in churches, or by monastics in their chapels, and is commonly heard in celebrations of the western riteliturgies. it is the music of the roman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47638176477351335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.998119"} {"text": "repertoire was learnt by rote. gregorian chant was traditionally sung by choirs of men and boys in churches, or by monastics in their chapels, and is commonly heard in celebrations of the western riteliturgies. it is the music of the roman rite, performed in the mass and the monastic office. development of earlier plainchant singing has been part of the christian liturgy since the earliest days of the church. until the mid - 1990s, it was widely accepted that the psalmody of ancient jewish worship significantly influenced and contributed to early christian ritual and chant. this view is no longer generally accepted by scholars, due to analysis that shows that most early christian hymns did not have psalms for texts, and that the psalms were not sung in synagogues for centuries after the destruction of the second temple in ad 70. however, early christian rites did incorporate elements of jewish worship that survived in later chant tradition. canonical hours have their roots in jewish prayer hours. \" amen \" and \" alleluia \" come from hebrew, and the threefold \" sanctus \" derives from the threefold \" kadosh \" of the kedusha. the new testament mentions singing hymns during the last supper : \" when they had sung the hymn, they went out to the mount of olives \" template : bibleverse. other ancient witnesses such as pope clement i, tertullian, st. athanasius, and egeria confirm the practice, although in poetic or obscure ways that shed little light on how music sounded during this period. the 3rd - century greek \" oxyrhynchus hymn \" survived with musical notation, but the connection between this hymn and the plainchant tradition is uncertain. musical elements that would later be used in the roman rite began to appear in the 3rd century. the apostolic tradition, attributed to the theologian hippolytus, attests the singing of hallel psalms with alleluia as the refrain in early christian agape feasts. chants of the office, sung during the canonical hours, have their roots in the early 4th century, when desert monks following st. anthony introduced the practice of continuous psalmody, singing the complete cycle of 150 psalms each week. around 375, antiphonal psalmody became popular in the christian east ; in 386, st. ambrose introduced this practice to the west. scholars are still debating how plainchant developed during the 5th through the 9th centuries, as information from this period is scarce. around 410, st. augustine described the responsor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42064487940083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:49.999202"} {"text": "in 386, st. ambrose introduced this practice to the west. scholars are still debating how plainchant developed during the 5th through the 9th centuries, as information from this period is scarce. around 410, st. augustine described the responsorial singing of a gradual psalm at mass. at ca. 520, benedictus of nursia established what is called the rule of st. benedict, in which the protocol of the divine office for monastic use was laid down. around 678, roman chant was taught at york. distinctive regional traditions of western plainchant arose during this period, notably in the british isles ( celtic chant ), spain ( mozarabic ), gaul ( gallican ), and italy ( old roman, ambrosian and beneventan ). these traditions may have evolved from a hypothetical year - round repertory of 5th - century plainchant after the western roman empire collapsed. origins of the new traditionroman rite. according to james mckinnon, the core liturgy of the roman mass was compiled over a brief period in the 8th century in a project overseen by chrodegang of metz. other scholars, including andreas pfisterer and peter jeffery, have argued for an earlier origin for the oldest layers of the repertory. scholars debate whether the essentials of the melodies originated in rome, before the 7th century, or in francia, in the 8th and early 9th centuries. traditionalists point to evidence supporting an important role for pope gregory the great between 590 and 604, such as that presented in heinrich bewerunge ' s article in the catholic encyclopedia. scholarly consensus, supported by willi apel and robert snow, asserts instead that gregorian chant developed around 750 from a synthesis of roman and gallican chant commissioned by carolingian rulers in france. during a visit to gaul in 752 \u2013 753, pope stephen ii had celebrated mass using roman chant. according to charlemagne, his father pepin abolished the local gallican rites in favor of the roman use, in order to strengthen ties with rome. in 785 \u2013 786, at charlemagne ' s request, pope hadrian i sent a papal sacramentary with roman chants to the carolingian court. this roman chant was subsequently modified, influenced by local styles and gallican chant, and later adapted into the system of eight modes. this frankish - roman carolingian chant, augmented with new chants to complete the liturgical year, became known as \" gregorian. \" originally the chant was probably so named", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3826436956784499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.000329"} {"text": "styles and gallican chant, and later adapted into the system of eight modes. this frankish - roman carolingian chant, augmented with new chants to complete the liturgical year, became known as \" gregorian. \" originally the chant was probably so named to honor the contemporary pope gregory ii, but later lore attributed the authorship of chant to his more famous predecessor gregory the great. gregory was portrayed dictating plainchant inspired by a dove representing the holy spirit, giving gregorian chant the stamp of holy authority. gregory ' s authorship is popularly accepted as fact to this day. dissemination and hegemony gregorian chant appeared in a remarkably uniform state across europe within a short time. charlemagne, once elevated to holy roman emperor, aggressively spread gregorian chant throughout his empire to consolidate religious and secular power, requiring the clergy to use the new repertory on pain of death. from english and german sources, gregorian chant spread north to scandinavia, iceland and finland. in 885, pope stephen v banned the slavonic liturgy, leading to the ascendancy of gregorian chant in eastern catholic lands including poland, moravia, slovakia, and austria. the other plainchant repertories of the christian west faced severe competition from the new gregorian chant. charlemagne continued his father ' s policy of favoring the roman rite over the local gallican traditions. by the 9th century the gallican rite and chant had effectively been eliminated, although not without local resistance. the gregorian chant of the sarum rite displaced celtic chant. gregorian coexisted with beneventan chant for over a century before beneventan chant was abolished by papal decree ( 1058 ). mozarabic chant survived the influx of the visigoths and moors, but not the roman - backed prelates newly installed in spain during the reconquista. restricted to a handful of dedicated chapels, modern mozarabic chant is highly gregorianized and bears no musical resemblance to its original form. ambrosian chant alone survived to the present day, preserved in milan due to the musical reputation and ecclesiastical authority of st. ambrose. gregorian chant eventually replaced the local chant tradition of rome itself, which is now known as old roman chant. in the 10th century, virtually no musical manuscripts were being notated in italy. instead, roman popes imported gregorian chant from the german holy roman emperors during the 10th and 11th centuries. for example, the credo was added to the roman rite at the behest of the german emperor henry ii in 1014. reinforced by the legend of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43111462187218036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.001406"} {"text": "popes imported gregorian chant from the german holy roman emperors during the 10th and 11th centuries. for example, the credo was added to the roman rite at the behest of the german emperor henry ii in 1014. reinforced by the legend of pope gregory, gregorian chant was taken to be the authentic, original chant of rome, a misconception that continues to this day. by the 12th and 13th centuries, gregorian chant had supplanted or marginalized all the other western plainchant traditions. later sources of these other chant traditions show an increasing gregorian influence, such as occasional efforts to categorize their chants into the gregorian modes. similarly, the gregorian repertory incorporated elements of these lost plainchant traditions, which can be identified by careful stylistic and historical analysis. for example, the improperia of good friday are believed to be a remnant of the gallican repertory. early sources and later revisions the first extant sources with musical notation were written around 930 ( graduale laon ). before this, plainchant had been transmitted orally. most scholars of gregorian chant agree that the development of music notation assisted the dissemination of chant across europe. the earlier notated manuscripts are primarily from regensburg in germany, st. gall in switzerland, laon and st. martial in france. gregorian chant has in its long history been subjected to a series of redactions to bring it up to changing contemporary tastes and practice. the more recent redaction undertaken in the benedictine abbey of st. pierre, solesmes, has turned into a huge undertaking to restore the allegedly corrupted chant to a hypothetical \" original \" state. early gregorian chant was revised to conform to the theoretical structure of the modes. in 1562 \u2013 63, the council of trent banned most sequences. guidette ' s directorium chori, published in 1582, and the editio medicea, published in 1614, drastically revised what was perceived as corrupt and flawed \" barbarism \" by making the chants conform to contemporary aesthetic standards. in 1811, the french musicologist alexandre - etienne choron, as part of a conservative backlash following the liberal catholic orders ' inefficacy during the french revolution, called for returning to the \" purer \" gregorian chant of rome over french corruptions. in the late 19th century, early liturgical and musical manuscripts were unearthed and edited. earlier, dom prosper gueranger revived the monastic tradition in solesmes. re - establishing the divine office was among his priorities, but no proper chantbooks existed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41138302246868547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.002488"} {"text": "in the late 19th century, early liturgical and musical manuscripts were unearthed and edited. earlier, dom prosper gueranger revived the monastic tradition in solesmes. re - establishing the divine office was among his priorities, but no proper chantbooks existed. many monks were sent out to libraries throughout europe to find relevant chant manuscripts. in 1871, however, the old medicea edition was reprinted ( pustet, regensburg ) which pope pius ix declared the only official version. in their firm belief that they were on the right way, solesmes increased its efforts. in 1889, after decades of research, the monks of solesmes released the first book in a planned series, the paleographie musicale. the incentive of its publication was to demonstrate the corruption of the ' medicea ' by presenting photographed notations originating from a great variety of manuscripts of one single chant, which solesmes called forth as witnesses to assert their own reforms. the monks of solesmes brought in their heaviest artillery in this battle, as indeed the academically sound ' paleo ' was intended to be a war - tank, meant to abolish once and for all the corrupted pustet edition. on the evidence of congruence throughout various manuscripts ( which were duely published in facsimile editions with ample editorial introductions ) solesmes was able to work out a practical reconstruction. this reconstructed chant was academically praised, but rejected by rome until 1903, when pope leo xiii died. his successor, pope pius x, promptly accepted the solesmes chant \u2014 now compiled as the liber usualis \u2014 as authoritative. in 1904, the vatican edition of the solesmes chant was commissioned. serious academic debates arose, primarily owing to stylistic liberties taken by the solesmes editors to impose their controversial interpretation of rhythm. the solesmes editions insert phrasing marks and note - lengthening episema and mora marks not found in the original sources. conversely, they omit significative letters found in the original sources, which give instructions for rhythm and articulation such as speeding up or slowing down. these editorial practices has placed the historical authenticity of the solesmes interpretation in doubt. ever since the restoration of chant was taken up in solesmes, there have been lengthy discussions of exactly what course was to be taken. some favored a strict academic rigour and wanted to postpone publications, while others concentrated on practical matters and wanted to supplant the corrupted tradition as soon as possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40573413424896076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.003522"} {"text": ", there have been lengthy discussions of exactly what course was to be taken. some favored a strict academic rigour and wanted to postpone publications, while others concentrated on practical matters and wanted to supplant the corrupted tradition as soon as possible. roughly a century later, there still exists a breach between a strict musicological approach and the practical needs of church choirs. thus the established performance tradition since the onset of the restoration is at odds with musicological evidence. in his motu proprio tra le sollecitudini, pius x mandated the use of gregorian chant, encouraging the faithful to sing the ordinary of the mass, although he reserved the singing of the propers for males. while this custom is maintained in traditionalist catholic communities, the catholic church no longer persists with this ban. vatican ii officially allowed worshipers to substitute other music, particularly sacred polyphony, in place of gregorian chant, although it did reaffirm that gregorian chant was still the official music of the catholic church, and the music most suitable for worship. gregorian chant is, of course, vocal music. the text, the phrases, words and eventually the syllables, can be sung in various ways. the most straightforward is recitation on the same tone, which is called \" syllabic \" as each syllable is sung to a single tone. likewise, simple chants are often syllabic throughout with only a few instances where two or more notes are sung on one syllable. \" neumatic \" chants are more embellished and ligatures, a connected group of notes, written as a single compound neume, abound in the text. melismatic chants are the most ornate chants in which elaborate melodies are sung on long sustained vowels as in the alleluia, ranging from five or six notes per syllable to over sixty in the more prolix melismas. gregorian chants fall into two broad categories of melody : recitatives and free melodies. the simplest kind of melody is the liturgical recitative. recitative melodies are dominated by a single pitch, called the reciting tone. other pitches appear in melodic formulae for incipits, partial cadences, and full cadences. these chants are primarily syllabic. for example, the collect for easter consists of 127 syllables sung to 131 pitches, with 108 of these pitches being the reciting note a and the other 23 pitches flexing down to g. liturgical recitatives are commonly found in the accentus chants of the liturgy, such as the intonations of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4530269963528203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.004600"} {"text": "sung to 131 pitches, with 108 of these pitches being the reciting note a and the other 23 pitches flexing down to g. liturgical recitatives are commonly found in the accentus chants of the liturgy, such as the intonations of the collect, epistle, and gospel during the mass, and in the direct psalmody of the office. template : listen psalmodic chants, which intone psalms, include both recitatives and free melodies. psalmodic chants include direct psalmody, antiphonal chants, and responsorial chants. in direct psalmody, psalm verses are sung without refrains to simple, formulaic tones. most psalmodic chants are antiphonal and responsorial, sung to free melodies of varying complexity. antiphonal chants such as the introit, and communion originally referred to chants in which two choirs sang in alternation, one choir singing verses of a psalm, the other singing a refrain called an antiphon. over time, the verses were reduced in number, usually to just one psalm verse and the doxology, or even omitted entirely. antiphonal chants reflect their ancient origins as elaborate recitatives through the reciting tones in their melodies. ordinary chants, such as the kyrie and gloria, are not considered antiphonal chants, although they are often performed in antiphonal style. template : listen responsorial chants such as the gradual, alleluia, offertory, and the office responsories originally consisted of a refrain called a respond sung by a choir, alternating with psalm verses sung by a soloist. responsorial chants are often composed of an amalgamation of various stock musical phrases, pieced together in a practice called centonization. tracts are melismatic settings of psalm verses and use frequent recurring cadences and they are strongly centonized. template : listen gregorian chant evolved to fulfill various functions in the roman catholic liturgy. broadly speaking, liturgical recitatives are used for texts intoned by deacons or priests. antiphonal chants accompany liturgical actions : the entrance of the officiant, the collection of offerings, and the distribution of sanctified bread and wine. responsorial chants expand on readings and lessons. the non - psalmodic chants, including the ordinary of the mass, sequences, and hymns, were originally intended for congregational singing. the structure of their texts largely defines their musical style. in sequences, the same melodic phrase is repeated in each couplet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46149903189769576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.005624"} {"text": "non - psalmodic chants, including the ordinary of the mass, sequences, and hymns, were originally intended for congregational singing. the structure of their texts largely defines their musical style. in sequences, the same melodic phrase is repeated in each couplet. the strophic texts of hymns use the same syllabic melody for each stanza. template : main early plainchant, like much of western music, is believed to have been distinguished by the use of the diatonic scale. modal theory, which postdates the composition of the core chant repertory, arises from a synthesis of two very different traditions : the speculative tradition of numerical ratios and species inherited from ancient greece and a second tradition rooted in the practical art of cantus. the earliest writings that deal with both theory and practice include the enchiriadis group of treatises, which circulated in the late ninth century and possibly have their roots in an earlier, oral tradition. in contrast to the ancient greek system of tetrachords ( a collection of four continuous notes ) that descend by two tones and a semitone, the enchiriadis writings base their tone - system on a tetrachord that corresponds to the four finals of chant, d, e, f, and g. the disjunct tetrachords in the enchiriadis system have been the subject of much speculation, because they do not correspond to the diatonic framework that became the standard medieval scale ( for example, there is a high f #, a note not recognized by later medieval writers ). a diatonic scale with a chromatically alterable b / b - flat was first described by hucbald, who adopted the tetrachord of the finals ( d, e, f, g ) and constructed the rest of the system following the model of the greek greater and lesser perfect systems. these were the first steps in forging a theoretical tradition that corresponded to chant. around 1025, guido d ' arezzo revolutionized western music with the development of the gamut, in which pitches in the singing range were organized into overlapping hexachords. hexachords could be built on c ( the natural hexachord, c - d - e ^ f - g - a ), f ( the soft hexachord, using a b - flat, f - g - a ^ bb - c - d ), or g ( the hard hexachord, using a b - natural, g - a - b ^ c - d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5259662202771926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.006528"} {"text": "soft hexachord, using a b - flat, f - g - a ^ bb - c - d ), or g ( the hard hexachord, using a b - natural, g - a - b ^ c - d - e ). the b - flat was an integral part of the system of hexachords rather than an accidental. the use of notes outside of this collection was described as musica ficta. gregorian chant was categorized into eight modes, influenced by the eightfold division of byzantine chants called the oktoechos. each mode is distinguished by its final, dominant, and ambitus. the final is the ending note, which is usually an important note in the overall structure of the melody. the dominant is a secondary pitch that usually serves as a reciting tone in the melody. ambitus refers to the range of pitches used in the melody. melodies whose final is in the middle of the ambitus, or which have only a limited ambitus, are categorized as plagal, while melodies whose final is in the lower end of the ambitus and have a range of over five or six notes are categorized as authentic. although corresponding plagal and authentic modes have the same final, they have different dominants. the existent pseudo - greek names of the modes, rarely used in medieval times, derive from a misunderstanding of the ancient greek modes ; the prefix \" hypo - \" ( under, gr. ) indicates a plagal mode, where the melody moves below the final. in contemporary latin manuscripts the modes are simply called protus authentus / plagalis, deuterus, tritus and tetrardus : the 1st mode, authentic or plagal, the 2nd mode etc. in the roman chantbooks the modes are indicated by roman numerals. - modes 1 and 2 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on d, sometimes called dorian and hypodorian. - modes 3 and 4 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on e, sometimes called phrygian and hypophrygian. - modes 5 and 6 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on f, sometimes called lydian and hypolydian. - modes 7 and 8 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on g, sometimes called mixolydian and hypomixolydian. although the modes with melodies ending on a, b, and c are sometimes referred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5148650233057039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.007361"} {"text": "are common, and larger skips far more common than in other plainchant repertories such as ambrosian chant or beneventan chant. gregorian melodies are more likely to traverse a seventh than a full octave, so that melodies rarely travel from d up to the d an octave higher, but often travel from d to the c a seventh higher, using such patterns as d - f - g - a - c. gregorian melodies often explore chains of pitches, such as f - a - c, around which the other notes of the chant gravitate. within each mode, certain incipits and cadences are preferred, which the modal theory alone does not explain. chants often display complex internal structures that combine and repeat musical subphrases. this occurs notably in the offertories ; in chants with shorter, repeating texts such as the kyrie and agnus dei ; and in longer chants with clear textual divisions such as the great responsories, the gloria, and the credo. chants sometimes fall into melodically related groups. the musical phrases centonized to create graduals and tracts follow a musical \" grammar \" of sorts. certain phrases are used only at the beginnings of chants, or only at the end, or only in certain combinations, creating musical families of chants such as the iustus ut palma family of graduals. several introits in mode 3, including loquetur dominus above, exhibit melodic similarities. mode iii ( e authentic ) chants have c as a dominant, so c is the expected reciting tone. these mode iii introits, however, use both g and c as reciting tones, and often begin with a decorated leap from g to c to establish this tonality. similar examples exist throughout the repertory. the earliest notated sources of gregorian chant ( written ca. 950 ) used symbols called neumes ( gr. sign ( of the hand ) to indicate tone - movements and relative duration within each syllable. a sort of musical stenography that seems to focus on gestures and tone - movements but not the specific pitches of individual notes, nor the relative starting pitches of each neume. given the fact that chant was learned in an oral tradition in which the texts and melodies were sung from memory, this was obviously not necessary. the neumatic manuscripts display great sophistication and precision in notation and a wealth of graphic signs to indicate the musical gesture and proper pronunciation of the text. scholars postulate that this practice may have been derived from cheironomic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4841446129826616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.009430"} {"text": "not necessary. the neumatic manuscripts display great sophistication and precision in notation and a wealth of graphic signs to indicate the musical gesture and proper pronunciation of the text. scholars postulate that this practice may have been derived from cheironomic hand - gestures, the ekphonetic notation of byzantine chant, punctuation marks, or diacritical accents. later adaptations and innovations included the use of a dry - scratched line or an inked line or two lines, marked c or f showing the relative pitches between neumes. consistent relative heightening first developed in the aquitaine region, particularly at st. martial de limoges, in the first half of the eleventh century. many german - speaking areas, however, continued to use unpitched neumes into the twelfth century. additional symbols developed, such as the custos, placed at the end of a system to show the next pitch. other symbols indicated changes in articulation, duration, or tempo, such as a letter \" t \" to indicate a tenuto. another form of early notation used a system of letters corresponding to different pitches, much as shaker music is notated. dom. e. cardine ( see below under ' rhythm ' ), ornamental neumes have received more attention from both researchers and performers. b - flat is indicated by a \" b - mollum \" ( lat. soft ), a rounded undercaste ' b ' placed to the left of the entire neume in which the note occurs, as shown in the \" kyrie \" to the right. when necessary, a \" b - durum \" ( lat. hard ), written squarely, indicates b - natural and serves to cancel the b - mollum. this system of square notation is standard in modern chantbooks. < ref > tags exist, but no < references / > tag was found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49050764420823656, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.010585"} {"text": "mounted arc tube | mounted arc tube. | in some ways, gases are a pain from a sample point of view. with the exception of chlorine and bromine they all look exactly the same : like nothing at all. my beautiful set of noble gas flasks is beautiful because of the flasks, not what ' s in them, which is indistinguishable from plain air or vacuum. ( so much so that i got them for a bargain price because the seller thought the were empty. ) but set up an electric current through almost any gas, and things are completely different. the current ionizes the gas, and when the electrons fall back into their orbits, they emit light of very specific frequencies. these spectral lines can easily be seen with even a very cheap pocket spectroscope, and they give the glowing tubes very unusual colors. so unusual in fact that they are basically impossible to photograph. the pictures here simply don ' t look at all like the real colors of these tubes, which cannot be represented by the limited red, green, and blue mixtures available in computer or printed photographs. david franco helped arrange these tubes, which were made by a guy who specializes in noble gas tubes and geissler tubes ( click the source link ). i have tubes installed in each of the five stable noble gas spots in the table, hooked up underneath to a high voltage transformer. they are really quite beautiful. on my noble rack page i have all the pictures collected, along with pictures of arcs i made in my other collection of noble gas flasks. source : special effects neon contributor : theodore gray acquired : 22 november, 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5311809443700746, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.013358"} {"text": "mind and language 20 ( 2 ) : 241 - 57 ( 2005 ) | abstract | | anosognosia is literally \u2018 unawareness of or failure to acknowledge one \u2019 s hemi - plegia or other disability \u2019 ( oed ). etymology would suggest the meaning \u2018 lack of knowledge of disease \u2019 so that anosognosia would include any denial of impairment, such as denial of blindness ( anton \u2019 s syndrome ). but babinski, who introduced the term in 1914, applied it only to patients with hemiplegia who fail to acknowledge their paralysis. most commonly, this is failure to acknowledge paralysis of the left side of the body following damage to the right hemisphere of the brain. in this paper, we shall mainly be concerned with anosognosia for hemiplegia. but we shall also use the term \u2018 anosognosia \u2019 in an inclusive way to encompass lack of knowledge or acknowledgement of any impairment. indeed, in the construction \u2018 anosognosia for x \u2019, x might even be anosognosia for some y. | | keywords | | amnesia belief delusion epistemology impairment | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles elizabeth leritz, chris loftis, greg crucian, william j. friedman & dawn bowers ( 2004 ). self - awareness of deficits in parkinson disease. clinical neuropsychologist 18 ( 3 ) : 352 - 361. oliver h. turnbull, karen jones & judith reed - screen ( 2002 ). implicit awareness of deficit in anosognosia? an emotion - based account of denial of deficit. comment. neuro - psychoanalysis 4 ( 1 ) : 69 - 86. vilayanur s. ramachandran ( 1995 ). anosognosia in parietal lobe syndrome. consciousness and cognition 4 ( 1 ) : 22 - 51. drakon nikolinakos ( 2004 ). anosognosia and the unity of consciousness. philosophical studies 119 ( 3 ) : 315 - 342. lisa bortolotti, rochelle cox & amanda barnier ( 2011 ). can we recreate delusions in the laboratory? philosophical psychology 25 ( 1 ) : 109 - 131. paul m. jenkinson, nicola m. j. edelstyn, justine l. drakeford & simon j. ellis ( 2009 ). reality monitoring in anosognosia for hemiplegia. consciousness and cognition 18 ( 2 ) : 458 - 470. martin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5184384874661487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.017802"} {"text": "( phys. org ) - - this image, taken by the nasa / esa hubble space telescope, shows a detailed view of the spiral arms on one side of the galaxy messier 99. messier 99 is a so - called grand design spiral, with long, large and clearly defined spiral arms giving it a structure somewhat similar to the milky way. lying around 50 million light - years away, messier 99 is one of over a thousand galaxies that make up the virgo cluster, the closest cluster of galaxies to us. messier 99 itself is relatively bright and large, meaning it was one of the first galaxies to be discovered, way back in the 18th century. this earned it a place in charles messiers famous catalog of astronomical objects. in recent years, a number of unexplained phenomena in messier 99 have been studied by astronomers. among these is the nature of one of the brighter stars visible in this image. cataloged as ptf 10fqs, and visible as a yellow - orange star in the top - left corner of this image, it was first spotted by the palomar transient facility, which scans the skies for sudden changes in brightness ( or transient phenomena, to use astronomers jargon ). these can be caused by different kinds of event, including variable stars and supernova explosions. what is unusual about ptf 10fqs is that it has so far defied classification : it is brighter than a nova ( a bright eruption on a stars surface ), but fainter than a supernova ( the explosion that marks the end of life for a large star ). scientists have offered a number of possible explanations, including the intriguing suggestion that it could have been caused by a giant planet plunging into its parent star. this hubble image was made in june 2010, during the period when the outburst was fading, so ptf 10fqss location could be pinpointed with great precision. these measurements will allow other telescopes to home in on the star in future, even when the afterglow of the outburst has faded to nothing. a version of this image of messier 99 was entered into the hubbles hidden treasures competition by contestant matej novak. hidden treasures is an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public. the competition is now closed and the winners will be announced soon. explore further : hubble reveals the ring nebula ' s true shape", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5557894516556672, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.021611"} {"text": "( phys. org ) - - an essay on robots by a professor in japan over 40 years ago has just got its official translation. many in robotics and other science circles will say better late than never for an official translation of yasahiro mori ' s paper, the uncanny valley which was published in a japanese journal called energy 42 years earlier. the essay has generated interest about the extent and limitations of making robots more and more human - like in human - robot interaction. an english translation was done in 2005 but the translation that has been authorized and and reviewed by mori was published tuesday in ieee spectrum. i have noticed that, in climbing toward the goal of making robots appear human, our affinity for them increases until we come to a valley ( figure 1 ), which i call the uncanny valley. that observation from his original essay is what sparked conversations and interest among robotic designers over the years. mori maintains that humans are drawn to human - like robots with positive feelings of affinity until the robot moves or reveals itself in such a way that triggers the persons realization that it is not human. then it becomes uncanny or in popular - culture terms, creepy. affinity is lost. in his essay, mori expressed this experience in a graph, and he also offered an example, the prosthetic hand. the human being gets an eerie sensation, he said, when realizing that the hand is not real. we could be startled during a handshake by its limp boneless grip together with its texture and coldness. when this happens, we lose our sense of affinity, and the hand becomes uncanny. in mathematical terms, this can be represented by a negative value. he adds that when a prosthetic hand that is near the bottom of the uncanny valley starts to move, the sensation of eeriness intensifies. the official translation on tuesday is accompanied by an interview with mori, who can look at the validity of his remarks 42 years later, when robotics has gone through so many developments. a counterpoint to the popularity of moris essay has been the contention that the essay was an essay, after all, of limited scientific value. mori said, i have read that there is scientific evidence that the uncanny valley does indeed exist ; for example, by measuring brain waves scientists have found evidence of that. i do appreciate the fact that research is being conducted in this area, but from my point of view, i think that the brain waves act that way because we feel eerie. it still doesn ' t explain why we feel eerie to begin with. mori said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5645044892582449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.026090"} {"text": "do appreciate the fact that research is being conducted in this area, but from my point of view, i think that the brain waves act that way because we feel eerie. it still doesn ' t explain why we feel eerie to begin with. mori said that pointing out the existence of the uncanny valley was intended as advice for people who design robots rather than a scientific statement itself. mori said he still thinks that designers should steer clear of making robots too lifelike, falling into the valley. i have no motivation to build a robot that resides on the other side of the valley why do you have to take the risk and try to get closer to the other side? he said he did not even find it interesting to develop a robot that looks exactly like a human. mori spoke approvingly about asimo as invigorating, a robot inviting positive feelings but appearing as different from humans. the two translators of the essay are karl f. macdorman, associate professor of human computer interaction at the school of informatics, indiana university. and norri kageki, a journalist who writes about robots. explore further : robots learn to take a proper handoff by following digitized human examples more information : spectrum. ieee. org / automaton / robotics / humanoids / the - uncanny - valley", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5282556245364944, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.026761"} {"text": "statistical modeling could help us understand cosmic accelerationdecember 24th, 2010 in physics / general physics ( physorg. com ) - - while it is generally accepted by scientists that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate, there are questions about why this should be so. for years, scientists have been trying to determine the cause of this behavior. one of the theories is that dark energy could be the cause of cosmic acceleration. in order to test theories of dark energy, a group at los alamos national laboratory in new mexico and the university of california santa cruz came up with a technique designed to test different models of dark energy. we are trying to investigate what could be behind the accelerated expansion of the universe, katrin heitmann, one of the los alamos scientists tells physorg. com. our technique is based on data, and can be used to evaluate different models. heitmann and her collaborators created their method based on gaussian process modeling ; the implementation was led by tracy holsclaw from uc santa cruz. were using statistical methods rather than trying to come up with different models. our process takes data from different sources and then uses it to look for certain deviations from what we assume in a cosmological constant. the groups work can be seen in physical review letters : nonparametric dark energy reconstruction from supernova data. many scientists think that dark energy is driving the accelerated expansion of the universe, heitmann says. if this is the case, it is possible to characterize it via its equation of state w ( z ). the redshift evolution of the equation of state parameter w ( z ) would show some indication of a dynamical origin of dark energy. heitmann points out that in such a case, there could be an infinite number of models. we cant test all those models, she says, so we have to do an inverse problem. we have data and we can characterize the underlying cause of the accelerated expansion. it assumes that w is a smoothly varying function, and a dynamical dark energy theory would fit that. we can use data and analyze it to see if we can find indications that dark energy really is behind accelerated expansion. the los alamos and university of california, santa cruz team first tested their statistical technique on simulated data in order see whether the method was reliable. after we saw that it was, heitmann says, we tried it on currently available supernova data. so far, their analysis has not revealed that a dynamical dark energy is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6017422310365488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.033396"} {"text": "technique on simulated data in order see whether the method was reliable. after we saw that it was, heitmann says, we tried it on currently available supernova data. so far, their analysis has not revealed that a dynamical dark energy is behind the accelerated expansion ( the cosmological constant is a very special case of dark energy and is still in agreement with the data ), but heitmann doesnt think that means that the door is closed on dynamical dark energy theories as the cause of acceleration in the expanding universe. the data so far is limited, and better data is coming in every day, she says. additionally, the group hopes to include other data in their statistical analyses. our technique allows for the input of data from cosmic microwave background and baryon acoustic oscillations as well, and thats what we want to add in next. if this technique does identify a dynamical dark energy as the reason behind accelerated expansion of the universe, it could mean revisiting the basics of what we know about the workings of the universe. if we do find the time dependence that supports the idea of dark energy as this mechanism, then we can go back to the theory approach. we would have an idea of which models could better explain universes expansion history and ultimately develop a self - consistent theory with no ad hoc assumptions. more information : tracy holsclaw, ujjaini alam, bruno sanso, herbert lee, katrin heitmann, salman halbib, and david higdon, nonparametric dark energy reconstruction from supernova data, physical review letters ( 2010 ). available online : link. aps. org / doi / 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 105. 241302 copyright 2010 physorg. com. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or part without the express written permission of physorg. com. \" statistical modeling could help us understand cosmic acceleration. \" december 24th, 2010. http : / / phys. org / news / 2010 - 12 - statistical - cosmic. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5889358681515506, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.034262"} {"text": "in the karlsruhe physics course one defines the term \" substance - like \" quantity : let my cite the definition from a paper by falk, herrmann and schmid : \" there is a class of physical quantities whose characteristics are especially easy to visualize : those extensive physical quantities to which a density can be assigned. these include electric charge, mass, amount of substance ( number of particles ), and others. because of the fundamental role these quantities play throughout science and because such quantities can be distributed in and flow through space, we give them a designation of their own : substance - like. \" are there examples of extensive quantities, which are not substance - like? i think volume is one example, since it seems to make no sense to assign a density to it, are there others? now the authors write that a quantity can only be conserved if it is substance - like, let my cite this from an other publication : f. herrmann, writes : \" it is important to make clear that the question of conservation or non - conservation only makes sense with substance - like quantities. only in the context of substance - like quantities does it make sense to ask the question of whether they are conserved or not. the question makes no sense in the case of non - substance - like quantities such as field strength or temperature. \" so my second question is : why has a conserved quantity to be substance like? it would be great if one could give me a detailed explanation ( or a counterexample if he thinks the statement is wrong ). are there resources where the ideas cited above are introduced with some higher degree of detail and rigour?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6288553350261048, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.035938"} {"text": "major section : documentation acl2 documentation strings make special use of the tilde character ( ~ ). in particular, we describe here a ` ` markup language ' ' for which the tilde character plays a special role. the markup language is valuable if you want to write documentation that is to be displayed outside your acl2 session. if you are not writing such documentation, and if also you do not use the character ` ~ ', then there is no need to read on. three uses of the tilde character ( ~ ) in documentation strings are as follows. below we explain the uses that constitute the acl2 markup language. the other uses of the tilde character are of the following form. indicates the end of a documentation section ; see doc - string. indicates the literal insertion of a tilde character ( ~ ). this directive in a documentation string is effective only during the processing of part 2, the details ( see doc - string ), and controls how much is shown on each round of moreprocessing when printing to the terminal. if the system is not doing moreprocessing, then it acts as though the ~ ] is not present. otherwise, the system put out a newline and halts documentation printing on the present topic, which can be resumed if the user types moreat the terminal. ~ key [ arg ] before launching into an explanation of how this works in detail, let us consider some small examples. here is a word that is code : ~ c [ function - name ]. here is a phrase with an ` ` emphasized ' ' word, ` ` not ' ' : do ~ em [ not ] do that. here is the same phrase, but where ` ` not ' ' receives stronger emphasis ( presumably boldface in a printed version ) : do ~ st [ not ] do that. here is a passage that is set off as a display, in a fixed - width font : ~ bv this passage has been set off as ` ` verbatim ' '. the present line starts just after a line break. normally, printed text is formatted, but inside ~ bv... ~ ev, line breaks are taken literally. ~ evin general, the idea is to provide a ` ` markup language ' ' that can be reasonably interpreted not only at the terminal ( via doc ), but also via translators into other languages. in fact, translators have been written into texinfo and html. let us turn to a more systematic consideration of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4697262340830721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.045288"} {"text": "[ arg ] print arg as ` ` code ' ', such as in a fixed - width font ~ ef end format ; balances ~ bf ~ eid [ arg ] ` ` end implementation dependent ' ' - - ignores argument at terminal. ~ em [ arg ] emphasize arg, perhaps using italics ~ eq end quotation ; balances ~ bq ~ ev end verbatim ; balances ~ bv ~ i [ arg ] print arg in italics font ~ id [ arg ] ` ` implementation dependent ' ' - - ignores argument at terminal. ~ il [ arg ] print argument as is, but make it a link ( for true hypertext environments ) ~ ilc [ arg ] same as ~ il [ arg ], except that arg should be printed as with ~ c [ arg ] ~ l [ arg ] ordinary link ; prints as ` ` see : doc arg ' ' at the terminal ( but also see ~ pl below, which puts ` ` see ' ' in lower case ) ~ nl print a newline ~ par paragraph mark, of no significance at the terminal ( can be safely ignored ; see also notes below ) ~ pl [ arg ] parenthetical link ( borrowing from texinfo ) : same as ~ l [ arg ], except that ` ` see ' ' is in lower case. this is typically used at other than the beginning of a sentence. ~ sc [ arg ] print arg in ( small, if possible ) capital letters ~ st [ arg ] strongly emphasize arg, perhaps using a bold font ~ t [ arg ] typewriter font ; similar to ~ c [ arg ], but leaves less doubt about the font that will be used. ~ terminal [ arg ] terminal only ; arg is to be ignored except when reading documentation at the terminal, using : doc. style notes and further details it is not a good idea to put doc - string tilde directives inside ~ bv... ~ ev. do not nest doc - string tilde directives ; that is, do not write the ~ c [ ~ il [ append ] function... but note that the ` ` equivalent ' ' expression the ~ ilc [ append ] function... is fine. the following phrase is also acceptable : ~ bfthis is ~ em [ formatted ] text. ~ efbecause the nesting is only conceptual, not literal. we recommend that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4809352299012428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.047525"} {"text": "ilc [ append ] function... is fine. the following phrase is also acceptable : ~ bfthis is ~ em [ formatted ] text. ~ efbecause the nesting is only conceptual, not literal. we recommend that for displayed text, should usually each be on lines by themselves. that way, printed text may be less encumbered with excessive blank lines. here is an here is some normal text. now start a display : ~ bv 2 + 2 = 4 ~ ev and here is the end of that paragraph. the analogous consideration applies to here is the start of the next paragraph. ~ efas well as you may ` ` quote ' ' characters inside the arg part of ~ key [ arg ], by preceding them with ~. this is, in fact, the only legal way to use a newline character or a right bracket ( ] ) inside the argument to a doc - string tilde directive. write your documentation strings without hyphens. otherwise, you may find your text printed on paper ( via tex, for example ) like this - - here is a hyphe - nated word. even if what you had in mind was : here is a hyphe - nated word. when you want to use a dash ( as opposed to a hyphen ), consider using ~ -, which is intended to be interpreted as a ` ` dash. ' ' for example : this sentence ~ - which is broken with dashes ~ - is boring. would be written to the terminal ( using doc ) by replacing ~ - with two hyphen characters, but would presumably be printed on paper with a dash. be careful to balance the ` ` begin ' ' and ` ` end ' ' pairs, such as ~ ev. also, do not use two ` ` begin ' ' ~ bv ) without an intervening ` ` end ' ' directive. it is permissible ( and perhaps this is not surprising ) to use the doc - string part separator between such a begin - end pair. because of a bug in texinfo ( as of this writing ), you may wish to avoid beginning a line with ( any number of spaces followed by ) the - character or the ` ` paragraph ' ' directive, ~ par, is rarely if ever used. there is a low - level capability, not presently documented, that interprets two successive newlines as though they were this is useful for the html driver. for further details, see the authors of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4621090060762105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.048553"} {"text": "directive, ~ par, is rarely if ever used. there is a low - level capability, not presently documented, that interprets two successive newlines as though they were this is useful for the html driver. for further details, see the authors of acl2. emacs code is available for manipulating documentation strings that contain doc - string tilde - directives ( for example, for doing a reasonable job filling such documentation strings ). see the authors if you are interested. we tend to use ~ em [ arg ] for ` ` section headers, ' ' such as ` ` style notes and further details ' ' above. we tend to use ~ st [ arg ] for emphasis of words inside text. this division seems to work well for our texinfo driver. note that arg to be printed in upper - case at the terminal ( using arg to be printed at the terminal as though arg were not marked for emphasis. our texinfo and html drivers both take advantage of capabilities for indicating which characters need to be ` ` escaped, ' ' and how. unless you intend to write your own driver, you probably do not need to know more about this issue ; otherwise, contact the acl2 authors. we should probably mention, however, that texinfo makes the following requirement : when using one of the special characters }, you must immediately follow this use with a period or comma. also, the emacs ` ` info ' ' documentation that we generate by using our texinfo driver has the property that in node names, : has been replaced by ( because of quirks in info ) ; so for example, the ` ` proof - checker ' ' s, is documented under rather than under we have tried to keep this markup language fairly simple ; in particular, there is no way to refer to a link by other than the actual name. so for example, when we want to make invisible link in ` ` code ' ' font, we write the following form, which : should be in that font and then both be in that font and be an invisible link.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4312783892664763, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.049448"} {"text": "recently, the u. s. preventive services task force ( uspstf ), a government - funded group of independent experts, addressed a comprehensive review of the available data on ways to detect maltreatment of children. in a sobering acknowledgment, the uspstf believes that there is not much that can be done to detect cases of child maltreatment that aren \u2019 t glaringly obvious. there \u2019 s simply not enough research to make a case for advising physicians to take specific actions during well - child visits, for example, to help determine which children are at risk. in 2010, nearly 700, 000 children were victims of abuse and neglect ; 1, 537 of them died. [ from : child abuse : why it \u2019 s so hard to determine who \u2019 s at risk, january 23, 2013 ] the report continued : the researchers at ohsu analyzed 11 studies that evaluated the effectiveness of child abuse and neglect prevention programs or interventions that took place in clinics \u2014 such as meetings with a social worker, for example. they gave parents questionnaires that assessed such risk factors as substance abuse, depression, stress and attitudes toward physical punishment \u2014 as well as noting whether parents were concerned that their child may have been physically or sexually abused. doctors discussed the risk factors with parents and referred them to social workers if needed. after three years, researchers found that parents who took part in risk assessments and received social work referrals, if necessary, had decreased incidences of abuse, fewer reports to child protective services ( cps ) and better adherence to immunization schedules. and still, no official correlation was made as to which parenting preparation programs work better : those made available through adoption agencies, or those made available by non - profit programs like nurse partnership programs for at - risk first - time mothers. contrary to the report findings, i believe there is an easy way to determine who is at highest risk of experiencing hidden domestic violence and child abuse. based on a 2006 study conducted in australia, a staggering statistic was revealed : children under five living with a non - biological or step - parent are up to 77 times more likely to die from a violence - related injury than those living with their biological families. i think for the sake of abuse study and domestic violence prevention, and for the sake of a child ' s best - interest, it really behooves those concerned about the rise of child abuse rates in the usa to keep a closer eye on today ' s foster / adoptive home, and those seeking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45015950916192476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.069529"} {"text": "prevention, and for the sake of a child ' s best - interest, it really behooves those concerned about the rise of child abuse rates in the usa to keep a closer eye on today ' s foster / adoptive home, and those seeking the adoption - - option for themselves. interestingly, while i have found many abuse studies correlate child abuse / neglect with drug and alcohol abuse and family structure breakdown, few mention the effect poor parent preparation has on child safety and wellness in the home. and so the cycle of unrecognized abuse continues, especially when where one or both parents caring for a child are rather unprepared and clueless when it comes to demonstrating good positive parenting skills - - the type of skills that help raise a child from being a dependent needy creature to becoming an adult who is loving, confident, and very capable of independent living. recently i myself have been posting many pieces related to the un - fitness of a foster / adoptive parent, and how this itself is creating an alarming end - result in the form of abused adoptees. [ see : stigmas and reputations that need to be clarified and discrimination in adoptionland is not a bad thing ] in private, i have been receiving more and more complaints coming from adoptive mothers claiming they don ' t know what to do with the adopted problem - child in their lives, or those who don ' t know how to support out of control amothers because those mothers seem so clueless when it comes to meeting the most basic needs of an adopted child.. in turn, the women who contact me seek parenting advice and my personal opinion, because i have become so vocal via the ppl pages. not surprisingly, i find many of these overwhelmed women are not liking my honest response to their replies, even if all claim they respect the blunt angry adoptee ' s pov. my response to them reflects all that i myself post here on ppl ; i remind them, as mothers, they own a major on - going responsibility to the relationship that makes a promise to a child.... that promise being, \" i will not leave you, like others did \". my general response to most also includes the following observations and comments : - adoption is a choice, and a major sacrifice. as such, much independent thought, investigation and study should go into what it means to become an adoptive parent before one foolishly falls in love with a photo. - adoption requires a significant amount of teaching and instruction, not to mention follow - up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4578062276166303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.070640"} {"text": ". as such, much independent thought, investigation and study should go into what it means to become an adoptive parent before one foolishly falls in love with a photo. - adoption requires a significant amount of teaching and instruction, not to mention follow - up monitoring and guidance because today ' s adoptable children are far more troubled and traumatized than most want to think or believe. - adapting to adoption, for the child, is not an easy process. it can take years, ( if not a life - time ), to \" get over \" what caused the adoption relationship in the first place. this difficulty in adaption can easily manifest itself in \" unwanted behaviors \". it ' s the aps job to accept and assist in the process, not punish the adoptee for negative opinions. - parenting, no matter how good or bad the child, is not easy. only a fool thinks being a parent is going to be a breeze. as a mother myself, i can ' t count how many times i wanted to take a pick - ax to my head. why should amothers not feel the same? good parenting, for all, requires an ability to teach with love, forgiveness, and acceptance. anything less is not as good. - adoption requires ongoing support in the form of talk - behavioral therapy, both for the ap and the adoptee, as exampled in the article, romanian foster care : equipping carers to help challenging children after spending seven years at ppl, posting as i do, what type of amothers contact me? i ' d like to introduce ppl readers to the three general types of amothers who, in spite of really good intentions, became a clueless unprepared ap, which roughly translates into this : an adoptive parent who is a real dangerous hazard to the adopted child cursed with many complex \" special needs \". i will refer to these types of amothers as : in order to get a better understanding of fail - fueled adoptive parenting, one must know a little background information about each. each woman represents very different backgrounds and lifestyles, showing us just how diverse the adoptive mother population really is these days. each represents the new \" normal \" we see in marital / sexual relationships found in the usa. one is in a traditional marriage ( heterosexual ) ; one is in an \" untraditional \" marriage ( same - sex ) ; and one represents the modern - day spinster - - the older single - woman who decided creating a family for herself does not require marriage,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45496801030112566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.071774"} {"text": "traditional marriage ( heterosexual ) ; one is in an \" untraditional \" marriage ( same - sex ) ; and one represents the modern - day spinster - - the older single - woman who decided creating a family for herself does not require marriage, first. in terms of their own childhood experiences, one am came from a very abusive / dysfunctional family. the parenting role - modeling was so bad, she was repulsed by her own genetic material and the idea of reproducing. it ' s fascinating to note how she thought putting an end to biologic - transfer would put an end to pathological parenting, as if learned behaviors could not be passed onto a child, biologically related, or not, another am came from an unremarkable family, and the third am came from \" the greatest parents in the world \" and according to her, she had the best childhood any person could ask for, somehow making her most fit to parent a child who turned - out to be nothing like any child found in her family.. in spite of these major differences, these three very different women share some very significant commonalities. each entered adoption with the belief that she had all that ' s needed be a really great ( adoptive ) mom. each adopted a child with the conviction that all a needy child ( \" orphan \" ) needs is love, and love is enough to make the parent - child relationship thrive and reward itself. each adopted at least one \" orphan \" with very complex \" special needs \". each chose her adoption agency with the same belief and confidence : \" this agency will provide all the information, tools, and support i need to help me make the perfect family, through adoption \". each used a private adoption agency, one that specialized in ica. sadly, and not all that surprising to me, each found herself in the all - too familiar scenario found in adoption - relationships that often end in disruption. each adoptive mother freely admitted she was unable to bond to one or more adopted child, claiming \" the child is too much ; he / she scares me ; the child is too difficult \". for these women, and so many adopters just like them, the \" forever family \" complete with \" unconditional love \" ( promised through an adoption agreement ) has become contingent upon one thing : the adopted child ' s behavior has to be \" good \", and not at all scary or too demanding or difficult. what baffles me is, with so much information now available through the internet and various adoption websites /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48865651961610146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.072878"} {"text": "contingent upon one thing : the adopted child ' s behavior has to be \" good \", and not at all scary or too demanding or difficult. what baffles me is, with so much information now available through the internet and various adoption websites / support groups, how is today ' s pap so unprepared and clueless? how is it possible for any pap to lack a decent understanding of core adoption issues ( like how stress affects the traumatized child ) and what it takes to properly parent today ' s \" orphan \" sent from abroad? while i could revert to my old ways, and simply hate all adopters, i feel it ' s important to share what it is i have learned through ppl and the stories shared with me by some really good ( patient!! ) amoms. the shortcomings found in the overwhelmed amothers i chose to write about were made worse by and through the private adoption agencies they used, and the american adoption industry, as a whole. the list of failures begins with the absence of the simplest of all parent - teaching lessons all paps need to know and recognize as seriously significant : to my knowledge, no agency addresses abuse statistics, as they relate to the female - child relationship. not one amother who contacts me has any knowledge just how easy it is for a woman to abuse a child with seemingly willful \" bad behavior \", and this blows my mind because it shows how little women know about the reasons and causes of violence against children. it then comes as no surprise to me that not one amother who contacts me is familiar with lloyd demause ( an adoptive father ) and his work, the history of child abuse and the evolution of childhood, two very compelling reads since the first piece begins with the following : in several hundred studies published by myself and my associates in the journal of psychohistory, we have provided extensive evidence that the history of childhood has been a nightmare from which we have only recently begun to awaken. the further back in history one goes - - and the further away from the west one gets - - the more massive the neglect and cruelty one finds and the more likely children are to have been killed, rejected, beaten, terrorized and sexually abused by their caretakers. indeed, my conclusion from a lifetime of psychohistorical study of childhood and society is that the history of humanity is founded upon the abuse of children. just as family therapists today find that child abuse often functions to hold families together as a way of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4711176032252417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.073951"} {"text": ", my conclusion from a lifetime of psychohistorical study of childhood and society is that the history of humanity is founded upon the abuse of children. just as family therapists today find that child abuse often functions to hold families together as a way of solving their emotional problems, so, too, the routine assault of children has been society ' s most effective way of maintaining its collective emotional homeostasis. most historical families once practiced infanticide, erotic beating and incest. most states sacrificed and mutilated their children to relieve the guilt of adults. even today, we continue to arrange the daily killing, maiming, molestation and starvation of children through our social, military and economic activities. i would like to summarize here some of the evidence i have found as to why child abuse has been humanity ' s most powerful and most successful ritual, why it has been the cause of war and social violence, and why the eradication of child abuse and neglect is the most important social task we face today how does this all fit with other failures found in and through the adoption process? in my mind, any adoption agency that does not help educate pap about the effects poor parenting has on a child, and any agency that does not help prepare an ap for the stress and strain child behavior can bring ( and easily trigger an unprepared parent ), that agency is not ensuring a child ' s best interests and greatest needs ( safety and guidance ) are not going to be met through adoption. in amk ' s case, the very reputable adoption agency ( with a very long history of great success with foreign adoptions ) failed both amother and achildren put in her care, in many ways. first, this agency encouraged her to become a mega - adopter. ( at no point did they tell this married woman, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 children with extensive \" special needs \" was too many for two average adults to handle ). second, this agency did not tell her that the third child she was going to receive had been sexually abused, repeatedly. she was approved over and over again to \" save orphans \" but she was given no tools, no guidance, no preparation in terms of what is needed to help heal and re - mold such a wounded child. instead, she was encouraged to adopt more children with \" special needs \". the end - result was tragic, yet not at all surprising : the most difficult child, the one with the most complex emotional needs, not only became sexual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46721438129223974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.075001"} {"text": "a wounded child. instead, she was encouraged to adopt more children with \" special needs \". the end - result was tragic, yet not at all surprising : the most difficult child, the one with the most complex emotional needs, not only became sexual with the family pet, he became sexual with the youngest child with the most physical deformities. that third adopted child among seven was eventually sent to live in a rtc. if / when he will get out has yet to be determined. all children in that home had to endure what should have been prevented, through the very \" reputable \" adoption agency. in aml ' s case, the private adoption agency she used promoted itself as an agency that was going to help save abandoned orphans, and promote single - parent / glbt adoptions. the two children put in her care both have very different personalities and needs. the oldest child is male, and an obvious favorite to the women in - charge. his temper tantrums are many ; their excuses for his behaviors are shameful. the younger child, a girl, has been almost forgotten. her neglect and feelings of displacement manifest themselves when she is at other people ' s homes. [ she has become a real social terror. ] home - life is rather trraditional : one partner works full - time, assuming the more traditional \" male \" role, while the other stays home, favoring the son. no agency rep visits this family to see how many times they have moved, switched schools, and changed various parts of their lives, all to please the young spoiled unhappy prince they have at home. i strongly believe it will only be a matter of time before the neglected little girl will act - out more, no doubt \" shocking \" both clueless women approved to adopt when they should otherwise have been told \" no! \". but try warning them about that... amm, in my mind, represents the worst and most typical of unprepared clueless aps out there. she asserts herself as the victim of a difficult adoption, and is in constant need of sympathy. she claims she has read all the best adoption books, has spoken to all the social workers, and has consulted every ap she knew and knows as to how to parent an angry adoptee. the adopted child was abandoned by his birthmother ; before living in - care, he lived on the streets. he was moved to america, thanks to this single - woman ' s dream to have a child who will love her un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46020325192875255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.076091"} {"text": "adoptee. the adopted child was abandoned by his birthmother ; before living in - care, he lived on the streets. he was moved to america, thanks to this single - woman ' s dream to have a child who will love her unconditionally. since his stay, he has been bullied at school ; he has been made fun by others because he has an accent and is not as quick as fellow students, making work at school very difficult. as a single - parent, with no family support system, she has been left alone to be all roles and fulfill all the many needs a young boy in that situation really needs. she is expected to be mothering nurturer, mentoring male - figure and round - the - clock care - taker, all while she goes to work / earn an income for herself and her son. she gets no breaks, and is unable to recognize how firm boundaries and set limits are an act of love to a child living in single - parent chaos. while i really empathize with her many difficult struggles, my empathy is limited since she, more than the other two, sees herself as the victimized martyr who never asked to be hated by the child who never asked to be \" saved \" by a single - female american adopter. it ' s hard to pity the woman who failed to see how difficult single - parenting a child ( now a growing teenage boy ) would be for her and the child who was handed a rough life. as a result, many of his own unresolved abandonment / adoption issues have morphed into something much bigger and complicated. it ' s hard to support the amother who does not want to follow advice that involves more work and therapy, but instead complains how all she wanted was love, not the \" scary bully \" she got through an adoption plan. to date, she ' s torn : does she use the ever - popular underground adoptive parent networks that help re - home unwanted adoptees, or does she stay with her \" forever \" son, even if doing so would require a lot more work from her. these are difficult choices for a woman who had a dream childhood but now finds her own dream - family ( made possible through private adoption ) got too rough and out of control, and not at all as described by the pro - adoption brochures promoted by the community she molded herself into. truth be told, it would not surprise me one bit if the aml and amm types are blogging all their woes on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48131170554965774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.078099"} {"text": "the induction lamp is one of the newer technologies in lighting. this new tech lamp offers high efficacy and a very long life. with a shape similar to that of an incandescent lamp, it is useful in a variety of applications : - hard - to - reach areas - lobbies and atriums - decorative street lighting - hazardous areas compared with the incandescent lamp, the induction bulb is about four times as efficient and lasts over 40 times longer. in fact, this lamp and generator system are rated at 100, 000 hours, as compared to incandescents, which burn only 750 to 2, 500 hours. when compared to metal halide lamps of similar wattages, the induction lamp lasts up to 10 times longer, has higher color rendering, starts instantly, and does not require the warm - up period of metal halide lamps. the induction lamp operates without an electrode. at the center of the lamp is the induction coil, powered by an electronic unit at the base of the lamp, which produces a magnetic field that produces light. this coil is sometimes referred to as an energy - coupling antenna. the glass assembly surrounding the induction coil contains a mercury electron - ion plasma material, which is energized in a magnetic field producing uv light. the inner portion of the glass is lined with a phosphor coating very similar to that in fluorescent lamps. the induction lamp offers many features that make it an attractive light source. with such a long rated life, these lamps seldom need replacing, rendering them virtually maintenance - free. this is particularly useful in applications where lamp replacement is cumbersome and expensive, as in some outdoor applications and in hard - to - reach areas. the induction lamp is also durable, and its light output is not significantly influenced by ambient temperature. this makes the induction lamp ideal for outdoor applications, where durability is certainly a high priority. - ultra - long life - - 100, 000 hours rated life - white light, excellent color rendering ( 80 + cri ) with choice of color temperatures - no color shift - high reliability - - instant start when cold and re - starting when hot - low emi complies with fcc non - consumer limits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5286767638713192, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.080893"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | philosophy index : aesthetics \u00b7 epistemology \u00b7 ethics \u00b7 logic \u00b7 metaphysics \u00b7 consciousness \u00b7 philosophy of language \u00b7 philosophy of mind \u00b7 philosophy of science \u00b7 social and political philosophy \u00b7 philosophies \u00b7 philosophers \u00b7 list of lists - main article : inductive deductive reasoning in traditional aristotelian logic, deductive reasoning is inference in which the conclusion is of no greater generality than the premises, as opposed to inductive reasoning, where the conclusion is of greater generality than the premises. other theories of logic define deductive reasoning as inference in which the conclusion is just as certain as the premises, as opposed to inductive reasoning, where the conclusion can have less certainty than the premises. in both approaches, the conclusion of a deductive inference is necessitated by the premises : the premises can ' t be true while the conclusion is false. ( in aristotelian logic, the premises in inductive reasoning can also be related in this way to the conclusion. ) - all men are mortal. - socrates is a man. - therefore socrates is mortal. - the picture is above the desk. - the desk is above the floor. - therefore the picture is above the floor. - all birds have wings. - a cardinal is a bird. - therefore a cardinal has wings. - every criminal opposes the government. - everyone in the opposition party opposes the government. - therefore everyone in the opposition party is a criminal. this is invalid because the premises fail to establish commonality between membership in the opposition party and being a criminal. this is the famous fallacy of the undistributed middle. | basic argument forms of the calculus | | modus ponens | | [ ( p \u2192 q ) \u2227 p ] q | | if p then q ; p ; therefore q | | modus tollens | | [ ( p \u2192 q ) \u2227 \u00acq ] \u00acp | | if p then q ; not q ; therefore not p | | hypothetical syllogism | | [ ( p \u2192 q ) \u2227 ( q \u2192 r ) ] ( p \u2192 r ) | | if p then q ; if q then r ; therefore, if p then r | | disjunctive syllogism | | [ ( p \u2228 q ) \u2227 \u00acp ] q | | either p or q ; not p ; therefore, q | | constructive dilemma | | [ ( p \u2192", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5516946830053526, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.092882"} {"text": "p then r | | disjunctive syllogism | | [ ( p \u2228 q ) \u2227 \u00acp ] q | | either p or q ; not p ; therefore, q | | constructive dilemma | | [ ( p \u2192 q ) \u2227 ( r \u2192 s ) \u2227 ( p \u2228 r ) ] ( q \u2228 s ) | | if p then q ; and if r then s ; but either p or r ; therefore either q or s | | destructive dilemma | | [ ( p \u2192 q ) \u2227 ( r \u2192 s ) \u2227 ( \u00acq \u2228 \u00acs ) ] ( \u00acp \u2228 \u00acr ) | | if p then q ; and if r then s ; but either not q or not s ; therefore rather not p or not r | | simplification | | ( p \u2227 q ) p | | p and q are true ; therefore p is true | | conjunction | | p, q ( p \u2227 q ) | | p and q are true separately ; therefore they are true conjointly | | addition | | p ( p \u2228 q ) | | p is true ; therefore the disjunction ( p or q ) is true | | composition | | [ ( p \u2192 q ) \u2227 ( p \u2192 r ) ] [ p \u2192 ( q \u2227 r ) ] | | if p then q ; and if p then r ; therefore if p is true then q and r are true | | de morgan ' s theorem ( 1 ) | | \u00ac ( p \u2227 q ) ( \u00acp \u2228 \u00acq ) | | the negation of ( p and q ) is equiv. to ( not p or not q ) | | de morgan ' s theorem ( 2 ) | | \u00ac ( p \u2228 q ) ( \u00acp \u2227 \u00acq ) | | the negation of ( p or q ) is equiv. to ( not p and not q ) | | commutation ( 1 ) | | ( p \u2228 q ) ( q \u2228 p ) | | ( p or q ) is equiv. to ( q or p ) | | commutation ( 2 ) | | ( p \u2227 q ) ( q \u2227 p ) | | ( p and q ) is equiv. to ( q and p ) | | association ( 1 ) | | [ p \u2228 ( q \u2228 r ) ] [ ( p \u2228 q ) \u2228 r ] | | p or ( q or r )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6024280655328662, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.094210"} {"text": "and q ) is equiv. to ( q and p ) | | association ( 1 ) | | [ p \u2228 ( q \u2228 r ) ] [ ( p \u2228 q ) \u2228 r ] | | p or ( q or r ) is equiv. to ( p or q ) or r | | association ( 2 ) | | [ p \u2227 ( q \u2227 r ) ] [ ( p \u2227 q ) \u2227 r ] | | p and ( q and r ) is equiv. to ( p and q ) and r | | distribution ( 1 ) | | [ p \u2227 ( q \u2228 r ) ] [ ( p \u2227 q ) \u2228 ( p \u2227 r ) ] | | p and ( q or r ) is equiv. to ( p and q ) or ( p and r ) | | distribution ( 2 ) | | [ p \u2228 ( q \u2227 r ) ] [ ( p \u2228 q ) \u2227 ( p \u2228 r ) ] | | p or ( q and r ) is equiv. to ( p or q ) and ( p or r ) | | double negation | | p \u00ac\u00acp | | p is equivalent to the negation of not p | | transposition | | ( p \u2192 q ) ( \u00acq \u2192 \u00acp ) | | if p then q is equiv. to if not q then not p | | material implication | | ( p \u2192 q ) ( \u00acp \u2228 q ) | | if p then q is equiv. to either not p or q | | material equivalence ( 1 ) | | ( p \u2194 q ) [ ( p \u2192 q ) \u2227 ( q \u2192 p ) ] | | ( p is equiv. to q ) means, ( if p is true then q is true ) and ( if q is true then p is true ) | | material equivalence ( 2 ) | | ( p \u2194 q ) [ ( p \u2227 q ) \u2228 ( \u00acq \u2227 \u00acp ) ] | | ( p is equiv. to q ) means, either ( p and q are true ) or ( both p and q are false ) | | exportation | | [ ( p \u2227 q ) \u2192 r ] [ p \u2192 ( q \u2192 r ) ] | | from ( if p and q are true then r is true ) we can prove ( if q is true then r is true, if p is true ) | | importation | | [ p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6154836113226817, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.096807"} {"text": "[ p \u2192 ( q \u2192 r ) ] | | from ( if p and q are true then r is true ) we can prove ( if q is true then r is true, if p is true ) | | importation | | [ p \u2192 ( q \u2192 r ) ] [ ( p \u2227 q ) \u2192 r ] | | tautology | | p ( p \u2228 p ) | | p is true is equiv. to p is true or p is true | in more formal terms, a deduction is a sequence of statements such that every statement can be derived from those before it. it is understandable, then, that this leaves open the question of how we prove the first sentence ( since it cannot follow from anything ). axiomatic propositional logic solves this by requiring the following conditions for a proof to be met : a proof of \u03b1 from an ensemble \u03c3 of well - formed - formulas ( wffs ) is a finite sequence of wffs : - \u03b2n = \u03b1 and for each \u03b2i ( 1 \u2264 i \u2264 n ), either - \u03b2i \u2208 \u03c3 - \u03b2i is an axiom, - \u03b2i is the output of modus ponens for two previous wffs, \u03b2i - g and \u03b2i - h. different versions of axiomatic propositional logics contain a few axioms, usually three or more than three, in addition to one or more inference rules. for instance, gottlob frege ' s axiomatization of propositional logic, which is also the first instance of such an attempt, has six propositional axioms and two rules. bertrand russell and alfred north whitehead also suggested a system with five axioms. for instance a version of axiomatic propositional logic due to jan lukasiewicz ( 1878 - 1956 ) has a set a of axioms adopted as follows : - [ pl1 ] p \u2192 ( q \u2192 p ) - [ pl2 ] ( p \u2192 ( q \u2192 r ) ) \u2192 ( ( p \u2192 q ) \u2192 ( p \u2192 r ) ) - [ pl3 ] ( \u00acp \u2192 \u00acq ) \u2192 ( q \u2192 p ) and it has the set r of rules of inference with one rule in it that is modu ponendo ponens as follows : - [ mp ] from \u03b1 and \u03b1 \u2192 \u03b2, infer \u03b2. the inference rule ( s ) allows us to derive the statements following the axioms or given wffs of the ensemble \u03c3. natural deductive logic edit in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6033696240250803, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.097908"} {"text": "| | ( 1 ) | | ( p \u2192 q ) | | a | | 3 | | ( 3 ) | | p | | a ( for raa ) | | 1, 2, 3 | | ( 5 ) | | q \u2227 \u00acq | | 2, 4, \u2227i | an example of the proof of a sequent ( a theorem in this case ) : | \u2228 \u00acp | | assumption number | | line number | | formula ( wff ) | | lines in - use and justification | | 1 | | ( 1 ) | | \u00ac ( p \u2228 \u00acp ) | | a ( for raa ) | | 2 | | ( 2 ) | | \u00acp | | a ( for raa ) | | 2 | | ( 3 ) | | ( p \u2228 \u00acp ) | | 2, \u2228i | | 1, 2 | | ( 4 ) | | ( p \u2228 \u00acp ) \u2227 \u00ac ( p \u2228 \u00acp ) | | 1, 2, \u2227i | | 1 | | ( 5 ) | | \u00ac\u00acp | | 2, 4, raa | | 1 | | ( 7 ) | | ( p \u2228 \u00acp ) | | 6, \u2228i | | 1 | | ( 8 ) | | ( p \u2228 \u00acp ) \u2227 \u00ac ( p \u2228 \u00acp ) | | 1, 7, \u2227i | | ( 9 ) | | \u00ac\u00ac ( p \u2228 \u00acp ) | | 1, 8, raa | | ( 10 ) | | ( p \u2228 \u00acp ) | | 9, dn | each rule of system l has its own requirements for the type of input ( s ) or entry ( es ) that it can accept and has its own way of treating and calculating the assumptions used by its inputs. - jennings, r. e., continuing logic, the course book of ' axiomatic logic ' in simon fraser university, vancouver, canada - zarefsky, david, argumentation : the study of effective reasoning parts i and ii, the teaching company 2002 - abductive reasoning - correspondence theory of truth - defeasible reasoning - hypothetico - deductive method - inductive reasoning - propositional calculus - retroductive reasoning | general : philosophy : eastern - western | history of philosophy : ancient - medieval - modern | portal | | lists : basic topics | topic list | philosophers | philosophies | glossary of philosophical \" isms \" | philosophical movements | publications | category listings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5900448213227447, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.099981"} {"text": "philosophy : eastern - western | history of philosophy : ancient - medieval - modern | portal | | lists : basic topics | topic list | philosophers | philosophies | glossary of philosophical \" isms \" | philosophical movements | publications | category listings... more lists | | branches : aesthetics | ethics | epistemology | logic | metaphysics | philosophy of : education, history, language, law, mathematics, mind, philosophy, politics, psychology, religion, science, social philosophy, social sciences | | schools : agnosticism | analytic philosophy | atheism | critical theory | determinism | dialectics | empiricism | existentialism | humanism | idealism | logical positivism | materialism | nihilism | postmodernism | rationalism | relativism | skepticism | theism | | references : philosophy primer | internet encyclo. of philosophy | philosophical dictionary | stanford encyclo. of philosophy | internet philosophy guide | cs : dedukce da : deduktion de : deduktion es : razonamiento deductivo fr : deduction logique ko : \u110b\u1167\u11ab\u110b\u1167\u11a8\u1107\u1165\u11b8 hr : dedukcija he : \u05d3\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4 hu : dedukcio nl : deductieno : deduksjon ( filosofi ) nn : deduksjonru : \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f sl : dedukcija sv : deduktionuk : \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f zh : | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5694082122207478, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.100609"} {"text": "methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | | pacinian corpuscle, with its system of capsules and central cavity. | a. arterial twig, ending in capillaries, which form loops in some of the intercapsular spaces, and one penetrates to the central capsule. b. the fibrous tissue of the stalk. n. nerve tube advancing to the central capsule, there losing its white matter, and stretching along the axis to the opposite end, where it ends by a tuberculated enlargement. | gray ' s | | subject # 233 1060 | | pacinian capsule labeled at bottom. | the pacinian corpuscle is oval shaped and approximately 1 mm in length. the entire corpuscle is wrapped by a layer of connective tissue. it has 20 to 60 concentric lamellae composed of fibrous connective tissue and fibroblasts, separated by gelatinous material. the lamellae are very thin, flat, modified schwann cells. in the center of the corpuscle is the inner bulb, a fluid - filled cavity with a single afferent unmyelinated nerve ending. pacinian corpuscles detect gross pressure changes and vibrations. any deformation in the corpuscle causes action potentials to be generated, by opening pressure - sensitive sodium ion channels in the axon membrane. this allows sodium ions to influx in, creating a receptor potential. these corpuscles are especially susceptible to vibrations, which they can sense even centimeters away. pacinian corpuscles cause action potentials when the skin is rapidly indented but not when the pressure is steady, due to the layers of connective tissue that cover the nerve ending. it is thought that they respond to high velocity changes in joint position. see also edit - virginia commonwealth university - anatomy atlases - microscopic anatomy, plate 06. 124 - dictionary at emedicine lamellated + corpuscles | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4901151871549434, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.104963"} {"text": "methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | psychological operations ( psyop, psyops ) are techniques used by military and police forces to influence a target audience ' s emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and behavior. target audiences can be governments, organizations, groups, and individuals, and are used in order to induce confessions, or reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorable to the originator ' s objectives. this concept has been used by military institutions throughout history, but it is only since the 20th century that it has been accorded the organizational and professional status it enjoys now. in the german bundeswehr, the zentrum operative information and its subordinated bataillon fur operative information 950 are responsible for the psyop efforts ( called operative information in german ). both the center and the battalion are subordinate to the new streitkraftebasis ( joint services support command, skb ) and together consist of about 1, 000 soldiers specialising in modern communication and media technologies. one project of the german psyop forces is the radio station stimme der freiheit ( voice of freedom ), heard by thousands of afghans. another is publication of various newspapers and magazines in kosovo and afghanistan. united kingdom edit in the british armed forces, psyops are handled by the tri - service 15 psychological operations group. united states edit - main article : psychological operations ( united states ) the purpose of united states psychological operations ( psyop ) is to induce or reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorable to u. s. objectives. in the united states department of defense, dedicated psychological operations units exist only in the united states army. however, the united states navy also plans and executes limited psyop missions. unlike some countries, united states psyop units and soldiers of all branches of the military are prohibited by law from conducting psyop missions on domestic audiences. while united states army psyop units may offer non - psyop support to domestic military missions, they can only target foreign audiences. within the u. s. psychological operations community, the correct acronym is psyop without the \" s \" at the end, as noted in fm 33 - 1 - 1. nato references will alternately list the capability as psyop or psyops, depending on the source ' s nation of origin. during the waco siege, the fbi and batf conducted psychological operations on the men, women and children inside the mount carmel complex. this included using loud speakers to play sounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5469270570788038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.108589"} {"text": "or psyops, depending on the source ' s nation of origin. during the waco siege, the fbi and batf conducted psychological operations on the men, women and children inside the mount carmel complex. this included using loud speakers to play sounds of animals being slaughtered, drilling noises and clips from talk shows about how david koresh was much hated. in addition, very bright, flashing lights were used at night. see also edit - psychological warfare - information warfare - psychological operations ( united states ) - 15 psychological operations group ( british armed forces ) - political warfare executive - psychological warfare division it is possible that psyops, using a combonation of the patriot act and the rave act, could engage in psychological warfare on those who produce, promote, or organize events centered around electronic music. these acts allow governmental agencies on all levels to coordinate and engage in psychological warfare against innocent civilians who use the electronic medium as a tool to create art. these acts could potentially lead to a constitutional conflict in regards to the quartering of troops as stated in the bill of rights. - psywar. org \u2014 psychological operations and black propaganda the history of psychological warfare / psyop with an extensive library of aerial propaganda leaflets. - iws \u2014 the information warfare site - u. s. \u2014 psyop producing mid - eastern kids comic book - the institute of heraldry \u2014 psychological operations - oss \u2014 development of psychological warfare ( wwii ) - clandestine radio - it : operazioni psicologiche - fi : psykologinen operaatio | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5231158752965868, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.109209"} {"text": "- mobile air quality studies ( maqs ) - an international project ( 2010 ) - due to an increasing awareness of the potential hazardousness of air pollutants, new laws, rules and guidelines have recently been implemented globally. in this respect, numerous studies have addressed traffic - related exposure to particulate matter using stationary technology so far. by contrast, only few studies used the advanced technology of mobile exposure analysis. the mobile air quality study ( maqs ) addresses the issue of air pollutant exposure by combining advanced high - granularity spatial - temporal analysis with vehicle - mounted, person - mounted and roadside sensors. the maqs - platform will be used by international collaborators in order 1 ) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to road structure, 2 ) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to traffic density, 3 ) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to weather conditions, 4 ) to compare exposure within vehicles between front and back seat ( children ) positions, and 5 ) to evaluate \" traffic zone \" - exposure in relation to non - \" traffic zone \" - exposure. primarily, the maqs - platform will focus on particulate matter. with the establishment of advanced mobile analysis tools, it is planed to extend the analysis to other pollutants including including no2, so2, nanoparticles, and ozone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5239695205974362, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.110802"} {"text": "property rights issues are once again on the minds of many americans as we mark the first anniversary of the supreme court ' s now infamous 5 - 4 kelo v. city of new london eminent domain decision. the decision affirmed the ability of governments to forcibly take private property for \" public purposes, \" even if those purposes serve fairly narrow private interests. the decision sparked outrage among many americans, who viewed the process of taking land from one private party and giving it to another, even with \" just compensation, \" to be fundamentally unfair and an abuse of government power. opinion polls have shown opposition to the use of eminent domain for economic development ranging from 70 percent to over 90 percent. this spawned a healthy revolt against abusive land seizures by governments across the nation. over the past year, at least 325 measures in 47 states have been proposed to protect against eminent domain abuses at the state level. in california alone, there have been 87 bills and several ballot initiatives proposed. one of those initiatives, the \" protect our homes \" initiative, may make the november 2006 ballot, pending signature verification. over one million signatures were submitted in support of the measure last month, far more than the nearly 600, 000 required to qualify for the ballot. but what has been the result of all the fist - waving and teeth - gnashing following the kelo decision? sadly, momentum for the issue seems to have waned in most of the country and the initial indignation over the supreme court ' s decision has been met not with a bang, but a whimper. several states \u2014 including alabama, delaware, ohio, and texas \u2014 have succeeded in passing eminent domain reforms, but most of these do not have any real teeth. according to timothy sandefur of the pacific legal foundation, laws like those in alabama and texas leave open the door to eminent domain abuse by still allowing governments to take land they deem \" blighted. \" while \" blighted \" property traditionally refers to property so dangerous to the public health that it must be removed, the term is so vaguely defined in the new legislation that it could mean anything the government wishes, including a perceived \" need \" for economic development. thus, the vocabulary may have changed from \" economic development \" to \" blight, \" but the recipe for takings abuse remains the same. at the federal level, the house of representatives last november overwhelmingly passed h. r. 4128, the private property rights protection act of 2005, which would deny federal economic development funds to state and local governments that utilize eminent domain for this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4664303758150426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.135219"} {"text": "the same. at the federal level, the house of representatives last november overwhelmingly passed h. r. 4128, the private property rights protection act of 2005, which would deny federal economic development funds to state and local governments that utilize eminent domain for this purpose. unfortunately, no action has been taken on the bill in the senate, where it has languished in the judiciary committee for over seven months. why property matters the founding fathers knew well the importance of private property in \" securing the blessings of liberty. \" the declaration of independence asserts our unalienable rights to \" life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, \" which was derived from john locke ' s two treatises of government ( 1689 ), in which locke describes our reasons for forming government in the first place : man \" is willing to join in society with others... for the mutual preservation of their lives, liberties and estates, which i call by the general name, property. \" earlier in the same essay, locke explains the importance of property even more starkly : - man being born... with a title to perfect freedom, and an uncontrouled enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of nature, equally with any other man... hath by nature a power, not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and attempts of other men ; but to judge of, and punish the breaches of that law in others. james madison, the fourth president of the united states and \" father of the constitution, \" similarly maintained in 1792 : - a man has a property in his opinions and the free communication of them. he has a property of peculiar value in his religious opinions, and in the profession and practice dictated by them. he has a property very dear to him in the safety and liberty of his person. he has an equal property in the free use of his faculties and free choice of the objects on which to employ them. in a word, as a man is said to have right to his property, he may be equally said to have a property in his rights. where an excess of power prevails, property of no sort is duly respected. no man is safe in his opinions, his person, his faculties, or his possessions. notice that locke and madison include among \" property \" people ' s very lives, their property in their own existence and the right to preserve that existence. other forms of property are no less important, for they are necessary to sustain our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47162957102578396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.136533"} {"text": "or his possessions. notice that locke and madison include among \" property \" people ' s very lives, their property in their own existence and the right to preserve that existence. other forms of property are no less important, for they are necessary to sustain our lives. if we are to live, we must also provide for food, clothing, shelter, and other needs and luxuries. we can obtain these things only through the fruits of our labor or through charity ( leaving aside the possibility of violating others ' rights through theft, either directly or by using the government as our agent to take from another and give to us ). in other words, you can talk all you want about the freedom of speech, but what good is it if you are unable to own a printing press or the paper ( or computer ) on which to write your ideas? you can pay lip service to the freedom of association, the freedom to peaceably assemble, and the freedom to practice any religion you want ( or none at all ), but what good is it if you are not permitted the opportunity to own the land on which to exercise these rights? you can have the right to keep and bear arms, but what good is it if you are not allowed to own any place to keep them? property rights are not just an academic concept or an economic expediency, they are inexorably intertwined with the human rights and freedoms we hold so dear. this is why the power of eminent domain is one of government ' s most evil, insidious powers. but, you may argue, when government invokes eminent domain to take someone ' s property, the \" takings clause \" of the fifth amendment says it must pay \" just compensation \" so that the property owner is no worse off than before the taking. the key question that must be asked is : who determines whether the compensation is \" just \"? it certainly isn ' t just to the property owners who simply desire to be left alone and remain in their homes ; otherwise, they would have simply accepted a buyout offer. so, the government has an appraisal done, oftentimes producing a lowball figure, and demands that the property owner take the offer and leave. never mind that the government - acquired appraisal may be only a fraction of what the owner could get for the property from another private party ( the government ' s claims of its offer ' s \" fair market value \" notwithstanding ). the government can offer below market value ( or reduce the value of the property", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5046827441948479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.137654"} {"text": "only a fraction of what the owner could get for the property from another private party ( the government ' s claims of its offer ' s \" fair market value \" notwithstanding ). the government can offer below market value ( or reduce the value of the property unilaterally by limiting its use through wetlands regulations or other tactics, but that must be a subject for another piece ) because it knows the property owner will probably be forced to take it. sure, he could try to fight a lengthy and costly court battle, but the government has access to skilled lawyers and unlimited funds ; the property owner ' s funds are quite limited, and, thus, so may be his ability to obtain capable legal talent. so, he is typically stuck with insufficient compensation for his property, and must additionally bear the time, energy, stress, and other costs associated with picking up his roots and relocating. the takings clause revisited perhaps the founding fathers erred in allowing government the power to take someone ' s property for any reason, regardless of \" just compensation. \" if someone has obtained his property legally and poses no threat to others through his use of the property, why should government be able to forcibly evict him at all? in fact, there were some among the american revolutionaries that did feel government should be prohibited from taking private property for any reason. the declaration of rights of the pennsylvania constitution of 1776 affirms : \" no part of a man ' s property can be justly taken from him or applied to public uses without his own consent or that of his legal representatives. \" this language is repeated in the delaware declaration of rights ( 1776 ) and the vermont constitution of 1777. put another way, what difference does it make if the government takes one ' s property for \" public use \" or \" private use \"? after all, the public might get more \" use \" out of a new wal - mart than a fancy new government building, and the jobs and low - priced goods wal - mart offers would be available to anyone, as opposed to, say, a school, which serves only a certain segment of the population ( those with school - aged children ). moreover, governments routinely take property in the form of taxes and redistribute it to other private parties. even in cases where money is purportedly spent in the interest of the taxpayer, many would question whether such acts constitute \" just compensation. \" why should one ' s \" money property \" not enjoy the same protection as his \" land property \" against government takings and redistribution to private", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4748564738427511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.138802"} {"text": "purportedly spent in the interest of the taxpayer, many would question whether such acts constitute \" just compensation. \" why should one ' s \" money property \" not enjoy the same protection as his \" land property \" against government takings and redistribution to private parties? the kelo decision was not earth - shattering in that it merely confirmed what has been going on across the country for years and years. the supreme court ' s faith in the \" public purpose \" doctrine of eminent domain was nonetheless incredibly disappointing to those who recognize the importance of property rights in a free society. the silver lining to the decision is that it made the plight of innocent homeowners abused by the government real to many who have thus far ignored such government transgressions because they did not affect them directly. the firestorm of support for eminent domain reform seems to have diminished somewhat over the past year, however. we must be ever vigilant and wary of watered - down \" reform \" measures if we are to regain the protections our private property so richly deserves. private property is not merely the things we purchase with our money. it is the things that sustain and enrich our lives, the places and things that allow us to express our other rights and enjoy our other freedoms. property rights are human rights. the founding fathers understood this well. this is why they spoke of property in the same vein as life and liberty. if we are unwilling to demand that our property be protected, rather than seized by a capricious and avaricious government, we will find, only when it is too late, that we have sacrificed our lives and our liberties as well. during the course of researching this article, i came across a number of great quotes on property rights from several of the founding fathers and some of the great thinkers and adherents to the philosophy of freedom. there were far too many to include in this piece, but i thought readers of this article might enjoy them as much as i did, so i am including them here : all men have equal rights to liberty, to their property, and to the protection of the laws. \u2014 voltaire, essay on manners, 1756 the system of private property is the most important guaranty of freedom, not only for those who own property, but scarcely less for those who do not. \u2014 friedrich august von hayek, the road to serfdom, 1944 if we wish to preserve a free society, it is essential that we recognize that the desirability of a particular object is not sufficient justification for the use of coerc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4739948787010455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.139991"} {"text": ". \u2014 friedrich august von hayek, the road to serfdom, 1944 if we wish to preserve a free society, it is essential that we recognize that the desirability of a particular object is not sufficient justification for the use of coercion. \u2014 friedrich august von hayek, the constitution of liberty, 1960 property is surely a right of mankind as real as liberty. \u2014 john adams, dissertation on the canon and the feudal law, 1765 property must be secured, or liberty cannot exist. \u2014 john adams, a balanced government ( 1790 ) in discourses on davila ( 1805 ), reprinted in 6 works of john adams ( 1851 ed. ) now what liberty can there be where property is taken away without consent? \u2014 samuel adams, the rights of the colonists, the report of the committee of correspondence to the boston town meeting, november 20, 1772 private property and freedom are inseparable. \u2014 george washington you cannot have a free society without private property. \u2014 milton friedman man is born into the universe with a personality that is his own. he has a right that is founded upon the constitution of the universe to have property that is his own. ultimately, property rights and personal rights are the same thing. the one cannot be preserved if the other be violated. \u2014 calvin coolidge, \" have faith in massachusetts, \" massachusetts senate president acceptance speech, january 7, 1914 the right of liberty means man ' s right to individual action, individual initiative and individual property. without the right to private property no independent action is possible. \u2014 ayn rand, \" the only path to tomorrow, \" 1944 the right to life is the source of all rights \u2014 and the right to property is their only implementation. without property rights, no other rights are possible. since man has to sustain his life by his own effort, the man who has no right to the product of his effort has no means to sustain his life. the man who produces while others dispose of his product, is a slave. \u2014 ayn rand, \" man ' s rights \" in the virtue of selfishness, 1964 the sacred rights of property are to be guarded at every point. i call them sacred, because, if they are unprotected, all other rights become worthless or visionary. what is personal liberty, if it does not draw after it the right to enjoy the fruits of our own industry? what is political liberty, if it imparts only perpetual poverty to us and all our posterity? what is the privilege of a vote, if the majority", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5119833348551807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.141081"} {"text": ", if it does not draw after it the right to enjoy the fruits of our own industry? what is political liberty, if it imparts only perpetual poverty to us and all our posterity? what is the privilege of a vote, if the majority of the hour may sweep away the earnings of our whole lives, to gratify the rapacity of the indolent, the cunning, or the profligate, who are borne into power upon the tide of a temporary popularity? \u2014 joseph story, associate justice of the united states supreme court, william w. story, ed., \" the value and importance of legal studies \" in miscellaneous writings of joseph story ( boston : c. c. little and j. brown, 1852 ), 503, 519 the dichotomy between personal liberties and property rights is a false one. property does not have rights. people have rights. the right to enjoy property without unlawful deprivation, no less than the right to speak or the right to travel, is in truth, a \" personal \" right, whether the \" property \" in question be a welfare check, a home, or a savings account. in fact, a fundamental interdependence exists between the personal right to liberty and the personal right in property. \u2014 potter stewart, associate justice of the united states supreme court, lynch v. household finance corp., 405 u. s. 538, 552 ( 1972 ) each of us has a natural right \u2014 from god \u2014 to defend his person, his liberty, and his property. these are the three basic requirements of life, and the preservation of any one of them is completely dependent upon the preservation of the other two. for what are our faculties but the extension of our individuality? and what is property but an extension of our faculties? \u2014 frederic bastiat, the law, 1850 the three great rights are so bound together as to be essentially one right. to give a man his life but deny him his liberty, is to take from him all that makes his life worth living. to give him his liberty but take from him the property which is the fruit and badge of his liberty, is to still leave him a slave. \u2014 george sutherland, associate justice of the united states supreme court, 1921, quoted in cleon skousen, the five thousand year leap ( washington, dc : national center for constitutional. studies, 1981 ), p. 173. the great and chief end, therefore, of men uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45143827408234655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.142165"} {"text": "cleon skousen, the five thousand year leap ( washington, dc : national center for constitutional. studies, 1981 ), p. 173. the great and chief end, therefore, of men uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property. \u2014 john locke, two treatises of government, 1690, book ii, chapter ix, sec. 124 the supreme power cannot take from any man any part of his property without his own consent.... men therefore in society having property, they have such a right to the goods, which by the law of the community are theirs, that no body hath a right to take their substance or any part of it from them, without their own consent : without this they have no property at all ; for i have truly no property in that, which another can by right take from me, when he pleases, against my consent. hence it is a mistake to think, that the supreme or legislative power of any commonwealth, can do what it will, and dispose of the estates of the subject arbitrarily, or take any part of them at pleasure. \u2014 john locke, two treatises of government, book ii, chapter xi, sec. 138 there is, therefore, secondly, another way whereby governments are dissolved, and that is, when the legislative, or the prince, either of them, act contrary to their trust. first, the legislative acts against the trust reposed in them, when they endeavor to invade the property of the subject, and to make themselves, or any part of the community, masters, or arbitrary disposers of the lives, liberties, or fortunes of the people. \u2014 john locke, two treatises of government, 1690, book ii, chapter xix, sec. 221 whenever the legislators endeavor to take away and destroy the property of the people, or to reduce them to slavery under arbitrary power, they put themselves into a state of war with the people, who are thereupon absolved from any further obedience. \u2014 john locke, two treatises of government, 1690, book ii, chapter xix, sec. 222 all men are created equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity ; among which are the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing the obtaining of happiness and safety. \u2014 george mason, first draft, virginia declaration of rights, may 1776 that all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5172723434462112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.143315"} {"text": "divest their posterity ; among which are the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing the obtaining of happiness and safety. \u2014 george mason, first draft, virginia declaration of rights, may 1776 that all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity ; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. \u2014 george mason, virginia declaration of rights, article 1, 1776 all men, having sufficient evidence of permanent common interest with, and attachment to, the community have the right of suffrage and cannot be taxed or deprived of their property for public uses without their own consent or that of their representatives so elected. \u2014 george mason, virginia declaration of rights, article 6, 1776 no part of a man ' s property can be justly taken from him or applied to public uses without his own consent or that of his legal representatives. \u2014 this language is included in several early state constitutions, including the pennsylvania constitution of 1776, declaration of rights, article xiii ; delaware declaration of rights, section 10, 1776 ; and vermont constitution of 1777, chapter 1, article ix. no power on earth has a right to take our property from us without our consent. \u2014 john jay, first chief justice of the united states supreme court and co - author of the federalist papers, \" address to the people of great britain, \" october 1774 so great, moreover, is the regard of the law for private property, that it will not authorize the least violation of it ; no, not even for the general good of the whole community. if a new road, for instance, were to be made through the grounds of a private person, it might perhaps be extensively beneficial to the public ; but the law permits no man, or set of men, to do this without consent of the owner of the land. in vain may it be urged, that the good of the individual ought to yield to that of the community ; for it would be dangerous to allow any private man, or even any public tribunal, to be the judge of this common good, and to decide whether it be expedient or no. besides, the public good is in nothing more essentially interested, than in the protection of every individuals private rights, as modeled by the municipal law. \u2014 sir william blacks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47969450725684226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.146255"} {"text": "of this common good, and to decide whether it be expedient or no. besides, the public good is in nothing more essentially interested, than in the protection of every individuals private rights, as modeled by the municipal law. \u2014 sir william blackstone, commentaries on the laws of england, 1765 it is evident that the right of acquiring and possessing property, and having it protected, is one of the natural, inherent, and inalienable rights of man. men have a sense of property : property is necessary to their subsistence, and correspondent to their natural wants and desires ; its security was one of the objects that induced them to unite in society. no man would become a member of a community, in which he could not enjoy the fruits of his honest labor and industry. the preservation of property then is a primary object of the social compact.... where is the security, where is the inviolability of property, if the legislature, by a private act, affecting particular persons only, can take land from one citizen, who acquired it legally, and vest it in another? \u2014 william paterson, associate justice of the united states supreme court and signer of the constitution, van horne ' s lessee v. dorrance, 2 u. s. ( 2 dall. ) 304, 309, 311 - 12 ( 1795 ) government is instituted to protect property of every sort ; as well that which lies in the various rights of individuals, as that which the term particularly expresses. this being the end of government, that alone is a just government which impartially secures to every man whatever is his own. \u2014 james madison, \" property, \" national gazette, march 27, 1792 government is instituted no less for protection of the property, than of the persons, of individuals. \u2014 james madison, federalist no. 54 it is sufficiently obvious, that persons and property are the two great subjects on which governments are to act ; and that the rights of persons, and the rights of property, are the objects, for the protection of which government was instituted. these rights cannot well be separated. \u2014 james madison, speech at the virginia constitutional convention, december 2, 1829 by liberty i understand the power which every man has over his own actions, and his right to enjoy the fruits of his labour, art, and industry, as far as by it he hurts not the society, or any members of it, by taking from any member, or by hindering him from enjoying what he himself enjoys. the fruits of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5247322902429528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.147296"} {"text": "the fruits of his labour, art, and industry, as far as by it he hurts not the society, or any members of it, by taking from any member, or by hindering him from enjoying what he himself enjoys. the fruits of a mans honest industry are the just rewards of it, ascertained to him by natural and eternal equity, as is his title to use them in the manner which he thinks fit : and thus, with the above limitations, every man is sole lord and arbitrer of his own private actions and property. \u2014 thomas gordon, cato ' s letters, no. 62, january 20, 1721 as property, honestly obtained, is best secured by an equality of rights, so ill - gotten property depends for protection on a monopoly of rights. he who has robbed another of his property, will next endeavor to disarm him of his rights, to secure that property ; for when the robber becomes the legislator he believes himself secure. \u2014 thomas paine, dissertations on first principles of government, 1795 i consider the war of america against britain as the country ' s war, the public ' s war, or the war of the people in their own behalf, for the security of their natural rights, and the protection of their own property. \u2014 thomas paine, on financing the war, 1782 the true foundation of republican government is the equal right of every citizen in his person and property, and in their management. try by this, as a tally, every provision of our constitution, and see if it hangs directly on the will of the people. \u2014 thomas jefferson, letter to samuel kercheval, july 12, 1816, in albert ellery bergh, ed., \" the writings of thomas jefferson, \" ( washington, d. c. : thomas jefferson memorial association, 1907 ), vol. 15, p. 36. next to the right of liberty, the right of property is the most important individual right guaranteed by the constitution and the one which, united with that of personal liberty, has contributed more to the growth of civilization than any other institution established by the human race. \u2014 william howard taft, popular government, 1913", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47275696267538037, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.148708"} {"text": "- geneva - u. s. and european intelligence agencies are reporting mounting evidence that russia and china have massively violated the 1972 biological and toxic weapons convention and subsequent international and bilateral agreements to control biowarfare weapons. - the convention, signed by 169 nations, prohibits the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, transfer or use of chemical and biological weapons. - all signatories with biowarfare arsenals are pledged to eliminate such weapons over 10 years. while russia and china appear to have ceased adding to their huge stockpiles of chemical weapons, both are developing new strains of highly lethal biological toxins. - according to ken alibek, a former deputy director of the top secret soviet - era biowarfare program, who defected to the west, moscow never ended its offensive biological warfare research. alibek claims russia has stockpiled many hundreds of tonnes of anthrax and plague, as well as smaller quantities of smallpox, ebola and marburg viruses, and toxins designed to attack plants and animals. russia is also developing a new strain of \" invisible \" biowarfare agents, known as bioregulators, that destroy the body ' s immune or neurological systems. - the highest - ranking defector from russia ' s biowarfare program ever to come west also claims that in 1985 former soviet leader mikhail gorbachev secretly authorized a five - year program to develop weaponized germs and viruses, some of which were mounted on multiple warheads of the large ss - 18 icbms targeted at north america. alibek also says china, which claims to have abandoned biowarfare production and eliminated stockpiles, is producing hemorrhagic viruses at lop nor in central asia and suffered two major accidents in the late 1980s that killed hundreds of people. - many toxins being developed in russia have been biologically engineered to resist antibiotics, notably a super - strain of anthrax that is apparently impervious to the anti - anthrax inoculations now being given to nato troops. - alibek and other russian defectors also confirmed the soviet union used chemical and biological weapons in afghanistan from 1980 - 89. while covering the war there, i saw numerous cases of grave injuries or death inflicted on the afghan mujahedeen by mysterious soviet weapons. after being sprayed by a fine chemical mist, or exposed to gas, people would turn black and die, bleed profusely from all body orifices, choke and vomit or become disoriented and dazed. bodies of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5022339046669528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.154942"} {"text": "mysterious soviet weapons. after being sprayed by a fine chemical mist, or exposed to gas, people would turn black and die, bleed profusely from all body orifices, choke and vomit or become disoriented and dazed. bodies of some victims would putrefy almost immediately. - the soviets also employed glanders, a highly contagious horse disease, to kill the animal transport used by the afghan resistance and ergot fungus to destroy wheat. none of the biowarfare agents used by the u. s. s. r. in afghanistan, save glanders, have ever been identified by western scientists. the west, while scourging iraq for using chemical weapons against iran and its rebellious kurds, chose to ignore employment by the u. s. s. r. of more sophisticated toxic agents in afghanistan. - western protests over russia ' s latest germ warfare projects and demands for inspection of its four major biowarfare labs have been rebuffed by russia. the bill clinton administration, influenced by the strongly pro - russian strobe talbot, has repeatedly rejected demands by congress to cut off billions in u. s. aid in order to pressure moscow into ceasing its illegal biowarfare programs. europe, which also bankrolls boris yeltsin ' s regime, has been similarly negligent in pressing moscow on this vital issue. - some of the 60, 000 scientists and technicians formerly employed in the soviet biological warfare establishment have reportedly been employed by iraq, israel, iran, syria and serbia - all of which have extensive biowarfare arsenals. india may also have received substantial russian aid to develop its growing biowarfare capabilities. - alibek testified before the u. s. congress that he defected after learning that while the west had virtually eliminated its toxic arsenals, russia was not only continuing soviet biowarfare programs but accelerating them, with 2, 000 scientists alone working on new, genetically engineered strains of anthrax at a top secret island base in the aral sea. he claims such toxic agents have little tactical military value and are of use only as mass terror weapons designed to compensate for russia ' s and china ' s relative backwardness in conventional military systems. - these terror agents are being produced in a large complex at kirov, east of moscow, compound 19 at ekaterinburg in the urals, sergeiv possad outside moscow and at a new complex at strizhy, close to kirov. the laboratory at ekaterinburg ( formerly sv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4928803096902242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.157064"} {"text": "what is an ssl certificate? the secure sockets layer ( ssl ) protects data transferred over http using encryption enabled by a servers ssl certificate. an ssl certificate is an electronic file that uniquely identifies individuals and web sites and enables encrypted communications. an ssl certificate contains a public key and a private key. a public key is used to encrypt information and a private key is used to decipher it. when a browser points to a secured domain, an ssl handshake authenticates the server and the client and establishes an encryption method and a unique session key. they can begin a secure session that guarantees message privacy and message integrity. ssl certificates serve as a kind of digital passport or credential. typically, the \" signer \" of a certificate is a \" certificate authority \" ( ca ), such as verisign. encryption, the process of transforming information to make it unintelligible to all but the intended recipient, forms the basis of data integrity and privacy necessary for e - commerce. customers submit sensitive information and purchase goods or services via the web only when they are confident that their personal information is secure. the solution for businesses that are serious about online transactions is to implement a trust infrastructure based on encryption technology. the diagram below illustrates the process that guarantees protected communications between a web server and a client. all exchanges of ssl certificates occur within seconds, and require no action by the consumer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6104892995650153, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.159036"} {"text": "gay - rights activists are celebrating in puerto rico after the senate passed a sweeping bill that bans discrimination on sexual orientation and gender identity. the puerto rico senate voted on may 16, 15 - 11, to pass bill 238 just days after san juan mayor carmen yulin cruz issued two executive orders banning discrimination against the city \u2019 s lgbt municipal employees. now, the bill moves on to the house and faces hurdles from a group of lawmakers in the lower chamber who have come out against it. the bill, though, has one famous supporter. puerto rican ricky martin released a statement in support of the law. \u201c the rights of homosexual people are human rights and human rights are for everyone, \u201d martin said in the letter released by his representative in san juan. for the original report go to http : / / www. passportmagazine. com / blog / archives / 28490 - puerto - rico - senate - approves - anti - discrimination - bill - moves - on - to - house. html the indian caribbean museum, described as \u201c a national treasure, a window to the past, and an opportunity to see history come alive \u201d, has been cited by a national geographic publication that showcases 500 of the world \u2019 s most powerful and spiritual places and guides travellers who wish to visit them, as paras ramoutar reports in this article for twocircles. com. \u201c this is a fitting recognition in just seven years of our existence, especially as we celebrate the 168th indian arrival day may 30, \u201d sansbhan jokhoo, the curator of the museum that serves as a link between indentured indian labourers and the present, told ians. \u201c the indian caribbean museum has international prominence and recognition as the only one of its kind in the world. not even india has one. and before the inauguration of the kolkata memorial last year planners from india came to visit our facility, \u201d jokhoo said. the kolkata memorial, in the city \u2019 s garden reach area, remembers the indentured indian labourers who left india during the 19th & early 20th centuries to work on plantations in the west indies. between 1845 and 1917, approximately 148, 000 indians were brought to this country, principally from bihar and uttar pradesh, and worked to rescue the decaying plantations following the abolition of slavery by the british government. it is to keep alive their memory that satnarayan maharaj, secretary general of the sanatan dharma maha sabha ( sdms ) launched the museum, which features in \u201c sacred places of a lifetime \u2013 500 of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3896630494327993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.182617"} {"text": "slavery by the british government. it is to keep alive their memory that satnarayan maharaj, secretary general of the sanatan dharma maha sabha ( sdms ) launched the museum, which features in \u201c sacred places of a lifetime \u2013 500 of the world \u2019 s most peaceful and powerful destinations \u201d. the collection includes items such as rare musical instruments, agricultural objects, cooking utensils, pieces of clothing, ancient photographs and historical books. objects of historical and aesthetic value include a sapat ( wooden slipper ) jata ( grinding stone ) boli ( gourd bowl ) and hassawa ( grass knife ). there is also a huge copper basin that was used for boiling cane syrup in the sugar factories up to the 1930s, and a dekha ( a wooden contraption used for grinding cocoa, coffee beans, corn and rice ). the museum, which has become a research centre with the country \u2019 s national archives, also houses an art gallery, a reference library and a computerised genealogical database. a botanical garden is also in the making. the institution is a member of the caribbean museum association, which comprises 20 institutions spread across the region. \u201c the indian caribbean museum is a national treasure, a window to the past, and an opportunity to see history come alive. to many visitors, it evokes memories of the past, a link to the present, and a vision for the future. the museum serves as a foundation for collective memory, cultural continuity and national development, \u201d jokhoo said. \u201c it provides a common experience that families can share across generations and serve as a link between revered ancestors and living people. the museum provides information on the cultural heritage of indians in the caribbean to themselves and to people of all ethnic backgrounds, \u201d he added. \u201c the caribbean indian museum holds fundamental importance and relevance to the continued kinship and affinity with india, and within the entire indian diaspora, as it has myriad symbolic, cultural, religious and transcendental interpretations and meanings for all. it remains a monument for posterity. it will remain ageless, \u201d jokhoo said. since its inception, in excess of 45, 000 persons from all walks of life from the four corners of the globe have visited the museum, according to ann marie ramhit, an assistant. she said that dennison moore, who wrote the canadian government \u2019 s policy on multiculturalism, recently donated 107 books reflecting different aspects of india and the diaspora to the library. \u201c this donation has augmented our educational stock for research, as well as for leisure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4208127748476329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.183638"} {"text": "said that dennison moore, who wrote the canadian government \u2019 s policy on multiculturalism, recently donated 107 books reflecting different aspects of india and the diaspora to the library. \u201c this donation has augmented our educational stock for research, as well as for leisure reading, \u201d ramhit added. winston dookeran, now the trinidad and tobago foreign minister, had in 2006 opened the museum, located in the west - central part of trinidad. for the original report go to http : / / twocircles. net / 2013may23 / indian _ caribbean _ museum _ nat _ geo _ list _ 500 _ sacred _ places. html scientists say three to six major hurricanes will hit us, some in areas far beyond those typically associated with extreme storms, as suzanne goldenberg reports in this article for london \u2019 s guardian. americans were warned on thursday to brace for an extremely active hurricane season \u2013 less than a year after the devastation of sandy, which hit the east coast in october 2012 \u2013 with 13 to 20 named storms, including seven to 11 hurricanes. the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, releasing its annual forecast, said 2013 would be prolific in raising storms out of the atlantic and caribbean. of the predicted hurricanes, noaa predicted that three to six could be major hurricanes, rated category three and packing winds of 111mph or higher. thursday \u2019 s forecast was well above the average of 12 named storms, eight hurricanes and three major hurricanes. administration officials also warned that the impacts of those storms \u2013 as with sandy and irene in 2011 \u2013 could be felt in areas far beyond those typically associated with hurricanes and tropical storms. sandy killed scores as it made its way across the caribbean to the north - east us. while it was only a category two storm when it made landfall near atlantic city in new jersey, sandy caused more than $ 75bn in damage. lower manhattan was knocked off the electrical grid for days because of storm surges and coastal communities have yet to recover. \u201c as we saw first - hand with sandy, it \u2019 s important to remember that tropical storm and hurricane impacts are not limited to the coastline. strong winds, torrential rain, flooding, and tornadoes often threaten inland areas far from where the storm first makes landfall, \u201d said kathryn sullivan, the acting noaa administrator. noaa scientists said there were three main causes behind the forecast of an extremely active season. they included a continuation of an atmospheric climate pattern, which includes a strong west african monsoon, that has been contributing to high activity during atlantic hurricane season since the 1990s. warmer ocean temperatures in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43056548371800285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.184841"} {"text": "were three main causes behind the forecast of an extremely active season. they included a continuation of an atmospheric climate pattern, which includes a strong west african monsoon, that has been contributing to high activity during atlantic hurricane season since the 1990s. warmer ocean temperatures in the atlantic and caribbean oceans, where many storms originate, are also making for stronger storms. officials said temperatures were on average about 0. 8 of one degree fahrenheit above average. el nino, which can inhibit storm systems, was not expected to develop during this year \u2019 s hurricane season. the season runs from 1 june to 1 november. \u201c there are no mitigating factors that we can see that will suppress the activity, \u201d said gerry bell, noaa \u2019 s lead atlantic hurricane forecaster. \u201c the computer models all point to an active, or very active, hurricane season. \u201d thursday \u2019 s forecast was released at a time when republicans in congress are sharply scrutinising noaa \u2019 s role in forecasting. earlier in the day, a house committee held a hearing to discuss privatising some of the forecasting functions that are overseen by the premier scientific agency. there has also been criticism of noaa \u2019 s messaging in advance of hurricane sandy, and whether its decision to officially downgrade the storm when it made landfall in new jersey induced a false sense of security among some coastal communities. noaa officials, in unveiling their 2013 forecast, noted improvements to computer models that would allow better far - range prediction of storms. new doppler radar data, to be introduced in july, will allow forecasters to better analyse rapidly changing storm conditions, officials said. however, the officials said it was impossible at this juncture to predict which coastal communities along the atlantic coast are most likely to be hit this year. it is also not yet clear when the storms will hit. as sullivan noted, sandy struck in the waning days of the hurricane season. \u201c hurricane sandy was at the very end of the hurricane season and yet was one of the most devastating storms that we have ever seen, \u201d she said. but officials said repeatedly that residents the length of the coast \u2013 and beyond \u2013 needed to prepare in advance, in order to be able to ride out storms in their homes or, if needed, have an exit plan in place. such preparations should include putting aside a 72 - hour supply of food and water at home, or having an evacuation plan in case of storm damage or flooding. \u201c this is a very dangerous hurricane season, \u201d said joe nimmich", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44456542027639695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.186104"} {"text": "plan in place. such preparations should include putting aside a 72 - hour supply of food and water at home, or having an evacuation plan in case of storm damage or flooding. \u201c this is a very dangerous hurricane season, \u201d said joe nimmich, who directs disaster response and recovery for the federal emergency management agency. \u201c if you are not prepared you may become one of the statistics we don \u2019 t care to have. \u201d for the original report go to http : / / www. guardian. co. uk / world / 2013 / may / 23 / noaa - forecast - active - hurricane - season the special issue, edited by lorna burns and wendy knepper, seeks to \u201c sound new directions in harris studies and attempt both to reinvigorate the current file and establish a new agenda for future scholarship. \u201d journal of postcolonial writing, vol. 49, no. 2, 01 may 2013 is now available on taylor & francis online. special issue : \u201c - scapes \u201d of globality in the work of wilson harris this new issue contains the following articles : articles revisionary \u201c - scapes \u201d of globality in the work of wilson harris : introduction lorna burns & wendy knepper pages : 127 - 132 doi : 10. 1080 / 17449855. 2013. 776361 the reality of trespass : wilson harris and an impossible poetics of the americas gemma robinson pages : 133 - 147 doi : 10. 1080 / 17449855. 2013. 776372 the \u201c impossible quest for wholeness \u201d : sugar, cassava, and the ecological aesthetic in the guyana quartet michael niblett pages : 148 - 160 doi : 10. 1080 / 17449855. 2013. 776374 cataclysmic life in wilson harris \u2019 s jonestown wendy knepper pages : 161 - 173 doi : 10. 1080 / 17449855. 2013. 776376 philosophy of the imagination : time, immanence and the events that wound us in wilson harris \u2019 s jonestown lorna burns pages : 174 - 186 doi : 10. 1080 / 17449855. 2013. 776378 legends of the fall : on rereading companions of the day and night michael mitchell pages : 187 - 197 doi : 10. 1080 / 17449855. 2013. 776383 kaieteur : place of the pharmakos and deconstruction tim cribb pages : 198", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49120988717822833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.187197"} {"text": "and night michael mitchell pages : 187 - 197 doi : 10. 1080 / 17449855. 2013. 776383 kaieteur : place of the pharmakos and deconstruction tim cribb pages : 198 - 208 doi : 10. 1080 / 17449855. 2013. 776386 intrasubjectivity in the philosophy of wilson harris paget henry pages : 209 - 221. doi : 10. 1080 / 17449855. 2013. 779093 as part of the international colloquium \u201c la diversidad cultural en el caribe \u201d [ cultural diversity in the caribbean ] being held from may 20 to may 24, 2013, casa de las americas presents \u201c rostros del carnaval \u201d [ faces of the carnival ] a photographic exhibition by mario picayo and mariano hernandez. the exhibition opens tonight, thursday, may 23, at 7 : 00pm, at galeria mariano. the gallery is located at # 607 15th street, between avenues b and c in vedado ( havana, cuba ). for more information, see http : / / www. lapapeleta. cult. cu / actividad / detalles / 1429 - rostros - del - carnaval / the 13th international conference on caribbean literature ( iccl ) \u2014 panama in the caribbean : the caribbean in panama \u2014 will be hosted by the university of panama, the country \u2019 s largest and most renowned institution of higher learning, on november 13 - 16, 2013. the deadline for submissions is july 15, 2013. description : for this historic event, iccl will assemble 150 - 200 scholars from a host of colleges and universities in central america, south america, the caribbean, north america, europe, asia and africa. the hosts have arranged a unique program to interact with the panamanian people as you explore important historical and cultural sites in panama city, while you engage in lectures, discussions, readings, and performances by prominent panamanian scholars, writers, and artists. of course, you will be afforded the unforgettable experience of touring one of the world \u2019 s technological, commercial, and geographical wonders : the panama canal. although the organizers are particularly interested in caribbean literature, presentatios may focus on any aspect of caribbean culture. papers and panels may be presented in spanish, french, and english. please send one - page abstracts as indicated below : ( french or spanish presentations ) dr. jorge roman - lagunas department of modern languages purdue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.456498276321483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.188258"} {"text": "focus on any aspect of caribbean culture. papers and panels may be presented in spanish, french, and english. please send one - page abstracts as indicated below : ( french or spanish presentations ) dr. jorge roman - lagunas department of modern languages purdue university calumet 2200 169th street hammond, in 46323 - 2094 phone : 219 - 989 - 2379 fax : 219 - 746 - 9372 email : email @ example. com ( english presentations ) dr. melvin b. rahming department of english morehouse college 830 westview dr., s. w. atlanta, ga 30314phone : 404 - 572 - 3607 fax : 404 - 614 - 8545 email : firstname. lastname @ example. org for further conference details, visitwww. icclconference. org today ( may 23, 2013 ), campus principal and pro vice chancellor, professor clement sankat, will host a public lecture and launch of britain \u2019 s black debt : reparation for caribbean slavery & native genocide, a book by professor sir hilary beckles, at the daaga auditorium, university of the west indies - st. augustine at 5 : 30pm. description : since the mid - nineteenth - century abolition of slavery, the call for reparations for the crime of african enslavement and native genocide has been growing. in the caribbean, grassroots and official voices now constitute a regional reparations movement. it is a fractured, contentious and divisive call, but it generates considerable public interest. britain \u2019 s black debt is the first scholarly work that looks comprehensively at the reparations discussion in the caribbean. author hilary mcd. beckles is a leading economic historian of the region and a seasoned activist in the wider movement for social justice and advocacy of historical truth, and as such, he is uniquely positioned to explore the origins and development of reparations as a regional and international process. beckles weaves detailed historical data on caribbean slavery and the transatlantic slave trade together with legal principles and the politics of postcolonialism, and sets out a solid academic analysis of the evidence. he concludes that britain has a case of reparations to answer, which the caribbean should litigate. international law provides that chattel slavery as practised by britain was a crime against humanity. slavery was invested in by the royal family, the government, the established church, most elite families, and large public institutions in the private and public sector. citing the legal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5007746827254248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.189359"} {"text": "law provides that chattel slavery as practised by britain was a crime against humanity. slavery was invested in by the royal family, the government, the established church, most elite families, and large public institutions in the private and public sector. citing the legal principles of unjust and criminal enrichment, beckles presents a compelling argument for britain \u2019 s payment of its black debt, a debt that it continues to deny in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary. britain \u2019 s black debt is at once an exciting narration of britain \u2019 s dominance of the slave markets that enriched the economy and a seminal conceptual journey into the hidden politics and public posturing of leaders on both sides of the atlantic. no work of this kind has ever been attempted. no author has had the diversity of historical research skills, national and international political involvement, and personal engagement as an activist to present such a complex yet accessible work of scholarship. professor sir hilary mcd. beckles holds a chair in social and economic history, university of the west indies - cave hill, barbados, where he is also principal and pro - vice chancellor. he is vice - president of the international scientific committee for the unesco slave route project, and member of the international advisory board of the cultures and globalization series. a leading voice on reparations issues, he led the barbados national delegation and coordinated caribbean actions at the un conference on race in durban, 2001. his many publications including natural rebels : a social history of enslaved black women in barbados ; centering woman : gender discourses in caribbean slave society ; and a history of barbados : from amerindian settlement to nation - state. for more information, see http : / / sta. uwi. edu / news / ecalendar / event. asp? id = 1925 for purchasing information, see http : / / www. amazon. com / britains - black - debt - reparations - caribbean / dp / 976640349x in his column \u201c dowd on drinks, \u201d bill dowd ( times union ) writes about how the bacardi company is releasing a television commercial that capitalizes on the supposed historical origins of the \u201c cuba libre \u201d cocktail \u2014 rum and coke. [ remember to watch the video of the ad in the link below! ] through all sorts of societal changes and over several generations, the cuba libre has endured as a very popular cocktail. the recipe is a simple one : light rum, coca - cola and a squeeze of lime. where it came from is, as is the case", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48457574464877273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.190628"} {"text": "all sorts of societal changes and over several generations, the cuba libre has endured as a very popular cocktail. the recipe is a simple one : light rum, coca - cola and a squeeze of lime. where it came from is, as is the case with so many cocktail origins, a matter of opinion. the most popular version matches that told in a soon - to - be - released bacardi usa tv commercial \u2014 that it was created in cuba in 1900 as colonel teddy roosevelt and his rough riders helped fight for the island \u2019 s independence from spain \u2014 and takeover by the u. s. they toasted the victory with the cheer \u201c free cuba! \u201d or \u201c cuba libre! \u201d in spanish. the spot, reports advertising age, is the first in a series of ads showing historical events that shaped the 151 year - old brand, which has links to the creation of other rum cocktails such as the daiquiri and mojito. however, coca - cola won \u2019 t be getting a free ride on the bacardi advertising dollar. the ad will refer to the drink as \u201c run [ sic ] and cola. \u201d the historic theme may well be in response to competitors \u2019 rum ads featuring historic personalities. diageo has recast its once silly captain morgan as real - life privateer captain henry morgan of the 1600s. william grant & sons is pushing its sailor jerry rum by using norman \u201c sailor jerry \u201d collins, a renowned american tattoo artist and navy man of the mid - 1900s. last year, both brands gained market share on bacardi, although it remains the top - selling u. s. rum with 35. 4 % share in 2012, according to euromonitor international which measures volume of liters sold. captain morgan is no. 2 with 23. 2 %, and sailor jerry no. 7 at 2. 6 %. bacardi \u2019 s campaign is timed to coincide with cuban independence day on monday. interesting, considering both bacardi and coca - cola left the island nation after fidel castro came to power. bacardi now is made in puerto rico ; coca - cola in plants all over the world \u2014 except cuba and north korea where the product is not sold. for original post, see http : / / blog. timesunion. com / dowdondrinks / new - ad - revives - the - history - of - the - cuba - libre / 14685 / xylem \u2019 s ysi integrated systems and services ( iss ) has been awarded a contract for five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4560434868206026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.191850"} {"text": "/ dowdondrinks / new - ad - revives - the - history - of - the - cuba - libre / 14685 / xylem \u2019 s ysi integrated systems and services ( iss ) has been awarded a contract for five marine monitoring buoys by the caribbean community climate change centre ( ccccc ). the buoys will collect high - quality data for researchers studying climate change in the caribbean sea, including the waters of barbados, belize, dominican republic, st. lucia, and trinidad and tobago. the customized ysi emm 2000 buoys will measure, record and transmit real - time water quality and meteorological data as key components of a coral reef early warning system ( crews ). the entire system will be powered by solar panels. \u201c the caribbean is a unique part of the world. our waters are the \u2018 bread basket \u2019 for the region, and we must be diligent in protecting and sustaining them, \u201d says dr. kenrick leslie, ccccc executive director. \u201c we are very excited to build our education and research infrastructure with the addition of this important technology project for addressing the impacts of climate change on the caribbean ecosystem. \u201d [... ] coral reefs play an extremely important role in the caribbean economy for tourism as well as food production and food security. the regions \u2019 unique reefs have been impacted by rising sea temperatures and pollution. long - term monitoring of environmental conditions in the caribbean will help researchers track the health of the reefs, among the oldest and most diverse ecosystems on the planet, and mirrors similar systems already installed at key reef sites in the atlantic and pacific oceans. data will allow development of climate models and ecological forecasting in coral reef ecosystems. [... ] caribbean researchers and scientists from national and regional universities, government coastal marine research departments and non - governmental organizations are expected to use and benefit from the data to be generated by the crews stations. the crews system will be expandable with additional sensors and parameters \u2014 such as co2 and underwater photo - synthetically active radiation ( par ) \u2014 to accommodate visiting researchers who later join the collaborative project. the ccccc will work with the national oceanographic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) and ysi to install and operate this network, beginning in spring 2013. the crews project is funded by the european union and the global climate change alliance in the amount of us $ 617, 000 ( \u20ac 465, 000 ) and is part of a wider climate change project \u2013 \u201c the global climate change alliance caribbean support project \u201d being implemented by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4464944382290076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.193127"} {"text": "the scary hidden stressor in her introduction to a compelling new study, \u201c the arab spring and climate change, \u201d released thursday, the princeton scholar anne - marie slaughter notes that crime shows often rely on the concept of a \u201c stressor. \u201d a stressor, she explains, is a \u201c sudden change in circumstances or environment that interacts with a complicated psychological profile in a way that leads a previously quiescent person to become violent. \u201d the stressor is never the only explanation for the crime, but it is inevitably an important factor in a complex set of variables that lead to a disaster. \u201c the arab spring and climate change \u201d doesn \u2019 t claim that climate change caused the recent wave of arab revolutions, but, taken together, the essays make a strong case that the interplay between climate change, food prices ( particularly wheat ) and politics is a hidden stressor that helped to fuel the revolutions and will continue to make consolidating them into stable democracies much more difficult. jointly produced by the center for american progress, the stimson center and the center for climate and security, this collection of essays opens with the oxford university geographer troy sternberg, who demonstrates how in 2010 - 11, in tandem with the arab awakenings, \u201c a once - in - a - century winter drought in china \u201d \u2014 combined, at the same time, with record - breaking heat waves or floods in other key wheat - growing countries ( ukraine, russia, canada and australia ) \u2014 \u201c contributed to global wheat shortages and skyrocketing bread prices \u201d in wheat - importing states, most of which are in the arab world. only a small fraction \u2014 6 percent to 18 percent \u2014 of annual global wheat production is traded across borders, explained sternberg, \u201c so any decrease in world supply contributes to a sharp rise in wheat prices and has a serious economic impact in countries such as egypt, the largest wheat importer in the world. \u201d the numbers tell the story : \u201c bread provides one - third of the caloric intake in egypt, a country where 38 percent of income is spent on food, \u201d notes sternberg. \u201c the doubling of global wheat prices \u2014 from $ 157 / metric ton in june 2010 to $ 326 / metric ton in february 2011 \u2014 thus significantly impacted the country \u2019 s food supply and availability. \u201d global food prices peaked at an all - time high in march 2011, shortly after president hosni mubarak was toppled in egypt. consider this : the world \u2019 s top nine wheat - importers are in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5325081490347404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.204731"} {"text": "s food supply and availability. \u201d global food prices peaked at an all - time high in march 2011, shortly after president hosni mubarak was toppled in egypt. consider this : the world \u2019 s top nine wheat - importers are in the middle east : \u201c seven had political protests resulting in civilian deaths in 2011, \u201d said sternberg. \u201c households in the countries that experience political unrest spend, on average, more than 35 percent of their income on food supplies, \u201d compared with less than 10 percent in developed countries. everything is linked : chinese drought and russian bushfires produced wheat shortages leading to higher bread prices fueling protests in tahrir square. sternberg calls it the globalization of \u201c hazard. \u201d ditto in syria and libya. in their essay, the study \u2019 s co - editors, francesco femia and caitlin werrell, note that from 2006 to 2011, up to 60 percent of syria \u2019 s land experienced the worst drought ever recorded there \u2014 at a time when syria \u2019 s population was exploding and its corrupt and inefficient regime was proving incapable of managing the stress. in 2009, they noted, the u. n. and other international agencies reported that more than 800, 000 syrians lost their entire livelihoods as a result of the great drought, which led to \u201c a massive exodus of farmers, herders, and agriculturally dependent rural families from the syrian countryside to the cities, \u201d fueling unrest. the future does not look much brighter. \u201c on a scale of wetness conditions, \u201d femia and werrell note, \u201c \u2018 where a reading of - 4 or below is considered extreme drought, \u2019 a 2010 report by the national center for atmospheric research shows that syria and its neighbors face projected readings of - 8 to - 15 as a result of climatic changes in the next 25 years. \u201d similar trends, they note, are true for libya, whose \u201c primary source of water is a finite cache of fossilized groundwater, which already has been severely stressed while coastal aquifers have been progressively invaded by seawater. \u201d scientists like to say that, when it comes to climate change, we need to manage what is unavoidable and avoid what is unmanageable. that requires collective action globally to mitigate as much climate change as we can and the building of resilient states locally to adapt to what we can \u2019 t mitigate. the arab world is doing the opposite. arab states as a group are the biggest lobbyists against efforts to reduce oil and fuel subsidies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4615618368214733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.206205"} {"text": "the upanishads, part 1 ( sbe01 ), by max muller,, at sacred - texts. com 1. next let a man meditate on the sevenfold saman which is uniform in itself 1 and leads beyond death. the word hinkara has three syllables, the word prastava has three syllables : that is equal ( sama ). 2. the word adi ( first, om ) has two syllables, the word pratihara has four syllables. taking one syllable from that over, that is equal ( sama ). 3. the word udgitha has three syllables, the word upadrava has four syllables. with three and three syllables it should be equal. one syllable being left over, it becomes trisyllabic. hence it is equal. 4. the word nidhana has three syllables, therefore it is equal. these make twenty - two syllables. 5. with twenty - one syllables a man reaches the sun ( and death ), for the sun is the twenty - first 2 from here ; with the twenty - second he conquers what is beyond the sun : that is blessedness, that is freedom from grief 6. he obtains here the victory over the sun ( death ), and there is a higher victory than the victory over the sun for him, who knowing this meditates on the sevenfold saman as uniform in itself, which leads beyond death, yea, which leads beyond death. 28 : 1 atmasammita is explained by the commentator either as having the same number of syllables in the names of the different samans, or as equal to the highest self. 28 : 2 there are twelve months, five seasons, three worlds, then follows the sun as the twenty - first. comm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5162572041430623, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.208862"} {"text": "history of the salida library in 1894, only 14 years after salida was incorporated, a group of eleven townswomen formed the tuesday evening club. one of the cultural objectives of this organization was to found a city library. during the first year, the few books purchased from club dues were kept on donated shelves at central school. in 1896, the growing collection was moved to a small room on west second street, near the old opera house. in 1898, the library was relocated first to a small one - story brick building at the corner of \" f \" and third streets, and later to a large second story room in city hall. to supplement the early book purchasing budget, the tuesday evening club sponsored numerous public benefits. the members also took turns serving as librarian and custodian, except when the collection was at central school. the campaign for procuring a site and raising funds to build a public library started in 1905. that year, mrs. ruth spray wrote, \" for years, some of us had looked longingly on the vacant place by alpine park, corner of \" e \" and fourth streets, as the only site that was perfect for our library. whenever we would speak of that location, we were met on all sides with ' but you cannot get hold of those lots. people have tried in vain to reach the owner of them. ' \" the tuesday evening club determined to find the owners of the vacant land and purchase the lots for the public library. the location was ideal : across from beautiful alpine park, between the two principal schools, and near the downtown business area. only a few months later, they located owners s. g. stein in muscatine, iowa and a. m. barnhart in chicago, illinois. in late 1905 correspondence began and, by november 10, 1906, they had obtained the lots. mrs. mary ridgeway was the first president of the tuesday evening club, and she and her husband, carl ( a. c. ), donated the generous sum of $ 1, 200 to pay for the lots. while the land campaign progressed, the club began to correspond with millionaire andrew carnegie of new york city. he had decided as a young boy that if he ever became wealthy, he would use his wealth to help establish free public libraries. the club was able to convince mr. carnegie that the community of salida would faithfully support a public library. on december 23, 1905, he said he would provide $ 9, 000 toward the construction of the library building if the club had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3823302648862027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.216045"} {"text": ". the club was able to convince mr. carnegie that the community of salida would faithfully support a public library. on december 23, 1905, he said he would provide $ 9, 000 toward the construction of the library building if the club had a site for the building. the entire carnegie donation was received by november, 1908. the community was to provide $ 6, 000. many salida citizens were interested in the efforts of the tuesday evening club to build a public library. one of the most staunch supporters was colonel william penn harbottle, a civil war veteran and highly respected citizen. upon his death in early 1906, it was learned that he had willed his personal library and his home at 546 \" g \" street to the salida library association, an organization within the tuesday evening club. his will stipulated that it be known as the juliana reference library, for his mother, and that it be a non - circulating library wherever it might be housed. the juliana reference room remains an important part of the library today and the harbottle estate continues to provide part of the funding for this part of the collection. the eagerly awaited ground breaking ceremony took place in october, 1907. the handsome salida - granite cornerstone was laid in may, 1908, and the deed to the library transferred to the city. in february, 1909, the library was dedicated and opened for service. total construction costs were $ 15, 000. the tuesday evening club planned meeting rooms into the lower level of the library. the club leased this area until the 1970 ' s, using it as a place to host various money - making events for the benefit of the library or subleasing it for the same purpose. in the1970 ' s, the library board determined that the library needed the space and the insurance company no longer allowed subleasing, so the tuesday evening club lease was discontinued. the library gradually become more crowded over the following 20 years and storage consumed an ever greater portion of the meeting rooms. this trend continued until the library addition was completed in 1998 and the meeting rooms returned to their original purpose. the rooms are still used for tuesday evening club meetings, as well as for public meetings and library programs. in november, 1974, the voters approved the formation of the southern chaffee county regional library district. this resulted in a broader tax base beginning in 1976 and thus provided more operational funds. the salida public library name was changed to \" salida regional library \" to represent the larger area now served. voters approved additional funding for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45195522575662694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.217063"} {"text": "regional library district. this resulted in a broader tax base beginning in 1976 and thus provided more operational funds. the salida public library name was changed to \" salida regional library \" to represent the larger area now served. voters approved additional funding for the library in two subsequent elections, 198x and 1995. in 198x, the mill levy was increased to 2. 5 mills. in 1995, the levy was increased again to 3. 5 mills, plus a bond was approved for construction of the addition to the carnegie building. rapid growth in chaffee county in the ' 90s, along with rapidly rising real estate prices, have increased the library ' s income, although statutory constraints currently prohibit the library from collecting its full approved mill levy. a temporary property tax credit is issued each year after property tax calculations are made. the library increased hours from 40 to 70 hours per week and is open seven days a week, except for holidays. the book budget grew from $ 10, 000 in 1995 to $ 60, 000 in 2001. budgets for other materials grew as well. the library offers a fast and reliable internet access for the public, and supplements the internet with subscription databases such as periodical indexes, contemporary authors, encyclopedia of associations, and the like. library usage has grown because of all these things, plus the use of the popular community room available to the public for meetings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4177158218068067, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.217610"} {"text": "solar images to be made by unique x - ray telescope | tweet | solar images to be made by unique x - ray april 2, 1998 : a unique cluster of telescopes that make x - rays take a u - turn has been selected for a fourth flight to capture \" multicolored \" images that will help us understand why the sun ' s outer atmosphere is so hot. right : the sun as seen in the glow of highly ionized iron. such images are really taken in black and white. scientists assign them false colors to help in studying different images. \" one of the major objectives is to follow up on something we saw on the first flight 10 years ago, \" said dr. arthur b. c. walker ii of stanford university, the principal investigator for the chromospheric / corona spectroheliograph telescope. it will actually be a bundle of up to 19 telescopes, each taking pictures of the sun in a slightly different x - ray energy. the array is an upgrade of the multi - spectral solar telescope array ( mssta ) which flew on october 23, 1987, may 13, 1991, and november 3, 1994. the 1987 flight - which also made the september 30, 1988 cover of science magazine - returned pictures that showed where the sun ' s atmosphere was as hot as 1 million deg. k ( about 1. 8 million deg. f ) also showed spectral lines that indicated temperatures of about 700, 000 deg. k ( 1. 26 million deg f ). \" we were mystified by this, \" walker said. \" we are now convinced that there is material at about 700, 000 degrees k in the transition region and which contributes to coronal heating. \" nasa recently selected the chromospheric / corona spectroheliograph under the solar physics research program. richard hoover of nasa ' s marshall space flight center and troy w. barbee of lawrence livermore national laboratory are co - investigators with walker. their project is entitled investigation of the corona / chromosphere interface. this is the same region that will be studied by the transition region and coronal explorer ( trace ) scheduled for launch thursday evening from california. the chromospheric / corona spectroheliograph will complement trace by providing images of solar gases at temperatures as high as 5 million degrees k ( 9 million deg. f ). while the sun is more than 99. 9 percent hydrogen and helium, it carries significant quantities of carbon, iron, calcium, silicon, and other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5295083626942049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.222916"} {"text": "of solar gases at temperatures as high as 5 million degrees k ( 9 million deg. f ). while the sun is more than 99. 9 percent hydrogen and helium, it carries significant quantities of carbon, iron, calcium, silicon, and other elements. heavier elements have more protons ( carbon is 6, iron is 26 ) in their nuclei than do lighter elements ( hydrogen is 1, helium is 2 ). that means that as electrons are stripped from heavier atoms, the charge of the larger number of protons is devoted to the few remaining electrons. it takes ever more energy to strip off another electron. as a result, light from energetic atoms acts like a tracer that reveals where the sun is hot and at what temperatures. this is important to dissecting activities from the sun ' s corona - its outer atmosphere - through the transition region and to the chromosphere and photosphere - the visible \" surface. \" the challenge is that the x - ray emissions are so energetic that they pass through materials rather than being reflected as visible light would be. the usual trick to making x - ray images is called grazing incidence reflection. just as light will reflect off clear glass ( or a rock will skip on a pond ) if it strikes at a shallow angle, x - rays will reflect - and be focused - if they, too, strike at an even shallower angle. several x - ray telescopes, such as, the advanced x - ray astrophysics facility use this. the mssta works by a different effect. its multi - layer mirrors comprise an ultrasmooth mirror coated by up to 100 layers of heavy elements like tungsten spaced by layers of lightweight elements like carbon. in effect, the layers work like a bragg crystal, which will reflect x - rays. everything is extremely smooth, on the order of 0. 1 nm ( a 10 billionth of a meter, or 1 / 250 millionth of an inch ). these reflect a little bit of the x - rays at the surface of each layer pair. the choice of materials and the thickness of the layers determine precisely which wavelength is making the x - rays interfere with each other reflection. in this way, the scientists can fine tune a telescope to observe in a narrow band of wavelengths ( a spectral band ) or even one wavelength. that makes it possible to measure the temperature of the solar atmosphere. to observe the sun in several wavelengths at once, several telescopes must be flown together. this unique approach makes it possible to use conventional optical layouts - like the hubble space", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5678941101736159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.223845"} {"text": "wavelength. that makes it possible to measure the temperature of the solar atmosphere. to observe the sun in several wavelengths at once, several telescopes must be flown together. this unique approach makes it possible to use conventional optical layouts - like the hubble space telescope ' s ritchey chretien design - and get a much larger collecting area and brighter images than are possible grazing incidence optics of the same size. the design was invented by barbee ( and separately by scientists at ibm ) and pioneered by barbee, walker, and hoover for use in telescopes. the mssta ( right ) carries up to 19 telescopes of various sizes, each with a filter designed to admit only radiation of a specific wavelength or wavelength band, each corresponding to a specific temperature in the sun ' s atmosphere. even though each image is taken in black - and - white, each represents a different wavelength and a different temperature in the solar atmosphere. to help in studying them, scientists often give them false colors to distinguish one from the other. this is similar to a color print that is really made from four black - and - white negatives, each to print a different color. on its fourth flight, the array will include a telescope that can see fe xvii ; iron stripped of 9 of its 26 electrons. that takes temperatures up to 5 million deg. k. \" it would be a better indicator of the distribution of high - temperature gases in the solar atmosphere, \" walker said. this may also reveal small flares that may be one source of energy being pumped into the corona. for the c / cs flight, expected by early 2000 near the around the time of solar maximum. mssta will be upgraded and some new telescopes and detectors installed. as with its first two flights, the telescope will be boosted by a terrier black brant ix launched from the white sands missile range, n. m. the c / cs payload will be boosted to an altitude of 230 km ( 144 mi ) and fall then parachute back to earth for recovery. during the coast above earth ' s atmosphere, the telescope array will be pointed precisely at the sun for about 6 minutes. each telescope will take 10 to 15 full - disk images. ground - based observatories will take pictures at the same time in white light and h - alpha, and with telescopes equipped to map magnetic fields. join our growing list of subscribers - sign up for our express news delivery and you will receive a mail message every time we post a new story!!!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5586264934756323, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.224895"} {"text": "doctors have always made notes about patients. by the 1800s doctors published their diagnoses and treatment records. however, there were no agreed standards for records or requirements to keep any. medical records became an important medical practice during the late 1800s. treating large numbers of patients in hospitals and private practice relied on written records. in the early 20th century professional medical organisations pressured practitioners and hospitals to keep patient records. medical records were written on paper and kept in folders, but managing thousands of paper - based records became complex and expensive for hospitals during the 20th century. tabulating machines sorted and managed patient records until the 1960s. patient information was recorded onto key - punched cards which were sorted into groupings by the tabulating machine. during the 1970s hospitals stored patient records electronically using computers. computers stored and retrieved vast amounts of information at high speed and low cost. they became invaluable. however, there are concerns about the privacy and safety of electronic patient records. j howell, technology in the hospital : transforming patient care in the early twentieth century ( john hopkins university press, 1995 ) s teng liaw, ' the computer - based patient record - an historical perspective, ' informatics in healthcare australia november, 2 / 5 ( 1993 ), pp 17 - 21 s j reiser, medicine and the reign of technology ( cambridge : cambridge university press, 1978 ) s j reiser, \u2018 creating form out of mass : the development of the medical record \u2019 in e mendelsohn ( ed. ), transformation and tradition in the sciences : essays in honor of i. bernard cohen ( cambridge : cambridge university press, 1984 ), pp 303 - 16", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42483597954295327, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.229197"} {"text": "short - listed for the 2012 great plains distinguished book prize south dakota ' s role in the nineteenth - century political movement lee ' s book is a \" worthy and important addition to the canon of south dakota political history. \" \u2014 prairie progressive blog a \" thorough analysis \" \u2014 western historical quarterly the populist movement of the 1890s was one of the most successful third - party initiatives in united states history. although it never elected a president, this movement seated governors, congressmen, and united states senators, and played a major political role in a number of states, including all the great plains states then in the nation. populism has been thoroughly studied in many areas of the country, but south dakota has, so far, been neglected. r. alton lee ' s principle over party begins to correct this oversight, shining light on the prominent south dakotans who strode down the path to the progressive agrarian politics that dominated the state in the late 1880s and early 1900s. lee examines the causes that led south dakota farmers to rise up against the establishment and take their fate into their own hands. he discusses prominent figures henry loucks and alonzo wardall as well as political and social movements such as the farmers ' alliance. together these men and their organizations sowed the seeds of the populist party in south dakota. principle over party showcases the successes and failures of one of the most lasting political movements in this nation ' s history. \" principle over party is an excellent, well - researched and accessible contribution to south dakota and american political history shelves. highly recommended. \" \u2014 the midwest book review read a review of this book from nebraska history. \" this book starts out a bit dry but soon becomes much more interesting. sometimes i have thought south dakota ' s political history, compared to the fascinating political history of north dakota, is not very exciting. but these years, 1880 to 1900, were vivedly tumultuous political years and this book tells the story carefully and well. the career of richard pettigrew lent much excitement to the politics of the time and this book rescues henry loucks from the obscurity into which he has fallen - - no doubt because he never was elected to anything. anyone interested in south dakota ' s politics will want to read this excellently reseaarched book. \" \u2014 schermguls, librarything. com paul guggenheimer interviewed al lee on sdpb radio ' s dakota midday. click here to listen to the interview. read the whole review of this book on the prairie progressive blog.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4611464340435249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.233910"} {"text": "curriculum : early childhood our early childhood curriculum is designed to nurture the spiritual, academic, physical, and social needs of the young child. children learn by exploring and developing social, emotional, and cognitive skills. centers and theme units are presented to challenge and stimulate the children through their hands - on participation. the children receive individual, small group, and whole group instruction, which develops their skills with letters, numbers, and writing. creativity in art, music, role - playing, and storytelling is encouraged and stimulated through lively play and fun activities. parental communication is a vital component of the program. each class has a certified teacher and a full - time aide. the religious education program consists of a multi - dimensional approach to developing the young child \u2019 s spirituality. children learn about god and our faith through teacher - designed activities and by attending school liturgies. they learn to respect and appreciate others, and they develop an awareness of their place in the world around them. pre - k4 uses the pflaum gospel weeklies faith formation program. kindergarten uses the i am special religion series. our readiness curriculum is designed to provide the emerging reader with age appropriate reading and writing skills. phonics is an integral component of the early reading curriculum. children are read to each day. they may also choose books to read from the classroom library. kindergarten uses the rowland reading program : meet the superkids for reading development. number concepts and relationships are taught through the use of a wide variety of manipulatives and teacher directed activities. the program also develops problem solving and analytical thinking. kindergarten uses the harcourt math curriculum. children are given the opportunity for active, hands - on learning. center activities are varied and rotated according to the weekly theme. centers provide a multi - sensory approach to age appropriate learning. the daily curriculum includes the additional core subjects of science, social studies, art, and music. each day the students receive an enrichment class of physical education, computer, music, library, or guidance. in addition, kindergarten \u2019 s curriculum includes one day of french.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4276808992806999, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.237332"} {"text": "global warming can be reduced, but at what cost? chicago \u2014 in a united nations report this month, scientists said the cost of aggressively tackling climate change was comparatively reasonable. by spending a little more than 0. 1 percent of the world ' s income each year for 23 years, they say, greenhouse gases could be held nearly in check, avoiding the worst predicted environmental disasters. the same day, bush administration officials argued that the same aggressive effort would throw the world ' s economy into recession. the reality, top climate economists say, is that cutting u. s. emissions sufficiently to hold greenhouse - gas concentrations at near - current levels soon could cost the united states twice as much per year as it is now spending on the war in iraq. but, as the u. n. report essentially urges, spending $ 1 trillion a year worldwide over two decades to aggressively curb global warming could be a bargain in the long run. \" it isn ' t going to be cheap, but there ' s an awful lot we can do, and it doesn ' t break the bank, especially if we do it cleverly, \" argued robert socolow, a physicist, co - director of the carbon mitigation initiative at princeton university and a leading theorist on ways to reduce greenhouse - gas emissions. \" i don ' t see how we get a recession out of it. \" for the united states, the most aggressive scenario in the new u. n. intergovernmental panel on climate change mitigation report \u2014 holding greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to less than 500 parts per million, up from the current 380 parts per million \u2014 could cost $ 240 billion a year, or 2 percent of the nation ' s income, said robert mendelsohn, a climate - change economist at yale university. the iraq war, comparatively speaking, has cost a little less than $ 100 billion a year on average since it began in 2003. that 2 percent of national income figure is much higher than the cost of 0. 12 percent of world income quoted in the u. n. report because the united states is the world ' s leading producer of greenhouse gases and therefore has more work to do cutting them, mendelsohn said. many economists also say u. n. figures suggesting a moderate cost for limiting climate change assume that nations around the world would act quickly and in concert to target the problem, something political leaders say is highly unlikely. reducing greenhouse gases vigorously and quickly probably would push americans ' heating and electric bills up by 50 percent to 100 percent, said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47821673165637235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.243225"} {"text": "change assume that nations around the world would act quickly and in concert to target the problem, something political leaders say is highly unlikely. reducing greenhouse gases vigorously and quickly probably would push americans ' heating and electric bills up by 50 percent to 100 percent, said jae edmonds, a scientist and economist with the joint global change research institute, based in maryland. gasoline prices would rise between 50 cents and $ 1 a gallon, he said. whether that is a cheap or expensive price to pay for cutting emissions is a matter of perspective, he said. \" some might look at those numbers and say that ' s a pretty good buy to avoid the potential negative implications of climate change, \" he said. \" others might think those costs look high and say they ' d rather go slower. \" choosing a sufficiently aggressive plan to stave off the worst effects of climate change without dire economic consequences is a complicated balancing act, economists say, particularly because so many variables remain unknown. too vigorous a worldwide campaign could backfire, hurting economic growth and alienating key greenhouse - gas producers. but doing too little too slowly might waste a crucial opportunity to avoid potentially catastrophic impacts of global warming and to dodge greater costs in the future. the right answer, many economists suggest, is to act quickly to launch tests of potentially useful technology and programs worldwide, then rapidly scale up those that work. in mendelsohn ' s view, the most aggressive level of greenhouse - gas cuts promoted in the u. n. report is \" too radical a recommendation to be supported by mainstream economics. \" because efforts to control greenhouse gases will be effective only if all of the world ' s major producers take part, \" by starting with a crash program you ensure a lot of countries are not going to join in, \" he said. however, \" you don ' t want to get sucked into thinking the only choice is to do the crash program or nothing at all, \" he said. he suggests that a much more modest target \u2014 limiting atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases to perhaps 640 to 750 parts per million \u2014 would cost the united states a tenth as much as the most aggressive scenario outlined in the u. n. report. worldwide, the cost would fall by about half, according to the report. other scientists and economists say holding greenhouse - gas concentrations to about 550 parts per million, at somewhat higher cost, is a better option. under mendelsohn ' s scenario, average global temperatures would be expected to rise by 7 to 11 degrees fahrenheit by the end of the century, according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5103900102558256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.244981"} {"text": "about 550 parts per million, at somewhat higher cost, is a better option. under mendelsohn ' s scenario, average global temperatures would be expected to rise by 7 to 11 degrees fahrenheit by the end of the century, according to the u. n. panel, compared with about 3 to 6 degrees under the most aggressive program. because no one knows what temperature increase might trigger disastrous environmental problems \u2014 large sea - level rises, worsening flooding and droughts, a disruption of ocean circulation patterns \u2014 the lower range of temperature increases is generally thought to be safer. development of new technology and creative use of existing technology potentially could cut the costs of reducing emissions dramatically. because plants draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere when they grow, using plant fuels rather than fossil fuels effectively cuts emissions of greenhouse gases, edmonds said. if engineers are able to find efficient ways to use plants to create fuel and then capture carbon dioxide released from the smokestacks of plant - fueled power stations and pump it into storage underground, the world could potentially lower levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere while generating power. but racing too quickly toward renewable energy and other efforts to cut greenhouse - gas emissions could have problematic consequences as well, mendelsohn warned. using more nuclear power, he said, will lead to renewed concerns about what to do with nuclear waste. planting billions of acres of new crops for biofuels could lead to accelerating deforestation in places such as brazil and indonesia. and efforts to boost hydroelectric generation could result in many of the world ' s last wild rivers being dammed. david o ' reilly, the chief executive of chevron, points to a senate bill calling on the energy department to develop a plan to cut gasoline consumption by 20 percent by 2017, 35 percent by 2025 and 45 percent by 2030, largely by substituting ethanol and other renewable fuels. under the senate proposal, the amount of alternative fuels used in u. s. motor vehicles would rise to 8. 5 billion gallons by 2008 and 36 billion gallons by 2022. the problem, o ' reilly said, is that u. s. farmers cannot currently produce enough corn to make more than 15 billion gallons of fuel. producing 36 billion gallons would require huge corn imports or a massive overhaul of the u. s. agricultural economy. and chevron is not just protecting its fossil - fuels turf ; the company already produces 70 percent of the ethanol made in the united states. \" we ' re dealing with a massive economy and a massive energy infrastructure that was developed to supply this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5064648909187914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.246727"} {"text": "many faculty teaching at the introductory level use environmental themes and hazards to get their students excited about the geosciences. whether in the form of a stand - alone environmental geology or natural hazards course or as environmental content integrated into other introductory courses, these concepts are an important part of the geoscience education for many students who will never take another course in the sciences. this workshop will bring together educators from a wide variety of institutional settings and backgrounds with the common goal of sharing ideas about improving the pedagogy and environmental geology content of our introductory geoscience courses. as a part of this workshop, participants will : - share what works in their classrooms with each other. we will identify innovative teaching methods, approaches, and activities for teaching environmental geology and share ideas on how to teach in various contexts : large classes, courses with no lab component, courses in urban areas, etc. - examine where and how environmental geology topics are taught in the geoscience curriculum from introductory courses for non - majors to \" core \" geoscience courses for majors. we will discuss and develop ideas for maximizing the impact of environmental geology topics to ultimately improve undergraduate students ' experience with and knowledge of geoscience. - consider the ways that environmental geology courses and topical materials can contribute to public science literacy, particularly how to make personal and societal decisions about the range of issues facing humanity and to live responsibly and sustainably on this planet. - develop a list of best practices for integrating emerging environmental issues, recent natural disasters, and issues related to natural resources into course work and identifying how scientific data and research outcomes can inform public discourse on topical issues. - develop strategies to reach under - represented groups and expand the diversity of students who enroll in our courses. we will consider strategies for improving the overall design of an environmental geology course to maximize its appeal and effectiveness. - identify topics of high interest and need for future development as teaching modules and courses through the related integrate project, through funding from the nsf / due tues program, or through other local or national curricular initiatives. participants must arrive in bozeman in time for the first workshop event at 5 pm on saturday, june 2. ( arrive earlier if you plan to attend the optional field trips. ) the workshop will be over on wednesday evening, june 6, and participants should plan return travel on thursday, june 7 ( those who stay an extra day can attend optional local hikes ). by applying to the workshop, participants agree to do the following if accepted : - serve on a review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5100208112831232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.251246"} {"text": ", june 6, and participants should plan return travel on thursday, june 7 ( those who stay an extra day can attend optional local hikes ). by applying to the workshop, participants agree to do the following if accepted : - serve on a review committee from april to june 2012, applying standardized review criteria to teaching activities in the on the cutting edge activity collection related to environmental geology. we anticipate that everyone will be asked to review ~ 5 activities using an on - line review form. - submit additional teaching activities as needed that complement the existing collection, prior to the workshop. our goal is to have a comprehensive, reviewed collection of teaching activities ready to showcase at the summer workshop. - prepare in advance for workshop discussions via readings, writings, discussion or other activities developed by workshop leaders. - participate fully in the entire workshop and attend all workshop sessions. many participants will be invited to make presentations or serve as discussion or working group leaders at the workshop. - post - workshop : continue to network with workshop participants, share workshop resources with colleagues across the geosciences, and participate in follow - on activities such as making presentations at theme sessions at professional society meetings. application and selection criteria applicants for this workshop must hold a faculty position at a two - or four - year college or university and have responsibility for teaching environmental geology topics either in an environmental geology course or distributed through other courses. the workshop is limited to 70 participants, and the final list of participants will be established with the goal of assembling a group representing a wide range of experiences, educational environments, and specialties. for more information see our page on general information for cutting edge workshop participants. costs and logistics the workshop will be held at montana state university located in bozeman, montana. our national science foundation grant provides funding for most of the operational costs of this workshop. to be supported by these funds, a participant must be either a us citizen, a permanent resident, or in the employ of a us institution. if you don ' t meet these requirements and are interested in participating in this workshop at your own expense, please contact the workshop conveners. costs of the workshop not covered by the grant are outlined below. workshop registration fee : $ 150 travel, lodging. participants or their home institutions must cover costs of lodging plus travel to and from the workshop. we will offer a low - cost option to stay in the dorms at msu. alternatively, participants may make their own lodging arrangements at a local motel, where we will hold a block of rooms. room", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4904303797534702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.252350"} {"text": "attending public hearings and community meetings showing up is 90 % of the game. public hearings provide an opportunity for public comments on a particular project or vote. this kind of community involvement can make a strong statement. - time is limited at public hearings, so arrive early to sign up for a slot to speak. - when you speak, focus on your main points. you will often be able to submit written statements which will allow you to address additional concerns. - be polite and respect other community members \u2019 ideas. a hearing is a forum for the exchange of ideas, not a neighborhood contest. meeting with elected officials in person is an opportunity to make personal contact with decision - makers and convey your position in a persuasive and animated manner. a lobby visit allows you to tell your senator or representative what you think about a certain issue or bill and ask her / him to take positive action. here are some suggestions for a successful lobby visit : before the meeting - request a meeting in writing with specific times and dates. follow up with a call to the scheduler or secretary to confim the meeting. - make sure to convey what issue or bill you would like to discuss. - decide on talking points to express your most important ideas. - set a goal for the meeting. do you want the representative to vote for or against a bill or introduce legislation? during the meeting - be prompt. - keep it short and stick to your talking points. - take the time to thank the elected official for past votes in support of your issues. - provide personal and local examples of the impact of the legislation. - be honest and don \u2019 t claim to know more than you do about an issue. you don \u2019 t have to be the expert, just a committed and active constituent. - set a deadline or timeline for response. after the meeting - write a thank you letter to the legislator. - send any materials and information you offered. - follow up on deadlines and if they are not met, set up others. be persistent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45318437726822375, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.255475"} {"text": "did you know?? on average, a fertile cat can produce three litters a year, each with an average of four to six kittens. if you run the numbers, this means that a single cat and her first - year offspring can yield upwards of 150 kittens within a three - year period. a fertile dog can produce up to two litters a year of six to10 puppies each. the humane society of the united states ( hsus ) reports that every year in the u. s., between six and eight million dogs and cats are turned over to animal shelters ; of that number, three to four million are euthanized - - as many as are adopted. these tragic numbers would be greatly reduced if more pets were spayed or neutered. and if that ' s not reason enough... apart from the problem of pet overpopulation, keep in mind that \" intact \" ( i. e. un - neutered ) dogs and cats are not the most pleasant companions to have around the house. here ' s why : - intact female dogs will come into heat every six to 12 months with each heat lasting 10 - 24 days. during this time they have a bloody vaginal discharge which may leave stains around the house. this bleeding is different from menstruation in human females as it coincides with the time the female dog is most likely to become pregnant. female dogs in heat may become anxious, and are more likely to fight with other female dogs, including those in the same household. - intact female cats can keep coming into heat every two weeks unless they are mated. they will typically engage in such mate - seeking behaviors as yowling, rolling and urinating in unacceptable places. - at maturity - - typically at six to nine months of age - - male dogs and cats become capable of breeding. males of both species will \" mark \" their territories by spraying strongly scented urine on furniture, curtains, and elsewhere around the house. - given the chance, intact male cats and dogs will attempt to escape the house to roam in search of a mate. during this time, they become aggressive toward other males and - - in the case of dogs - - toward people, and are more likely than neutered animals to engage in fights. the medical benefits apart from helping to ease the problem of pet overpopulation - - and making home life more pleasant both for your family and your pet - - spaying or neutering your dog or cat carries significant health benefits as well. spa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46109483504074644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.259090"} {"text": "the medical benefits apart from helping to ease the problem of pet overpopulation - - and making home life more pleasant both for your family and your pet - - spaying or neutering your dog or cat carries significant health benefits as well. spaying female dogs eliminates the risk of uterine cancer and pyometra - - a serious, potentially fatal uterine infection and dramatically reduces the risk of mammary cancer in both dogs and cats, especially if done before the first heat. intact female dogs may go into a period called pseudocyesis, or \" false pregnancy \", a condition which can occur after being in heat. their bodies go through all of the usual hormonal changes associated with pregnancy, including milk production, even though they are not pregnant. this is avoided if females are spayed. for male pets, neutering eliminates the possibility of developing testicular cancer and reduces the risk of developing prostate illness. a further benefit to neutering male cats is that it will significantly reduce the risk of infection with feline immunodeficiency virus ( fiv ), a virus that causes a disease in cats similar to aids in humans. fiv is carried in the saliva and blood of infected cats. intact male cats are much more likely than neutered males to roam and fight. a scratch or bite suffered in such a fight from an fiv - infected male carries a significant risk of fiv infection. the majority of fiv - infected cats are intact males. and even if the wounds are not inflicted by an fiv - positive cat, they may nonetheless result in serious injury and infection. it all adds up while spaying / neutering are surgical procedures that carry a small element of risk, the scales are heavily tipped toward the benefits side. the incidence of complications from the procedures is quite low. on balance, it ' s a no - brainer : spaying / neutering is one of the best things you can do to improve a pet ' s quality of life. discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your veterinarian while your pet is still young. you will be doing both your pet and yourself a great service. more from webvet : - a tribute to african - american deans in veterinary medicine - a remarkable animal - human friendship - 5 things i ' ve learned from getting a second cat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4247165410993011, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.259969"} {"text": "thursday, march 31, 2011 1 ) baby \u2019 s brains are great statisticians. between the ages of 6 - 9 months, they listen to everything they hear around them, and are able to calculate what sounds are important to pay attention to in the language they are hearing. for example, is the difference between \u201c r \u201d and \u201c l \u201d important? yes in english, no in japanese. 2 ) babies who grow up in language rich environments enter kindergarten with four times the vocabulary of babies who grow up in language poor environments. children who have a higher vocabulary will have an easier time learning how to read. and those children who grew up in language - poor environments * never * catch up in their reading ability. 3 ) babies learn through interacting with people. mom, dad, aunt, uncle, grandparents, and every other person a baby spends time with, is a learning experience for baby. television does not interact with babies, and even when babies look like they are fascinated with a television, they have found that babies do not learn anything from it. 4 ) babies who live in a bilingual house learn language just as fast as babies who live in a monolingual house. they measured vocabulary in kids from both situations at a certain age, and kids had the same vocabulary numbers. the key was that the young children in the bilingual homes had the same number of words in their vocabularies spread over the two languages. what can parents take away from this research? 1 ) talk to your babies. even if they can \u2019 t talk back, they are still learning. you are your child \u2019 s best toy. 2 ) pay attention to your baby, and whatever they do, you add to it. if they say \u201c ba \u201d, say \u201c baba \u201d. if they say \u201c baba \u201d, say \u201c bada \u201d. if they say \u201c truck \u201d, you say \u201c red truck \u201d. 3 ) use the television sparingly, if at all. be aware that even if you really need to park your kids in front of the tv in that crazy moment while you finish dinner while the kids are cranky and tired, that is a moment that they \u2019 re not learning. ( can you tell i did that, too? ) 4 ) read to your babies, even if they can \u2019 t talk yet. ( you \u2019 re not surprised i would put in a plug like this, are you? ). read to them in whatever language you find most comfortable. notice when they interact with the book or the story, talk to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4723351199193489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.271667"} {"text": "can \u2019 t talk yet. ( you \u2019 re not surprised i would put in a plug like this, are you? ). read to them in whatever language you find most comfortable. notice when they interact with the book or the story, talk to them about it, then read to them again and again. you \u2019 re not only having fun with your beloved child, you \u2019 re helping to build their brains! saturday, march 19, 2011 your child is writing an essay for school, and finds a site on the internet that is very interesting and useful for his or her paper. but is it true? is the information trustworthy? there \u2019 s a site about martin luther king jr written by a white supremacist group. there \u2019 s another website site claiming that the moon landings never took place written by a guy in his garage. should you believe the information you read on either of those sites? here are some tips for figuring it out : 1 ) the first thing to look for is who wrote the site. everybody has a point of view, and you should know what it is. reliable sites will have the author \u2019 s or organization \u2019 s name in an obvious place. you should also be able to find a link to \u201c about us \u201d that tells about the organization and their goals. the two sites i reference above don \u2019 t have this information. 2 ) look up at the address bar. does it have a \u201c. com \u201d or \u201c. org \u201d? anybody at all can create a website with those top level domain names. if you have any questions, you can always search google using whois samplesite to find out who the site is really registered to. does it have a \u201c. gov \u201d or \u201c. edu \u201d? those sites are hosted by either the government or an accredited educational institution. in fact, when you use google, you can limit your results to only those sites by typing in site :. edu samplesearch or site :. gov samplesearch. 3 ) did you find a great article on wikipedia? wikipedia is what is known as a \u201c stepping stone \u201d site. that means that your child shouldn \u2019 t use the information in the article directly for their paper, but it is a great source to find information they can use via the links to outside resources listed at the bottom. 4 ) finally, sno - isle has a great collection of databases with good, reliable information. go to www. sno - isle. org, hover over the \u201c databases and research \u201d in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4986999488971296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.272813"} {"text": "this is a tricky question to answer because weather, what you experience at your house right now, is not really that same thing as climate, the patterns of global air and sea movements that bring weather. so milder winters can be a possibility in certain locations, as they will be exposed to an overall warming of the entire atmosphere. but colder winters can be experienced. since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0. 2 degrees celsius per decade. however, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend. we expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming. nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows. this tendency towards hotter days is expected to increase as global warming continues into the 21st century. vladimir petoukhov, a climate scientist at the potsdam institute for climate impact research, has recently completed a study on the effect of climate change on winter. according to petoukhov, these anomalies could triple the probability of cold winter extremes in europe and northern asia. recent severe winters like last year ' s or the one of 2005 - 06 do not conflict with the global warming picture, but rather supplement it. weather being a local response to climatic conditions means that you have to understand what has changed in the climatic patterns in your region. what are your local weather drivers? how have they changed since the 1970s? thus, you could end up with some areas experiencing colder winters ; due to greater moisture levels in the air, more precipitation of snow, greater heat loss at night due to clear skies, etc. or you could have an area that will experience milder temps in winter due to warmer air currents, warmer oceans, localised heat island impacts, etc. for further information you should investigate the weather and climate agencies publications for your area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4889003003457258, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.275826"} {"text": "when we talk about network hardware, we are commonly using the term megabit. for example, a 10 / 100 fast ethernet network card is 10 / 100 megabit. 1 gigabit ( gb ) equals 1024 megabits ( mb ). when microsoft windows displays the network transfer speed, it is displayed using megabytes ( mb ) not megabits ( mb ). one megabit ( mb ) equals 0. 125 megabytes ( mb ). there are 8 megabytes ( mb ) in 1 megabit ( mb ). theoretical transfer speed since there are 8 megabytes ( mb ) in 1 megabit ( mb ), we can determine the theoretical maximum network transfer speed in megabytes. 1 gigabit equals 1024 megabits which equals 128 megabytes. in theory, a 1 gigabit network should provide us with a transfer speed of 128 megabytes. average transfer speed on a 100 megabit network using cat - 5 / cat - 6, the average transfer rate is 8. 6 megabytes to 12. 5 megabytes. on a gigabit network ( 1024 megabit ) using cat - 5 / cat - 6, the average transfer rate is 21. 5 to 45 megabytes. on a gigabit network using cat - 5 / cat - 6, why isn ' t the average transfer rate closer to the theoretical maximum of 128 megabytes? the simple answer the simple answer is the transfer rate is typically limited by the maximum transfer rate of the computer hard drive found in the origin and / or destination computer. ideally, both the origin and destination are using a modern computer with a raid controller, ssd drives, optimal motherboard bus architecture, multi - core processor, recommended ram and recommended swap file with plenty of free space. using this configuration, you should be able to obtain an average transfer rate of 72 megabytes and greater. the complete answer on a computer network ( wan, lan, vpn, etc. ), the data transfer rate for client / server can be impacted by : - raid controller - hard drive type - motherboard bus speed - swap file setting - free disk space - free ram - flow control - auto negotiation - shared resources - cabling quality and type ( fiber, cat - 5 and cat - 6 ) - cabling length - network card driver version - network card firmware - electrical interference - protocol type and overhead - hops ( routers, switches, hubs, firewalls ) - poorly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5158362809477397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.279247"} {"text": "the rise of the black muslims looks at the roots of the organization that produced malcolm x. whenever the nation of islam or its leader louis farrakhan is covered in the mainstream media, they are dismissed as \" reverse racists. \" by sensationalizing the nation ' s anti - white stance and highlighting examples of farrakhan ' s anti - semitic statements, the media has tried to discredit the nation ' s overall argument that the u. s. is racist to the core. socialists have criticisms of farrakhan and the nation, not only against anti - semitism, but the organization ' s program of black economic self - sufficiency, which would only benefit a minority of african americans. but we understand that the appeal of the muslims ' ideas of black superiority has nothing in common with white racism. nationalism is a defensive reaction to the blatant segregation forced upon blacks. the left failed to grasp this when the black muslims, as the nation is commonly called, first gained national attention in the late 1950s. the nation ' s theory of black superiority and its hostility towards \" white devils \" led many socialists to accept the media ' s argument that nation members were reverse racist. thus, the left, still reeling from the anti - communist mccarthy witch - hunts, isolated itself from blacks influenced by the nation. in fact, the black muslims represented one of the few political alternatives to northern blacks, at a time when most black political organizations concentrated on legal assaults against jim crow in the south. at the same time, trade union leaders effectively sided with employers in keeping blacks in the lowest - paid and least - skilled jobs. so while the civil rights struggle against southern segregation laws captured media attention, the black majority in the north encountered conditions almost as brutal. by 1960, the differential between black and white unemployment had reached two to one, where it remains to this day. throughout the 1950s - - a time of general economic expansion - - less than half the black working class held full - time jobs year round. although formal segregation laws did not exist in the north, black workers nevertheless lived in segregated neighborhoods in declining central cities. in such conditions, the black muslims flourished. what had begun in detroit as a religious sect in the early 1930s grew, under the leadership of elijah muhammad and organizer malcolm x, into a movement of an estimated 100, 000 members by 1961. muhammad ' s apocalyptic vision of a black - white confrontation, articulated by malcolm, influenced hundreds of thousands more who were not necessarily prepared to join the organization. as one youth told black", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49578106288762225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.284077"} {"text": ", into a movement of an estimated 100, 000 members by 1961. muhammad ' s apocalyptic vision of a black - white confrontation, articulated by malcolm, influenced hundreds of thousands more who were not necessarily prepared to join the organization. as one youth told black sociologist c. eric lincoln in 1962 : man, i don ' t care what those [ nation ] cats say out loud - - that ' s just a hype they ' re putting down for the man ( i. e. whites ). let me tell you - - they ' ve got some stuff for the man even the mau mau [ the anti - colonial kenyan rebels ] didn ' t have! if he tries to crowd them like he ' s been used to doing to the rest of us all the time, they ' re going to lay it on him from here to little rock [ arkansas, the scene of racist violence against school desegregation ]. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - unable to refute malcolm x ' s searing criticism of racism in america, politicians and the media tried to dismiss the black muslims as cranks, focusing on elijah muhammad ' s claim to be the messenger of allah, and the strict, almost militaristic discipline that came with membership in the organization. but as the nation grew, the government ' s attitude hardened, and the media ' s charges of \" black racism \" grew more shrill. even though the organization abstained from most civil rights struggles and did not confront the authorities, it was seen as a serious threat. the authorities ' fears were justified. even though the nation declined after malcolm x was forced from the organization and assassinated in the mid - 1960s, its ideas of black self - defense and separatism were adopted by millions in what became the black power movement. in fact, farrakhan ' s program in later years was mild compared to the demands of the radical black nationalists in the late 1960s. unfortunately, many on the left of the 1960s repeated the mistake they had made earlier. rather than starting from the position that black and white unity must be built on black workers ' terms, some radical organizations blamed black nationalists for splitting the movement - - a charge no different than the complaint of liberals about the \" racism \" of black nationalism. radical nationalists like the black panthers and other radical nationalists were more isolated when they were hit by government repression. whatever criticisms socialists have of black nationalists, the first priority is to defend them from racist attack, even in the case of aggressively anti - white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4923165930340627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.285076"} {"text": "# sandy : climate disasters in the age of social media hurricane sandy was the largest atlantic storm in history. at its peak it was over 1100 miles wide with winds up to 110 mph. nine countries were hit by it and half of the states in the us, with a domestic cost greater than $ 65 billion. at least 250 people died, millions of people were left without power, running water, and more. during the days immediately leading up to and following the storm, 20 million tweets about sandy were also sent out, and more than 800, 000 photos were tagged with sandy on instagram. news outlets everywhere were using social media to turn the millions of storm survivors into instant citizen journalists. and they weren \u2019 t the only ones : con edison, the city of new york, and other governmental and public utility organizations were using twitter to reach out to their constituents and keep them informed of evacuation plans and storm updates. with hurricane sandy, social media further cemented itself as an indispensable source during times of mass crisis. after the storm passed, questions about its cause and even how future, worse storms might be avoided came up. climate change, an issue that had been politically undesirable to address, suddenly got thrown back into sharp relief once the immediate impact could be felt so severely. and just as social media helped share knowledge about sandy, it also helped disseminate and foster the discussion on climate change. many questions remain though : how can social media be leveraged to increase its usefulness in times of crises? what impact is social media having on how we learn and engage with these natural disasters? how can social media affect the public policy discussion around climate change? please join us on monday, 12 / 10 at 1 : 00 pm est / 10 : 00 am pst at our free webinar : \" # sandy : climate disasters in the age of social media. \" we ' ll address these questions and more in a panel with scott dodd, journalist and editor of onearth. org and michael leuthner, digital & social media director, the climate reality project, moderated by marc gunther, journalist and consultant in business and sustainability and contributing editor at fortune magazine. social media today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44047691592438365, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.287537"} {"text": "cassini prepares to swoop by saturn ' s geyser - spewing moon 7 aug 2008 ( source : jet propulsion laboratory ) fractures, or \" tiger stripes, \" where icy jets erupt on saturn ' s moon enceladus will be the target of a close flyby by the cassini spacecraft on monday, aug. 11. cassini will zoom past the tiny moon a mere 50 kilometers ( 30 miles ) from the surface. just after closest approach, all of the spacecraft ' s cameras - - covering infrared wavelengths, where temperatures are mapped, as well as visible light and ultraviolet - - will focus on the fissures running along the moon ' s south pole. that is where the jets of icy water vapor emanate and erupt hundreds of miles into space. those jets have fascinated scientists since their discovery in 2005. \" our main goal is to get the most detailed images and remote sensing data ever of the geologically active features on enceladus, \" said paul helfenstein, a cassini imaging team associate at cornell university in ithaca, ny. \" from this data we may learn more about how eruptions, tectonics, and seismic activity alter the moon ' s surface. we will get an unprecedented high - resolution view of the active area immediately following the closest approach. \" seeing inside one of the fissures in high resolution may provide more information on the terrain and depth of the fissures, as well as the size and composition of the ice grains inside. refined temperature data could help scientists determine if water, in vapor or liquid form, lies close to the surface and better refine their theories on what powers the jets. imaging sequences will capture stereo views of the north polar terrain, and high resolution images of the south polar region will begin shortly after closest approach to enceladus. the image resolution will be as fine as 7 meters per pixel ( 23 feet ) and will cover known active spots on three of the prominent \" tiger stripe \" fractures. in addition to mapping the moon ' s surface in visible light as well as infrared and ultraviolet light, cassini will help determine the size of the ice grains and distinguish other elements mixed in with the ice, such as oxygen, hydrogen, or organics. \" knowing the sizes of the particles, their rates and what else is mixed in these jets can tell us a lot about what ' s happening inside the little moon, \" said amanda hendrix, cassini ultraviolet imaging spectrograph team member at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46053001323088605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.291889"} {"text": ", their rates and what else is mixed in these jets can tell us a lot about what ' s happening inside the little moon, \" said amanda hendrix, cassini ultraviolet imaging spectrograph team member at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif. other instruments will measure the temperatures along the fractures, which happen to be some of the hottest spots on the moon ' s surface. \" we ' d like to refine our numbers and see which fracture or stripe is hotter than the rest because these results can offer evidence, one way or the other, for the existence of liquid water as the engine that powers the plumes, \" said bonnie buratti of jpl, team member on cassini ' s visual and infrared mapping spectrometer. cassini discovered evidence for the geyser - like jets on enceladus in 2005, finding that the continuous eruptions of ice water create a gigantic halo of ice and gas around enceladus, which helps supply material to saturn ' s e - ring. this marks cassini ' s second flyby of enceladus this year. during cassini ' s last flyby of enceladus in march, the spacecraft snatched up precious samples and tasted comet - like organics inside the little moon. two more enceladus flybys are coming up in october, and they may bring the spacecraft even closer to the moon. the oct. 9 encounter is complimentary to the march one, which was optimized for sampling the plume. the oct. 31 flyby is similar to this august one, and is again optimized for the optical remote sensing instruments. for images, videos and a mission blog on the flyby, visit : http : / / www. nasa. gov / cassini. more information on the cassini mission is also available at http : / / saturn. jpl. nasa. gov. editors : a pre - flyby videofile with animation, images and interview is available on nasa tv. the videofile airs at 12 p. m. eastern on the media channel with replays at 4 p. m., 8 p. m. and 10 p. m eastern. in the continental united states, nasa television ' s public, education and media channels are carried by mpeg - 2 digital c - band signal on amc - 6, at 72 degrees west longitude, transponder 17c, 4040 mhz, vertical polarization. they ' re available in alaska and hawaii on an mpeg -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45765877899022667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.292842"} {"text": "winner : quantum leap quantum - dot lasers from japan ' s qd laser will make high - speed \" fiber to the home \" networks simpler, cheaper, and more power - efficient image : qd laser collecting the dots one of qd laser \u2019 s achievements, as shown in these atomic - force microscope images, was to double the dot density in its quantum - dot lasers, from 30 billion [ left ] to 60 billion [ right ] dots per square centimeter. this is part of ieee spectrum ' s special report : winners & losers 2009, the year ' s best and worst of technology. japanese start - up qd laser \u2019 s yasuhiko arakawa [ left ] and mitsuru sugawara oversaw the 15 - year effort to commercialize a temperature - stable semiconductor laser. suppose you had a dog whose personality fluctuated with the weather. on cool, crisp mornings, he \u2019 s a champ, fetching, rolling over, and shaking hands at your slightest command. but as the sun climbs higher and the day warms up, he becomes less and less responsive, and you have to ply him with doggy treats to get him to obey. and during heat waves? forget about it \u2014 he barely plays dead unless you double or triple his kibble ration. while you could excuse such behavior in fido, something remarkably similar goes on all the time with the semiconductor lasers used in cd and dvd players and in optical communications. these tiny devices are incredibly sensitive to heat. even a small rise in temperature causes the electrons within to move around faster and migrate out of the laser \u2019 s active layer \u2014 the thin slice of semiconducting material where the electrons recombine with positively charged holes to make light. as a result, the laser \u2019 s light output fluctuates, and it needs stronger and stronger electrical currents to keep lasing. at 85 \u00b0c, the device might need two or three times as much current to produce the same amount of light as at 25 \u00b0c. to get around that shortcoming, developers of semiconductor lasers must either cool them or introduce extra circuitry that maintains the device \u2019 s output even as the temperature fluctuates. but those workarounds increase both the cost of making the lasers and the power they consume. ever since this problem came to light, researchers have been hunting for a semiconductor laser that is inherently stable. one promising technology, first proposed 27 years ago, is the quantum - dot laser. such a device tightly confines the electrons and holes within many nanoscale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.649652388584612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.314943"} {"text": "this problem came to light, researchers have been hunting for a semiconductor laser that is inherently stable. one promising technology, first proposed 27 years ago, is the quantum - dot laser. such a device tightly confines the electrons and holes within many nanoscale blobs, or dots, of semiconducting material. with enough dots \u2014 millions or billions, that is \u2014 lasing will occur and steady output maintained, regardless of external temperature. while researchers can now grow these devices using standard molecular - beam epitaxy equipment, mass - producing them has been very tricky. the japanese start - up qd laser, of tokyo, a joint venture of fujitsu and mitsui venture capital corp., has finally succeeded. its quantum - dot lasers use inexpensive substrates made from gallium arsenide ( gaas ) and boast an industry - leading density of 60 billion dots per square centimeter [ see images, \u201d collecting the dots \u201d ]. compared with the conventional indium - phosphide lasers now used in optical networks, qd laser \u2019 s devices will consume just half the power while transmitting up to 10 gigabits of data per second at a wavelength of 1. 3 micrometers. best of all, they will generate the same output at any temperature from \u2013 40 to 100 \u00b0c. to mass - produce the gaas laser chips, qd laser has partnered with one of japan \u2019 s leading consumer - electronics firms, which will use the same production lines on which it currently cranks out conventional red lasers for dvd and cd players, video - game consoles, and other products. ( qd laser says it will reveal the name of its partner later this year. ) the initial shipments of laser chips are destined for an unnamed optical equipment vendor, which sometime this spring will begin offering the world \u2019 s first optical transceivers incorporating a quantum - dot laser. fujitsu will almost certainly buy the transceivers for use in optical lans and fiber - to - the - home networks. the quantum - dot laser has long been envisioned as a successor to the quantum - well laser, itself an improvement on earlier laser designs because it confined the injected electrons to an extremely thin layer \u2014 no more than tens of nanometers thick \u2014 of active material. that way, it required less current to induce lasing. but like the \u201d bulk \u201d semiconductor lasers it superseded, the quantum - well laser is sensitive to temperature. in the active layer of a bulk semiconductor laser, which you can picture as a fat, rectangular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.634963550357911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.316033"} {"text": ", it required less current to induce lasing. but like the \u201d bulk \u201d semiconductor lasers it superseded, the quantum - well laser is sensitive to temperature. in the active layer of a bulk semiconductor laser, which you can picture as a fat, rectangular slab, the electrons and holes move in three dimensions, and that makes their interactions hard to control. in a quantum - well laser, they can move in only two dimensions, but electrostatic fields tend to build up, pulling the electrons away from the holes. in both cases, an increase in temperature makes the electrons more unruly. researchers began looking at ways to confine the electrons even further. in 1980, yasuhiko arakawa, a 28a \u00bf \u00bf year - old associate professor at the university of tokyo, had an epiphany. \u201d i thought, if we fix the position of each electron by confining it in a small box, the energy distribution will not be affected by temperature, \u201d arakawa recalled in a recent interview at his office at the university of tokyo. each \u201d box \u201d would be a semiconducting nanosize crystal into which electrons and holes would be injected. the box would effectively prevent the electrons and holes from being thermally excited to higher energy states. he presented his quantum - box laser idea at the annual meeting of the japanese society of applied physics in march 1981. then, collaborating with another professor, hiroyuki sakaki, he published a paper on the topic in the 1 june 1982 issue of applied physics letters. the two researchers followed up with a series of experiments in which they confined electrons using 30 - tesla magnets and demonstrated that the devices worked the same over a wide temperature range. \u201d but i thought it would be impossible to fabricate such nanostructures until the 21st century, \u201d arakawa says. the quantum - box laser concept didn \u2019 t exactly set the world on fire. some people found it interesting but not particularly useful, while others concluded that the boxes would be structurally unstable. his early work \u201d attracted almost no one to the field, \u201d says arakawa, now an ieee fellow. today, he adds, thousands of researchers worldwide are working to advance the field. just three years after arakawa and sakaki \u2019 s paper, a research group at france \u2019 s centre national d \u2019 etudes des telecommunications ( cnet ) noticed a strange phenomenon in the \u201d superlattices \u201d they were trying to build out of extremely thin alternating layers of indium arsenide and gallium ars", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6261338870372215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.317355"} {"text": "research group at france \u2019 s centre national d \u2019 etudes des telecommunications ( cnet ) noticed a strange phenomenon in the \u201d superlattices \u201d they were trying to build out of extremely thin alternating layers of indium arsenide and gallium arsenide. studying their handiwork under an electron microscope, they noticed that some of the indium arsenide had formed tiny regular blobs atop the underlying layer of gallium arsenide. each blob, it turned out, was a quantum dot. the french team didn \u2019 t actually produce lasing from their weird structure, but it was a start. in 1994, a team at the tokyo institute of technology and a collaboration of the technical university of berlin, russia \u2019 s ioffe physico - technical institute, and the max planck institute of microstructure physics independently demonstrated the first quantum - dot lasers. ( at that point, the quantum - dot versus quantum - box terminology was still in flux, with the german - russian team using the former term and the japanese using the latter. eventually, arakawa says, the world settled on quantum dot. \u201d now even i call them quantum dots, \u201d he says. ) but it \u2019 s one thing to create an experimental device in the lab and another thing to mass - produce a laser that operates reliably, can be manufactured cheaply, and performs a useful function. qd laser \u2019 s president and ceo, mitsuru sugawara, and his colleagues began chipping away at the problem of commercialization in 1994. sugawara was then a research physicist at fujitsu, aiming to develop a temperature - stable laser that emitted at 1. 3 \u00b5m, the best wavelength for optical communications. \u201d we weren \u2019 t interested in quantum dots per se, \u201d sugawara recalled in an interview last fall. like the cnet group, he and his team had been working on superlattices when they noticed quantum dots forming spontaneously, sugawara says, \u201d like water beading up on a waxed car. \u201d after realizing what they \u2019 d done, they set to work on building a laser. \u201d we knew that to produce lasing, we had to increase the density of the dots, so we started to study how to grow them intentionally, \u201d he says. five years later, in 1999, they demonstrated their first quantum - dot laser with a wavelength of 1. 3 \u00b5m. in a perfect world, the fujitsu group would have continued to make steady progress,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.617542627050095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.319428"} {"text": "grow them intentionally, \u201d he says. five years later, in 1999, they demonstrated their first quantum - dot laser with a wavelength of 1. 3 \u00b5m. in a perfect world, the fujitsu group would have continued to make steady progress, and a commercial quantum - dot laser would have hit the market years ago. in the real world, the it bubble burst, and corporate priorities shifted. \u201d my boss told me that if we didn \u2019 t stop our research [ on quantum dots ], he \u2019 d be fired, \u201d sugawara says. eager to keep japanese r & d on quantum - dot lasers alive, arakawa stepped in. by then his pioneering work on nanostructure devices had made him quite influential in japan \u2019 s scientific circles. in 2001 he persuaded the japanese government to include quantum - dot research in a national project on photonic networking. fujitsu participated, along with hitachi, mitsubishi, nec, and a number of other japanese companies. the fujitsu group resumed its efforts to increase the dot density, mainly by stacking the quantum - dot layers. in 2004, they built a stack of 10 layers containing 30 billion dots per layer and capable of transmitting data at 10 gb / s. \u201d at that point, we could think about starting up a venture company, \u201d sugawara says. though it had nurtured the early stages of research, fujitsu wasn \u2019 t the best place to commercialize the results, he says. the company \u2019 s main business is building high - end servers and optical networking systems for government and business customers. it has no expertise in the commodity chip - making methods that sugawara envisioned using for the quantum - dot lasers. in april 2006, fujitsu and mitsui venture capital formed qd laser, providing the start - up with an initial us $ 2 million. fujitsu agreed to let qd laser use its 40 or so patents on quantum - dot technology ; arakawa signed on as the company \u2019 s technical advisor. although qd laser \u2019 s official headquarters are in a central tokyo high - rise, most of the company \u2019 s staff, including sugawara, are based at fujitsu \u2019 s facility in atsugi, about 45 kilometers southwest of tokyo, and research goes on there and at arakawa \u2019 s labs at the university of tokyo. there are currently 30 scientists and engineers involved, including five at the university of tokyo. after its founding, the starta \u00bf \u00bf up continued to work on boosting the lasers \u2019 dot density.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5643821345381494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.321478"} {"text": "arakawa \u2019 s labs at the university of tokyo. there are currently 30 scientists and engineers involved, including five at the university of tokyo. after its founding, the starta \u00bf \u00bf up continued to work on boosting the lasers \u2019 dot density. \u201d we thought we could keep adding more layers, but we realized that wasn \u2019 t enough, \u201d sugawara says. using proprietary techniques, researchers at qd laser and tokyo university eventually succeeded in doubling the dot density, from 30 billion dots per square centimeter to 60 billion. sugawara brings out two atomic - force microscope images of quantum dots. the first shows a sparsely dotted surface. \u201d everyone can make this density, \u201d he says. then, pointing to the second image, which is crowded with dots, he says, \u201d but only we can make this. \u201d qd laser isn \u2019 t the first company to bring a quantum - dot laser to market. that distinction belongs to innolume, a start - up based in dortmund, germany, and santa clara, calif. since 2007 it has sold quantum - dot \u201d comb \u201d lasers, which can emit tens to hundreds of colors over a range of wavelengths. the devices are potentially suitable for optical computing, laser television, and biomedical applications. but innolume has yet to find a wide market for its products. qd laser will do better because its corporate backers have the muscle to see that it does. fujitsu has already agreed to replace the standard indium - phosphide lasers in its optical networking systems with qd laser \u2019 s gallium - arsenide lasers. but even fujitsu had to be convinced that the new devices would be as reliable as existing lasers. \u201d the communications market is very conservative, \u201d sugawara notes. to make its products more palatable to optical equipment makers like fujitsu, his company spent months tailoring the quantum - dot laser \u2019 s output power and performance so that they matched those of a conventional laser. the resulting laser can seamlessly replace an indium - phosphide laser in an optical transceiver, with no significant redesign required. with telecom giant nippon telegraph and telephone corp. adding 3 million fiber - to - the - home connections each year, sugawara thinks his company could claim 5 to 10 percent of the japanese market by 2011. qd laser is also working on lasers for long - distance communications of up to 20 kilometers. at press time, the company was wrapping up reliability tests and planned to begin selling in the spring.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.600339393767817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.326292"} {"text": "5 to 10 percent of the japanese market by 2011. qd laser is also working on lasers for long - distance communications of up to 20 kilometers. at press time, the company was wrapping up reliability tests and planned to begin selling in the spring. even as it tries to line up more optical equipment customers, qd laser wants to branch out into the consumer - electronics market, which buys 100 times as many lasers, or about 2 billion devices a year. that \u2019 s why the partnership with the japanese consumer electronics maker holds particular promise. back in 2006, shortly after his company was founded, sugawara visited four of the major japanese consumer - electronics makers to gauge their interest in quantum - dot lasers. three said no thanks. but the fourth, sugawara recalls, told him, \u201d we \u2019 ve been waiting for you. \u201d the partnership is unusual in japan, he adds, where there \u2019 s little overlap between the optical - communications sector and the consumer - electronics makers. \u201d we \u2019 re one of the first companies to bridge the gap, \u201d he says. for two years, qd laser engineers worked closely with the consumer electronics firm to refine the fabrication process for the laser chips. qd laser grows the 3 - inch gallium - arsenide wafers in - house and then ships them to its partner, which can print about 50 000 chips on each wafer. each 0. 3 - square - millimeter chip consists of a substrate of n - doped gallium arsenide, followed by a layer of n - doped aluminum gallium arsenide, the quantum - dot layer, and then layers of p - doped algaas and gaas. the company packages each chip in a can about 2 cm long. \u201d even though we \u2019 re a small company, we can do mass production, \u201d sugawara says. qd laser \u2019 s partner would like to start incorporating quantum - dot lasers into its cd and dvd players and other products. by varying the size and concentration of the quantum dots, you can generate different wavelengths of light. to produce red light at 650 nm, for example, you could start with a 1300 - nm quantum - dot laser and then pass it through a frequency doubler, which halves the wavelength. to make green light, you similarly start with a 1064 - nm laser and double the frequency to get a 532 - nm wavelength. quantum - dot lasers could also be used in laser tv sets, medical devices, and tiny portable projectors that fit in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5857606457843947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.333491"} {"text": "green light, you similarly start with a 1064 - nm laser and double the frequency to get a 532 - nm wavelength. quantum - dot lasers could also be used in laser tv sets, medical devices, and tiny portable projectors that fit in your cellphone. in the next couple of decades, arakawa says, we \u2019 ll see quantum dots showing up in quantum computers and other it devices [ for more on quantum computing, see \u201d dot to dot design, \u201d ieee spectrum, september 2007 ]. but why stop there? quantum - dot researchers have been looking at ways to use quantum dots in biochemical sensors, solar cells, and other technologies. it \u2019 s a future arakawa modestly refers to as \u201d quantum dots for everything. \u201d for more articles, go to winners & losers 2009 special report. snapshot : a laser that \u2019 s right on the dot goal : to commercialize a reliable and inexpensive semiconductor laser that \u2019 s also immune to temperature changes. why it \u2019 s a winner : these high - speed, low - power, temperature - stable lasers are equally applicable to optical networking and consumer electronics. who : qd laser, a joint venture of fujitsu and mitsui venture capital corp., and university of tokyo where : tokyo and atsugi, japan staff : 30 scientists and engineers budget : us $ 14 million when : spring 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5966746800330953, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.335874"} {"text": "anger can often lead to problems which may include violence, bullying or even just frustration. learn to harness your anger with these 5 basic tips : - try to figure out why you \u2019 re angry. did somebody say something that really ticked you off? did someone tease you? did someone take their anger out on you? if you can answer these questions you may realize you don \u2019 t even have a reason to be angry. - release your anger gradually. get in touch with your own feelings so you know how you can release your own anger. go out for a jog. go for a swim. workout at the gym. do something creative. shoot some hoops. play the piano. you get the idea. do something that will help you unwind. - ask for help. talk with a friend about your frustrations until you feel better. spend time with your counselor unloading your frustrations. sit down and look your web cam in the lens and make a video, talking about how you feel. watch that video and experience your mood begin to change. - think about someone you can help. the world is full of people who need a hand. think of someone who is having a rough time right now. are they experiencing cyber - bullying or workplace bullying? you can do something to help them. think of what it is and get to work. this is one of the best ways to beat anger and frustration. - get totally relaxed. slow down your thought process and start thinking the most peaceful thoughts you possibly can imagine. put on a relaxing cd. close your eyes take deep breaths. imagine the most relaxing place you could possibly be. maybe it \u2019 s the beach with the sound of gentle waves in the background. it could be a grassy meadow with the breeze blowing through your hair. feel the tension leave your body. simply allow your body to completely unwind. bruce langford, bullying prevention advocate www. standupnow. ca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.380298167746264, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.338798"} {"text": "file organization refers to the way records are physically arranged on a storage device. intel fortran supports two kinds of file organization : the default file organization is always organization = ' sequential ' for an open statement. the organization of a file is specified by means of the organization specifier in the open statement. you can store sequential files on magnetic tape or disk devices, and can use other peripheral devices, such as terminals, pipes, and line printers as sequential files. you must store relative files on a disk device. a sequentially organized file consists of records arranged in the sequence in which they are written to the file ( the first record written is the first record in the file, the second record written is the second record in the file, and so on ). as a result, records can be added only at the end of the file. sequential files are usually read sequentially, starting with the first record in the file. sequential files with a fixed - length record type that are stored on disk can also be accessed by relative record number ( direct access ). within a relative file are numbered positions, called cells. these cells are of fixed equal length and are consecutively numbered from 1 to n, where 1 is the first cell, and n is the last available cell in the file. each cell either contains a single record or is empty. records in a relative file are accessed according to cell number. a cell number is a record ' s relative record number ( its location relative to the beginning of the file ). by specifying relative record numbers, you can directly retrieve, add, or delete records regardless of their locations ( direct access ). ( detecting deleted records is only available if you specified the - vms option when the program was compiled. ) when creating a relative file, use the recl value to determine the size of the fixed - length cells. within the cells, you can store records of varying length, as long as their size does not exceed the cell size.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5185390275460737, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.342523"} {"text": "forest service rangers will try and use fire to regenerate aspen stands affected by sudden aspen decline with a controlled burn in the battlements roadless area in western colorado. photo by bob berwyn 500 - acre prescribed fire under way near collbran by bob berwyn summit county \u2014 as a colorado landmark tree, the aspen gets a lot of attention, especially this time of year, when the stands are vibrant with fiery fall color. this week, a different sort of blaze will roar through a 500 - acre stand of aspens in the battlements roadless area north of collbran, where land managers are using a prescribed burn to treat an area affected by sudden aspen decline, the term for a sudden die - back of the trees linked to stress from the 2002 drought. the pace of the die - back has slowed considerably in the past couple of years, but forest service researchers are still trying to figure out how they might be able to revitalize some of the areas that were hit. and even though sudden aspen decline has slowed in southwest colorado, there is still a slower trend of aspen decline across the state, attributed in part to fire suppression, as well to over - grazing of young stands by elk. aspens are an important part of colorado \u2019 s forest ecosystems. the groves provide good habitat for cavity nesting birds, and the understory is much more diverse than in many evergreen forests, with shrubs and berries that provide an important food source for many animals. ( more \u2026 ) filed under : environment, forest fires, forests, summit county colorado, us forest service | tagged : aspen regeneration, aspens, colorado, controlled burn, forest health, forests, grand mesa, sudden aspen decline, summit county news, us forest service | leave a comment \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3965848072716121, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.348221"} {"text": "class blogs are an excellent starting point. but the most incredible outcomes are observed when students are progressed onto their own individual blogs. why? human nature! as individuals we \u2019 re all driven by personal ownership ; class blogs have less sense of ownership than an individual blog. in this seventh activity you will : - learn about the recommended approach to setting up individual student blogs - gain tips for creating student blogs - learn how to create student blogs using the blog & user creator \u2013 edublogs pro / campus users only - learn how to create student blogs using the edublogs signup page \u2013 free edublogs users only - complete the extension activity ( if you have time ). step 1 : recommended approach to setting up student blogs as highlighted in student blogging activity 5 ( beginner ) : add students to your class blog so they can write posts the best approach to student blogging is to take it slowly. benefits of this approach include : - gives you time to increase your own skills while educating your students on appropriate online behaviour. - you \u2019 re less likely to have problems if you take this approach. if you decide to increase your students \u2019 blogging roles it \u2019 s a good idea to introduce it slowly in the following three steps : the idea is as they show increased responsibility you move them onto the next stage of blogging. and remember you can stage granting students rights to post on the class blog and having their own student blog. for example, you might gradually allow three students at a time rights to post on the class blog. then use these students to teach the next group of three students how to post on the class blog and so on. once they \u2019 re working well on the class blog then you start creating and assigning them their own individual student blog. step 2 : tips for creating student blogs # 1 choosing usernames and blog urls educators normally use the same name for both the student \u2019 s username and blog url. keep them simple and easy for the student to remember. most use a combination of their student \u2019 s first name followed by numbers that might represent the year, class number and / or school initials. they do this to protect the identity of the student by not including their last name and to ensure their username is unique ( as edublogs has close to 1, 000, 000 users ). for example, username misty16 or mistybp16. for example, username mistybp16 and blog url mistybp16. edublogs. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42652092828242494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.370636"} {"text": "responsibility your students are given. do you want them to be able to write own posts / pages, change themes, add widget and approve comments or do you want ( or need ) to limit their level of responsibility? the five roles for users you can give students on their student blogs are : administrator ; editor ; author ; contributor ; and subscriber. deciding which role to assign them is a balance between : - how much responsibility you \u2019 re comfortable with assigning your students - school and district guidelines - providing them with an environment that \u2019 s motivating if you want to approve all posts before they can be published then assign them the role of contributors. if you do assign them the role of contributor it means their posts will be submitted as pending and you \u2019 ll need to visit their blog dashboard to approve their posts. if you \u2019 ve added yourself as an admin user you can see all pending posts and comments on your student blogs by going to dashboard > my blogs. for more info refer to managing students on blogs \u2026 what role do you assign students? for those comfortable with students having a higher level of responsibility i recommend you subscribe to the post feeds from your student blogs \u2014 here is how to subscribe to their posts using google reader. here is a summary of their differences based on user capability : here is a summary of their differences based on access to features in the dashboard : step 3 : create the student blogs how you create the blogs depends on the type of edublogs blog you have : - if you are using an edublogs pro / campus blog \u2013 you create the student blogs using the blog & user creator inside your dashboard. - if you are using a free edublogs blog \u2014 you \u2019 ll need to create the student blogs using the edublogs sign up page. you \u2019 ll need to add yourself as an admin user once the blogs are created. remember spam filters, especially strict ones for institutional email addresses, often block activation and password reset emails from edublogs. org. if unsure use free webmail accounts such as gmail, hotmail that don \u2019 t block these invitation emails. there are no limitations on the number of student blogs you can create! # 1 creating student blogs using the blog & user creator the blog & user creater is designed specificially to save time and make it easy for educators to mass create student blogs. creating the blogs is a simple as : 1. go to users > blog & user creator in your dashboard. 2. click", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4250478410476698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.375418"} {"text": "blog & user creater is designed specificially to save time and make it easy for educators to mass create student blogs. creating the blogs is a simple as : 1. go to users > blog & user creator in your dashboard. 2. click on create blogs tab. 3. select their role on their new blog, their role on your blog, your role on their blog and select \u2018 upgrade to give access to new premium features and other features \u2019. - we recommend the use of pre - set passwords as it means students will be able to log in if you got the email address wrong or their login email is blocked by filters on their email account. 3. add the usernames - use only lowercase letters and numbers, with no spaces, in the username - the username is what they use to sign into the blog dashboard and is displayed on posts and comments they write. you can \u2019 t change a username, however you can change what name is displayed. - if you are creating a new username and see \u2018 sorry, that username already exists! \u2019 it means you need to use a more unique username. remember there is over 1, 000, 000 users in edublogs. org. a simple solution for students is to use a combination of their first name, school initials and their room or year. 4. add their email address - you can \u2019 t create several usernames with the same email address because the system resets password based on email address. but you can trick it using the gmail + method - spam filters, especially strict ones for institutional email addresses, often block these activation emails. if unsure use free webmail accounts such as gmail, hotmail that don \u2019 t block these invitation emails. 5. add their password - leave this blank if you want to let the system automatically create the password 6. add their blog urls - you can \u2019 t change a blog url once a blog is created so choose carefully 7. add blog title - this can be changed later in settings > general 8. click submit at the bottom of the page # 2 creating student blogs using the edublogs signup page if you are using a free edublogs blog you \u2019 ll need to create the student blogs using the edublogs sign up page. you \u2019 ll need to add yourself as an admin user once the blogs are created. here is how you do it : 1. go to edublogs. org 2. click on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40854648479589084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.376634"} {"text": "blogs using the edublogs sign up page. you \u2019 ll need to add yourself as an admin user once the blogs are created. here is how you do it : 1. go to edublogs. org 2. click on the \u2018 free \u2019 image 3. this takes you to the edublogs sign up page where you need to enter your desired username, email address, tick you agree to tos ( terms of service ) and then click next. - you will be sent an activation email once your account is created. this email normally arrives within 30 minutes. - you have 48 hours to click on the link in the email to activate your blog otherwise you will need to reset up your account. - spam filters, especially strict ones for institutional email addresses, often block these activation emails. if unsure use free webmail accounts such as gmail, hotmail that don \u2019 t block these activation emails. - use only lowercase letters and numbers, with no spaces, in your username - your username is what you use to sign into your blog dashboard and is displayed on posts and comments you write. you can \u2019 t change your username, you can change what name is displayed. 4. on the next page enter the blog domain ( i. e. blog url ), blog title, select your preferred privacy and language, enter the captcha word and click signup. - use only lowercase letters and numbers, with no spaces, in your blog url - blog urls can \u2019 t be changed once created - use a blog url that reflects what your blog is about and is unique - keep in mind people need to be able to remember and easily type your blog url into their browser \u2013 where possible try to keep your blog url short but meaningful - don \u2019 t stress too much about your blog title as this can be changed any time. 5. next you should see a page with the blog title and instructions to check email inbox. this email should arrive within 30 minutes. 6. click on the link in the email to activate the blog account. 7. this activates your account and takes you to the activation page on edublogs. 8. you should also receive another email with the username, password and login details which the student \u2019 s use to log into their blog dashboard. 9. once the blog is created you \u2019 ll need to add yourself as an admin user to each student blog by going to users > add new in each student", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4045618524055271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.381530"} {"text": "and login details which the student \u2019 s use to log into their blog dashboard. 9. once the blog is created you \u2019 ll need to add yourself as an admin user to each student blog by going to users > add new in each student blog dashboard and following these instructions. step 4 : complete the extension activity ( if you have time ) write a comment on this post or your own post to share your tips for creating student blogs such as : - what worked well? - what caused you problems? - what are the three most important tips you would give other educators when using individual student blogs? - what would you like explained in more detail? and remember to leave a comment with a link to your post ( if you do write a post ) so we can drop past to check it out! we like to include these links to your posts in our weekly reviews! here is where you find the other activities from this series : thanks to everyone who is participating in the 30 days to get started blogging with your students! and if you missed out, it is never too late to work through the challenges at your own pace! you can always form your own team with other educators and work together! - student blogging activity 1 ( beginner ) : setting up your class blog - student blogging activity 2 ( beginner ) : setting up rules & guidelines - student blogging activity 3 ( beginner ) \u2013 teaching quality commenting - student blogging activity 4 ( beginner ) \u2013 helping parents connect with your class blog - student blogging activity 5 ( beginner ) : add students to your class blog so they can write posts - student blogging activity 6 ( beginner ) : add a visitor tracking widget to your blog sidebar - student blogging activity 7 ( beginner ) : set up your student blogs - student blogging activity 8 ( beginners ) : add your student blogs to your blogroll - student blogging activity 9 ( beginners ) : add your student blogs to a folder in google reader", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4500349892104816, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.382409"} {"text": "ubon ratchathani province covers a total area of 15, 744. 85 square kilometers, with amnat charoen province to the north, the banthat mountain range along the4 border of the kingdom of cambodia to the south, the mekhong river and lao people \u2019 s democratic republic to the east, and yathothon and si sa ket provinces to the west. ubon ratchathani is divided into 19 amphoes and 6 king amphoes, namely : amphoe muang, amphoe warin chamrap, amphoe det udom, amphoe buntharik, amphoe na chaluai, amphoe nam yun, amphoe khong chiam, amphoe phibun mangsahan, amphoe si muang mai, amphoe trakan phutphon, amphoe khemarat, amphoe muang samsip, amphoe khuang nai, amphoe kut khaopun, amphoe pho sai, amphoe tan sum, amphoe samrong, amphoe sirindhorn king amphoe don mot daeng, king amphoe thung si udom, king amphoe na yia, king amphoe no tan, king amphoe lao sua kok, and king amphoe sawang wirawong. the kha and the suai, two local tribes, had moved from si sattanakanahut to this area before the rattanakosin period. during the reign of king rama i, the king thought of locating the people scattered around because of war into one therefore, any leader who could gather the greatest number of people and establish a secure community would be promoted to the rank of chao muang or chief. for this reason, in 1786, thao kham phong, who had led a group of his people to settle in the huai chaeramae area on a plain on the bank of the mun river, was promoted to the rank of chief. later, when he helped the thai troops to attack nakhon champasak, he was promoted to the rank of phra pathum worarat suriyawong and became chao muang or governor of ban chaeramae, which was upgraded to the status of a province called ubon ratchathani. later, the city was moved to a new site at dong u - phung, which is the site of the present city with seven other towns during the reign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3747649049290971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.386429"} {"text": ", which was upgraded to the status of a province called ubon ratchathani. later, the city was moved to a new site at dong u - phung, which is the site of the present city with seven other towns during the reign of king rama v, before the reform of the provincial administration which divided the kingdom into monthon ( circle ), changwat ( province ), and amphoe ( district ), ubon ratchathani was annexed to lao kao town. later in 1899, the name of the area was changed to the northeastern monthon with ubon ratchathani as its administrative center, and the name was changed again in 1900 to monthon i - san. because of the depression in 1915, the status of monthon ubon ratchathani was reduced to only a province in monthon nakhon ratchsima in 1933, the division of the kingdom into monthon was abolished and the city has been known as ubon ratchathani from that time on. transportation to ubon ratchathani is very convenient by car, train, and air. by car : follow highway 1 ( phahon yothin road ) to highway 2 ( friendship then follow highway 2 to highway 24 ( chok chaidet udom ) ; turning onto this route and following it untio the end. the total distance is 629 kilometres. on take highway 2 to nakhon ratchasima and turn onto highway 226 to buri ram \u2013 surin \u2013 si sa ket \u2013 ubon ratchathani. by bus : there are both air - conditioned and ordinary buses leaving from the northeastern bus terminal ( talat mo chit ) many times a day. for detailed information tel. 272 - 5228 ( ordinary bus ) and 272 - 5299 ubon ratchathani bus terminal tel. ( 045 ) private agencies : nakhon chai air tel. 2725271 ( at ubon ratchathani tel. 269385 - 6 ), mong khon tour tel. 2725239 ( at ubon ratchathani tel. 255116 ), chet chai tour tel. 2725264 ( at ubon ratchathani tel. 254885, 255907 ), sahamit tour. tel. 2725252 ( at ubon ratchathani tel. 255043 ), sayan tour ( ubon ratchathani ) tel. 254885, 242163,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4065176415285647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.387349"} {"text": "the mere mention of korean food and the first thing that comes to mind is kimchi \u2013 the spicy red - tinged fermented vegetable dish. it is as distinctly korean as hamburger is american, and pasta italian. but like every other country, while a hint or more of spice is vital to korean food recipes, there is so much more to their cuisine than just kimchi. a lot of the food consumed by present - day koreans came from the cuisine and customs of the royal court. korean food is one of the healthiest cuisines because it is vegetable - based and meats are cooked without a lot of oil. a full meal is balanced, considering spiciness, texture, temperature, and careful presentation. a complete korean meal is called hanjoungshik and is composed of fish, steamed ribs, and other meat and vegetable dishes, rice, soup, and of course, kimchi. there is also twoenjang - guk, a fermented soybean paste soup with clams. there are many banchan or side dishes which are shared, and each side dish must complement the others. usual side dishes are steamed vegetables, kimchi, beef, fish, and bean taste soup. you can see the richness and diversity of korean recipes during gatherings and special occasions, because various dishes are cooked in many different ways. some are stewed, pan - fried, fermented, simmered, steamed, or eaten raw. but the one dish that must always be present is kimchi. kimchi is known for its spicy tangy crunch, and is considered a digestive aid and appetite stimulant. it can be seasoned with pepper, garlic, radish, green onions, ginger, and other ingredients. but red chilli pepper flakes is what gives it its red coloring and makes it hot and spicy. served during every korean meal, it is said to be good in vitamin c and fiber. there are more than 100 varieties of kimchi, the most popular of which is the baechu or napa cabbage variety. if you want to try korean dishes but are not into spicy food, don \u2019 t worry. korean food recipes also include meat dishes and these are usually eaten with vegetables or beans. the most popular of these is the samgyeopsal \u2013 thinly - sliced pork belly meat that resembles bacon. you can also try their bulgogi or marinated barbecued beef, and the galbi \u2013 grilled beef ribs wrapped in lettuce and do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40884052095821344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.389979"} {"text": "according to japan \u2019 s asahi shimbun, cleanup crews working near the ruined fukushima daiichi nuclear plant, \u201c dumped soil and leaves contaminated with radioactive fallout into rivers. \u201d crooked cleanup ( 1 ) : radioactive waste dumped into rivers during decontamination work in fukushima http : / / t. co / vz7bfmc9 a team of journalists who observed the decontamination work in the region last month added : \u201c water sprayed on contaminated buildings has been allowed to drain back into the environment. and supervisors have instructed workers to ignore rules on proper collection and disposal of the radioactive waste. \u201d workers were apparently aware that they were breaking rules, the paper reported : from dec. 11 to 18, four asahi reporters spent 130 hours observing work at various locations in fukushima prefecture. at 13 locations in naraha, iitate and tamura, workers were seen simply dumping collected soil and leaves as well as water used for cleaning rather than securing them for proper disposal. photographs were taken at 11 of those locations. the reporters also talked to about 20 workers who said they were following the instructions of employees of the contracted companies or their subcontractors in dumping the materials. a common response of the workers was that the decontamination work could never be completed if they adhered to the strict rules.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4527739030453561, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.391321"} {"text": "in an exclusive interview with thinkprogress green, lubchenco, the administrator of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ), discussed the vicious circle of oil and gas greenhouse pollution melting the arctic sea ice, making it possible for new oil and gas drilling in the region that will melt the ice even faster. lubchenco had just appeared in a panel on threats to oceans at the society of environmental journalists annual conference on friday morning, discussing ocean acidification and the unexpectedly rapid decline of arctic sea ice, both results of greenhouse pollution from burning fossil fuels. \u201c less sea ice means greater access to reserves for gas and oil that are there, \u201d lubchenco said in the tp green interview, agreeing that \u201c increased production of oil and gas means less sea ice. \u201d when asked whether there are civilizational risks to a world without permanent arctic sea ice, lubchenco explained that \u201c what happens in the arctic doesn \u2019 t stay in the arctic \u201d : well, what happens in the arctic doesn \u2019 t stay in the arctic. it has huge implications for the global system. and one of the reasons people are legitimately concerned about melting of sea ice are the uncertainties associated with the consequences of that for the rest of the planet. we \u2019 re entering a no - analogue world here. we \u2019 ve never experienced the kinds of changes that we \u2019 re seeing now in the arctic and elsewhere. and we don \u2019 t fully understand what the consequences of that are going to be. watch the interview : the united states and other nations with access to the arctic are taking steps to support the expansion of drilling in regions made accessible by global warming pollution. although norway is concerned about the costs of a deepwater horizon - like disaster, the government is still encouraging arctic drilling. in august, exxon mobil signed a blockbuster deal with russia \u2019 s rosneft to explore the russian reaches of the arctic ocean for oil. this month, the department of interior announced it is moving forward with 500 oil drilling leases sold during the bush administration for the chukchi sea. last week, the environmental protection agency granted shell an air permit for exploratory drilling in the beaufort sea. the arctic ocean is estimated by the u. s. geological survey to have vast reserves of oil and gas. burning of those fossil fuels would add tens of billions of tons of carbon dioxide to our already overheated atmosphere. although noaa is the nation \u2019 s top oceanographic agency, its scientists play only a minor, advisory role in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46740065121041185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.396302"} {"text": "new york \u2014 from the rocky mountains to new england, hospitals are swamped with people with flu symptoms. some medical centers have limited visitors, and one pennsylvania hospital set up a tent outside its er to handle the feverish patients. flu season in the u. s. has hit early and, in some places, hard. but whether this will be considered a bad season by the time it has run its course in the spring remains to be seen. those of us with gray hair have seen worse, said dr. william schaffner, a flu expert at vanderbilt university in nashville. the evidence so far is pointing to a moderate season, schaffner and others believe. it just looks bad compared with last year \u2014 an unusually mild one. flu usually doesn ' t blanket the country until late january or february, but it is already widespread in more than 40 states. also, the main influenza virus this year tends to make people sicker. and there are other bugs out there causing flu - like illnesses. so what people are calling the flu may, in fact, be something else. there may be more of an overlap than we normally see, said dr. joseph bresee, who tracks the flu for the centers for disease control and prevention. the flu ' s early arrival in the u. s. coincided with spikes in a variety of other viruses, including a childhood malady that mimics flu and a new norovirus that causes what some people call stomach flu. flu is a major contributor, though, to what ' s going on, experts say. the early onslaught has prompted hospitals to take steps to deal with the influx and protect other patients from getting sick, including restricting visits from children, requiring family members to wear masks, and banning anyone with flu symptoms from maternity wards. one hospital in allentown this week set up a tent for a steady stream of patients with flu symptoms. but so far, what we ' re seeing is a typical flu season, said terry burger, director of infection control and prevention for the hospital, lehigh valley hospital - cedar crest. health officials are analyzing this year ' s flu vaccine ' s effectiveness, but early indications are that about 60 percent of all vaccinated people have been protected from the flu. that ' s in line with how effective flu vaccines have been in other years. on average, about 24, 000 americans die each flu season, according to the cdc. symptoms can include fever, cough, runny nose, head and body aches and fatigue. some people also suffer vomiting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.405152185160789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.399552"} {"text": "kitchen food safety basics of kitchen food safety : clean, separate, cook, chill learn the about the basics of food safety in the kitchen. the four simple concepts : clean, separate, cook and chill can help prevent foodborne illness. - spring clean your way into a safer kitchen ( partnership for food safety education ) - clean, separate, cook and chill ( canadian partnership for consumer food safety education ). - five keys to safer food manual ( world health organization pdf 3, 936 kb ) - food safety education - the four messages : clean, separate, cook, chill ( usda ) - washing food - does it promote food safety? ( usda ) - kitchen companion - your safe food handbook ( usda ) - fight bac! ( partnership for food safety education ) - uc food safety in the kitchen publications holiday food safety - holidayfoodsafety. org is dedicated to providing information, including videos, about keeping food safe during the holidays. you can find detailed information and useful tips on : - the turkey - cranberry sauce recipe - selecting, preparing, and canning fruit ( national center for home food preservation ) - preparing the kitchen - safely handling ingredients - menu selection - foodsafety. gov - useful information about holiday food safety. includes \u201c food safety for moms to be \", \" mail order food safety \" ( usda ) and the video \" be food safe for holiday buffets \" ( usda ). - fda : holiday food safety - cdc : holiday food safety podcast packing a safe lunch packing a safe lunch for our little ones is just as important as packing a lunch that is nutritious. the web pages below discuss food safety tips for the lunch box. - the lunch box series, c : safe lunches for preschol children ( uc pub pdf 2335k ) tips on keeping food safety in mind when you put together your rpeschooler ' s nutritious sack lunch. in english and spanish ( la lonchera : como empacar almuerzos seguros para ninos preescolares pdf 1290k ). - back to school food safety tips for parents and students ( usda ) - eating outdoors - handling food safely ( fda ) - an ounce of prevention keeps the germs away ( cdc pdf 3, 187 kb )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4900313603679592, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.401961"} {"text": "the stormwater ecological enhancement project ( seep ) began in 1995 as a take - home final exam for the course ecosystems of florida. the objective was to develop a management plan to enhance a stormwater retention basin located within the university of florida natural area and teaching lab ( natl ) for species diversity while optimizing the basin ' s use for research and education. since that time, the wetlands club at uf has taken this project further and implemented a full - scale created wetland that achieves not only the original objectives but also improves wildlife habitat, water quality, and aesthetics. these efforts have been in close coordination with the natl advisory committee. what is a stormwater retention basin? water that runs off the land during and after a rainstorm is called stormwater runoff. this runoff and any pollutants it carries flows into streams, rivers, lakes and depressions throughout the landscape. in an urbanized landscape natural physical, chemical and biological processes are disrupted and leaves, litter, animal waste, oil, greases, heavy metals, fertilizers and pesticides are transported downstream. a stormwater retention basin provides temporary storage for the runoff generated by development in the watershed, releasing it slowly and reducing the potential for flooding. the basin also provides some treatment of pollution carried by the stormwater runoff. while wetlands have historically been considered of little importance, our increasing understanding of these systems is changing this misconception. wetlands are now recognized for providing many vital benefits. some of these benefits include : - habitat for commercially valuable fish and shellfish, - improved water quality. although we have lost more than 50 percent of the historic wetlands in the lower 48 states, protection of wetlands has increased considerably over the past 15 years due to recognition of these values. wetlands and stormwater basins wetlands can be found alongside rivers and lake shores, and as low areas in the landscape that often become flooded during storms. these wetlands are the natural stormwater basins of the landscape. as humans create stormwater basins to reduce the effects of development, it seems only logical to mimic these natural stormwater basins. this provides benefits beyond that of water storage as the basin becomes a multipurpose area serving our needs to reduce flooding while offsetting wetland functions that have been lost over the past 200 years. the water treatment component of the retention basin would also be substantially enhanced by the diversity of vegetation and complexity of the integrated wetland community. the integration of these \" free \" services provided by a natural system with the needs of our growing world has been termed ecological engineering. this new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4772846131114843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.408317"} {"text": "of the retention basin would also be substantially enhanced by the diversity of vegetation and complexity of the integrated wetland community. the integration of these \" free \" services provided by a natural system with the needs of our growing world has been termed ecological engineering. this new approach to urban and regional planning is not only a more environmentally sensitive approach, but one that uses processes that have been working naturally for millions of years. the retention pond at natl the 3 - acre retention pond is the low point of a 39. 75 acre watershed. the majority of the basin was constructed in 1988 with additional storage created in 1990. structures within this watershed contributing significant runoff to the basin include the center for performing arts, entomology and nematology buildings, the park & ride commuter lot and roadways between and around these buildings. the total storage of the basin to offset the increased runoff generated by these impervious surfaces is 478, 000 cubic feet. as originally designed the bottom of the basin is essentially flat, with uniform slopes on the north, south and east sides. to the west of the basin the slope is low and quickly grades into the preexisting depression of the area. because the basin is almost uniform in elevation the established vegetation was dominated by cattail. ecologically enhanced design the primary goal of the project is to increase the diversity of flooding depths and frequency of flooding that will occur since this is the primary factor regulating species composition in a wetland. to do this two depressions, one 4 - feet, the other 5 - feet deep, were dug at the southeastern end of the pond providing a deep, open - water habitat. at the north end a low berm was constructed to temporarily impound 80 % of the entering stormwater. this forebay provides the first phase of treatment and was planted with species known to take up heavy metals and remove nutrients. water from the forebay is then slowly released, first flowing through an area planted to resemble a bottom - land hardwood swamp, and move into a shallow freshwater marsh before entering the deep - water ponds. at the southeastern end of the pond another small berm was built to divert stormwater away from the deep - water ponds, increasing treatment time. at the end of this berm a knoll was built and planted with trees to provide nesting or roosting sites for birds. the basin was planted with species that resemble those found in wetlands of north central florida. a boardwalk also will be constructed. expected seep benefits the seep project already has provided a great learning experience for wetlands club members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47731824400927275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.411954"} {"text": "roosting sites for birds. the basin was planted with species that resemble those found in wetlands of north central florida. a boardwalk also will be constructed. expected seep benefits the seep project already has provided a great learning experience for wetlands club members through project design and organization, regulatory agency interaction and team work. other benefits of the project include : - species diversity. the variety of plantings and topographic diversity on the sight provides new genetic material as well as suitable establishment sites for long - term increases in vegetative species diversity within the basin. - wildlife habitat. vegetative diversity as well as diversity of aquatic habitat provides a multitude of new biotic niches not previously available in the basin. the value of this habitat becomes increasingly important as other areas on campus and in the gainesville community are encroached upon. - aesthetics. retention basins are notoriously unattractive, often fenced in, littered with trash, and square. although the retention basin at the natl is pleasant compared to some, its appeal would be improved if it resembled a diverse wetland. - water quality. construction of the forebay, planting of species known to have high treatment potential, and diversion of stormwater to maximize treatment all improve the water treatment potential of the basin. - research. since integration of wetlands and stormwater basins is still a relatively new concept, little is known about optimization and performance of these systems. implementing seep provides a unique opportunity to test the principles of this integration, pushing the university of florida to the forefront of this technology. the location of this site on campus as well as the location of the site within natl allows for easy access and control over activities within the site. faculty, staff and state agencies interested in this topic will be able to use this as a long - term study site. - education. educational opportunities for both students and the public enormous for this site. the university has one of only three wetland centers in the country with some of the founding faculty in principles of ecological engineering. many courses throughout the campus use the area for various components of their curriculum. public education opportunities abound with the construction of the new florida museum of natural history within a stones throw of the basin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45180707256208946, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.414466"} {"text": "currently, hundreds of satellites orbit the earth, many with instruments that improve our lives and define our lifestyles. satellite - based technology makes it possible to watch our favorite television shows, navigate unfamiliar roads and plan weather - dependent activities a week ahead. satellites also collect data that aren \u2019 t as easy to explain, such as the nasa instrument to be launched this spring to measure sea surface salinity over the globe. annette decharon \u2019 s job is to explain exactly what that instrument, dubbed aquarius, will do once it \u2019 s launched in 2011 and why its mission \u2014 to collect data on salt concentrations at the ocean surface \u2014 is critical for nasa and for society as a whole. from her mission control - style desk in an office at the university of maine darling marine center in walpole, maine, decharon \u2019 s job as senior marine education scientist is to make ocean sciences more accessible for various audiences. her work with nasa / aquarius education & public outreach targets the public, students from elementary school to college, and science communicators from classroom teachers to ocean researchers. \u201c many people don \u2019 t really interact with the ocean at all, so they don \u2019 t think about how it affects them, but it \u2019 s basically the key driver of climate, \u201d says decharon, who teaches a umaine semester by the sea class and directs one of the national centers for ocean sciences education excellence ( cosee ). \u201c in all of our education and outreach programs, we really try to emphasize that point. one approach is through visualization of ocean data and concepts. this is important because the ocean is so remote that people can \u2019 t readily identify with it. but if you give them visuals that help them see the big picture and how things interact, they are more likely to believe its relevance. \u201d the educational materials decharon and her team produce help demonstrate why monitoring sea surface salinity is key to understanding what \u2019 s happening in the oceans. \u201c most people know the oceans are salty, but they don \u2019 t know that patterns of salinity change geographically and over time, \u201d she says. \u201c if there \u2019 s a lot of rain or if ice melts in a region, the sea surface will be less salty. if you get higher evaporation, seawater will be saltier. sea surface salinity changes can tell us how the water cycle is changing over the ocean. that \u2019 s important because 86 percent of global evaporation and 74 percent of global precipitation happens over the oceans. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5099735639852881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.422965"} {"text": "seawater will be saltier. sea surface salinity changes can tell us how the water cycle is changing over the ocean. that \u2019 s important because 86 percent of global evaporation and 74 percent of global precipitation happens over the oceans. \u201d over its three - year mission, aquarius data will be used to produce monthly maps of global sea surface salinity. within a few months, aquarius will collect as many sea surface salinity measurements as the entire 125 - year historical record from ships and buoys. the newest findings also will be used in climate prediction and el nino forecasts. to increase awareness and understanding of salinity, decharon and her team have developed a website with a wealth of information, including trivia ( bet you didn \u2019 t know, for example, the word \u201c salary \u201d may derive from the money paid to roman soldiers to buy salt ), online data tools and suggested activities for students from elementary ( a potato float helps children understand the concept of relative density ) to high school ( an experiment that splits saltwater into its constituent ions ). the activities are aligned with national science education standards and ocean literacy principles, and are evaluated to ensure their efficacy. as ensconced as decharon is now in the world of science education, she didn \u2019 t start out that way. a university of california \u2013 davis graduate in geology, decharon earned a master \u2019 s degree in oceanography at oregon state university. she worked at brown university as a research assistant in the department of planetary geology before being hired as a mission planner for the nasa jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, calif. \u201c i discovered that i am pretty good at taking lots of input and coming up with plans that satisfied the needs of various types of people, including nasa engineers and scientists, \u201d she says. \u201c that \u2019 s something you usually don \u2019 t get during your scientific training. \u201d after several years, decharon went from mission planning to public outreach on nasa \u2019 s topex / poseidon mission, the pioneering satellite that measured sea surface height during the 1997 \u2013 98 el nino event. decharon assisted in media campaigns, produced outreach materials and created some of nasa \u2019 s early educational websites. it was an exciting experience merging science, technology and education, decharon says, and a springboard for her role as director of cosee - ocean systems. the umaine - based cosee center brings together scientists and educators in peer - to - peer interactions, both in person and online. educators contribute their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4817489453765428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.424048"} {"text": "unaids and unicef welcome news of a baby born with hiv who now as a toddler appears \u201c functionally cured \u201d through treatment and looks forward to further studies to see if findings can be replicated. geneva, 4 march 2013 \u2014 the joint united nations programme on hiv / aids ( unaids ) and unicef welcome a new case study, which found a baby treated with antiretroviral drugs in the first 30 hours of life and who continued on hiv treatment for 18 months appeared to be functionally cured. the findings were presented today at the conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections ( croi ) in atlanta, georgia in the united states of america. according to researchers the mother who was living with hiv at the time of birth had not received antiretroviral ( arv ) medication or prenatal care. researchers say that the child was born prematurely in july 2010 in the state of mississippi. due to the high risk of exposure to hiv, the researchers say the baby was started on a triple therapy regimen of antiretroviral drug 30 hours after birth and before proof of infection could be confirmed. the newborn \u2019 s hiv - positive status was subsequently confirmed through a highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction testing which was conducted on several occasions. the case study stated that the baby was discharged from the hospital after one week and continued arv treatment until 18 months of age, when for reasons that are unclear the treatment was discontinued. however, when the child was seen by medical professionals about a half a year later, blood samples revealed undetectable hiv levels and no hiv - specific antibodies. if the findings are confirmed this would be the first well - documented case of an hiv - positive child who appears to have no detectable levels of the virus despite stopping hiv treatment. \u201c this news gives us great hope that a cure for hiv in children is possible and could bring us one step closer to an aids free generation, \u201d said unaids executive director michel sidibe. \u201c this also underscores the need for research and innovation especially in the area of early diagnostics. \u201d in 2011, unaids and its partners launched a global plan for the elimination of new hiv infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive. significant progress has been made and continued support and research is needed. \u201c while we wait for these results to be confirmed with further research, it is potentially great news, \u201d said unicef executive director, anthony lake. \u201c this case also demonstrates what we already know \u2014 it is vital to test newborn babies at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43751227378766677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.427927"} {"text": "george frideric handel from uncyclopedia, the content - free encyclopedia - \" handel \" redirects here. perhaps you were just looking for door handle. george frideric handel ( german : georg friedrich handel ; pronounced [ \u0261\u0254\u02d0d\u0292 \u02c8h\u00e6nd\u0259l ] ) ( 23 february 1685 \u2013 14 april 1759 ) was an expert at handling things, and more specifically all things related to music. with his many operas, oratorios and concerti grossi, he revolutionized the scene of german - english baroque. his music ' s influence was of such proportions that it may justly be described as being of cosmic significance. born in halle an der saale, he traveled the world to spread his heavenly music. some of his most notable works include yes, we can handle it!, walking on water, with handles!, and music for the royal handles. handel ' s music went on to inspire composers like haydn, mozart and beethoven. and all this despite his obvious handicap. edit early life handel was born in halle an der saale ( german for \" hall on the saale river \" ) to georg and dorothea ( nee taust ) handel in 1685, the same year that both johann sebastian bach and domenico scarlatti were born. handel displayed considerable musical talent at an early age ; by the age of seven he was a skillful performer on the harpsichord and pipe organ. however, his father, a distinguished citizen of halle and an eminent barber - surgeon, thought about handling things differently, preferring him to study law. however, when handel managed to greatly impress duke johann adolf i, the latter urged handel ' s father to let handel take musical lessons. handel ' s first teacher was friedrich wilhelm zachow, the organist at the local church. handel learned about harmony and contemporary styles. he studied with zachow from 1692 to 1703, when he moved to a largely unknown village where he would later invent the hamburger. handel was such an excellent student that he soon surpassed his teacher ' s capabilities. after zachow died, handel became a benefactor to his widow and children in gratitude for his teacher ' s instruction. edit from halle to italy handel was bored with the nazifuckers in germany so he decided to go to the country of music at the time, italy. italy was nutorious for it ' s fine opera which handel adored. since the brits had the true money and handel was such a filthy money - whore he later one moved to england so he could make some money", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44183705772562176, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.433878"} {"text": "at the time, italy. italy was nutorious for it ' s fine opera which handel adored. since the brits had the true money and handel was such a filthy money - whore he later one moved to england so he could make some money from his operas. as they said in europe at the time : \" in italy you can make art, but in england you can make money, so go there you whore \" edit journey to india he totally went there. edit the move to london in 1711 handel moved to london because the inbred brits had no culture what so ever. the english really wanted to listen to some opera but they where completely retarded so they gave handel a call so he came to england. handel how was only slightly less retarded then the brits gave an great success with his first opera rinaldo about a crusader without any testicles how sang like a woman. the leading role was written for the castrato senesino. senesino and handel started a homosexual relationship during the preformence of this great opera. handel also slept around with several other singers including castratos like cafferelli, farinelli and tom cruise. handel also had sexual affairs with gorgeous sopranos and scary contra - altos. after over 40 operas the retarded brits got bored of opera so handel had to write new music. handel was so stupid and had no creativity what so ever so he just moved over from opera to oratorios. the two art - forms are basically the same, just that an oratorio isn ' t acted on stage but preformed in a church like some long and dull mass. he had immense success with the oratorio messiah, also know as messiah christ superstar and \" a long wait to the hallelujah - chorus \". after two hours of long wait with small random choruses, arias and boring recetatives the famous hallelujah - chorus finally comes. at the first performance the queen of england came and the king himself jizzed in his pants. they thought it had ended after that chorus but they where wrong so they killed themself. edit the move to america needing somewhere to go, handel travelled to america, he did not like what he saw... but yet he dealed with the lack of original culture, and composed barsongs, the most famous being \" throw the jew down the well. \" handel had many cannons but there is one he was particularly proud of. oh, but this section is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4093997518211827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.435060"} {"text": "yet he dealed with the lack of original culture, and composed barsongs, the most famous being \" throw the jew down the well. \" handel had many cannons but there is one he was particularly proud of. oh, but this section is actually about a place called \" cannons \". sorry! edit royal academy of music edit opera at covent garden as mentioned earlier handel wrote operas, so yeah. he totally did that! edit later years he later got blined but he learned to play the organ anyway and he completley \" wow - ed \" the audience with his organplaying. he was known as the \" drunken pig of organplaying \" ( se this picture : ) since he resembled one so much. he died eventually ( thank god! ) in a surprising segue into the mainstream music business, handel joined up with brackets and hinges to form the doors. - rinaldo \" the castrated knight \" ( 1711 ) - rinaldo ii \" the return of the knight without a ballsack \" ( 1712 ) - giulio cesare in egitto \" the emperor of rome without his testicals \" ( 1724 ) - rodelinda \" some guy crying about his lost balls \" dove sei amante testicals? \" ( 1725 ) - alcina \" a bitchy cougar soprano - sorceress that have sex with alot of castrated men \" ( 1735 ) - serse \" it beginns with that aria \" ombra mai fu \", the rest is pretty shitty \" ( 1738 ) - esther \" like, the first oratorio in english ever! totally, fuck italian! \" ( it is funny because the ouverture is written in an italian style! ) ( 1718 ) - messiah \" oh jesus! everyone knows this. a long fucking wait untill the hallelujah - chorus \" ( 1741 ) - judas maccabeus \" about that jew that killed jesus, you know judas. ( 1746 ) - orchestral music - organ - concertos op. 4 and 7 - golder shower music on the thames - water music in da shower - music for the royal erection edit musical influences handel is a key figure in the world of club music and dance. he is often refereed to as the \" great grandmother \" of dance music, dance in fact being an anagram of his name. being born in the 1930 ' s, handel grew up listening to club on the popular radio stations and town criers. he was particularly fond of the instruments found in dance music,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4061576651402721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.435998"} {"text": "ever feel like the kkk gets a bum rap? i mean... there \u2019 s two sides to every story, right? maybe a case can be made that the original klansmen were heroes. freedom fighters. manful defenders of their women. soldiers of god. well, don \u2019 t risk pulling a muscle on that little mind experiment, because the case was made. in the encyclopedia britannica, the finest compendium of general knowledge in the english language. you know i love rummaging through old texts. you step back in time 100 years, you \u2019 re bound to discover some interesting perspectives on things. dig it : the contents of the classic 1911 edition of the encyclopedia britannica ( now unprotected by copyright ) are online and searchable at www. 1911encyclopedia. org. for shits and grins, i looked up \u201c ku klux klan. \u201d the current encyclopedia britannica describes the klan as \u201c either of two distinct secret terrorist organizations in the united states, one founded immediately after the civil war..., the other beginning in 1915... \u201d but the word \u201c terrorist \u201d wasn \u2019 t used in the 1911 edition. to say the least. here is how the 1911 entry begins : \u201c ku klux klan, the name of an american secret association of southern whites united for self - protection and to oppose the reconstruction measures of the united states congress, 1865 - 1876. \u201d self - protection? okaaay. tell me more. \u201c the object was to protect the whites during the disorders that followed the civil war, and to oppose the policy of the north towards the south, and the result of the whole movement was a more or less successful revolution against the reconstruction and an overthrow of the governments based on negro suffrage. \u201d wow. sounds kind of valorous when you put it like that. how did this revolutionary movement begin? \u201c [ the ku klux klan ] began in 1865 in pulaski, tennessee, as a social club of young men. it had an absurd ritual and a strange uniform. the members accidentally discovered that the fear of it had a great influence over the lawless but superstitious blacks... \u201c the various causes assigned for the origin and development of this movement were :... the corrupt and tyrannical rule of the alien [ i. e., northern whites ], renegade and negro... ; the disfranchisement of whites ; the spread of ideas of social and political equality among the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4538432990988863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.443096"} {"text": ".. the corrupt and tyrannical rule of the alien [ i. e., northern whites ], renegade and negro... ; the disfranchisement of whites ; the spread of ideas of social and political equality among the negroes ; fear of negro insurrections ; the arming of negro militia and the disarming of the whites ; outrages upon white women by black men ; \u201d \u2013 \u2013 \u201c... the humiliation of confederate soldiers after they had been paroled \u2013 in general, the insecurity felt by southern whites during the decade after the collapse of the confederacy. \u201d perfectly understandable. so what were the klan \u2019 s stated principles? \u201c [ t ] he following are characteristic : to protect and succour the weak and unfortunate, especially the widows and orphans of confederate soldiers ; \u201d \u2013 awww... widows and orphans. nobody ever talks about that! \u2013 \u201c to protect members of the white race in life, honour and property from the encroachments of the blacks ;... to defend constitutional liberty, to prevent usurpation, emancipate the whites, maintain peace and order, the laws of god, the principles of 1776 \u201d \u2013 people, let me hereby repeat : this is from the encyclopedia freaking britannica! \u2013 \u201c and the political and social supremacy of the white race \u2013 in short, to oppose african influence in government and society, and to prevent any intermingling of the races. \u201d i see. so how were these noble principles actualized? what were the klan \u2019 s tactics? \u201c to control the negro the klan played upon his superstitious fears by having night patrols, parades and drills of silent horsemen covered with white sheets, carrying skulls with coals of fire for eyes, sacks of bones to rattle, and wearing hideous masks. \u201d ( pictured at left is a genuine 1870 ku klux klan mask from the north carolina museum of history. ) shit! that sure would scare me good. not to mention the bullwhips and guns. oh, right... you didn \u2019 t mention the bullwhips and guns. anyhoo, please continue, encyclopedia britannica... \u201c in calling upon dangerous blacks at night they pretended to be the spirits of dead confederates, \u2018 just from hell \u2019.... mysterious signs and warnings were sent to disorderly negro politicians. the whites who were responsible for the conduct of the blacks were warned or driven away by social and business ostracism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49013875996855316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.445348"} {"text": "spirits of dead confederates, \u2018 just from hell \u2019.... mysterious signs and warnings were sent to disorderly negro politicians. the whites who were responsible for the conduct of the blacks were warned or driven away by social and business ostracism or by violence. nearly all southern whites ( except \u2018 scalawags \u2019 ), whether members of the secret societies or not, in some way took part in the ku klux movement. \u201d all right now, reality - check time. was there anything negative about the ku kluxers? what about that violence you alluded to? \u201c in some communities they fell into the control of violent men and became simply bands of outlaws, dangerous even to the former members ; and the anarchical aspects of the movement excited the north to vigorous condemnation. \u201d so give me the bottom line, 1911 encyclopedia britannica. what did the original kkk accomplish? \u201c [ t ] he ku klux movement went on until it accomplished its object by giving protection to the whites, reducing the blacks to order,... expelling the worst of the carpet - baggers and scalawags, and nullifying those laws of congress which had resulted in placing the southern whites under the control of a party composed principally of ex - slaves. \u201d dang. with such a romantic view of the kkk inscribed even in the encyclopedia britannica, is it any wonder that a new klan arose in 1915 and lives on to today? but let \u2019 s end on an up note. as much as our modern imagination pictures negroes quaking in terror from the night - riders... as much as that old encyclopedia speaks of fearful and superstitious blacks... there is this new york times item, published march 19, 1868 : book review : storm warning by e. a. o \u2019 neal 15 hours ago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4616238299019032, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.446302"} {"text": "by steve sternberg, usa today aids virus testing should be offered regularly to everyone ages 13 to 64 in every hospital, doctor ' s office and clinic to speed diagnosis and help curb the epidemic, federal health officials recommended thursday. the centers for disease control and prevention ' s recommendations are not legally binding, but they are designed to make hiv testing as routine as tests for high blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes. about 1 million people in the usa are hiv - positive, but 250, 000 of them have not been diagnosed, according to the cdc. \" it will allow us to identify a lot of people who have hiv and don ' t know it, \" the cdc ' s timothy mastro says. on deadline : more information from the cdc the guidelines no longer require health workers to provide special counseling before and after the test, and they lift the requirement that patients supply specific written consent, though patients must be given the opportunity to refuse testing. daniel kuritzkes of the university of colorado, chair of the hiv medicine association, says, \" i think the guidelines will help destigmatize hiv testing by making it part of routine medical care and not a test with some special mystique about it. \" more than a dozen aids advocacy groups released a statement objecting to the decision to drop counseling. \" we fear that some health care settings will interpret today ' s announcement as a call for universal screening and test patients without informing them or arming them with the information they need to avoid putting others at risk, \" says david munar of the national association of people with aids. peter staley, a founder of the protest group act up, disagrees with his peers : \" the bottom line is that we ' re really losing the fight here. we ' re losing lives. i ' m an act up grad, and our motto is ' by any means necessary. ' \" i realize that abandoning written informed consent raises issues. people are worried about privacy and stigma. but the bottom line is that this would probably save lives, and that ' s why i ' m very much in favor of it. \" even patients diagnosed late in the course of the disease can extend their life expectancy by 14 years with standard treatment, according to a recent study led by rochelle walensky of harvard medical school. patients diagnosed soon after infection can extend their lives by as much as 25 years, she says. mastro says diagnosis is a powerful tool for prevention. \" we think that the quarter of a million people who don ' t know", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3721033040159798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.455736"} {"text": "learning technology - general description of immediate needs ( 1 - 6 months ) i. classroom presentation equipment projection device : usage : for multimedia presentation in class lectures. there are 4 categories of projection devices that can be used depending on the size of the audience. - 1. lcd panel ( $ 3, 000 - $ 7, 000 ) - for class size larger than 20 students, this is the best solution to display images. for multimedia presentation, lcd panels with thousands color display ( 16 - bit or more ) and 10 \" active matrix will be highly recommended over those 8. 4 \" passive matrix with only 256 - color display ( 8 - bit ). most commercial class materials are already ( or are going to be ) using 16 - bit or better colors. if 16 - bit graphics are displayed in 256 - color, undesired and unexpected color alternation will occur. this problem is particularly serious for presenting video, 256 - color passive matrix lcd panel is not adequent for this kind of task, because it will become a concern and an inconvenience for the professors in using color graphics for their multimedia class lectures. - suggested 10. 4 \" system for larger classroom, 8. 4 \" may be sufficient for small classroom - if possible, supports 640x480 + resolution ( 800x600, 1024x768 ) - 16 + bit color - build in audio - no external speakers are needed for audio - accept video - it can display videos played directly from video - remote control - the professor would not be confined to be around the lcd panel if any adjustments are needed. - 2. svga / mac to tv converter - a scan converter costs $ 300 - $ 1500. it converts the computer ' s video signal ( svga / vga / mac ) to tv ' s ntsc signals. however, an display device, either a large screen tv or tv projector is required. it may be the cheapest solution if the departments already have either a big screen tv or tv projector. - 3. presentation monitor ( $ 5, 000 - $ 8, 000 ) - for a smaller audience, a presentation monitor ( > 29 \" ) has advantages over the lcd panel. the images from a monitor are sharper and brighter than lcd panel projection and there is no need to turn off the light during the presentation. it will be discussed in the 6 - 12 month plan. - 4. projection unit ( $ 7, 000 - $ 10, 000 ) - projection unit is another alternative. it can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4895056719997515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.472426"} {"text": "there is no need to turn off the light during the presentation. it will be discussed in the 6 - 12 month plan. - 4. projection unit ( $ 7, 000 - $ 10, 000 ) - projection unit is another alternative. it can accept computer video output directly and has built - in projection mechanism to produce large images on an screen. ii. multimedia presentation development 1. presentation software : powerpoint 4. 0 : as in the project plan, the machines for the faculty will be bundled with microsoft office ( $ 170 academic price ). the microsoft office suite includes microsoft powerpoint 4. 0. since this presentation package will be available to everyone, and it is one of the most popular presentation packages on the market, it will be very likely the best choice for general presentation uses. 2. scanner : usage : for scanning hardcopy graphics or text into computer readable form so that they can be incorporated in the multimedia presentations, and tutorials, etc. scanner has higher resolution than most digital cameras. however, it is only useful for flat objects - mostly printed materials. suggested system : the price difference between 300 and 600 dpi scanners are insignificant ( less than $ 200 difference ) nowadays. it is recommended to acquire one of the newer models. the cost is around $ 1200 for one from hp or epson. - 600 dots per inch ( dpi ) optical resolution, 24 bit color min. - twain interface for windows - supports both windows and mac ( if possible ) 3. optical character recognization ( ocr ) software : usage : for converting scanned text images into word - processor readable text. often you will have printed material and other text, but no electronic text files, to incorporate into your project. with ocr software and a scanner, it can save you many hours of re - typing. different packages costs from $ 100 to $ 500. omnipage professional is the most popular on the market. 4. image processing software : usage : images obtained from scanning or digital camera often require retouching or re - composition before they are in the desire form. most of the scanners come in packages / bundles that include image processing software. the most popular software is adobe photoshop which costs $ 600 / $ 250 academic. a bundle that includes photoshop should be chosen if available. 5. color printing usage : occasionally, there are needs for color hard copy printout, either on paper or transparency, which can be showed to anyone who may not have a computer available all the time. a low", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5083288331870996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.474511"} {"text": "pre - screen of video segments before video capture. a resolution of more than 400 line and s - video input port are required to take advantage of s - vhs or hi - 8 capability. 3. computer hardware requirement for digitizing video : to make movies from video, special hardware is needed to convert the analog signal to digital data. video quality : there are 2 factors of the apparent video quality, size and frame rate. actual size of a 320x240 and a 160x120 movie quarter size ( 160x120 ) usually is too small to be useful. some students and faculties have commented that quarter size ( 160x120 ) movies are too small. half size ( 320x240 ) is usually recommended. full screen ( 640x480 ) is achievable now even though is expensive. not many computers can play the full screen movies without skipping frames. to achieve full screen movies playback, the computer needs a hardware accelerated video display card installed. one disappointment of first time digital video user is the small size video window they are required to use when limited by equipment. low frame rate video usually looks jerky. equipment that could only achieve no more than 10 frame per seconds ( fps ) is probably not considered as long term solution. low frame rate equipment may result in waste of time, money, and effort for development for the long run. mac solution : the easiest way to start is with a macintosh 8100 / 100av model and an additional low - cost video capture card radius spigotpro av. this can be used to demonstrate what can be done. monthly lease is about $ 200 / month. the estimated purchase price is included in the specification document. for regular production use, an medium quality system would require a videovision studio card ( $ 3700 ) and upgrade of the av tuned hard drive to an disk array. pre - configured system like this are available for lease for about $ 450 / month. one reason for leasing instead of purchasing these av systems is that the second generation mac would change to pci bus from the nubus. purchase of nubus mac is not advisable. however, at this time, the only second generation powermac models available ( 9500 / 120 or 9500 / 132 ) have no build - in av capability. both spigotpro av and videovision pci version are not available for the 9500. 8500av should be available around aug 7. the other future alternative is from radius. it has announced plan to ship very soon,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4476979989577922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.480742"} {"text": "av capability. both spigotpro av and videovision pci version are not available for the 9500. 8500av should be available around aug 7. the other future alternative is from radius. it has announced plan to ship very soon, pre - configured \" powermac - clone \" video workstations equipped with videovision studio and videovision disk array. in addition, the new mac uses 64 - bit dimm instead of 32 - bit simm memory modules. therefore, any purchase of ram would not be sound investment. video work requires a large amount of ram, starting with 40m, or 72m is not uncommon. the lease can delay any purchasing decision until the 8500av is available. it can also give time to test whether spigotpro av or videovision studio is required for the kind of work the professor would want to develop. pc solution : usually the original video captures are done on mac and move the processing to pc. although it is not very common to capture video on pc, it is indeed possible to have the entire process done on pc, which probably is the preferred choice for department of completely pc - based such as physics. the same level of hardware for video work that is possible on the mac is not available for pc platform. pc usually are limited to frame size of no larger than 320x240 video using capture card such as intel smartvideo recorder pro ( $ 700 ). although pc platform has this limitation in capturing video, pcs can perform video editing at the same level as macintosh. and with common format like apple ' s quicktime, video clips captured from macintosh can be edited or composed on either platform. video editing software such as adobe premiere is available for both pc and mac and are identical on either one. the digitized movies can be played on either platform despite of which platform the movies are originally captured and edited. 4. video capture hard drive to capture video into digital form, special hard drives that does not require thermal recalibration are required. regular hard drives pause occasionally to perform thermal calibration that would result in skipped frame during the video capture. digital videos take up huge amount of disk space. raw video ( after capture, before compression ) at 160x120 frame size ( 1 / 16 full screen ) takes about 0. 3 - 0. 5 m / sec of video. that means at 320x240 frame size ( 1 / 4 full screen ), a video clip would take 2m / sec. of raw video. a clip for simple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41183803615310144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.483934"} {"text": "takes about 0. 3 - 0. 5 m / sec of video. that means at 320x240 frame size ( 1 / 4 full screen ), a video clip would take 2m / sec. of raw video. a clip for simple laboratory training is usually 30 seconds to 1 min. this translates to a 20 + mb file for 160x120, 60 + mb 320x240. the clips are then composed in video editing software and compress to a much smaller file size. the main capture drive is mean for storing current processing files only. processed files are moved to secondary storage for \" long term \" storage. drive of this type are micropolis 3243av, and seagate barracuda series. a 4gb av drive costs about $ 1700. this type of drive is suitable for most work. however, for high video quality, higher frame rate and for 320x240 frame size, a drive array is recommended, especially if the videovision studio class of video capture card is used. drive arrays will be discussed in the long term requirement section. av - tuned drives are also required for any cd - rom writing applications, in which any interrupt would ruin the cd - rom being \" burned \". 5. video editing software adobe ' s premiere 4. 0 ( $ 250 academic price, both mac and windows version available ) is one of the most common and powerful video editing software for composing video clips. it lets you edit and assemble video clips captured from camera, tape, other digitized movie segments, animations, scanned images, and from digitized audio or midi files. it also let you add transition visual effcts and superimposed caption to the clips. the quicktime generated clip can be played on either pc, mac, or unix platform despite of which platform the clip is assembled. it is bundled with some video capture cards. 6. laser disk player usage : laser video disc has become less commonly used nowadays. however, there are still excellent courseware available that are in video disk format. this type of player is around $ 1, 000. 7. sound editing software usage : for editing narration recorded from microphone ; usually for tutorial development. macromedia ' s soundedit 16, ~ $ 150 academic price. 8. secondary storage : usage : since, as mentioned above, video clips take up a large amount of disk space ( ~ 0. 3 - 0. 5 mb / sec. uncompressed ), the captured clips needed to be backuped up out of the capture hard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4731984289244629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.488070"} {"text": "usage : since, as mentioned above, video clips take up a large amount of disk space ( ~ 0. 3 - 0. 5 mb / sec. uncompressed ), the captured clips needed to be backuped up out of the capture hard drive on to other low - cost medium. the working hard drive should always be left with plenty of space for capture and processing video. secondar storage is also for personal files backup or professors who want to keep their own multimedia work on the disk. as mentioned in the video capturing section, digital video capturing are very speed critical. usually the computer capturing video need to disable network during video capturing. storing file to remote mounted network disk is not convenient although it can always re - enable network after video capture. video editing stage is less resources demanding, although manipulating files over network is still not advisable. medium that can hold more than 1gb are recommended. for example, 1. 3gb magnetooptical drive ( $ 1800 for drive, $ 100 / 1gb cartridge ). there are also other low cost alternatives which are less convenient as they cannot hold as much information. although these drives are less expensive than the mo drive, cost per mb of the cartridge storage is higher than the mo cartridge. - bernoulli 230m, $ 500. cartridge costs $ 100 each. - 230m mo, $ 600. cartridge costs $ 50 each. - syquest 270m, $ 600. cartridge costs $ 80 each. - 100m zip drive, $ 200. cartridge costs $ 20 each. 9. backup : usage : the multimedia workstations hard disk size are in gb range, the only viable system backup solution is digital tape drive. in contrast to the secondary storage, tape drive backup can hold more than 2 gb of files and can be used for regular backup for the whole system. tape drive backup is more time - consuming than the secondary storage solution suggested above. tapes are useful for regular system backup but not practical for saving files that are being work on because individual files are not randomly accessible like on hard disk or secondary storage. 4gb digital audio tape ( dat ) drives run about $ 1, 000 - $ 2, 000. usage : to keep systems like the ones mentioned above in \" top shape \", several types of utility programs are required. - disk defragmentation - norton utilities, $ 100 academic - anti - virus - symantec antivirus, $ 100 - backup - mactools pro / pc tools for windows, $ 80 academic usage : laser printer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45960021235564485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.490965"} {"text": "programs are required. - disk defragmentation - norton utilities, $ 100 academic - anti - virus - symantec antivirus, $ 100 - backup - mactools pro / pc tools for windows, $ 80 academic usage : laser printer is needed for printing graphics layout and draft printout of source code ( programming may be required in some multimedia development ). color printing may still be required. suggested system : as the price of 600 dpi laser printer has recently dropped to the level of 300 dpi ones, the price difference between a 300 dpi and a 600 dpi laser printer is about $ 300. for text printout, there is no significant, noticable difference. for graphics intensive work like multimedia, the number of gray levels a 600 dpi printer supports is very distinguishable. the cost of low end 4 - 6 page per minute ( ppm ) postscript 600 dpi hp laserjet 5 mp is about $ 1300, a 12 - 16 ppm model is around $ 2400. - 600 dpi - supports both windows and mac iv. courseware development usage : authoring software let you put all the graphics, animation, audio, video, and text together, and to add interactivity. for creating quality multimedia programs, macromedia ' s director is the most popular and powerful tool of choice. director can let you make your multimedia project as a standalone executable, so your multimedia projects developed can be distributed. it is available for both and mac and pc. both platform use the same file format. ~ $ 300 / per copy academic price if purchase in 10 packs ( ~ $ 3000 ). director is sufficient for most multimedia courseware authoring works. one exception is for the physics cuple project. all the tutorials from the cuple project are created with asymmetric multimedia toolbook. in order to make modifications to them, a copy of multimedia toolbook is required. it costs around $ 300 academic. the cbt ( computer based training ) version costs $ 1, 000. the initial electron dissemination of information probably would be done using the www. hardware and software needed for creating web documents are basically the same as the ones for multimedia presentation development. since microsoft office is going to be bundled with the faculties ' machines, microsoft word 6. 0c is included in the suite. a free word add - on, internet assistant, is available from microsoft for creating html documents within word. v. commercial available software from physics academic software, north carolina state university comprehensive unified physics learning environment (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4873418030694161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.494355"} {"text": ". 0c is included in the suite. a free word add - on, internet assistant, is available from microsoft for creating html documents within word. v. commercial available software from physics academic software, north carolina state university comprehensive unified physics learning environment ( cuple ) cuple student version, $ 500 / 10 license, 1 cd - rom cuple developer ' s version from falcon sofware - superchemlab mac cd - rom version 1. 0 $ 300, ( by melanie cooper, clemson u. ) - exploring chemistry v cd - rom ( mac and windows ) $ 500, ( by stanley g. smith, u. of illinois and others ) - chemistry review series : general chemistry $ 40, ( by stanley g. smith ) - chemistry review series : organic chemistry $ 40, ( by stanley g. smith ) - introductory chemistry lecture package cd - rom for windows version 1. 0 $ 300, ( by iris stovall and roxy wilson, u. of illinois ) - teaching chemistry with demonstrations level 1 videodisc $ 300, ( by roxy wilson, u. of illinois and others ) - the electronic laboratory simulator ( els ) version 2. 0 for windows, $ 250 | table of contents | goals | cost summary | 1 - 6 mon. | 1 - 6 mon. price | 7 - 12 mon. | ching - wan yip, department of chemistry, wake forest university, winston - salem, nc 27109 - 7486, copyright \u00a9 1995 ching - wan yip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5525430625725669, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.496325"} {"text": "by dan falk toronto \u2014 in the world of sci - fi movie geekdom, aug. 29, 1997, was a turning point for humanity : on that day, according to the \" terminator \" films, the network of u. s. defense computers known as skynet became self - aware \u2014 and soon launched an all - out genocidal war against homo sapiens. fortunately, that date came and went with no such robo - apocalypse. but the 1990s did bring us the world wide web, which is now far larger and more \" connected \" than any nation ' s defense network. could the internet \" wake up \"? and if so, what sorts of thoughts would it think? and would it be friend or foe? neuroscientist christof koch believes we may soon find out \u2014 indeed, the complexity of the web may have already surpassed that of the human brain. in his book \" consciousness : confessions of a romantic reductionist, \" published earlier this year, he makes a rough calculation : take the number of computers on the planet \u2014 several billion \u2014 and multiply by the number of transistors in each machine \u2014 hundreds of millions \u2014 and you get about a billion billion, written more elegantly as 10 to the 18th. that ' s a thousand times larger than the number of synapses in the human brain ( about 10 to the 15th ). koch, who taught for more than 25 years at caltech and is now chief scientific officer at the allen institute for brain science in seattle, is known for his work on the \" neural correlates \" of consciousness \u2014 studying the brain to see what ' s going on when we have specific conscious experiences. of course, our brains happen to be soft, wet, and made of living tissue, while the internet is made up of metal chips and wires \u2014 but that ' s no obstacle to consciousness, he says, so long as the level of complexity is great enough. ( most researchers working on artificial intelligence would agree that the \" substrate \" doesn ' t matter. that is, it makes no difference what the system is made of. most philosophers, though not all, would agree. ) in a phone interview, koch noted that the kinds of connections that wire together the internet \u2014 its \" architecture \" \u2014 are very different from the synaptic connections in our brains, \" but certainly by any measure it ' s a very, very complex system. could it be conscious? in principle, yes it can. \" of course, there ' s the tricky question", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5504692418499061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.502243"} {"text": "very different from the synaptic connections in our brains, \" but certainly by any measure it ' s a very, very complex system. could it be conscious? in principle, yes it can. \" of course, there ' s the tricky question of defining consciousness, but for our purposes it is enough to say that if an entity is conscious, then it \" feels like \" something to be that entity. humans are conscious, at least while we ' re awake. apes and monkeys, perhaps most animals, likely have some degree of consciousness. ( koch, a dog lover, does not hesitate to include our canine companions. ) how consciousness actually works is far less clear, but koch \u2014 going somewhat out on a limb \u2014 declares it to be a fundamental property of the universe, akin to energy, mass, and space. that doesn ' t mean that any physical system is automatically conscious \u2014 only that it has the potential to be conscious. it has to have sufficient complexity, and it has to be connected in just the right way. does the internet meet those criteria? \" even today it might ' feel like something ' to be the internet, \" koch says. each computer feels nothing, of course, but the totality of the internet may be more than the sum of its parts. \" that ' s true for my brain, too. one of my nerve cells feels nothing \u2014 but put it together with 100 billion other nerve cells, and suddenly it can feel pain and pleasure and experience the color blue. \" would its first instinct to be to kill off those pesky humans, as skynet was so quick to do? not necessarily. our own evolution is an ongoing struggle that began some 2 billion years ago ( if you start the clock when we were blue and green algae ). by comparison, the internet of today is more like a newborn baby. \" it may not have any of the survival instincts that we have, \" koch says. \" it did not evolve in a world ' red in tooth and claw, ' to use tennyson ' s famous expression. \" should the internet achieve consciousness, it will \u2014 at least at first \u2014 be \" utterly naive to the world. \" on the other hand, the internet has only existed for a couple of decades. \" so who knows where it will be 20 years from now. \" of course, the science fiction writers have already explored this territory \u2014 not just in shoot - ' em - ups like the \" terminator \" films, but in more cerebral works like robert j. sawyer ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5845285929799449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.503369"} {"text": "will be 20 years from now. \" of course, the science fiction writers have already explored this territory \u2014 not just in shoot - ' em - ups like the \" terminator \" films, but in more cerebral works like robert j. sawyer ' s \" www \" trilogy ( the novels are titled \" wake, \" \" watch \" and \" wonder \" ). in \" wake, \" the world wide web wakes up \u2014 and, after a bit of a learning curve, becomes the smartest entity on the planet. eerily, as koch speculated on what the internet might \" feel, \" he described a scenario straight out of sawyer ' s trilogy ( which he had not heard of until i mentioned it ). should there be a large power failure somewhere in the world, koch said, a conscious internet could experience the equivalent of \" pain. \" in \" wake \" ( published in 2009 ), the chinese government shuts down an enormous swath of the internet to cover up a particularly nasty incident that it desperately wants to hide from the rest of the world. the still - nascent webmind \" feels \" all that cutting and severing \u2014 and doesn ' t like it : not just small changes. not just flickerings. upheaval. a massive disturbance. new sensations : shock. astonishment. disorientation. and _ the \" www \" trilogy is a work of fiction, but for sawyer, it ' s a plausible picture of what lies ahead in our increasingly wired world. we can ' t pin down the date when the internet surpasses our brains in complexity, he says, \" but clearly it is going to happen at some point. \" even koch admits that he doesn ' t lose any sleep over the possibility of the internet waking up. sawyer, however, sees the web ' s continued growth as a very real potential threat. as the web grows more and more complex, at an accelerating pace, there is inevitably a \" tipping point, \" he says. \" there is a point after which you can ' t do anything about it. should we be afraid of it? absolutely. \" even if those fears prove to be unfounded, such questions are still worth pondering. if the internet doesn ' t have what it takes to become conscious, it would be useful to understand why it fails. perhaps we can even come a little closer to learning how our three - and - a - half - pound brains manage to pull it off. dan falk is a science journalist based in toronto and was a 2011 - 12 knight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5792158621554953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.504388"} {"text": "pets ' eating and grooming habits, species inherent sensitivities to certain chemical / foods, and owners ' attitudes are helpful in preventing accidental exposures. similar hand - to - mouth behavior observed in children is the expected with pets. all precautions \u2013 properly store all hazardous chemicals, personal human medication, read medication labels, and know the need for, and seek immediate veterinary care - should be taken in preventing access of pet to hazardous substances. household toxins under the kitchen sink disinfectants, deodorizers, water purifiers sodium hypochloride ( main component ) of varying concentrations ( 3 %, 6 % and sometimes 50 % ). sodium peroxide / perporate ( non - chlorine bleach ). low oral toxicity ( vomiting and diarrhea ). non - ionic ( hand washing detergents, shampoos ) anionic ( laundry detergents ) both of low oral toxicity cationic detergents ( quaternary ammonium compounds ) high oral toxicity : muscle fasciculation, cns depression and at times, seizures are manifested. corrosive at high concentrations emesis and / or gastric lavage are contraindicated. contain either naphthalene ( more toxic ) or para - dichlorobenzene. cats are very sensitive. naphthalene : vomiting, met - hemoglobinemia, heinz body anemia, cns stimulation, and rarely hepatic signs. paradichlorobenzene : no met - hemoglobinemia and / or heinz body anemia. could be hepato - toxic ( phenol metabolites ) easily diagnosed \u2013 history of ingestion and / or mothball odor in breath and vomitus. mixture of terpene alcohols. ld50 of 1 - 2. 5 ml / kg body weight ( cats - more sensitive ). vomiting, hyper salivation, ataxia, weakness, cns depression, renal failure, shock, and death. emetics are contraindicated ( aspiration pneumonia ). modeling dough and de - icing salt ( na ion ) toxicity prevalence \u2013 occurs infrequently but when do so, the dog is mainly affected. lethal dose ( dogs ) approximately 3. 7 g / kg body weight. high mortality ( renal / gastrointestinal congestion and gastrointestinal inflammation ). product ingredients : sodium chloride ( 4g / kg ), potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium carbonate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47159791939532675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.508333"} {"text": "dogs ) approximately 3. 7 g / kg body weight. high mortality ( renal / gastrointestinal congestion and gastrointestinal inflammation ). product ingredients : sodium chloride ( 4g / kg ), potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium carbonate, and calcium magnesium acetate ( some may contain urea ). vomiting ( 30 % of cases ), hypersalivation, diarrhea, lethargy, tremor, thirst polydipsia / polyuria, and dehydration, muscular rigidity, convulsions, coma, renal failure, shock, hyperchloremia, mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis. vomiting ( perfuse ) is common therefore emesis is not recommended. anti - emetics recommended instead. gastric lavage may enhance absorption ( dissolution ). surgical removal \u2013 animal unable to withstand anesthesia. adsorbents \u2013 not useful lower sodium concentration slowly ( rapid reduction may lead to cerebral edema ). small amounts of water at frequent intervals. perenteral fluid if required \u2013 5 % dextrose or 2. 5 % dextrose in 0. 45 % saline \u2013 recovery may take several days. monitor sodium and chloride concentrations ; renal function. aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) anti - inflammatory : dogs - ( 25 mg / kg 3x daily ) ; anti - thrombic : - ( 0. 5 mg / kg 2x daily ) analgesic : \u2013 ( 10 - 20 mg / kg 2x daily ) ; antipyretic ; causes emesis in dogs @ 50 mg / kg q12h its use in cats \u2013 severe caution ( possible toxicity. 10 mg / kg q48h for pain and fever. cats are glucuronosyl - transferase deficient, thus reduced aspirin metabolism and toxicity results. clinical signs ( dogs ) vomiting, restlessness progressing to cns depression, seizure, and coma. respiratory alkalosis > > metabolic acidosis. clinical signs ( cats ) cns depression, anorexia, vomiting, gastric hemorrhage. toxic hepatitis, anemia, bone marrow hypoplasia, hyperpyrexia and heinz body anemia. treatment : emetic activated charcoal, osmotic cathartic ( gi decontamination ). correct acid base balance. slow iv bicarbonate for metabolic acidosis. alkaline urine \u2013 increased excretion \" ion trapping \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4304140900589049, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.509948"} {"text": "one year after eyjafjallajokull rumbled to life, another iceland volcano began spewing ash and steam. at approximately 17 : 30 universal time ( 5 : 30 p. m. local time ) on may 21, 2011, grimsvotn began to erupt. the volcano sent a plume of ash and steam about 20 kilometers ( 12 miles ) into the atmosphere, the icelandic met office reported. overnight, the plume height dropped to 15 kilometers ( 9 miles ), but occasionally rose to its initial altitude. the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ( modis ) on nasa \u2019 s terra satellite captured this natural - color image at 13 : 00 utc ( 1 : 00 p. m. local time ) on may 22, 2011. ( modis on nasa \u2019 s aqua satellite captured another image of the volcano about 8 hours earlier. ) above grimsvotn \u2019 s summit, volcanic ash forms a circular brown plume that towers above the surrounding clouds. in the southeast, ash has colored the snow surface dark brown. ash from the volcano reduced visibility to about 50 meters ( 160 feet ) in some places. iceland review online reported that ash falls prompted the closure of keflavik, iceland \u2019 s largest airport, and caused some areas turn as dark as night in the middle of the day. the initial plume from grimsvotn was higher than from eyjafjallajokull, which only reached 8 kilometers ( 5 miles ). despite its taller plume, grimsvotn was not expected to hamper trans - atlantic air traffic as much as eyjafjallajokull, at least in the first 24 hours. grimsvotn \u2019 s ash was forecast to travel toward the northeast, the icelandic met office stated, and it was coarser and less likely to remain airborne long enough to reach european airspace. some volcanic ash models, however, suggested ash could interfere with flights in the united kingdom and ireland beginning on may 24. volcanic plumes can provoke lightning, and the plume from grimsvotn produced an intense lightning storm. at its peak, the lightning storm produced 1, 000 times as many strikes per hour as eyjafjallajokull had a year earlier. - global volcanism program. ( n. d. ) grimsvotn. accessed may 23, 2011. - iceland review online. ( 2011, may 22 ). ash from grimsvotn volcano visible around iceland. accessed may 23, 2011. - icelandic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42539723709079796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.522029"} {"text": "program. ( n. d. ) grimsvotn. accessed may 23, 2011. - iceland review online. ( 2011, may 22 ). ash from grimsvotn volcano visible around iceland. accessed may 23, 2011. - icelandic met office. ( 2011, may 21 ). eruption has started in grimsvotn. accessed may 23, 2011. - icelandic met office. ( 2011, may 22 ). ash plume and lightning. accessed may 23, 2011. - klemetti, e. ( 2011, may 21 ). subglacial eruption starting at iceland \u2019 s grimsvotn. eruptions. accessed may 23, 2011. - klemetti, e. ( 2011, may 21 ). more information on the may 21 eruption of grimsvotn in iceland. eruptions. accessed may 23, 2011. - klemetti, e. ( 2011, may 22 ). grimsvotn eruption closes keflavik airport near reykjavik ( and more images of the eruption ). eruptions. accessed may 23, 2011. - klemetti, e. ( 2011, may 22 ). keeping tabs on the grimsvotn eruption as the ash spreads towards europe. eruptions. accessed may 23, 2011. - news blog. ( 2011, may 23 ). in 2011, grimsvotn is the new eyjafjallajokull. nature. accessed may 23, 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38084971165657167, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.523191"} {"text": "as executive director of the georgia municipal association, the state \u2019 s largest representative of city governments, i have seen firsthand how newspapers impact cities. to put it simply : newspapers are economic development. first, and most basically, most newspaper offices are located in downtowns. they employ people who, hopefully, eat and shop at other downtown businesses. people come to newspaper offices to place ads, share their news and buy their newspapers. so newspapers drive traffic into the downtown area. they also cover events like ribbon cuttings and business expansions that help local businesses. think about where you live. if you live in one of georgia \u2019 s many smaller towns, it \u2019 s likely your newspaper is a once or twice - weekly publication. if that newspaper didn \u2019 t exist, who would cover these events? would the closest large daily newspaper drive to your town to cover the grand opening of a mom and pop store? probably not. your community newspaper, however, does cover those events and that coverage helps mom and pop and the rest of the family stay in business. newspapers also impact the local economy on a much larger scale. the stories they write \u2013 how they portray the community and its government leadership \u2013 can make or break economic development. before deciding to open a store or factory in a community, business leaders look at how that community is portrayed in the media. is it a government that can \u2019 t agree on issues, that deadlocks on important votes? or is it a government that seems open to doing business and welcoming to newcomers? if it \u2019 s a company that will bring a large number of employees to the area, they want to know what the quality of life is going to be for their workers. are there sports for kids, quality schools, community events for the family? all those factors are taken into consideration and decisions are made based upon how the community is portrayed in the local paper. another area where newspapers offer great impact is in recording the history of our cities and the people who live, work and die there. the birth announcement that ran in your paper last week may be the significant event historians examine 80 years from now. the gap - toothed eight - year - old grinning from ear to ear in the little league photo on the sports page could be the next ty cobb. who else but the local newspaper is recording these events? and even if none of the people who make it into the local paper are ever famous anywhere but on those pages, the local paper has immortalized them into georgia \u2019 s history. there will always be tension between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.411249318155518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.533760"} {"text": "lightning mapping array ( lma ) the sport program works with three total lightning networks. these include the lightning mapping arrays in north alabama and washington, d. c. as well as the lightning detection and ranging network at the kennedy space center. each card represents one of these networks. a green card marked as \" evaluation product, \" is being used by at least one national weather service forecast office. blue cards, marked \" research, \" exist for academic purposes and research. real - time data are available by following the link at the bottom right of the card. the overview section below describes the north alabama network, but the basic concepts are applicable to each total lightning network. real - time 2 - minute data on a 2 x 2 km grid from the north alabama lightning mapping array. figure 1 : the location of the 11 north alabama lightning mapping array sensors ( green dots and blue dot ) and communications relays ( open green circles ) across north alabama. the north alabama lightning mapping array ( nalma ) was first activated in 2001 and officially transitioned to the huntsville, alabama national weather service office in early 2003. since the initial transition, sport has successfully transitioned nalma data to three other partner forecast offices. these include the birmingham, alabama as well as morristown and nashville, tennessee weather forecast offices. in addition, sport has worked collaboratively with the lightning group here at the national space science and technology center ( nsstc ) in huntsville, alabama to provide near real - time total lightning data to partner forecast offices in melbourne, florida and sterling, virginia using networks located in those regions. sterling uses the washington d. c. lightning mapping array ( dclma ) while melbourne receives data from the kennedy space center lightning detection and ranging network ( ldar ). both of these networks are functionally similar to the nalma network and forecast applications developed for one network can be used with another. figure 2. a comparison between what a cloud - to - ground network observes in a lightning flash ( left ) versus what a total lightning network will observe in a lightning flash ( right ). note how the cloud - to - ground network only provides a single point of information. also, the cloud - to - ground network would observe nothing if the flash were solely intra - cloud. the nalma is a three - dimensional very high frequency ( vhf ) detection network of 11 vhf receivers deployed across northern alabama with a base station and receiver located at the nsstc ( figure 1 ). solid green circles indicate a vhf receiver, while open green circles are wireless relay stations. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5150676438562839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.576636"} {"text": "high frequency ( vhf ) detection network of 11 vhf receivers deployed across northern alabama with a base station and receiver located at the nsstc ( figure 1 ). solid green circles indicate a vhf receiver, while open green circles are wireless relay stations. the blue dot is the base station and 11th sensor located at the nsstc. as of may 2009, two additional sensors located in atlanta, georgia have been added, in collaboration with researchers at georgia tech university. these are testing the effectiveness of the nalma network using long baselines in the sensor placement. figure 3. a sample of 31 thunderstorms observed by the kennedy space center lightning detection and ranging network showing the number of cloud - to - ground strikes versus total lightning observed in each storm. notice how the intra - cloud component dominates the total lightning observed in each storm. it is also interesting to note that two storms had no cloud - to - ground strikes at all, yet were still very electrically active. the nalma system locates the sources of impulsive vhf radio signals from lightning by accurately measuring the time that the signals arrive at the different receiving stations. each station records the magnitude and time of the peak lightning radiation signal in successive 80 microsecond intervals within a local unused television channel ( channel 5, 76 - 82 mhz ). typically, hundreds of sources per flash can be reconstructed, which in turn produces accurate 3 - dimensional lightning image maps ( nominally < 50 m error within a 150 km range ). the sources can be thought of as the individual stepped leaders within a lightning flash. more detailed information can be found in goodman et al. ( 2005 ). the primary advantage of nalma, and the other total lightning networks, is that the networks detect total lightning, which is the combination of both cloud - to - ground and intra - cloud lightning. figure 2 shows a rough comparison of what is detected between standard cloud - to - ground networks versus nalma or any other lightning mapping array. the importance of detecting the intra - cloud flashes is that the intra - cloud flashes typically dominate the full number of flashes in a thunderstorm ( figure 3 ). with only cloud - to - ground data, forecasters are not receiving the full breadth of knowledge of how the storm is developing. also, total lightning data are updated every 2 minutes, giving forecasters additional information about storm development in between radar volume scans. figure 4. a screen capture from awips ii showing the total lightning flash extent density ( colored contours ) versus the cloud - to - ground strike locations ( negative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5181330784081204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.582379"} {"text": ", giving forecasters additional information about storm development in between radar volume scans. figure 4. a screen capture from awips ii showing the total lightning flash extent density ( colored contours ) versus the cloud - to - ground strike locations ( negative and plus signs ). notice how the total lightning indicates that lightning flashes are covering a wide area whereas the cloud - to - ground observations only show single locations. operationally, total lightning data provide several advantages to forecasters. first, total lightning data often give a 3 - 5 minute lead time ahead of the first cloud - to - ground lightning strike. this improves lightning safety for the national weather service ' s terminal aerodrome forecasts ( tafs ) and airport weather warnings ( awws ). this safety feature also can be used for incident support of special events. in addition, the total lightning data provides information about the spatial extent of lightning that is not available in the traditional cloud - to - ground data. figure 4 shows the comparison of what is seen between a cloud - to - ground network observation and nalma. furthermore, the trend of total lightning in a thunderstorm can be used to provide advanced lead time on the development of severe weather. forecasters often look for a lightning jump signature, where the total lightning observations rapidly increase in a short period of time. this lightning jump is indicative of a strengthening thunderstorm updraft. this insight into a storm ' s evolutionary development helps forecasters pinpoint which thunderstorms are intensifying or not. this provides a powerful tool in reducing the number of false alarms issued by the weather service as well as providing increased warning lead time. figure 5 illustrates a lightning jump, both in a time series plot and with two screen captures from the national weather service ' s own decision support computer system. additional information can be found at the sport training page. figure 5. a time trend plot ( top ) of a storm that had two separate lightning jumps at 1906 and 1920 utc that led to the issuance of a tornado warning at 1920 utc ahead of the touchdown of an ef - 1 tornado. the bottom two images show the awips display before ( left ) and during ( right ) the lightning jump. sport also utilizes the nalma observations, and observations from other total lightning networks, as a risk reduction project for the goes - r geostationary lightning mapper ( glm ) system set for launch later this decade. the glm will be the first total lightning observation instrument in geostationary orbit and will provide total lightning observations over a massive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4973551121883507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.584743"} {"text": "reduction project for the goes - r geostationary lightning mapper ( glm ) system set for launch later this decade. the glm will be the first total lightning observation instrument in geostationary orbit and will provide total lightning observations over a massive domain, as opposed to the very small domains of the lightning mapping arrays. sport uses the ground - based networks to help prepare for the glm and its impacts on forecasting. more information can be found on sport ' s goes - r proving ground page. figure 6. the domain covered by the north alabama lightning mapping array. for our end users, sport provides a three dimensional total lightning data set that is updated every 2 minutes. figure 6 shows that the nalma network provides full coverage to the huntsville and nashville weather service county warning areas as well as partial coverage to birmingham and morristown offices. the grid has a horizontal extent of 460 x 460 km, with a 2 x 2 km grid resolution centered on the nsstc. the vertical grid resolution is 1 km from 0 - 17 km. by providing nalma data in awips and awips ii, forecasters are able to interrogate the data on any of the 17 horizontal levels or examine the cumulative lightning density maps. the importance of using awips / awips ii is that it puts the nalma data into the forecasters ' own decision support tool where they can readily compare the nalma data to nexrad radar observations or any other available data sets to enhance situational awareness, particularly during severe weather events. forecasters predominantly use the cumulative lightning density map in real - time operations as opposed to any single vertical level due to forecasting time constraints. however, with the greater flexibility of awips ii, sport is working with our partners to potentially include more of the available three dimensional observations. references : goodman, s. j., and coauthors, 2005 : the north alabama lightning mapping array : recent severe storm observations and future prospects. atmos. res., 76, 423 - 437.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4984192501069076, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.587508"} {"text": "a question of social justice what does \u201c sustainable agriculture \u201d mean to you? if your answer is like most, you probably will begin by talking about sustainability in relation to the environment \u2013 protecting the natural ecosystem and conserving non - renewable resources. and, you will be right. if our food and farming systems are to be sustainable over time, we must maintain the health and productivity of land and must conserve water, energy, and the other natural resources upon which agricultural productivity ultimately depends. an agriculture that is not ecologically sound, quite simply, is not sustainable. the next thing most likely to come to mind is economic sustainability \u2013 if it \u2019 s not profitable, it \u2019 s not sustainable. again, you will be right, or at least partly right. in a capitalistic economy, the markets determine who gets to use land and other resources \u2013 and how they will be used. sustainable farms need not maximize profits, and farms need not generate a profit every year. but, a farming system that is not economically viable is not sustainable, no matter how ecologically sound it may be. almost everyone agrees ; our food and farming systems must be ecologically sound and economically viable if they are to be sustainable over time. even giant agribusiness corporations, such as monsanto and du pont, have sustainable agriculture programs that address environmental and economic concerns. however, there is far less agreement concerning the third essential aspect of sustainability \u2013 the question of social justice. any system of food and farming that fails to meet the needs of a society, will not be sustained by that society, no matter how ecologically benign or profitable it may appear to be. a society has physical and material needs, however, one of the most basic needs of any society is a sense of social equity or justice. any food and farming system that is not socially just does not meet this basic need, and thus, is not sustainable. a sustainable economy must meet the material needs of people by means that are perceived to be equitable and just by the society that supports it. human society is a subsystem of the larger natural ecosystem and the economy, in turn, is a subsystem of society. while some level of individual economic or material well - being is a prerequisite for a sustainable society, a society is more that a collection of individuals ; it includes also the relationships among those individuals. the sustainability of a society perhaps depends even more upon strong relationships among its members than upon strong individual members. adam smith, the father of contemporary economics, in his landmark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5160015507939879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.608544"} {"text": "is more that a collection of individuals ; it includes also the relationships among those individuals. the sustainability of a society perhaps depends even more upon strong relationships among its members than upon strong individual members. adam smith, the father of contemporary economics, in his landmark book, wealth of nations, wrote : \u201c no society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable. \u201d distrust and dissention can arise among the rich as well as the poor \u2013 both groups being capable of dysfunctional relationships. however, distrust and dissention are inevitable consequences of substantial and persistent economic disparity among members within a society. economic disparity inevitably creates a sense of social injustice, and an unjust society is neither stable nor sustainable. distrust and dissention ultimately lead to civil unrest, which disrupts the economy and ultimately leads to exploitation and destruction of the natural ecosystem. eastern europe and sub - sahara africa provide two prime examples of the widespread ecological destruction that results from persistent social injustice. a market economy will not ensure social justice. a market economy provides for people only in relation to their willingness and ability to pay, not in relation to their basic needs. the abilities of people to earn money and to pay for food, clothing, and shelter do not necessarily match their needs. all people have a basic right to sufficient food, clothing, and shelter to ensure survival and normal physical and mental growth and development, although we are just beginning to accept this fact in america. our market economy will not ensure those rights. inevitably, equity and justice must be ensured through conscious, purposeful actions by the members of society \u2013 by our individual acts of human compassion and by our public acts, through government, to ensure the general welfare. both are necessary and neither absolves our responsibility for the other. a society that does not accept this responsibility for social justice is not sustainable. equity and justice do not require that everyone have access to the same quantity, quality, and variety of food, clothing or shelter, or that food, clothing, and shelter be equally convenient or effortless for all. equity and justice are matters of ensuring equal access to specific things to which all have equal rights \u2013 not equal access to all things. a right to safe, nutritious food, for example, does not imply a right to prime rib and artichoke hearts nor to packaged or pre - prepared foods. however, food and farming systems that do not accept responsibility of ensuring that all have adequate food, clothing, and shelter are not sustainable. each of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5479240236087676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.609733"} {"text": "ecologists are warning all citizens of earth \u2026 we are running out of natural resources! according to top ecologists from around the world, from 1970 to 2008 the biological resources of our planet have shrunk by 68 %. and according to ecology experts in south america and the australian state of tasmania, in comparison to 1966, the biggest consumer of natural resources i is the usa. specialists from the world is ending fund studied the development of more than 9000 mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians. the report put out by the tasmanian ecologist states that if the whole world were to use natural resources to the extent that americans use them, we will run out of natural resources in two weeks. so in order to support the eco - balance on the planet, we would need five earths to provide the natural resources we need. america isn \u2019 t the only hog of natural resources. there are others gobbling up everything. here they are : 3 ) the united arab emirates 8 ) the netherlands the amount of garbage in the pacific ocean has increased by 150 times in the last 40 years, according to the tasmanians. the most littered part of the ocean is the section between california and hawaii. researchers have noted that the smaller particles present a serious threat to sea life since they can get into their respiratory or digestive systems. around 10 % of fish caught in the areas close to the islands of garbage have small particles of plastic in their stomachs and many of the fish have mcdonald \u2019 s wrappers inside their intestines. so what do we do? how do we stop the demise of the earth. \u201c nothing we can do, \u201d said the lead tasmanian researcher. \u201d we should just all party like it \u2019 s 2015! \u201d here is one researcher who thinks we can make it 40 more years at our current burn rate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4336929686877273, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.613020"} {"text": "central l ' viv ( latin cathedral and ploshcha rynok ) lviv ( also spelled l ' viv and \u043b\u044c\u0432\u0456\u0432 ; polish : lwow, german : lemberg ; also known as lvov, its russianized name used during soviet era ) is in western ukraine and used to be the capital of east galicia. the biggest city of the region and major ukrainian cultural center. the historic city center is on the unesco world heritage list. the city has a multicultural history. it was founded in 1256 by king daniel of galicia and fell under polish control in the 14th century. poles, jews, ukrainians, germans and others lived there together for centuries. the polish king john ii casimir founded the lviv university in the 17th century and lviv ( known as lwow ) was by that time one of the most important cities in the polish - lithuanian commonwealth, along with krakow, warsaw, gdansk and vilnius. in 1772 the city was taken by the habsburgs and in austrian times it was known under the name of lemberg, the capital of galicia. after the dissolution of the austro - hungarian empire in 1918, it was returned to poland. as result of world war ii stalin moved the soviet frontier westward so lviv became part of the ussr, as lvov ( still widely frequent, even locally ). with the ukrainian independence in 1991, the name was officially changed to lviv ( \u043b\u044c\u0432\u0456\u0432 ). lviv is located in the most ukrainian region of ukraine ; as a soviet province, most signs were put only in ukrainian, and only a few also in russian. because of its polish and austro - hungarian history, lviv has a central european flair in its architecture that makes it one of the most beautiful cities in eastern europe. its tourist potential is yet undiscovered because infrastructure is rather undeveloped and most people don ' t speak any foreign languages except polish and / or russian. this is changing among young people, some of whom will speak english. nevertheless, visiting lviv is very rewarding for the pioneer traveller, as living is still pretty cheap here with western standarts and the place has a truly authentic feeling, unlike places like krakow or prague, which are swamped with tourists. lviv has an international airport just 7km from the beautiful downtown. lviv is served via direct international routes including flights from vienna ( austrian airlines ), frankfurt ( ukraine international airlines ), warsaw ( lot polish airlines ), krakow ( eurolot ), timisoara, romania ( carpatair ) and munich ( luft", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3684792981599019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.684340"} {"text": "is served via direct international routes including flights from vienna ( austrian airlines ), frankfurt ( ukraine international airlines ), warsaw ( lot polish airlines ), krakow ( eurolot ), timisoara, romania ( carpatair ) and munich ( lufthansa ). low cost airline wizz air flies twice a week to dortmund and venice - treviso. important! lufthansa and wizz air - flights are not served from main terminal - go to the small terminal \" 3 \" at the right side of the main building! it is relatively inexpensive to fly from kyiv to lviv, with multiple daily flights operated by ukrainian international airlines and aerosvit. these carriers also operate flights to and from other major ukrainian cities, although it is still more common to travel by train domestically as the overnight trains save you the cost of a hotel while providing you transporation. return airfares from kyiv range from as low as $ 50 ( including taxes and fees ), if booked more than a month in advance, to approximately $ 100. tickets for air travel can be purchased online or via travel agents. taxi from the airport to town ( or visa - versa ) should cost around 45uah, depending on the time of day. negotiate prior to departure. there are line 9 operated by trolleybuses from airport to city center ( 1. 25uah, also available 50 % discounts for students ), and line 48 operated by buses ( 2 uah, vithout discounts ) from the airport. both of them are frequent ( every 10 - 15 minutes during the day ). see : lviv airport website. the airport is very basic as there is no currency exchange and toilets are only available after check - in. there is only one atm, and it is located in the main arrival hall. the small restaurants right outside of the main building will be your best bet for food and locating clean toilets. arrival advisory : travel insurance you do not need to buy insurance at the airport. there is a little booth in arrivals with someone who may try to sell you insurance or demand to see yours if you say you have it. you do not need to purchase insurance from this person, nor show them any documentation. ignore them. the easiest way to get to l ' viv from western europe is through krakow ( or wroclaw / katowice ) in poland. from there, you have several options. take a train to przemysl near the polish - ukrainian border. it costs about 40 pln and takes between 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3795964158780702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.685434"} {"text": "western europe is through krakow ( or wroclaw / katowice ) in poland. from there, you have several options. take a train to przemysl near the polish - ukrainian border. it costs about 40 pln and takes between 4 and 5 hours. from przemysl you take a bus to the border ( ' granitsa ' in polish ) for 2. 50 pln, walk through the checkpoint and take another bus ( marshrootka ) to l ' viv. when you exit the final border control, walk straight ahead and you will come out on to a street which cars use to cross back in to poland. follow this street up past the shops and money exchanges, and take your first left. about 50 meters down on the left hand side is the new bus terminal where buses run regularly to lviv for approximately 23 uah. get your ticket from the driver. the total cost for this route is approximately \u20ac12 and maybe less if you have a student card. it is around half the price of the next cheapest option. whether to take it depends on your stress tolerance, polish language skills and ability to push and shove at the border. pedestrian crossing : queues at the border crossings can be unpredictable and hellish. if you do encounter a queue and are in a hurry, get the guards attention, explain your situation and they will more than likely let you go through immediately. be polite! 30 minutes from medyka to sheheni ( \u0448\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0456 ) on foot is now the norm. there are lots of \" ants \" - these are people who cross into poland with relatively cheap ukrainian cigarettes and spirits, then buy meats and cheeses at low eu prices and return to ukraine to sell them for a profit. everyone has to pass through a turnstile and the bulky bags and suitcases they carry are too big to fit. there is a huge log jam of people trying to fit their bags through that turnstile and ugly words are common. tourists with backpacks are sometimes let through by the \" ants \". there is also a direct train from krakow to l ' viv once a day, plus one with a change. this costs 195 pln as of the 3 / 3 / 2009 booking via polrail service. a sleeper berth is required on the train, as only sleeping cars are carried across the border to ukraine. do not pay a cash ' reservation charge ' to the ukrainian conductor on the second train. ensure you have your reservations for the second train in your possession", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41429039844754145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.686548"} {"text": "sleeper berth is required on the train, as only sleeping cars are carried across the border to ukraine. do not pay a cash ' reservation charge ' to the ukrainian conductor on the second train. ensure you have your reservations for the second train in your possession and fully identifiable. there are trains coming from throughout ukraine, including multiple daily trains ( including 3 - 4 overnight trains ) from kyiv. the timings can be inconvenient - one night train from kyiv gets in at 4 : 20am, the one back to kiev gets there at 7am - and hotels in kyiv really like to book that pair of trains for their clients. for better options, check the timetables at poezda. net or poezda. org. ua and buy the ticket at any train station in ukraine. trains from hungary and slovakia come through lviv, usually on their way to kyiv. train - fare from both countries is approx $ 80 per person for a bed in a sleeping car. on the mav website the round - trip price from budapest is quoted at \u20ac64. 40, [ ] but, when contacting the international rail office by phone in budapest, the one - way fare was quoted at 12, 600 ft ( $ 75 / \u20ac50 ), however, when purchased at keleti train station the price was reduced to roughly 11, 700 ft ( $ 62 / \u20ac44 ) ( 1. 1. 09 ). make sure to bring enough food and water for at least 12 hours ( 15 hours from budapest ). smuggling is a fact of life between eastern poland and western ukraine. the harsh economic situation in these two respective regions forces many into the trade, involving people of all ages. you may witness individuals unscrewing panels and pulling out plastic wrapped cigarette cartons, and may even be asked to politely move to enable access to a hidden cavity. similarly if you decide to use the toilet you may find it blocked with cartons of cigarettes and your seat may feel uncomfortable if someone ' s removed the soft filling and replaced it with cigarettes. the key here is to exercise your common sense. these people are only doing their ' job ' and thus should be treated with respect. there is no need for alarm! in fact it can be fascinating watching just how many cigarettes a single train carriage can hold and later watching as everything is removed on arrival in the eu. border guards may ask you if anyone has been smuggling but the best response is to claim that you were sleeping or pretend not to understand. you are legally allowed to bring through the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4116277314156156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.687765"} {"text": "can hold and later watching as everything is removed on arrival in the eu. border guards may ask you if anyone has been smuggling but the best response is to claim that you were sleeping or pretend not to understand. you are legally allowed to bring through the eu border 40 cigarettes ( two packs ) or 20 cigarillos or 10 cigars or 50g of smoking tobacco and 1 liter of spirits ( above 22 % alcohol ) or 2 liters of alcohol ( e. g. sparkling wine below 22 % alcohol ) and 4 liters of non - sparkling wine and 16 liters of beer. if you are below 17 years old it ' s half of these amounts. ( source - polish customs service announcement, in polish ) from poland : take the e40, this will end at the city center. keep in mind that all formalities at the border take from one hour upwards. there will be a long line for trucks, which you can pass if you travel by car. don ' t expect the border police to treat you respectfully, or speak any language other than ukrainian, polish or russian. in fact, expect the very opposite regarding both. ukrainian roads are bad, and ukrainian drivers have an aggressive driving style. when you drive into lviv, make sure you have a good map because getting lost in this town is very easy. note : it is forbidden to drive around the city center on sundays and holidays ( including prospekt svobody ). this is signposted, but in cyrillic only, as one driver caught by a police official learned in july 2012. pay close attention to speed limits ( which are often badly marked, with signs far off the road, covered with branches etc. ), but the speeding fines are usually low if nothing else is wrong with your car. in towns, the speed limit is usually 60km / h ( 40mph ). speed limits on \" nationals \" ( single carriageway countryside roads ) is 90km / h ( 55mph ). the poor average quality of the roads already acts as a speed checker. speed limits on highways ( motorways ) is 110 - 120km / h ( 75mph ). be aware that corruption is widespread among ukrainian police. when you are stopped for speeding or other violations, officers might aggressively try and extract ridiculous sums of money from you ( \u20ac100 and up ), offering \" reductions \" if you pay on the spot ( the proposed alternative being some unpleasant and more expensive way, all made up ). the highest actual legal fine in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.419461511775797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.688856"} {"text": "try and extract ridiculous sums of money from you ( \u20ac100 and up ), offering \" reductions \" if you pay on the spot ( the proposed alternative being some unpleasant and more expensive way, all made up ). the highest actual legal fine in the ukraine is the equivalent of about $ 200. but the fine should be paid in the bank, not directly to police officer! so if you ' re asked for fine demand a written ticket for you to pay later instead. don ' t let them intimidate you. it ' s very useful to have an embassy phone number handy for these cases ( you should not under any circumstances travel around ukraine without your embassy / consulate number handy anyway ). if you mention your embassy / consulate, they ' ll let you off the hook quicker than you know it. at any rate, write down the officers ' badge numbers, rank, plate number of the police car, and notify the nearest embassy / consulate in detail, to help fight these corrupt practices. there are daily buses from polish cities : warsaw, przemysl, lublin, wroc\u0142aw. it is possible also to get there by bus from other european cities. from przemysl there are 2 types of buses that regularly travel to l ' viv. the first is the pks ( polish coach buses ) and the second is private buses. the private buses are found just outside of the train station on the opposite side from the main bus station. they head to the border when they are full, which can take a while at night and travel to the border is about 15 minutes ( about 10km of rough road ). the price is from 2 - 3 pln ( november 2011 ). the mini - bus drops you off at the foot way to the pedestrian crossing medyka - shehyni. on the ukraine side private buses can be taken to lviv ; these take from 2 to 3 hours, and can be found at the bus station around 300 meters up the main road, past all the shops, on the first major road to your left. right outside the border you will probably meet touters who will tell you that they have best prices and invite to their cars and buses, this option may be faster but is definitely more expensive. the price for a bus from the station is 23 uah ( june 2012 ) ; the buses are often packed and can be uncomfortable at times due to road conditions and poor drivers. it is an adventure and it is to be on a bus full of smugglers after they have successfully completed their daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.429569789855913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.689984"} {"text": "23 uah ( june 2012 ) ; the buses are often packed and can be uncomfortable at times due to road conditions and poor drivers. it is an adventure and it is to be on a bus full of smugglers after they have successfully completed their daily missions. the bus from shehyni will most likely arrive next to the main train station in lviv. there is a daily night bus service provided by eurobus from krakow bus station to lviv, departing at 21. 50 from krakow and supposed to arrive at 6. 00 in lviv ( depending on delays at the border. the price is around 90 pln ( october 2011 ). there is also a eurolines bus ( but not every day ) from krakow, departing at 11 : 30 to lviv, arriving at 21 : 10. this bus continues onwards to kiev to arrive at around 6 : 00 the next morning. the price to lviv is around 75 pln and discounts ( isic etc ) apply ( october 2011 ). the bus from brest ( belarus ) to lviv departs every day on 08. 45 am from platform 7 and arrives in lviv at 17. 33 pm. the price is around 20 usd. most of international buses arrive at stryisky bus station, on the outskirts of lviv. to get to the centre you take trolleybus 5. ticket - 1, 25 uah ( you need another one for big luggage ) can be bought in a kiosk or from the driver. from the czech republic countless buses connect lviv directly with prague and some other czech cities, passing through poland, but mostly not stopping there to take passengers. these can be best viewed using the czech integrated timetable at http : / / jizdnirady. idnes. cz ( english version available ). advance reservation is recommended and for most buses also possible online at https : / / eshop. amsbus. cz or http : / / www. infobus. eu. buses can get you from the west to lviv far faster than trains. they are targeted primarily at ukrainian emigrant workers earning their living in the czech republic. smoking and drinking on the board is strictly prohibited. buses are now in most cases modern coaches or sometimes used western buses, but still with air condition. there are at least 5 connections per day but often much more. if you don ' t travel around religious bank holidays in ukraine, with arrival to prague on monday morning or departure friday or saturday from prague, buses are generally not full and you ' ll have often 2 seats per person as tickets aren '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38710924041200206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.690959"} {"text": "much more. if you don ' t travel around religious bank holidays in ukraine, with arrival to prague on monday morning or departure friday or saturday from prague, buses are generally not full and you ' ll have often 2 seats per person as tickets aren ' t cheap and bus lines are very profitable. lviv has a quite extensive tram and mini - bus network. mini - buses ( 2 uah ) are known as marshrutky and follow a set route, but without a fixed timetable. to indicate a desire to board, extend one arm as the marshrutka approaches ; simply ask the driver to stop when you would like to get off. however some drivers can will to stop the bus for you on the nearest stop only because of fear of tickets from police. trams and trolleybuses cost 1. 50 uah ( tickets for students are 0. 75 uah ) ( june 2012 ). you can purchase tickets from any news kiosk or from driver in tram. ask for a \" tramvainyi bilet \". keep in mind that if you are carrying a piece of luggage larger than a backpack you will need to purchase a second ticket for it. once inside the tram, be sure to validate your ticket ( s ) by punching them in one of the metal punches mounted on the walls. an inspector may come around to check your ticket - these people do not wear uniforms but flash a little badge. it ' s interesting to note that mostly all of the drivers of the trams and ticket checkers are women. taxis are available throughout the city, and the city center is swarming with them at night. when they aren ' t equipped with a meter you must agree on a price with the driver ahead of time. it ' s usually cheaper when taxi do have meter, but even then they may not to turn it on for you. it is usually cheaper to order a taxi by phone than catch a taxi on the street. latin cathedral ( roman catholic ) in the south western corner of market square. st. george ' s cathedral ( greek catholic ) baroque - rococo cathedral located an the hill armenian cathedral ( armenian apostolic ) built between 1363 and 1370, later remodeled few times. very interesting interior. dormition cathedral ( orthodox ) built between 16th and 17th century i renaissance style. next to it stands 65 meter high korniakt tower. dominican church impressive baroque temple built for dominicans in 18th century. resembles the church of st. charles borromeus in vienna with its concave facade and huge elliptical dome.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40615081743418335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.691895"} {"text": ". next to it stands 65 meter high korniakt tower. dominican church impressive baroque temple built for dominicans in 18th century. resembles the church of st. charles borromeus in vienna with its concave facade and huge elliptical dome. after ww2 the building served as a warehouse and later museum of religion and atheism, now it is a greek catholic parish church. the bernardine church and monastery jesuit church based on rome ' s il gesu church. chapel of the boim family a mannerist architecture marvel all made of black stone located next to the latin cathedral. russian orthodox cathedral lychakivsky tsvyntar ( lychakiv cemetery ). there are about four hundred thousand people buried here, including ukrainian heroes such as ivan franko ; the park is enormous, and very pleasant to wander around on a network of variously - maintained paths. at the back of the cemetery are a moving series of recently - built war memorials, in the same style as western world war one cemeteries, to the dead of the 1918 - 1921 ukrainian civil wars. union of lublin mound, high castle ( vysokyi zamok ) ; the place where a historic castle used to stand and now stands a mound built in 1869 to commemorate 300th anniversary of lublin union. on the mound there is an observation platform with nice views of the city and another sandy mound, which you can also climb, and which has a cross devoted to the dead of the war in afghanistan. from the mound you can walk around the whole central hill - park of the town. market square ( ploshcha rynok ). you can climb the tower of the town hall : go in via the main entrance, wander about until you see a sign ' \u0432\u0445\u0438\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0436\u0443 ', then follow those signs up 103 steps to a ticket - office and up 305 more steps to the top of the tower. there ' s a great view of the old town, and this is clearly one of the romantic spots of the city : i saw a marriage - proposal there. shevchenko monument, donated by members of the argentine ukrainian diaspora, and absolutely unmistakable in the centre of town ; a sculpture of the writer, and a wave - shaped monument with ukrainian folk - art motifs rising to his side. sometimes seems to be used by locals as a climbing - wall, but i would advise foreigners against this. lviv opera and ballet national academic theatre 28 svobody ave. lviv municipal theatre, 36 horodotska st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35824450018652837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.692867"} {"text": "rising to his side. sometimes seems to be used by locals as a climbing - wall, but i would advise foreigners against this. lviv opera and ballet national academic theatre 28 svobody ave. lviv municipal theatre, 36 horodotska str. lviv university ( named after ivan franko ) lviv national polytechnic university lviv rail terminal built in 1904 art nouveau wonder. pharmacy museum \" under the black eagle \" 2 drukarska str. tel. ( 032 ) 272 - 00 - 41. the oldest pharmacy in lviv, opened in 1735 ( sadly the custodian can be extremely impolite, including banging the door behind you. ) admission 8 uah. museum of the history of religion 1 musejna sq., tel. ( 032 ) 272 - 91 - 00 an interesting museum documenting both jewish and christian history of lviv in one of lviv ' s biggest and most beautiful churches. tickets : 10 uah normal, 5 uah discount. the l ' viv art gallery 3 stefanyka st. divided into several departments the central of which is on display at potoskiy palace showing mainly renaissance and baroque european art ( for ukrainian art see national musem ). nearby is the palace of arts where changing contemporary art exhibitions take place. other interesting branches of the lviv gallery are the museum of ancient books, museum of relics and pinsel museum ( dedicated to the local baroque wood carver ). the lviv historical museum divided into many departments most of which are in the old town displaying archeology, history from medieval times up to the ukrainian struggle for nationalism, as well as jewellery and armoury. museum of ethnography and arts and crafts 15 svobody ave. tickets : 5 uah normal, 2 uah discount. the lviv national museum 20 svobody ave. the main building displays ukrainian art from the middle ages up to the 19th century. note that the lviv art gallery mainly shows foreign art in its art collections so if you are more interested in ukrainian art you should definitely visit this museum. admission : 1 - 10 uah. museum of national folk architecture and rural life \u00ab shevchenkivsky hay \u00bb, 1 chernecha gora str. on the central hill about a half - hour walk from the lychakivskiy cemetery. this is a collection of wooden buildings from all over western ukraine, dismantled and reassembled here ; the multi - tiered churches are the most spectacular buildings, and are all still working churches. tickets : 10 uah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43663970759697757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.694610"} {"text": "as hero in adventure. crazy tours offer individual tours, tours for small and large groups, corporate entertainment from few hours to the whole day, in the morning, afternoon, evening or at night. tours by crazy tours, 3 rynok sq. ( ask at the reception of art hostel ), + 38 067 6737913 ( email @ example. com ),. from 20 eur. the ukrainian currency is known as the hryvnia ( you may also hear the pronunciation \" grivna \" ). it was introduced in 1996. the exchange did hover around 5 uah to 1 usd, but due to the global economic downturn has dropped to between 7. 5 and 8 uah to 1 usd. both atms ( known as \" bankomats \" ) and currency exchanges ( \" obmin valyuti \" ) are ubiquitous throughout lviv, particularly in the city center. most, but not all, atms will accept visa and mastercard. currency exchanges will often only accept foreign currency in pristine condition. travellers ' checks are not very useful in lviv ; however, there are still a few hotels and banks that will cash them for you. credit cards are now widely accepted in perhaps all city center restaurants, cafes, hotels and some hostels. also at the main bus station and long distance train station. suprisingly lot of small grocery stores now also accept plastic. you should be aware that attempting to pay for something inexpensive with a large denomination ( 50 uah and above ) will often at the very least annoy the shopkeeper ; salespeople may even refuse to sell to you if you do not have any smaller denominations. grocery stores and other high - volume shops are an exception to this rule. life in l ' viv is very very cheap. it ' s not difficult to find a place where you can have a full meal for 2 euros. the challenge is rather trying to order if you don ' t speak ukrainian. perhaps all places now offer menu cards in english. acropolis tavern, just off rynok square. a greek casual diner that has authentic dishes such as gyros and souvlaki for $ 3. the staff speak english and may well start dancing, in traditional style, given any amount of encouragement. idalnia # 1 gurman ( gourmet ), on 7, doroshenka. they are cooking only from ukrainian products. puzata hata, on sichovykh striltsiv. lviv branch of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4531955054492023, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.696723"} {"text": "encouragement. idalnia # 1 gurman ( gourmet ), on 7, doroshenka. they are cooking only from ukrainian products. puzata hata, on sichovykh striltsiv. lviv branch of this restaurant chain offers hearty ukrainian smorgasbord. this cafeteria style eatery has a selection of traditional ukrainian food mixed with some other food found around the area. rodzinka, near saharova street. it ' s a cafe with low prices. backerei videnski bulochky ( \u0431\u0435\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0438 - \u043a\u0430\u0432 ' \u044f\u0440\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0431\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 ), katedralna sqr. 3, ( + 380 ) 32 235 88 22. 08 : 00 - 22 : 00, sat 08 : 00 - 23 : 00. traditional austrian cafe - bakery. freshly baked french croissants, real german pretzel, italian focaccia and ciabatta. full menu featuring a selection of hot sandwich - baguettes, salads and soups. coffee. cafe 1, just off rynok square, in a sort of alley way, adjacent to a large, old cathedral. a very cosy cafe / casual dining restaurant that offers a varied range of modern cuisine. it has a warm atmosphere with non - smoking and smoking areas plus friendly and thoughtful staff. kavkaz ( or kaukaz ) serves up georgian cuisine with a charming atmosphere on zelena street. try harcho soup and fig salad. kupol has a touch of understated habsburgh grandeur. homestyle quality for affordable prices. located at 37 chaikovskogo str. tel. : + 38 - 032 - 2614454. mapa, halyc ' ka str., 4, a quiet cafe with a special atmosphere and tasty italian coffee. there are three large rooms for visitors : a large room on the first floor, and old - style rooms in the basement. museum of ideas ( \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0438 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u0438 ), valova 18a, a kind of cultural centre located in bernardine monastery cellars, with hand - made glass souvenirs gallery, exhibition space, sculptures and movie screenings. there ' s a good small restaurant there and in summer also a nice beer garden. new york street pizza 5, sichovys striltciv str, 51", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3921630923684366, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.697541"} {"text": "made glass souvenirs gallery, exhibition space, sculptures and movie screenings. there ' s a good small restaurant there and in summer also a nice beer garden. new york street pizza 5, sichovys striltciv str, 51, volodymyra velykogo str, 37, patona str, 4, stefanyka str, 36, generala chuprynky str, 5, tershakovtciv str, 59, grushevskogo str, 1, valova str, 51, chervonoi kalyny pr, 2, sv. teodora pl. tasty pizza, soups, salads, cakes and beverages. pid kelpsydroyu ( under a water clock ). 5, armenian str. the cafe is easy enough to spot. just in front of the entrance to the dzyga cultural centre, at the end of vir \u2019 menska st. you ' ll see about 15 large tables with patio umbrellas crowding the street. you ' ll also see the city ' s sophisticated set sipping under clepsydra ' s famous forest tea. under clepsydra actually has three sections. the indoor cafe / restaurant inspired by the parisian brasseries of the left bank has two sections, smoking and non - smoking, that share a soundtrack of classic french jazz and folk music. venture upstairs past the funky wood and brass bathrooms and you \u2019 ll find the more popular late - night section of the establishment. ever since dzyga ' s alternative club lyalka closed its doors, this bar has provided shelter for the thirsty denizens of cool. but what really sets it apart from other lviv hangouts is the menu. vegetarian restaurants in lviv are, well, non - existent, but under clepsydra ' s vegetarian menu is sure to please. okay \u2026 the first item is fish, but you \u2019 ll also find a collection of fresh, meat - free dishes made with locally - sourced ingredients. being a vegetarian in lviv isn \u2019 t easy, but at under clepsydra it can be pretty affordable. potato and mushroom crepes are less than 2 euros, and fresh soups and salads are anywhere between 1 - 2 euros. menus are in english. the carnivorous set has plenty of options as well. few dishes run more than 5 euros, and entrees include duck, pork, grilled chicken, smoked salmon. tsukerna, pr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39705106798922485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.698392"} {"text": "2 euros. menus are in english. the carnivorous set has plenty of options as well. few dishes run more than 5 euros, and entrees include duck, pork, grilled chicken, smoked salmon. tsukerna, pr. staroevraiski. viennese - style cake and coffee. amadeus has a broad european and ukrainian menu in a 5 star environment with 4 star food and 2. 5 star prices. wiener kaffeehaus, on the shevchenko prospect right side if you are facing the opera house. this place has menus in english and english - speaking staff. a main course is around 3 to 4 euros, a three - course meal 6 or 7. the wiener schnitzel is great, so are all the soups, the breakfasts, the potato pancakes and the apfelstrudel. veronica, on the shevchenko prospect is both a french style cafe ( upstairs ) and stylish restaurant downstairs. the club scene in l ' viv is thriving ; with many options ranging from the cavernous club metro to the intimate and upmarket zanzibar. there are usually entry charges but drink prices more than make up for this. in most clubs you are able to buy bottles of vodka for a reasonable price and simply chill at a table all evening. fashion club bizarre neuvo riche. hasova lyampa ( kerosene lamp ) unlike many of the best restaurants in lviv, the gas lamp is quite easy to find. located a couple blocks up virmenska st. you \u2019 ll most likely see a man dressed in olde tyme regalia pacing in front of the entrance, beckoning people inside. if he \u2019 s not there another more static greeter awaits, in the form of a metal statue sitting at a desk with a \u2026 you guessed it, lit gas lamp. once inside you \u2019 ll find a spiral staircase ascending up three flights of dining space. each floor is cozy, candle lit, and decorated with classic gas lamps. gas lamp also has one of lviv \u2019 s best patios, in the form of their rooftop dining section. with a view of the armenian church steeple is the perfect place to spend a warm summers evening. while the entrees at gas lamp are your standard fare, the snacks that do with beer are real standouts. they are an extra big hit with the sophisticated post - work clientele who undoubtedly come here to mingle and complain about their bosses. try the seasoned crout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4063705017503615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.699341"} {"text": "gas lamp are your standard fare, the snacks that do with beer are real standouts. they are an extra big hit with the sophisticated post - work clientele who undoubtedly come here to mingle and complain about their bosses. try the seasoned croutons, chips and a variety of dipping sauces they \u2019 re the perfect accompaniment for their wide selection of cold local brews. house of legends, staroevreyska 48. a bar with small staircase connecting few floors and a roof terrace ( great views! ), where each room is differently designed around a theme of a lvivian ' legend '. kriyivka ( ' bunker ' in ukrainian ) you repeat the words over and over in your head as you wander through the main square. \u201c slava ukrayini, slava ukraini, slava ukraini, \u201d you repeat. the phrase means, \u2018 glory to ukraine, \u2019 and it \u2019 s your ticket to this city \u2019 s best kept entertainment secret - - an underground unmarked bar called kryivka. kryivka basically means hiding place in ukrainian and they \u2019 re not kidding. but when you do finally find it, state the password to a man toting a prop vintage machine gun, receive your shot of authentic ukrainian medovukha, and descend the stairs into the cozy wooden dining room you \u2019 ll be glad you took the time to find it. this ukrainian independence themed bar is decorated with artifacts from ukraine \u2019 s valiant struggle to stay autonomous - - with guns, maps and posters lining the walls. you \u2019 ll also notice the names of dishes on the english menu harken back to a military tradition stretching back to the austrian empire. culinary highlights include a half - metre long sausage, pickles soaked in honey and some of the most savory vereniky in lviv. there is also a bit of theatre during a dinner at kryivka. one element of ukrainian nationalism is the constant struggle against russian imperialism. if you \u2019 re lucky, a \u201c russian spy \u201d may have snuck in to the restaurant during dinner, and the brave staff will turn off the lights, grab a flashlight, root out this spy and serve him a healthy portion of justice. once the intruder has been detached, celebratory live music erupts in the basement venue and locals burst into traditional songs of freedom. for the food, and for the fun, kryivka is a can \u2019 t miss restaurant in lviv. masoch cafe. a place where you get whipped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4047117032247163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.700244"} {"text": "music erupts in the basement venue and locals burst into traditional songs of freedom. for the food, and for the fun, kryivka is a can \u2019 t miss restaurant in lviv. masoch cafe. a place where you get whipped by the bar staff. yes, seriously. club metro, zelena st. 14, + 38 ( 032 ) 242 - 07 - 88,. located on the outskirts of the centre of town, metro isn \u2019 t the easiest place to spot during the day, but at night, just follow the hordes of fabulously dressed young people as they make their way to lviv \u2019 s trendiest nightclub. but make no mistake, metro isn \u2019 t just one of the best discos in town - - it \u2019 s three! this cavernous lviv club reveals a new surprise around every corner. entrance will probably set you back about 3 euro and once inside the first thing you \u2019 ll see is metro \u2019 s large disco. here trendy young students bounce happily to mostly top 40 and pop music. a raised platform in the centre of the dance floor features male and female go - go dancers ( and any brave souls who decide to join them on strange ). a long bar opposite the stage provides spirits of all kinds at decent prices. local beers, vodka and champagne are all offered by the friendly ( mostly ) english speaking staff. if it \u2019 s your first time at metro, we suggest being a vip for a night. the raised vip section gives a great view of the entire dance floor and is available to anyone as long as they promise to ring up a reasonable bill. not a hard thing to do with bottle service and even hookahs available for vip guests. for a change of pace, head downstairs where you \u2019 ll find two more bars. one serves the techno and house room where friendly local hipsters grind and shake to a pumping beat. the other bar serves the lounge, private rooms and the hip hop dance floor where the freshest tracks from the united states and the uk lend the crowd little swagger. to cool off from all of the dancing, hit the giant upstairs patio with its heat lamps during winter and umbrellas for those rainy lviv nights. when you \u2019 re all done, grab your jacket from the free coat check, head outside, say goodbye to your new friends and try to figure out how it got light out so quickly. millennium club ( \u043c\u0456\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0443\u043c ), 2 chornovola av., + 38 ( 032 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40785318211226085, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.701130"} {"text": "head outside, say goodbye to your new friends and try to figure out how it got light out so quickly. millennium club ( \u043c\u0456\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0443\u043c ), 2 chornovola av., + 38 ( 032 ) 240 35 91,. just a few blocks from the centre of the city millennium club is where lviv \u2019 s elite go to kick up their heels after a busy day of work. this gigantic complex is lviv nightlife at its finest. featuring the restaurant \" tequila bum \" a casino, a state - of - the - art movie theatre, billiards and video games, it has something for everyone. but these attractions are just the warm - up for the main event. as the largest disco in western ukraine, millennium is where you \u2019 ll find the city \u2019 s beautiful people getting sweaty on a massive dance floor until early the next morning. the entrance fee is a little steep compared to other local bars, but it rarely tops 5 euro. once inside, grab a table and sit back as chilled bottles of this country \u2019 s finest vodka is delivered to your table as part of millennium \u2019 s legendary bottle service. if you \u2019 re the kind of person who likes to keep moving, sidle up to any of millennium club \u2019 s four expansive cocktail bars for a beer, mixed drink or shot. thanks to its older more sophisticated clientele the music at millennium club is some of the best in the country. djs from all over eastern europe come to millennium to spin house, retro, electro and rock tunes. ask in advance who \u2019 ll be playing so you \u2019 ll know what to expect. speaking of what to expect, sophisticated patrons also means a dress code. guys should be prepared to wear dress shoes, pressed slacks and a dress shirt. ladies, lviv girls are some of the most stylish in the world, so dress like you mean it. you might get into the club in your street clothes - - but you \u2019 ll feel out of place. picasso ( \u043f\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e ), 88 zelena st., + 38 ( 032 ) 275 32 72,. if metro and millennium club in lviv cater to the hard partying type, picasso aims to be a relaxed alternative to these venues. picasso is located just up the road from metro on zelena st. in a large corner building. getting in can be a little confusing. the friendly door staff will kindly point you to a door at the side of the building. here you pay your entrance fee, usually between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41449164174217584, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.703548"} {"text": "the road from metro on zelena st. in a large corner building. getting in can be a little confusing. the friendly door staff will kindly point you to a door at the side of the building. here you pay your entrance fee, usually between 3 and 5 euros, and give you a ticket. take that ticket back to the doorman, and in you go. the first thing you \u2019 ll notice once inside is just what made this place legendary when it opened as lviv \u2019 s first hot spot. it features a giant vaulted ceiling with a ring of balconies surrounding the venue. really, it looks more like a church than a club. at the far end is a massive stage, and below that, a roomy dance floor, often packed with a writhing mass of some of this city \u2019 s older student crowd. beers here run a little bit more than your standard club, but their selection caters to a more refined pallet. the music and dress code here are also a bit more relaxed. tunes range from disco to rock, with a little techno and house thrown in. one distinguishing feature of the music is volume ; not cranked so loud you can \u2019 t hear yourself think, but not a library either. there is free coat check, and most patrons are dressed casually, which in lviv means like models on their day off. the stellar lighting also makes this place a popular venue for concerts. as lviv does not currently have a large music venue, many acts play picasso if they can secure a night. the club also hosts private parties and events, so call ahead to make sure you can get in that night pozitiff, 14 zelena st., + 38 ( 032 ) 294 90 5,. if you \u2019 ve been to metro club you may have noticed a long line of eager locals forming on a nearby staircase of an internet cafe. it may seem strange at first glance, but insiders know that this stylish crew has the right idea. they are trying to gain access to pozitiff - - lviv \u2019 s trendiest lounge. this place is not easy to get into, and there are no guarantees that your money, passport or even begging can ensure you gain entrance. it \u2019 s all the bouncers call. your best bet is to arrive with a small group of the most attractive people you can find. at this point the door man will either let you in, or not. if he does you \u2019 ll have negotiate an entrance fee. this cover charge usually depends on how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4471905565250827, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.704770"} {"text": "is to arrive with a small group of the most attractive people you can find. at this point the door man will either let you in, or not. if he does you \u2019 ll have negotiate an entrance fee. this cover charge usually depends on how cool and attractive your group is : the better - looking, the lower the fee. expect to pay close to 6 euros for entrance. once inside your senses are bombarded with sounds of local djs spinning lounge appropriate tunes, and the smell of cocktails. as entrance is so difficult, some patrons make the most of their trial, floating through the bar mingling, chatting and flirting. others, displaying the icy confidence that got them in in the first place simply recline in their booth and radiate cool. no matter how you choose to play this one, the drinks are reasonably priced, you \u2019 ll find enough friendly professionals to chat with and if you need to check your email, the internet cafe section remains operational even into the wee hours of a rocking party. zanzibar cool, funky leroy upmarket, mature crowd great pubs and bars abound in l ' viv but they can be hard to find, do your research as many are tired dens of misery. robert doms beer house while not exactly in the centre of town, robert doms pub is a must visit venue for any visitor to lviv. follow the tree lined street of kleparivska as it winds up and down hills until you reach the easy to spot entrance of this totally original beer hall and concert venue. it \u2019 s attached to the lvivske brewery. depending on the nights festivities you may have to pay a small cover charge, but it \u2019 s well worth it, as early evening acts often include international jazz bands, and late evening events often fall into the feverish dance music category. descend a flight of stairs past a charming little merchandise stand to the cavernous first room. sit down at a long beer garten style table and order a giant stein of the lvivske beer. the name, robert doms comes from the man who founded the brewery in 1715 ( also the name of their signature brew ). the food here is great, so even if you \u2019 ve already eaten, it \u2019 s suggested you order a salty snack from their german - style menu to accompany the delicious beer. the pub is often open late, so make an evening here. the underground location and stone walls give robert doms beer house great acoustics and an intimate feel. or, if you \u2019 re not in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43372014755133326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.705960"} {"text": "- style menu to accompany the delicious beer. the pub is often open late, so make an evening here. the underground location and stone walls give robert doms beer house great acoustics and an intimate feel. or, if you \u2019 re not in the mood for music, head to the ajoining austrian style pub room. plush, wooden and well lit, this is a great place to watch a game of football with friends as the giant tv at the end of the room has a habit of sucking in peoples attention. kumpel mini - brewery and a beer restauraunt on mytna square kult cool underground bar blue bottle intimate, medieval pub filharmonia above kult, very cool underground feel. franz josef the twighlight zone. 24 hour outdoor freak show. see the local intelligentsia acting rather unintelligent. dublin irish pub irish pub with good food, english menu. staff no english though! while not the easiest place to find in lviv this heavily promoted irish style pub is both a favourite with locals as well as ex - pat patrons of the nearby kosmonaut hostel. you can find dublin pub in the busy courtyard just off doroshenka st. the name is written in cyrillic as well as latin, so have no fears there. dublin does a good job of not packing the tables in too tightly, you after you \u2019 ve grabbed a seat, don \u2019 t be shy to get up and wander around a little bit with a pint of any of their host of international beers in hand. if you happen to be hungry, you \u2019 ll be glad to know that the menu is in english ( though the staff don \u2019 t speak english ), and features many of the pub favourites you would expect at home. however, you \u2019 ll find that many of these dishes have been modified slightly as local ingredients are substituted for traditional ones. most dishes are reasonably priced and quite tasty. if you are feeling homesick, this is a good cure. if football is your thing, dublin pub spares no expense. if there is a game on, anywhere in the world, chances are dublin pub will be showing it live. however, if your side happens to be playing at the same time as any of ukraine \u2019 s club, or national teams you might want swallow your pride and join in, as you \u2019 re not likely to find anyone here who will permit you to change the channel. korzo irish pub though it may sometimes seem like it, not every bar or restaurant in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38524976416056955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.707153"} {"text": "national teams you might want swallow your pride and join in, as you \u2019 re not likely to find anyone here who will permit you to change the channel. korzo irish pub though it may sometimes seem like it, not every bar or restaurant in lviv has some kind of theme or hook, and korzo pub is one of these places. located in the narrow brativ rohatinskiv street just off the main rynok, korzo is as close to your local pub as you \u2019 ll find in lviv. nothing too fancy here, just an oak bar, brass taps and well worn tables that have eavesdropped on hundreds of conversations, arguments and romantic encounters. the menu is actually one of the more familiar ones in the city, so if you are looking for a little taste of home this is probably your best bet. korzo also has a great selection of international spirits, so if you \u2019 re the kind of person who needs a shot of tequila to get the night going, this is your place. as the beer flows, you might want to try the fish soup, hearty and robust, locals say it is the perfect ballast to prevent a hangover the next morning. if quenching your thirst on a sunny afternoon of exploring is your goal, korzo has just installed on of lviv \u2019 s largest patios. with plenty of tables and shelter from the glorious sunshine, or menacing thunderstorm ( it \u2019 s really either, or, in this city ) the patio makes for pure people watching pleasure. l ' viv has a variety of hotels, hostels and apartments to suit all budgets and needs. the best deals for budget travellers ( 2 - 3 people ) are found with the lovely apartments for rent all over town - these can be found online ( preferably in russian ) or on arrival at the train station. expect to pay around 150 - 200 usd / mo. for a nice studio apartment with a kitchen, tv and a nice warm - water bathroom. the hostel scene is quite new in l ' viv so be sure to check reviews of hostels using well known booking agents and forums like hostelworld, hostelbooking and tripadvisor. coffee home hostel, 10 teatralna ( \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 ) street ( this is the information how to get to the hostel in lviv : adress coffee home hostel lviv lviv 10 teatralna str. from airport : 1 ) take a taxi to 10 teatralna str. ( ~ 40", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3955794501077067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.708179"} {"text": ". from \u20ac8. ( 49. 841424, 24. 029616 ) old ukrainian home hostel, 12 lepkogo ( \u043b\u0435\u043f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e ) street ( from airport : 1 ) take a taxi to 12, lepkoho str. ( ~ 50 uah ) 2 ) take a trolleybus # 9 to the end stop ( lviv national university ). then go right 300m. till 12, lepkoho str. from the bus station : 1 ) take a taxi to 12, lepkoho str. ( ~ 40 uah ) 2 ) take a minibus ( \u2018 marshootka \u2019 ) # 3a to the end stop ( behind opera house ). then cross the road and go straight to horodotska str ( 500m ) till clothing store \u201c geox \u201d. opposite store you will find lepkoho str., find number 12 our hostel in lviv is there. from the railway station : 1 ) take a taxi to 12, lepkoho str., first floor. ( ~ 40 uah ) 2 ) take a minibus ( \u2018 marshootka \u2019 ) # 31 till horodotska str, till clothing store \u201c geox \u201d. opposite store you will find lepkoho str., find number 12. 3 ) by foot : go 250m straight, make left on big street cross, go down the horodotska str ( 1400 m ) till clothing store \u201c geox \u201d. opposite store you will find lepkoho str., find number 12. ), + 38 067 911 1431 ( email @ example. com ),. checkin : 12am ; checkout : 11am. located in the centre of the city near the lviv national university. chamber hostel \u2014 20 beds, english, spanish, russian speaking staff, free wi - fi, touristic information, free maps, breakfast, coffee & tea, linens & towels included, laundry. old ukrainian interior style. one bathroom with two showers. from \u20ac8. ( 49. 841829, 24. 020067 ) soviet home hostel, drukarska 3, top floor, door code 250 ( from airport : 1 ) take a taxi to 3, drukarska str. ( ~ 50 uah ) 2 ) take a trolleybus # 9 to the end stop ( lviv national university ). then go left to sichovyh st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4084583109773041, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.711023"} {"text": "airport : 1 ) take a taxi to 3, drukarska str. ( ~ 50 uah ) 2 ) take a trolleybus # 9 to the end stop ( lviv national university ). then go left to sichovyh striltsiv str. and go 300m. turn right to gnatuka str. and go 190m tillsvoboda avenue ( main avenue, shevchenko monument ). from svoboda avenue go ( 300m ) through the main square ( rynok square ) to pharmacy museum and on the left you will find 3, drukarska str. from the bus station : 1 ) take a taxi to 3, drukarska str. ( ~ 60 uah ) 2 ) take a minibus ( marshootka ) # 3a to pidvalna str. then cross the road and go straight to the main square ( rynok square ) in front of city hall ( building with a tower ), on the right side behind city hall you will find 3, drukarska str. from the railway station : 1 ) take a taxi to 3, drukarska str. ( ~ 40 uah ) 2 ) take a tram # 1 to the stop named main square ( rynok square ) in front of city hall ( building with a tower ), on the right side behind city hall you will find 3, drukarska str. 3 ) by foot : go 250m straight, make left on big street cross, go down the horodotska str till opera house, make right and go down svoboda avenue ( main avenue, shevchenko monument ). from svoboda avenue, go to 3, drukarska str. 2700m ( ~ 45 mins ) ), + 38 067 911 1431 ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. checkin : 12am ; checkout : 11am. - 2 $ discount for peace corps volunteers! soviet home is the place where comfort meets ussr! comfortable beds, hot shower, breakfast and soviet interior! from \u20ac8. ( 49. 842879, 24. 031992 ) hotel lviv. just off the main strip, two blocks north of the opera. inexpensive, no - frills, unfriendly, mainly 1 - 2 person rooms, many with nice views of lviv center - pick the ones facing the street ( obviously )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3976874727347416, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.712386"} {"text": "just off the main strip, two blocks north of the opera. inexpensive, no - frills, unfriendly, mainly 1 - 2 person rooms, many with nice views of lviv center - pick the ones facing the street ( obviously ). there is also a restaurant / bar and a currency exchange kiosk inside the lobby. retro hostel shevchenko, shevchenka prosp. 16, + 380 32 240 37 61. one of the biggest and most centrally located hostels in lviv. every room has a bathroom. privates and dorms on few floors, with nice outdoor common area ( table tennis, billiards, barbecue available free of charge ). there ' s a bar as well. from \u20ac 5. 50. central square hostel, 5 rynok square, + 380 95 225 66 54 ( email @ example. com ),. checkin : 12. 00 ; checkout : 11. 30. cozy hostel located in the heart of the city - 18 beds, english, polish, russian speaking staff, free wi - fi, tourist information, free maps, coffee & tea, linens & towels included, washing machine. also will show you the city. bed in dorm 95 uah, double room 350 uah. roxelana hostel ( lviv backpackers roxelana ), generala chuprenke 50 / 4, + 38 0974449789 ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. checkout : 12 : 00. accommodation within a majestic historical castle. this castle was once inhabited by a famous count. we are very near to the train station. offers discounts to nightclubs in town. offers deals on city tours, pub crawls, gun shooting experiences and famous russian saunas. helpful and friendly english staff. from \u20ac7. rynok square apartment, 16 rynok square ( across from main entrance to lviv town hall ), ( email @ example. com ),. checkin : flexible ; checkout : flexible. modern, clean and most central, seconds from lviv ' s cafes and most attractions. includes king size double bed and additional single bed optional. free tea, coffee, kitchen self catering, washing machine and powder, microwave, tv, bedding, towels. minimum stay 2 nights. discounts for stays over 3 nights. friendly owner speaks english, polish, ukrainian, can arrange transfers within ukraine and poland. \u20ac20 per person. the georgehouse hostel, 1 us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4119132172120872, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.713333"} {"text": ", tv, bedding, towels. minimum stay 2 nights. discounts for stays over 3 nights. friendly owner speaks english, polish, ukrainian, can arrange transfers within ukraine and poland. \u20ac20 per person. the georgehouse hostel, 1 ustyjanovycha 8 ( \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 8 ), + 380504306454 ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. checkout : 11am. georgehouse hostel offers 4 - bed and 8 - bed mixed dormitories, free wi - fi, maps, breakfast, linens & towels included, modern colourful design. free bed on your birthday ( with minimum stay two nights ). from 95 uah. the kosmonaut hostel, 4 tomashivskoho st., apt. 5 ( second floor ) - \u0432\u0443\u043b. \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, 4, \u043a\u0432. 5, + 38 0936554219 ( email @ example. com ),. 20 beds, 24 hour reception, english speaking staff. free wi - fi, tea, coffee, washing machine, rated the best hostel in ukraine by hostelworld. com 2008. for good reason too. with a central location, hot powerful showers and a friendly common room perfect for meeting other travellers, this hostel has it all. some additional attractions like bania, ak - 47 shooting trips etc. staff are very helpful. the kosmonaut relocated and the new address is 4 tomashivskoho st., apt. 5 ( second floor ). from \u20ac7. ( 49. 836419, 24. 028776 ) dekolotel, derevach village, 25 lvivska st., ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. checkin : 7 : 00 ; checkout : 11 : 00. family - friendly amenities, easily accommodates a family of up to 6 people, larger groups can also be housed upon agreement, 24 hour online reception, english speaking staff, breakfast at \u20ac5, tea, coffee, washing machine, fully - equiped kitchen area, game room, sauna, tv set, bathroom, located in a serene vicinity 10 minutes driving distance from the arena lviv stadium and 20 minutes in lviv. free parking available. transfers can be arranged. from \u20ac15 per person if more than 6 persons, or \u20ac60 for the place. up to 40 people can he accommodated.. cats ' house hostel,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.406071927203266, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.714271"} {"text": "arena lviv stadium and 20 minutes in lviv. free parking available. transfers can be arranged. from \u20ac15 per person if more than 6 persons, or \u20ac60 for the place. up to 40 people can he accommodated.. cats ' house hostel, 20 saksaganskoho st., apt. 4 ( second floor ) - \u0432\u0443\u043b. \u0441\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, 20, \u043a\u0432. 4, + 38 0934837665 ( email @ example. com ),. 20 beds, 24 hour reception, english, ukrainian, russian speaking staff, free wi - fi, tea, coffee, breakfast, bed linen, towels, slippers included, washing machine, library, tourist assistance \u2013 information, maps, luggage storage. hostel is located in the old austrian house in the middle of the city near tram and bus stop. from \u20ac6. hotel dnister ( \u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440 ), mateyka st. 6, + 380 32 297 43 1,. $ 80 - $ 260. hotel george ( \u0436\u043e\u0440\u0436 ), pl. mickiewicz 1, + 380 322 725 952,. only some rooms have private bathrooms ( from $ 73 ). $ 38 - $ 121. hotel nton ( \u0433\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d ), shevchenka 154b ( \u0432\u0443\u043b. \u0448\u0435\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 154\u0431 ) ( 3 km from the downtown ), + 380 32 233 31 23,. hotel \" nton \" has been in operation since january 2001. offers more than 70 modern comfortable rooms equipped with phones, tv - sat, showers and bathrooms, air conditioning, hairdryers, refrigerators with mini - bars. hot & cold water is around a clock, heating is autonomous. services include restaurant, guarded parking place, 4 conference halls, business center and free wireless internet. the hotel transfer service brings you to the hotel and any destination point in the downtown or behind the city at any time. moreover the hotel also has fitness complex ' pharaoh ' ( offering pharaonic massage, fitness gym, solarium, sauna, turkish bath, jacuzzi, ir - sweating ). \u20ac28 - \u20ac55 ( breakfast included ). hotel volter ( \u0433\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0435\u0440 ), lypynskoho 60a ( 3 km from the downtown ), + 380 32 294 88 88,. offers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3871506810962816, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.716112"} {"text": "\u20ac55 ( breakfast included ). hotel volter ( \u0433\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0435\u0440 ), lypynskoho 60a ( 3 km from the downtown ), + 380 32 294 88 88,. offers 56 comfortable rooms of different categories, namely, standard, superior, semi - suite, deluxe suite, equipped according to modern norms and standards. includes round - the - clock hot and cold water supply, installed independent heating system, satellite television, telephone, hair - drier and mini - safe in each room. the restaurant ' s staff is available round - the - clock. \u20ac33 - \u20ac70 ( breakfast included ). reikartz dworzec lviv, gorodotskaya street, 107, 00 38 ( 032 ) 235 0 888,. it offers rooms with modern ambience, all of which have a private toilet and shower with bathtub, cable tv, internet access, and mini - bar. some of its amenities are fitness room / gym, a swimming pool, and a sauna. while staying here you can visit some tourist spots like church of st. olha and elizabeth, pharmacy museum, and the high castle park. best rates on official website start at eur 55. citadel inn ( citadel inn ), hrabovskoho street 11, + 380 32 235 76 30 ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. $ 150 - $ 430 ( breakfast included ). guest house andriivskyi,. levyts ' koho street 112., + 380 32 235 76 30 ( email @ example. com ),. $ 150 - $ 300 ( breakfast included ). the dialing code for lviv is + 380 32 ( 2 ). the telephone system was recently modified ; thus, to dial 6 - digit numbers, use the city prefix 322, but for 7 - digit numbers, use only 32. all calls to and from cell phones are treated as long distance calls. the telephone system was recently modified one more time, thus, you must not dial an 8 followed by the city / mobile prefix, followed by the phone number. some frequent mobile prefixes are 050, 067, 066, 096, and 097. the main mobile operators are kyivstar, beeline, and umc. you can buy a sim card or a balance replenishment card at many stores throughout lviv. internet cafes are plentiful. centrally located is chorna medeia on kryva l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3974954922104331, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.717238"} {"text": "operators are kyivstar, beeline, and umc. you can buy a sim card or a balance replenishment card at many stores throughout lviv. internet cafes are plentiful. centrally located is chorna medeia on kryva lypa. ukrainian cities are not dangerous, though a bit more precaution is required. common tricks include impersonating a police officer. in doubt ask an officer or tell him you ' re not following him. the first thing they try is to get you out of the tourists places in to areas where they can ' acquire ' a fine. openly robbing you or pick - pocketing happens less as the risks are bigger. it is essential to learn some ukrainian before visiting, or at the very least, learn the cyrillic alphabet. everyone can also read, speak and write in russian and aren ' t so prickly about it, although they ' d apreciate that you learn a few basic phrases in ukrainian as well. learn the cyrillic alphabet ( both the russian and ukrainian versions ) way in advance until you can write words with perfection, as many do not know the latin alphabet. german and, especially, polish ( as lvov used to part of poland ) is spoken well among people with mature memories of the interwar era. people selling you tickets at the train station will most likely not speak anything other than ukrainian or russian and may have no patience nor sympathy for you. ( neither will the people waiting behind you in line ). if you speak polish then surviving in lviv shouldn ' t be a problem, as many people understand it since it ' s quite close to ukrainian. some sales people will not know the latin alphabet, so make sure to carry a small note with your name written in cyrillic! queues in ukraine tend to be a chaotic mess, especially at stations. assert your place with an elbow and mean stare, because everyone else will, including the fifteen babushki pushing you to the side. make sure you get in the line for foreigners when you want to buy train tickets. no, the cashier will not speak english, but if you know the details of the train you want, just write them down! but if you go to a different line they ' ll just tell you to go to the foreigner ' s line, and then you will have wasted a lot of time waiting for nothing. there are many possible day trips from lviv. some options include nearby monasteries krekhiv and univ ; the beautiful carpathian mountains and their accompanying ski resorts are also not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.451908565614172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.718491"} {"text": "line, and then you will have wasted a lot of time waiting for nothing. there are many possible day trips from lviv. some options include nearby monasteries krekhiv and univ ; the beautiful carpathian mountains and their accompanying ski resorts are also not far. for people who want to head south to transylvania, this is best done jumping buses to chernivtsi ( a bumpy 6, 5 hrs ride, or you can take one of overnight trains ). near chernivtsi, you can visit the lovely kamyanets - podilsky with its ancient castle. to suceava, the bus takes around 4 hours with border formalities. from suceava to bacau and finally to brasov, each bus will take about 4 hours on very bumpy roads. a quick and direct way to get to romania is to take the 601l train from lviv to solotvino ( transcarpathia oblast ) ; it departs lviv at 20 : 23 and arrives in solotvino at 9 : 47. cost of ticket costs less than 10 euros depending on whether one chooses 1st class \" kupet \" or 2nd class \" platzkart \". solotvino is a very small town, and the border station ( which will be on the other side of the tisa river, or the right hand side of the train ) is not too hard to locate : when exiting the train, take a left until you approach the first road. at the road, take a right, and walk about 100m before coming to a three - way intersection ( there will be a monument in the middle. take a left onto the road that heads down into the river valley, and you ' ll come straight to the border station. you ' ll be treated very professionally, and possibly with preference over the romanian majority who cross the border to take advantage of the lower ukrainian prices. once you cross the border, you ' ll be in sighetu marmatiei, a charming and secluded town, and from here one can take advantage of the direct train to brasov / bucharest that leaves that afternoon around 4 - 5ish. update : starting december 2011 the train from sighetu marmatiei to brasov / bucharest is found under two different train numbers, but it is still a direct train - you don ' t have to change trains. the train leaves sighetu marmatiei at 17 : 11 ( local time ) and arrives to bucharest at 09 : 56. you can gett off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3600973844899424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.719538"} {"text": "mount st. helens mount st. helens national volcanic monument is a united states national monument in southwest washington state that was the site of a massive volcanic eruption on may 18, 1980. it can be visited as a longish day trip from seattle or portland, or more conveniently as a side - trip while traveling between the two cities. on march 20, 1980, mount st. helens awakened from over 100 years of dormancy with a magnitude 4. 1 earthquake which began a series of events leading to eruption. steam and ash eruption started on march 27, and over the next two months the north side of the mountain started bulging at the rate of about 5 to 6 feet a day. then on may 18, 1980, at 8 : 32 a. m., a magnitude 5. 1 earthquake caused the bulging north face to collapse in one of the largest landslides in recorded history. the highly pressurized magma burst forth in an explosive eruption, sending super - heated volcanic gas and ash across a large portion of the united states, destroying hundreds of square miles of forest, and killing 57 people in what was the most destructive volcanic eruption in the united states. today, over a quarter century later, life is starting to return to the barren landscape surrounding the mountain. however, as the recent steam eruptions starting in october 2004 have illustrated, the danger of another catastrophic eruption is ever present. visiting mount st. helens national volcanic monument is to simultaneously witness the result of catastrophic destruction and see the result of rebirth. mount st. helens is a typical \" stratovolcano, \" the volcanic form most familiar from photographs of their typically conical profiles. the great 1980 eruption destroyed most of the volcanic cone, leaving a huge amphitheater on the north side that is well seen from the johnston ridge observatory / visitor center. current ( 2004 - 5 ) volcanic activity is building a new lava dome within this amphitheater, visible from the \" volcanocam \" at the observatory but not yet large enough to replace the destroyed cone. st. helens is still glaciated to some extent, despite its reduced altitude. one unexpected and remarkable bit of landscape on the mountain is the astonishing loowit falls, a waterfall that emerges directly from the amphitheater bearing meltwater from a glacier within the crater. this falls can be seen ( use binoculars ) from the observatory, but to get the best feeling for the incongruity of the falls - - it seems to emerge as though from the surface of the moon - - requires a hike on a trail that is closed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43712075665015815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.725330"} {"text": "be seen ( use binoculars ) from the observatory, but to get the best feeling for the incongruity of the falls - - it seems to emerge as though from the surface of the moon - - requires a hike on a trail that is closed as of 2005 owing to the volcanic activity. flora and fauna most viewpoints on the monument ' s north, east, and south sides can be reached from memorial day until snow closes the roads, usually in late october. trails are generally open from june through october, although some lower elevation trails can be hiked all year. the mount st. helens visitor center ( highway 504 milepost 5 ) now operated by washington state parks is open during the winter, except winter holidays. the most popular tourist route into the mount st. helens area is via washington state route 504. it can be reached at castle rock ( exit # 49 ) off interstate 5 in washington, about one hour and 15 minutes north of portland and two hours south of seattle. from the east, there are three main routes. if using gps or computer routing, be sure it doesn ' t send you on unpaved, one - lane forest service roads unless that ' s what you want. from spokane, all three take roughly the same amount of time. monument passes are sold for single - day admission to the visitor centers along washington 504. golden passports are honored at mount st. helens. golden passports are available only to u. s. citizens or permanent residents online at www. natlforests. org, or at any u. s. forest service or national park service office. along washington 504 are three visitor centers. all except the first are closed from november to april. all three include video presentations, exhibits, and information desks : monument passes can be purchased at any of the three visitor centers. once of the most popular souvenir gift stores in the area is located at the mount st. helens forest learning center at milepost 33. 5. they carry ash products, souvenirs, jewelry and artglass made from the ash along with a selection of apparel, toys, lodge decor and other gifts relating to mount st. helens and the local region. dining options are very limited in the mount st. helens area once you leave i - 5 at exit 49. options on the upper highway 504 include the 19 mile cafe at milepost 19, the backwoods cafe at milepost 25, and the snackbar at the forest learning center at milepost 33. 5. you can get drinks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4154047355194353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.726987"} {"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. eugene w. hilgard publications of professor eugene w. hilgard in the bulletin of the california agriculture experiment station eugene hilgard must have been an amazing scientist and person, but sadly most descriptions of him classify him only as \" soil scientist \". he published a significant book, soils, towards the end of his career, but he was a member of the national academy of science and the first professor of agriculture in ( and later director of ) the university ' s experiment station when it was at berkeley. although hilgard hall on the berkeley campus houses the soils department today, nothing honors his contributions to the foundations of the grape and wine industry of california. below ( marked with an * ), are the title...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.532679450949751, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.750684"} {"text": "shots - health blog thu april 5, 2012 new type of resistant malaria appears on thai - burmese border malaria experts have been holding their breath and hoping it wouldn ' t happen. but it has. malaria parasites resistant to the last, best drug treatment, called artemisinin combination therapy, or act, are infecting people along the border of thailand and myanmar. this is 500 miles away from the first focus of act - resistant malaria in cambodia. and it ' s a different form of resistant malaria, which means it arose independently of the cambodian type rather than spreading from there. we ' re talking here about plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest and most common form of malaria. the discovery ruins the world health organization ' s hope that resistance to act might be stamped out for good in cambodia. now it ' s a two - front war. an international team of researchers is publishing the news in the lancet. meanwhile, many of the same scientists report in science that they ' ve zeroed in on changes in the parasite ' s genes that drive this new form of resistance. that gives hope that its spread may be monitored and that new drugs might someday be devised to foil resistance. but the bad news outweighs the good. the new resistance raises concern that the tantalizing prospect of eliminating malaria might slip away again, as it did when the parasite developed resistance to the drug chloroquine in the 1960s through the 1990s. more than 600, 000 people die of malaria each year, but the toll has been falling. artemisinin - based therapies are a big reason why the hope of eliminating malaria has been rising. other reasons are wide distribution of insecticide - treated bed nets to prevent mosquitoes from transmitting the parasite at night, and last fall ' s announcement that the first large field trial of a malaria vaccine reduced infections by 55 percent. \" anti - malarial control efforts are vitally dependent on artemisinin combination treatments, \" write anne - catrin uhlemann and david fidock of columbia university in a lancet editorial. \" should these regimens fail, no other drugs are ready for deployment, and drug development efforts are not expected to yield new anti - malarials until the end of this decade. \" thus, the new focus of resistant malaria is likely to stimulate urgent strategy sessions about whether it can be contained, as authorities still hope the cambodian outbreak might be. working against that is the fact that the new resistance involves myanmar, which has a lot of malaria and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44252194627106634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.766489"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) burning, combustion ( the act of burning something ) \" the burning of leaves was prohibited by a town ordinance \" - s : ( n ) burn, burning ( pain that feels hot as if it were on fire ) - s : ( n ) combustion, burning ( a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light ) - s : ( n ) electrocution, burning ( execution by electricity ) - s : ( n ) burning, burning at the stake ( execution by fire ) - s : ( n ) burning ( a form of torture in which cigarettes or cigars or other hot implements are used to burn the victim ' s skin ) - s : ( v ) burn, fire, burn down ( destroy by fire ) \" they burned the house and his diaries \" - s : ( v ) burn, glow ( shine intensely, as if with heat ) \" the coals were glowing in the dark \" ; \" the candles were burning \" - s : ( v ) burn, combust ( undergo combustion ) \" maple wood burns well \" - s : ( v ) bite, sting, burn ( cause a sharp or stinging pain or discomfort ) \" the sun burned his face \" - s : ( v ) burn, combust ( cause to burn or combust ) \" the sun burned off the fog \" ; \" we combust coal and other fossil fuels \" - s : ( v ) burn ( feel strong emotion, especially anger or passion ) \" she was burning with anger \" ; \" he was burning to try out his new skies \" - s : ( v ) burn, incinerate ( cause to undergo combustion ) \" burn garbage \" ; \" the car burns only diesel oil \" - s : ( v ) burn ( execute by tying to a stake and setting alight ) \" witches were burned in salem \" - s : ( v ) burn ( spend ( significant amounts of money ) ) \" he has money to burn \" - s : ( v ) burn ( feel hot or painful ) \" my eyes are burning \" - s : ( v ) cauterize, cauterise, burn ( burn, sear, or freeze ( tissue ) using a hot iron or electric current or a caustic agent ) \" the surgeon cauterized the wart \" - s :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6063146780265399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.769399"} {"text": "unfortunately, gross food has become the norm in most supermarkets, with packaged food ingredient lists reading more like chemistry homework than something you ' d want your family to eat. but in many cases, marketers have figured out a way to keep toxic additives and disease - promoting food packaging off of the label, making your job as a consumer harder than ever. flame retardant \u2013 laced soda what it is : the toxic flame retardant chemical brominated vegetable oil, or bvo, was initially used to keep plastics from catching on fire. where it is : for decades, the food industry has been adding it to certain sodas, juices, and sports drinks, including mountain dew, fanta orange, sunkist pineapple, and some gatorade and powerade flavors. bvo ' s purpose? to keep the artificial flavoring chemicals from separating from the rest of the liquids. why it ' s bad : scientists have linked too much bvo to bromide poisoning symptoms like skin lesions, memory loss, and nerve disorders. what it is : titanium dioxide is a component of the metallic element titanium, a mined substance that is sometimes contaminated with toxic lead. where it is : commonly used in paints and sunscreens, big food corporations add it to lots of things we eat, too, including processed salad dressing, coffee creamers, and icing. why it ' s bad : the food industry adds it to hundreds of products to make dingy, overly processed items appear whiter. \" white has long been the symbolic color of ' clean, ' \" explains food industry insider bruce bradley, who shares the tricks, traps, and ploys of big food manufacturers on his blog, brucebradley. com. \" funny, when you use real food, you don ' t need any of these crazy additives \u2014 i think i prefer the real deal. \" what it is : maggots are fly larvae, tiny rice - shaped creatures that feast on rotting foods. where it is : the food and drug administration legally allows 19 maggots and 74 mites in a 3. 5 - ounce can of mushrooms. why it ' s bad : while maggots do have their place in the medical world \u2014 they can help heal ulcers and other wounds \u2014 most people think it ' s pretty gross to eat them! if you need another reason to ditch canned goods, consider this : most are lined with bisphenol a, or bpa, a plastic chemical that causes unnatural hormonal changes linked to heart attacks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4655597487037342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.783668"} {"text": "it ' s pretty gross to eat them! if you need another reason to ditch canned goods, consider this : most are lined with bisphenol a, or bpa, a plastic chemical that causes unnatural hormonal changes linked to heart attacks, obesity, and certain cancers. cloned cow ' s stomach what it is : traditionally, cheese makers used rennet derived from the mucosa of a veal calf ' s fourth stomach to create the beloved, versatile dairy product. but bradley notes that cost and the limited availability of calf stomachs have led to the development of several alternatives, including vegetable rennet, microbial rennet, and \u2014 the food industry ' s rennet of choice \u2014 a genetically modified version derived from a cloned calf gene. where it is : it ' s used to make the vast majority of cheese sold in the united states. why it ' s bad : the long - term health effects of eating genetically engineered foods has never been studied in humans. and since gmo ingredients aren ' t listed on the label, it can be tough for consumers to avoid rennet from this source. \" with all these rennet varieties often listed simply as \" enzymes \" on an ingredient panel, it can be very hard to know exactly what kind you \u2019 re eating when you buy cheese, \" says bradley, author of the soon - to - be - released book, fat profits. what it is : grocery store meats are commonly infused with veterinary medicines, heavy metals, and staph bacteria, including the hard - to - kill, potentially lethal mrsa strain. where it is : unfortunately, the problem is far from rare. a study published last year in the journal clinical infectious diseases found that half of grocery store meat tested harbored staph bacteria. researchers id the overuse of antibiotics in industrial agriculture as a major cause in the rise of superbugs in our grocery store food. why it ' s bad : mrsa kills about 19, 000 people a year in america \u2014 that ' s more annual deaths than from aids in the u. s. purchasing grass - fed meat and eggs from organic farmers is a more sustainable choice. what it is : glyphosate, the active chemical ingredient in the popular weed killer, roundup, is a hormone - disrupting chemical now used primarily on corn and soy crops genetically engineered to withstand a heavy dousing of the chemical. nonorganic farmers dumped 57 million pounds of glyphosate on food crops in 2009, according to u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43458943894327906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.786400"} {"text": "hormone - disrupting chemical now used primarily on corn and soy crops genetically engineered to withstand a heavy dousing of the chemical. nonorganic farmers dumped 57 million pounds of glyphosate on food crops in 2009, according to u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) figures. where it is : roundup is so heavily used around homes and in farm fields that it ' s now being detected in streams, the air, and evenrain. because it ' s a systemic herbicide, it ' s actually taken up inside the plant \u2026 meaning we eat it. yep, it ' s legally allowed in our food, and in an amount that worries scientists. it ' s found in most nonorganic packaged foods because most contain corn - or soy - derived ingredients, the crops that are most often heavily doused with roundup. why it ' s bad : glyphosate exposure is linked to obesity, learning disabilities, birth defects, infertility, and potentially irreversible metabolic damage. to avoid pesticides in products, eat organic and avoided processed foods as much as possible. and use caution \u2014 \" all natural \" foods often are chockfull of pesticides and genetically engineered ingredients. what it is : it ' s a bitter, smelly, orange - brown substance known as castoreum, explains bradley. \" in nature, it ' s combined with the beaver ' s urine and used to mark its territory. \" where it is : it ' s used extensively in processed food and beverages, typically as vanilla or raspberry flavoring. why it ' s bad : this gross ingredient won ' t show up on the label. instead, companies using it in making processed food list it as \" natural flavoring. \" this poses a dilemma for vegans and vegetarians \u2014 and anyone who wants to avoid eating any creature ' s anal excretions. sex hormones in milk what it is : today ' s cows produce double the amount of milk they did just 40 years ago, thanks largely to a genetically engineered, synthetic hormone called recombinant bovine somatotropin, or rbst. where it is : it could be in milk that ' s not organic or not labeled as rbst free. why it ' s bad : scientists link rbst to prostate, breast, and colon cancers. it ' s banned in other countries, and although still legal here, many dairies are moving away from it due to consumer demand. choose organic milk to ensure that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45793624248470904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.789716"} {"text": "s bad : scientists link rbst to prostate, breast, and colon cancers. it ' s banned in other countries, and although still legal here, many dairies are moving away from it due to consumer demand. choose organic milk to ensure that the cows producing your milk are fed a diet free of antibiotics, hormones, and pesticides. what it is : phthalates are plasticizing chemicals used in everything from pesticides and fragranced soaps and shampoos to nail polish and vinyl shower curtains. where it is : a 2010 study published in the journal environmental health perspectivesfound phthalates are winding up in our food, too. the source could be direct exposure to pesticides containing the hormone - disrupting chemical. or to another potential source, human sewage sludge applied as a fertilizer to farm fields. the sludge can be tainted with shampoo chemicals that wash down the drain \u2014 it all winds up at the water - treatment plant, the source of the sludge. ( note : use of human sewage sludge is banned in organic farming. ) why it ' s bad : phthalate exposure, even in small amounts, has been linked to behavioral problems in children, allergies and asthma, eczema, and unhealthy changes in our hormonal systems. human hair and feathers what it is : l - cysteine is a non - essential amino acid made from dissolved human hair ( often from china ) or duck feathers. where it is : it ' s used as a commercial dough conditioner to improve the texture of breads and baked goods. why it ' s bad : eating something derived from the human body violates muslim beliefs. hair and duck feathers pose an ethical dilemma for vegans, too. bake your own homemade bread ( without hair and feathers ) using bread recipes from the rodale recipe finder. what it is : carmine, a bright red food colorant, is actually the crushed abdomen of the femaledactylopius coccus, an african beetle - like insect. where it is : look for it in red candies and red - tinted yogurts and juices ( particularly ruby red juices ) \u2014 it ' s often listed as carmine, crimson lake, cochineal, or natural red # 4 on ingredient labels, according to bradley. why it ' s bad : not only is the thought of eating bug juice gross, but it also poses an ethical issue for some vegetarians and vegans. what it is : factory - farm conditions are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4626872524196573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.792592"} {"text": "4 on ingredient labels, according to bradley. why it ' s bad : not only is the thought of eating bug juice gross, but it also poses an ethical issue for some vegetarians and vegans. what it is : factory - farm conditions are rife with bacteria. on top of that, processing plants mix meat from hundreds or thousands of different cows, potentially creating a public health hazard in the mix. to try to make the meat \" safer, \" industry typically puts the beef through an ammonia gas bath. where it is : the usda deems the gross process safe enough, and allows the meat to be sold without any indication that it received the gas treatment. ( the process is banned in meats earning organic certification. ) why it ' s bad : you might order your burger with pickles or lettuce, but you likely don ' t want a side of ammonia, a poisonous gas. the kicker? evidence suggests that blasting beef with it might not even be fully effective at killing germs. look for organic, pasture - raised meats for a safer option. often, you can buy these meats directly from local, sustainable farmers. what it is : many artificial food dyes found in hundreds of everyday foods are made from petroleum - derived materials. where it is : dyes are used in cereals and candy to make them more \" fun \" for kids, in pickles to make them appear fresher, and in place of actual real ingredients in a variety of foods. example? betty crocker carrot cake mix is actually a carrot - free product, with \" carrot flavored pieces \" cooked up from corn syrup and artificial colors yellow 6 and red 40. why it ' s bad : orange and purple food dyes have been shown to impair brain function, while other dyes have been linked to adhd and behavioral problems in kids and brain cell toxicity. you ' re getting ripped off, too. it ' s cheaper for food companies to use fake dyes than real ingredients. ( tropicana twister cherry berry blast contains 0 percent berry and cherry juice, despite its name. ) what it is : depending on where your shrimp comes from, it could be tainted with chemicals used to clean filthy shrimp farm pens. just as gross, farmed shrimp from overseas is often full of antibiotics, mouse and rat hair, and pieces of insects. where it is : contaminated shrimp tends to come from critters imported from overseas shrimp farms. if you ' re looking for safer options, choose domestic shrimp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46358699279302235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.794634"} {"text": "shrimp from overseas is often full of antibiotics, mouse and rat hair, and pieces of insects. where it is : contaminated shrimp tends to come from critters imported from overseas shrimp farms. if you ' re looking for safer options, choose domestic shrimp. why it ' s bad : only about 2 percent of all imported seafood is inspected, meaning this nasty stuff is making its way onto your plate. fda has published a guide called the defect level handbook that states exactly how much contamination is acceptable. and, okay, at these levels, every single one of these things is harmless. but they ' re pretty disgusting, nonetheless. - canned pineapple can pack in up to 20 % moldy fruit. - frozen broccoli must have an average of no more than 60 aphids or thrips or mites per 100 grams. - oregano can legally contain up to 1, 250 insect fragments per 10 grams. - peanut butter can contain one rodent hair per 100 grams. - cinnamon can carry up to 1 milligram of animal excrement per pound. - berries can harbor up to 4 larvae per 100 grams. - up to 10 percent of canned asparagus can harbor asparagus beetles or egg sacs. - as much as five percent of your maraschino cherries can legally contain maggots. - tomato paste is considered bad only if more than 45 percent contains mold. - chocolate is tainted when it averages 60 or more insect fragments per 100 grams. is ignorance bliss, or is it better to know what you are eating?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44792958225863916, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.800604"} {"text": "january, 1918 : neufchateau training area in january, 1918 the 26th \u201c yankee \u201d division concluded its preliminary training for the western front in the area of neufchateau in the vosges region of northeastern france. on january 23, word was suddenly received that the 26th division had been assigned to reinforce the depleted xi corps of the french 6th army on the chemin des dames front, north of soissons and the aisne river. hasty preparations were then made to complete the insurance forms, write home to loved ones and make ready for the move to the front. read about the neufchateau training area here. see original film of the 26th division at neufchateau here, including sam himself standing color guard following evening parade [ far right edge of frame at 06 : 19 ]. also, read sam \u2019 s january correspondence from liffol - le - grand as the winter continues, the men look forward to packages from home and sam suddenly hears word that he and the boys are finally heading for the front. january, 1919 : after the armistice on january 8, 1919 orders were received for the 26th division to begin preparations for return to the united states. movement orders were received on january 17, but the day prior to the 103rd infantry \u2019 s scheduled departure, their commander col. percy w. arnold was tragically killed in an accident. after burying their colonel with full military honors and much sadness, by january 21 the troops were finally marching to the trains which carried them to the embarkation area near le mans. read about life after the armistice here. read sam \u2019 s january correspondence from sarrey, france here as he struggles with the weather, the boredom of waiting and the frustration of hearing that other units which only recently arrived in france have already returned home. the soldier \u2019 s mail correspondence is published here according to the sequence in which it was written. therefore, letters are organized in \u201c reverse order \u201d with the most recent at the top. to read them chronologically, readers should start at the bottom and work upwards.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4004530631499289, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.813396"} {"text": "shots - health blog fri january 20, 2012 researchers agree to temporary halt for bird flu experiments originally published on mon january 23, 2012 3 : 41 pm scientists have said that they are voluntarily putting some controversial bird flu research on hold. the move to suspend the work for 60 days comes in response to critics who say their work is dangerous. people rarely get sick with bird flu, caused by the h5n1 virus, and when they do, they ' re generally not contagious. but researchers wanted to know if this potentially deadly virus might evolve and start a dangerous pandemic. so they tweaked its genes and made viruses that spread more easily between lab animals. critics say that was irresponsible, in part because these now transmissible viruses might escape from the lab. the scientists who did the work, as well as other flu experts from around the world, have just published a letter on the decision in two major research journals \u2014 science and nature. \" we recognize that we and the rest of the scientific community need to clearly explain the benefits of this important research and the measures taken to minimize its possible risks, \" the researchers write in the letter. \" we propose to do so in an international forum in which the scientific community comes together to discuss and debate these issues. \" during the pause, they say they will do no experiments with the lab - altered viruses, and they won ' t create any more like them. reports on the initial results and the possibility they might be published raised alarms about bioterrorism. \" it ' s just a bad idea for scientists to turn a lethal virus into a lethal and highly contagious virus, \" dr. thomas inglesby, a bioterrorism specialist and director of the center for biosecurity of the university of pittsburgh medical center told npr in november. \" and it ' s a second bad idea for them to publish how they did it so others can copy it. \" in december, a federal advisory panel said key details of the work shouldn ' t be published. update 5 : 29 p. m. : in a statement, national institutes of health officials noted that the world health organization is organizing \" a forum for the international scientific community to discuss these issues in the coming weeks. \" and the officials said, \" we look forward to participating in this important dialogue. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4990599851695494, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.819555"} {"text": "tiger conservation gains threatened by proposed dam as opposition to the dam project builds, the thai department of national parks, wildlife and plant conservation ( dnp ) and wwf today released rare video footage of a tigress and her two cubs in mae wong national park, close to the proposed dam construction site. the 20 - second footage, retrieved from camera traps in may, offers hope for the survival of the species and evidence of the success of joint efforts by the thai government, public sector and communities to manage and restore thailand \u2019 s western forest complex, a crucial tiger habitat. \u201c as tigers need large amounts of food, especially when they are nursing their young, the new footage indicates that prey in the mae wong - klong lan forests is abundant enough to support tiger reproduction and recovery, \u201d said rungnapa phoonjampa, manager of wwf - thailand \u2019 s mae wong - klong lan national parks tiger recovery programme. \u201c the camera traps captured many tiger prey species including gaur, barking deer, wild pig and deer, as well as other mammals, including tapir, serow, fea ' s muntjac and elephant. in all over 30 mammal species were captured on film. \u201d numbers of the indochinese tiger, found in thailand, cambodia, laos, myanmar and vietnam, are in steep decline due to shrinking habitat, the illicit trade in tiger parts for traditional medicines, and depletion of tiger prey species. fewer than 300 wild tigers are estimated to remain in thailand. camera traps are part of collective efforts by the dnp and wwf - thailand to track the tiger population in this part of the western forest complex, which includes 17 protected areas covering over 19, 000 km\u00b2. camera trapping in mae wong has so far recorded the presence of 9 tigers and 2 cubs, much higher than initially expected by wwf researchers. one of these tigers was previously caught on camera in the huay kha khaeng wildlife sanctuary in july 2011, located 40 kilometres from mae wong, revealing the movement of tigers from huay kha khaeng into mae wong. the conservation efforts in mae wong and klong lan national parks build on commitments made at the 2010 tiger summit in st petersburg, russia. during this high - level summit, the thai government along with the 12 other tiger range states committed to doubling the numbers of wild tigers by 2022. they also presented the global tiger recovery programme, which aims to conserve and recover tiger populations and their prey and clamp down on poaching. \u201c the recent camera trap footage,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39784015094841974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.836384"} {"text": "range states committed to doubling the numbers of wild tigers by 2022. they also presented the global tiger recovery programme, which aims to conserve and recover tiger populations and their prey and clamp down on poaching. \u201c the recent camera trap footage, along with the encouraging data we have on tiger prey species, shows the conservation work of the dnp and wwf - thailand is on the right track, \u201d added rungnapa. \u201c the mae wong and klong lan forests are not only critical tiger habitat, they are also home to other threatened species. by protecting the tigers, we really can protect so much more. \u201d however, the new thb 13 billion ( us $ 400 million ) dam project proposed for the mae wong river threatens the survival of thailand \u2019 s tigers and conservation work in mae wong national park, as well as the adjacent unesco world heritage site of huay kha khaeng wildlife sanctuary. the dam will destroy over 10 km\u00b2 of the national park, submerging an area where sambar deer, an important prey species for tigers, are found and had through successful conservation efforts recovered to a healthy population. new access roads would also risk increasing poaching pressure. wwf and other ngos opposing the dam project have asked the government to consider alternative measures to mitigate flood and drought problems. these measures include better water management, improved irrigation, and building smaller dams outside protected areas. \u201c years of successful conservation efforts will be washed away if the dam construction goes ahead, \u201c added rungnapa. \u201c the mae wong dam must be stopped or we risk losing our tigers and so much more that thailand loves and reveres. \u201d for more information, please contact : dr rungnapa phoonjampa, manager, mae wong - klong lan national parks tiger recovery programme, wwf thailand, tel. + 66 86 612 1789, e - mail : email @ example. com ua - phan chamnan - ua, communications manager, wwf thailand, tel. + 66 2 619 8534 - 37 ext 106, + 66 81 928 2426, e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3963362222742972, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.837399"} {"text": "lower danube green corridor europe ' s most ambitious wetland project - effective protection for 1 million ha of existing and new protected areas. - restoration of 224, 000 ha of natural floodplain. - promotion of sustainable use and development along the lower danube. why protect and restore wetlands? wetlands are hotspots of biodiversity and provide a myriad of benefits and services, including flood protection, drinking water, nutrient removal, tourism and recreation, fish and fowl. 80 % of danube ' s wetlands have been lost in the past century because of human intervention. in addition, large parts of the danube are experiencing river bed erosion due to gravel extraction, dredging and dams, contributing to a lowering of water tables. lower danube green corridor facilitated by wwf, the lower danube green corridor agreement was signed in 2000 by the governments of romania, bulgaria, ukraine and moldova, recognizing a need and shared responsibility to protect and manage in a sustainable way one of the most outstanding biodiversity regions in the world. the lower danube green corridor declaration pledged to boost protection for 775, 000 ha of existing protected areas and bring another 160, 000 ha under protection along the river \u2019 s final 1000 kilometres. since 2000, wwf ' s activities have been focused on practical implementation of the lower danube green corridor through coordination and policy work with governments and other authorities ; demonstration projects ; and work with local stakeholders in particular to promote sustainable local development. along the lower danube green corridorafter squeezing through the iron gates gorge and dams between serbia and romania, the danube flows free for 1, 000 kilometers through romania, bulgaria, moldova and ukraine before emptying into the black sea. the lower danube is one of the last free - flowing stretches of river in europe. dependent on this part of the river are not only europe \u2019 s greatest natural treasures, but also the 29 million people who live in the lower danube river basin \u2013 people who directly benefit from the many services that the river provides, from drinking water to natural resources and recreation. in the lower danube the natural dynamics of the river have formed and re - formed nearly 200 islands that are home to rich floodplain ecosystems. the islands are important elements of the danube migration corridor \u2013 stepping stones for fish, fowl and other fauna as well as flora on their journeys up and down the river. the danube \u2019 s greatest jewel is its delta, europe \u2019 s largest remaining natural wetland area and, as regarded by wwf, among the 200 most valuable ecological areas on earth. a total of 5, 137 species have been identified along the lower stretch of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43638048664952755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.848403"} {"text": "the danube \u2019 s greatest jewel is its delta, europe \u2019 s largest remaining natural wetland area and, as regarded by wwf, among the 200 most valuable ecological areas on earth. a total of 5, 137 species have been identified along the lower stretch of the river, including 42 different species of mammals, and 85 species of fish. the lower danube and danube delta are especially important as breeding and resting places for some 331 species of birds, including the rare dalmatian pelican, the white - tailed eagle, as well as 90 % of the world population of red - breasted geese. implementation to datein 2010, 10 years after the agreement was signed, the level of achievement was much higher than expected, with some 1. 4 million ha brought under protection to the benefit of some of europe \u2019 s most outstanding wildlife and in enhancing water security, flood control and recreational opportunities for the area \u2019 s 29 million people. running behind target however was the task of wetlands restoration with the countries slightly more than a quarter of the way to their target of restoring 224, 000 ha of former wetlands. - meander restoration is taking place on 3 of the danube \u2019 s tributaries. these model projects are the first of their kind in bulgaria. - with the support of the national forestry board, major steps have been taken to protect and sustainably manage floodplain forests, including successful restoration of the natural oak forest on bulgaria ' s danube islands. - dry and unproductive land in the danube delta has been transformed through restoration projects. it has turned into a mosaic of habitats that offer shelter and food for many species, including rare birds and valuable fish species, like pike and carp. the economic benefits of the restoration works in babina and cernovca ( 3, 680ha ), in terms of increased natural resources productivity ( fish, reed, grasslands ) and tourism, is about \u20ac140, 000 per year. - floodplains in the south of romania will be reconnected to the danube and land use changes will be promoted to offer a potential for sustainable tourism, natural reed harvesting, fishing and other sustainable economic activities. - a pilot project to demonstrate integrated management of the floodplain forest combining nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources will be launched on the danube islands. - the restoration of the island of carasuhat will begin in 2012. - a vision for the protection and restoration of the danube delta was developed by wwf and relevant authorities, including the odessa provincial government and water authorities and published in 2003. practical implementation of the vision", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41760668286815317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.849604"} {"text": "of the island of carasuhat will begin in 2012. - a vision for the protection and restoration of the danube delta was developed by wwf and relevant authorities, including the odessa provincial government and water authorities and published in 2003. practical implementation of the vision has moved forward since then. - dikes on tataru island in the danube delta were removed in 2003, restoring natural flooding to 800 ha. the former wetland areas have quickly revived. a herd of hardy cows has been introduced by wwf and the izmail forest administration, which controls the island, to help manage vegetation as well as provide income. tourism infrastructure is being developed on the island and the first tourists are arriving for angling and other recreation. - lake katlabuh ( 10, 000 ha ) is being reconnected to the danube system through construction by wwf and the odessa water management authority of a bridge and removal of a dike. the lake, which was separated from the natural flooding of the river in the 1970s, has been slowly dying, threatening fish stocks in the lake. - the restoration of ermakov island is also completed. - with the support of the local community, a new management plan is being implemented at lake beleu scientific reserve. this first attempt for an integrated management of wetlands will be expanded in the lower prut area as part of a trilateral biosphere reserve that is planned between moldova, romania and ukraine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38989366237390743, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.850179"} {"text": "| harnessing the bacterial power of nanomagnets | nanometer - size magnets have wide - ranging uses, from directed cancer therapy and drug delivery systems to magnetic recording media and transducers. such applications require the production of nanoparticles with well - controlled size and tunable magnetic properties. the synthesis of such nanomagnets, however, often requires elevated temperatures and toxic solvents, resulting in high environmental and energy costs. metal - reducing microorganisms offer an untapped resource to produce these materials in an environmentally benign way. at the als, researchers from the university of manchester have shown that fe ( iii ) - reducing bacteria can be used to synthesize magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with high yields, narrow size distribution, and magnetic properties equal to the best chemically synthesized materials. a relatively unexplored resource for magnetic nanomaterial production is a type of subsurface microorganism capable of producing large quantities of nanoscale magnetite ( fe3o4 ) at ambient temperatures. metal - reducing bacteria live in soils deficient in oxygen and conserve energy for growth through the oxidation of hydrogen or organic electron donors, coupled to the reduction of oxidized metals such as fe ( iii ) - bearing minerals. this can result in the formation of magnetite via the extracellular reduction of amorphous fe ( iii ) - oxyhydroxides, releasing soluble fe ( ii ) and completely recrystallizing the amorphous mineral into a new phase. the manchester team developed a method for producing large quantities of highly crystalline magnetite and cobalt ferrite ( cofe2o4 ) nanoparticles using the fe ( iii ) - reducing bacterium, geobacter sulfurreducens. in particular, they demonstrated that cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with the high coercivity ( i. e., resistance to demagnetization ) important for applications can be manufactured through this biotechnological route. three samples containing increasing amounts of co in the biogenic magnetite structure were analyzed. x - ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed that the material is nanocrystalline. moreover, the coercivity of the samples increases with increasing co content, so that it can be tuned for specific applications. the cation distribution in the ferrite nanoparticles was investigated using x ray absorption ( xa ) and x - ray magnetic circular dichroism ( xmcd ) at the fe l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.533408642795415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.854457"} {"text": "it can be tuned for specific applications. the cation distribution in the ferrite nanoparticles was investigated using x ray absorption ( xa ) and x - ray magnetic circular dichroism ( xmcd ) at the fe l2, 3 and co l2, 3 edges, measured at als beamline 4. 0. 2. an xmcd spectrum is obtained as the difference between two xa spectra measured in opposite external magnetic fields. magnetite has an inverse spinel crystal structure, which contains tetrahedral ( td ) and octahedral ( oh ) sites accommodating fe2 + and fe3 + cations. each specific cation in the spinel structure generates a unique xmcd signature determined by its valence state ( number of d electrons ), site symmetry ( i. e., td or oh ), and moment direction, which can be computed using atomic multiplet calculations. by fitting a weighted sum of these calculated spectra to the measured xmcd spectra, the site occupations of the fe cations can be obtained. the biogenic materials show a striking change with increasing co amount, namely a decrease in intensity of the leading negative peak in the fe l3 edge, which implies that co is predominantly replacing fe2 + cations in octahedral sites. similarly, the site occupancy and oxidation state of the co can be directly assessed by examining the co l2, 3 xa and xmcd spectra. the close similarity with the spectra for synthetically produced cofe2o4 thin films confirmed that the bacteria were able to suitably accommodate co in the ferrite structure with the co2 + residing primarily on oh sites. the xmcd measurements indicate a dramatic enhancement in the magnetic properties of biogenically produced nanoparticles when large quantities of co are introduced into the spinel structure, a major advance over previous biomineralization studies. inclusion of other transition metals into the spinel structure by fe ( iii ) - reducing bacteria to tailor the magnetic properties of nanoferrites could lead to a suite of materials required for different technological uses. the successful production of highly ordered crystalline nanoparticulate ferrites demonstrates the potential for scaled - up industrial manufacture of nanoparticles using environmentally benign and energy - efficient methodologies. research conducted by v. s. coker, n. d. telling, r. a. d. pattrick, c. i. pearce, j. r. lloyd, f. tuna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.542099847022568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.855462"} {"text": "click the picture above to see two larger pictures show birthplace location | previous | | ( alphabetically ) | | next | | biographies index | | version for printing | giuseppe peano ' s parents worked on a farm and giuseppe was born in the farmhouse ' tetto galant ' about 5 km from cuneo. he attended the village school in spinetta then he moved up to the school in cuneo, making the 5km journey there and back on foot every day. his parents bought a house in cuneo but his father continued to work the fields at tetto galant with the help of a brother and sister of giuseppe, while his mother stayed in cuneo with giuseppe and his older brother. giuseppe ' s mother had a brother who was a priest and lawyer in turin and, when he realised that giuseppe was a very talented child, he took him to turin in 1870 for his secondary schooling and to prepare him for university studies. giuseppe took exams at ginnasio cavour in 1873 and then was a pupil at liceo cavour from where he graduated in 1876 and, in that year, he entered the university of turin. among peano ' s teachers in his first year at the university of turin was d ' ovidio who taught him analytic geometry and algebra. in his second year he was taught calculus by angelo genocchi and descriptive geometry by giuseppe bruno. peano continued to study pure mathematics in his third year and found that he was the only student to do so. the others had continued their studies at the engineering school which peano himself had originally intended to do. in his third year francesco faa di bruno taught him analysis and d ' ovidio taught geometry. among his teachers in his final year were again d ' ovidio with a further geometry course and francesco siacci with a mechanics course. on 29 september 1880 peano graduated as doctor of mathematics. peano joined the staff at the university of turin in 1880, being appointed as assistant to d ' ovidio. he published his first mathematical paper in 1880 and a further three papers the following year. peano was appointed assistant to genocchi for 1881 - 82 and it was in 1882 that peano made a discovery that would be typical of his style for many years, he discovered an error in a standard definition. genocchi was by this time quite old and in relatively poor health and peano took over some of his teaching. peano was about to teach the students about the area of a curved surface when he realised that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552555511660222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.873822"} {"text": "an error in a standard definition. genocchi was by this time quite old and in relatively poor health and peano took over some of his teaching. peano was about to teach the students about the area of a curved surface when he realised that the definition in serret ' s book, which was the standard text for the course, was incorrect. peano immediately told genocchi of his discovery to be told that genocchi already knew. genocchi had been informed the previous year by schwarz who seems to have been the first to find serret ' s error. in 1884 there was published a text based on genocchi ' s lectures at turin. this book course in infinitesimal calculus although based on genocchi ' s lectures was edited by peano and indeed it has much in it written by peano himself. the book itself states on the title page that it is : -... published with additions by dr giuseppe peano. genocchi seemed somewhat unhappy that the work came out under his name for he wrote : -... the volume contains important additions, some modifications, and various annotations, which are placed first. so that nothing will be attributed to me which is not mine, i must declare that i have had no part in the compilation of the aforementioned book and that everything is due to that outstanding young man dr giuseppe peano... peano received his qualification to be a university professor in december 1884 and he continued to teach further courses, some for genocchi whose health had not recovered sufficiently to allow him to return to the university. in 1886 peano proved that if f ( x, y ) is continuous then the first order differential equation dy / dx = f ( x, y ) has a solution. the existence of solutions with stronger hypothesis on f had been given earlier by cauchy and then lipschitz. four years later peano showed that the solutions were not unique, giving as an example the differential equation dy / dx = 3y2 / 3, with y ( 0 ) = 0. in addition to his teaching at the university of turin, peano began lecturing at the military academy in turin in 1886. the following year he discovered, and published, a method for solving systems of linear differential equations using successive approximations. however emile picard had independently discovered this method and had credited schwarz with discovering the method first. in 1888 peano published the book geometrical calculus which begins with a chapter on mathematical logic. this was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5879425056517074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.878577"} {"text": "systems of linear differential equations using successive approximations. however emile picard had independently discovered this method and had credited schwarz with discovering the method first. in 1888 peano published the book geometrical calculus which begins with a chapter on mathematical logic. this was his first work on the topic that would play a major role in his research over the next few years and it was based on the work of schroder, boole and charles peirce. a more significant feature of the book is that in it peano sets out with great clarity the ideas of grassmann which certainly were set out in a rather obscure way by grassmann himself. this book contains the first definition of a vector space given with a remarkably modern notation and style and, although it was not appreciated by many at the time, this is surely a quite remarkable achievement by peano. in 1889 peano published his famous axioms, called peano axioms, which defined the natural numbers in terms of sets. these were published in a pamphlet arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita which, according to were : -... at once a landmark in the history of mathematical logic and of the foundations of mathematics. the pamphlet was written in latin and nobody has been able to give a good reason for this, other than : -... it appears to be an act of sheer romanticism, perhaps the unique romantic act in his scientific career. genocchi died in 1889 and peano expected to be appointed to fill his chair. he wrote to casorati, who he believed to be part of the appointing committee, for information only to discover that there was a delay due to the difficulty of finding enough members to act on the committee. casorati had been approached but his health was not up to the task. before the appointment could be made peano published another stunning result. he invented ' space - filling ' curves in 1890, these are continuous surjective mappings from [ 0, 1 ] onto the unit square. hilbert, in 1891, described similar space - filling curves. it had been thought that such curves could not exist. cantor had shown that there is a bijection between the interval [ 0, 1 ] and the unit square but, shortly after, netto had proved that such a bijection cannot be continuous. peano ' s continuous space - filling curves cannot be 1 - 1 of course, otherwise netto ' s theorem would be contradicted. hausdorff wrote of peano ' s result in gr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5893362776226512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.882359"} {"text": "such a bijection cannot be continuous. peano ' s continuous space - filling curves cannot be 1 - 1 of course, otherwise netto ' s theorem would be contradicted. hausdorff wrote of peano ' s result in grundzuge der mengenlehre in 1914 : - this is one of the most remarkable facts of set theory. in december 1890 peano ' s wait to be appointed to genocchi ' s chair was over when, after the usual competition, peano was offered the post. in 1891 peano founded rivista di matematica, a journal devoted mainly to logic and the foundations of mathematics. the first paper in the first part is a ten page article by peano summarising his work on mathematical logic up to that time. peano had a great skill in seeing that theorems were incorrect by spotting exceptions. others were not so happy to have these errors pointed out and one such was his colleague corrado segre. when corrado segre submitted an article to rivista di matematica peano pointed out that some of the theorems in the article had exceptions. segre was not prepared to just correct the theorems by adding conditions that ruled out the exceptions but defended his work saying that the moment of discovery was more important than a rigorous formulation. of course this was so against peano ' s rigorous approach to mathematics that he argued strongly : - i believe it new in the history of mathematics that authors knowingly use in their research propositions for which exceptions are known, or for which they have no proof... it was not only corrado segre who suffered from peano ' s outstanding ability to spot lack of rigour. of course it was the precision of his thinking, using the exactness of his mathematical logic, that gave peano this clarity of thought. peano pointed out an error in a proof by hermann laurent in 1892 and, in the same year, reviewed a book by veronese ending the review with the comment : - we could continue at length enumerating the absurdities that the author has piled up. but these errors, the lack of precision and rigour throughout the book take all value away from it. from around 1892, peano embarked on a new and extremely ambitious project, namely the formulario mathematico. he explained in the march 1892 part of rivista di matematica his thinking : - of the greatest usefulness would be the publication of collections of all the theorems now known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5458875131642681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.884542"} {"text": "extremely ambitious project, namely the formulario mathematico. he explained in the march 1892 part of rivista di matematica his thinking : - of the greatest usefulness would be the publication of collections of all the theorems now known that refer to given branches of the mathematical sciences... such a collection, which would be long and difficult in ordinary language, is made noticeably easier by using the notation of mathematical logic... in many ways this grand idea marks the end of peano ' s extraordinary creative work. it was a project that was greeted with enthusiasm by a few and with little interest by most. peano began trying to convert all those around him to believe in the importance of this project and this had the effect of annoying them. however peano and his close associates, including his assistants, vailati, burali - forti, pieri and fano soon became deeply involved with the work. when describing a new edition of the formulario mathematico in 1896 peano writes : - each professor will be able to adopt this formulario as a textbook, for it ought to contain all theorems and all methods. his teaching will be reduced to showing how to read the formulas, and to indicating to the students the theorems that he wishes to explain in his course. when the calculus volume of the formulario was published peano, as he had indicated, began to use it for his teaching. this was the disaster that one would expect. peano, who was a good teacher when he began his lecturing career, became unacceptable to both his students and his colleagues by the style of his teaching. one of his students, who was actually a great admirer of peano, wrote : - but we students knew that this instruction was above our heads. we understood that such a subtle analysis of concepts, such a minute criticism of the definitions used by other authors, was not adapted for beginners, and especially was not useful for engineering students. we disliked having to give time and effort to the \" symbols \" that in later years we might never use. the military academy ended his contract to teach there in 1901 and although many of his colleagues at the university would have also liked to stop his teaching there, nothing was possible under the way that the university was set up. the professor was a law unto himself in his own subject and peano was not prepared to listen to his colleagues when they tried to encourage him to return to his old style of teaching. the formulario mathematico", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.554183831923313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.885903"} {"text": "the university was set up. the professor was a law unto himself in his own subject and peano was not prepared to listen to his colleagues when they tried to encourage him to return to his old style of teaching. the formulario mathematico project was completed in 1908 and one has to admire what peano achieved but although the work contained a mine of information it was little used. however, perhaps peano ' s greatest triumph came in 1900. in that year there were two congresses held in paris. the first was the international congress of philosophy which opened in paris on 1 august. it was a triumph for peano and russell, who attended the congress, wrote in his autobiography : - the congress was the turning point of my intellectual life, because there i met peano. i already knew him by name and had seen some of his work, but had not taken the trouble to master his notation. in discussions at the congress i observed that he was always more precise than anyone else, and that he invariably got the better of any argument on which he embarked. as the days went by, i decided that this must be owing to his mathematical logic.... it became clear to me that his notation afforded an instrument of logical analysis such as i had been seeking for years... the day after the philosophy congress ended the second international congress of mathematicians began. peano remained in paris for this congress and listened to hilbert ' s talk setting out ten of the 23 problems which appeared in his paper aimed at giving the agenda for the next century. peano was particularly interested in the second problem which asked if the axioms of arithmetic could be proved consistent. even before the formulario mathematico project was completed peano was putting in place the next major project of his life. in 1903 peano expressed interest in finding a universal, or international, language and proposed an artificial language \" latino sine flexione \" based on latin but stripped of all grammar. he compiled the vocabulary by taking words from english, french, german and latin. in fact the final edition of the formulario mathematico was written in latino sine flexione which is another reason the work was so little used. peano ' s career was therefore rather strangely divided into two periods. the period up to 1900 is one where he showed great originality and a remarkable feel for topics which would be important in the development of mathematics. his achievements were outstanding and he had a modern style quite out of place in his own time. however this feel for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5316333675573779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.887368"} {"text": "up to 1900 is one where he showed great originality and a remarkable feel for topics which would be important in the development of mathematics. his achievements were outstanding and he had a modern style quite out of place in his own time. however this feel for what was important seemed to leave him and after 1900 he worked with great enthusiasm on two projects of great difficulty which were enormous undertakings but proved quite unimportant in the development of mathematics. of his personality kennedy writes in : -... i am fascinated by his gentle personality, his ability to attract lifelong disciples, his tolerance of human weakness, his perennial optimism.... peano may not only be classified as a 19th century mathematician and logician, but because of his originality and influence, must be judged one of the great scientists of that century. although peano is a founder of mathematical logic, the german mathematical philosopher gottlob frege is today considered the father of mathematical logic. article by : j j o ' connor and e f robertson click on this link to see a list of the glossary entries for this page list of references ( 13 books / articles ) | | mathematicians born in the same country | additional material in mactutor | honours awarded to giuseppe peano | ( click below for those honoured in this way ) | speaker at international congress | | 1897 | cross - references in mactutor other web sites | previous | | ( alphabetically ) | | next | | biographies index | | history topics | | societies, honours, etc. | | famous curves | | time lines | | birthplace maps | | chronology | | search form | | glossary index | | quotations index | | poster index | | mathematicians of the day | | anniversaries for the year | joc / efr \u00a9 december 1997 | school of mathematics and statistics | university of st andrews, scotland the url of this page is : |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5221136650687814, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.888382"} {"text": "is it rational to be ethical? many philosophers have wrestled with this most fundamental of questions, attempting to clarify whether humans are well served by ethical rules or whether they weigh us down. would we really be better off if we all gave in to the desire to just watch out for our own interests and take the greatest advantage to ourselves whenever we can? ayn rand, for one, thought that the only rational behavior is egoism, and books aiming at increasing personal wealth ( presumably at the expense of someone else \u2019 s wealth ) regularly make the bestsellers list. plato, kant, and john stuart mill, to mention a few, have tried to show that there is more to life than selfishness. in the republic, plato has socrates defending his philosophy against the claim that justice and fairness are only whatever rich and powerful people decide they are. but the arguments of his opponents \u2014 that we can see plenty of examples of unjust people who have a great life and of just ones who suffer in equally great manner \u2014 seem more convincing than the high - mindedness of the father of philosophy. kant attempted to reject what he saw as the nihilistic attitude of christianity, where you are good now because you will get an infinite payoff later, and to establish independent rational foundations for morality. therefore he suggested that in order to decide if something is ethical or not one has to ask what would happen if everybody were adopting the same behavior. however, kant never explained why his version of rational ethics is indeed rational. rand would object that establishing double standards, one for yourself and one for the rest of the universe, makes perfect sense. mill also tried to establish ethics on firm rational foundations, in his case improving on jeremy bentham \u2019 s idea of utilitarianism. in chapter two of his book utilitarianism, mill writes : \u201c actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness ; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. \u201d leaving aside the thorny question of what happiness is and the difficulty of actually making such calculations, one still has to answer the fundamental question of why one should care about increasing the average degree of happiness instead of just one \u2019 s own. things got worse with the advent of modern evolutionary biology. it seemed for a long time that darwin \u2019 s theory would provide the naturalistic basis for the ultimate selfish universe : nature red in tooth and claw evokes images of \u201c every man for himself, \u201d in pure randian style. in fact, herbert spencer popularized the infamous doctrine of \u201c social darwinism \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44513241551280003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.894960"} {"text": "provide the naturalistic basis for the ultimate selfish universe : nature red in tooth and claw evokes images of \u201c every man for himself, \u201d in pure randian style. in fact, herbert spencer popularized the infamous doctrine of \u201c social darwinism \u201d ( which darwin never espoused ) well before ayn rand wrote atlas shrugged. recently, however, several scientists and philosophers have been taking a second look at evolutionary theory and its relationship with ethics, and are finding new ways of realizing the project of plato, kant, and mill of deriving a fundamentally rational way of being ethical. elliot sober and david sloan wilson, in their unto others : the psychology and evolution of unselfish behavior, as well as peter singer in a darwinian left : politics, evolution and cooperation, argue that human beings evolved as social animals, not as lone, self - reliant brutes. in a society, cooperative behavior ( or at least, a balance between cooperation and selfishness ) will be selected in favor, while looking out exclusively for number one will be ostracized because it reduces the fitness of most individuals and of the group as a whole. all of this sounds good, but does it actually work? a recent study published in science by martin nowak, karen page and karl sigmund provides a splendid example of how mathematical evolutionary theory can be applied to ethics, and how in fact social evolution favors fair and cooperative behavior. nowak and coworkers tackled the problem posed by the so - called \u201c ultimatum game. \u201d in it, two players are offered the possibility of winning a pot of money, but they have to agree on how to divide it. one of the players, the proposer, makes an offer of a split ( $ 90 for me, $ 10 for you, for example ) to the other player ; the other player, the responder, has the option of accepting or rejecting. if she rejects, the game is over and neither of them gets any money. it is easy to demonstrate that the rational strategy is for the proposer to behave egotistically and to suggest a highly uneven split in which she takes most of the money, and for the responder to accept. the alternative is that neither of them gets anything. however, when real human beings from a variety of cultures and using a panoply of rewards play the game the outcome is invariably a fair share of the prize. this would seem prima facie evidence that the human sense of fair play overwhelms mere rationality and thwarts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5461285579280064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.896466"} {"text": "variety of cultures and using a panoply of rewards play the game the outcome is invariably a fair share of the prize. this would seem prima facie evidence that the human sense of fair play overwhelms mere rationality and thwarts the rationalistic prediction. on the other hand, it would also provide ayn rand with an argument that most humans are simply stupid, because they don \u2019 t appreciate the math behind the game. nowak and colleagues, however, simulated the evolution of the game in a situation in which several players get to interact repeatedly. that is, they considered a social situation rather than isolated encounters. if the players have memory of previous encounters ( i. e., each player builds a \u201c reputation \u201d in the group ), then the winning strategy is to be fair because people are willing to punish dishonest proposers, which increases their own reputation for fairness and damages the proposer \u2019 s reputation for the next round. this means that \u2014 given the social environment \u2014 it is rational to be less selfish toward your neighbors. while we are certainly far from a satisfying mathematical and evolutionary theory of morality, it seems that science does, after all, have something to say about optimal ethical rules. and the emerging picture is one of fairness \u2014 not egotism \u2014 as the smart choice to make.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5495926202987197, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.897586"} {"text": "contrasting colors are used to indicate various anatomic structures in the human brain, making this high quality model perfect for beginning anatomy studies of the human brain. made of unbreakable vinyl, life - size and anatomically accurate. the human... this basic brain is medially divided, anatomically accurate, life - size and unbreakable! the structures of the brain are shown in one color, providing an introduction to the human nervous system and anatomy of the brain. structures of... this 4 - part brain is medially divided. all structures of the brain are hand - painted, numbered and identified in a product manual. the brain ' s right half can be disassembled into : - frontal with parietal lobes - brain stem with temporal and a very detailed model of the human brain which is medially divided. both halves of this brain can be disassembled into : - frontal with parietal lobes - temporal with occipital lobes - half of brain stem - half of cerebellum this midsagittally sectioned model is an original anatomic cast of a real human brain. the components of the brain ' s left half are : - frontal and parietal lobe - temporal and occipital lobe - encephalic trunk the c29 model shows a rat brain in approx. 6 - fold enlargement. sectioned medially, it can be disassembled into two halves. the right half of the model shows the structures of the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem, each of which is color - coded for... the spinal cord model illustrates the composition of the spinal cord, magnified to a scale of about 5 : 1. the spinal cord is formed by a central channel surrounded by \" gray matter \" with an outer layer of \" white matter \". the base of... this glass block brain can add a spark to any office setting. modern data and laser technologies make this filigreed masterwork possible! selected 3b models are presented in 3d inside a cube made of high - quality optical glass. an unusually elegant gift... this colorful anatomical chart details the human vegetative nervous system. not only is the function of this part of the nervous system explained on this poster but the role the vegetative nervous system plays in the function of each organ is detailed... item : vr1610uu this anatomical poster of the human nervous system comes in full colorful detail.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5018087008808587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.904755"} {"text": "of the nervous system explained on this poster but the role the vegetative nervous system plays in the function of each organ is detailed... item : vr1610uu this anatomical poster of the human nervous system comes in full colorful detail. the poster details the entire human nervous system including the human brain and spinal cord. the labeled poster of the anatomy of the nervous system is a great addition... item : vr1620uu this colorful anatomical poster focuses on the spinal nerves of the human nervous system. all the important spinal nerves and nerve sections are detailed in the poster. this spinal nerves of the human nervous system poster is a great addition to any... item : vr1621uu this poster contains images and useful information about the causes, affects, and possible treatments for strokes. in this chart the anatomy of the brain is detailed along with information on vascular occlusions and hemorrhages. the colorful images on... item : vr1627uu this colorful anatomical poster details alzheimer ' s disease. the causes, diagnosis, and effects of the disease are discussed on the chart. the anatomy poster includes important information about the stages of alzheimer ' s and available treatments. printed... item : vr1628uu parkinson ' s disease is a life changing condition. this anatomical chart presents useful information about it. clinical signs, therapy, causes and other information about parkinson ' s disease can all be found on this anatomy poster. included is a colorful... item : vr1629uu this colorful anatomical poster details headaches. related anatomy of the human head is shown in full detail. the chart includes information about causes of headaches and different types of headaches. printed on premium glossy ( 200g ) paper. convenient... item : vr1714uu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47398108196164873, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.906379"} {"text": "holding the harp - the harp with the floor, the player is sitting at the harp body allows it to rely on the right shoulder. in this position, the left side of harpist can reach even the bottom line, while the right - hand man is able to achieve the higher strings. playing the harp - the harp has a nylon or gut strings played with the first three fingers and thumb. the fingers are numbered from 1 to 4 with the thumb is number 1. the thumb is usually higher than the other fingers, which makes it easier to move. your elbows should be slightly raised, so that your wrists straight. make sure you ' re sitting in a chair that supports your back, to avoid possible damage. harp plucked strings, usually with chords or arpeggios. caring for the harp - it ' s always a good idea to keep the harp in a safe place, not the back door or in your kitchen. avoid places that are too wet or cold. if you do not use the harp, your shop, just in case. if the pedal harp, make sure the pedal is all flat before storing it. if you are transporting your harp, make sure you put it in your car with the top tray. you can wipe the harp, from time to time to dry and clean, soft cloth. if you notice any damage, go to the harp of technical experts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4202478304701481, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.914797"} {"text": "allergy tests are used to find the substances that are causing an allergic reaction. an allergic reaction is an immune system response to a substance in the environment known as a trigger. the healthcare professional may perform or order allergy tests on people with suspected allergies. skin testing is usually not done on children younger than age 3. it may be done on older individuals to determine the triggers that are causing allergic reactions in the person. before the procedure, a person should not take medicines, such as antihistamines, that could block a skin reaction and thus cause the test to turn out falsely negative. there are many methods of allergy testing. skin tests are used to identify specific allergens that are known to cause symptoms. the healthcare professional will select skin tests based on a person ' s particular history. test solutions are made from extracts of various inhaled, ingested, or injected substances. test solutions available include extracts from tree, grass, and weed pollens ; dust mites ; animal dander ; insect venoms ; foods ; and penicillin and penicillin derivatives. for the prick skin test, a small amount of the substance thought to cause the allergic reaction is placed on the skin. this substance is called an allergen. the skin is then pricked or scratched. this allows the substance to get under the skin ' s surface. if the person is allergic, the skin will usually get red and swell within about 20 minutes. another skin test is called an intradermal test. a small amount of the allergen is injected beneath the skin. this more sensitive test is often used when the prick test has produced a negative or uncertain result in reaction to suspected inhaled allergens. an elimination diet test may be used to diagnose food allergies. for this test, a person goes several weeks without eating any of the foods that may be causing the problem. foods are returned to the diet one at a time. if allergic symptoms come back after eating a certain food, that food is probably causing the problem. if a specific food is suspected, it can be given to the person under controlled conditions. if a reaction occurs, this food is the likely cause. the best way to test for food allergies is by using an oral food challenge. this test can be used even with small children. the suspected food is removed from the diet. after 4 to 5 days, the food should be eaten on an empty stomach. this is the best time to watch for a reaction. parents can keep a food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5020732133948693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.921559"} {"text": "test can be used even with small children. the suspected food is removed from the diet. after 4 to 5 days, the food should be eaten on an empty stomach. this is the best time to watch for a reaction. parents can keep a food diary for their children. this can help identify the foods causing the problems. blood tests measure antibodies to a particular allergen in blood. one blood test for allergies is called a radioallergosorbent test, abbreviated as rast. in a true allergic reaction, substances called ige antibodies appear in the bloodstream. the body makes ige antibodies to attack bacteria and other harmful substances. rast measures allergen - specific ige. compared to skin tests, rast has the disadvantage of limited allergen selection and reduced sensitivity. a newer version of a blood test is called the immunocap. a recent study indicated that the immunocap test was significantly more accurate than the older blood tests. another study compared the accuracy of skin testing to blood testing for cat allergy. this study reported that skin testing and blood testing were approximately equal in accuracy. other blood tests, such as an eosinophil count, may be used to support an allergy diagnosis. provocative testing is the direct application of an allergen to the eyes, nose, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract by oral administration. it may be helpful in cases where a person has had a large number of positive skin tests. provocative testing is the only way to check for allergies to food additives. this type of testing may produce a severe allergic reaction and is used rarely.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47376019844983686, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.922188"} {"text": "adaptive release - create multiple rules for a content item adaptive release allows instructors and course designers to release course content based on rules that they create ; in other words, you can control what content is made available to which students and under what conditions they are allowed to see it. rules can be created for individuals or groups, based on criteria related to date, time, assessment scores or attempts, and the review status of other items in the course. by the time you finish this tutorial you should be able to 1. create multiple rules 2. set criteria 2. use an items contextual menu to access adaptive release. to do this select the double down arrow positioned next to the item title. - adaptive release \u2013 used to create basic rules for an item. in this tool only one rule per item may be created. for instance, instructors can create one rule containing multiple criteria which makes users satisfy all restriction before gaining access to the item. - adaptive release : advanced \u2013 this feature allows instructors to create multiple rules per item. for example, if different rules apply for different groups in a course this feature should be used. when an item has multiple rules applied to it users need to satisfy the criteria of only one rule to gain access. 3. for the purpose of this tutorial we will use adaptive release : advanced to create a rule with multiple criteria and multiple rules. 6. a success message appears at the top of the screen. now select create criteria. you can create criteria according to date, grade, membership and review status. for content to be visible to a user the user must satisfy all the criteria in a rule. 7. membership criteria allows content to be displayed to specific users and groups. use the username field to enter individual users and the course - groups field to select available course groups. all groups can be selected, even those that are unavailable. to select one or more course groups highlight the group name and select the right arrow. 8. now add another criterion. adding criteria to the rule will narrow the ability of users to view the content item. select create criteria > date. 10. when multiple criteria are added to a rule. the word and appears between each criteria. this means that all of the rules criteria must be met before the item is released. 11. now create a new rule. in creating a new rule a different option or path for releasing the content will be available. the content will be released if any one of the rules is satisfied. 14. content items can be released based on an attempt ( a ) or score", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4786563278660328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.925270"} {"text": "what took place this past month at hadassah hospital \u2019 s department of neurology was not expected even by the most senior neurologists. an als patient, a chronic disease with no known cure that causes a slow and painful process of muscular dystrophy - who was wheelchair - bound and had difficulty speaking and breathing, underwent an complete turnaround. from being handicapped and dependent on others for his most basic daily needs, suddenly rabbi rafoel shmuelevitz stood on his feet, and returned to teaching at the flagship mir yeshiva, which he heads. the treatment that is responsible, it appears, for the dramatic improvement in his condition was developed by the israeli biotechnology company brainstorm, and is based on stem cells. this is the first time that someone who has been treated with stem cells has regained abilities which were previously lost. despite the great caution that is guiding the doctors as they discuss the rabbi \u2019 s condition, it is difficult to ignore the excitement which surrounds even the most stern of staff members when they talk about the turnaround that the rabbi has experienced \u2026 rabbi rafoel shmuelevitz recalls, \u201c i couldn \u2019 t talk. it was difficult for me to breathe, and my lack of balance made it impossible to get up from my wheelchair. even when they supported me i was able to walk only with difficulty. my students couldn \u2019 t understand me when i spoke. \u201d \u2026 in 2010, after a series of tests at minnesota \u2019 s mayo clinic, his doctors told him the difficult news, rabbi shmuelevitz had als [ also known as lou gehrig ' s disease ], which is considered the most severe known neuromuscular disease. als patients gradually lose all of their motor abilities, until they eventually lose their ability to breathe and die from suffocation. the vast majority of patients die within three to five years following diagnosis. a small number of patients, for example physicist stephen hawking, manage to survive for years, but are almost unable to function. \u201c the american doctors and the israeli doctor who treats me, professor menachem sade of wolfson hospital, agreed that the only possible way to improve my condition would be to receive stem cell treatment at hadassah, \u201d explains the rabbi. \u201c that was my final hope. \u201d \u201c a few days after the treatment, my whole life began to change. \u201d last may, the ministry of health granted approval to the israeli biotechnology company brainstorm, specializing in the development of technologies and medications based on stem cells,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4656324603860662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.947130"} {"text": "final hope. \u201d \u201c a few days after the treatment, my whole life began to change. \u201d last may, the ministry of health granted approval to the israeli biotechnology company brainstorm, specializing in the development of technologies and medications based on stem cells, and the hadassit company associated with hadassah medical center, to begin a clinical trial of a new treatment based on cell therapy, which is meant to delay or stop the degeneration of nerve cells in als patients \u2026 this is the first treatment of its kind in history. because of the severity of his condition, and the fact that he was suffering from two different muscular diseases, the rabbi was not allowed to participate in the clinical trial \u2026 however he was given the treatment as a \u201c compassionate treatment, \u201d intended for patients who have no other hope. a month ago, the rabbi was given the treatment for the first time, and the effect on him was incredible. \u201c a few days after the treatment, my whole life began to change, \u201d he says with a smiling face. \u201c my speech began to improve, it became easier to breathe and i began to walk unassisted. i am even able to climb stairs. my students understand every word i say. it \u2019 s truly a miracle from heaven. i am a new person as a result of the treatment i received. \u201d \u201c it \u2019 s hard to describe the excitement that took hold of us as a result of the amazing results of this treatment, \u201d says brainstorm president chaim leibovitch \u2026 also the doctors could not remain apathetic to the amazing effect of the treatment on the rabbi \u2019 s condition. \u201c the change that occurred in him was huge, and also the objective improvement in his functioning was extremely impressive, \u201d explains one of the hospital \u2019 s doctors with excitement. \u201c from being handicapped, a person who couldn \u2019 t walk and couldn \u2019 t talk, a significant amount of his abilities have returned \u2026 there is no doubt that a great drama is taking place here. we need to remember that we are talking about a single isolated case. on the other hand, even isolated reports like this can also signal a medical breakthrough. \u201d encouraging results, even if they are on a smaller scale, have also been witnessed among some of the 12 patients participating in the clinical trial \u2026 as is the way of the world, the rabbi and his students see things a little differently [ from the doctors ]. his students talk about \u201c mass prayer rallies \u201d and \u201c a miracle. \u201d at the same time that top medical minds were labor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49113552896489876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.950077"} {"text": "\u2026 as is the way of the world, the rabbi and his students see things a little differently [ from the doctors ]. his students talk about \u201c mass prayer rallies \u201d and \u201c a miracle. \u201d at the same time that top medical minds were laboring to rehabilitate the rabbi \u2019 s systems at the hospital, at the mir yeshiva the top minds were constantly reading psalms for his recovery, and learning pages of gemara in order to \u201c tip the scale \u201d in the upper worlds in favor of the 74 - year - old rabbi, who has stood for close to 30 years at the head of one of the largest yeshivot in the world ( with over 7000 students ). such a dramatic improvement in such a nearly hopeless situation has very rarely ever been witnessed. \u201c the rabbi \u2019 s family decided when they started treatment to turn to all of the yeshivot in the world to request assistance, \u201d says the rabbi \u2019 s assistant. an emotional plea went out in the name of important rabbis to pray for the rabbi \u2019 s recovery, and his full name was released for special \u201c mee sheberach \u201d prayers worldwide. when the rabbi was lying on the treatment table at the hospital, thousands of students gathered to read psalms at the lakewood yeshiva in new jersey, at the ponevitch yeshiva in bnei brak, and at jerusalem \u2019 s mir yeshiva. \u201c the rabbi saw the announcement that went out with his name and broke out into tears, \u201d his assistant says. \u201c during the two or three days that he was at the hospital, the prayers didn \u2019 t stop. after that we returned home, and an extreme improvement began in his condition. he got up and started walking, even without support \u2026 everyone who saw him said that this was a revealed miracle, that this is simply a new human being. \u201d at this stage, of course, it is still difficult to state whether we are talking about a miracle or just a historic medical breakthrough, which will grant hope to patients suffering from one of the most difficult and cruel diseases that exists. but about one thing nobody is arguing : such a dramatic improvement in such a nearly hopeless situation has very rarely ever been witnessed in the natural world. this article originally appeared in yediot achranot. with thanks to jewishmom. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45691958334759836, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.959191"} {"text": "tip of the week when it comes to keeping young walkers safe on america ' s roads, the country has made great strides : child pedestrian deaths have plunged 53 percent and injuries are down 44 percent since 1995, according to a study by safe kids worldwide and fedex. still, the study also indicates that bigger steps are needed to improve pedestrian safety overall, and particularly for teenagers. daily, more than 61 children seek medical attention for injuries sustained while walking, and more than 500 children die every year in pedestrian accidents. teenagers between the ages of 14 and 19 are now the most at - risk age group, accounting for 50 percent of child pedestrian injuries in the past five years. the death rate among teens is now twice that of younger children. \" the study, \u2018 walking safely : a report to the nation, \u2019 tells us two things, \" says kate carr, president and ceo of safe kids worldwide. \" while our focus on younger kids, through programs such as ' walk this way, ' has made a tremendous difference, we need to turn the spotlight - and our collective efforts - on this disturbing trend impacting our teenagers. \" safe kids worldwide and fedex offer some tips for helping make child pedestrians safer. - whenever possible, cross the street at the corners, using traffic signals and crosswalks. most walking injuries happen mid - block or someplace other than at intersections. - look left, right and left again before crossing the street. keep looking and listening while crossing. - walk, don ' t run, when crossing the street. - walking on sidewalks or paths is always best, but if not available, walk facing traffic as far to the left as possible. - remove headphones when crossing the street. it ' s important to minimize distractions and listen to what ' s going on around you. - if you need to use your phone, stop walking. - drivers are more distracted than ever, so try to make eye contact with drivers before you step into the road. family movie night length : 108 minutes review : \" wreck - it ralph \" could easily be called \" video game story. \" why? in pixar \u2019 s \" toy story, \" toys come to life when humans aren \u2019 t around. in walt disney \u2019 s \" wreck - it ralph, \" video game characters come to life when humans aren \u2019 t around. here, disney tries its best to capture the pixar magic, and while \" ralph \" is no \" toy story, \" it doesn \u2019 t scrimp on the entertainment value. it \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42911565808562435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.965027"} {"text": "to life when humans aren \u2019 t around. here, disney tries its best to capture the pixar magic, and while \" ralph \" is no \" toy story, \" it doesn \u2019 t scrimp on the entertainment value. it \u2019 s like a really good hamburger. very satisfying, yet pixar is still filet mignon. \u2013 bob tremblay, ghns \" on a dark wing, \" by jordan dane synopsis : five years ago, abbey chandler cheated death. she survived a horrific car accident, but her \" lucky \" break came at the expense of her mother ' s life and changed everything. after she crossed paths with death \u2014 by taking the hand of an ethereal boy made of clouds and sky \u2014 she would never be normal again. now she ' s the target of death ' s ravens and an innocent boy ' s life is on the line. when nate holden \u2014 abbey ' s secret crush \u2014 starts to climb alaska ' s denali, the angel of death stalks him because of her. and abbey finds out the hard way that death never forgets. - harlequin did you know a study published in the journal addiction says that kids who smoke menthol cigarettes are more likely to become addicted to smoking than those who smoke regular cigarettes. gatehouse news service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4426928947801609, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.965549"} {"text": "animal rights articles moo - ving people toward compassionate living visit the all - creatures. org home page. write us with your comments : email @ example. com canberra kangaroo cull - may 2008 from the life and death of kangaroos updated news may 16, 2009 : another slaughter. a few weeks ago, the department of defence in australia began to shoot up to 7, 000 kangaroos living on the giant majura military base in canberra, act. about 3500 to 4000 have already been shot at night. on may 14, 2009, an injunction was granted by a court to halt the killing temporarily until further investigations into the reasonableness of the kill are held. the chief minister of the act, jon stanhope, says he will try to bring in new legislation which will allow the kill to resume. but at present the kangaroos have a reprieve until at least june. the blurry photo below, taken at night 3 km away from the shooting on the closed base, shows the rear lights of a truck, left, and a light trained on the bodies of recently shot kangaroos. those left alive were dispatched by extra shots from men in the truck. please sign the protest petition below this picture. this is another needless slaughter in a country with a miserable record of wildlife slaughter. on monday may 19, 2008, government contractors started killing the kangaroos on a former naval base in canberra, australia. by may 29 they ( 514 ) were dead. this is their story and the fight to save them. all of the kangaroos in the photograph above are now dead. they were needlessly killed in the last week of may 2008, following a worldwide campaign to save them. the area to which they were later driven and killed can be seen at the top of the image. this site forms part of the national archive at the national library of australia. contractors drive about fifty kangaroos toward the kill area. few remain, although it is expected roundups of remaining animals will go on until at least the weekend. it appears that even the very old animals, with less than a year or so to live, will be killed - and the youngest as well. although thousands of individuals have come together in ever increasing numbers on the internet to protest this act of callousness, most of the citizens of canberra have remained apathetic. many people who ride their bicycles past the scene above show not the slightest concern for the welfare of the animals. when all is said and done, their death can be put at the feet of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4015026817088954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.974012"} {"text": "most of the citizens of canberra have remained apathetic. many people who ride their bicycles past the scene above show not the slightest concern for the welfare of the animals. when all is said and done, their death can be put at the feet of a public which, to date, has no sensitivity to animal suffering. a visitor, who drove 600 miles to the site, arrived today to ask, ' where are the thousands of protestors? ' when told there were only a half dozen protesting tonight at the site, he yelled, ' why? ' why indeed. on the other hand, the many thousands of people here in australia and overseas who are appalled by this action have renewed their determination to end such horrors. the practices of those who conducted the killing have, for the first time, been comprehensively documented by modern media, and australian government will have a lot of explaining to do to an increasingly critical world. may 26, 2008 world wide protest against the continuing kill increases. a number of australian filmmakers are already beginning documentaries. this ' cull, ' which defence and the act government, would be quickly concluded and forgotten, has galvanised hundreds of animal care organisations throughout the country. an australia wide network involving thousands of people disgusted by this kill is being constructed. all the audiovisual footage of the cull has been sent to a large number of databases for future publication in this country and overseas. today the killing continued, but at a slower pace. most killing is now attempted in the early morning and later afternoon. a disturbing and illegal move has seen the contracted security guards join the ' cull ' to herd the kangaroos. protestors and even press photographers are also being filmed by this new alliance. may 24, 2008. the killing goes on. the contractors, this time aided by guards ( an act quite out of their jurisdiction ) have been herding the kangaroos. 100 ( perhaps more ) kangaroos now appear to remain. this photograph shows some herded into the area close to the killing area. all are terribly stressed ( note the arm licking ). those who visited the site today, animal carers and media people, have been shocked, and many have vowed not to rest until the world sees this cold brutality. one of the most experienced wildlife campaigners in australia stated that it was the most sickening spectacle he has ever witnessed. the photographs below suggest, but do not fully depict, the living horror. it is interesting to note that no local sitting politician has attended the site to witness the suffering of these animals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40710261207113463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.975141"} {"text": "stated that it was the most sickening spectacle he has ever witnessed. the photographs below suggest, but do not fully depict, the living horror. it is interesting to note that no local sitting politician has attended the site to witness the suffering of these animals. the so - called ecologically conscious greens party here have ignored it. five kangaroos escaped today by squeezing under the boundary fence. it is becoming harder and harder for the perpetrators to force the roos into the kill zone - they are running in the opposite direction when the door is opened. but it is a losing battle. i will only add that the remaining kangaroos have learned not to approach the killing circle. to counteract this ' beaters ' have used a kind of hessian net to force the animals forward. it is worth noting that the perpetrators are scientists, accompanied by students, not farmers or outback hillbillies. their version of science allows the utmost dissociation. naturally, those who have witnessed the slaughter, some over days, are very angry indeed. i note that public intellectuals are considering writing a critique of anthropocentric science in an entire issue of a forthcoming well - known journal ; several film makers are working on a documentary of the events ; australia zoo ( wildlife warriors ) have now condemned the cull - the world now knows more about australia ' s culture of wildlife abuse. and the world is not amused. of course, there have been reactions. a handful of locals gathered near the site to celebrate the ' success ' of the cull with a banner inviting those passing to a barbeque of ' roo steaks. ' they were pictured on page one of the local paper. australia has a long way to go before a sincere acknowedgement of animal consciousness and suffering develops. they remain objects to be controlled, managed, exploited and killed. may 22, 2008. after eight protestors were arrested when they staged an indigenous re - occupation at the site, the killers have been darting animals as fast as possible. the same kind of events happened at the site : earlier today a kangaroo trapped in the killing area tried to jump over the walls - witnesses saw half its body appear above the hessian - - which must have been 5 - 6 metres high ( see pic below ) then it fell to its death, shot by a dart gun loaded with very potent drug ( s ). it was a sight that moved onlookers to tears and rage. a campaign to arrest vocal protestors is underway. about 7 pm : carol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43253807109658465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.976227"} {"text": "it fell to its death, shot by a dart gun loaded with very potent drug ( s ). it was a sight that moved onlookers to tears and rage. a campaign to arrest vocal protestors is underway. about 7 pm : carol drew arrested outside the main gate. the two images directly above are from an official report. all other images on this site are \u00a9 ray drew 2008 and must not be used without the written permission of the photographer, ray drew. it ' s over. a crane was there at 10 am, and it removed the remaining chiller boxes at noon. all day i heard the clink and clang of the temporary fences being dismantled \u2013 the same sound i heard when some kangaroos, in panic, ran into them last week. i sat next to an old guy, a survivor kangaroo, who was feeding in a remote corner of the site. i am sure i knew him - - he had half an ear torn off from a battle some time ago \u2013 and by that i recognised an old friend. someone appeared through the bush and joined me. we sat there together for quite a time. as the last fences go, the site has an ugly emptiness of death after a plague. i passed the place ( above ) where fifty or so animals used to lie by the water, some occasionally bathing, and all that remains are pockets of flattened grass. this series of events have changed our lives. all those who witnessed it from the fence were sickened by what they saw - - animal careers, experienced press photographers, lawyers, writers, teachers. some of us have dedicated ourselves to work for the kangaroos. some have rededicated themselves. some have formed new relationships, some may have lost theirs. some are preparing for court. there are many stories. some have sworn to leave canberra. all will never be quite the same. it was the first kangaroo massacre, as far as i know, that has been fully \u2018 outed \u2019, and it revealed the dark underside of european australia, a society that has never accepted the landscape and its wildlife. we also saw cold bureaucracy at work, and with it, a neo - cartesian scientism. these events have been comprehensively photographed, videoed, and recorded, live. and the world knows about it. i have always believed ( and discovered ) that showing or publicly \u2018 outing \u2019 once hidden atrocities works powerfully to end them, whether it be in a mental institution, a prison, an abattoir, or a kangaroo \u2018 cull \u2019.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40901434061343345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.977854"} {"text": ". i have always believed ( and discovered ) that showing or publicly \u2018 outing \u2019 once hidden atrocities works powerfully to end them, whether it be in a mental institution, a prison, an abattoir, or a kangaroo \u2018 cull \u2019. in this case we saw, in this decimation, acts of murder of another mammal carried out with dissociated sadism ; we saw young phd students herding the animals and we saw security guards joining in. almost depraved, other than that, were the rationalisations for the killing and the disinformation in which allegedly respected academics took part : ludicrous, if not so tragic. i do believe that we have given the perpetrators a hell of a shock. but of course they \u2019 ll try it again, and again. and they will be answered. for more pictures and information, visit the life and death of kangaroos. for actions to take visit our alert of may 16, 2009. return to animal rights articles please help our efforts we welcome your comments : fair use notice : this document may contain copyrighted material whose use has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owners. we believe that this not - for - profit, educational use on the web constitutes a fair use of the copyrighted material ( as provided for in section 107 of the us copyright law ). if you wish to use this copyrighted material for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. all creatures animal rights article : justice, peace, love, compassion, ethics, organizations, bible, god, lord, jesus, christ, holy spirit, grass roots, animals, cruelty free, lifestyle, hunting, fishing, traping, farm, farming, factory, fur, meat, slaughter, cattle, beef, pork, chicken, poultry, hens, battery, debeaking. thee is also a similarity to the human aspects of prolife, pro life, pro - life, abortion, capital punishment, and war. | home page | animal issues | archive | art and photos | articles | bible | books | church and religion | discussions | health | humor | letters | links | nature studies | poetry and stories | quotations | recipes | what ' s new? | thank you for visiting all - creatures. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.478560753739978, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.978895"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia in differential geometry, a pseudo - riemannian manifold is a smooth manifold equipped with a smooth, symmetric, ( 0, 2 ) tensor which is nondegenerate at each point on the manifold. this tensor is called a pseudo - riemannian metric or, simply, a ( pseudo - ) metric tensor. the key difference between a riemannian metric and a pseudo - riemannian metric is that a pseudo - riemannian metric need not be positive - definite, merely nondegenerate. since every positive - definite form is also nondegenerate a riemannian metric is a special case of a pseudo - riemannian one. thus pseudo - riemannian manifolds can be considered generalizations of riemannian manifolds. every nondegenerate, symmetric, bilinear form has a fixed signature ( p, q ). here p and q denote the number of positive and negative eigenvalues of the form. the signature of a pseudo - riemannian manifold is just the signature of the metric ( one should insist that the signature is the same on every connected component ). note that p + q = n is the dimension of the manifold. riemannian manifolds are simply those with signature ( n, 0 ). pseudo - riemannian metrics of signature ( p, 1 ) ( or sometimes ( 1, q ), see sign convention ) are called lorentzian metrics. a manifold equipped with a lorentzian metric is naturally called a lorentzian manifold. after riemannian manifolds, lorentzian manifolds form the most important subclass of pseudo - riemannian manifolds. they are important because of their physical applications to the theory of general relativity. a principal assumption of general relativity is that spacetime can be modeled as a lorentzian manifold of signature ( 3, 1 ). just as euclidean space can be thought of as the model riemannian manifold, minkowski space with the flat minkowski metric is the model lorentzian manifold. likewise, the model space for a pseudo - riemannian manifold of signature ( p, q ) is with the metric some basic theorems of riemannian geometry can be generalized to the pseudo - riemannian case. in particular, the fundamental theorem of riemannian geometry is true of pseudo - riemannian manifolds as well. this allows one to speak of the levi - civita connection on a pseudo - riemannian manifold along with the associated curvature tensor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6176308856523425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.982588"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia united states marshals service the united states marshals service, part of the united states department of justice, is the united states ' oldest federal law enforcement agency. their mission is to protect the federal courts and ensure the effective operation of the judicial system. since 1789, u. s. marshals and their deputies have provided many different services, from taking the census to protecting the president. today, the marshals service is responsible for providing protection for the federal judiciary, transporting federal prisoners, protecting endangered federal witnesses and managing assets seized from criminal enterprises. in addition, the men and women of the marshals service are responsible for 55 percent of arrests of federal fugitives. the united states marshals service is based in alexandria, virginia and is headed by a director, who is assisted by a deputy director. the headquarters serves to provide command and control and cooperation for the disparate elements of the service. the headquarters is divided into several divisions headed by assistant directors and directly controls the special operations group and several other organizations. the federal court system is divided into 12 regions, each having a us marshal who is also the district us marshal for the united states district courts in which the region is headquartered. each of the 94 federal judicial districts has a us marshal, an assistant us marshal and as many deputy and special deputy us marshals as needed. the director and each united states marshal is appointed by the president of the united states and is confirmed by the senate. the district us marshal is tradionally appointed from a list of qualified law enforcement persons for that district or state. each state has at least one district, while several have three or more. the offices of u. s. marshal and deputy marshals were created by the first congress in the judiciary act of 1789, the same legislation that established the federal judicial system. special deputies were allowed to be recruited as local hires or as temporary transfers to the marshals ' service of other federal law enforcement officers. marshals were also authorised to swear in a posse to assist them in manhunts and other duties. the marshals were given extensive authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts and to carry out all lawful orders issued by judges, congress, or the president. the marshals and their deputies served the subpoenas, summonses, writs, warrants, and other process issued by the courts, made all the arrests, and handled all the prisoners. they also disbursed the money. the individual deputy marshals have been portrayed as legendary heroics in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47839112974272285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.990119"} {"text": "to cooperate with a marshal resulted in a $ 5000 fine and imprisonment, a stiff penalty for those days. in the 1960s the marshals were on the front lines of the civil rights movement, mainly providing protection to volunteers. in 1962 john f. kennedy ordered the marshals to accompany james meredith, an african - american, who wished to register at the university of mississippi. their presence on the campus provoked riots at the university, requiring president kennedy to send in the army to pacify the crowd. just as america has changed over the past two centuries, so has its federal justice system \u2013 from the original 13 judicial districts, to 94 districts spanning the continent and beyond ; and with tens of thousands of federal judges, prosecutors, jurors, witnesses, and defendants involved in the judicial process. the marshals service has changed with it, not in its underlying responsibility to enforce the law and execute the orders issued by the court, but in the breadth of its functions, the professionalism of its personnel, and the sophistication of the technologies employed. these changes are made apparent by an examination of the contemporary duties of the modern marshals service. except for suits by incarcerated persons or ( in some circumstances ) by seamen, u. s. marshals no longer serve process in private civil actions filed in the u. s. federal courts. under the federal rules of civil procedure, process may be served by any u. s. citizen over the age of 18 who is a not a party or an attorney involved in the case. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4283757492229364, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.991915"} {"text": "| after feasting on the first thanksgiving dinner, the pilgrim fathers, who couldn ' t watch football because they had no electricity, were enjoying each other ' s company when the subject of livestock came up. talk turned to trade, and before the afternoon had ended with leftovers, a series of trades ended with five of the families trading away one of the animals they had brought on the mayflower and getting in return an animal brought to the new world by one of the others. given the historical recording of america ' s first swap meet below, can you determine the name ( one was called annie ) and kind of animal each forefather family traded and which animal they received in return? - the pilgrim family that traded kate received the sheep in return. - the whites acquired the horse after all the swapping was done. - neither the cow nor the goat ended up going home to the hopkins farm.. - the forefather family that owned the horse thanksgiving morning ended up owning bessie thanksgiving night. - the allertons were thankful to get ownership of prissy at the end. - molly wasn ' t the animal the hopkinses ' traded away. - bessie wasn ' t the sheep. - the mullinses traded away the family pig ; they never had ownership of kate during all the trading back and forth. - the brewsters weren ' t the pilgrims who traded away their goat. - after all the swapping back and forth, no two families ended up simply trading the animals they owned to each other.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4176707195562035, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:50.995491"} {"text": "healthcare and decision - making in dementia consent to medical treatment consent to treatment is covered by section 6 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 of 17 august 1992. according to this act, patients must be cared for on the basis of a mutual understanding, which means that they must consent to treatment. if they refuse a particular treatment, the doctor must propose another medically acceptable alternative to which they are in agreement. in certain circumstances, a person can be treated against his / her will ( please refer to the section on forced internment ). concerning patients who are unable to consent, section 6. 2 and 6. 3 of the act on the status and rights of patients states : \u201c if a major patient because of mental disturbance or mental retardation or for other reason cannot decide on the treatment given to him / her, the legal representative or a family member or other person closely connected to the patient has to be heard before making an important decision concerning treatment to assess what kind of treatment would be in accordance with the patient ' s will. if this matter cannot be assessed, the patient has to be given a treatment that can be considered to be in accordance with his / her personal interests. \u201d \u201c in cases referred to in paragraph 2, the patient ' s legal representative, a close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient, must give their consent to the treatment. in giving their consent, the patient ' s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient must respect the patient ' s previously expressed wishes or, if no wishes had been expressed, the patient ' s well - being. if the patient ' s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient forbid the care or treatment of the patient, care or treatment must, as far as possible in agreement with the person who refused consent, be given in some other medically acceptable manner. if the patient ' s legal representative, close relative or other person closely connected with the patient disagree on the care or treatment to be given, the patient shall be cared for or treated in accordance with his or her best interests. \u201d ( 9. 4. 1999 / 489 ) however, a person / persons who make a decision on behalf of a patient cannot forbid treatment which is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the patient ( section 9 ). consent in case of emergency section 8 of the act on the status and rights of patients deals with emergency treatment. it states : \u201c a patient has to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47272573108559623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.013718"} {"text": "is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the patient ( section 9 ). consent in case of emergency section 8 of the act on the status and rights of patients deals with emergency treatment. it states : \u201c a patient has to be given treatment necessary to ward off a hazard imperilling his / her life or health even in cases where it is not possible to assess the patient ' s will because of unconsciousness or other reason. however, if the patient has earlier steadfastly and competently expressed his / her will concerning treatment given to him / her, he / she must not be given treatment that is against his / her will. \u201d the right to refuse treatment a competent patient has the right to refuse treatment. according to the act on the status and rights of patients ( section 6. 1 ), if a patient refuses a particular treatment, the doctor must propose another medically acceptable alternative to which they are in agreement. health care proxies also have the right to refuse treatment on behalf of an incompetent patient. according to section 6. 3 of the act on the status and rights of patients, if the patient ' s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient forbid the care or treatment of the patient, care or treatment must, as far as possible in agreement with the person who refused consent, be given in some other medically acceptable manner. however, section 9 stipulates that health care proxies cannot forbid treatment which is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the patient. the right to withdraw consent competent patients have the right to withdraw consent. consent to non - conventional treatment competent patients have the right to give consent to non - conventional treatment. consent to the donation of organs and / or human tissue it is possible for patients to consent to the donation of organs and human tissue through advance directives. health care proxies can give such consent after the death of the patient. consent to research act n\u00b0 488 on medical research came into force on 1 november 1999. in this act, medical research is defined as being research which interferes with the integrity of a human being or a human embryo or foetus and whose intention is to increase knowledge of the cause, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment or prevention of the disease or its nature in general. paragraph 7 deals with consent from disabled subjects. this includes people who are unable to give their consent due to a mental health disorder, mental handicap or other equivalent reason. research can only be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.470748165659018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.014817"} {"text": ", treatment or prevention of the disease or its nature in general. paragraph 7 deals with consent from disabled subjects. this includes people who are unable to give their consent due to a mental health disorder, mental handicap or other equivalent reason. research can only be carried out on such people if the same scientific results could not be attained using other subjects and provided that the risk of causing damage or stress is limited. furthermore, research can only be carried out if it could be expected to be directly beneficial to the participant or to other people either of the same age or with the same medical condition. even if these conditions have been fulfilled, the participant ' s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient must give written consent after having received the necessary relevant information. the consent has to be given in accordance to the presumed will of a participant. the provisions of article 6 also apply in that consent can be withdrawn at any time before completion of the research. finally, if the participant objects to any procedure used as part of the research, he or she must not be forced to undergo the procedure. advance directives and health care proxies the legal status of advance directives advance directives have legal status in finland according to section 8 of the act on the status and rights of patients ( no. 785 / 92 of 17 august 1992 ). section 8 of the act on the status and rights of patients deals with emergency treatment. a situation could arise whereby a patient, who is in need of emergency treatment, is unconscious or unable to express his / her will. according to section 8, doctors cannot give a treatment that is against his / her will, as expressed steadfastly and competently at some point in the past. in the sense that this section refers to the necessity to respect the previously expressed wishes of a person who is no longer able to state his / her preference regarding treatment, this can be considered as legitimising a kind of advance directive. paragraph 6. 3 of the act on the status and rights of patients can also be interpreted as involving the possible use of advance directives in substitute decision making with regard to care. there are three categories of people who can decide on behalf of a person with incapacity : - the legal representative who could be either a guardian who is entitled to represent his / her client in issues linked to the client \u2019 s person or a person appointed by the patient such as a power of attorney or continuing power of attorney in health care issues. - a family member or - another person who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5142164946068003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.016016"} {"text": "who is entitled to represent his / her client in issues linked to the client \u2019 s person or a person appointed by the patient such as a power of attorney or continuing power of attorney in health care issues. - a family member or - another person who is closely connected to the patient. these people are not placed in any order of priority. however, the ministry of social affairs and health has plans to alter the act on the status and rights of patients in such a way that there would be a priority list of the proxy decision makers. after the alteration the possible legal representative would have priority to make decisions. conditions surrounding the writing, validity and registering of an advance directive a person must have sufficient capacity to make a valid advance directive. competence is presumed unless proven otherwise. in case of doubt, a doctor should assess a person \u2019 s capacity. there is no set procedure for writing or registering advance directives but they should be recorded in the patient \u2019 s medical file. an advance directive can be made orally ( e. g. by a person in hospital ) or in writing. if made in writing, it is advisable to have two witnesses. a doctor and / or lawyer may be involved in the process of making an advance directive but this is not necessary. advance directives are not limited to a set period of time. there is a new decree from the ministry of social affairs and health on medical files ( 30. 3. 2009 / 298 ). paragraph 18. 4 of the decree on medical files states that if a patient wishes to express ( orally ) his / her steadfast will regarding future medical treatment, it should be recorded clearly, along with his / her signature, in the medical files. it is also possible to attach a separate advance directive to the medical files. what an advance directive can cover the act on the status and rights of patients states that in emergency situations \u201c doctors cannot give a treatment that is against the will of a patient, as expressed steadfastly and competently at some point in the past \u201d. in literature on jurisprudence it is interpreted that an advance directive can cover at least the following : - the treatment of medical conditions ; - care and welfare decisions ; - life - supporting treatment ; - life - saving treatment ; and - the appointment of a health care proxy. nowadays, in practice, there are also so - called positive advance directives. these documents can express many kinds of wishes e. g. what kind of food and drinks the person likes, what their favourite clothing is etc. obligation to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40927072998165753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.017130"} {"text": "care proxy. nowadays, in practice, there are also so - called positive advance directives. these documents can express many kinds of wishes e. g. what kind of food and drinks the person likes, what their favourite clothing is etc. obligation to comply with instructions contained in an advance directive in the case of emergency treatment, advance directives are legally binding. in literature on jurisprudence it is interpreted that they are legally binding in other cases too. at least it is good medical practice to comply with them. the ministry of social affairs and health has plans to alter the act on the status and rights of patients. after the alteration, doctors will not obliged to comply with advance directives if it is obvious that the advance directive is based on a person \u2019 s false perception of their health condition, the nature of the illness or the effectiveness of the treatment methods and medication proposed. similarly, doctors should not comply with an advance directive if the patient \u2019 s will concerning treatment and care has changed for the above - mentioned or a similar reason. if it would be against a doctor \u2019 s personal beliefs to comply with instructions contained in an advance directive, the doctor must find a colleague who is willing to take over the treatment of the patient. amending, renewing and cancelling advance directives an advance directive can be amended, renewed or cancelled at any time. this can be done verbally, in writing or through behaviour which clearly indicates this decision. it is not necessary for a person to have full legal capacity ( i. e. in every domain ) as a greater level of capacity is needed to write an advance directive than to cancel it. this has been discussed in medical circles as well as in literature on jurisprudence. access to information / diagnosis the right to be informed section 5 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 / 92 of 17 august 1992 contains the following provisions regarding the patient ' s right to be informed : \" a patient shall be given information about his / her state of health, the significance of the treatment, various alternative forms of treatment and their effects and about other factors related to his / her treatment that are significant when decisions are made on the treatment given to him / her. however, this information shall not be given against the will of the patient or when it is obvious that giving the information would cause serious hazard to the life or health of the patient, health care professionals should try to give the information in such a way that the patient can understand it. if the health care professional does not know the language used by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44417849718593777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.018287"} {"text": "obvious that giving the information would cause serious hazard to the life or health of the patient, health care professionals should try to give the information in such a way that the patient can understand it. if the health care professional does not know the language used by the patient or if the patient because of a sensory handicap or speech defect cannot be understood, interpretation should be provided if possible. \" the above text can be interpreted as granting patients the right to be informed of the diagnosis. under section 9. 1 of the act on the status and rights of patients, \u201c the right to be informed and the powers of the patient ' s representative \u201d, allows for information to be given to certain people in order to enable them to make decisions and consent on behalf of the person with incapacity. the text is as follows : \u201c in the circumstances referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 of section 6, the patient \u2019 s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient shall be entitled to receive any information regarding the patient ' s state of health that may be required to enable them to express an opinion and give their consent. ( 9. 4. 1999 / 489 ) \u201d access to medical files as a general rule, only the patient has access to his / her medical records. health care professionals and other people who are working in the medical domain cannot give information about a patient to outsiders without the written consent of the patient. ( see section 13 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 / 92 ) the right to designate another person to be informed on one \u2019 s behalf under the government \u2019 s proposal of the act on the status and rights of patients ( 185 / 1991 ) the legal representative is either a person appointed by a patient or a guardian ( appointed by a court ). if a patient has appointed someone to make health care decisions on his / her behalf ( for example via an advance directive ), such person has the right to be informed regarding the patient \u2019 s state of health as stated in section 9. 1 of the act on the status and rights of patients ( see above ). a patient can also appoint a \u201c continuing power of attorney in health care issues \u201d in advance of his / her incapacity ( please see the act on continuing powers of attorney ( 648 / 2007 ) ). such donee is also a legal representative and also has the right to be informed under section 9. 1 of the act on the status and rights of patients. a legal representative ( guardian ), relatives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49761935484423564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.019743"} {"text": "of attorney ( 648 / 2007 ) ). such donee is also a legal representative and also has the right to be informed under section 9. 1 of the act on the status and rights of patients. a legal representative ( guardian ), relatives and people who are close to the person with dementia can also be informed on his / her behalf although in their case, they would not actually have been designated by the person with dementia. the doctor \u2019 s right to withhold information section 5 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 / 92 of 17 august 1992 states that a doctor has the right to withhold information : \u201c when it is obvious that giving the information would cause serious hazard to the life or health of the patient. \u201d see section \u201c access to information \u201d above the patient \u2019 s right to refuse information section 5 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 / 92 of 17 august 1992 contains the following provisions regarding the patient \u2019 s right to refuse information : \u201c.. information shall not be given against the will of the patient. \u201d see section \u201c access to information \u201d above confidentiality / disclosure of information to other people section 10 of the constitution states that the private life, honour and home of every person shall be secured and that detailed provisions on the protection of personal data shall be prescribed by act of parliament. patients must be treated in such a way that their human dignity is not violated and that their convictions and privacy are respected ( section 3 of the act on the status and rights of patients, no. 785 / 92 ). apart from the exception contained in section 9. 1 of the act on the status and rights of patients, information about patients is confidential. section 13 of the act on the status and rights of patients ( no. 785 / 92 ) covers the confidentiality of information in patients ' medical files. as stated above in \u201c the right to access medical files \u201d, health care professionals and other people who are working in the medical domain cannot give information about a patient to outsiders without the written consent of the patient. section 13. 3 of section 13 of this act includes further provisions : - information included in patient documents may be given if there are express provisions on giving it or on the right of access to it in the law ; - information necessary for the arranging of examination and treatment of the patient may be given to another health care unit or health care professional, and a summary of the treatment provided may be given to the health care unit or the health care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48898383602700346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.020923"} {"text": "it in the law ; - information necessary for the arranging of examination and treatment of the patient may be given to another health care unit or health care professional, and a summary of the treatment provided may be given to the health care unit or the health care professional that referred the patient for treatment and to a physician possibly appointed to be responsible for the care of the patient in accordance with the patient ' s or his / her legal representative \u2019 s oral consent or consent that is otherwise obvious from the context ; and - information necessary for arranging and providing the examination and care of a patient may be given to another finnish or foreign health care unit or health care professional, if the patient, owing to a mental health disturbance, mental handicap or for a comparable reason is not capable of assessing the significance of the consent and he / she has no legal representative, or if the patient cannot give the consent because of unconsciousness or for comparable reason ; - information about the identity and state of health of a patient may be given to a family member of the patient or to other person close to the patient, if the patient is receiving treatment because of unconsciousness or for another comparable reason, unless there is reason to believe that the patient would forbid this ; and - information on the health and medical care of a deceased person provided when the person was still living may be given, upon a justified written application, to anyone who needs the information in order to find out his / her vital interests or rights, to the extent that the information is necessary for that purpose ; the acquiring party may not use or forward the information for some other purpose. section 13 of the act on the status and rights of patients ( 30. 6. 2000 / 653 ) specifically addressed the issue of confidentiality of information contained in patients \u2019 records. paragraph 13. 1 states that information contained in patients \u2019 records shall be confidential. paragraph 13. 2 states that health care professionals and other people working in or for health care units shall not disclose to outsiders information contained in a patient \u2019 s medical records without the written consent of the patient. if the patient is not capable of giving such consent, it can be given by his / her legal representative. in this act, the term \u201c outsiders \u201d refers to people other than those who are involved in the care of the patient or in carrying out tasks related to the person \u2019 s care within or on behalf of a health care unit. the obligation to respect confidentiality remains in force even when the person is no longer employed or carrying out tasks on behalf of the health care unit. end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5369941577461529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.022016"} {"text": "carrying out tasks related to the person \u2019 s care within or on behalf of a health care unit. the obligation to respect confidentiality remains in force even when the person is no longer employed or carrying out tasks on behalf of the health care unit. end - of - life care and issues decisions about palliative care are made by a doctor but need to be discussed with the patient or patients \u2019 health care proxy / proxies. special leave for carers in paid employment the act on support for informal care ( 937 / 2005 ) came into effect at the beginning of 2006. support for informal care is a statutory social service. the municipality is responsible for organising the support within the limits of its resources. the purpose of the act is to promote informal care that is in the interests of the person cared for ( the client ) by securing sufficient access to social welfare and health care services and by safeguarding the continuity of care. support for informal care encompasses necessary services for the client, and compensation, leave and support services for the informal carer. in section 5. 2 of the act it is stated that if, during a heavy period of care ( e. g. looking after a terminally ill person ), a carer is unable to go to work, he / she receives a minimum allowance of eur 600 / month. active euthanasia is not permitted. a competent patient may, however, refuse life - saving or life - sustaining treatment or write in an advance directive the kind of treatment that he / she would like to refuse in the future, should it be needed. healthcare professionals who respect such wishes, which could be described as passive euthanasia, would not be prosecuted. healthcare proxies cannot forbid treatment which is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the person they are representing. assisted suicide is not considered a criminal act under the penal code of finland ( 39 / 1889 and subsequent amendments ). homicide, murder and killing the penal code of finland ( 39 / 1889 ; amendments up to 650 / 2003 as well as 1372 / 2003, 650 / 2004 and 1006 / 2004 included ) includes the following articles which related to homicide, murder and poisoning : chapter 21 - homicide and bodily injury ( 578 / 1995 ) section 1 - manslaughter ( 578 / 1995 ) ( 1 ) a person who kills another shall be sentenced for manslaughter to imprisonment for a fixed period of at least eight years. ( 2 ) an attempt is punishable. section 2 - murder ( 57", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45210595489695565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.023111"} {"text": "##er ( 578 / 1995 ) ( 1 ) a person who kills another shall be sentenced for manslaughter to imprisonment for a fixed period of at least eight years. ( 2 ) an attempt is punishable. section 2 - murder ( 578 / 1995 ) ( 1 ) if the manslaughter is ( 2 ) committed in a particularly brutal or cruel manner ; ( 3 ) committed by causing serious danger to the public ; or ( 4 ) committed by killing a public official on duty upholding the peace or public security, or because of an official action ; and the offence is aggravated also when assessed as a whole, the offender shall be sentenced for murder to life imprisonment. ( 2 ) an attempt is punishable. section 3 - killing ( 578 / 1995 ) ( 1 ) if the manslaughter, in view of the exceptional circumstances of the offence, the motives of the offender or other related circumstances, when assessed as a whole, is to be deemed to have been committed under mitigating circumstances, the offender shall be sentenced for killing to imprisonment for at least four and at most ten years. ( 2 ) an attempt is punishable. section 8 - negligent homicide ( 578 / 1995 ) a person who through negligence causes the death of another shall be sentenced for negligent homicide to a fine or to imprisonment for up to two years. section 9 - grossly negligent homicide ( 578 / 1995 ) if in the negligent homicide the death of another is caused by gross negligence, and the offence is aggravated ( also when assessed as a whole ), the offender shall be sentenced for grossly negligent homicide to imprisonment for at least four months and at most six years. the national advisory board on health care ethics ( etene ) ( 2008 ), old age and ethics of care. report 2008, helsinki. ( www. etene. org / e / documents ) sulkava, raimo : practice of competence assessment in dementia : finland. in book stoppe, gabriela ( edit. ) ( 2008 ), competence assessment in dementia. on behalf of the european dementia consensus network, springer verlag. p. 109 - 111. please refer to the section on consent. last updated : wednesday 27 april 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4973668349246861, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.024069"} {"text": "keynes at the border? wednesday, april 15, 2009 a common fallacy holds that imposing taxes on imports and rebating taxes on exports would stimulate the economy. a common fallacy holds that border tax adjustments \u2014 imposing taxes on imports and rebating taxes on exports \u2014 would enhance american exports and reduce imports. the reasoning behind this mistake is simple enough. a border adjustment seems to provide a subsidy to exporters and to levy a tariff on importers. border adjustment proponents, noting that international trade rules allow nations to border adjust consumption taxes such as european - style value added taxes, urge the adoption of a consumption tax in the united states so that we can border adjust and enhance our trade competitiveness. yet, such an argument ignores an essential truth about imports and exports : over the long term, exports and imports must be equal. we can think of a country like a household. purchases are paid for from the proceeds of sales, and sales are made for the purpose of additional purchases. in the long run, purchases and sales must be equal. a nation \u2019 s trade policy works the same way. over a nation \u2019 s history, the value of exports in current dollars must equal the value of imports in present value. any attempt to permanently increase exports and decrease imports is futile. what would actually happen if we border adjusted imports and exports is that exchange rate movements would offset the trade effects and the dollar would appreciate. the key variable is the real exchange rate, which determines the terms at which a country buys and sells. ( for the united states, the real exchange rate is the value of the dollar in terms of foreign currency \u2014 the nominal exchange rate \u2014 multiplied by the u. s. price level and divided by the foreign price level. ) the real exchange rate adjusts to keep the present discounted value of exports and imports equal. the adoption of a border adjustment by the united states would trigger an increase in the real exchange rate that would offset the perceived boost to exports and the perceived restraint on imports. the argument for border tax adjustments ignores an essential truth about imports and exports. imagine, for the moment, that one euro and one dollar have the same value under the current trade regime. if a firm in the united states wanted to import one euro \u2019 s worth of german chocolate, the cost of the chocolate to the importer would be one dollar. now, let \u2019 s imagine that we institute a 25 percent border adjustment. the cost of the chocolate to the importer would increase to \u20ac1. 33 ( 25 percent of 1. 33 is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5008178615270734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.031033"} {"text": "the chocolate to the importer would be one dollar. now, let \u2019 s imagine that we institute a 25 percent border adjustment. the cost of the chocolate to the importer would increase to \u20ac1. 33 ( 25 percent of 1. 33 is 0. 33 ). at the same time, the dollar would appreciate to \u20ac1. 33 ; conversely, one euro would be worth 75 cents. at the new exchange rate, the \u20ac1. 33 chocolate would still cost the importer one dollar, so there would be no net increase in cost. the same dynamics would be at play in the case where the united states is an exporter. imagine that a german importer wants to buy one dollar worth of florida oranges, which would cost one euro under the current trade regime. under the border adjustment, the united states would rebate the american exporter 25 percent, so the cost to the german importer would decrease to 75 cents. because the dollar would appreciate to \u20ac1. 33, however, the cost to the german importer would still be one euro. there would be no competitive advantage for u. s. exports. these examples reveal that the impact on overall trade flows would be neutral. even if a border adjustment could permanently increase exports and reduce imports, the impact of the change would be disastrous for an economy. in that case, the united states would send more goods and services, produced by our own labor and resources, abroad while receiving fewer goods and services in return. because imports are the gain from trade while exports are the cost of trade, a permanent increase in net exports would reduce our standard of living. although attractive at face value, the desire to permanently increase exports and reduce imports reflects the misguided view known as mercantilism, the doctrine that adam smith condemned so forcefully in 1776. even if a border adjustment could permanently increase exports and reduce imports, the impact would be disastrous for an economy. ironically, a border adjustment would result in a one - time wealth transfer from american to foreign asset holders. a border adjustment would tax the consumption of americans financed by their holdings of foreign assets and would exempt from the tax base the consumption of foreigners financed by their holdings of american assets. consequently, the value of foreign assets held by americans would decline while the value of american assets held by foreigners would appreciate. the popularity of keynesian stimulus during the current recession has led to a renewed interest in border adjustments as a way to stimulate aggregate demand. but a border adjustment would not produce permanent changes in trade patterns. in addition,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4986335985317329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.032279"} {"text": "assets held by foreigners would appreciate. the popularity of keynesian stimulus during the current recession has led to a renewed interest in border adjustments as a way to stimulate aggregate demand. but a border adjustment would not produce permanent changes in trade patterns. in addition, the desire to provide a permanent boost to the economy through a border adjustment constitutes a misunderstanding of keynesianism. sound keynesian policies seek to make output more stable throughout the business cycle by increasing aggregate demand in a downturn and restraining demand during an upturn ; they do not permanently boost aggregate demand in a futile effort to permanently raise output. supporters of consumption taxation in the united states often rely on misperceptions about border adjustments in order to make their case. there are compelling reasons to adopt a consumption tax in the united states, including simplification and enhanced capital accumulation. the ability to border adjust is immaterial. the border adjustment fallacy should not obscure the real case for consumption taxation. alan viard is resident scholar at the american enterprise institute. he was a senior economist at the federal reserve bank of dallas and an assistant professor of economics at ohio state university. he has also worked for the treasury department \u2019 s office of tax analysis, the white house \u2019 s council of economic advisers, and the joint committee on taxation of the u. s. congress. this article was adapted by amy roden, a research assistant at aei, and scott ganz, aei \u2019 s program manager for economic policy studies, from a longer paper. further reading : viard recently released tax policy lessons from the 2000s ( aei press, 2009 ), a collection of essays which explore the role taxes play in setting policy and their effect on businesses ' financial and investment decisions. findings were discussed at this aei event. image by darren wamboldt / the bergman group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4977193937979509, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.033139"} {"text": "where art and science meet artist peter trusler and paleontologists patricia vickers - rich and thomas h. rich collaborate to bring long - extinct species to life on the page australian artist peter trusler has a talent for portraying long - extinct creatures and the landscapes in which they lived in ways consistent with the best scientific evidence. his engrossing illustrations have appeared in books, scientific exhibitions, popular publications, even on australian postage stamps. for more than 30 years trusler also has collaborated with patricia vickers - rich, professor of paleontology and founding director of the monash science centre at monash university, and her husband, thomas h. rich, senior curator of vertebrate paleontology at museum victoria. in the the artist and the scientists : bringing prehistory to life ( cambridge university press, 2010 ) \u2014 excerpted below \u2014 trusler, vickers - rich and rich explore the fertile opportunities for provocation, when established ideas are challenged, and for education when meticulous art and science connect. peter trusler : \u201c with respect to art in general, pablo picasso is reported to have exclaimed that photography had thankfully released us from those shackles of realistic representation. so true, but for all major advances there is a frame of reference, or a point of relativity, beyond which this may not hold. regrettably, something is often lost when another thing is gained. i often bear this cliche in mind. in circumstances where i have the opportunity to compare a well presented, old lithographic drawing of a specimen with an equivalent photograph, i have found that, contrary to popular opinion, the drawing can be superior.... \u201c [ a ] drawing is a complex synthesis of information, which embodies a hierarchy of decisions. it contains a system of weighted emphases that can filter out extraneous or irrelevant information. drawings deal with surfaces, form and content and matters of understanding, for they are time intensive. drawings are expressions that embody research and development. they are never bland, factual presentations, no matter how simple or realistic they may appear. the specimen \u2019 s image has been considered, and not shot! one can, therefore, read the mind of the individual who rendered it. this is not to say that an astute photographer cannot effect many of the same processes with skillful camera technique \u2026 \u201c the intrinsic difference for me \u2026 is one of cognition. \u201d patricia vickers - rich and thomas h. rich : \u201c the association and friendship between the three of us spans more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4254079186106553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.036815"} {"text": "photographer cannot effect many of the same processes with skillful camera technique \u2026 \u201c the intrinsic difference for me \u2026 is one of cognition. \u201d patricia vickers - rich and thomas h. rich : \u201c the association and friendship between the three of us spans more than three decades. it began when we two scientists were on the hunt for an artist who had the skills that would allow precise scientific information to be conveyed in imagery alongside the detailed scientific descriptions of the ancient marsupial, diprotodon. the condition of the specimens to be \u2018 presented, \u2019 to both the general public and to other researchers, was incomplete. what we needed was an artist able to synthesize images that combined these fragments and information from various disciplines. the images required a three - dimensional quality that drew observers in, communicating to them intimate details of anatomical form. but, more than just revealing the essence of the scientific descriptions, these images needed to challenge the viewer to ask more questions \u2026. \u201c we have, through our work together, continued to find each other \u2019 s different perspectives and approaches informative. we have been able to disagree, challenge each other and spend long hours discussing the direction of each of the projects highlighted within these chapters. we have enjoyed exploring new territory \u2014 new techniques, novel materials and subjects \u2026. [ t ] hroughout our work together, we have respected each other \u2019 s independence... \u201d in sightings, american scientist publishes examples of innovative scientific imaging from diverse research fields. \u00bb post comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5115447990773136, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.037702"} {"text": "in the course of human history, few events come along that are so indelible that people remember where they were, what they were doing, and how they felt at one exact moment. for many of my contemporaries, the assassination of john f. kennedy in 1963 brings back vivid memories of the day when the united states \u2019 camelot came to an abrupt end. the tragedy of 9 / 11 is one such event. the unspeakable terror of the events of september 11, 2001, will remain as the singular, horrific day that transformed the world and america in particular \u2014 and the way the world has evolved since that day. the politics surrounding 9 / 11 remain, and historians will surely debate its ramifications for decades to come : two wars that directly resulted from the attacks continue in their distinctive forms ; the patriot act remains fundamentally in force ; and guantanamo bay is still open. the human tragedies woven around the 2001 attacks will be commemorated in the coming days. nearly 3000 people lost their lives on 9 / 11 and it has been estimated that possibly over 10, 000 lost a relative in the world trade center. twenty - four canadians also perished that day. some remains have never been found, and for all who were involved in some capacity, the wounds have not healed. last year \u2019 s controversy over a mosque and community center near ground zero is clear evidence that time is moving ever so slowly. there will be many accounts and testimonials about 9 / 11 in the days ahead. the official commemorations will recall the bravery and courage of the survivors and the first responders. we will be solemn, we will shed tears, we will remember, and most of all, we must never forget. as a quebecer and as a canadian, i can attest to the fact that our country felt the horror and the sadness of 9 / 11. it was not only an attack on the united states ; it was an assault on humanity, decency and the preciousness of life. innocent people that morning left their homes, families and friends to pursue their lives, duties and hopes. they all expected to be home later, chat with friends, have dinner with their loved ones, or tell a bedtime story to their children. there are no boundaries to this tragedy. to some extent, we were all victims of 9 / 11, and our most immediate reaction was to help, comfort and pray when the moment occurred \u2014 and in the days that followed. it has been said that when air travel was suspended over the skies of the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46300519799951567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.041017"} {"text": "first nations children have the right grow up safely at home, get a good education, be healthy, and be proud of their cultures it \u2019 s an obvious truth but it \u2019 s far from being a reality. as the auditor general of canada and many others have noted, the federal government provides less funding per child for many services for first nations children on reserves than the provinces provide for children in their jurisdictions. this is despite often higher costs of delivering such services in small and remote communities, and the greater need experienced by many first nations communities. the result of the denial of basic rights that most people in canada take for granted. the annual have a heart day campaign is about involving ordinary people across canada in demanding an end to this fundamentally unjust situation. the campaign is led by the first nations child and family caring, a dynamic non - profit organization led by dr. cindy blackstock which advocates for the rights of first nations children. the caring society says, \u201c have a heart day is about caring canadians working together to ensure first nations children have proper services that make them feel proud of who they are. \u201d amnesty international has worked alongside the caring society for years to raise awareness of the ongoing discrimination in the funding and quality of basic government services available to first nations children. also in february we will once again standing alongside dr. blackstock and the caring society as the long awaiting canadian human rights tribunal hearing into the society \u2019 s discrimination complaint against the federal government is finally heard. the caring society has made joining the have a heart day campaign easy. you can take part by sending a valentine \u2019 s day card or letter to the prime minister and your member of parliament, hosting a valentine \u2019 s day party to raise awareness in your school or community, or by spreading the word through social media like youtube, twitter, and facebook. last year, people across canada celebrated have a heart day in all sorts of energizing and creative ways. southeast child and family services in manitoba collected over 5000 valentine \u2019 s day cards to send to parliament. students at carleton university held a bake sale, and community members in saskatchewan celebrated with an educational puppet show. visit the have a heart day website at www. fncaringsociety / have - a - heart for more information, to send an e - valentine, or to order have a heart valentine \u2019 s cards, posters, bookmarks, and buttons! to find the contact details for you member of parliament, visit the parliament of canada website. however you take part in have a heart day, please let us know", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.387040329644349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.044370"} {"text": "beschreibunghenry van dyke was one of the most popular and enduring writers of the 20th century. his sermons, poems, and short stories, such as the story of the other wise man ( paraclete, over 28, 000 sold ) were well - loved by children and adults alike. a new volume, the first christmas tree and other stories combines two books by van dyke, the first christmas tree and the spirit of christmas, in a keepsake edition for the whole family. the first christmas tree and other stories features woodcut etchings, and comes in a hardcover, gift - sized format ideal for holiday gift - giving. children, parents, grandparents, teachers, pastors, and lovers of classic literature will welcome this new edition of a beloved christmas classic. the first christmas tree, a tale of the origin of the first christmas tree, was first written in 1897 and read aloud to van dyke ' s congregation at brick presbyterian church in new york city. set in 722 a. d., the story tells of how prince gregor, \" a young boy with the spirit of a man, \" and his hero, the daring winfried of england, journey through treacherous land to reach the heathen people of the forest on christmas eve. when they arrive, winfried rescues the heathen from an unspeakable evil, destroys the great oak tree where they worshiped their false god, and points to a young fir tree, \" the tree of the christ - child, \" as the people ' s new sign of worship, symbolizing laughter, songs, and rites of love. the spirit of christmas is comprised of stories and prayers including the christmas angel, a story of a child - angel who predicts the coming of christ as a baby in bethlehem, christmas giving and christmas living, a simple, charming message about how to give from the heart, and christmas prayers, with prayers for the home and for \" lonely folks \" at christmas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4361379167812179, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.048187"} {"text": "john scarborough, owner of a large landed property in hertfordshire, resented the restrictions of the law of entail. he accordingly devised a scheme whereby he was able by a double marriage, one before and one after the birth of his eldest son, to declare him legitimate or not, as the future might make desirable. this eldest son, mountjoy, was a weak, easily led wastrel who developed into an inveterate gambler, and so encumbered the estate with postobits that at his father ' s death it would have gone to the moneylenders. the father, who valued his estate above his honor then declared mountjoy illegitimate, producing the certificate of the second marriage in proof. the post - obits now being valueless he quietly bought them up, once again making the estate unencumbered. augustus, the second son, finding himself an heir, soon enraged his father by exhibiting an unseemly haste to enter into his inheritance. to punish him, john made a new will, giving mountjoy all his property except that covered by the entail, and leaving augustus only the skeleton of the estate, with no money to maintain it. not satisfied in thus dashing his younger son ' s hopes, he then produced the first marriage certificate, making mountloy heir under the entail. at his father ' s death, mountjoy, again in funds, departed for monte carlo, and the assumption is that the estate would once again fall into the hands of the jews. \"... a novel of property... cynical and, for its period, daring, shows his [ trollope ' s ] power of sustained and dexterous raillery. \" - sadlier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4592898606605995, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.050899"} {"text": "the moravian church was founded in the 15th century, and is considered the first protestant denomination, based on the philosophies of jan hus. by the 18th century, members of the church had been forced out of their homelands in moravia and bohemia ( now part of the czech republic ), and some had ended up in herrnhut, germany. there, they set up schools where sons would be raised and educated while their parents were away doing missionary work. as the story goes, early one december some time in the mid - 19th century, a teacher at the herrnhut schools developed an art project for the students where they would use paper and glue to make a star - shaped polyhedron by attaching tall pyramids to a multifaceted geometrical solid ( image 2 ). this challenging math lesson yielded beautiful star shapes, which the students used as lanterns for christmas decorations ( tip : it worked out for them, but i wouldn ' t recommend combining fire and paper in your own home decor ). subsequently, the shape came to be known as the moravian star, and was primarily associated with advent and christmas decorations. around 1900, an industrial manufacture sprang up in herrnhut, mass - producing the star lanterns out of tin and glass. they also produced diy - type kits for people to assemble at home, out of paper punched with holes. the advent of mail - order and the increase in international travel meant that moravian stars became familiar in other parts of the world, as well, especially in the areas of pennsylvania and upstate new york where the moravian church had been going strong since the 18th century. not only is it surprising to think of a school craft project turning into an international piece of design, but it is even more surprising to realize that the complexity of the star form had only recently been understood by the most brilliant mathematicians. if we ' re going to get geometrical here, the moravian star is technically a great stellated dodecahedron, a form first identified by johannes kepler in 1619 and then again by louis poinsot ( who was unfamiliar with kepler ' s work ) in 1809 \u2014 just a few short decades before the herrnhut art project. the teacher responsible must therefore have been familiar with the most recent and complicated mathematical writings. of course, kepler and poinsot did not invent the great stellated dodecahedron, they just named and rationalized it. there is a mosaic representation of a small stellated dodecahedron ( small because its points are short, as opposed to the tall iso", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5208765666833719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.056543"} {"text": "poinsot did not invent the great stellated dodecahedron, they just named and rationalized it. there is a mosaic representation of a small stellated dodecahedron ( small because its points are short, as opposed to the tall isosceles points of the ' great ' version ) on the floor of san marco basilica in venice, attributed to paolo uccello in the 1450s ( image 3 ). and art and architecture from western islamic lands like morocco have been primarily based on geometrical patterns for centuries, yielding flat, two - dimensional variations on star shapes ( primarily 6 - and 8 - pointed stars ) in endless tessellations ( image 4 ), or concave three - dimensional star fragments in muqarnas ( image 5 ). perhaps this is the reason for the association of the star - shaped lanterns with moroccan design? i could find no historical moroccan, islamic or arabic lanterns shaped like a star. ( any readers know otherwise? ) while the moravian star might originally have been used as christmas decoration, it is above all a pleasing geometric form, and is now all but stripped of its religious or seasonal associations. at once complex and austere, it manages to be whimsical while also providing a pretty literal interpretation of starlight. images : 1 a ginger barber interior photographed by victoria pearson for house beautiful ; 2 herrnhuter - sterne. de ; 3 wikimedia commons ; 4 a zillij tile dado in marrakesh, via stars in symmetry, a great blog about islamic art and architecture ; 5 nasr al - molk mosque in shiraz, iran, via wikipedia ; 6 - 8 high street market ; 9 rum interior design via atsf ; 10 elements of style.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5039900096779918, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.057185"} {"text": "believing what jesus believed it has become increasingly popular to accept certain parts of the bible and to reject other parts. such amazing events as the miracle of creation, jonah \u2019 s being swallowed by a sea creature, and the flood of noah often are brushed aside as mere myth, while more \u201c credible \u201d things such as the teachings of jesus are accepted as fact. although this line of reasoning might have some initial appeal to our \u201c enlightened \u201d society that rejects biblical miracles off hand, it contains a major flaw. when the teachings of jesus are analyzed, it can be shown that jesus himself believed and taught the old testament stories that some label as myth. for instance, the story of jonah has come under attack due to its extraordinary details. according to the old testament scriptures, god \u2019 s prophet jonah disobeyed the lord and was swallowed by a great sea creature. for three days, he dwelt as a damp denizen of that creature \u2019 s belly, until finally he was vomited onto the land and given another chance to obey god. to certain scholars, the story of jonah finds a place in the scriptures, not as a factual narrative of a specific historical account, but as a myth or allegory. what did jesus believe about the story of jonah? his sentiments in this regard were emphatically stated. then certain of the scribes and pharisees answered him, saying, teacher, we would see a sign from thee. but he answered and said unto them, an evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign ; and there shall no sign be given it but the sign of jonah the prophet : for as jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the whale ; so shall the son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. the men of nineveh shall stand up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it : for they repented at the preaching of jonah ; and behold, a greater than jonah is here ( matthew 12 : 38 - 41 ). quite clearly, jesus accepted the story of jonah as an accurate description of a real, historical event. he included not only the fact that jonah spent three days in the belly of the fish, but also affirmed that the city of nineveh repented at the preaching of jonah. if the story of jonah were simply an allegory or myth, jesus \u2019 entire point about being in the belly of the earth for as long as jonah was in the belly of the fish would be weakened to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44024414391931405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.065939"} {"text": "repented at the preaching of jonah. if the story of jonah were simply an allegory or myth, jesus \u2019 entire point about being in the belly of the earth for as long as jonah was in the belly of the fish would be weakened to the point of ridiculousness. for, if jonah wasn \u2019 t ever really in the belly of the fish, then what would that say about the son of man actually being in the belly of the earth? another story endorsed by christ is the formation of man and woman at the beginning of creation. some scholars, in an attempt to find a compromise between the bible and organic evolution, have postulated that the creation account of genesis need not be taken literally, and that room can be found in genesis to accommodate the idea that humans evolved gradually in earth \u2019 s recent past. what did jesus say about this idea? during his earthly sojourn, christ spoke explicitly regarding creation. in mark 10 : 6, for example, he declared : \u201c but from the beginning of the creation, male and female made he them. \u201d note these three paramount truths : ( 1 ) the first couple was \u201c made \u201d ; they were not biological accidents. interestingly, the verb \u201c made \u201d in the greek is in the aorist tense, implying point action, rather than progressive development ( which would be characteristic of evolutionary activity ). w. e. vine made this very observation with reference to the composition of the human body in his comments on 1 corinthians 12 : 18 ( 1951, p. 173 ). ( 2 ) the original pair was fashioned \u201c male and female \u201d ; they were not initially an asexual \u201c blob \u201d that eventually experienced sexual diversion. ( 3 ) adam and eve existed \u201c from the beginning of the creation. \u201d the greek word for \u201c beginning \u201d is arche, and is used of \u201c absolute, denoting the beginning of the world and of its history, the beginning of creation. \u201d the greek word for \u201c creation \u201d is ktiseos, and denotes the \u201c sum - total of what god has created \u201d ( cremer, 1962, pp. 113, 114, 381, emp. in orig. ). christ certainly did not subscribe to the notion that the earth is millions or billions of years older than humanity. accepting the testimony of jesus christ further demands that the global flood of noah be taken as a literal, historic event. the lord himself addressed the topic of the great flood in luke 17 : 26 - 30 ( cf. matthew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47012276819394605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.067041"} {"text": "of years older than humanity. accepting the testimony of jesus christ further demands that the global flood of noah be taken as a literal, historic event. the lord himself addressed the topic of the great flood in luke 17 : 26 - 30 ( cf. matthew 24 : 39 ) when he drew the following parallel : and as it came to pass in the days of noah, even so shall it be also in the days of the son of man. they ate, they drank, they married, they were given in marriage, until the day that noah entered into the ark, and the flood came, and destroyed them all. likewise even as it came to pass in the days of lot ; they ate, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded ; but in the day that lot went out from sodom it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all : after the same manner shall it be in the day that the son of man is revealed ( emp. added ). the lord depicted an impending doom that was to befall the jews of his day who would not heed the word of god. for the purpose of this article, however, note the context in which jesus discussed the flood destruction of genesis 6 - 8. he placed the flood alongside the destruction of sodom, and he also placed it alongside the destruction of the ungodly at his second coming. john whitcomb correctly noted that the word \u201c all \u201d must refer to the totality of people on the entire earth in noah \u2019 s day, and in sodom during lot \u2019 s time. jesus \u2019 argument would be weakened considerably if some of the people on the earth, besides noah \u2019 s family, escaped the flood, or if certain sodomites survived the fiery destruction sent from heaven ( 1973, pp. 21 - 22 ). it is evident from the text that jesus affirmed that the same number of ungodly sinners who escaped the flood will be the same number of disobedient people who escape destruction at his second coming \u2014 none. from his remarks, one can clearly see that jesus accepted the genesis account of a global flood as a historical fact. the sayings of jesus contain numerous references to some of the old testament \u2019 s most extraordinary events. a person cannot consistently maintain a belief in jesus and his teachings, while denying the details of the accounts that he endorsed as factual. the testimony of jesus and the factual accuracy of the stories he commended stand together. cremer, h. ( 1962 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4494055087064639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.068067"} {"text": "august 15, 2012 in a recent article in scientific american, it was suggested that the u. s. should adopt higher standards in science, and that all 50 states should adopt them. when you check the literature on science standards, the main reason for aiming for higher standards ( raising the bar ) is because in the \u201c olympics \u201d of international academic test taking, the u. s. never takes home the gold. \u2026 read more july 31, 2012 guest post by anthony cody note : this is the first of five posts on the dialog between anthony cody and his readers, and the gates foundation. this post was originally published on anthony \u2019 s site over on education week teacher. this dialog is a major contribution to educational reform. anthony cody is one of the leading voices in america questioning the nature of present day reform. \u2026 read more may 30, 2012 in may, 2012, the national council on teacher quality ( nctq ) issued a report entitled : what teacher education programs teach about k \u2013 12 assessment. anthony cody mentioned this study in a recent post entitled payola policy : nctq prepares its hit on schools of education. the title intrigued me, so i went over to the nctq website, and read and studied the report which is about what education courses teach about assessment. \u2026 read more may 16, 2012 sometime ago, we argued that there is little evidence that the national science education standards published in 1996 and the next generation science standards released for public view by achieve are any different than the content oriented projects of the 1960s. the disciplines and content areas of science were seen as fundamental in those earlier national science foundation funded projects such as pssc physics, cba chemistry, bscs biology, escp earth science, iscs, ips, and to the national science education standards published in the 1996. \u2026 read more may 15, 2012 note : this is the second in a series of posts on the next generation science standards. you can read the first one here. the next generation science standards ( ngss ) are the latest iteration of writing science objectives for the eventual purpose of testing students \u2019 knowledge of science. the objectives are developed by teams of experts, and rely on either their own domain analysis chart of science, or in this case the framework for k - 12 science education developed by another prestigious group of educators and scientists. \u2026 read more may 12, 2012 the next generation science standards are available for public view. follow this link to the science standards survey ( feedback ) website. according to achieve, inc., the corporation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4788591233205061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.071148"} {"text": "tuesday, 8 june 2010, 20 : 00 \u2013 21 : 00 santa fe convention center ballroom a presentation by maude barlow, national chairperson, the council of canadians, ottawa, ontario, canada the global water crisis now poses the greatest threat to human rights of our time. close to three billion people have no running water within a kilometer of their home, and every eight seconds a child dies of water borne disease. these deaths are totally avoidable. maude barlow will present her analysis of the ecological and human water crisis before us and her solution for a water secure future based on the core of principles of watershed restoration, water as a public trust and the human right to water. biographical information : maude barlow is the national chairperson of the council of canadians and senior advisor on water to the president of the united nations general assembly. she also chairs the board of washington - based food and water watch and is a councilor with the hamburg - based world future council. barlow is the recipient of eight honorary doctorates as well as many awards, including the 2005 right livelihood award ( known as the \u201c alternative nobel \u201d ), the citation of lifetime achievement at the 2008 canadian environment awards, and the 2009 earth day canada outstanding environmental achievement award. she is also the best - selling author or co - author of 16 books, including the recently released blue covenant : the global water crisis and the coming battle for the right to water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46799032438913274, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.072946"} {"text": "significance and use 4. 1 the three test methods provide simulated abrasion conditions, which can be used to evaluate the effects on abrasion resistance of concrete, concrete materials, and curing or finishing procedures. they may also be used for quality acceptance of products and surface exposed to wear. they are not intended to provide a quantitative measurement of length of service. 4. 2 the equipment used by each of these procedures is portable and thus suitable for either laboratory or field testing. the three procedures determine the relative wear of concrete surfaces as follows : 4. 2. 1 procedure a \u2014 the revolving - disk machine operates by sliding and scuffing of steel disks in conjunction with abrasive grit. 4. 2. 2 procedure b \u2014 the dressing - wheel machine operates by impact and sliding friction of steel dressing wheels. 4. 2. 3 procedure c \u2014 the ball - bearing machine operates by high - contact stresses, impact, and sliding friction from steel balls. \u2014 diagrams of three machines meeting these specifications are shown in fig. 1, fig. 2, and fig. 3. fig. 1 revolving disks abrasion test machine fig. 2 dressing wheel abrasion test machine fig. 3 ball bearing abrasion test machine 1. 1 this test method covers three procedures for determining the relative abrasion resistance of horizontal concrete surfaces. the procedures differ in the type and degree of abrasive force they impart, and are intended for use in determining variations in surface properties of concrete affected by mixture proportions, finishing, and surface treatment. they are not intended to provide a quantitative measurement of the length of service that may be expected from a specific surface. 1. 2 the values stated in either si units or inch - pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. within the text, the inch - pound units are shown in brackets. the values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents ; therefore, each system shall be used independently of each other. 1. 3 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ( warning \u2014 fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. ) \u2014 other procedures are available for measuring the abrasion resistance of concrete surfaces in addition to the three procedures contained in this test method. consideration should be given to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5395540142272027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.075911"} {"text": "formation of large ( \u03bcm ) ice crystals near the tropical tropopause 1nasa ames research center, moffett field, ca, usa 2spec inc., boulder, co, usa 3centro de ciencias de la atmosfera, universidad nacional autonoma de mexico, circuito exterior, mexico 4harvard university, cambridge, ma, usa 5colorado research associates, boulder, co, usa 6university of colorado, boulder, co, usa abstract. recent high - altitude aircraft measurements with in situ imaging instruments indicated the presence of relatively large ( \u03bcm length ), thin ( aspect ratios of : 1 or larger ) hexagonal plate ice crystals near the tropical tropopause in very low concentrations ( < 0. 01 l\u22121 ). these crystals were not produced by deep convection or aggregation. we use simple growth - sedimentation calculations as well as detailed cloud simulations to evaluate the conditions required to grow the large crystals. uncertainties in crystal aspect ratio leave a range of possibilities, which could be constrained by knowledge of the water vapor concentration in the air where the crystal growth occurred. unfortunately, water vapor measurements made in the cloud formation region near the tropopause with different instruments ranged from < 2 ppmv to. 5 ppmv. the higher water vapor concentrations correspond to very large ice supersaturations ( relative humidities with respect to ice of about 200 % ). if the aspect ratios of the hexagonal plate crystals are as small as the image analysis suggests ( 6 : 1, see companion paper ( lawson et al., 2008 ) ) then growth of the large crystals before they sediment out of the supersaturated layer would only be possible if the water vapor concentration were on the high end of the range indicated by the different measurements ( > 3 ppmv ). on the other hand, if the crystal aspect ratios are quite a bit larger ( : 1 ), then h2o concentrations toward the low end of the measurement range ( \u2013 2. 5 ppmv ) would suffice to grow the large crystals. gravity - wave driven temperature and vertical wind perturbations only slightly modify the h2o concentrations needed to grow the crystals. we find that it would not be possible to grow the large crystals with water concentrations less than 2 ppmv, even with assumptions of a very high aspect ratio of 15 and steady upward motion of 2 cm s\u22121 to loft the crystals in the tropopause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5406536187842998, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.080115"} {"text": "logging in or signing up penicillin divyakriti download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad dynamic copy does not support media & animations automatically changes to flash or non - flash embed wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 6000 category : science & tech.. license : all rights reserved like it ( 2 ) dislike it ( 0 ) added : april 08, 2011 this presentation is public favorites : 1 presentation description no description available. comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript \u201c extraction & purification of penicillin \u201d : \u201c extraction & purification of penicillin \u201d what is penicillin? : what is penicillin? a class of antibiotics that comes from mold. discovered by accident in 1928 by alexander fleming, is the first anitbiotic. penicillin antibiotics include ampicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, amoxicillin, 1 st - 4 th generations. 50 drugs that are now classified as penicillin. use in wwii and after. how penicillin works? : how penicillin works? resembles a protein needed for production of cell wall. penicillin binds to cell wall of bacteria, prevents peptide chains from linking, and lyses it. production of penicillin : production of penicillin during world war ii - importance realized, as penicillin had been used to treat many wounded soldiers. a tale by a. fleming : a tale by a. fleming the first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by ernest duchesne and \" rediscovered \" by alexander flemming in 1928 from the filamentous fungus penicilium notatu m. in 1928, sir alexander fleming, a scottish biologist, observed that penicillium notatum, a common mold, had destroyed staphylococcus bacteria in culture. a tale by a. fleming : a tale by a. fleming he took a sample of the mold from the contaminated plate. he found that it was from the penicillium family, later specified as penicillium notatum. fleming presented his findings in 1929, but they raised little interest. he published a report on penicillin and its potential uses in the british journal of experimental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.496921501596643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.090170"} {"text": "from the penicillium family, later specified as penicillium notatum. fleming presented his findings in 1929, but they raised little interest. he published a report on penicillin and its potential uses in the british journal of experimental pathology. slide 7 : thanks to work by alexander fleming ( 1881 - 1955 ), howard florey ( 1898 - 1968 ) and ernst chain ( 1906 - 1979 ), penicillin was first produced on a large scale for human use in 1943. at this time, the development of a pill that could reliably kill bacteria was a remarkable development and many lives were saved during world war ii because this medication was available. e. chain h. florey a. flemingmoa of penicillin : moa of penicillin all penicillin like antibiotics inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential part of the cell wall. they do not interfere with the synthesis of other intracellular components. these antibiotics do not affect human cells because human cells do not have cell walls. spectrum of activity : spectrum of activity penicillins are active against gram positive bacteria some members ( e. g. amoxicillin ) are also effective against gram negative bacteria but not pseudomonas aeruginosaproduction of penicillin : production of penicillin penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation first antibiotic to have been manufacture in bulk. used as input material for some semi synthetic antibiotics. it is fermented in a batch culture, and a fed batch process is normally used to prolong the stationary period and so increase production. slide 11 : when penicillin was first made at the end of the second world war using the fungus penicillium notatum, the process made 1 mg dm - 3. today, using a different species ( p. chrysogenum ) and better extraction procedures the yield is 50 g dm - 3. there is a constant search to improve the yield. the yield of penicillin can be increased by : : the yield of penicillin can be increased by : improvement in composition of the medium. isolation of better penicillin producing mold sp. penicillium chrysogenum which grow better in huge deep fermentation tank. development of submerged culture technique for cultivation of mold in large volume of liquid medium through which sterile air is forced. primary and secondary metabolites : primary and secondary metabolites primary metabolites are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45413400628528033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.091177"} {"text": "grow better in huge deep fermentation tank. development of submerged culture technique for cultivation of mold in large volume of liquid medium through which sterile air is forced. primary and secondary metabolites : primary and secondary metabolites primary metabolites are produced during active cell growth, and secondary metabolites are produced near the onset of stationary phase. commercial production of penicillin : commercial production of penicillin like all antibiotics, penicillin is a secondary metabolite, so is only produced in the stationary phase. industrial production of antibiotic - penicillin : industrial production of antibiotic - penicillin the industrial production of penicillin was broadly classified in to two processes namely, upstream processing downstream processingupstream processing : upstream processing upstream processing encompasses any technology that leads to the synthesis of a product. upstream includes the exploration, development and production. downstream processing : downstream processing the extraction and purification of a biotechnological product from fermentation is referred to as downstream processing. upstream processing inoculum preparation : upstream processing inoculum preparation the medium is designed to provide the organism with all the nutrients that it requires. inoculation method - submerged technique spores - major source of inoculumraw materials : raw materials carbon sources : lactose acts as a very satisfactory carbon compound, provided that is used in a concentration of 6 %. others such as glucose & sucrose may be used. nitrogen sources : corn steep liquor ( csl ) ammonium sulphate and ammonium acetate can be used as nitrogenous sources. mineral sources : elements namely potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulphur, zinc and copper are essential for penicillin production. some of these are applied by corn steep liquor. calcium can be added in the form of chalk to counter the natural acidity of csl paa - precursorfermentation process : fermentation process the medium is inoculated with a suspension of conidia of penicillium chrysogenum. the medium is constantly aerated and agitated, and the mould grows throughout as pellets. after about seven days, growth is complete, the ph rises to 8. 0 or above, and penicillin production ceasesstages in downstream processing : stages in downstream processing downstream processing is relatively easy since penicillin is secreted into the medium ( to kill other cells ), so there is no need to break open the fungal cells. however, the product needs to be very pure, since it being used as a therapeutic medical drug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5102861151297704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.092422"} {"text": "relatively easy since penicillin is secreted into the medium ( to kill other cells ), so there is no need to break open the fungal cells. however, the product needs to be very pure, since it being used as a therapeutic medical drug, so it is dissolved and then precipitated as a potassium salt to separate it from other substances in the medium. removal of cells the first step in product recovery is the separation of whole cells and other insoluble ingredients from the culture broth by technique such as filtration and centrifugation. isolation of benzyl penicillin : isolation of benzyl penicillin the ph is adjusted to 2 - 2. 5 with the help of phosphoric or sulphuric acids. in aqueous solution at low ph values there is a partition coefficient in favor of certain organic solvents such as butyl acetate. this step has to be carried out quickly for penicillin is very unstable at low ph values. antibiotic is then extracted back into an aqueous buffer at a ph of 7. 5, the partition coefficient now being strongly in favor of the aqueous phase. the resulting aqueous solution is again acidified & re - extracted with an organic solvent. these shifts between the water and solvent help in the purification of penicillin. slide 23 : the treatment of the crude penicillin extract varies according to the objective, but involves the formation of an appropriate penicillin salt. the solvent extract recovered in the previous stage is carefully extracted back with aqueous sodium hydroxide. this is followed by charcoal treatment to eliminate pyrogens and by sterilization. pure metal salts of penicillin can be safely sterilized by dry heat, if desired. thereafter, the aqueous solution of penicillin is subjected to crystallization. further processing : further processing for parental use, the antibiotic is packed in sterile vials as a powder or suspension. for oral use, it is tabletted usually now with a film coating. searching tests ( ex : for purity, potency ) are performed on the appreciable number of random samples of the finished product. it must satisfy fully all the strict government standards before being marketedthe main stages of penicillin production are : : the main stages of penicillin production are : products : : products : the resulting penicillin ( called penicillin g ) can be chemically and enzymatically modified to make a variety of penici", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4627675574720608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.094832"} {"text": "##icillin production are : : the main stages of penicillin production are : products : : products : the resulting penicillin ( called penicillin g ) can be chemically and enzymatically modified to make a variety of penicillins with slightly different properties. these semi - synthetic penicillins include penicillin v, penicillin o, ampicillin and amoxycillin. production of penicillin v : production of penicillin v phenoxy methyl penicillin addition of different acyl groups to the medium. phenoxyacetic acid as precursor instead of phenyl acetic acid. slide 31 : what is the carbon source? lactose what is the nitrogen source? yeast what is the energy source? glucose is the fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? aerobic what is the optimum temperature? 25 - 27\u2070c is penicillin a primary or secondary metabolite? secondary what volume fermenter is used? 40 - 200dm ^ 3 why isn ' t a larger fermenter used? difficult to aerate when is penicillin produced? 40 hrs - after main increase in fungal mass how long can it be produced for? 140hours ( 180 - 40 hours ) what was the first fungus known to produce penicillin? penicillin notatum what species produces about 60mg / dm3 of penicillin? penicillin crysogenum how did scientists improve the yield still further? genetic modification what is the substrate? corn steep liquor why is batch culture used? secondary metabolite what are the processes involved in down - stream processing? a ) filtration of liquid b ) extraction from filtrate by counter current butylacetate c ) precipitation by potassium salts why can ' t penicillin be taken orally? destroyed by stomach acid name the form of penicillin which can be taken orally. penicillin v and ampicillin how does penicillin kill bacteria? stops production of cell wall why are gram negative bacteria not killed by penicillin? different cell wallqueries? : queries? you do not have the permission to view this presentation. in order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45136522794880557, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.096162"} {"text": "major new technical report finds wind can provide 20 % of u. s. electricity needs by 2030 u. s. department of energy analysis finds that wind can be major contributor to energy mix wind power is capable of becoming a major contributor to america \u2019 s electricity supply over the next three decades, according to a report released today by the u. s. department of energy. the groundbreaking report, 20 % wind energy by 2030 : increasing wind energy \u2019 s contribution to u. s. electricity supply, looks closely at one scenario for reaching 20 % wind energy by 2030 and contrasts it to a scenario of no new u. s. wind power capacity. \" doe ' s wind report is a thorough look at america ' s wind resource, its industrial capabilities, and future energy prices, and confirms the viability and commercial maturity of wind as a major contributor to america ' s energy needs, now and in the future, \" doe assistant secretary of energy efficiency and renewable energy for the u. s. department of energy andy karsner, said. \" to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance our energy security, clean power generation at the gigawatt - scale will be necessary, and will require us to take a comprehensive approach to scaling renewable wind power, streamlining siting and permitting processes, and expanding the domestic wind manufacturing base. \" included in the report are an examination of america \u2019 s technological and manufacturing capabilities, the future costs of energy sources, u. s. wind energy resources, and the environmental and economic impacts of wind development. under the 20 % wind scenario, installations of new wind power capacity would increase to more than 16, 000 megawatts per year by 2018, and continue at that rate through 2030. \u201c the report shows that wind power can provide 20 % of the nation \u2019 s electricity by 2030, and be a critical part of the solution to global warming, \u201d said awea executive director randall swisher. \u201c this level of wind power is the equivalent of taking 140 million cars off the road, \u201d he said. \u201c the report identifies the central constraints to achieving 20 % - transmission, siting, manufacturing and technology - and demonstrates how each can be overcome. as an inexhaustible domestic resource, wind strengthens our energy security, improves the quality of the air we breathe, slows climate change, and revitalizes rural communities. \u201d the report finds that achieving a 20 percent wind contribution to u. s. electricity supply would : reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation by 25 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4913539890736271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.101568"} {"text": "the quality of the air we breathe, slows climate change, and revitalizes rural communities. \u201d the report finds that achieving a 20 percent wind contribution to u. s. electricity supply would : reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation by 25 percent in 2030. reduce natural gas use by 11 % ; reduce water consumption associated with electricity generation by 4 trillion gallons by 2030 ; increase annual revenues to local communities to more than $ 1. 5 billion by 2030 ; and support roughly 500, 000 jobs in the u. s., with an average of more than 150, 000 workers directly employed by the wind industry. at 20 % of electric power generation, significant growth in the manufacturing supply chain would create jobs and remedy the current shortage in parts for wind turbines. reducing the use of natural gas could save money for consumers due to the resulting downward pressure on the price of natural gas, according to awea. \u201c we must look at meeting future electric demands in a cost - effective way, \u201d said suedeen kelly, ferc commissioner. \u201c the 20 % wind scenario would only cost 2 percent more than the cost of the baseline scenario without wind. at 50 cents per month for the average ratepayer, that is a small price to pay for the climate, water, natural gas, and energy security benefits it would buy - - and it does not even count the stability provided to consumers by eliminating fuel price risk. \u201d \u201c though economic and other factors will ultimately determine our energy future, we believe the 20 percent wind scenario is feasible, but only with a major national transmission highway system. delivering power from the best windy regions to the growing urban supply requires a bigger, stronger transmission system. strong regional and interregional planning as well as broad allocation of costs will allow the united states to rely on a broader diversity of generation resources, \" said mike heyeck, senior vp of aep transmission. the report comes at an important time in wind development. in 2007, wind was one of the fastest growing sources of electricity in the nation, second only to natural gas for the third consecutive year. according to an awea report released last week, the u. s. wind energy industry continued new installations at a breakneck pace in the first quarter of 2008, putting 1, 400 megawatts ( mw ) or approximately $ 3 billion worth of new generating capacity in place - - enough to serve the equivalent of 400, 000 homes - - coupled with investment in 17 new manufacturing facilities over the past year. \u201c wind is an important part of bp alternative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.505514186429455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.102630"} {"text": "mw ) or approximately $ 3 billion worth of new generating capacity in place - - enough to serve the equivalent of 400, 000 homes - - coupled with investment in 17 new manufacturing facilities over the past year. \u201c wind is an important part of bp alternative energy \u2019 s business and of bp \u2019 s diverse energy portfolio. siting and wildlife issues will be a challenge, but awea and industry leaders are committed to working with stakeholders to make wind the environmental electricity choice, \u201d said bob lukefahr, president, power americas, bp alternative energy north america. \u201c this report underscores the benefits of diversifying our electricity sources. growing to 20 % wind requires investment in new manufacturing and capital projects, an estimated 500, 000 jobs, and brings rural economic development across the country. \u201d in 2006, president bush articulated a national imperative for greater energy efficiency and a more diversified energy portfolio. citing wind energy as part of the solution, he noted that areas of the nation with good wind resources could satisfy up to 20 percent of america \u2019 s total electricity demand. subsequently, government and industry came together to thoroughly explore the feasibility of generating 20 percent of u. s. electricity from wind by 2030 and produced this joint report to aid policy - makers and the public in better understanding the issues, investments, and likely outcomes associated with pursuing this objective. to download the full report, please go to www. 20percentwind. org. awea is the national trade association of america ' s wind industry, with 1, 200 member companies, including global leaders in wind power and energy development, wind turbine manufacturing, component and service suppliers, and the world ' s largest wind power trade show, the windpower conference & exhibition, which takes place next in chicago, may 5 - 8, 2013. awea is the voice of wind energy in the u. s., promoting renewable energy to power a cleaner, stronger america. look up information on wind energy at the awea website. find insight on industry issues at awea ' s blog into the wind. join awea on facebook. follow awea on twitter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43389565187853657, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.103666"} {"text": "| from the october 10, 2010 newsletter issued from hacienda chichen resort beside chichen itza ruins, central yucatan, mexico \" rooster foot \" vine we ' re entering that time of year when morning - glory vines start flowering, and i ' ve never seen anyplace in the world with more morning - glory species than the yucatan. we must be at or near the morning - glory center of evolution. this week here and there along roadsides a conspicuous new morning - glory vine has appeared, with large, completely white flowers with spiraling anthers, and broad, deeply lobed leaves, with the lobes spreading like the toes of a chicken ' s foot. you can see it above. in that picture notice the deep pits in the flowers ' throats, where hummingbird or moths with long proboscises can sup nectar. a close - up showing the unusual spiraling anthers dusted with white pollen, with the spherical, fuzzy - looking stigma atop its long, slender style down at the bottom - left, is shown below : in spanish this vine often is called pata de gallo, which means \" rooster foot, \" because of the leaves ' shape. it ' s operculina pinnatifida, a species distributed from southern texas through lowland mexico into guatemala. the fruits are as unusual and interesting looking as the flowers. you can see one subtended by five sepals below : the bladdery item divided into four compartments is the mature ovary wall, or fruit husk. inside each of the four cells lies a single large, black, hard seed. maximino martinez ' s las plantas medicinales de mexico reports that sometimes hemorrhoid sufferers carry the black seeds in their pockets to ease their pain. this is a good example of the doctrine of signatures, which states that medicinal plants may indicate their use by certain signs. in this case i suppose that the sign is the swollen bladder, which somehow is suggestive of what hemorrhoids feel like, even though they don ' t necessarily look that way.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44753423302873124, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.105846"} {"text": "your phone might know better than you do : just by analyzing the calling patterns, the researchers could accurately label two people as friends or nonfriends more than 95 % of the time. but the results, published online today in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, show that the mobile phone data were better at predicting friendship than the subjects themselves. thirty - two pairs of subjects switched from calling each other acquaintances to friends in the traditionally gathered survey data. these are most likely new relationships that formed during the course of the study, say the researchers, and they left a clear signal in the mobile phone data. friends call each other far more often than acquaintances do when they are off - campus and during weekends. the pattern is so distinct that the researchers spotted budding friendships in the phone data months before the people themselves called themselves friends. finally, the team compared people \u2019 s self - reported job satisfaction with their networks of friendship at their workplaces. because the mobile phones kept track of people \u2019 s proximity to each other, the researchers had a clear measure of people \u2019 s daily contact with friends at work, not only through calls but through physical proximity. as predicted, the more contact people had with friends at their workplace, the more highly they rated their job satisfaction. and conversely, the less face - to - face contact people had with friends at work, the less they said they enjoyed it. \u2026 at mit, scientists who tracked student cellphones during the latest presidential election were able to deduce that two people were talking about politics, even though the researchers didn \u2019 t know the content of the conversation. by analyzing changes in movement and communication patterns, researchers could also detect flu symptoms before the students themselves realized they were getting sick. \u201c phones can know, \u201d said dr. pentland, director of mit \u2019 s human dynamics laboratory, who helped pioneer the research. \u201c people can get this god \u2019 s - eye view of human behavior. \u201d so far, these studies only scratch the surface of human complexity. researchers are already exploring ways that the information gleaned from mobile phones can improve public health, urban planning and marketing. at the same time, researchers believe their findings hint at basic rules of human interaction, and that poses new challenges to notions of privacy. \u201c we have always thought of individuals as being unpredictable, \u201d said johan bollen, an expert in complex networks at indiana university. \u201c these regularities [ in behavior ] allow systems to learn much more about us as individuals than we would care for. \u201d of course, companies are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5173636547177405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.109929"} {"text": "individuals as being unpredictable, \u201d said johan bollen, an expert in complex networks at indiana university. \u201c these regularities [ in behavior ] allow systems to learn much more about us as individuals than we would care for. \u201d of course, companies are very interested in this data : cellphone providers are openly exploring other possibilities. by mining their calling records for social relationships among customers, several european telephone companies discovered that people were five times more likely to switch carriers if a friend had already switched, said mr. eagle, who works with the firms. the companies now selectively target people for special advertising based on friendships with people who dropped the service. and some of the results are downright unnerving : after analyzing more than 16 million records of call date, time and position, the researchers determined that, taken together, people \u2019 s movements appeared to follow a mathematical pattern. the scientists said that, with enough information about past movements, they could forecast someone \u2019 s future whereabouts with 93. 6 % accuracy. the pattern held true whether people stayed close to home or traveled widely, and wasn \u2019 t affected by the phone user \u2019 s age or gender. a few other interesting tidbits : - they may be making us more selfish, however. our phones can fulfill our need for human contact, making us less inclined to go out of our way to help others. - these devices can distract us so much we don \u2019 t notice the world around us \u2014 even if it contains unicycling clowns. ( to be fair, people may actually like us better when we are distracted during a conversation. ) - we \u2019 ve become so addicted to our phones that two - thirds of users report hearing \u201c phantom ringing \u201c. - we rely so much on these devices that a third of people under 30 can \u2019 t remember their home phone numbers \u2014 if they have one at all. - by stripping away the emotional information in faces and intonation, text messaging might be simulating autism. - soon there will be more \u201c booty texts \u201d than \u201c booty calls \u201d. ( iphone users are more promiscuous, by the way. ) join 25k + readers. get a free weekly update via email here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.507726065969242, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.112103"} {"text": "the starting point for making red wines, as with white wines, comes with crushing and destemming the red or black - skinned grapes. occasionally the winemaker may decide not to destem, as the stems will add further flavour compounds and tannins to the grape must. the crushed grapes are then moved into the fermentation vessel. stainless steel tanks are the most common vessel for the fermentation of red wines, as they allow easy access to the liquid for mixing the grape skins with the liquid, and also provide for temperature control. the addition of yeast starts the fermentation, and sulphur dioxide helps to prevent oxidation. the carbon dioxide produced by the fermentation process means that all of the solid material soon rises to the surface of the fermentation vessel. these solids need to be mixed thoroughly with the liquid in order to extract the colour, phenolics, flavour compounds and tannins which are vitally important to red wines. to do this, the winemaker can either punch down the cap of solids using rods ( similar to oversized potato mashers ), or the liquid can be pumped over the top using a hose pipe. this process is known as maceration. the liquid will then be separated from the skins prior to the secondary malolactic fermentation. unlike white wines, almost all red wines undergo malolactic fermentation, as the wines would otherwise be too harsh to enjoy. after the malolactic fermentation, the red wine is ready for barrel maturation or bottling. if the wine is destined to be bottled without barrel ageing, it will undergo fining, blending, stabilisation and bottling. if the wine is destined for barrel ageing, it will be moved into barrels for the appropriate amount of time, with regular topping up to replace the evaporated liquid and prevent oxidation before going through the bottling process. it may also then be bottle aged before it is ready to drink. cabernet sauvignon is one of the most widely planted red grape varieties in the world and is suited to a wide range of climates. together with cabernet franc and merlot, it makes some of the world ' s best wines in bordeaux, but it is also very successful as a single varietal in tuscany, australia ( especially coonawarra and margaret river ), california, chile, argentina and south africa. it produces medium - full bodied wines with black fruit ( especially blackcurrant ), herbaceous or men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40854912553251854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.116542"} {"text": "single varietal in tuscany, australia ( especially coonawarra and margaret river ), california, chile, argentina and south africa. it produces medium - full bodied wines with black fruit ( especially blackcurrant ), herbaceous or menthol notes and has medium - high acidity and high tannins. oak ageing adds extra spice and complexity to the wines, which can age very well in bottle for decades. merlot is a highly successful variety and is grown across the world. in moderate climates it gives wines with red fruit flavours, medium body, medium acidity, medium alcohol and medium - low tannins, making it the perfect grape for soft, fruity and early drinking wines. in warmer climate is gives a much richer and fuller wine with black fruits, high alcohol and ripe tannins. oak ageing adds complexity to these dark wines, and they can age very well in bottle. along with cabernet sauvignon and cabernet franc, merlot is one of the most important varieties in the fine wines of bordeaux, especially pomerol and st emilion, but it is also highly successful in italy, australia, new zealand, california, chile, argentina and south africa. pinot noir is the classic red variety of burgundy, where it produces delicate wines of great intensity and longevity. pinot noir is notoriously difficult to grow, and is best suited to cool, moderate climates. it produces light - medium bodied wines with red fruit and can have vegetal / earthy notes. it has medium - high acidity and very soft, silky tannins which can add a richness to the texture. it is very successful in burgundy, where it produces some of the worlds finest wines, loire, cool - climate parts of australia ( mornington peninsula is highly successful ), new zealand, california, oregon, chile and south africa. tempranillo the classic variety of rioja, tempranillo produces medium - bodied wines with over - ripe strawberry and plum flavours, medium - high acidity and medium - high tannin. with oak ageing it gains earthy, savoury notes such as leather and oak spice, and can also have flavours of coconut and vanilla from american oak. it can have excellent ageing potential. as well as being the mainstay of rioja, tempranillo also produces the great wines of ribera del duero and toro, and is widely planted across spain. it is also widely planted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39618375653976673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.117523"} {"text": "this beautifully rendered marble carving of the young marcus aurelius was made during or after the enlightenment, in the spirit of the antique originals of ancient rome. these pieces were found during the great tours of the 18th and early 19th centuries, and inspired sculptors just as antique architecture was echoed in public buildings of the period. the base is a plain turned pedestal, with a sectional block of the torso slightly narrower than the shoulders. the face looks slightly to its right, wearing a pensive expression. the idealised features are serene and sensitive, the carelessly tousled hair picked out in exquisite detail. the historical marcus aurelius achieved a divine status for being one of the five good emperors, a dignified and intellectual man and a strong leader. in youth he was favoured by hadrian, who saw in him something of his future potential as well as his obvious beauty that can be seen here. marcus aurelius was among the most important, most intellectual, and least despotic of the roman emperors. born marcus annius catilius severus in 121 ad, his family was fairly well - connected to the aristocracy and ruling classes of rome, including hadrian, trajan and antoninus pius. his father died when he was three, and he was raised by his mother and paternal grandfather. his meteoric rise to imperial power was occasioned by the confusion stemming from succession after the death of hadrian. he attracted the attention of hadrian at a young age, and was nicknamed verissimus \u2013 truest. following the death of hadrian \u2019 s adoptive son lucius aurelius, hadrian named antoninus as his successor on the condition that he adopt marcus as well as lucius aurelius verus, the son of his own adopted son, and that they succeed him as emperor in their turn. to this end, both received the best education that could be afforded them, from luminaries such as geminus, andron, celer, fronto and atticus. his correspondence with fronto has survived, painting a picture of a serious, industrious youth with high ideals and energy. he acceded to power in 161, aged 40, and adopted the name marcus aurelius antoninus. he ruled as co - regent with verus, ten years his junior, to whom he seems to have given more menial or less commanding roles such as commanding the eastern armies. marcus \u2019 rule was humane, targeting corruption in law and civil areas, as well as socially concerned attitudes towards the bereaved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.35290539499854107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.121341"} {"text": "years his junior, to whom he seems to have given more menial or less commanding roles such as commanding the eastern armies. marcus \u2019 rule was humane, targeting corruption in law and civil areas, as well as socially concerned attitudes towards the bereaved, orphaned and enslaved. christians were technically still punishable, but this action was rarely pursued. the empire grew, defeating the parthians in 166, and repelling germania \u2019 s invasions a decade later. most impressively, the roman empire maintained cordial relations with states in central asia as far east as han china. he was poised to take over bohemia, but these plans collapsed when he became ill and died in 180 ad. the cause was the so - called antonine plague, which had been brought back from parthia fifteen years previously. believed to have been measles or smallpox, this disease also killed lucius verus as well as about 5 million people in the roman empire. personally he was amicable, humane and intellectual. his meditations, written while on campaign, is still used as a reference for leadership and duty and proposed a manner of rational virtue. he was a stoic philosopher of considerable note, as well as a family man who took his wife and children with him on his trips around the empire. he had fourteen children by faustina the younger, of which only one son and four daughters survived him. he was deified upon his death, and was succeeded by commodus, who turned out to be one of the most disastrous choices in imperial rome. this is a powerful and attractive piece of enlightenment sculpture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40353210156905706, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.121990"} {"text": "hair : the long and short of it some hair on your head falls out every day, no matter what your age. and that is perfectly normal. each hair strand goes through two phases : a growing phase and a resting phase, according to the american academy of family physicians ( aafp ). the growing phase lasts two to six years, during which the strand grows about half an inch a month. when the growing phase ends, the hair enters a resting phase of two to three months. after the resting phase, the hair falls out and a new hair begins growing. about 10 percent of your hair is in a resting phase at any one time, the aafp says. about 95 percent of all cases of excessive hair loss are caused by male pattern baldness, according to the american medical association ( ama ). this condition, technically called androgenetic alopecia, occurs most often in men, but women also can experience it. about 40 million u. s. men are affected by male pattern baldness. about a quarter of men begin balding by age 30, the ama says. two - thirds of men begin balding by age 60. excessive hair loss can be caused by other things, as well. you can lose hair three to four months after an illness or surgery, because of the stress on your body. a hormonal imbalance - - caused by thyroid disease, for instance - - can cause hair loss. women often notice hair loss about three months after giving birth ; this hair loss is related to levels of certain pregnancy hormones. fungal infections can cause hair loss. these infections occur most often in children. treating the infection stops the hair loss. certain medications can cause hair loss. these include blood thinners, gout medicines, chemotherapy medicines, oral contraceptives and antidepressants, the aafp says. an excess amount of vitamin a also can cause hair loss. diabetes and lupus are two diseases that can cause hair loss. treating the disease can help stop the hair loss, the aafp says. using tight hair rollers or wearing your hair in pigtails or cornrows can lead to hair loss. chemicals used in permanents also can lead to hair loss. if you have male pattern baldness, be wary of miracle cures. the good news is that there is hope : medications such as minoxidil, which is applied topically, or finasteride taken as a pill, can help restore hair growth, and techniques such as hair grafts or transplants can be successful.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46961437133719897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.124532"} {"text": "protecting afghanistan \u2019 s environment and tourist future if the high mountain lakes of band - e amir were not in a country in its fourth decade of war they would be world famous. outsiders lucky enough to see them today are often lost for words when they first set eyes on the ethereal blue of their waters and the martian - orange and red cliffs surrounding them. the lakes, in bamiyan province, are afghanistan ' s first - ever national park, and draw thousands of local visitors every year. the government hopes foreign tourists will one day come too. if that sounds quixotic now, so too may the un and the government ' s launch here of the country ' s first - ever environmental protection plan - with a solar - powered kettle one of its signature initiatives. but for those living in bamiyan ' s isolated mountain valleys, the most immediate threat is not the taliban but drought, partly induced by human activity. climate change is making things worse and the lakes could be at risk too. glaciers in the province ' s koh - e baba mountains, the western end of the hindu kush, recede further each year. the climate adaptation programme, as it ' s known, \" is not luxury, it ' s life \", says bamiyan governor habiba sarabi after climbing up to qazan, one of 18 mountain farming communities involved in the $ 6m ( \u00a33. 75m ) scheme. some 3, 000m ( 9, 800ft ) above sea level, this is always going to be a tough place to live and farm. but it ' s got tougher as trees and vegetation have been cut down for fuel - creating the beginnings of a high - altitude dust bowl. in an afghan version of the grapes of wrath, more families are being forced to leave every year. like shaved heads, most of the hillsides are bare, with just the occasional stubble of green. it also means villages are more exposed to \" flash - flooding in spring and summer and avalanches in winter \", says andrew scanlon of the un environment programme. but he is now overseeing the planting of new trees and turf along qazan ' s valley. against the repetitive clanging of hammer on metal, workers in bamiyan city are building scores of cleaner, more - efficient stoves. run by an afghan ngo called the conservation organisation for the afghan mountains ( coam ), the workshop sells them on preferential terms to local villages and it already has more orders than it can fulfil. mr scanlon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3998222504908735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.129654"} {"text": "- efficient stoves. run by an afghan ngo called the conservation organisation for the afghan mountains ( coam ), the workshop sells them on preferential terms to local villages and it already has more orders than it can fulfil. mr scanlon wants to expand the scheme elsewhere. coam is promoting another energy - saving device, the solar kettle. it is basically a large satellite dish which reflects sun - rays onto a kettle suspended in the middle. the bigger the dish the quicker the boil - but the one they are selling for about $ 100 can make a cup of tea in 20 minutes. yet with nato forces retreating over the next two years, taking large chunks of aid money with them, there are concerns whether this tentative momentum can be maintained. the new zealand run civilian - military provincial reconstruction team ( prt ) in bamiyan is due to close early next year. catching up there are questions, too, over the future of bamiyan ' s best - known landmark - the remains of the larger of its two rock buddhas, blown up by the taliban months before the us - led invasion in 2001. the vast cave, or niche, carved into the mountainside 1, 500 years ago looms over bamiyan like a ghostly sentinel - and a permanent reminder of what happened. but the niche is in \" imminent danger of collapse \", says brendan cassar of unesco - the un ' s cultural agency - and they need funding to shore it up. security concerns are pressing in too - from districts around bamiyan where the taliban and other armed groups have become more active. buddhas in bamiyan - about 140 miles ( 230km ) northwest of kabul - built in the 6th century, when bamiyan was a holy buddhist site - in 629ad, chinese traveller xuanzang described bamiyan as a bustling centre with tens of thousands of monks - the two most prominent statues were 55m and 37m high - bodies carved out of sandstone cliffs - demolished in march 2001 after being declared idols that has had a knock - on effect on the small indigenous tourist trade here. if foreign tourists are still a fledgling species here, band - e amir national park usually attracts a steady flow of afghan visitors. but there ' s been a sharp fall in numbers this year, as the threat along the road towards bamiyan has risen. the park itself is still a long way from being managed like protected reserves elsewhere in the world. a guard with a piece of rope across the road is the gate - post.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5024312918078975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.130749"} {"text": "stemming from broder \u2019 s fraught drive between washington, dc and boston in the purely electric model s sedan, during which the reporter suffered multiple bouts of battery - range anxiety, reams of data were collected by the vehicle on everything from throttle pressure to battery depletion. musk has refused to release this data, but the fact that a passenger vehicle would collect it at all underscores a change in what we trust our cars to do. passenger vehicles can and will collect very specific data on our driving habits. this data can be stored, analysed and used to ascertain fault in accidents, speeding cases and manufacturers \u2019 gas mileage claims ; it can also be used to take proactive measures to avoid collisions. some of this data collection and processing ability exists already, but it is nowhere near as robust as it will soon become. first, a look at the data - driven tools already used by passenger vehicles. technology as a tool adaptive cruise control uses radar and sensors to determine the distance from a driver ' s car to the one in front of it. when it receives that information, it determines whether the car should maintain its speed or slow down. systems like volvo ' s city safety accident prevention system are further evolutions of this, able to sense obstacles and apply brake pressure to avoid or lessen the impact of collision. both systems apply information culled from a car ' s surroundings and in a stopping or slowing scenario. in coming years however, cars will communicate with multiple vehicles in their vicinity, exchanging speed data, assessing possible risks and using algorithms to avoid, and calculate the risk of, collisions. cars will not merely collect data about themselves, they will collect data about everything around them to help drivers make decisions. in some cases, cars will make the decision for them. the question that may nag at motorists is how implicitly such technology can be trusted. this reckoning is already at hand in the form of so - called autonomous vehicles. google ' s autonomous cars collect reams of data and manoeuvre based on that information. the company \u2019 s engineers have done such a thorough job of controlling for various factors that the vehicles have never had an accident under computer control. drivers already put an enormous amount of trust in their vehicles and for the most part our cars perform their tasks extraordinarily well. whether this trust endures as cars take over more functions from drivers remains to be seen. the human experience anyone who has ever booted up a computer or opened an app knows that the data presented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48615438094265706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.133691"} {"text": "it \u2019 s earth month! celebrate by going green in the kitchen. going green is easier than you think! follow these 10 simple steps for turning your kitchen into an earth - friendly zone. going green has gone from a trend to a way of life. and yet, i can \u2019 t seem to overcome my fear of composting ( the worms! ). which is why i \u2019 m all about taking baby steps \u2014 starting in the kitchen. the room where much of our daily activity and consumption occur is a gold mine for going green. below are 10 easy ways to clean up your act : - recycle, recycle, recycle. before you throw away another aluminum can, think about this : a single aluminum can saved by recycling is equivalent to a half gallon of gasoline. - wash dishes in the dishwasher, not by hand. \u201c a fully loaded dishwasher uses about 5 gallons of water \u2014 about 4 times less than if you washed them by hand, \u201d says eco - living expert danny seo. \u201c plus, a dishwasher sanitizes better. yes, lazier is greener and better! \u201d - make your own countertop cleanser. it \u2019 s easy, inexpensive and healthier for you and the environment. fill a spray bottle with 1 part distilled white vinegar and 1 part water. add a few drops of your favorite essential oil for fragrance, and spritz away. - nuke the sponge. a wet sponge can be a breeding ground for nasty germs that you just spread around when you clean. seo suggests microwaving it for 90 seconds to radiate away all the germs and bacteria. - replace the fridge if it \u2019 s more than 15 years old. \u201c a refrigerator is the only appliance you never turn off from the day you plug it in, \u201d says seo. \u201c the older it gets, the more energy and money is wasted. investing in an energy star rated model will save on both over time. \u201d - reserve paper towels for emergencies only. you \u2019 ll save on trees by switching to cloth towels and napkins, which can be reused. plus, they look nicer on the table! - grocery shop with reuseable bags \u2014 one for meat products, one for produce and one for everything else. \u201c you can cross - contaminate your veggies if meat drips onto your produce, \u201d warns seo. - compost! i \u2019 m told that it \u2019 s a whole lot easier than it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43261604261059017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.137198"} {"text": "| risk factors deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ) is a blood clot in a vein deep in the body. veins are blood vessels with valves that help prevent backward blood flow. blood is pushed through the veins in legs and arms when muscles contract. deposits of red blood cells and clotting elements in the blood can build up in a vein. this build up leads to a blood clot. clots usually occur in the legs, but can occur in other locations. as the clot grows, it blocks blood flow in the vein. deep vein thrombosis copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. several factors contribute to clot formation, including : - slow blood flow, often due to lying or sitting still for a long period of time pooling of blood in a vein, often due to : - medical conditions - damage to valves in a vein or pressure on the valves, such as during pregnancy - injury to a blood vessel - clotting problems, which can occur due to aging or disease - catheters placed in a vein risk factors for dvt include : - personal or family history of deep vein thrombosis - not moving your body, especially during travel - surgery, especially involving bones or joints medical conditions, such as : - inherited or natural genetic changes that can alter your protein levels taking medications such as birth control pills symptoms occur when : - the clot interferes with blood flow in the vein - local inflammation occurs - a clot breaks free and travels to the lungs some patients may not have any symptoms until the clot moves to the lungs. this condition is called symptoms of dvt may include : - swelling of a limb - tenderness along the vein, especially near the thigh - redness, paleness, or blueness of the skin of the affected limb the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. - your blood and blood flow may be tested. this can be done with : - blood tests - impedance plethysmography duplex venous ultrasound you may have images taken. this can be done with venography. treatment aims to : - prevent pulmonary embolism - stop the clot from growing - dissolve the clot, if possible this may include : - resting in bed - elevating the affected limb above the heart - wearing compression stockings as advised by your doctor you may be prescribed blood thinning medication to prevent additional clots from forming. these may be given by injection or by mouth. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43271303589480337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.141779"} {"text": "- resting in bed - elevating the affected limb above the heart - wearing compression stockings as advised by your doctor you may be prescribed blood thinning medication to prevent additional clots from forming. these may be given by injection or by mouth. this treatment may be continued long - term. in some cases, a filter may be placed in the inferior vena cava. the vena cava is a major vein. blood from the lower body returns to the heart through this vein. the filter may trap a clot that breaks loose before it travels to the lungs. general prevention measures include : - having tests that monitor your use of blood thinners. - do not sit for long periods. if you are in a car or airplane or at a computer, get up often and move around. - do not smoke. if you are admitted to the hospital, talk to your doctor about how to prevent blood clots, such as : - get out of bed and walk as soon as possible during your recovery. if you are restricted to bed : - do range of motion exercises in bed. - change your position at least every two hours. - wear compression stockings to promote venous blood flow. - use a pneumatic compression device. this device uses air to compress your legs and help improve venous blood flow. - if prescribed by your doctor, take medication to reduce blood clots. this medication can reduce your chance of death due to blood clots.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4259805585582822, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.142325"} {"text": "west lafayette, ind. - even large amounts of manufactured nanoparticles, also known as buckyballs, don ' t faze microscopic organisms that are charged with cleaning up the environment, according to purdue university researchers. in the first published study to examine buckyball toxicity on microbes that break down organic substances in wastewater, the scientists used an amount of the nanoparticles on the microbes that was equivalent to pouring 10 pounds of talcum powder on a person. because high amounts of even normally safe compounds, such as talcum powder, can be toxic, the microbes ' resiliency to high buckyball levels was an important finding, the purdue investigators said. the experiment on buckyballs, which are carbon molecules c60, also led the scientists to develop a better method to determine the impact of nanoparticles on the microbial community. \" it ' s important to look at the entire microbial community when nanomaterials are introduced because the microbes are all interdependent for survival and growth, \" said leila nyberg, a doctoral student in the school of civil engineering and the study ' s lead author. \" if we see a minor change in these microorganisms it could negatively impact ecosystems. \" the microbes used in the study live without oxygen and also exist in subsurface soil and the stomachs of ruminant animals, such as cows and goats, where they aid digestion. \" we found no effect by any amount of c60 on the structure or the function of the microbial community over a short time, \" nyberg said. \" based on what we know about the properties of c60, this is a realistic model of what would happen if high concentrations of nanoparticles were released into the environment. \" the third naturally occurring pure carbon molecule known, buckyballs are nano - sized, multiple - sided structures that look like soccer balls. nyberg and her colleagues ron turco and larry nies, professors of agronomy and ci | contact : susan a. steeves |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.544226620131532, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.147050"} {"text": "questions : g to a and c to t substitutions, is this a rule? zxiong at arizvm1. ccit. arizona. edu mon apr 11 11 : 59 : 05 est 1994 being not familiar with molecular evolution. i have been troubled with some of my data in rna virus sequence. we are working on a small rna virus and nearly complete the sequence of the viral rna genome from cdna clones. rna viruses are known to be heterogenous ( quasi - species ), so it was not surprising to see nucleotide sequence variations when sequences are obtained from different clones. what was surprising was a consistent rule of sequence variaions. g is always subsituted with a a, or vice versa. c is always substituted with a t, or vice versa. but there is never a g to ( c, t ) change or vice versa. let me try to explain it a little better. we have found 16 nucleotide substitutions in about 1500 nucleotide of overlapping sequences. there are 11 c to t or t to c substitutions and 5 g to a or a to g substitutions. we have not found any other possible substituions. is there a theory describing the rule of nucleotide substitution during evolution? i feel very ignorant and hope someone can give me a pointer to how to explain my observation. any comments or suggestions are welcome. zxiong at arizvm1. ccit. arizona. edu more information about the methods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5273702605371305, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.148672"} {"text": "paul painter\u00b9 and lucas mcconnell\u00b2 \u00b9materials science and engineering and the energy institute \u00b2renewergy corporation, erie pa. presently, biofuels in this country usually means one of two things, ethanol ( in the u. s. principally produced from corn ) or biodiesel ( largely from oilseeds or yellow grease ). however, large - scale production of these fuels will inevitably lead to the displacement of croplands used to produce food and there will clearly be a limit on the quantity of ethanol and biodiesel that can be obtained from these sources. furthermore, although both biodiesel and ethanol have a number of attractive properties ( in addition to being derived from a renewable source ), they are not without problems ( lower energy content, clogging of fuel lines and filters because of their ability to dissolve gums and other deposits, etc. ). it would clearly be advantageous if a cheap, relatively simple method were available to produce a predominantly hydrocarbon fuel ( i. e., largely decarboxylated oils ) from feedstocks that contain high contents of free fatty acids. one source that we wish to particularly focus on is algae, for the purposes of this project being produced on by renewergy corporation. renewergy has developed a proprietary, \u201c aeroponic algalculture \u201d technique that uses a fraction of the water needed by conventional processes and a simple way of increasing surface area for light and co2 absorption. in preliminary work, we have applied kolbe electrolysis to the processing of algal oil. kolbe electrolysis of fatty ( alkanoic ) acids was the first known electrochemical synthesis. faraday had originally observed ( in 1834 ) that hydrocarbons are formed upon electrolysis of acetate solutions, but it was h. kolbe who performed the first detailed investigations of the reactions of carboxylic acids at an anode some fifteen years later. essentially, the reaction involves the electrochemical oxidative decarboxylation of carboxylic acid salts that leads to radicals, which can then combine to form simple hydrocarbons. we have found that a number of side reactions occur, but these can be advantageous in producing biofuels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.567542811800674, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.151197"} {"text": "hours : 9 a. m. - 5 p. m. tickets : adults $ 11, child ( 3 - 12 yrs ) $ 6 a variety of habitat, from lowlands to mountains but determining factors are the presence of fruit and flowers and caves for roosting. diet in the wild : diet at the zoo : chopped fruit and fruit bat supplement, fruit juice a record of 22 years in captivity fruit bats have grayish - brown coats with a lighter shade on the ventral side ( stomach. ) they have short, strong jaws and a wingspan of about 24 inches. measuring between 4 to 7 inches in length, these true flying mammals weigh up to 6 ounces. the wings are a skin membrane and held together by a finger like extension. the eyes are large and ears stand erect. males are noticeably larger than the females. bats are nocturnal, and they find their way in the dark using high - pitched sounds, a process called echolocation. it is also common that these bats roost close together, often making body contact, especially with their young. fruit bats are known to fly about 25 miles from roosting site in search of food. these bats usually have only one baby each year, however sometimes twins may occur. gestation is about 15 weeks. the mother bats carry their young at first, then leave them at the roosts while they search for fruit. babies are about 3 months old before they learn to fly on their own. young ones stay in the same colony as their parents for most, if not all, of their lives. these bats are fairly common but their numbers could be at risk due to habitat destruction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4034898498085989, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.152855"} {"text": "quiz : sertorius, eumenes and the comparison of sertorius and eumenes to caesar | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. in what sort of family does plutarch claim sertorius was raised? a ) a ruling class family. b ) a noble family. c ) a poor laboring family. d ) a military family. 2. what does plutarch claim aristotle provided that he considered, \"... a perfect portable treasure of all military virtue and knowledge.... \"? a ) aristotle ' s collection of military histories. b ) aristotle ' s personally corrected copy of homer ' s illiads. c ) aristotle ' s writings regarding the proper training and preparation of soldiers. d ) aristotle ' s maps of important sites in persia. 3. what was a political hurdle that plutarch claimed pompey had to overcome? a ) pompey was not respected after he lost battles in spain. this section contains 484 words | ( approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42432004280236124, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.154388"} {"text": "anglican communionarticle free pass anglican communion, religious body of national, independent, and autonomous churches throughout the world that adheres to the teachings of anglicanism and that evolved from the church of england. the anglican communion is united by a common loyalty to the archbishop of canterbury in england as its senior bishop and titular leader and by a general agreement with the doctrines and practices defined since the 16th century in the book of common prayer. the roots of the anglican communion can be traced to the reformation in the 16th century, when king henry viii rejected the authority of the roman catholic pope in rome and established an independent church in england. the essential teachings of the church were first set down in the book of common prayer, compiled by thomas cranmer, and the organization of the church of england was worked out during the 16th and 17th centuries. from the time of the reformation, the church of england followed explorers, traders, colonists, and missionaries into all parts of the world. the colonial churches generally exercised administrative autonomy within the historical and creedal context of the mother church. it was probably not until the first meeting of the lambeth conference ( so called because it was held at lambeth palace, the archbishop of canterbury \u2019 s residence in london ) in 1867 that there emerged among the various churches and councils a mutual consciousness of an anglican communion. since its inception the lambeth conference, which meets every 10 years, has constituted the principal cohesive factor in anglicanism, even though its decisions are not binding and must be approved by the individual churches. beliefs and practices the beliefs and practices of the anglican communion are often said to be the middle ground between those of the roman catholic and those of the protestant churches. the communion teaches a trinitarian understanding of god and believes in jesus as the coequal and coeternal son of god who came for the salvation of humankind. the holy book of the communion is the bible, which is made up of the old testament, or hebrew bible, and the new testament. anglicans also accept the nicene creed and the apostles \u2019 creed as essential statements of their beliefs. there are only two sacraments, baptism and the eucharist, but the communion honours confirmation, ordination, marriage, reconciliation of the penitent, and unction of the sick as important religious rites. easter and christmas are two of the most important holy days in the communion, and members of the church attend weekly services. the communion \u2019 s worship service varies but often includes the eucharistic rites, prayer, the singing of psalms and hymns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5156162330442824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.159169"} {"text": ". easter and christmas are two of the most important holy days in the communion, and members of the church attend weekly services. the communion \u2019 s worship service varies but often includes the eucharistic rites, prayer, the singing of psalms and hymns, readings from the gospels and the hebrew bible, and a sermon by the presiding minister. the anglican communion accepts a threefold order of ministry, including bishops, priests or presbyters, and deacons. the bishop is the chief administrative official of the church, and the highest figure of this rank is the archbishop of canterbury. priests, who may be men or women, are responsible for overseeing the local church, proclaiming the gospel, blessing and pardoning in god \u2019 s name, and administering the sacraments. the function of the deacon is to assist the priest ; deacons help to administer the sacraments and are also called upon to help spread the gospel. while population differences and other factors account for some variation in basic structure between the churches, several elements predominate. the diocese, under the authority of a bishop, is the basic administrative unit throughout the communion. the diocese is made up of parishes, or local church communities, each under the care of a pastor. in many of the national churches, dioceses are grouped into provinces. in some, parishes may be grouped also below the diocesan level into rural deaneries and archdeaconries. what made you want to look up \" anglican communion \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4113294489035701, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.159885"} {"text": "charities for the poor. ( fn. 50 ) walden abbey undertook to pay \u00a31 a year out of the rectory to feed 30 paupers in edmonton but payments apparently ceased at the dissolution. ( fn. 51 ) sir christopher askew, alderman of london, by will proved 1539, left \u00a3100 for ' best full white herrings ' to be distributed among the poor of edmonton each lent. ( fn. 52 ) his son richard said that the charity had already lapsed by 1551, because of the high price of herrings. ( fn. 53 ) during the 17th century important charities were founded for schools, which are dealt with above, and for alms - houses. by 1819 there were 20 charities in edmonton, mostly for the poor or to augment the existing education and alms - house charities. they were administered as the edmonton charities by trustees consisting of the vicar and churchwardens and 11 prominent inhabitants. ( fn. 54 ) a committee of the vestry, appointed in 1848, alleged that 11 charities should not be administered by the trustees but by the parish or by the vicar and churchwardens, that the funds of the various charities were amalgamated, and that there was misappropriation, particularly in the case of latymer ' s charity, which accounted for \u00a3500 out of the total annual income of \u00a3900. the trustees denied the charges and by a charity commission scheme of 1866 were authorized to administer together 23 charities, although excluding the latymer charity. the 23 charities were those of alston, cade, chaplin, colfe, elliott, hallam, huxley, jackson, lewitt, maule, pitt, rogers, skip, smith, stanbridge, edmund and sarah slaughter, style, tatem, uvedale, wilde of edmonton, wilde of barking, and wyatt. in 1889 another parochial committee reported that money, particularly for apprenticing, was not being properly applied and in 1891 it proposed a new scheme. it was not until 1899, however, that the charity commission established a new board of trustees, consisting of the vicar, 5 representatives of edmonton u. d. c. and 4 of southgate u. d. c., and 8 co - opted members. there were to be two groups of charities - the united charities of judith alston and others and the ecclesiastical charities. the ecclesiastical charities consisted of maule ' s charity and the ecclesiastical provisions of the charities of hallam, rogers, and wilde of edmonton, producing a total annual income of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3797621888182125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.205710"} {"text": "charities - the united charities of judith alston and others and the ecclesiastical charities. the ecclesiastical charities consisted of maule ' s charity and the ecclesiastical provisions of the charities of hallam, rogers, and wilde of edmonton, producing a total annual income of \u00a3143. the united charities consisted of the remaining charities in the 1866 scheme, together with those of baker, bellis, board, john and henry field, jifkins, larman, whitbread, and part of knight ' s and rowley ' s charities. the total stock amounted to \u00a39, 933 and the annual income to \u00a3469. by a scheme of 1902 the united charities were divided into three branches : educational, which consisted of \u00a320 a year from style ' s and \u00a38 a year from wilde of edmonton ' s charities ; apprenticing, consisting of \u00a310 a year from style ' s, \u00a36 a year from wilde of edmonton ' s charities, and the relevant portion of chaplin ' s charity ; and alms - houses and pensioners, to which all the other income was applied. the educational branch was abstracted from the united charities by a scheme of 1905, which transformed it into the educational foundations of john wilde of edmonton and thomas style. knight ' s charity and the oswin fund were added to the united charities in 1914 and 1928 respectively. by a scheme of 1965 pensioners were omitted from the third branch of the united charities, all the money going to the alms - houses. the income of the united charities in 1964 was \u00a31, 760, of which \u00a3228 was paid to alms - people. in 1973 the income was \u00a31, 100, which was wholly applied to the upkeep of the alms - houses. by 1973 the apprenticing branch of the charity was dormant, virtually no applications being made for it. several charities were founded during the 19th century for the benefit of southgate parish, especially by the walker family, and in 1906 the southgate relief committee, which included the vicar and churchwardens of christ church, was formed to administer them. in 1973 the committee administered \u00a3120 income from the charities of john julian, frederick walker, vyell e. walker, and russell walker, and the relevant portions of sophia walker ' s charity and the weld chapel trust. ( fn. 55 ) the united charities. in 1662 john wilde of edmonton, had ' lately ' built three alms - houses next to the churchyard in church street. by will proved 1665 he conveyed houses and 25 a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3590047102832564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.207151"} {"text": "weld chapel trust. ( fn. 55 ) the united charities. in 1662 john wilde of edmonton, had ' lately ' built three alms - houses next to the churchyard in church street. by will proved 1665 he conveyed houses and 25 a., mostly of common - field land, to trustees to apply the profits to several charities, including \u00a34 a year for the inmates of the alms - houses. ( fn. 56 ) by 1867 \u00a37 was being paid by wilde ' s charity to the thomas style ( d. 1679 ) built two alms - houses adjoining the churchyard for 6 poor men and 6 poor women of edmonton. in 1679 he endowed the alms - houses with part of a rent - charge of \u00a366 on dephams estate, of which \u00a31 16s. a year was to be spent on repairs and \u00a333 16s. a year on weekly payments of 1s. 1d. each to the almspeople. john lewitt of palmers green, by will dated 1771, bequeathed \u00a3800 stock yielding \u00a324 a year which was distributed among the 12 inmates of style ' s alms - houses. george stanbridge of edmonton, by will dated 1780, bequeathed \u00a3500 stock to the trustees of wilde ' s and style ' s alms - houses, who in 1823 distributed the income of \u00a316 10s. amongst the 15 alms - people. other charities for the benefit of the 15 inmates were those of sarah huxley, daughter of thomas huxley of weir hall, who bequeathed \u00a31, 000 yielding \u00a338 a year by will dated 1800 ; miss catherine tatem of edmonton, who bequeathed \u00a350 stock yielding \u00a31 10s. by will dated 1812 ; thomas elliott, clock - maker of edmonton, who by will dated 1824 bequeathed \u00a3450 stock, which in 1899 yielded \u00a312 ; john pitt, who bequeathed \u00a3100 stock yielding \u00a33 a year by will dated 1826 ; ( fn. 57 ) edmund slaughter of edmonton, who by will proved 1832 bequeathed \u00a3500 stock, yielding \u00a314 in 1899 ; ( fn. 58 ) and william skip of edmonton, who left \u00a3100 stock yielding \u00a33 a year subject to the repair of his vault, by will dated 1836. in 1861 thomas knight of edmonton endowed the 15 alms - houses with \u00a3500 stock producing \u00a313 15s. and in 1879 hannah whitbread gave \u00a3607 stock yielding \u00a318, to maintain the buildings or benefit the inmates. several charities provided for benefits in kind. by will dated 1820 sarah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40994483748243526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.208785"} {"text": "- houses with \u00a3500 stock producing \u00a313 15s. and in 1879 hannah whitbread gave \u00a3607 stock yielding \u00a318, to maintain the buildings or benefit the inmates. several charities provided for benefits in kind. by will dated 1820 sarah slaughter directed that the interest on \u00a350 stock was to be spent on christmas dinner for the 15 alms - people. the interest was \u00a31 10s. in 1867. ann larman, by will proved 1867, bequeathed \u00a3105 stock yielding \u00a33 a year to buy coal for the inmates of style ' s alms - houses. in 1892 george bellis left \u00a3103 stock yielding \u00a33 to buy coal for the 15 alms - people. by will proved 1892 thomas william rowley bequeathed \u00a3500 stock producing \u00a314 to provide bread and coal for the 15 alms - people but by a scheme of 1893 the money was to supplement their stipends. the alms - people, in 1851 6 men and 9 women, mostly widows, ( fn. 59 ) were chosen by the vestry until 1899 when full control passed to the trustees. the alms - houses were in disrepair in the 1740s and style ' s alms - houses were rebuilt in 1754 and again in 1903 to the designs of h. w. dobb. nearly all the stock was sold in 1960 to modernize the buildings but the ministry of housing made a grant for the charity commissioners to reinvest. in 1851 thomas knight gave two cottages which he had recently erected in church lane in trust to the edmonton benefit society, for two old and handicapped members of the society or their widows. ( fn. 60 ) the cottages, which knight endowed with \u00a350 stock yielding \u00a31 5s. a year, were administered as part of the united charities under a scheme of 1914. there were four widows in knight ' s alms - houses in 1933 but in 1960 the cottages were demolished and six garages, each let at 15s. a week, were built on the site. henry cade of edmonton, yeoman, in 1578 gave a rent - charge of 6s. 8d. from a house, later the cock public house, and 1 a. on the west of hertford road for the use of the poor. in 1823 it was added to the sacrament money and paid to the poor ' from time to time '. by will proved 1579 ( fn. 61 ) richard rogers the elder, a london goldsmith who lived in edmonton, left all his freehold property in edmonton and tottenham in trust", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4052236016607588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.215213"} {"text": "sacrament money and paid to the poor ' from time to time '. by will proved 1579 ( fn. 61 ) richard rogers the elder, a london goldsmith who lived in edmonton, left all his freehold property in edmonton and tottenham in trust to pay, inter alia, ( fn. 62 ) 1s. a week in bread and money to 6 of the poorest people of edmonton and 13s. 4d. to the poor on the anniversary of his death. rogers ' s nephew richard rogers the younger, comptroller of the mint, by will dated 1636, left a rent - charge of \u00a32 to provide 6d. a week in money or bread for 6 poor people and 10s. 8d. for distribution among the poor on the first sunday in august. edward rogers of edmonton, son of richard the younger, left a further rent - charge of \u00a31 9s 4d. by will proved 1659, to be distributed, inter alia, as 6d. a week in bread to poor parishioners. in 1823 the total income of the rogers charities, which were always distributed together, was \u00a37 1s. 4d., from rent - charges on freehold estates in fore street, church street, and the marsh. of this \u00a35 4s. was paid in bread to 12 poor people every sunday and \u00a31 4s. to the poor on the first sunday in august. the rent - charges were redeemed in 1934 and 1964. by will dated 1614 john wilde of barking ( essex ) gave a rent - charge of \u00a32 a year upon premises in fore street, to buy twopenny - loaves for the poor of edmonton each quarter. the rentcharge was redeemed in 1934. jasper hallam, leatherseller of london, by will dated 1625, left \u00a33 6s. 8d. out of a rent - charge on bury farm to provide \u00a32 worth of bread for the poor every sunday in lent and 6s. 8d. for a lenten meal for the poor town - born people of edmonton. the rent - charge was redeemed in 1903. among property devised by the revd. abraham colfe to the leathersellers ' company of london for charitable purposes, by will dated 1656, was 5 a. in edmonton. a rent - charge of 8s. 8d. from part of the property on the east of lower fore street was to buy two penny loaves each sunday for two of the ' godliest and poorest '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4104461388939671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.224355"} {"text": "was 5 a. in edmonton. a rent - charge of 8s. 8d. from part of the property on the east of lower fore street was to buy two penny loaves each sunday for two of the ' godliest and poorest ' householders of edmonton. ( fn. 63 ) by 1823 the money was applied by the churchwardens in occasional charity to the poor. by indenture and will dated 1677 judith, widow of penning alston, grocer of london, conveyed copyhold property in trust to pay annuities and thereafter to provide \u00a34 quarterly payments to the poor of edmonton and \u00a31 a year each to 16 other poor people. the property, in 1677 a house, 9 a. of common - field arable, and 2 a. of marsh - land, was exchanged at inclosure for a house and 7 a. at tanners end and 5 a. of marsh - land. in 1819 the profits of \u00a328 were distributed in quarterly payments of \u00a31 to the poor and in \u00a31 payments on 1 january to 20 poor annuitants. by 1867 the quarterly payments were given in bread and \u00a378 was given in money. the marsh - land was sold in 1907 and the land at tanners end in 1914 and 1928 ; the purchase money was invested for the benefit of the united charities. catherine jackson, of the family which owned broomfield, left \u00a3100 in trust for the poor of southgate by will dated 1687. the poor received \u00a35 a year until the capital, together with money from maule ' s and latymer ' s charities, was used to purchase land in hammersmith. the rent therefrom was apportioned among the three charities, \u00a33 10s. being allotted to jackson ' s charity from 1768 and paid in bread or 5s. doles to the poor of southgate. the rent had risen to \u00a37 10s. by 1899 and was given to southgate widows in 1902. ( fn. 64 ) the land at hammersmith was sold in 1913 and the money invested. by will proved 1771 john lewitt ( fn. 65 ) bequeathed \u00a3100 stock, the interest on which was spent in bread for the poor. by will dated 1780 george stanbridge bequeathed \u00a3400 stock, the interest to provide bread for the poor between michaelmas and lady day. by 1823 \u00a312 was distributed in bread. margaret uvedale ( d. 1814 ), widow of rearadmiral samuel uvedale, bequeathed \u00a3300 stock by will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4154104306638443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.226822"} {"text": "interest to provide bread for the poor between michaelmas and lady day. by 1823 \u00a312 was distributed in bread. margaret uvedale ( d. 1814 ), widow of rearadmiral samuel uvedale, bequeathed \u00a3300 stock by will dated 1813. ( fn. 66 ) the income was to maintain the vault of the family of william washbourne, vicar of edmonton, and to relieve the aged poor of church street ward on christmas day. by 1819 there was \u00a337 10s. interest, of which \u00a32 10s. was spent on the vault and \u00a335 distributed in \u00a31 by will proved 1828 john field bequeathed \u00a31, 000 stock and by will proved 1836 henry field bequeathed \u00a3500 stock, to supply bread and coals for the poor. the interest from their combined charities was \u00a345 in 1867. by will proved 1844 william baker bequeathed \u00a3100 stock yielding \u00a33 interest, to be paid to the elderly poor subject to the repair of a grave. by will proved 1858 ann jifkins left \u00a347 stock, the interest to be used for repairing her husband ' s tomb and distributed to the poor of church street ward on christmas day. by will proved 1878 edward board bequeathed \u00a3928 stock yielding \u00a325 a year to provide money and clothing for 20 aged poor, with preference for natives or old residents of edmonton and for those engaged in agriculture. the oswin fund, founded by mrs. sarah eleanor browne by will proved 1901, consisted of \u00a3654 stock and \u00a331 annuities. by will proved 1665, john wilde of edmonton left \u00a36 a year for apprenticing two sons of two poor widows of edmonton to some trade in the city of london. in 1679 thomas style gave \u00a310 a year to apprentice one or two poor boys within the parish. in 1724 francis chaplin and his wife joyce conveyed the moiety of 6\u00bd a. of marsh - land to be used after their deaths for the repair of chaplin ' s vault in the church and for apprenticing a poor boy from edmonton. through neglect at inclosure the land was apportioned to others and only \u00bd a. at jeremy ' s green and \u00a330 were allotted to the charity. by 1823 two cottages had been built and the rent of \u00a33 3s. was applied in apprenticing one boy, although the trustees were criticized in 1849 for retaining the money or granting too little. the land was sold and the money invested in 1905. in 1933 it produced \u00a317 a year. ecclesiastical charities. ( fn. 67 ) by will dated 1714", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40788350117861016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.230316"} {"text": ", although the trustees were criticized in 1849 for retaining the money or granting too little. the land was sold and the money invested in 1905. in 1933 it produced \u00a317 a year. ecclesiastical charities. ( fn. 67 ) by will dated 1714 thomas maule bequeathed \u00a3100 for the benefit of 10 poor church - going widows. in 1737 the money, with money from jackson ' s and latymer ' s charities, was used to buy land in hammersmith, the rent from which was divided among the charities. until c. 1819 the \u00a33 a year apportioned to maule ' s charity was given to three inmates of wilde ' s almshouses but thereafter it was given to 10 poor widows who regularly attended church. when the ecclesiastical charities were instituted in 1899, maule ' s charity produced \u00a37 10s. a year. the land was sold in 1913 and by 1962 the income from maule ' s charity had risen to \u00a343, of which 15 poor widows received 10s. each and the remainder was paid into the sick and poor fund. southgate charities. ( fn. 68 ) the charity of sir john weld of arnolds ( d. 1623 ) provided for payments of \u00a313 6s. 8d. to 6 poor kindred and \u00a32 12s. in bread to 12 poor widows of southgate every sunday. ( fn. 69 ) by 1867 \u00a331 4s. a year was distributed in bread and in 1973 the bread portion of the charity was administered by the southgate relief committee. mrs. sophia walker, by will proved 1865, bequeathed \u00a3596 stock for educational and other charitable objects in southgate. in 1899 \u00a32 15s., the interest on \u00a3101 stock, was spent on medical or nursing needs. in 1973 the income was divided among the southgate relief committee, christ church sunday school, and st. andrew ' s day by will proved 1892 john julian left \u00a31, 000 stock to provide \u00a31 each for 20 poor widows of christ church parish in the week before christmas and to divide the remaining interest in bread for the poor. in 1962 the income was \u00a325, administered by southgate relief committee. four of the walker brothers made bequests for the benefit of the poor of southgate. frederick walker, by will proved 1890, vyell edward walker, by will proved 1906, and russell walker, by will proved 1907, each left \u00a31, 000 stock. in 1962 the income was \u00a334, \u00a333, and \u00a333 respectively, administered by the southgate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37800594215037037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.231465"} {"text": "1890, vyell edward walker, by will proved 1906, and russell walker, by will proved 1907, each left \u00a31, 000 stock. in 1962 the income was \u00a334, \u00a333, and \u00a333 respectively, administered by the southgate relief committee. isaac donnithorne walker left \u00a3500, which yielded \u00a315 in 1962 and which the vicar of southgate still administered for the poor of southgate village in 1973. by will dated 1826 elizabeth martin bequeathed \u00a3498 stock, the interest to be distributed to the poor of christ church. in 1970 the charity produced \u00a312 which was given by the vicar in money and christmas gifts to old age pensioners. john woolnough, by will proved 1939, left money to southgate corporation to provide christmas dinners and coal for old people. trustees were appointed by a scheme of 1961 and in 1973 the income was under \u00a3250. other charities for the poor. there was a group of charities for medical and nursing purposes : elizabeth whitehead bequeathed \u00a3116 stock yielding \u00a33 4s. in 1800, mrs. frances smith bequeathed \u00a3272 yielding \u00a37 9s. 8d. in 1811, and edmund slaughter bequeathed \u00a3107 stock yielding \u00a32 19s in 1831. by 1872 there was also a lying - in charity, of which the origin is unknown, which in 1899 consisted of \u00a3150 stock yielding \u00a34 2s. 4d. by a scheme of 1940 its administration passed to the trustees of the united charities. mrs. esther doe, by deed in 1863 and by will in 1872, left houses and stock yielding an annual income of \u00a3447 which was to be spent on the almshouses. the bush prize fund, founded in 1869, provided \u00a310 a year from \u00a3250 stock to be used for george ringrose, by will proved 1885, left \u00a392 stock producing \u00a32 11s. to be spent in coal, bread, and money for the deserving poor of edmonton. the income in 1966 was \u00a32 6s. 4d. isaac padman, by will dated 1818, left \u00a3500 to be invested, the income to be applied to the religious and ' respectable ' poor of winchmore hill. by a scheme of 1893 the income of \u00a324 a year was to be applied in nursing, provident clubs, clothes, or temporary relief to the residents of the ecclesiastical district of winchmore hill, the rest of edmonton parish, and enfield or any adjoining parish. in 1965 the income was \u00a320, which the ministers of winchmore hill congregational church", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39300249501381745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.235265"} {"text": ", clothes, or temporary relief to the residents of the ecclesiastical district of winchmore hill, the rest of edmonton parish, and enfield or any adjoining parish. in 1965 the income was \u00a320, which the ministers of winchmore hill congregational church and christ church congregational church, enfield, distributed in coal, bedding, and clothes. by will proved 1880 peregrine hogg purvis of winchmore hill left \u00a32, 000 to the vicar and churchwardens of st. paul, winchmore hill, the interest to be distributed annually before christmas in \u00a31 - gifts to 50 poor inhabitants of winchmore hill, irrespective of creed but with preference to residents in highfield row. in 1966 the income was \u00a353. he also left \u00a3100 stock, producing \u00a32 15s. in 1899, to nonconformist bodies, \u00a3200 stock producing \u00a35 10s. for church purposes, and \u00a3200 stock producing \u00a35 10s. for education. elizabeth winsdale, by will proved 1887, left \u00a3500 for the sick poor of the parish of st. james, upper edmonton. the sum was invested and produced \u00a313 a year in 1964. in addition to his bequest to the alms - houses thomas william rowley, by will proved 1892, bequeathed \u00a3200 stock yielding \u00a35 10s. a year to the poor of st. james ' s parish. edward chapman, by will proved 1902, bequeathed \u00a3250, the income to provide coal for the poor of st. james ' s at christmas. in 1969 the income of some \u00a37 was spent on coal for 3 persons. maria linzell, by will proved 1920, bequeathed \u00a350 to augment offertories for the poor, defray the cost of church work, or benefit the parish charities of st. james ' s. the income was \u00a33 in 1964. by will proved 1937 frances isabella hammond bequeathed \u00a3300 to maintain a tomb in st. mary ' s, edmonton, any residue to benefit the sick and poor of the parish. the income in 1966 was \u00a310, spent on groceries and other necessities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3946423636906863, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.236726"} {"text": "11 / 05 / 2012 | author / editor : eddie mcgee *, ken picking * * / marcel drottboom an special technique, developed by ajax equipment, uses a multiple stage insert system to overcome bunker flow problems, creating a more favourable approach to existing outlets and spreading the flow to previously \u201c dead \u201d storage areas of the bunker. the insert system has been used at tata steel europe at its plant in scunthorpe, uk, to overcome coal bunker flow problems. many power generation and industrial processes rely on storing coal in large bunkers. over time changes in the type and quality of coal can lead to poor flow during discharge, causing processing delays and significantly reducing the bunker ' s storage capacity. manual intervention is frequently used to promote flow ; however, this is a hazardous process for operators, and fails to provide a long - term solution to the problem. an innovative technique developed by solids handling equipment specialist, ajax equipment, uses a multiple stage insert system to overcome bunker flow problems, creating a more favourable approach to existing outlets and spreading the flow to previously ' dead ' storage areas of the bunker. the insert system has been used at tata steel europe ( formerly corus long products ) \u2013 a manufacturer of steel products at its plant in scunthorpe, uk, to overcome coal bunker flow problems. in the ironmaking process, molten iron is produced in a blast furnace using agglomerated iron ore, limestone and coke. the coke is produced in large coke ovens from coal with special properties. coal is crushed and blended on the scunthorpe site and transported to appleby coke ovens via a series of belt conveyors. it is then is stored in a large concrete service bunker which is sited above, and in the centre of, the oven batteries. the concrete service bunker ( fig. 1 ) was built in 1937 and is divided into two rectangular sections, one section holding 3000 tonnes of coal and the other holding 1000 tonnes of coal. it is about 17. 5 metres tall and the 1000 tonnes section is 8 metres \u00d7 13 metres, whilst the 3000 - tonne section is 20 metres \u00d7 13 metres. coal is fed into the top of the bunker where it is distributed to one of the two sections and stored ready for discharge under gravity. coal is discharged via a number of rows of outlets at the base of the bunkers into the charge cars. in 1968 half of the outlets were blanked off and lightweight concrete was used to build up a steeper approach to the remaining outlets with smooth glass tiles laid on top to encourage flow.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4806875982761657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.240561"} {"text": "outlets at the base of the bunkers into the charge cars. in 1968 half of the outlets were blanked off and lightweight concrete was used to build up a steeper approach to the remaining outlets with smooth glass tiles laid on top to encourage flow. the outlets are arranged in five rows of four outlets on the 3000 - tonne side and two rows of four outlets on the 1000 - tonne section. each row of four outlets operates together to fill a charge car which feeds the oven. each outlet has a 640 - millimetre diameter steel throat cast into the concrete. slide gates are fitted to each outlet and the charge cars are filled with 17. 5 tonnes of coal in, hopefully, one minute. the bunker was originally designed to store local lincolnshire and yorkshire coal, but today it holds blended imported coal from around the world. a typical blend may consist of 60 percent australian coal and 40 percent north american. it is the particularly cohesive properties of the imported coal that has exacerbated the bunker ' s flow problems, making the material more difficult to handle. this article is protected by copyright. you want to use it for your own purpose? infos can be found under www. mycontentfactory. de ( id : 36570330 ) | fotos : picture : ajax equipment, picture : tata steel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45351836146469116, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.245953"} {"text": "shoumita dasgupta, ph. d. associate professor of medicine, biomedical genetics director of graduate studies, program in genetics and genomics medical genetics course manager, boston university school of medicine ph. d. university of california, san francisco m. s. university of california, san francisco b. s. massachusetts institute of technology stanley l. robbins award for excellence in teaching the popular press has called the twentieth century \u201c the century of the gene. \u201d during this time, genetics came forward as a central discipline in biology, first with the rediscovery of the work of gregor mendel at the turn of the century, later with the elucidation of the structure of dna by jim watson and francis crick, and more recently with the development of recombinant dna technologies by paul berg and herb boyer. these scientific events revolutionized the way we thought about biological problems. mendel \u2019 s contributions led scientists to probe the genetic basis of inheritance while watson and crick helped to define the molecular nature of this inheritance. berg and boyer developed the tools that allowed scientists to manipulate these molecules of inheritance to more deeply understand their functions. each of these events has had far - reaching consequences because of the explosion of scientific inquiry it both allowed and inspired. currently, scientists of the twenty - first century are poised at the brink of another genetic revolution, this time triggered by the genome projects of organisms from microbes to humans. with the availability of this data, it has become obvious that current computational tools alone are inadequate to fully mine this immense data set. although the power of current genomic strategies is tremendous, they are not sufficient to determine gene function. consequently, scientists are seeking to ascertain gene function using two main approaches. first, there is a great effort underway to create new technologies and computational tools to allow for large scale molecular analyses of complex systems. secondly, these strategies are utilized alongside methods that take advantage of the powerful role of model organisms in helping to determine gene function, an important focus of the genetics and genomics department. this global perspective on the intricate networks that govern the machinery of life is causing a shift in the traditional paradigm of identifying the impact of individual genes on any given process. instead, the revised concept that no gene acts in isolation is more easily explored with these new genomic and bioinformatics tools. the aim of our program in establishing graduate coursework in genetics and genomics is to teach our students to apply the approaches of classical genetics and modern genomics to investigations of the heritable basis of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5263779468721106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.272186"} {"text": "new genomic and bioinformatics tools. the aim of our program in establishing graduate coursework in genetics and genomics is to teach our students to apply the approaches of classical genetics and modern genomics to investigations of the heritable basis of numerous biological traits, the relationships among genes, the regulation of their expression, and the elaborate mechanisms involved in supporting complex biological processes. we want our students to be adept at utilizing hypothesis - driven methods as well as discovery - oriented experimental design styles to explore these problems. the combination of these two tactics will allow our students to systematically and broadly make important contributions to many disciplines of biology. moreover, it is our goal that our students will also be trained to function as active members of the scientific community who can clearly communicate ideas, critically evaluate biomedical research, and mentor others in scientific scholarship. towards this end, we offer an array of courses and training opportunities that comprise the graduate program in genetics and genomics. \u201c principles of genetics and genomics \u201d is a core course that focuses on the use of genetic methods in model organisms for understanding complex biological processes. this course focuses on the ability to use genetic systems to probe these problems, and therefore heavily explores the experimental aspects of these investigations. in addition, we discuss the impact of the genome sequences on the practice of modern science. in this regard, the course will be aimed towards first year phd students in the biological sciences, but the course is open to anyone wishing to study genetic approaches to biological research. in addition, we use a case study approach to investigate the rich variety of scientific insights gained through genetic studies. as such, it is a core course that serves a diverse, interdisciplinary group of students in many fields from genetics and genomics to bioinformatics to immunology, and many others. further details on this course and our other exciting courses for graduate and medical students can be found on the course website. this course is one of the foundations for our graduate program in genetics and genomics, which is designed to bring these same approaches to an entire coordinated curriculum. our graduate program aims to bridge the disciplines of experimental biosciences with computational and genomic approaches. the program consists of laboratory rotations, advanced coursework, and journal clubs in the first year. subsequently, graduate students will focus on their thesis research, qualifying exams, and a teaching requirement. additional information on our graduate program can be found on the graduate program website. the pace of genetic advances during the last century has been unparalleled scientifically, and these discoveries have already made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5568785496655586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.274018"} {"text": "thesis research, qualifying exams, and a teaching requirement. additional information on our graduate program can be found on the graduate program website. the pace of genetic advances during the last century has been unparalleled scientifically, and these discoveries have already made and are poised to make an incredible impact on the practice of medicine. currently, omim ( online mendelian inheritance in man ) lists thousands of identified disease genes, and likewise genetests lists thousands of diseases for which there are molecular tests. in this course we explore the precise molecular determinants of medical conditions and of human phenotypic variation that are being elucidated on a daily basis. clearly, a detailed understanding of the genetic basis of human disease will lead to more precise molecular assays and diagnostics, better - targeted treatments, and more efficient treatment plans overall. moreover, these developments will certainly affect all clinical specialties of the medical field since genetic components have a clear influence on a wide variety of human traits and conditions, from height and developmental birth defects to cancer susceptibility and neurological degeneration. we consider how these rapid advances can be utilized appropriately in a clinical environment as well as what ethical, legal, and societal implications all of these developments hold. this course is offered to first year medical students.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4980654769761463, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.274595"} {"text": "| gynecological cancers can occur in any of the female reproductive organs. these types of cancers might include : if some of the terms used in this section are unfamiliar to you, please use our glossary. the ovaries are a pair of female reproductive organs. they are located in the pelvis, one of each side of the uterus. each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. the ovaries have two functions : they produce eggs and female each month during the menstrual cycle an egg is released from one ovary. the egg travels from the ovary through a fallopian tube to the uterus. the ovaries are the main source of female hormones ( estrogen and progesterone ). these hormones control the development of female body characteristics such as breasts, body shape, and body hair. they also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. there are several types of ovarian cancer. most ovarian cancers are epithelial carcinomas, which begin in the lining of the ovary. ovarian cancer is hard to find early. often there are no symptoms in the early stages and in many cases the cancer has spread by the time it is found. symptoms may include a swollen or bloated feeling or general discomfort in the lower abdomen. these symptoms may be vague and may be caused by other conditions. ovarian cancer can be diagnosed with ultrasonography, ct or cat scans, a lower gi series or barium enema, an intravenous pyelogram ( ivp ) ( an x - ray of the kidneys and ureters taken after the injection of a dye, or through a biopsy. a biopsy is the only sure way to know if cancer is present. treatment for ovarian cancer depends on a number of factors, including the stage of the disease, the woman ' s age and general health. treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation or a combination of these. as in many other cancers ovarian cancer is best treated when it is discovered early. women who have regular pelvic examinations increase the chance that, if ovarian cancer occurs, it will be found before the disease causes see our resource page on gynecological return to top the uterus ( also called the womb ) is a hollow, pear - shaped organ located in a woman ' s lower abdomen between the bladder and the rectum. the narrow, lower portion of the uterus is the ce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44917638217570743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.344666"} {"text": "##x is the narrow, lower portion of the uterus. it opens into the vagina ( birth canal ), which leads to the outside of the body. early cervical cancer seldom causes symptoms. it can be detected only by a pelvic exam and a pap test. if the pelvic exam or pap test shows any abnormality the doctor will do more tests to find out what the problem is. a biopsy is the only definitive test for cervical cancer. cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers. six percent of all cancers in women are cervical cancers. when cervical cancer spreads it usually travels through the lymphatic system. for this reason surgeons often remove lymph nodes near the uterus to learn whether they contain cancer cells. treatment for cervical cancer can include surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy or a combination of these depending on the stage of the cancer, and the general health of the woman. see our resource page on gynecological cancers. women facing gynecological cancers may wish to share their experiences on the web site eyes on the prize at http : / / www. eyesontheprize. org this site provides a caring, moderated environment in which women with reproductive cancers can express their experiences and share information. [ home ] [ specific cancers ] [ diagnosis ] [ treatment ] [ coping ] [ disclaimer ] [ breast ] [ colorectal ] [ gynecological ] [ head and neck ] [ leukemia ] [ lung ] [ urologic ] [ other ] material for this page excerpted from nih documents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48868414911335956, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.350606"} {"text": "for my 7th grade science fair project my dad helped me test the germs on people \u2019 s hands after washing them with different brands of soap. the goal was to see which hand soap was the most effective. i got to use petri dishes and watch bacteria grow. i thought it was super impressive. well, turns out teenagers today are really raising the bar. take brittany wenger from sarasota, florida who recently won this year \u2019 s google science fair for developing a computer program that helps doctors detect breast cancer using less invasive methods. puts my science fair project to shame! the 17 - year - old ran 7. 6 million trials and spent more than 600 hours coding the computer program which she has been working on since 7th grade. she hopes to continue to scale up the program so that it can be used in hospitals across the country. brittany \u2019 s project is impressive on many levels, especially when you consider how much women and girls are underrepresented in the computer science industry. she is happy to break stereotypes that say girls aren \u2019 t interested in computer programming or science. so, what does a remarkable young woman like this see for her future? \u201c i want to be on the frontier of cancer research, finding the cures that are going to save lives and doing things with computer science that can be the technologies of the future, \u201d says brittany. \u201c i also want to be a pediatric oncologist, so i hope to intertwine my passions for research, computer science and patient care in the future. \u201d i have no doubts that brittany won \u2019 t do just that. why do you think girls continue to be underrepresented in science and computer programming fields? related from care2 : photo by richard bowen used under a creative commons license. disclaimer : the views expressed above are solely those of the author and may not reflect those of care2, inc., its employees or advertisers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5004431921472149, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.352912"} {"text": "avoiding h1n1 : wash your hands ; don \u2019 t touch your eyes, nose or mouth ; stay home if you \u2019 re sick. but what if you happen to be a cat? since few cats enjoy a 20 - second paw wash \u2026 the advice? stay away from people! according to a press release issued by the american veterinary medical association, a 13 - year old tabby in iowa has tested positive for the 2009 h1n1 influenza virus \u2013 marking the first time a cat has been diagnosed with this strain of influenza. how does a cat get swine flu? since the cat is exclusively an indoor cat who has zero contact with other animals, it is believed to have caught the virus from one of two members in the household who were sick with h1n1. the cat joins pigs, turkeys and several ferrets that have been diagnosed with h1n1. although many assume the opposite, it appears that in general, the disease spreads from people to animals, rather than the other way around. it \u2019 s fascinating how different strains of flu infect a wide variety of animals including seals, whales, horses, tigers, cats, dogs, ducks, and chickens. ( and i \u2019 m still scratching my head about how a seal gets the flu. ) as evidenced in the health blogs of the new york times and the wall street journal, the world of animal flu is a nimble one. when ducks get the flu, they may not show symptoms ( lucky ducks! ), but the virus replicates itself in their intestinal tracks and is then excreted into the wastewater where it may be a pathway for transmission to other animals ( like seals, i suppose ). when pigs get the flu, they sneeze, have a fever and stop eating. because pigs can be infected with both human flu strains and bird strains, they may serve as mixing bowls for new strains. companion animals have been known to contract flu from other species : canine influenza ( h3n8 ) originated in horses ( a dog with the flu may have a cough, a runny nose and a fever. and did you know you can get a flu shot for your dog? ) ; and cats can get avian influenza ( h5n1 ) from eating birds. but this is the first confirmed case of a cat getting h1n1 from a human. the symptoms of the cat \u2019 s h1n1 were lethargy, loss of appetite and trouble breathing \u2013 he had stopped cleaning himself, and also rested by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41789093000509747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.370409"} {"text": "is the first confirmed case of a cat getting h1n1 from a human. the symptoms of the cat \u2019 s h1n1 were lethargy, loss of appetite and trouble breathing \u2013 he had stopped cleaning himself, and also rested by crouching on all four feet rather than sprawling out on his side as usual \u2013 a sign of respiratory discomfort. fortunately, the cat has fully recovered ; he was given fluids for dehydration and put on antibiotics to prevent a secondary bacterial infection. officials say pet owners should take the same precautions against spreading swine flu to pets as they would with humans. ( again, washing a cat \u2019 s paws??? ) dr. ann garvey, iowa \u2019 s state health veterinarian, said it is not yet known how sick cats or other pets could get from swine flu. \u201c because we haven \u2019 t seen that many cases, it \u2019 s difficult to give a blanket assessment on how sick it can make an animal, \u201d she said. it is also as yet to be determined whether or not a companion animal with h1n1 can then infect a healthy person. it serves as a poignant reminder that we really are all part of one big animal family \u2026 for more on h1n1, visit the care2 swine flu project, a collaboration between care2 causes and healthy & green living. care2, inc., its employees or advertisers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3774531016023627, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.371094"} {"text": "nearly every day, we read about problems caused by invaders like the emerald ash borer killing trees across new york, west nile virus killing people across the united state ( 1, 499 so far ), zebra mussels clogging water intakes and changing the great lakes and hudson river ecosystems and burmese pythons eating everything in the everglades. if you \u2019 re like us, you are upset by the billions of dollars in economic costs, thousands of human deaths, and deep and irreversible ecological damage that these species cause. but what can any of us do to solve the problems caused by invasive species? here are a few suggestions. don \u2019 t add to the problem by releasing potentially harmful new invaders into the wild. don \u2019 t buy exotic new plants for your garden, unless they are already widely planted in your region or have been shown to be harmless. many of our most problematic invaders started out as \u201c desirable \u201d garden plants, or as insects or diseases hitchhiking on those plants. likewise, don \u2019 t release pets into the wild or dump your aquarium or bait bucket. every year, thousands of unwanted pets are dumped into the wild. besides being cruel to the pets, some of them ( like the burmese pythons in the everglades and the snakeheads that turned up in orange county ) end up creating big problems. and don \u2019 t try to smuggle fresh produce, live plants, or cute pets past the customs officials into the u. s. some of these smuggled items, or the diseases that they carry, get into the wild and cost us big bucks. don \u2019 t move dirty stuff into clean environments. for example, moving insect - infested firewood ( most firewood is insect - infested ) or boat trailers festooned with aquatic plants into regions not infested with pests are good ways to speed the spread of problematic invaders. don \u2019 t move firewood, and always clean your boat and trailer before launching them into a new lake or river. and use common sense about other practices that may move items contaminated with invaders from place to place. here are a few things that you needn \u2019 t worry about. you don \u2019 t need to go out and kill all of the non - native species in your yard, if they are harmless or already widely distributed in the region. it \u2019 s ok to plant non - native species that are already well - established in the region. even though invaders like oriental bittersweet and japanese barberry cause problems, they are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40148672437861543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.390549"} {"text": ", if they are harmless or already widely distributed in the region. it \u2019 s ok to plant non - native species that are already well - established in the region. even though invaders like oriental bittersweet and japanese barberry cause problems, they are so widely spread through the hudson valley that one or two more or less in your yard won \u2019 t make any difference in the bigger picture. you don \u2019 t need to bother with weed pulls intended to rid the world of well - established species. however, you could help with campaigns that have specific, attainable goals, like removing an aggressive plant from a sensitive nature preserve, or pulling water chestnuts from a bay to allow boat access. but we are not going to solve the invasive species problem with just these individual actions. too many harmful species are coming into the country through pathways like ballast water and the pet and horticulture trades, which are not easily controlled by our individual actions. we need collective action to adopt and enforce laws and regulations. you can help spur these collective actions by writing to your elected representatives or to advocacy groups that are concerned with protecting the environment. tell them you \u2019 re concerned about our inadequate responses to the challenges of invasive species, or express your opinions about specific proposals for new laws or regulations. if you don \u2019 t know what laws or regulations are being discussed, visit the website of the national environmental coalition on invasive species at www. necis. net, which keeps track of important news about invasive species. your letters can serve as an important counterweight to powerful industry forces that are looking out for their own narrow interests at our expense. even if you don \u2019 t know about specific legislation, your expressions of concern can at least get your elected official to start thinking about ( or maybe even fixing ) this problem. you can help solve this important environmental problem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4145514507331636, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.391796"} {"text": "piatus of mons ( secular name, jean - joseph loiseaux ), b. 5 aug., 1815 ; d. in the monastery of ste. claire, bruges, 21 april 1904. as a student of priesthood he distinguished himself in moral theology and canon law. after his ordination as a secular priest of the diocese of torunai, belgium, in 1838, he continued his study of canon law at louvain. in 1843 he was appointed a vicar of the cathedral of tournai, but the following year he went to rome, and there spent two years in the belgian college, studying canon law and working for the congregations. he returned to belgium in 1846 and the next year was appointed to the chair of canon law and ecclesiastical history at louvain. in 1847 in cooperation with abbe felise he founded the quarterly magazine, \" melanges theologiques \", and later the \" revue theologique \" and the \" nouvelle revue theologique \". the first was concerned chiefly with canon law ; the second with liturgy. he continued to edit the \" nouvelle revue theologique \" until 1895. when it passed into the hands of the redemptorists. he twice refused the bishopric of tournai. in 1871 he entered the order of capuchin friars minor. his chief works are : \" praelectiones juris regularis \", a dissertation, \" de sentia s. bonaventurae circa essentiam sacramenti poenitentiae \" ; \" traite du jubile \". he also wrote a great number of articles in theological reviews. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4361846015858445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.396827"} {"text": "for years now, we have been deluged with the news that the earth \u2019 s oceans are warming as a result of atmospheric changes due to the combustion of fossil fuels. typical of these was a 2005 story titled \u201c where \u2019 s the heat? think deep blue, \u201d from united press international, describing a recent paper in science by nasa climate modeler james hansen. upi \u2019 s \u201c space daily \u201d wrote that \u201c over the past ten years, the heat content of the ocean has grown dramatically. \u201d hansen \u2019 s study covered more than just the ocean surface temperature, which can fluctuate considerably from year to year. rather, by considering a much deeper layer of water ( the top 2, 500 feet ), hansen actually calculated the increasing amount of heat being stored. according to the upi story, this provided \u201c a match \u201d with computer model projections of global warming. the ocean is a huge tub that integrates and stores long - term climate changes. consequently, when computer models are based on ever - increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, the deep oceans warm, warm, and warm. like a big pot on a small burner, it takes time to start up, but once the process starts, nothing should be able to stop it. that \u2019 s the conventional wisdom of our climate models, but like the conventional wisdom on so many other aspects of life, it \u2019 s not true to nature. in the next few weeks, john lyman of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration will publish a paper in the refereed journal geophysical research letters showing that, globally, the top 2, 500 feet of the ocean lost a tremendous amount of heat between 2003 and 2005 \u2014 in fact, about 20 % of all the heat gained in the last half - century. needless to say, lyman \u2019 s figures have climate scientists scratching their heads. no computer model predicts such behavior. and further, the changes in surface temperatures haven \u2019 t corresponded ( yet? ) to the average changes at depth, although deep - water temperatures have also dropped some. nor has the sea level dropped by an amount commensurate with the cooling ( water volume varies slightly with temperature ). this last observation has led scientists to speculate that much more ice must be melting into the ocean than they normally assume \u2014 but no one has been able to find it, and it \u2019 s not for a lack of looking. there \u2019 s another hypothesis out there that has received very little attention. it has to do with the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5370629468495949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.400707"} {"text": "no one has been able to find it, and it \u2019 s not for a lack of looking. there \u2019 s another hypothesis out there that has received very little attention. it has to do with the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere. if carbon dioxide increases at a constant rate, basic physics \u2014 as understood since the 1860s \u2014 says that surface temperature will rise, but that the rate of heating will become lower and lower. in other words, in order for temperatures to increase at a constant rate, as has been observed since 1975, carbon dioxide would have to go up at an ever - increasing rate. but the ocean is so vast and slow to change that it takes several decades to realize the heating caused by carbon dioxide. consequently, a change in the rate of carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere wouldn \u2019 t be noticed for 30 to 60 years, depending upon whose calculations one believes. between the time atmospheric carbon dioxide was first directly measured, at mauna loa, hawaii, in 1957, and 1975, it clearly increased exponentially. and once the ocean temperature began to rise, it did so at a constant rate. then, about 30 years ago, something very peculiar began to occur. since 1975, it has been impossible to tell whether the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide is increasing at an exponential or simply a constant rate. because of the lag time required for the oceans to register the change in carbon dioxide, it may not be a surprise that an interval of cooling has been detected. the timing is about right : around 30 years. but that \u2019 s just another climate change hypothesis that time will test. be forewarned, though. as we \u2019 ve learned from the completely unexpected cooling of the deep ocean that began in 2003, we know a lot less about climate change than we think.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5236374778135986, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.401567"} {"text": "la jolla ( cns ) - a protein studied as a potential treatment for cardiovascular disease could actually trigger heart failure, according to a study released wednesday by the sanford - burnham medical research institute in la jolla and the stanford university school of medicine. according to sanford - burnham, researchers have long sought ways to activate the apj protein, which sits on the surface of cells in many of the body ' s organs and senses changes to its external environment, as a way to treat heart disease. the latest research, published in thursday ' s edition of the journal nature, found that apj has a second function, reacting to internal mechanical changes within the organ. an enlarged heart, for example, could lead apj to respond in a way that sets a course toward heart failure, according to the study. a team led by pilar ruiz - lozano, formerly assistant professor at sanford - burnham and now associate professor of pediatrics at stanford, tested enlarged hearts in mice that didn ' t have the apj protein, and the organs kept functioning because they could not sense the danger. \" in other words, without apj, ignorance is bliss - - the heart doesn ' t sense the danger and so it doesn ' t activate the hypertrophic pathways that lead to heart failure, \" ruiz - lozano said. \" this tells us that, depending on how it ' s done, activating apj might make matters worse for heart disease patients. \" the benign function for apj comes when it binds with a hormone called apelin. previous studies showed that the combination of apj and apelin directs beneficial processes such as embryonic heart development, maintenance of normal blood pressure, and new blood vessel formation. apelin is not involved in the harmful actions by apj, which responds simply to changes within the organ, according to the research.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4802909288473244, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.404507"} {"text": "| \u00ab baring - gould, sabine | | bar kokba | | barlaam \u00bb | bar kok\u00b4ba : the name traditionally assigned to the leader of the great insurrection of the jews in palestine against the romans under the emperor hadrian in the years 132 - 135 ( see israel ). the roman historians spartian and dio cassius, however, give no name and do not even speak of one single prominent leader ; nor does the name occur on the coins struck during the revolt, or, according to derenbourg ( p. 423 ), in the rabbinical authorities. it rests on christian tradition beginning with justin martyr, an author likely to be well informed. in his larger \u201c apology \" ( xxxi ) he speaks of the leader of the rising as barchochebas, saying that he inflicted severe penalties on the christians ( regarded as apostate jews ). eusebius ( hist. eccl., iv, viii, 4 ) reproduces this passage, with the variant spelling barchochebas, and confirms it in iv, vi, 2, where he says that the leader won his authority over the ignorant by basing on his name ( meaning \u201c star \" or \u201c son of a star \" ) the claim to have been sent directly by god as a light to the oppressed. beyond this eusebius appears to know nothing of him except that in the last decisive battle, at the present bittir ( 7 m. by rail s. w. of jerusalem ), in the eighteenth year of hadrian ( 134 - 135 ), he suffered the penalty of his deeds. that the jews had a native leader in this rising is clearly proved by the coins, both those which are adapted to jewish use from coins of vespasian and trajan, and must thus belong to this period, and those which on account of similarity of treatment are evidently of the same date ( cf. f. w. madden, history of jewish coinage, london, 1864, 203 sqq., and coins of the jews, 1881 ). the inscriptions of these give on the reverse sometimes \u201c in [ the year of ] the freedom of israel \" alone, sometimes the same with the number 2 for the year, or \u201c year 1 of the deliverance of israel \" ; on the obverse sometimes \u201c eleazar the priest \" ( who must not be confounded with the uncle of bar kokba, the scribe eleazar ), sometimes \u201c jerusalem, \u201d claiming the right of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36627198902213864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.418560"} {"text": "deliverance of israel \" ; on the obverse sometimes \u201c eleazar the priest \" ( who must not be confounded with the uncle of bar kokba, the scribe eleazar ), sometimes \u201c jerusalem, \u201d claiming the right of coinage for the city, and sometimes \u201c simeon, prince of israel. \u201d that 485 the leadership of simeon coincided with the priesthood of eleazar is shown by a distinct variety which names eleazar the priest on the obverse and simeon, without any title, on the reverse. according to the coins, therefore, during the time of the revolt, israel had a secular head of the name of simeon ; which leads to the hypothesis that the same man who inspired the people by the name of bar kokba was really called simeon. this theory finds support in certain coins which show the letters of the name of simeon on both sides of a temple portico above which is a star. moreover, the jewish accounts are consistent with it. the seder \u2018 olam mentions the three and a half years of a native ruler as the epoch following the wars of vespasian and quietus, calling this ruler, however, \u201c bar kozeba. \u201d and the talmudic explanations to the mishnah treatise ma \u2018 aser sheni, when they forbid the payment of tithes with money coined by rebels or otherwise unauthorized, give as examples that of \u201c ben kozeba \" or the \u201c coins of kozeba \" and the \u201c coins of jerusalem. \u201d by the analogy of the latter, the former might also be a local designation ( cf. i chron. iv, 22 ) ; but the variant form first given makes it much more probable that it is from the name of the ruler ; and there is no difficulty in identifying this ruler with the simeon already mentioned, especially as jewish tradition, quoting ( in the talmud on ta \u2018 anit ) from rabbi akiba, shows how easy was the transformation of the name of ben kozeba into the form bar kocheba ( or bar kokba ), with its encouraging reference to the prophecy of balsam ( num. xxiv, 17 ). not much can be safely asserted of bar kokba \u2019 s personality and achievements, for the jewish sources mentioned above tell nothing trustworthy about him which is not already known from dio cassius, with the exception of his relations to akiba and to eleazar, whom, on suspicion of treachery, he is said to have killed with a kick.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41888449600874367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.421030"} {"text": "nothing trustworthy about him which is not already known from dio cassius, with the exception of his relations to akiba and to eleazar, whom, on suspicion of treachery, he is said to have killed with a kick. the immense number of his adherents ( 200, 000 men, who had pledged themselves to the conspiracy by cutting off a finger ), the fabulous size of his citadel of bittir, and the awful bloodshed there, are merely imaginative projections from the natural facts of such a rising. as a consequence of his failure, bar kokba has lived in jewish memory as a deceiver ; but one who could bring about so vigorous and stubborn a revolt and dominate it to its close must have been a man of great power and determination, who had made the nation \u2019 s cause his own. bibliography : the principal source is dio cassius, historia romana, book lxix, chaps. 12 - 14, ed. f. g. sturz, 9 vols., leipsic, 1824 - 43 ; the samaritan book of joshua, ed. juynboll, leyden, 1848, may be used cautiously. consult j. hamburger, realencyklopadie fur bibel und talmud, vol. ii, leipsic, 1891 ; j. derenbourg, essai sur 1 \u2019 histoire et la geographie de la palestine, paris, 1867 ; idem, notes sur la guerre de bar kozeba, in melanges de l \u2019 ecole des hautes etudes, ib. 1878 ; h. gratz, geschichte der juden, iv, 137 sqq., leipsic, 1893 ; schurer, geschichte i, 682 - 685, 695 - 696, 765 - 772, eng. transl., i, ii, 297 - 301, 311 ; a. schlatter, die tage trajans and hadrians, gutersloh, 1897 ; je, ii, 506 - 509. | \u00ab baring - gould, sabine | | bar kokba | | barlaam \u00bb | disabled for this book printer - friendly version", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45356927364819377, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.438032"} {"text": "announcement : addition of households with only cellular telephone service to the national immunization survey, 2011 before 2011, the national immunization survey ( nis ) used a random - digit \u2013 dialed, list - assisted landline telephone sample of households to monitor national, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among noninstitutionalized children aged 19 \u2013 35 months and 13 \u2013 17 years ( nis - teen ) in the united states. since nis was begun in 1994, landline telephone use has decreased while cellular telephone use has increased. by the second half of 2011, the proportion of children in the united states living in households with only cellular telephone service was 38. 1 % ( 1 ). at least one factor, poverty, has been associated both with having only cellular telephone service and lower vaccination coverage, increasing the potential for bias in landline telephone surveys because of a lack of a representative sampling frame ( 1 \u2013 3 ). beginning in 2011, the nis sampling frame was expanded from a single landline frame to dual landline and cellular telephone sampling frames. this change increased the representativeness of the sample characteristics but had little effect on the final 2011 nis and nis - teen national estimates of vaccination coverage overall and when stratified by poverty status ( 4, 5 ). public health surveillance systems must occasionally change methods, and telephone surveys particularly need to include households with only cellular telephone service ( 6 ). the impact of this change on the validity of nis estimates will be monitored annually. further information, including a description of the dual landline and cellular sampling frames, specific weighting methods, and detailed national, state, and local area tables comparing estimates from the landline and dual frames by poverty level, is available at http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / stats - surv / nis / dual - frame - sampling - 08282012. htm. - blumberg s, luke j. wireless substitution : early release of estimates from the national health interview survey, july \u2013 december 2011. atlanta, ga : us department of health and human services, cdc ; 2012. available at http : / / www. cdc. gov / nchs / nhis. htm. accessed august 24, 2012. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years \u2014 united states, 2010. mmwr 2011 ; 60 : 1117 \u2013 23. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among children aged 19 \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45155903698327676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.448442"} {"text": ". - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years \u2014 united states, 2010. mmwr 2011 ; 60 : 1117 \u2013 23. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among children aged 19 \u2013 35 months \u2014 united states, 2010. mmwr 2011 ; 60 : 1157 \u2013 63. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years \u2014 united states, 2011. mmwr 2012 ; 61 : 671 \u2013 7. - cdc. national and state vaccination coverage among children aged 19 \u2013 35 months \u2014 united states, 2011. mmwr 2012. in press. - cdc. methodologic changes in the behavioral risk factor surveillance system in 2011 and potential effects on prevalence estimates. mmwr 2012 ; 61 : 410 \u2013 3. use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the u. s. department of health and human services. all mmwr html versions of articles are electronic conversions from typeset documents. this conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the html version. users are referred to the electronic pdf version ( http : / / www. cdc. gov / mmwr ) and / or the original mmwr paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables. an original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the superintendent of documents, u. s. government printing office ( gpo ), washington, dc 20402 - 9371 ; telephone : ( 202 ) 512 - 1800. contact gpo for current prices. * * questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4153652463259603, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.449117"} {"text": "cf foundation provides guidance on seasonal and h1n1 influenza september 22, 2009 - updated april 26, 2010 the cf foundation continues to monitor the seasonal and h1n1 flu situation closely. the foundation recommends that all people with cystic fibrosis and individuals living with them follow the recommendations of the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) on both seasonal and h1n1 flu prevention and vaccination. based on the cdc \u2019 s recommendations, the foundation urges everyone with cf and those who live in the same household to : - get the 2009 h1n1 vaccine as soon as possible. - follow your local care center \u2019 s recommendations on getting end - of - season vaccination for seasonal flu. some communities may still be experiencing seasonal flu. seasonal flu shots may be especially important if you \u2019 re planning to travel to certain areas, or for children under 9 who have only ever had one flu shot. - minimize the spread of germs by : - cleaning your hands often with soap and water or alcohol - based hand gel. - using a tissue when coughing or sneezing, then cleaning your hands. - avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth since germs are spread that way. - staying away from others if you are ill. - watch for symptoms of the flu and if they appear, call your doctor. symptoms include : - body aches and headache - fever and chills - increased cough - sore throat seasonal and h1n1 flu vaccines the seasonal flu vaccine is an important step in protecting against seasonal flu. vaccination is especially important for people at high risk of serious flu complications, such as people with cf. the 2009 seasonal flu vaccine was not designed to protect against the h1n1 flu. people at greatest risk for h1n1 flu \u2013 such as those with cf \u2013 should receive the h1n1 vaccine. vaccinations for people with cf are generally available at cf care centers. household members of people with cf also should receive the flu vaccinations. you can find the closest place to receive either the seasonal flu vaccine or h1n1 vaccine from the american lung association \u2019 s flu clinic locator web site. the fastest way to get the h1n1 vaccine may not be through your cf care center. the best way to protect against seasonal and h1n1 flu is by practicing good infection control. for more information on infection control or vaccinations, talk to your cf doctor. additional resources on seasonal and h1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4305423394804274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.451746"} {"text": "roy j. plunkett roy j. plunkett with a cable insulated with teflon and a teflon - coated muffin tin. gift of roy plunkett. courtesy hagley museum and library. from the 1930s to the present, beginning with neoprene and nylon, the american chemical industry has introduced a cornucopia of polymers to the consumer. teflon, discovered by roy j. plunkett ( 1910 \u2013 1994 ) at the dupont company \u2019 s jackson laboratory in 1938, was an accidental invention \u2014 unlike most of the other polymer products. but as plunkett often told student audiences, his mind was prepared by education and training to recognize novelty. as a poor ohio farm boy during the depression, plunkett attended manchester college in indiana. his roommate for a time at this small college was paul flory, who would win the 1974 nobel prize in chemistry for his contributions to the theory of polymers. like flory, plunkett went on to the ohio state university for a doctorate, and also like flory he was hired by dupont. unlike flory, plunkett made his entire career at dupont. reenactment of the 1938 discovery of teflon. left to right : jack rebok, robert mcharness, and roy plunkett. courtesy hagley museum and library. plunkett \u2019 s first assignment at dupont was researching new chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants \u2014 then seen as great advances over earlier refrigerants like sulfur dioxide and ammonia, which regularly poisoned food - industry workers and people in their homes. plunkett had produced 100 pounds of tetrafluoroethylene gas ( tfe ) and stored it in small cylinders at dry - ice temperatures preparatory to chlorinating it. when he and his helper prepared a cylinder for use, none of the gas came out \u2014 yet the cylinder weighed the same as before. they opened it and found a white powder, which plunkett had the presence of mind to characterize for properties other than refrigeration potential. he found the substance to be heat resistant and chemically inert, and to have very low surface friction so that most other substances would not adhere to it. plunkett realized that, against the predictions of polymer science of the day, tfe had polymerized to produce this substance \u2014 later named teflon \u2014 with such potentially useful characteristics. chemists and engineers in the central research department with special experience in polymer research and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5049090400554944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.456549"} {"text": "laparoscopic total colectomy & ileoanal pullthrough coping for parents learning how to cope is easiest when parents, children, and health care professional work together as a team. child life specialists are available to help reduce any fears surrounding this experience. reason with your child appropriate to their stage of development. if your son or daughter has questions, always answer them honestly so they will be prepared for what will happen. children often sense when their parents, doctors, or nurses are hiding something from them. decide appropriate \" advance notice \" time. some children prefer to know well ahead of time what ' s coming, and some do better knowing closer to the time of the event ( for example, when a tube is going to be removed ). you know your child better than anyone. keep in mind that giving them too much advanced notice of events may make them unable to focus on anything else. many parents prefer to share information when medical team members are present. if your child is a teenager and expresses interest in speaking with his doctors or nurses, respect his / her wishes. if age appropriate, ask if they would like any comfort objects such as stuffed animals or musical tapes during the procedures. psychosocial support for you and your child is available during the hospitalization. parents often feel sad, fearful or helpless even if your doctor assures you that your child ' s prognosis is good. some may feel guilty thinking they may have done something to cause the disease or should have been able to do something to prevent it. although these kinds of questions are both common and normal, try to remember you are not to blame for your child ' s illness. don ' t hesitate to ask to meet with a social worker to discuss any concerns you may have.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4363715833687968, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.463722"} {"text": "taco usa : how mexican food conquered america / gustavo arellano. author : arellano, gustavo, 1979 - edition : 1st scribner hardcover ed. publisher : new york : scribner, 2012. isbn : 9781439148617 ( hbk. ) description : viii, 310 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. subject : cooking, mexican history. cooking, mexican united states history. food habits mexico history. food habits united states history. mexican american cooking history. cooking, american southwestern style history. contents : introduction : what ' s so cosmic about a burrito? - - you mean mexico gave the world more than just tacos? - - whatever happened to the chili queens and tamale kings? - - how did the taco become popular before mexicans flooded the united states? - - who were the enchilada millionaires, and how did they change mexican food? - - how did americans become experts at writing cookbooks on mexican food? - - whatever happened to southwestern cuisine? - - is tex - mex food doomed? - - what took the burrito so long to become popular? - - when did mexicans start making for food for mexicans? - - how did mexican food get into our supermarkets? - - is the tortilla god ' s favored method of communication? - - how did salsa become america ' s top - selling condiment? - - tequila? tequila! - - what are the five greatest mexican meals in the united states? - - what happens after the burrito has gone cosmic?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43814175413954415, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.466778"} {"text": "henry franklin battles / susan ( monks ) battles submitted by : archie ( bud ) and doris battles, grandson and wife. the henry franklin battles and susan monks families presumably came from alabama and settled around cameron, indian territory. henry franklin battles born 12 - 23 - 1851, enrolled at doaksville, indian territory and died 2 - 6 - 1936 at gowen, ok. his father was g. w. battles. susan ( monks ) battles born 12 - 23 - 1856 to f. m. and susan monks. she was enrolled in garris county and died 7 - 25 - 1937 at ashland, ok. it is presumed that around cameron, indian territory is where henry and susan met, married and started raising their family of four boys. from there, they moved to wilburton where they had one girl and two more boys. they farmed and the children went to a small school southwest of wilburton. they named it the battles school. later, some of the boys went to jones academy. later on, they were enrolled on the choctaw rolls and was allotted land around ashland, indian territory. they moved to their land where they farmed and horse raced. their children had all met, married and had children by this time. all of the grandchildren moved, with most of them going to salt plains, van horne and ashland. their children were : - william e. born 12 - 28 - 1872 and died 1 - 2 - 1950. his first wife was named martha then he married emma shaw ; - finis marion born 8 - 19 - 1878 and died 1 - 18 - 1958. he married maggie dunlap on 4 - 29 - 1906 ; - john marim born 5 - 22 - 1881 and died 1 - 21 - 1970. his first wife was cemie patrick then annie may chester ; - george washington born 8 - 21 - 1887 and died 4 - 5 - 1962. he married ola mae christian, 10 - 20 - 1907 ; - erma e. l. born 12 - 24 - 1888 and died 2 - 26 - 1975. she married jim carter ; - james ( jimmie ) ernest born 8 - 7 - 1893 and died 7 - 27 - 1974. he married walsie akin in 1912 ; - lester born 12 - 24 - 1896 and died 12 - 19 - 1965. his first wife was nellie parnell then he married mandy owensby ; - pearl clementine. clementine was married to # 3 son, john. children of george washington battles and minnie ola ( christian ) battles are : ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41383139313438466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.470783"} {"text": "19 - 1965. his first wife was nellie parnell then he married mandy owensby ; - pearl clementine. clementine was married to # 3 son, john. children of george washington battles and minnie ola ( christian ) battles are : venita jewell ( battles ) collie, born 11 - 13 - 1908 at ashland. she married jim colie and there were no children ; oran, born 8 - 13 - 1910 at ashland. his first wife was birtha? and they had one son, charles ; tollie ( dutch ), born 6 - 20 - 1920 at ashland and died 12 - 4 - 1953. he married alice? and they had four children : mary jo, richard, samuel and linda ; archie monroe ( bud ), born 7 - 14 - 1914 at wardville. he married willie doris lenox, 12 - 30 - 1937 and they had two sons ; kenneth hoyt and walter roy. kenneth was born 12 - 3 - 1939 and married mary alice hogan. walker roy was born 11 - 24 - 1942. his first wife was wilma sturgeion then he married gwen pola gormly. olen, born 11 - 22 - 1916 at ashland. his wife was joan ; henry franklin ( dink ), born 8 - 4 - 1914 at ashland and died 3 - 11 - 1942. he had no children ; lucille, born 12 - 30 - 1920 at ashland. she married loyd faris and they had two children, shirley and keith ; jake, born 4 - 19 - 1923 at gowen. his wife \u2019 s name was jean and they had two girls and one boy ; pauline, born 6 - 23 - 1928 at wardville. she married j. b. dave and they had one child, pamela ; george washington, jr. ( sam ), born 7 - 15 - 1930 at ashland. his wife \u2019 s name was wanda and they had two children, machala and rodney. all of the children were born in oklahoma within a few miles of each other.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3742616102723602, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.471480"} {"text": "october 25, 2012 contact : john ascenzi, children ' s hospital of philadelphia, 267 - 426 - 6055 or firstname. lastname @ example. org obese teenagers who don \u2019 t get the proper amount of sleep may have disruptions in insulin secretion and blood sugar ( glucose ) levels, say pediatric researchers. their study suggests that getting a good night \u2019 s sleep may stave off the development of type 2 diabetes in these adolescents. \u201c we already know that three out of four high school students report getting insufficient sleep, \u201d said study investigator dorit koren, md, a pediatric endocrinologist at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia. \u201c our study found to keep glucose levels stable, the optimal amount of sleep for teenagers is 7. 5 to 8. 5 hours per night. \u201d she added that this is consistent with research in adults showing an association between sleep deprivation and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. the study appears online today in the journal diabetes care. the researchers studied 62 obese adolescents with a mean age of 14 years at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia. over one and a half days, the children, who were white, african american and hispanic teenagers, underwent glucose testing and an overnight sleep study. in addition to measuring total sleep time, the scientists studied \u201c sleep architecture, \u201d analyzing stages of sleep such as slow - wave \u201c deep \u201d sleep and rapid eye movement ( dream ) sleep. the optimal sleep duration was neither too little nor too much, said koren ; both insufficient and excessive sleep were linked to higher glucose levels. while sleep stages did not predict glucose levels, lower duration of n3 ( \u201c deep \u201d sleep ) correlated with decreased insulin secretion. the current study was the first to associate sleep duration with glucose levels in children and to report a link between n3 sleep and insulin secretion. \u201c reduced insulin secretion may lead to the higher glucose levels that we found in subjects who had insufficient sleep, \u201d said koren. \u201c we will seek to confirm these findings with home - based studies of sleep patterns in obese teenagers. in the meantime, our study reinforces the idea that getting adequate sleep in adolescence may help protect against type 2 diabetes. \u201d funding support for the study came from the pennsylvania state tobacco settlement fund and the national center for research resources, ( part of the more information national institutes of health ). koren \u2019 s co - authors were lorraine e. levitt katz, m. d., paul r. gallagher, ma, robert i. be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4557774681769158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.475083"} {"text": "gone are the days when web browsers were simply tools to access the internet. their basic function remains the same, but web browsers have improved so much that you can also do a lot of things other than using them for web browsing. communication and the internet have become an important part in today \u2019 s society and web browsers have played a major role. in fact, the internet would not become what it is now if not for the development of web browsers. two of the most popular web browsers today are google chrome and firefox. both web browsers have evolved over time and both of them are free to download and use. there are other popular web browsers but it is safe to say that chrome and firefox are the two most popular web browsers today. everybody has a preferred web browser. those who are on the internet for extended periods of time may even have a web browser that they have learned to trust. what makes a web browser popular? in the early days when the most popular web browser was internet explorer, mostly because it was the only one available for windows based computers, browsing the internet was a bit difficult. internet explorer was plagued with problems that made it crash every so often. internet connections weren \u2019 t that fast during those times. the only way to connect to the internet was through a dial - up connection, unless you worked for an internet service provider or a large company. ordinary people had to make do with a dial - up connection if they needed to get on the internet. slow internet connections sort of played down the faults of internet explorer, but this did not prevent others from developing web browsers to compete with ie. mozilla was one of the first browsers to compete with ie and it really did give ie a run for its money. web browsers need to keep up with faster internet connections when dsl home connections became popular and internet connection speeds became a whole lot faster, the importance of a reliable web browser became really evident. ie was left behind by a bunch of other web browsers. google, which was initially just a search engine tool, came up with its own web browser called google chrome and the battle of web browsers began. faster internet connection speeds meant that web browsers needed to be able to open web pages faster as well. people no longer wanted to wait for web pages to come up and ie which had an awful reputation seemed to disappear in the background. the first thing that people look for in a web browser is its ability to open web pages quickly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41856796273042424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.481449"} {"text": "pages faster as well. people no longer wanted to wait for web pages to come up and ie which had an awful reputation seemed to disappear in the background. the first thing that people look for in a web browser is its ability to open web pages quickly. when chrome was released, it easily got the reputation of being the fastest web browser. however, firefox was not far behind and the latest release of firefox can easily match chrome \u2019 s speed in opening web pages. ease of use another factor that people look for in web browsers is its ease of use. some people think that the firefox design is simple but a bit too simple. chrome has managed to combine simplicity with functionality perfectly. it is simple and easy to use, yet a bit better designed than firefox. the internet would have limited functionality if you weren \u2019 t able to download files from it. file downloading is an area where firefox takes the lead. firefox has a fast file downloading time and in addition to this, it can also resume file downloads from where it was interrupted. this is was an ability that chrome initially did not have, but chrome extensions are now available that can resume an interrupted file download. unfortunately, a lot of people have already learned to trust firefox when it came to file downloading. security is a major factor when it comes to web browsing. chrome leads in this area, but you should not think that firefox is not secure. firefox is also a secure web browser even if chrome leads in security. as mentioned earlier, web browsers have evolved from just being simple browsing tools into browsing tools that we can use to do many other tasks as well on the internet. apps and extensions are the way that web browsers have evolved. both chrome and firefox have a lot of apps and extensions that you can choose from. in this area, chrome and firefox are pretty much the same. if you \u2019 re looking for the best web browser, it would be difficult to say that chrome is better than firefox or the other way around. both chrome and firefox are excellent web browsers. it really just boils down to which browser you have learned to trust over the years. some people have learned to trust chrome even though firefox has been around longer. firefox enthusiasts have stuck with this web browser over the years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4201180942499544, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.482484"} {"text": "will this decade be more grim than the 1930s? the problem, from its neighbors ' point of view, with a unified germany is that its increased relative economic might and strategic importance casts a giant shadow across europe, relatively diminishing the global status and economic competitiveness of all other european countries. the issue from a german perspective is that a unified germany has enormous latent potential simply waiting to be unleashed to increase the gap between what the fatherland sees as its rightful place and the rest of europe. in imperial times, this conflict was expressed in terms of territorial ambitions, nationalistic fervor and military strength. ww i and ww ii were the ultimate results of the failure to dress this in any form other than military combat. british historian alan john percivale taylor explained this better than anyone to my generation. hopefully, we learned the diplomatic lessons and other than local conflicts ( notwithstanding that some of which have seen appalling losses of life and acts of brutality ), peace in most of europe has prevailed since 1945. less clear is whether the economic lessons of the inter - war period ( which certainly did so much to exacerbate the casus belli inherent in the versailles treaty ) have been taken to heart. the post - 1918 global landscape abounded with economic imbalances. the \" war to end all wars \" concluded with a soviet regime presiding over what had been the russian empire. germany came perilously close to a similar outcome following the kaiser \u2019 s ignominious capitulation while the austro - hungarian and ottoman empires were being sliced and diced into nascent nations. both france and britain were, like germany, heavily indebted to the global provider of capital, america, whose main achievement until the latter part of the distant war had been the accumulation of enormous quantities of global gold reserves which allowed the u. s. dollar to call the shots to all other global currencies until 1971. mckinsey \u2019 s study of the economic history of debt ( serious students should absorb rogoff and reinhart \u2019 s \u201c this time is different \u201d ) concludes that there are only four ways to deal with such an enormous build - up of debt : this is the current u. s. strategy, based on the monetarist shibboleth that increasing money supply ultimately creates inflation. this theory has never succeeded ( other than possibly one questionable instance in chile ) and has demonstrably failed. the main monetarist theory apologist, milton friedman, ( whose list of dangerous devotees is headed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47467802887459737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.495003"} {"text": "increasing money supply ultimately creates inflation. this theory has never succeeded ( other than possibly one questionable instance in chile ) and has demonstrably failed. the main monetarist theory apologist, milton friedman, ( whose list of dangerous devotees is headed by federal reserve chairman ben bernanke ) has excused the failures of monetarist policy by saying that all previous adherents failed because they didn \u2019 t do it enough. in other words, if something isn \u2019 t working then you need to do it more. in all previous crises, the markets imposed a limit to how far monetarist solutions could be pursued. america is getting close to this point now \u2013 every injection of stimulus having a smaller and shorter - lived effect than its predecessor with some estimates now indicating that each $ 1 of stimulatory input results in only 12 cents of additional output. that doesn \u2019 t mean that the current monetarist ideologues are ready to abandon their strategy ( it \u2019 s the only one they have ) but the realization that the naked emperors of monetarism are naked is as imminent now as it was in 1932 when hoover was forced to abandon the strategy. as, of course, was his successor, roosevelt, who added the firepower of what seemed to be unlimited leverage in a currency system that abandoned gold. the term \" double - dip \" was coined to describe the situation where recession / depression recurs because of the inability of central banks to maintain the effects of stimulatory output because of the law of diminishing returns. in the inter - war period, the weimar \u2019 s famous experiments with pursuing currency expansion to the ultimate extreme ( to try to repay its war debts and the versailles reparations ) led to the famous hyperinflation where marks became worth less than the actual cost of printing them. mr. bernanke \u2019 s complacent claims to be able to easily create inflation by harnessing the twin technologies of printing presses could well become his epitaph. this is the current german / ecb / euro zone core prescription for greece and its fellow \" gipsis \" ( greece, ireland, portugal, spain and italy ) as well as being the uk coalition \u2019 s self - prescribed foul - tasting medicine. it \u2019 s understandable that there are huge scars on the german psyche following the weimar period. however, like the monetarist inflationary theories, the tail - chasing dog on an ever - downward spiral of trying to reduce debt while gdp is being destroyed has rarely, if ever, proven successful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5180095040094861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.496771"} {"text": "scars on the german psyche following the weimar period. however, like the monetarist inflationary theories, the tail - chasing dog on an ever - downward spiral of trying to reduce debt while gdp is being destroyed has rarely, if ever, proven successful in major debt episodes. inevitably it isn \u2019 t able to be pursued to its logical conclusion as people prove unwilling or unable to put up with it to that point. social tensions building globally as the ft pointed out last year, we should never forget that while hyper - inflation destroyed germany ' s last shreds of self - esteem, it was the austerity imposed by germany ' s creditors through the mechanisms of the bank of international settlements that led to the election of hitler and the nazi party. social tensions are building globally \u2013 from jasmine riots to arab springs and from tottenham court road to the recent euro zone election results. the results provide the glimmers of hope that some pressures can be released before austerity inevitably results again in self - appointed extreme dictatorships or military regimes. war event / subsequent peace dividend ultimately, ww ii did lead to the resolution of the 1929 - 1949 debt crisis. in that sense austerity did lead to the solution of the problem. i \u2019 ve previously described angela merkel as alaric, the 5th century leader of the goths who overthrew athens and rome by siege and starvation without a bullet needing to be fired in anger. globally, tensions between nations are on the rise again, as witnessed by the navies of china and the philippines standing off over a tiny pacific outcrop, iran has raised stakes in the straits of hormuz over nuclear aspirations, vladimir putin ' s rhetoric and actions tend to be inflammatory, roguish nations continue to develop nuclear programs and the us has increased military presence in asia pacific. global nuclear conflagration ought to be totally unthinkable, but sadly it isn \u2019 t. nations default when they can \u2019 t pay. this happened in the 1930s and has started happening again today. default, whether outright ( through debt repudiation ) or de facto ( currency / debt debasement ) is rarely orderly ( although greece managed to live in default for over 50 percent of the last two centuries ). it tends to happen when all other choices have been exhausted. whatever form it takes, if the conditions which led to the situation that caused it are changed, then it can be a base from which to achieve sustainable growth, cure dysfunctional banking and liquidate malinvestment, restoring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49653070971458335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.497909"} {"text": "choices have been exhausted. whatever form it takes, if the conditions which led to the situation that caused it are changed, then it can be a base from which to achieve sustainable growth, cure dysfunctional banking and liquidate malinvestment, restoring social order at the same time. this is what happened in south east asia following the crises of 1997 and in iceland after 2007. what can we learn from our parents and grandparents? answer given below in an economic formula : ( santayana \u2019 s comments [ those not learning the lessons of history are destined to repeat them ] + mark twain \u2019 s \" history doesn \u2019 t repeat, it rhymes \" + einstein \u2019 s definition of madness [ doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results ] + hyman minsky \u2019 s observations that trying to cure debt bubbles with more debt only ends in eventual catastrophe ) = [ i \u2019 ve said many times before that liaquat ali \u2019 s \u201c lords of finance \u201d should be compulsory in schools everywhere ]. if we don \u2019 t learn lessons from 1930s parallels, there \u2019 s a very good chance that the outcomes of this decade might be > ( grim than that one was ). the author is paul gambles, managing partner and group chief investment officer, mbmg international.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5139541670000107, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.498496"} {"text": "the way we define things and how we name them determine how we view the world and, as a result, how we act and treat one another. modern neuroscience shows that human perceive not the thing itself but a copy, an illusion created by the human brain, a copy that is as created by mental beliefs and attitudes as much as it is generated by energies in the physical world. things are not as they appear, and how things appear can change over time. a story i heard today on the radio show \u201c this american life \u201d illustrates how powerful definitions are and what it can take to change them. \u201c 204 : 81 words, \u201d covers the history of how the american psychiatric association ( apa ) decided in 1973 that homosexuality was no longer a mental illness. it \u2019 s about both the power of a family story and a social label, artfully and informatively told by national public radio reporter alix spiegel. the story \u2019 s professional theme shows how the 81 words in american psychiatric association \u2019 s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( dsm ) that defined homosexuality as a disease were replace by 204 that say it is not. for years, psychiatrists treated it as a disease to be cured, and psychoanalysts probed patients to see where the causes lay in family history. i assume that \u201c this american life \u201d host ira glass and his crew decided to rebroadcast the show, originally aired in 2002, because the forthcoming fifth edition of the apa \u2019 s manual, dsm - 5, to be published in 2013, is now available for public comment. comments are due april 20, 2010. the story \u2019 s family theme focuses on the power of family stories. the reporter, spiegel, is the granddaughter of a man who played an important role in revising the dsm description of homosexuality. her family \u2019 s family story was more or less single - handedly responsible for the change. the granddaughter, in telling the history, found that the true story was much more complex and her grandfather \u2019 s role much less central, though still important. i am not sure how spiegel and her family changed through her telling of the story and the consequent shattering of the myth of her grandfather. i \u2019 d like to, for family stories provide a powerful organizing device for a family and the perception of its members. a change in the narrative generally changes the characters in the future, but his is not in spiegel \u2019 s scope. my personal interest centers on how things become named \u2013 more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5782403543575656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.502483"} {"text": "a powerful organizing device for a family and the perception of its members. a change in the narrative generally changes the characters in the future, but his is not in spiegel \u2019 s scope. my personal interest centers on how things become named \u2013 more properly how people use language to designate aspects of human experience with words that have meanings upon which people act. \u201c 80 words \u201d recalled how appalled i am at the number of psychological experiences have been labeled diseases that should be treated by drugs. about two years ago, i got into a cab on the way home from midway airport and had a conversation with an extremely articulate and bright cab driver about philosophy, politics, and, of all things, drugs. when i mentioned that the drug seller \u2019 s on the streets of the city were not necessarily the biggest causes of the country \u2019 s drug problems, and my driver took that bait. \u201c oh yeah, the real pusherboys work for the big drug companies, \u201d he said. \u201c makes the guys on the street seem like rank amateurs, \u201d i replied in agreement. turned out we had both read an article in the chicago reader that week ( 2 / 14 / 08 ) called, \u201c how shy became sick. \u201d that article and the book it profiles, christopher lane \u2019 s shyness : how normal behavior became a sickness, provides a critical bit of history on the development of the psychological profession in recent years. it convinced me that if i had been in high school in the mid 90s rather than the mid 70s, i would have been on meds. i would have been a very different person, and not for the better, though it occurs to me that i was on meds not sanctioned by the psychological profession. but that \u2019 s a different story. \u201c 204 : 81 words \u201d is well worth the hour it takes to play.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5272437634463873, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.503287"} {"text": "when we ' re sick we want a quick cure. so we go to the doctor and ask for an antibiotic. sometimes doctors give in to the pressure to prescribe an antibiotic, even though it ' s not going to work for every illness. every time a person takes antibiotics, sensitive bacteria are killed, but resistant germs may be left to grow and multiply. repeated and improper uses of antibiotics are primary causes of the increase in drug - resistant bacteria, the centers for disease control and prevention says. americans waste money every year purchasing antibiotics to fight the common cold and other viral infections, which antibiotics cannot cure. the drugs can cure bacterial infections. the cdc says that $ 1. 1 billion is spent annually on unnecessary adult upper respiratory infection antibiotic prescriptions. it is estimated that more than 50 percent of antibiotics are unnecessarily prescribed. antibiotic resistance has been called one of the world ' s most pressing public health problems, and the best way to combat it, the cdc says, is not to take the medications when it ' s not necessary. antibiotic resistance is leading to higher treatment costs, longer hospital stays and unnecessary deaths. the cdc estimates that nearly 100, 000 people die from infections they pick up in the hospital every year. the vast majority are caused by bacteria that have developed resistance to the antibiotics used to treat them. overuse of antibiotics isn ' t only due to people overusing them. there ' s also a big problem with too many antibiotics being used in animals that are part of the food supply. \" doctors and patients need to be much more careful about how they use antibiotics if we ' re going to preserve their power, \" said jean halloran, director of food policy initiatives for consumers union. \" but we also need to get smart about the overuse of antibiotics in food animals. it ' s time to stop the daily feeding of antibiotics to healthy food animals, which makes these life - saving medications less effective for people. \" some 80 percent of all antibiotics sold in the u. s. are used on food animals, mostly to make them grow faster or prevent disease in unsanitary conditions. as a result of large - scale use of antibiotics in livestock production, most of the bugs that are vulnerable to the antibiotics are eventually killed off, leaving behind superbugs that are immune to one or more of the drugs. these superbugs spread on the farm and beyond, contributing to antibiotic resistance in hospitals and our communities. antibiotic - resistant superbugs from the farm are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41257649454759454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.514126"} {"text": "go to this page for the form and instructions on out the the iowa site inventory form. the purpose of the \" section 106 process \" is to assure that no unnecessary harm comes to historic properties as a result of federal actions. it is also considered regulatory archaeology. under section 106 of the national historic preservation act of 1966 ( as amended ), federal agencies are required to take into account the effect of their proposed undertakings on properties listed in or eligible for inclusion in the national register of historic places. the federal agencies must allow the advisory council on historic preservation a reasonable opportunity to comment before proceeding with the project. the federal agencies are required to do this work before the expenditure of federal funds or the issuance of any licenses or permits. see the user ' s guide on the advisory council on historic preservation web site. the advisory council on historic preservation has established procedures for compliance with section 106. these regulations are presented in 36 cfr part 800. once a federal agency has identified that it has an undertaking, the agency must define the undertaking ' s area of potential effect. the area of potential effect must include areas directly or indirectly impacted by the action. for example, the area of potential effect for a natural gas pipeline would include not only the actual pipeline trench, but also includes the construction right - of - way, compressor stations, meter stations, staging areas, storage yards, access roads, and other ancillary facilities. the agency needs to consider the full range of effects that might occur. for example, a construction project might cause vibration impacts to historical archaeological sites that contain structural remains. note, too, that the area of potential effect might be different for aboveground resources subject to visual or audible effects. for example, effigy mounds national monument, with its setting high atop the bluffs, provides a spectacular view into the mississippi river valley. undertakings along the river can impact the view from effigy mounds ; thus, agencies planning undertakings in the valley might need to include this property in the area of potential effect. once the agency has defined the undertaking and the area of potential effect, it is ready to begin section 106 compliance. the regulations outline a five - step process. in step 1, the regulations require that the federal agency \" make a reasonable and good faith effort to identify historic properties that may be affected by the undertaking and gather sufficient information to evaluate the eligibility of these properties for the national register. \" the regulations also specify that \" efforts to identify historic properties should follow the secretary ' s standards ( which are advisory ) and guidelines for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4877904592976394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.519096"} {"text": "that may be affected by the undertaking and gather sufficient information to evaluate the eligibility of these properties for the national register. \" the regulations also specify that \" efforts to identify historic properties should follow the secretary ' s standards ( which are advisory ) and guidelines for archeology and historic preservation \" ( 36 cfr part 800. 4a ( 2 ) ). particularly, the identification efforts should be consistent with the secretary of the interior ' s standards and guidelines for identification. in accordance with 36 cfr part 800. 4a ( 1 ), the agency official shall : the federal agency has ultimate authority in making determinations on proposed undertakings under the national historic preservation act ; shpo acts as a consulting party within the process and has no regulatory authority. as part of the identification process, an agency may need to have an identification survey ( phase ia reconnaissance survey or phase i intensive survey ) conducted in the area of potential effect particularly if no information on historic properties is available for the area of potential effect and there appears to be a potential for historic properties to be located within the area of potential effect. this survey is conducted to identify cultural resources that exist within the proposed project area. the majority of cultural resources found are often determined to not be significant, and thus, no further work is needed on them. however, phase i surveys sometimes identify sites that are potentially eligible for listing on the national register. such a finding would necessitate additional archaeological investigations in the form of phase ii testing, which involves detailed research to determine the significance and integrity of the sites. if the phase ii testing results in finding national register - eligible properties, then the project moves to step 2 in the section 106 process. step 2 involves carefully examining the project to determine whether it will have an effect on the identified historic properties. an effect occurs when \" the undertaking may alter characteristics of the property that may qualify the property for inclusion in the national register. \" if an effect is found, then the federal agency and the shpo consult to determine whether the effect is adverse. an undertaking is considered to have an adverse effect when the effect on the historic property may diminish the integrity of the property ' s location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. if there is an adverse effect, then the agency and the shpo consider ways to minimize the impact of the project on the resource. this is step 3. a decision should be made about what to do with the historic property. there are various ways to minimize the impact to the identified historic property that are discussed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5188711669092778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.520293"} {"text": "| glossary - sustainable development | page 7 of 9 sustainability has become one of the core issues of development. this means that investment in economic growth is pursued in ways that consider a long - term perspective and do not endanger the living standards, options and opportunities of future generations. originally it focused mainly on environmental dangers but in the context of late capitalism encompassing all sectors of life and the economy, cultural development has also been brought into the issue. based on the argument that development efforts have hitherto largely neglected cultural aspects, it has been suggested that the cultural indicators for policy agendas such as sustainable development, quality of life or human rights have also to be considered. among the indicators identified are cultural diversity, the dynamics and vitality of the cultural sector, or the opportunities for cultural access and participation, which should work as key criteria for \u2018 cultural planning \u2019, an operational and analytical framework targeted at bringing cultural considerations into all processes of planning and development. in 1991 unesco created the world commission on culture and development. in its report \u2018 our creative diversities \u2019 ( 1995 ), it devoted a separate chapter to the interdependency of culture and development. similarly, the council of europe declaration on cultural diversity ( 2001 ) states that \u201c sustainable development as defined in relation to cultural diversity, assumes that technological and other developments, which occur to meet the needs of the present, will not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs with respect to the production, provision and exchange of culturally diverse services, products and practices \u201d. meanwhile, sustainability has already become a key criterion for funding in the eu ( e. g. the structural funds ). an area identified for action is cultural heritage. to avoid \u2018 sustainability \u2019 being reduced to a hollow phrase or to an argument promoting mainly preservation and conservation would mean looking at heritage as an ongoing capacity : heritage \u2013 tangible and intangible \u2013 should be continual and enriched by what is currently being produced or happening in the cultural field. heritage requires not only protection, but development.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4882109287431798, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.522773"} {"text": "curesearch for children ' s cancer funds and supportstargeted and innovative children ' s cancer research with measurableresults, and is the authoritative source of information and resourcesfor all those affected by children ' s cancer. a number of treatments are used for lymphoma in children, or non - hodgkin lymphoma ( nhl ). treatment plans are tailored to the specific type of nhl and its stage. not all patients will need all of these treatments, but it is important to know that most forms of nhl in children cannot be cured with surgery alone. chemotherapychemotherapy is the standard treatment for non - hodgkin lymphoma. it uses medications to kill cancer cells or to prevent them from multiplying and spreading. chemotherapy drugs can be given by mouth or through a needle into the vein or muscle. the drugs go into the bloodstream so that they reach all parts of the body ( systemic ) to kill cancer cells throughout the body. radiation therapyradiation therapy uses high - energy rays to kill cancer cells. radiation is rarely needed in the overall therapy of children with nhl. high dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy with stem cell transplantationif the lymphoma comes back after successful treatment ( relapse ) or if the lymphoma does not respond to conventional treatments ( refractory ), higher dose chemotherapy with or without radiation followed by a stem cell transplant ( rescue ) may offer the best chance of cure. there are two types of transplant and the type used will depend on the specific type of lymphoma and other factors. monoclonal antibody therapymonoclonal antibody therapy uses antibodies ( proteins ) made in a laboratory, which are able to recognize specific cancer cells by special \u201c markers \u201d on the cells. the antibodies attach to these markers, causing the cancer cells to die or preventing them from multiplying. monoclonal antibodies are given intravenously in the same way chemotherapy is given. the use of monoclonal antibodies is being evaluated for effectiveness when used in conjunction with chemotherapy. one monoclonal antibody that has proven useful in the treatment of nhl in adult patients is rituximab. causes of non - hodgkin lymphomaresearchers currently do not know what causes non - hodgkin lymphoma and only a few risk factors for non - hodgkin lymphoma are known for sure. genderboys are two to three times more likely to develop non -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48759905985613505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.530118"} {"text": "do not know what causes non - hodgkin lymphoma and only a few risk factors for non - hodgkin lymphoma are known for sure. genderboys are two to three times more likely to develop non - hodgkin lymphoma before age 20 compared to girls. for every two girls diagnosed, about five boys are diagnosed. race and ethnicitycaucasian children are about 40 % more likely to develop non - hodgkin lymphoma compared to african american children. children with impaired immune system are more likely to develop non - hodgkin lymphoma than other children. for example, children with hiv ( the cause of aids ) or being treated to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant are more susceptible to nhl. children with these conditions are more at risk for non - hodgkin lymphoma, but they account for only a small fraction of cases. also, children with defects in their body \u2019 s ability to repair gene mutations, such as ataxia telangiectasia or fanconi anemia, are at increased risk to develop nhl. participate in research studiesresearchers are studying the causes of non - hodgkin lymphoma. if there is a research study \" open \" in cog, and your child is \" eligible \" you may be asked to participate. it is also possible that you may be asked to participate in more than one study. whether an individual is eligible for a particular study may depend on age, year of diagnosis and other information. researchers usually must limit their study to some of these characteristics to have a scientifically valid study. for example, a study might be restricted to patients diagnosed within certain years so the researchers can locate nearly all eligible families and avoid asking parents to recall events too far in the past. researchers investigating the causes of non - hodgkin lymphoma usually will interview one or both parents by telephone. during the interview, parents are asked questions about their experiences and those of their child. the purpose is to gather information that may or may not influence the risk of cancer. the researchers don \u2019 t know whether these things influence risk. they are asking the questions to find out more. sometimes, the researcher will ask for a small biological sample from you and your child, usually cheek cells, blood or hair. researchers may also ask for samples of dust or water from your home. the researchers use the information from the interviews and the samples to study whether genes or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503589801288183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.531496"} {"text": "ask for a small biological sample from you and your child, usually cheek cells, blood or hair. researchers may also ask for samples of dust or water from your home. the researchers use the information from the interviews and the samples to study whether genes or exposures such as medications, radon and chemicals alone or together make some people more likely to develop cancer. researchers design various studies to improve treatment and advance the understanding of cancer and its causes. clinical trials are carefully reviewed and must be approved through a formal scientific process before anyone can be enrolled. if there is a research study \u201c open \u201d that your child is \u201c eligible for, \u201d you may be asked to allow your child to participate. it is also possible that your child will be asked to participate in more than one study. whether an individual is eligible for a particular study may depend on age, location of the cancer, the extent of the disease and other information. researchers usually must limit their study to some of these characteristics to have a scientifically valid study. further, researchers must follow exactly the same restrictions throughout the study. if your child is eligible to participate in one or more study, your doctor will discuss these with you during an initial treatment conference ( also called informed consent conference ). the doctor will describe the study, potential risks of participation, and other information you need to decide whether or not you would like your child to participate in the study. you always have the choice to participate or not in research studies. if you do choose to have your child participate in a study, you doctor will explain what type of information you will receive about the results of the study. the overall results of the research study will be published to inform the public and other researchers. no study will publish any information that identifies an individual. visit the clinical trials section of this website to learn more about the various kinds of research studies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5028182056386972, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.532798"} {"text": "illinois state archives abraham lincoln in illinois a selection of documents from the illinois state archives an act to permanently locate the seat of government of the state of illinois february 7, 1837 although a senate bill, this piece of legislation was written by abraham lincoln and helped mark one of the major accomplishments of his state legislative career. it was part of the numerous maneuvers by sangamon county legislators to move the state capital from vandalia to springfield. upon the organization of illinois as a territory in 1809, kaskaskia, located on the mississippi river in southwestern illinois, became the capital city. it continued as the capital when illinois became a state in 1818. illinois before the civil war was generally settled from south to north. this meant the population center of the state continuously moved northward. in 1820, the state moved the capital to the town of vandalia, which was farther north than kaskaksia. however, the statute moving the capital called for it to be reviewed after twenty years. lincoln and eight other legislators represented sangamon county, then a much larger area than it is today. the average height of these two senators and seven representatives was six feet tall, earning the delegation the nickname the \" long nine. \" going in to the tenth session of the illinois general assembly ( 1836 - 1838 ) lincoln led this bipartisan delegation, which was determined to have the capital relocated to springfield. stephen douglas, who opposed moving the capital to springfield, later said of the \" long nine, \" that \" they used every exertion and made every sacrifice to secure the passage of the bill. \" indeed, they would later be accused of voting for building projects in other legislators ' districts in exchange for the votes for springfield as state capital. this document calls for a joint house - senate meeting to vote on the location of a new capital. the joint house - senate vote actually took place february 28, 1837. it took four ballots before legislators selected springfield. its nearest rivals were alton, vandalia and jacksonville. springfield continues to serve as the state capital. shortly after the vote, on april 15, 1837, lincoln moved to springfield and joined the law firm of john todd stuart. points to consider why would vandalia only have been made a temporary capital city? why would the moving of the state capital be a major achievement for lincoln? why would lincoln move to springfield after this bill was passed?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3566652211850543, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.547776"} {"text": "lyndon johnson sends george ball to cyprus, 1964 george ball was one of america = s premier diplomats in the 1960s. he was under secretary of state in 1964 when he became involved in the cyprus problem. this excerpt is from his memoir. it demonstrates very clearly how the united states regarded the acyprus problem, @ mainly as a venue of superpower intrigue. the americans were concerned about cyprus becoming a amediterranean cuba, @ and their diplomacy was geared toward bringing cyprus under control of nato, possibly through adouble enosis. @ this 1982 excerpt from ball ' s memoir, the past has another pattern, is also valuable for insights into how high - level diplomacy was conducted. threat of greek - turkish war watching from washington, we could see that open warfare was imminent. since the turkish cypriote population was suffering the greater casualties, turkey was on the verge of intervening. to defuse the situation, sir duncan sandys, the british secretary of state for the commonwealth and colonies, proposed a peace plan calling for, among other things, the establishment of a british - controlled neutral zone in nicosia to keep the two communities apart. though that temporarily stowed the fighting, the two communities remained at sword ' s point. the turkish cypriotes declared the constitution dead, implying that, since the two communities could not live together, partition was the only solution. makarios demanded the abolition of the london - zurich accords and particularly their provisions for intervention by any of the three guarantor powers. cyprus was merely one more step in britain ' s painful shedding of empire, and london no longer had the will or the resources to preside over such a quarrel. thus i was not surprised when, on january 25, 1964, the british ambassador, sir david ormsby - gore, called to tell me that britain could no longer keep the peace alone and that an international force should be established on cyprus as soon as possible. such a force, the ambassador insisted, could be \" broadly based \" yet limited to detachments from nato nations. the british needed, most of all, our diplomatic support and a united states contingent with supplies and airlift for the international force. i stated emphatically that the united states did not want to get involved : we already had far too much on our plate. i was sick at heart at our deepening embroilment in vietnam ; at the same time, we faced mounting troubles in panama, had an irksome involvement in the congo, were disputing with the soviets over berlin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46003471724592526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.727367"} {"text": "our plate. i was sick at heart at our deepening embroilment in vietnam ; at the same time, we faced mounting troubles in panama, had an irksome involvement in the congo, were disputing with the soviets over berlin, and foresaw mounting difficulties with indonesia. but the british were adamant. they would no longer carry the cyprus burden alone, even though involving the united nations risked giving the communist countries leverage in that strategically placed island. the united nations would dither and the turks would not wait ; tired of continued outrages against turkish cypriotes, they would invade. then we would have a full - scale war between two nato allies in the eastern mediterranean. reports from ankara were already indicating that the turks considered their ultimate military intervention as almost inevitablecout of their hands and to be determined by events. when i discussed the question with our un ambassador, adlai stevenson, he responded with far more heat than i had expected. during the \" troubles \" he had stayed for three days in archbishop makarios ' s residence and he regarded his former host with total contempt. the archbishop was, he said, a wicked, unreliable conniver who concealed his venality under the sanctimonious vestments of a religious leader ; the only way to deal with makarios, stevenson assured me, was by \" giving the old bastard absolute hell. \" in all the years i had known adlai i had never heard him speak of anyone with such vitriol. \" i have sat across the table from that pious looking replica of jesus christ, \" he said, \" and if you saw him with his beard shaved and a push - cart, you would recall the old saying that there hasn ' t been an honest thief since barabbas. \" the united states becomes involved i met with secretary robert mcnamara at five that afternoon ( january 25 ), and we reviewed the cyprus problem in all its complexities. though bob was as unhappy as i at any broadening of our responsibilities, he was fully aware that an exploding cyprus could not only endanger our mediterranean position but undermine the whole southern flank of nato. i discussed the matter later that evening with president johnson. his reluctance came through loud and clear, but he quickly grasped the seriousness of the cyprus problem and directed me to come up with an acceptable solution. i told bob mcnamara that before committing ourselves to the combined force we should insist on three conditions : that the duration of the force be limited to three months, that the turks and greeks agree not to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4363850248282476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.731621"} {"text": "and directed me to come up with an acceptable solution. i told bob mcnamara that before committing ourselves to the combined force we should insist on three conditions : that the duration of the force be limited to three months, that the turks and greeks agree not to use their unilateral intervention rights for three months, and that they agree on a mediator who was not a representative of any of the guarantor powers but from another nato european country. finally, we would insist that the american contingent not exceed twelve hundred men, with the british agreeing to put in four thousand and the balance of ten thousand to come from other european nations. meanwhile, david bruce, our astute ambassador in london, was assuring me that we had no option but to participate ; otherwise, no other country would take action, and the turks would inevitably move. that advice was rein - forced when, that same day of january 28, 1064, turkish prime minister ismet inonu told our ambassador in ankara, raymond hare, that the turks were going to invade unless we gave them some kind of an answer by the next morning. in their anxiety to commit us, the british leaked my three conditions to the press prematurely, and i had to deal with an outraged president. moreover, i was annoyed that duncan sandys, without telling me, had on february 3 tried out our anglo - american proposal for a nato force on cypriote foreign minister spyros kyprianou, who was attending the london conference. when kyprianou reported our proposal to nicosia, makarios rejected it out of hand. if we were to work with the british, actions had to be carefully coordinated without the premature exposure of our thinking. meanwhile, violence continued in cyprus with hostages taken by each side ; on february 4, a bomb exploded in our embassy in nicosia. since the situation had now reached a critical flash point, we clearly needed someone on the spot not accredited to any one of the five nations actively involved. thus, on february 8, i flew to london. at the same time, a second level of activity was under way in new york, where stevenson was valiantly resisting the efforts of the cypriote ambassador to the united nations to get a un force appointed. at this moment the respective positions of the parties were : the turkish cypriotes demanded partition and the right to govern their own community ; they also insisted on preserving turkey ' s right to intervene under the london - zurich accords, since otherwise the turkish cypriotes might be wiped out by their greek cypriot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4441197243338507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.732783"} {"text": "were : the turkish cypriotes demanded partition and the right to govern their own community ; they also insisted on preserving turkey ' s right to intervene under the london - zurich accords, since otherwise the turkish cypriotes might be wiped out by their greek cypriote neighbors, who outnumbered them four to one. the turkish government in ankara supported the turkish cypriotes, while putting special emphasis on the preservation of turkey ' s right to intervene by force. the greek community on cyprus wanted union with greece ( enosis ), but, at least for tactical purposes, was demanding a fully independent cyprus run by the greek majority. the greek government in athens pressed for enosis. viewed from washington, the issues were clear enough. cyprus was a strategically important piece of real estate at issue between two nato partners : greece and turkey. we needed to keep it under nato control. the turks would never give up their intervention rights or be deterred from invading by the interjection of a un force which they would regard as an instrument of soviet or third - world politics and subject to manipulation by makarios. my first and most urgent task was to coordinate our activities with the british and make sure that duncan sandys did not again act unilaterally. makarios must be approached in person and not through his foreign minister, who, in his own right, had no authority. mission to the center of conflict i had no illusions that i could easily shake makarios out of his intransigence, but i had to try. if he finally turned us down, i planned to say to the guarantor powers : take the problem to the security council but understand that america will supply no component for any un force. though i recognized that this might trigger a turkish invasion, i proposed to tell makarios that, if he continued to block a solution that would eliminate turkey ' s reason for intervening, we would not protect him from a turkish move. i made these points to sandys when we met on february 9, 1964. i told him i was planning to go to turkey, greece, and cyprus and described the strategy i would follow. he and i discussed all the solutions we could think of, including all permutations and combinations that might improve the plan ' s marketability. since the president had lent me an airplane, i asked sandys to make the tour with me, bill, presumably out of a desire to limit britain ' s responsibility, he declined. later that same night i saw cypriote foreign minister kyprianou and tried", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45750003891146557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.736829"} {"text": "had lent me an airplane, i asked sandys to make the tour with me, bill, presumably out of a desire to limit britain ' s responsibility, he declined. later that same night i saw cypriote foreign minister kyprianou and tried to sound him out on the archbishop ' s real intentions. i went first to turkey to meet with prime minister ismet inonu. i had looked forward to the meeting not only because of its relevance to my mission but because of the prime minister ' s history and personality. inonu, who in his early life had been known as ismet pasha, was a legendary figure. chief of staff to kemal ataturk during the war against the greeks in the early 1920s, he had taken the name inonu from a village where he won two battles. serving as turkey ' s first prime minister from 1923 to 1937 and then, after ataturk ' s death, as its president from 1938 to 1950, he had led in transforming turkey into a modern state. now at eighty, once again prime minister, he provided stability and strength to a nation beset with troubles. a small wiry man, inonu ' s quiet voice projected force and conviction. he did not try to conceal his deep worry about the direction of events on cyprus. we must, he insisted, move swiftly : turkish patience was running out. given the excited state of public opinion, any overnight flare - up of killing on the island might force the turkish military to intervene. turkey would, of course, have an overwhelming military advantage. not only was it far larger and better armed than greece, but cyprus was outside the range of greek fighter planes. as i expected, inonu was as direct in his approach as makarios was devious. so long as nothing was done to impair turkey ' s right of intervention to protect the turkish cypriote population, the turkish government was prepared to go along with the anglo - american proposal for a nato force. if i felt reassured that turkey had a strong and responsible government, greece had no government at all. prime minister konstantinos karamanlis had resigned the year before, when king paul had rejected his advice, and, since then, there had been a succession of caretaker governments. though the caretaker prime minister, ionnis paraskevopoulos, received me courteously, he could make no commitments, saying only that the greek government would probably approve any plan first approved by makarios. meetings with his beatitude i arrived to find nicosia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4286239495076034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.738628"} {"text": "minister, ionnis paraskevopoulos, received me courteously, he could make no commitments, saying only that the greek government would probably approve any plan first approved by makarios. meetings with his beatitude i arrived to find nicosia an armed camp with barbed wire demarcating a so - called \" green line \" separating the greek and turkish communities. access from one zone to another was restricted to designated check points. jeeps containing british forces with tommy guns and cypriote police roamed the area and patrolled the neutral zone that lay between the separate rolls of barbed wire. on my first meeting with his beatitude ( as archbishop makarios was addressed ) on february 12, i was accompanied by joseph sisco, the assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs ; his deputy. jack jernagan ; and frazer wilkins, the united states ambassador to cyprus. british interests were brilliantly represented by sir cyril pickard, assistant under secretary of state for the commonwealth relations office, who was, at the time. acting high commissioner for cyprus. makarios received us on the porch of his residence, formerly the residence of the british colonial governor. resplendent in the full regalia of his ecclesiastical office, he wore a tall black head - covering with a mantia in the rear, while about his neck was a gold chain, from which depended a large medallion known as a panagia. it contained a representation of christ holding a book in his left hand while the fingers of the right hand were frozen in the gesture of giving blessing. resting on the archbishop ' s chest, the medallion symbolized a \" confessor from the heart \" to remind the wearer that he was always to have god in his heart. i saw few signs of that in the days that followed. after the traditional tiresome pleasantries, the archbishop led us to his study, where he went through an astonishing striptease, removing his gold chain, his head covering, and his robes until reduced to shirt sleeves. newspaper pictures of the archbishop, with his beard and clerical trappings, had given me an impression of a venerable ecclesiastic. now i found myself facing a tough, cynical man of fifty - one, far more suited to temporal command than spiritual inspiration. ( as i commented later to president johnson, \" he must be cheating about his age ; no one could acquire so much guile in only fifty - one years. \" ) since he had spent some months in a seminary near boston, he spoke only slightly accent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43297208519122266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.741636"} {"text": "i commented later to president johnson, \" he must be cheating about his age ; no one could acquire so much guile in only fifty - one years. \" ) since he had spent some months in a seminary near boston, he spoke only slightly accented english, and his conversation was marked by a whimsical, often macabre humor that both amused and appalled me. of medium height, with eyes that peered through narrow eyelids, he seemed about to relish the fencing match in which we were to engage. our morning meeting was relatively calm and uneventful. as we explained our respective positions, makarios gave nothing away. when we parted for lunch, he carefully rerobed, putting on all his paraphernalia for the photographers who assaulted us on the porch : when we returned for our afternoon meeting, he once again repeated his strip - tease. i can describe the afternoon session only as \" bloody. \" the archbishop was unrelenting in repeating a litany he knew i would never accept. the whole matter must be submitted to the un security council ; and the united nations must guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of cyprus. that meant, as i told my british colleague later, that makarios ' s central interest was to block off turkish intervention so that he and his greek cypriotes could go on happily massacring turkish cypriotes. obviously we would never permit that. much to my delight, my british colleague, sir cyril pickard, proved tough and resourceful. in the great tradition of british proconsuls, he was deeply dedicated to stopping the wanton killing and returning peace to the island. nor did he bother with diplomatic politesse in expressing his contempt for the bloody - mindedness that makarios and his government were displaying. after pickard had denounced the archbishop in devastating language for the outrages inflicted on the turkish cypriotes, i spent the next forty - five minutes telling off makarios and his ministers. i spoke, as i telegraphed the president that night, \" in a fashion remote from diplomatic exchanges, \" describing in lurid detail the consequences if he persisted in his cruel and reckless conduct. the turks, i said, would inevitably invade, and neither the united states nor any other western power would raise a finger to stop them. though makarios tried to conceal his discomfiture, i had the odd feeling as we left the room that, as i reported to the president, \" even his beard seemed pale. \" that night i conversed with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4250202310970411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.745007"} {"text": "to stop them. though makarios tried to conceal his discomfiture, i had the odd feeling as we left the room that, as i reported to the president, \" even his beard seemed pale. \" that night i conversed with the president and secretary rusk through the scrambledcand hence securecteletype in the embassy, telling them that, in my view, a blow - up was exceedingly possible and that overwhelming pressure must be brought on makarios \" to frighten him sufficiently to consider some move to halt the killing. \" three or four vignettes of my cyprus days stand out sharply in my memory. a massacre took place in limassol on the south coast in which, us i recall, about fifty turkish cypriotes were killedcin some cases by bulldozers crushing their flimsy houses. as makarios and i walked out of the meeting together on the second day, i said to him sharply that such beastly actions had to stop, that the previous night ' s affair was intolerable, and that he must halt the violence. with amused tolerance, lie replied, \" but, mr. secretary, the greeks and turks have lived together for two thousand years on this island and there have always been occasional incidents ; we are quite used to this. \" i was furious at such a bland reply. \" your beatitude, \" i said, \" i ' ve been trying for the last two days to make the simple point that this is not the middle ages but the latter part of the twentieth century. the world ' s not going to stand idly by and let you turn this beautiful little island into your private abattoir. \" instead of the outburst i had expected, he said quietly, with a sad smile, \" oh, you ' re a hard man, mr. secretary, a very hard man! \" at another point in our conversation on the second day, i spoke so heatedly at his apparent indifference to bloodshed that i heard myself saying, \" for christ ' s sake. your beatitude, you can ' t do that! \" crealizing as i spoke that it was scarcely an appropriate diplomatic reply, even to an irreligious ecclesiastic. also on the second day, when we sat down around the table, he said, with obvious amusement, \" i know you ' re a famous lawyer, mr. secretary. mr. spyros kyprianou, my foreign minister, is also a lawyer and so is mr. g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41957834124532634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.746589"} {"text": "sat down around the table, he said, with obvious amusement, \" i know you ' re a famous lawyer, mr. secretary. mr. spyros kyprianou, my foreign minister, is also a lawyer and so is mr. glafkos clerides, my minister of justice. \" then he added with a chuckle, \" i think i must be the only layman in the room. \" on the third daycand final morningcthe archbishop and i had a quiet talk alone in his study. rather whimsically, he said, \" i like you, mr. secretary, you speak candidly and i respect that. it ' s too bad we couldn ' t have met under happier circumstances. then, i ' m sure, we could have been friends. \" a brief pause and then he said. \" we ' ve talked about many things and we ' ve been frank with one another. i think it right to say that we ' ve developed a considerable rapport. yet there ' s one thing i haven ' t asked you and i don ' t know whether i should or not, but i shall anyway. do you think i should be killed by the turks or the greeks? better by the greeks, wouldn ' t you think? \" \" well, \" i replied, \" i agree that we ' ve talked frankly to one another about many things and that we have established a rapport. but as to the matter you ' ve just raised with me. your beatitude, that ' s your problem! \" one final incident during my stay in cyprus sticks in my mind. quite by accident while i was in cyprus, british prime minister sir alex douglas - home, and british foreign secretary \" rab \" butler, were paying a working visit to president johnson. each night i carried on a long teletype conversation directly with them and secretary rusk. late in the night of the second day, i teletyped that i wanted to make one final effort to get the archbishop in line by offering a new variant of our proposal. after discussion back and forth in which both the president and prime minister took part, i received their blessing to go ahead. the next day, i played my final card but still could not budge makarios. i sent a message around the diplomatic circuit advising of what i had done and received an angry rocket from duncan sandys, vehemently complaining that i had put forward a proposal that differed from those on which he and i had agreed. \" i hope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.412986724095053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.748492"} {"text": "i sent a message around the diplomatic circuit advising of what i had done and received an angry rocket from duncan sandys, vehemently complaining that i had put forward a proposal that differed from those on which he and i had agreed. \" i hope, \" he wired, \" that such conduct will not be repeated. \" apparently he was still smarting because i had rebuked him when he had put our proposals prematurely to kyprianou. i replied with a personal message that he had no basis for a sense of outrage. the proposal i made to his beatitude was, i wrote, approved by the president of the united states and the prime minister of great britain, adding, \" should i seek higher authority? \" sandys replied promptly with a message apologizing for the \" misunderstanding \" and inviting me to lunch with him at his house sunday in london. it was a pleasant lunch, and he and i have remained friends to this day. continued efforts to avoid disaster convinced that only time and events could shake the archbishop, i flew back to ankara to see inonu and tell the turks that we had not given up ; in going forward through un channels we would make sure that the united nations took no action derogating from their intervention rights under the accords. inonu reluctantly agreed but emphasized that if there were further serious violence on the island, turkey would no longer stand still. on the night of february 14, i flew to london intending to meet with my british colleagues the next morning. because the embassy residence was filled with other visitors, my staff and i were housed in a west end hotel, the grosvenor house. i was tired and disheartenedcso deeply concerned at the danger of an imminent greek - turkish war that i could not sleep. after several hours of fretting over the problem, i devised one last card to be played. at three in the morning, i aroused my staff and began to dictate. by six o ' clock, with a draft in shape for final typing, i decided to walk over to the chancery and get ready for the day. on the way, i bought a copy of the telegraph, which had my picture on the front page. when i reached the chancery, the marine guard refused to admit me. \" you claim to be the under secretary of state, but how do i know? \" inspired, i showed him a copy of the newspaper. it proved an adequate laissez - passer. i promptly telegraphed the president", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4620063445457065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.750393"} {"text": "to admit me. \" you claim to be the under secretary of state, but how do i know? \" inspired, i showed him a copy of the newspaper. it proved an adequate laissez - passer. i promptly telegraphed the president advising him of my proposal, which, i said, i was putting to the british solely as an idea of my own that did not in any way represent the views of my government. makarios, i argued, would never agree to a peace - keeping force even half - way adequate to do the job, and, \" if he does agree, it will only be after the cypriotes have exhausted all pettifogging possibilities to try to get the security council to nullify the turks ' rights of intervention. \" \" the greek cypriotes, \" i wrote, \" do not want a peace - keeping force ; they just want to be left alone to kill turkish cypriotes. \" meanwhile, i emphasized, the turks would not wait for a protracted security council hassle. my new plan sought to create a peace - keeping force not requiring the consent of the makarios government. to do that, the three guarantor powerscbritain, greece, and turkeycshould take joint action to exercise the rights of intervention provided by the london - zurich accords. they should move forces into cyprus simultaneously. those forces would be broken into small units that would be billeted together. all patrols would be organized on the pattern followed in vienna during the four - power occupation after world war iiconly this time, three, rather than four men in a jeepcand all operations would be conducted together. the force would stay in cyprus until an effective international force, within the framework of the united nations, had not only been created but was actually on the ground, or until a political settlement had \" been reached and translated into a viable organic document. \" there were, as i saw it, a number of advantages to the scheme. it would assure the turks that their cypriote community was protected while the un proceedings plodded their weary way. it would avoid any suggestion of a partition and discourage communal massacres, since members of the two communities would not have to fear the intervention of a hostile force. the three powers could answer international criticism on the ground that they were acting under the terms of the treaty. if the british went along with my scheme, i had no doubt that inonu would accept it. but the british wanted above all to divest themselves of responsibility", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4647374148320458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.751735"} {"text": "answer international criticism on the ground that they were acting under the terms of the treaty. if the british went along with my scheme, i had no doubt that inonu would accept it. but the british wanted above all to divest themselves of responsibility for cyprus ; my scheme would reinject them into the mess. as a result, i returned to the united states without anything clearly in place to stop the war. falling back on the united nations when i reported to the president, he agreed that the united states had gone as far as we should to try to deflect a tribal conflict. now our only available course was to work through the united nations. on february 15, britain and cyprus requested an emergency session of the security council, and the debate opened on february 18. for the time being, the day - to - day action shifted largely to ambassador adlai stevenson, although i retained the overall direction of strategy. there is no point in recounting the wearisome maneuvering that went on during the un proceedings. we wanted to install a un force as quickly as possible, while assuring that the resolution did not nullify the intervention rights of the guarantor powers, since the turks would not stand still for that. we sought also to keep the soviet union as far as possible out of the action. after masterful politicking by stevenson and our un mission, the security council, on march 5, resolved to create a peace - keeping force and provided for the appointment of a mediator. though we hailed the resolution as avoiding the immediate danger of a blow - up, none of us saw it as more than a temporary respite. the parties most directly interested interpreted the resolution in opposite ways : makarios regarded it as foreclosing the turkish right to intervene ; the turks saw it as preserving their intervention rights. weakness of greek government meanwhile, greek politics took a discouraging turn. when, on february 19, seventy - six - year - old george papandreou won a landslide victory. as head of the center union party, he had been in the opposition for half a century ; he knew how to oppose but had neither taste nor talent for positive action. a hopelessly weak leader, he found it expedient to play along with makarios and the advocates of enosis. to a large extent, as i saw it, he was under the influence of his son, andreas papandreou, for many years a professor of economics in several american universities, who was trying to gain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4547850485449554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.790331"} {"text": "acheson at his home in washington on february 27 ; he came to lunch the following day, and i found him willing to consider a mission that would inevitably be complex, frustrating, and of indefinite duration. he knew the high stakes involved, because he fully understood the importance of stability on nato ' s southern flank. in spite of the arrival of the un force, fighting again broke out. on april 13, prime minister papandreou of greece mischievously announced a campaign for self - determination for cyprus, which would, of course, mean turning the island over to the greek cypriotes. when the un mediator. ambassador tuomioja, returned in discouragement from talks with greek, turkish and cypriote leaders, secretary - general u thant put forward his own peace plan. he also appointed an ex - president of ecuador, galo - plaza lasso, to undertake direct negotiations with the leaders of the two communities. using the logic - chopping for which the un is notorious, he distinguished galo - plaza ' s duties from those of tuomioja on the grounds that galo - plaza would seek to restore order while tuomioja sought a long - term solution. forestalling an imminent invasion on tuesday, june 2, ruth and i were hosts at a reception for prime minister eshkol of israel and his wife. with secretary rusk in new delhi for the funeral of prime minister nehru, i was acting secretary. that night we received a \" critic \" message from our ambassador in ankara, raymond hare, that the turkish security council had decided to invade cyprus. turkish forces were already deployed in the iskenderun area with the mission of establishing a \" political and military beachhead \" on cyprus. by such a show of force, the turks hoped to negotiate a satisfactory settlement. the news came at an extremely awkward time. i was scheduled to leave the following eveningcjune 4cfor a meeting with president de gaulle in paris, then go on for a cyprus discussion with the british on monday ending my trip at the closing sessions of the unctad conference in geneva. secretary rusk returned on the morning of june 4 and undertook to prepare a message for the president to send inonu, which, it was agreed, i would review before departing at 7 : 30 that evening. when i saw rusk before leaving for the airport, he showed me a draft on which he was still working. \" that, \" i said, \" is the most brutal diplomatic note i have ever seen. \" indeed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4352482245877698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.811901"} {"text": "7 : 30 that evening. when i saw rusk before leaving for the airport, he showed me a draft on which he was still working. \" that, \" i said, \" is the most brutal diplomatic note i have ever seen. \" indeed, the secretary, aided by assistant secretary of state harlan cleveland and his deputy, joseph sisco, had produced the diplomatic equivalent of an atomic bomb. \" i think that may stop inonu from invading, \" i said, \" but i don ' t know how we ' ll ever get him down off the ceiling after that. \" the secretary looked at me with a sweet smile. \" that ' ll be your problem, \" he said. the letter stated : turkish military intervention, the letter continued, would lead to a clash with greece. it would cause violent repercussions in the and wreck any hope of un assistance in settling the island crisis. it would \" lead to the slaughter of tens of thousands of turkish cypriotes. \" the letter continued, because this was certain to create an explosion in ankara, i discussed with secretary rusk the desirability of my going straight to ankara, but we agreed it would be awkward for me to break my appointment the next day with president de gaulle. during the night, i telephoned to washington once or twice from my plane to see if there had been any second thoughts. after a long visit with de gaulle i went on to london for a meeting on monday with the british foreign secretary during which we discussed cyprus, among other things. then i flew to geneva to address the unctad conference, which was just winding up three months of meetings with nothing accomplished. after my speech on wednesday night. dean rusk telephoned to tell me that the president was worried about cyprus and thought more should be done ; rusk would call me later. i knew we had arranged for general lemnitzer to fly to ankara as soon as we received the news of the impending invasion and i had learned that, after receiving the president ' s letter, inonu had indefinitely postponed the invasion. but i was worried about the wounded state of our relations with the turks... [ the next day ] i met with prime minister papandreou in athens at seven. i did not expect much to come from that session and nothing did. he lacked the force to make hard decisions and the meeting confirmed my belief that he would be of little use in solving the cyprus headache. still i tried hard to force him to face the reality of greece '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42177515021887957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.824509"} {"text": "to come from that session and nothing did. he lacked the force to make hard decisions and the meeting confirmed my belief that he would be of little use in solving the cyprus headache. still i tried hard to force him to face the reality of greece ' s predicament. cyprus had become a major threat to the peace of the world, and greece had considerable responsibility for what had happened. too much time had already been wasted. now the matter must be settled definitively. i told papandreou that i had talked not only with the british but with general de gaulle, had taken soundings of the opinion of most of the nato countries, and had found everywhere \" a common anxiety to see the problem resolved rapidly. \" i then told papandreou of the letter president johnson had sent to inonu, of which papandreou had not heard. i left little room for nuances. this time disaster had been avoided only by the president ' s forceful intervention and his adamant insistence that there be no war between nato allies. but, if greece did not show greater cooperation, we would not take such a hard line again. papandreou seemed old, tired, and incapable of facing reality. the time, he maintained, was not propitious for a cyprus settlement. that, i said, was completely wrong. greece, he maintained, needed a cyprus solution based on enosis. that, i replied, was total fantasy ; turkey would never accept it and turkey was not only larger and militarily stronger than greece but had a major logistical advantage in any conflict over cyprus. papandreou then contended that the \" turbulence \" over cyprus resulted only from turkey ' s invasion threats. i told him that, though i had heard all that before, it simply was not true. he was, i felt sure, too well acquainted with philosophy to believe such a simplistic explanation of a complex problem of causality. he knew better than to think that in attacking the turkish minority, the greek cypriotes were merely responding to a fear of external intervention. when i pressed him to undertake talks with inonu, he shied away. against all the evidence, he still seemed to assume that greece could pursue its goal of enosis without danger of the turks invading cyprus, since he apparently took it for granted that the united states would always stand ready to thwart the turks. though i tried to convince him that that was dangerous nonsense, he seemed too feeble to grasp a fresh idea. before leaving, i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46397301708786787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.826786"} {"text": "cyprus, since he apparently took it for granted that the united states would always stand ready to thwart the turks. though i tried to convince him that that was dangerous nonsense, he seemed too feeble to grasp a fresh idea. before leaving, i asked papandreou to visit president johnson and he accepted, but we did not discuss dates. although i was disappointed by his obtuseness, i did find his attitude toward makarios more realistic. the archbishop had, i gathered, alarmed responsible greek opinion by his \" flirtations with moscow and khrushchev. \" he had, papandreou suggested, been a nuisance during the cyprus crisis, and he implied that the archbishop might be excluded from any negotiations aimed at settling it, which, of course, was exactly what i had in mind. moreover, papandreou acknowledged that other nations besides greece and turkey had an interest in peaceful settlement ; the \" major powers, \" he said, \" must take a hand. \" meeting with inonu i left athens late that night and arrived in ankara about two in the morning. before going to bed, i was briefed by our ambassador, raymond hare. an astute and experienced professional diplomat, he reported a conversation with a high turkish official who had said, \" we understand why it may have been necessary to administer a bitter pill, but we cannot understand why it had to have a bitter coating as well. \" i was to meet with foreign minister feridun cemal erkin at 9 : oo a. m. ; i was not looking forward to the appointment. i liked the foreign minister ; he was an experienced diplomat who could see the problem in its larger global context, but it was his job to express the views of his government and of the turkish people at the sudden freshet of ice water we had dumped on them. i did my best but reserved my most effective arguments for prime minister inonu. inonu received me correct but was far more reserved than when we had met previously. he was deeply troubled and personally hurt by the scolding he had received from the president. i reassured him regarding the warmth of america ' s friendship for turkey and our desire to cooperate closely with the turks in resolving a festering quarrel that could result in a major war. america, i told him, was not partial to the greek side ; indeed, we recognized that the greek cypriote majority had largely created the problem by terrorizing the turkish cypriotes. i made clear that we totally mist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4249033416584417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.830650"} {"text": "result in a major war. america, i told him, was not partial to the greek side ; indeed, we recognized that the greek cypriote majority had largely created the problem by terrorizing the turkish cypriotes. i made clear that we totally mistrusted makarios. i then described in detail my talk with papandreou and my disappointment that i had not persuaded him to stop calling for enosis, emphasizing the significance of what i took to be papandreou ' s own increasing disenchantment with makarios and his indication that makarios need not be included in any negotiations. the greek government, at long last, i said, is beginning to recognize that makarios is an enemy of its longer - range interests. prime minister inonu replied in measured tones ; my visit, i thought, had somewhat mollified him, and he seemed particularly interested in what i had just told him. america ' s attempt to promote a settlement based on strong principles was, he agreed, an encouraging development, but experience had shown that principles are sometimes abandoned when the time comes to translate them into concrete measures. he did, however, concede that, if i were correct in my appraisal of papandreou ' s changed attitude towards makarios, that was one of \" the first rays of light in the dark situation. \" after the meeting, inonu took me aside to say that president johnson ' s letter had, as he saw it, included \" all the juridical thunderbolts that could be assembled. as a result, of course, he committed some errors and said some unjust things. our foreign office will have to answer the thunderbolts. \" i interpreted this as reflecting inonu ' s desire to warn us not to take their counter - reaction so seriously as to prejudice longer - term relations. we had unquestionably said harsh things to the turkish government ; as a matter of self - respect, they would have to say harsh things back. but we should not let that interfere with the friendship essential to both of us. i was airborne again at 12 : 30, and i asked the pilot to take us non - stop to washington, where we arrived at 5 : 30 that afternoon. during the entire thirteen hours, i dictated steadily to two secretaries and, by the time i arrived in washington. i had a memorandum ready for the president that not only gave a full report of my trip but recommended dial he immediately invite first inonu and then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4778034728286227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.833108"} {"text": "entire thirteen hours, i dictated steadily to two secretaries and, by the time i arrived in washington. i had a memorandum ready for the president that not only gave a full report of my trip but recommended dial he immediately invite first inonu and then papandreou to washington. our only hope of a settlement now lay in bringing those two leaders together, so that they could reach an understanding that did not involve makarios. if the president worked each of them over separately, we might he able to bring that about. i was met at andrews field and taken directly to the president. it was june 11, 1964, when i returned to washington. within a few hours, we had invited prime minister inonu to visit on june 22 and prime minister papandreou, on june 24. visits of two prime ministers the two visits took place on schedule. as i expected, the president greatly liked prime minister inonu, with whom he could talk straight - forwardly. if the greek leader had shown anything like the same understanding, serious progress could have been made. but, as i had feared, the papandreou visit came to little. though we took the greek prime minister to mount vernon on the president ' s launch, the sequoia, and the president, dean acheson, and i all pushed him hard, he remained unresponsive. we were dealing with two old men. though inonu was at the time eighty - one years old and papandreou seventy - seven, inonu, with his brilliant past, seemed far the younger. papandreou gave the appearance of flaccidity : a tired, slightly befuddled old man who could only repeat the banal slogans he had inherited when he took office and who seemed incapable of comprehending the larger issues. the joint communique president johnson and prime minister inonu issued on june 23 had stated that the discussions proceeded from \" the present binding effects of existing treaties. \" now papandreou, in a press conference, contradicted that assertion. the 1959 london - zurich accords were, he said no longer valid. greece supported independence for cyprus and its right to self - determination. it would not negotiate directly with the turkish government because \" no one is more competent to do that than the united nations mediator. \" acheson tries his hand although dean acheson had for some time been helping me review all possible settlement plans, the time had now come to bring him directly into the negotiations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46842193042005287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.836077"} {"text": "no one is more competent to do that than the united nations mediator. \" acheson tries his hand although dean acheson had for some time been helping me review all possible settlement plans, the time had now come to bring him directly into the negotiations so we could have a strong, forceful, and resourceful representative concentrating on the problem. i, therefore, suggested to secretary - general u thant of the united nations on june 26 that the greek and turkish representatives be asked to meet with acheson, who, i said, was almost a legendary figure in greece and turkey. as i feared, u thant resisted the proposal on jurisdictional grounds, since it implied that the united states might be taking the diplomatic initiative away from the united nations. if we were to have such a meeting, it should certainly not be in america. why not geneva? though i expressed reluctance, i had already thought of geneva as a fall - back. but his next stipulation was not so easy to accept. it would be necessary, he insisted, that un mediator tuomioja, rather than acheson, ask the greek and turkish representatives to meet with him at geneva. when i protested that nothing could be accomplished without the presence of american authority represented by acheson, he conceded that acheson could establish himself near the site of the negotiations to be consulted to the extent that any of the participants wished. though i protested that that was not a practical arrangement, u thant showed the kind of burmese stubbornness i had seen on other occasions. he feared a possible soviet charge that the united states had taken over the negotiations and did not wish to give makarios a basis for insisting that his government be represented at the geneva talks. i reported to the president that we would probably have to make do with this awkward improvisation ; otherwise, the secretary - general would refuse un sponsorship, and the greeks would never participate. even in the wings, acheson was such a strong personality that he could make his views felt. i then met with prime minister inonu, who was at the moment at the united nations. as expected, he readily agreed to having the turkish and greek delegates meet with acheson in geneva but would not commit his government to refrain from a military solution if the talks should fail. papandreou balked as usual. he would not agree to an american representative at the geneva meeting. as a compromise, it was agreed that acheson should go to geneva and set himself up \" in the next room or the next building \" so as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42151441745361096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.842686"} {"text": ", he might, i thought, be easier to work with than makarios, so we established an underground contact with socrates iliades, who was grivas ' s lieutenant and director of the defense of cyprus. meanwhile, grivas returned to cyprus with a plan for enosis that provided protection for the turkish cypriotes remaining on the island and compensation for those wishing to leave. the fact that the grivas plan also called for the ouster of makarios enhanced its attractiveness. these schemes were all upset when makarios encouraged the greek cypriotes to attack turkish cypriote villages. in retaliation, on august 7, four turkish air force jets strafed the cypriote town of polis. the next day, thirty turkish jets flew low over greek cypriote towns on the island ' s north coast. finally, on august 9, turkey sent sixty - four jets on another strafing and bombing foray against northwest cyprus. the war was rapidly escalating. in washington, we set up a twenty - four - hour cyprus command post, and i spent the following three nights sleeping in my office. secretary rusk would arrive early each morning and, in deference to his georgian palate, we would have hominy grits for breakfast. on sunday, august 12, i instructed our ambassador in athens, henry labouisse, to urge papandreou to stop makarios from further assaults on turkish cypriotes. we should press papandreou to abandon \" horse - trading or equivocation or passionate oratory \" and act incisively to restore peace, making clear to him that makarios was calling for military intervention by the soviet union and that it was \" utterly essential \" to keep the russians, egyptians, and other foreign troops out of cyprus. at the same time, we warned makarios that he would be publicly branded as a murderer if his units continued to harass the cypriote turks. even moscow had apparently been shaken by the course events were following, for on that same sunday, august 12, khrushchev sent word to makarios that, while he sympathized with the cyprus government, a cease - fire would be an \" important contribution. \" with the soviets offering him no assistance, makarios grumpily accepted a un call for a cease - fire, with turkey following suit. our political talks were making little progress, and on august 18, acheson telexed me that, in his view, the chances", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41482116253394075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.853820"} {"text": "assistance, makarios grumpily accepted a un call for a cease - fire, with turkey following suit. our political talks were making little progress, and on august 18, acheson telexed me that, in his view, the chances of obtaining a quick greek - turkish settlement on cyprus were \" about the same as the odds on goldwater. \" we should, he advised, liquidate our efforts and let him come home, though he would continue to keep in touch with greece and turkey to prevent cyprus from being transformed \" into a russian mediterranean satellite. \" i urged acheson to stay on. to \" liquidate \" the geneva operations would please makarios and make him even more intransigent. if his beatitude ever decided that the united states had grown indifferent, he would recklessly attack the turkish cypriotes, and the turks would be forced to intervene. i pointed out to acheson that his negotiating efforts had already yielded some useful results. they had persuaded papandreou to negotiate with turkey and to accept a turkish base on cyprus ; they had even got general grivas to consider such a base. at the same time, they had eased some of turkey ' s initial demands. since there was a six - hour difference between the united states and geneva, i followed the practice with acheson of talking to him around 2 : 00 a. m. washington time on a scrambled teletype in the operations center at the state department, while he sat at the other end in the consulate in geneva. that night, after a long session of arguing over the teletype, i ended my peroration to acheson with \" aux armes, citoyens. \" if the geneva enterprise must die, i contended, its burial should be conducted not \" by an orthodox archbishop but by the son of an episcopal bishop, \" which, of course, meant acheson. acheson had tried with great skill and exceptional patience to settle a problem created by the wicked and the weak. a man of rare quality, i admired him enormously, and one of my most cherished possessions is a handwritten note commenting on something i had written. sent two weeks before his death, it concluded with the cheering admonition : \" keep on making sense ; you have the field to yourself. \" end of the crisis in the end, the crisis momentarily subsided. pressed by america and the united nations and denied aid by the soviets, makarios ' s position was weakened, particularly with general grivas challenging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4203410391569231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.855188"} {"text": "have the field to yourself. \" end of the crisis in the end, the crisis momentarily subsided. pressed by america and the united nations and denied aid by the soviets, makarios ' s position was weakened, particularly with general grivas challenging his hold over the island. a un force was in place, and. for the time being, a precarious peace was maintained. that, of course, was not the end of the cyprus story... during my years in the state department, secretary rusk and i worked on a completely alter ego basis ' which meant that, when rusk was away, he did not, as he made clear, \" take the keys of his office with him. \" as acting secretary of state, i was in a position, when necessary, to move incisively, with the president ' s approval ; rusk established the same ground rules with my successor, nicholas katzenbach. the importance of such an arrangement was disclosed in july 1974cten years after the crisis i have just described. this time, unhappily, the united states failed to respond. trying to run the state department singlehandedly from an airplane. secretary kissinger knew nothing about cyprus and did not bother to inform himself. as a result, he absent - mindedly let the greek junta mount a coup in cyprus that incited a turkish invasion. when the turks swarmed across the island, the nixon administrationcunder pressure from the greek lobbycstopped arms shipments to turkey and alienated the eastern anchor of our southern flank defense. as of this writing, 36 percent of cyprus, including the most attractive tourist areas, remains under occupation by the turkish army. greece and turkey are at sword ' s point and both are on uneasy terms with the united states and nato. makarios is dead, and the partition that might have solved cyprus ' s problems has now been achieved by force and in a manner tragically unfair to the greek cypriotes. the moral is clear : effective diplomacy for a great nation requires a constant high - quality institutional vigilance. that is not possible when all decisions are preempted by an individual virtuoso with a lust for travel. about george ball = s diplomacy, the british journalist christopher hitchens writes : at every stage of the drama... the weakness and errors of cypriots were exploited and compounded by external intervention..... perhaps most of all it was true when the united states government, in the words of george ball, >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4627322492293977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.860905"} {"text": "it ' s a long - shot safety campaign known in shorthand as \" zero deaths. \" cutting the death toll to zero in crashes across all forms of transportation is an aggressive and perhaps unrealistic goal, but illinois and more than half of the other states are working on it. the long - sought target has been virtually achieved over the last four years by u. s. commercial aviation. airlines operating in the u. s. have not suffered a fatal accident since the crash of a colgan air commuter jet near buffalo, n. y., on feb. 12, 2009. but over the same four - year period, more than 100, 000 people have perished in wrecks on highways and other roads across america. the death toll has exceeded 32, 000 people each year nationally in recent years and peaked at 43, 510 in 2005, according to the national highway traffic safety administration. almost 1, 000 fatalities occurred in illinois in 2012. totally eliminating vehicle crashes is not practical, at least not unless technology ever reaches the point of removing driver behavior and human error from the equation, experts say. so the immediate focus is on putting an end to crashes that lead to fatalities. the roots of the program can be traced to sweden, where 16 years ago safety officials declared that zero crash deaths is the only morally acceptable goal. the illinois department of transportation adopted the goal of zero roadway fatalities in 2009 when it revised the state ' s strategic highway safety plan. about 30 states have established their own programs aimed literally at driving down the death toll to zero. a new study by the university of minnesota evaluating the effectiveness of zero - death programs found that the states that have worked the longest promoting the four \" e ' s \" of safety \u2014 enforcement, education, engineering and emergency medical services \u2014 have been the most successful at reducing crash fatalities. washington state in 2000 and minnesota in 2003 were the first states to adopt the zero - fatality goal, the study said. utah and idaho also operate successful programs in which the study determined that a statistically significant fewer number of crash fatalities occurred after the zero - death initiatives were introduced. \" the evidence from our evaluation showed that active programs work, \" said lee w. munnich jr., the study ' s lead researcher and director of the center for excellence in rural safety at the university of minnesota. \" one of the keys is to prioritize and delegate funds and get more engagement from different agencies to produce the biggest bang for the buck. \" targeting resources directly on the problem, whether it ' s beefed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4477560628300603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.869740"} {"text": "safety at the university of minnesota. \" one of the keys is to prioritize and delegate funds and get more engagement from different agencies to produce the biggest bang for the buck. \" targeting resources directly on the problem, whether it ' s beefed - up police enforcement in specific locations or redesigning roads to slow traffic where accidents are prevalent, has had the biggest effect on reducing fatalities, the researchers found. \" the toughest challenges are the behavioral ones, where drivers know they shouldn ' t be doing what they are doing, such as drinking and driving, but they do so anyway, \" munnich said. raising the public ' s awareness about the costs to society caused by crashes that result in deaths and serious injuries will help drive down accidents, officials said. \" people say, ' ah, you can ' t get there. ' that is the response you always get \" to the zero - deaths program, said john webber, interim director of idot ' s traffic safety division. \" when we ask people what would be an acceptable goal statewide, people say less than 1, 000 crash fatalities a year, \" webber said. \" but when it comes to their family, the answer is zero. if all families feel that way, then why is zero an impossible goal? \" as a starting point, reducing roadway carnage by half in the u. s. is considered an attainable mark by many traffic safety authorities. illinois has accomplished that since the 1960s and ' 70s, the most recent period in which crash fatalities exceeded 2, 000 annually in the state. in those days, many drivers and their passengers didn ' t wear seat belts, if their vehicles were even equipped with the devices. anti - lock brakes, air bags and life - saving crunch zones on vehicles did not exist. today, illinois has work to do before crash deaths would be halved again, or reduced further toward the zero target. in 2012, 962 people were killed in vehicle accidents in the state, up 44 deaths from 2011, according to idot. the numbers have been up and down over roughly the past decade, with the high point occurring in 2003, when 1, 454 people died on the roads in illinois. the annual death totals have been below 1, 000 since 2009, and state officials say part of the reason is that more drivers and passengers are buckling up. however, driving in general, tracked by the number of vehicle miles traveled, has gone down in recent years, because of several key factors that include an escalation in gas prices and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4454668380690519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.870715"} {"text": "the reason is that more drivers and passengers are buckling up. however, driving in general, tracked by the number of vehicle miles traveled, has gone down in recent years, because of several key factors that include an escalation in gas prices and the pocketbook impact of the great recession on driving behavior, officials said. the state seat - belt law has been toughened twice in the last 10 years. in july 2003, the law was amended to authorize police to stop a vehicle if the officer observes either the driver or front seat passengers not wearing a safety belt. last year, the law was revised to require all occupants to wear a safety belt. idot officials said an increase in the rate of seat - belt use \u2014 it ' s about 94 percent on average statewide \u2014 correlates directly with the reduction in crash fatalities. accident investigations show that about half of the victims who died in crashes were not wearing their seat belts, officials said. males 16 to 34 years old represent a big portion of seat - belt law violators, especially in situations where alcohol is involved, authorities said. targeting this group through police enforcement, particularly in the 9 p. m. to 6 a. m. period, and education, including the in - your - face running tally of crash fatalities that idot has been running on highway message boards since 2012, are part of the zero - death campaign, officials said. \" those are the folks involved or dying in crashes these days, \" webber said. \" getting them to buckle up is a start. but the real message is that there is no safe amount of alcohol because judgment, reaction and perception changes. until we get drunk driving under control, we are not going to get to zero deaths. \" contact getting around at email @ example. com or c / o the chicago tribune, 435 n. michigan ave., chicago, il 60611 ; on twitter @ jhilkevitch ; and at facebook. com / jhilkevitch. read recent columns at chicagotribune. com / gettingaround.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37669872518453096, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.871823"} {"text": "a putnam county teacher is crediting the newspapers in education program for improved test scores. in fact, a marquee at poca middle school expresses thanks to charleston newspapers. louann godbey, eighth - grade west virginia history teacher at poca middle, credits the nie program for playing a role in a six - point increase in westest scores from 2011 to 2012. \" i truly believe that our weekly newspaper sessions played a big part in helping my students achieve higher test scores, \" she said. each wednesday, her students are given about 45 minutes to read the newspaper. half of the time is to be spent reading section - front news articles. then they may move on to sports, cartoons or anything they enjoy reading. \" if i give assignments, i find they are reading for answers instead of content, \" she said. \" i want them to enjoy the experience of reading the paper. \" newspapers are an excellent source for teaching west virginia history and current events, she said. students look forward to the arrival of the newspapers, and she shares them with the seventh - grade teacher. she added that poca middle has an excellent staff, achieved adequate yearly progress, and was named an exemplary school. renee daly, nie coordinator for charleston newspapers, said she often gets positive feedback from teachers who take advantage of the program, and others climb on board after learning about it. \" i got two new schools today, \" said daly, who added that 34 schools throughout west virginia are now getting newspapers through the program that was established 17 years ago.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4412802519249421, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.873456"} {"text": "the u. s. military originally had a virtual monopoly of certain communications channels. it was one of the few entities to be using internet, and it used many areas of the spectrum untouched by civilian communications. however, with the digital revolution and the expansion of civilians onto the internet and increasing using of the digital spectrum, the military is finding adapting to the deprivation of these bands difficult. last year during the bandwidth auction, the portion of the spectrum used by the b - 2 bomber ' s raytheon apq - 181 radar was accidentally sold to an obscure multinational organization according to military. com. as a result, u. s. taxpayers will be footing the over $ 1b usd bill to replace the radar in the 20 remaining jets. with users demanding video - ready smartphones, high - speed mobile internet, and other emerging applications, the military is finding that the spectrum is quickly disappearing, and it \u2019 s having trouble finding areas for its own sensitive technologies. other expensive losses abound. the joint tactical information distribution system, a costly system used to get awacs targeting data to f - 22 fighter jets has \" limited supportability outside the continental u. s. \" another key issue is the steady creep of civilian communications into the spectrum used for flight - test telemetry. while there are workarounds to gather some additional information, telemetry data remains essential to testing both manned and unmanned aircraft and protecting pilots from failures. ultimately, more data takes more bandwidth - - an unalterable fact - - and to achieve higher frequencies more power is required. this places inherent limitations to the amount of data capable of being communicated over the spectrum. military designers are in a sticky situation as they can ' t compress their data, in many cases, like civilian applications. \" this is not a cell phone, \u201d said darrell ernst. \" you can ' t ask the pilot to wait while you redial. \" ernst works for the mitre corp., a member of a u. s. - european delegation trying to raise international awareness of bandwidth issues, and estimates that by 2020 the air force will need 600 mhz of spectrum for telemetry data. currently the only vacant spot suggested to them is the 5091 and 5150 mhz band. the air force is eager to occupy even this meager 59 mhz offer. states mr. ernst, \" if [ the flight - test community ] can get in there and start using it, we can be established as the primary user and it will be hard for them to throw us out. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.509202418949066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.876380"} {"text": "people with high - level spinal cord injuries typically lose control of their arms and legs meaning they can no longer get around without some sort of adaptive assistance device. quadriplegics have long relied on a type of control system for electric wheelchairs called the sip - and - puff system. this type of control system allowed the user to move forward and backwards in an electric wheelchair by sipping a straw or blowing into it. a group of researchers at the georgia institute of technology ( git ) has devised a new method of controlling a power chair for those who no longer had functionality in their arms and legs. the new system uses the patient \u2019 s tongue to control the chair or to control the mouse cursor on a computer screen. maysam ghovanloo, an assistant professor in the school of electrical and computer engineering at git said, \" this clinical trial has validated that the tongue drive system is intuitive and quite simple for individuals with high - level spinal cord injuries to use. trial participants were able to easily remember and correctly issue tongue commands to play computer games and drive a powered wheelchair around an obstacle course with very little prior training. \" the clinical trial was conducted at the shepherd center in atlanta and involved the attachment of a small magnet, roughly the size of a grain of rice, to the tongue of the patient with a tissue adhesive. the magnet was used as a tracer to allow the magnetic field sensors to register its movements. the users of the system wore sensors that look like headphones on the head to track the magnet. the researchers say that the nerve that controls the tongue in patients with high - level spinal injury is typically not affected in the injury. software translates the movement of the magnet into motion for the chair via wireless connectivity with a computer attached to the chair. the chair motion can be controlled in a constant setting that allows the chair user to move along an arc or in a control method for new users that only allows one motion at a time. according to the researchers, the tongue drive system can be used to create as many movement commands as the user can comfortably remember.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5176466044949299, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.880045"} {"text": "in the fall of 2010, a number of high - profile suicides brought attention to the problem of bullying in schools. this year, the lgbt community worked to change laws and save lives. after helping to push through policies in the dallas and fort worth school districts, as well as a few others around the state, the lgbt community focused on passing statewide anti - bullying legislation in the 2011 session of the legislature. equality texas made the legislation a priority and a number of bills were introduced. in february, equality texas hosted a lobby day. several hundred people from around the state participated. among them were fort worth city councilman joel burns, suicide victim asher brown \u2019 s parents \u2014 amy and david truong \u2014 and a group of 10 students from youth first texas. burns and the truongs met with key legislators including members of the committees that would hear the bills. the students from yft spoke to their senators and representatives telling their own stories of being bullied. legislators not usually considered allies were visibly moved by stories of violence in schools in their hometowns. equality texas board chair anne wynn, executive director dennis coleman and deputy director chuck smith spent the spring lobbying on behalf of the bills. the organization arranged for the truongs as well as the parents of montana lance and jon carmichael, two other texas suicide victims, to testify at committee hearings. as originally crafted, the bills specified categories that would be covered. national studies have shown that the more specific the law, the more effective it is in protecting lgbt students. when sexual orientation and gender identity are not specified, school staff often ignore anti - gay bullying. but to increase the chances that anti - bullying legislation would pass, several bills were combined and all references to specific groups, including sexual orientation and gender identity, were deleted. the new anti - bullying \u201c super bill \u201d passed unanimously in the senate and by a wide margin in the house \u2014 and was eventually signed by republican gov. rick perry. under the new law, for the first time, the bully rather than the victim can be transferred to another classroom or school. parental notification rules were strengthened and protections added for the person reporting the bullying. the definition of bullying now includes electronic means, or cyberbullying. and every school district must adopt an anti - bullying policy, including any necessary procedures to address the prevention, investigation and reporting of incidents. a second bill also passed that provides money for counseling services, which includes services for both the bully and the victim. school staff already receive training to recognize potential suicide risks. that training", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43425794349655533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.883063"} {"text": "document management with oracle text june 12, 2003 a few years ago, many projects started using the multimedia capability of oracle databases. powerful procedures for handling image, audio, video and the text data in various formats are incorporated in the database kernel code ; even the default database installation has multimedia objects installed. storing, retrieving and searching the text from documents stored inside the oracle database are the most common usage of multimedia database capabilities. this feature, incorporated into the product was formerly known as context, later known as intermedia text ( imt ) and with the database version 9. x, it is known as oracle text. this article covers : document index type oracle text is an extension to the oracle database that allows searching specific words in the tables of documents, using standard sql expressions. oracle text is integrated in a number of oracle products such as portal, ifs and applications. supported document types are text, html, doc, xls, ppt, pdf and xml documents. txt / html data content will be stored in the clob column and other formatted document content in the blob column. the content can \" also \" stored outside of database via bfiles. for any kind of data content, the text engine is used for indexing and retrieving. overview of the oracle text product development : there are three different index types : context, catalog and ctxxpath. they are used all for document indexing, but each has a different functionality. context index is a \" domain \" index used for fast retrieval of unstructured text. dml processing on a context index is deferred. the actual index updates do not take place until an index sync is performed. catalog ( ctxcat ) index is an online, \" catalog \" index, efficient for searching between small, simple text fields and with queries using some structured criteria, ( usually numbers or dates ). this index type supports only a basic functionality provided in a context index. a catalog index has all the characteristics of the normal database index. ctxxpath index is a special index installed during an oracle text install. this index uses oracle text code and can be created only on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4914494086399741, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.885588"} {"text": "save the children and oxfam released a joint report today entitled \" a dangerous delay : the cost of late response to early warnings in the 2011 drought in the horn of africa \". the report argues that early warning systems performed, but decision makers did not respond to them. in an interview justin forsyth the head of save the children uk likened the situation to an alarm bell that had a very delayed effect. a lot of people were harmed by the delayed response and the cost of dealing with hunger and malnutrition was much higher than if it had been addressed earlier. so why the delay? using forsyth ' s analogy, either policymakers did not hear the alarm, did not trust it, or although hearing and believing the alarm, they simply could not respond to it quickly enough. the report makes some good recommendations about amplifying the alarm ( via the media and building up capacity of those to communicate the significance of the alarm up the decision chain ). it also makes good recommendations about helping people respond to it more quickly once they believe it ( emergency response funds, insurance, greater joint programming between development and humanitarian groups ). the one area that the report is relatively silent on is whether the policymakers believe the signals. the report focuses on the case where the signals were right and outlines the cost of ignoring them, but policymakers might argue : what about the costs of acting when the signals were wrong? as researchers, we should be analysing, ex post, the frequency with which the early warning signals get it right. if we can attach a probability to the predictive power of the signals, then when the next signal goes off policymakers can better assess the risks of responding to a non crisis against the risks of responding late to an emerging crisis. in other words, how often will the signal get it right? it ' s not pretty, but i would not be surprised if this is the kind of calculation that is often made.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48002002987305237, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.889929"} {"text": "the flu bug can bite your dog, too if your dog begins to sniffle, cough and sneeze, get ready for some rough days ahead because those are signs that your pet may be coming down with the flu. like people, dogs also can be stricken and they even have their own highly contagious - and sometimes life - threatening - influenza virus, a leading veterinary expert says. story continues below a book about a rescue dog that will touch your heart the hunt of her life, a full - color book by newspaper journalist and mysettersam. com publisher joseph a. reppucci, is must reading for animal lovers of all ages. it has 60 color photos of dogs to illustrate the compelling story of samantha, an unwanted rescue dog adopted at age 2 by mr. reppucci. travel with them along a trail of life filled with surprising twists, sudden turns, mystery and even what some call a miracle. and when the journey is finished, you may never look at people and their pets, motherhood - and perhaps even god - in the same way. the hunt of her life will take you on a captivating journey - a trip like no other - that will touch your heart. for more details and to order, go to themysettersam e - storealso find the hunt of her life on : facebook / thehuntofherlifeamazon. com click here to look inside the book story continues here about 80 percent of the dogs exposed to the virus become infected and develop flu - like symptoms, according to cynda crawford, a veterinarian at the university of florida, who has studied the virus since its outbreak in 2004. dogs lack a preexisting immunity, therefore canines of any breed, age or health status are susceptible. \" fortunately, most dogs recover within two weeks without any further health complications, \" dr. crawford told mysettersam. com. \" however, some dogs progress to pneumonia, which is usually due to secondary bacterial infections. while the overall mortality rate for canine influenza is low, the secondary pneumonia can be life - threatening. \" treatment consists mainly of supportive care - including administering of antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections - while the virus runs its course, much like with human influenza, dr. crawford said. dogs with pneumonia are likely to need intensive care in a hospital. pet parents who have dogs at high risk of contracting canine influenza - like those that spend time in shelters, boarding and training facilities, day care centers, dog shows, veterinary clinics, pet stores and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39466034347503376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.905554"} {"text": "pneumonia are likely to need intensive care in a hospital. pet parents who have dogs at high risk of contracting canine influenza - like those that spend time in shelters, boarding and training facilities, day care centers, dog shows, veterinary clinics, pet stores and grooming parlors - should consider getting their pets vaccinated, dr. crawford said. \" although the vaccine may not prevent infection, efficacy trials have shown that vaccination significantly reduces the severity and duration of clinical illness, including the incidence and severity of damage to the lungs, \" crawford states. \" in addition, the vaccine reduces the amount of virus shed and shortens the shedding interval, \" dr. crawford said. \" this means that vaccinated dogs that become infected have less illness and are not as contagious to other dogs. these benefits are similar to those provided by influenza vaccines used in other species, including humans. \" according to dr. crawford, who has been studying the canine virus since its discovery in 2004, canine influenza has been documented in 30 states and the district of columbia. it can occur year - round. a dog can get the virus by contact with infected dogs or by aerosols generated by coughing and sneezing, dr. crawford said. the virus can also contaminate kennel surfaces, food and water bowls, collars and leashes, and the hands and clothing of people who handle infected dogs. \" fortunately, the virus is easily inactivated by washing hands, clothes and other items with soap and water, \" she said. the vaccine, developed by intervet / schering - plough animal health, recently received approval for use from the u. s. department of agriculture. it is administered by subcutaneous injection in two doses, two to four weeks apart. the vaccine may be given to dogs age six weeks or older and can be given annually to ensure more comprehensive protection. \" we developed the vaccine in response to the growing problem of the disease, \" christopher pappas jr., a veterinarian for intervet / schering - plough animal health, states in a media release. \" we are pleased that our expertise in respiratory disease and vaccines can help prevent costly outbreaks and keep dogs healthier. \" the american veterinary medical association, which in 2006 advocated the necessity of developing such a vaccine, lauded the news of the federal government ' s approval of the vaccine. \" the avma is pleased that the usda has approved the use of a vaccine in dogs to help prevent the spread of canine influenza and to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4696246722442285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.907752"} {"text": "necessity of developing such a vaccine, lauded the news of the federal government ' s approval of the vaccine. \" the avma is pleased that the usda has approved the use of a vaccine in dogs to help prevent the spread of canine influenza and to help keep dogs healthy, \" lynne white - shim, assistant director in the avma scientific activities division, told mysettersam. com. \" shortly after the emergence of canine influenza, some people were not convinced that the disease existed and consequently did not believe a vaccine should be developed, \" dr. white - shim explained. \" when avma examined the issue, we learned that the disease was sickening racing greyhounds and dogs in some shelters. thus, avma has been an advocate for the development of an efficacious vaccine to protect those dogs at significant risk. \" dr. white - shim urges dog owners to consult with their veterinarians about whether their pet should be vaccinated. \" as with all vaccinations, the veterinarian and dog owner should discuss individual disease risks to determine if the vaccine is recommended, \" she said. the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals, in conjunction with the morris animal foundation of denver, has launched a study of canine influenza in hopes of better understanding the virus and developing treatments. \" canine influenza is a newly emerging disease that does not discriminate by breed or age, \" aspca veterinarian miranda spindel states in a media release. \" it is critical that we gain a better understanding of the transmission of civ in order to limit its effects. \" in addition to examining the spread of the virus among shelter dogs, the study will determine whether a rapid \" bedside \" test can be effectively used for screening dogs upon entering a shelter. if such a test were available, dogs could be tested and kept separate from the main shelter population and treated to help prevent the spread of the virus. the study will try to determine how the virus changes over time, a process known as \" genetic drift. \" as with human flu viruses, animal influenza viruses constantly evolve. new strains can develop that require new vaccines. according to the american veterinary medical association, dogs and other companion pets also can get flu viruses - like the h1n1 virus - from people. so far, four ferrets in oregon and a cat in iowa have gotten the h1n1 virus a short time after people in their households had the illness. no dogs have gotten the h1n1 virus. dr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4633071015149851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.908914"} {"text": "high temperatures increase health risks for people with diabetes ( bpt ) - for the nearly 26 million americans living with diabetes, high temperatures and increased sun exposure can pose particularly dangerous health risks. during warm weather, experts caution that people with diabetes must take extra care to avoid serious, heat - related conditions. \" heading to the beach, the pool or the park is a great way to cool down and stay in shape when the temperature rises, but people with diabetes may not realize the heat can place them at greater risk for serious, heat - related illness, \" says dr. deneen vojta, senior vice president and chief clinical officer of unitedhealth group ' s diabetes prevention and control alliance ( dpca ). \" diabetes actually impairs a person ' s ability to sweat, which means that hot, humid weather can dangerously reduce the body ' s regulation of blood sugar levels. that ' s why it is critical that people with this disease take proper precautions to avoid conditions like heat exhaustion and heat stroke. \" vojta offers seven simple tips that may help people with this disease to stay active, healthy and safe when temperatures are high : 1. check your blood sugar levels often. changes in activity and heat levels can affect your body ' s insulin needs. 2. wear sunblock. sunburn can tax your body and trigger increased blood glucose levels. 3. stay cool. take regular breaks from the heat in air - conditioned areas or designated cooling centers, if possible. make sure to exercise in an air - conditioned place or exercise during early morning and evening hours when temperatures are cooler. 4. keep medication and supplies cool and away from direct sunlight. extreme temperatures and sunlight can have a damaging effect on diabetes medication such as insulin, causing the drug to break down or become less effective. 5. stay hydrated. dehydration stresses the body and affects glucose levels. 6. avoid caffeine and alcohol in high temperatures. both alcohol and caffeine have diuretic effects that can increase risks of dehydration. 7. be alert for common signs of heat exhaustion. signs of serious health - related illnesses can include : heavy sweating, paleness, muscle cramps, tiredness, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting and fainting. vojta advises that people with diabetes should be on the lookout for signs of heat exhaustion or heat stroke and seek medical attention right away if they experience symptoms. additional resources on managing and preventing diabetes can be found by visiting the websites of the american diabetes association (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4371450728454087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.913028"} {"text": "now that you ' re comfortable using the mysql client tools to manipulate data in the database, you can begin using php to display and modify data from the database. php has standard functions for working with the database. first, we ' re going to discuss phps built - in database functions. we ' ll also show you how to use the pear database functions that provide the ability to use the same functions to access any supported database. this type of flexibility comes from a process called abstraction. abstraction is the information you need to log into a database that is placed into a standard format. this standard format allows you to interact with mysql as well as other databases using the same format. similarly, mysql - specific functions are replaced with generic ones that know how to talk to many databases. in this chapter, you ' ll learn how to connect to a mysql server from php, learn how to use php to access and retrieve stored data, and how to correctly display information to the user. the basic steps of performing a query, whether using the mysql command - line tool or php, are the same : connect to the database. select the database to use. build a select statement. perform the query. display the results. we ' ll walk through each of these steps for both plain php and pear functions. when connecting to a mysql database, you will use two new resources. the first is the link identifier that holds all of the information necessary to connect to the database for an active connection. the other resource is the results resource. it contains all information required to retrieve results from an active database query ' s result set. you ' ll be creating and assigning both resources in this chapter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4484020035843188, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.914968"} {"text": "faeces, electric eels and fruit would power conceptual communities designed by bartlett school of architecture graduate catrina stewart. the city farmhouse project proposes housing communities on stilts above clusters of public toilets, where visitors would be required to donate faeces and urine on arrival. electricity would be generated from methane gas released when the harvested excrement is broken down. faeces and urine could also be used to produce compost and water for community gardens. streetlights would be powered by fruit acid and elevators would be powered by electric eels, kept as pets by residents. other recent architecture graduate projects include an upside - down skyscraper and a tower that shoots artificial bees into the air - see all our stories about this years graduate shows here. here are some more details from catrina stewart : london city farmhouse the city farmhouse project is a prototype that looks at forming new self - sufficient communities, which integrate agriculture and housing within the city of london. the farmhouses and vertical colour gardens will be open to the public, and will rely on its colours and visitors to achieve self - sufficiency. visitors and residents will be expected to make a donation of faeces and urine when they visit the building. these will be used to produce water, compost and electricity for the farmhouses. methane gas released by the waste produced in biogas digesters can then be used directly or to produce electricity. without its public toilets the community would not be able to survive. the more visitors the building can attract the more power, food and water will be produced. new public toilets will be erected across the borough in order to collect human waste to power the farmhouses. new communities will begin to grow around the more popular public toilets, creating new farmhouses. the farmhouse project explores the use of colour to attract people to the building and entice them into using the public toilets by using the same principles used for colour in marketing and advertising. colours are therefore used less for their aesthetics and more for their functional properties. nothing in the farmhouse is disposed of, everything is recycled and reused to fuel something else. old and new technologies are used to harness energy and food from almost anything, animals are no longer used for their meat but rather as a source of energy. cows are farmed for their methane gas, electric eels are kept as pets to power the elevators in the building and fruits are used to to power the street lights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5414587085358, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.917744"} {"text": "wikipedia reached the magical figure of 10 million articles on wednesday, when an article about a 16th century goldsmith named nicholas hilliard was created on the hungarian version of the site. wikipedia was launched in jan. 2001 by jimmy wales and larry sanger and has since reached a landmark : it now boasts 10 million articles across the site that runs in 250 languages. it is the largest and fastest - growing reference site on the internet. you can tell wikipedia ' s clout as soon as you try and do a google search on almost anything ; google places high importance on wikipedia results so whenever you search wikipedia will almost always be in the top 10 search results. wikipedia through their wikimedia foundation made this announcement about reaching 10 million articles. they said the 10 millionth article was created at 5 : 07 p. m. pdt on march 26. the article is a short biography of 16th century english goldsmith and painter nicholas hilliard. it was created in hungarian by a user named pataki marta. compared to wikipedia, a regular encyclopedia ( such as a 26 volume britannica encyclopedia ) has 29, 800 articles and sells for $ 749. the biggest part ow wikipedia is its english version which boasts more than 2. 3 million articles. it ' s also free to use. wikipedia also recently secured $ 3 million in funding from alfred p. sloan foundation and $ 500, 000 from vinod khosla and his wife neeru.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43654036651920325, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.919315"} {"text": "area history of the doan brook 1796 : first permanent settler came to the cleveland area. 1799 : nathaniel and sarah doan and their six children settled beside the doan brook. this area became the ford on the main road between buffalo and cleveland ; now it ' s the intersection of euclid avenue and east 105th street ). 1811 : jacob russell, a revolutionary war veteran, purchased 475 acres of land in the upper doan brook watershed. they return the following year to build a cabin, plant crops, and relocate their extended family of 20. it is now the intersection of south park boulevard and lee road. 1822 : the north union shaker community was started by ralph russell, jacobrussell ' s son, who had become a shaker. the community, with as many as 300 members, originally occupied the area along lee rd. between shaker blvd. and south park. the shakers built the two shaker lakes, lower lake and horseshoe lake, on doan brook to power their sawmills, grist mills and woolen mill. early 1880s : jephtha wade, william gordon, john d. rockefeller, laura rockefeller, nathan ambler and other philanthropists donated land along doan brook to create the line of parks along the stream from lake erie to horseshoe lake in shaker lakes. the cleveland parks commission built roadways to connect the parks and commissioned architect charles schweinfurth to design bridges to carry streetcar lines across the lower park areas. inner - city cleveland residents and workers gain access to the parks. may 1896 : in all, almost 44, 000 people are reported to have walked or driven along the brook in rockefeller park, showing the popularity of the park in this age. 19th century : doan ' s corners and the north union shaker flourished. much of the surrounding areas became farms and villages, including the village of glenville, located near the brook valley between doan ' s corners and lake erie. 1900 : the doan brook watershed began to develop. 1930 : nearly the entire watershed in shaker heights, cleveland heights and cleveland was developed. 1960 : citizens opposed and defeated the clark and lee freeways extension plan. the freeway would have paved over doan brook and its parks from lower shaker lake to horseshoe lake and beyond. 1970 : dike 14 - dredge spoil disposal area at the mouth of doan brook began to be constructed by the corps of engineers. 1974 : the cities of cleveland heights, shaker heights, and cleveland with interested citizens form the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38392980129354887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.924994"} {"text": "earth shattering secrets for building record setting and winning mousetrap cars and racers. here you will find all the latest and greatest untold construction secrets so you can build your very own mousetrap vehicle. the objective is to build a vehicle that is powered solely by a standard - sized mouse trap that will travel and stop closest to a finish line located 5 - meters from the start line in the shortest amount of time. by definition a vehicle is a device with wheels and / or runners. launching a ball or another object from the mouse trap will be ruled illegal. the entire vehicle must leave the start line and travel as one unit. 1. the vehicle must be powered by a single victor brand mouse trap measuring : 1 - 3 / 4 inches x 3 - 7 / 8 inches. 2. the mouse trap cannot be physically altered except for the following : - holes can be drilled only to mount the mouse trap to a frame - the mouse trap ' s snapper arm may be cut and lengthened 3. the vehicle may not start with additional potential and / or kinetic energy other than what can be stored in the mouse trap ' s spring. 4. the spring from the mouse trap cannot be altered or heat treated. 5. the mouse trap ' s spring cannot be wound more than its normal travel distance or 180 degrees. 6. vehicles must be self - starting. 7. the vehicles must steer itself and may not receive a push in any direction in order avoid a collision. 8. the timing of the vehicle will begin when any part of the vehicle passes over the start line and will ends when the vehicle comes to rest. 9. the distance from the target will be measured from the point of the vehicle that first passed the start line to the finish line or target. 10. the instructor has the final decision as to the appropriateness of any additional items that might be used in the construction of the vehicle. running the contest the course will be a smooth level floor such as a gymnasiums or a non - carpeted hallway. the winner will be that vehicle that has obtained the lowest score any of the three attempts. any ties will be decided by a single run off between the tied vehicles. the scoring will be the total of the time in seconds added to the distance from the finish line in centimeters. score = time ( s ) + distance from finish line ( cm ). * can ' t find what you ' re looking for? ask doc fizzix \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4896395648182985, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.931854"} {"text": "in 1811, joseph fourier, the 43 - year - old prefect of the french district of isere, entered a competition in heat research sponsored by the french academy of sciences. the paper he submitted described a novel analytical technique that we today call the fourier transform, and it won the competition ; but the prize jury declined to publish it, criticizing the sloppiness of fourier ' s reasoning. according to jean - pierre kahane, a french mathematician and current member of the academy, as late as the early 1970s, fourier ' s name still didn ' t turn up in the major french encyclopedia the encyclopdia universalis. now, however, his name is everywhere. the fourier transform is a way to decompose a signal into its constituent frequencies, and versions of it are used to generate and filter cell - phone and wi - fi transmissions, to compress audio, image, and video files so that they take up less bandwidth, and to solve differential equations, among other things. it ' s so ubiquitous that \" you don ' t really study the fourier transform for what it is, \" says laurent demanet, an assistant professor of applied mathematics at mit. \" you take a class in signal processing, and there it is. you don ' t have any choice. \" the fourier transform comes in three varieties : the plain old fourier transform, the fourier series, and the discrete fourier transform. but it ' s the discrete fourier transform ( dft ) that accounts for the fourier revival. in 1965, the computer scientists james cooley and john tukey described an algorithm called the fast fourier transform, which made it much easier to calculate dfts on a computer. all of a sudden, the dft became a practical way to process digital signals. to get a sense of what the dft does, consider an mp3 player plugged into a loudspeaker. the mp3 player sends the speaker audio information as fluctuations in the voltage of an electrical signal. those fluctuations cause the speaker drum to vibrate, which in turn causes air particles to move, producing sound. an audio signal ' s fluctuations over time can be depicted as a graph : the x - axis is time, and the y - axis is the voltage of the electrical signal, or perhaps the movement of the speaker drum or air particles. either way, the signal ends up looking like an erratic wavelike squiggle. but when you listen to the sound produced from that squiggle, you can clearly distinguish all the instruments in a symphony orchestra, playing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.575598744774367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.936280"} {"text": "speaker drum or air particles. either way, the signal ends up looking like an erratic wavelike squiggle. but when you listen to the sound produced from that squiggle, you can clearly distinguish all the instruments in a symphony orchestra, playing discrete notes at the same time. that ' s because the erratic squiggle is, effectively, the sum of a number of much more regular squiggles, which represent different frequencies of sound. \" frequency \" just means the rate at which air molecules go back and forth, or a voltage fluctuates, and it can be represented as the rate at which a regular squiggle goes up and down. when you add two frequencies together, the resulting squiggle goes up where both the component frequencies go up, goes down where they both go down, and does something in between where they ' re going in different directions. the dft does mathematically what the human ear does physically : decompose a signal into its component frequencies. unlike the analog signal from, say, a record player, the digital signal from an mp3 player is just a series of numbers, representing very short samples of a real - world sound : cd - quality digital audio recording, for instance, collects 44, 100 samples a second. if you extract some number of consecutive values from a digital signal - - 8, or 128, or 1, 000 - - the dft represents them as the weighted sum of an equivalent number of frequencies. ( \" weighted \" just means that some of the frequencies count more than others toward the total. ) the application of the dft to wireless technologies is fairly straightforward : the ability to break a signal into its constituent frequencies lets cell - phone towers, for instance, disentangle transmissions from different users, allowing more of them to share the air. the application to data compression is less intuitive. but if you extract an 8x8 block of pixels from an image, each row or column is simply a sequence of eight numbers - - like a digital signal with eight samples. the whole block can thus be represented as the weighted sum of 64 frequencies. if there ' s little variation in color across the block, the weights of most of those frequencies will be zero or near zero. throwing out the frequencies with low weights allows the block to be represented with fewer bits but little loss of fidelity. demanet points out that the dft has plenty of other applications, in areas like spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and quantum computing. but ultimately, he says, \" it ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6333165060652564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.937459"} {"text": "what you should know : alcohol intoxication is a harmful physical condition caused when you drink more alcohol than your body can handle. it is also called ethanol poisoning, or being drunk. after you leave : you may be given medicine to manage the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication. take your medicine as directed. contact your primary healthcare provider if you think your medicine is not helping or if you have side effects. tell him if you are allergic to any medicine. keep a list of the medicines, vitamins, and herbs you take. include the amounts, and when and why you take them. bring the list or the pill bottles to follow - up visits. keep the list with you in case of emergency. follow up with your primary healthcare provider as directed : write down your questions so you remember to ask them during your visits. limit or avoid alcohol : men should not have more than 2 drinks per day. women should not have more than 1 drink per day. a drink is 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1\u00bd ounces of liquor. do not drive or operate machines when you drink alcohol : make sure you always have someone to drive you when you drink alcohol. learn ways to manage stress. deep breathing, meditation, and listening to music may help you cope with stressful events. talk to your caregiver about other ways to manage stress. for more information : - alcoholics anonymous web address : http : / / www. alcoholics - anonymous. org. contact your primary healthcare provider if : - you need help to stop drinking alcohol. - you have trouble with work or school because you drink too much alcohol. - you have physical or verbal fights because of alcohol. - you have questions or concerns about your condition or care. seek care immediately or call 911 if : - you have sudden trouble breathing or chest pain. - you have a seizure. - you feel sad enough to harm yourself or others. - you have hallucinations ( you see or hear things that are not real ). - you cannot stop vomiting. - you were in an accident because of alcohol. \u00a9 2013 truven health analytics inc. information is for end user ' s use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. all illustrations and images included in carenotes\u00ae are the copyrighted property of the blausen databases or truven health analytics. the above information is an educational aid only. it is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. talk to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48184774208591014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.942196"} {"text": "how to turn your garden into a wildlife habitat part of green living is creating a balance between human civilization and the animal world. by turning your garden into a place where wildlife can make homes, feed, and breed safely without danger from pesticides and other chemicals, you help undo the damage to the many species of garden birds, insects, mammals, and amphibians that were once very common in your area but are now thinned out due to changes in farming methods and disappearing natural habitat. you may think all insects are unwanted visitors to your garden, but that \u2019 s not the case at all. a bug is your friend if it helps pollinate your plants or controls the population of bad bugs. for example, honey bees are nature \u2019 s great pollinators ; dragonflies eat mosquitoes ; and ground beetles feed on root maggots, caterpillars, and slugs. make your garden as varied as possible to attract as many species as possible : plants like roses, honeysuckle, and lavender each attract different insects like bees and butterflies. fuchsia and geraniums encourage hummingbirds to visit. find more information about which native plants from your area attract helpful critters by talking to your local garden store expert or by combing the internet. a woodpile encourages another set of garden dwellers. you may find frogs in the woodpile if it \u2019 s damp. and if it \u2019 s big enough to offer a safe place, a rabbit may move in. a wildflower patch can encourage native insects ( including butterflies ) and birds to linger in your garden. growing a wildflower patch can be as simple as planting a wildflower mix seed packet that \u2019 s available at garden stores. a pond created from an old bath or basin draws everything from dragonflies and frogs to birds and snails. change the water in your pond regularly to prevent it from becoming a mosquito breeding ground, or use a mosquito dunk \u2014 a small tablet you drop into the water to kill mosquito larvae. the biological control versions of the dunks contain bacteria that destroy the larvae and are much better for the environment than chemical versions. hedges are great for attracting birds and insects and providing protected space for small animals to make their homes. grow as many different hedge plants as possible together in your hedge because each different plant attracts different species. trees and shrubs that produce fruit, berries, and seeds are sources of food for your furry and feathered friends. boxes and feeders attract birds, bats, and bugs galore and provide cheap entertainment. after you spend the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4384570977649378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.947298"} {"text": "we recognise that early childhood is key to young children \u2019 s development. by the age of 3 years 80 % of their brain is developed and so it is important that the foundations of mathematical thinking, language and skills are supported from birth. so, how can we as practitioners ( and parents ) help children become confident in using and thinking about numbers and maths. follow and build on children \u2019 s interest \u2013 notice their interests and extend them. an example of this is seen in the learning story the yoghurt tubs which started when a bag of yoghurt tubs was brought into pre - school. look at the story and see where the practitioner and children brought the activity. make sure that language and activities are integrated and embedded within the curriculum \u2013 in other words make the experience real and relevant for children. remember, they learn best when they can connect or identify with ideas. in one of the learning stories a child asked \u2018 can i bring rainbow ( a teddy ) on a trip? \u2019 this started the children thinking about travel, distance, countries and led them on to making flags. equip and prepare the environment \u2013 think about materials that engage or fascinate children, that stimulate their thinking and provide some element of challenge. remember, mathematical thinking, language and activities happen in every area of the service tea sets, pots, pans and cooking containers \u2013 a great opportunity to match up cups and saucers ( have enough for a group ) to put lids on pots, to use baking implements such as measuring jugs and spoons, timers, pastry shape cutters dressing - up clothes and jewellery pencils and paper ( making lists, taking orders ) cash register and money empty boxes / packages of different sizes ( organising the stock by size ) large hollow blocks, ramps, boards lego, stickle bricks, interlocking train tracks tape measure, spirit level plastic plumbing pipes and connectors pictures of different buildings table top toy area deck of card, jig - saws, floor puzzles, board games, games with dice, peg board, threading, sorting sets, sequencing games ( dominos ), mosaics, magnetic shapes and tiles creative art area : paint and a variety of brushes ( chubby to fine ) markers, crayons, chalk, pencils, charcoal, pastels paper \u2013 a variety of sizes, shapes, textures, colours ( sugar, crepe, tissue, card, paper plates ) used cards and magazines sellotape, glue, insulating tape different fabrics, buttons, sequins,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49407071768636396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.956928"} {"text": "pastels paper \u2013 a variety of sizes, shapes, textures, colours ( sugar, crepe, tissue, card, paper plates ) used cards and magazines sellotape, glue, insulating tape different fabrics, buttons, sequins, collage materials a water tray that allows 3 or 4 children play together a sand tray that allows a number of children play together jugs, funnels, water wheels, water pump, sieve, moulds, spades, bucket / container items that float and sink assortment of items that are the same but different ( stones of different shapes, weights and sizes ) swings, slides ( learn about movement, speed, force, push - pull ), bikes and trikes ( direction and speed ), sand and water area ( volume, displacement kites ( wind, velocity ), skittles ( number, force ) taking and making opportunities to help children think logically and solve problems equipping the setting both indoors and outdoors with interesting open ended materials that offer possibilities for the children introducing mathematical language in very real contexts so that children have plenty of experience in understanding concepts of up and down ; in and out ; over and under ; more and less and so on allowing time and space for children to think, process and ask questions encouraging thinking skills by asking real and relevant questions, in constructing, the question can be asked \u2018 how many wheels do you need to build the truck? \u2019 for maths week 2012 we have been sharing ideas on promoting the following maths concepts in your service \u2013 number, pattern, shape and space, and measuring and comparisons. we hope you find these find these useful in supporting positive attitudes and confidence in maths for the children in your care. a very big thank you to the children and staff at the abc club in meath, and all the learning story participants, for the use of their photo \u2019 s, video \u2019 s and wonderful stories. when early years educators have a sound knowledge of mathematics and the benefits of play, and the connections between them, there is great potential for early childhood experiences that extend young children \u2019 s mathematical understandings and attitudes. last but not least, an important part of mathematical play is that it should be fun! \u201c we can influence young children \u2019 s keenness to learn mathematics by making the tasks we do of interest to them \u2026 by showing that we really think maths is important and fun \u201d 1 1montague - smith, ann. mathematics in nursery education. london : david fulton publishers, 2nd ed. 2003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5601102271448193, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.959302"} {"text": "a kid ' s guide to arab american history : more than 50 activities chicago review press publication date : january 2013 digital book format : pdf ( adobe drm ) you save : $ 3. 00 ( 21 % ) many americans, educators included, mistakenly believe all arabs share the same culture, language, and religion, and have only recently begun immigrating to the united states. a kid \u2019 s guide to arab american history dispels these and other stereotypes and provides a contemporary as well as historical look at the people and experiences that have shaped arab american culture. each chapter focuses on a different group of arab americans including those of lebanese, syrian, palestinian, jordanian, egyptian, iraqi, and yemeni descent and features more than 50 fun activities that highlight their distinct arts, games, clothing, and food. kids will love dancing the dabke, constructing a derbekke drum, playing a game of senet, making hummus, creating an arabesque design, and crafting an egyptian - style cuff bracelet. along the way they will learn to count in kurdish, pick up a few syrian words for family members, learn a yemeni saying, and speak a little iraqi. short biographies of notable arab americans, including actor and philanthropist danny thomas, singer paula abdul, artist helen zughaib, and activist ralph nader, demonstrate a wide variety of careers and contributions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4100810203377335, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.961826"} {"text": "the original intent of this month \u2019 s column was to discuss fiber use in the smart grid, but i have found it is hard to define the smart grid. some organizations involved in it are even dropping that name for \u201c intelligent grid \u201d or something similar. one of the fiber optics association directors has been working with a major utility on a training program, and one - third of the program will be about fiber optics. the rest encompasses all the electrical issues involved in generating and delivering reliable electrical power to users and how they actually consume electrical power. fiber optics are not new to utilities. when i was in the fiber optic test equipment business in the 1980s, my first utility customer was nashville electric service. the utility was using multimode fiber to connect sensors and control equipment in substations over fiber to avoid the electrical interference and potential shock risk encountered with copper cables. i don \u2019 t spend much time talking about sensors, but fiber optics have been used in sensors for high - voltage and large current circuits since the mid - 1980s. the sensors are perfect for utilities as they operate by simply clamping them around the transmission wires and running fibers to monitoring equipment in the substation. the sensors also are capable of measuring large voltages and currents and have fast response time, all important for monitoring and controlling the utility grid. a few years later, utilities and long - distance telephone companies ( telcos ) began cooperating on long - distance fiber optic links. utilities had a valuable asset : rights - of - way, which telcos coveted. but the utilities needed communications between their facilities for voice communications and signals to control their power grid. on the other hand, telcos needed fiber optic links for their long - distance networks. by working together, the utility and the telcos both got their communications links and profited from the cooperation. a major part of the growth of utility usage of fiber optics was optical power ground wire ( opgw ), a high - voltage transmission cable with optical fiber in the center of it. it is, indeed, the perfect example of one of the advantages of optical fiber, its immunity to electrical interference. in one cable installation, power transmission and communications were both covered. today, practically every large power transmission system uses opgw. for example, the sunrise powerlink \u2014 san diego gas & electric \u2019 s ( sdg & e ) 117 - mile system under construction in southern california \u2014 is using opgw with 96 fibers inside the wire. the installation of opgw requires the skills of an electrical lineman capable of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5613647429843293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.965991"} {"text": "san diego gas & electric \u2019 s ( sdg & e ) 117 - mile system under construction in southern california \u2014 is using opgw with 96 fibers inside the wire. the installation of opgw requires the skills of an electrical lineman capable of splicing high - voltage wires and the skills of an outside plant fiber optic installer to splice the fibers. most splices are done on the ground, and splice closures are suspended from towers unless they are terminated inside regeneration huts or vaults along the right - of - way. besides sensing, substation controls and long - distance communications, a utility needs to monitor and control the power directly to the customer. and today, at least here in southern california where i live, that involves not only delivering power to the customer but feeding the output of many customers \u2019 photovoltaic solar - power systems ( like my 2, 500 - watt systems on the roof ) back into the grid. that means conversions to smart meters are another important piece of the power grid puzzle. some utilities, such as sdg & e, are using wireless meters that can be read by a truck driving by. others have decided to connect customers with fiber, creating their own fiber to the home networks and either offering broadband services or using their network to deliver services for others. in some areas, this entails cooperation with telcos and catv system operators and, in others, outright warfare. chattanooga, tenn., is perhaps the best example of a utility broadband network. there you can get broadband at gigabit speeds, a first in the united states, beating out google \u2019 s kansas city network. the broadband network helped chattanooga convince volkswagen to locate a new plant there, creating thousands of new jobs. when it comes to the smart grid, it \u2019 s impossible to generalize about the applications \u2014 or sometimes even define it. however, we can say it is a big field in the united states alone, with more than 2, 000 electrical utilities combining their power into the national grid, and practically every communications technology is involved. virtually every aspect of fiber optic technology is involved also - \u2014 sensing, communications and control, using all types of fiber in almost every application you can imagine. for either the fiber tech or the electrical lineman interested in the smart grid, it is likely that there are areas where your expertise is required and many others where you need to learn more. hayes is a vdv writer and educator and the president of the fiber optic association. find him at www. jimhayes. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5523898598847803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.967155"} {"text": "capital chips ( part 2 ) this lesson printed from : posted july 30, 2002 author : council for economic education technology staff posted : july 30, 2002 updated : june 10, 2009 through the use of a historical timeline of the capital investments made by the company the resulting benefits will be examined. the benefits from the capital investments of herr foods, inc. will be related to their effect on the standard of living. then students will visit one of three websites, select an innovation / invention of their choice to analyze in terms of its impact on productivity and the standard of living. finally, the teacher will select one invention / innovation from a designated website and have students analyze it in the same economic terms as the focus of this lesson and write an essay summarizing the innovation / invention. productivity is a measurement of output resulting from the use of productive resources or inputs. it refers to the amount of output per unit of input over a period of time. an increase in productivity may mean producing the same amount with fewer inputs, producing more output with the same inputs, or a combination of the two. companies look for ways to maintain and increase the level of productivity in order to remain competitive while maintaining profits. one way of accomplishing this is through investing in capital goods such as machines, tools, and new ideas used in the production process. technological improvements in capital goods are a leading cause of increase in productivity. after completing the following activities, your students will develop a better understanding of the economics associated with productivity. in the first activity your students will explore the concepts that are connected to productivity. in the second activity your students will investigate the herr ' s potato chips, a company that is constantly working at incorporating new techniques to satisfy the customer. finally, in the third activity your students will use the internet to search for inventors and inventions. their task is to find an invention they would like to learn more about and learn how that invention improves its environment. after your students complete all three parts to this lesson they will find a series of questions that will explore what they have learned from capital chips about productivity. part 2 introduction : the students are going to take a tour of the herr ' s foods inc in this lesson. herr ' s potato chips have been on the market for the past 50 years. the company is constantly working at incorporating new techniques to satisfy the customer. the students ' job will be to see how these new techniques improve the company and benefits the customer. - point out to the students that they will learn about some actual investments in capital resources that have increased", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5329558570498341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.971281"} {"text": "working at incorporating new techniques to satisfy the customer. the students ' job will be to see how these new techniques improve the company and benefits the customer. - point out to the students that they will learn about some actual investments in capital resources that have increased productivity for one company in particular. they will learn how herr ' s foods, inc. increased its productivity over the years through a variety of investments in capital resources. - divide the students into 10 groups. assign each group a year ( or point on the herr ' s foods timeline ). - direct all groups to click on the first entry of the timeline and read it so that each group understands the beginnings of the herr ' s potato chip factory business. - direct the students to click on the point on the herr ' s timeline that corresponds to the date ( s ) that they were assigned. - tell the students to answer the following questions using the information they obtain from the timeline for the year assigned. - what was the capital investment, new idea, or innovation that occurred during this time frame on the herr ' s timeline? - how did this change increase the productivity of the herr ' s potato chip business? - what was the impact of this change on the consumer, producer, and worker? - direct all groups to click on the last entry of the herr ' s foods timeline and explore it so that each group has an understanding of the progress herr ' s foods, inc. has made. - at the end of this part of the lesson involving herr ' s foods lesson ( or at the end of the entire lesson ), plan to have a variety of herr ' s products for the students to enjoy. the students have now applied the concepts from the previous activity to a real - life business. next the students will get a closer look at an innovation or invention, to see how they can be used in a business.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5159556216532946, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.972367"} {"text": "ed geary speaks to the historical society about the mountain meadow massacre. the emery county historical society recently presented the mysteries of the mountain meadows massacre at the museum of the san rafael. \" you cannot understand the mountain meadows massacre without understanding the events that occurred in a time of intense invasion, anxiety, \" said edward geary, speaker at the historical society meeting. geary said, \" the army was on the plains before any announcement was made to the people of utah. mormon missionaries went past the army and hurried on, bringing the news to brigham young on july 24. this was 10 years after the mormons first arrived in the salt lake valley. to commemorate that particular anniversary the people held a big party up in big cottonwood canyon and in the middle of the festivities riders came in with the announcement that an army was on its way to utah. \" brigham young and church leaders immediately adopted defensive postures. they sent parties out into eastern wyoming to attack and burn supply trains. they were determined to keep the army from arriving at a faster pace than was necessary. they succeeded in keeping them there until after the winter had closed the pass. \" utah war is a complex topic. i am not going to try to go into that, except to say that it dominated peoples ' lives. the lds the church leaders were trying to marshal forces. they wanted people to be ready to go up and be willing to give their lives in the defense of their homes. \" there were a lot of hellfire sermons. mormons today are probably about as patriotic as anybody. but if you ' d been in utah in 1857 you would ' ve heard all kinds of sermons condemning the united states of america and the united states government. the sermons talked about how god was going to use the mormons and to convert the indians into the battle axes of the lord to bring down that government so that the people of god could be established. these were some very intense sermons. \" if you lived in cedar city at that time or other communities in southern utah, you were in a community that is about six or seven years old. very poor, people are still living in dugouts or willow shanties, barely subsisting, very isolated, when you have problems, you have to solve the problem yourself, because there is no one you can bring in within many days of driving a wagon or riding a horse. \" now they hear that an army is coming to utah. when we look back now and know how hard it was to move an army of 2, 500 men across the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38611854018014946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.995492"} {"text": "you can bring in within many days of driving a wagon or riding a horse. \" now they hear that an army is coming to utah. when we look back now and know how hard it was to move an army of 2, 500 men across the plains a huge supply operation was necessary to keep them going and to move them along. but you did not know that if you lived in cedar city in 1857. you just knew the soldiers were coming. they actually were sending people out into the passes east of cedar city to watch out in case an army would come through those passes. they were also concerned that an army would be coming from california eastward as well as those coming west. so it was a time of intense tension. \" in the very midst of that tension in comes this long train of immigration that summer. there came in a party or a group of parties who had started in the spring from arkansas. they were composed largely of people who were related to each other or were neighbors to each other. \" one group had as its leader a man by the name of jack baker who was a very dynamic man, a very successful land and slave owner in arkansas. he was a man who had some violence in his history. earlier in his life when he lived in alabama he had a dispute with some neighbors in which he killed three men. as a result he had to move out of alabama and moved to arkansas. it was reported that he was staunch friend and a bitter enemy. he was not a man you wanted to cross. he was going to california to establish himself there, to buy ranch land. he had a large herd of texas long horns. he had a well equipped party and probably had a substantial amount of gold, that he was taking to buy land with. \" among these parties crossing the plains, there weren ' t very many better equipped than this one. there were other parties they interchanged with on the plains. sometimes being together and sometimes splitting up. if you had a large party, you had to divide up from time to time to keep the grazing land available. especially if you had a large herd of cattle. \" one other group was led by alexander fancher. a lot of people talked about jack baker as being a hard man to cross. every report that you get, that i have seen, talking about alexander fancher, uses the word gentleman. he was a very well respected man and he was going to california with his family and a herd of cattle. he also had money to buy land. fancher had made two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4459639491247807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.997614"} {"text": "i have seen, talking about alexander fancher, uses the word gentleman. he was a very well respected man and he was going to california with his family and a herd of cattle. he also had money to buy land. fancher had made two earlier trips, driving cattle and selling them in california. now he was moving his family there to become permanent settlers. \" this then is the group that enters the salt lake valley, right after july 24, right after this news and anxiety that an army was coming. they came expecting that in the largest last city, before they crossed the desert, on the way to california, that they would be able to resupply, where they would be able to buy grain for their horses and mules, that they would be able to restock themselves with ammunition and other things. they found that regulations had been put in place that made all of that impossible. no guns or ammunition were to be sold to anyone. more people were trying to buy guns from travelers that came through to build up their supply. utah people were permitted to sell grain for people to eat but not for animals. \" remember the two parties together had about 1, 000 of cattle. they had not quite that many when they arrived in the valley, because there were some losses crossing the plains. this was a large herd of cattle. so imagine yourself here at this time. most people used the ground outside the community for their milk cows and other domestic stock. at this late summer time you are saving your winter herd ground to get you through the winter. when along came these people with this great herd of about a 1, 000 head of cattle and they turn them into your herd ground. \" conflict was bound to happen and some did. the wagon train expected to spend two weeks or more in the salt lake valley resupplying themselves, waiting for the weather to get cooler on the desert before they went on. they found themselves obligated to move on after only two days. they were clearly not welcome. as the wagon train went down the state, at provo they ran into conflict over the herd ground. the constable came out and threatened to arrest them for turning their animals into the community herding ground. that happened again when they came to nephi and all along the way. it is human nature, when you find hostility, you tend to respond with some hostility and that is what happened. \" after the massacre the stories multiplied about how bad these immigrants were, the terrible things they said and things they did. they named", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4331982890406171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:51.999494"} {"text": ". it is human nature, when you find hostility, you tend to respond with some hostility and that is what happened. \" after the massacre the stories multiplied about how bad these immigrants were, the terrible things they said and things they did. they named their oxen after church leaders and would swear at them as they went through the towns. one man showed a gun and said this is the gun that killed joe smith. \" if you look closely at these immigrants, it is obvious that they probably had similar values to those of utah, the majority of the party was made up of women and children. a third of the party was young children. even some of the men, people who were keeping journals as the party passed through their community recorded going out and visiting with members of the party, they were gentlemen. i have talked about jack baker and alexander fancher. there apparently had been a man in the party, if you look at the main participants among the immigrants, a man who is never named and is called the dutchey. this probably means that he had a german accent. the story is that he joined the baker and fancher party at ft. bridger and wanted to go to california with them. he apparently was a very big man, very strong. he rode a big gray horse. he was extremely aggressive. he embarrassed the rest of the party by his readiness to contend and insult people. \" as a matter of fact, part of the people that come from arkansas with the baker party left the party and went to california through southern idaho. \" most california immigrants took the california trail that goes through southern idaho, past the city of rocks and then down into nevada and crossed the humbolts to the west. they would deviate from that trail to come to salt lake for supplies and then go back north to the california trail. \" but when you get later in the season you are not sure you are going to get through the sierras before the snow falls. then it became more advantageous to take the southern route, which essentially follows the present route of interstate highway 15, through southern utah and across the mojave desert. the fancher / baker party was the first party that year to take the southern route instead of the northern route. but the people that had come from arkansas with that party decided to take the northern route from salt lake, because there had been so much contention in the fancher baker party. \" they also had a large number of young boys with the party for herding the cattle. these were boys in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42417195165296107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.001705"} {"text": "with that party decided to take the northern route from salt lake, because there had been so much contention in the fancher baker party. \" they also had a large number of young boys with the party for herding the cattle. these were boys in their late teens and early 20s who were away from home. even today such boys are not on their best behavior, when they are traveling. it may well be that the problem was caused by a relatively small group. \" the first really serious problem came when they reached corn creek. this is the present site of the community of kanosh in millard county. at that time it was the headquarters of the kanosh band of indians. there the party camped on one bank of corn creek and a party came in from the south and camped on the other side. that second party included george a. smith, who had just come back from a tour of southern utah preaching hellfire and damnation to arouse people up against the invading army. jacob hamblin was also in that group, going to meet with brigham young in salt lake. \" the two parties met each other and had some exchanges and as the baker / fancher party left they had some conflicts with the indians. the story is that they poisoned the springs and poisoned dead cattle, knowing that the indians would come and salvage the dead cattle and eat them several indians died as a result. \" it would be hard to poison a spring effectively with the toxins available at that period of time so that is dubious. the cattle, walker, turley and weber purposed that the problem may have been anthrax. because it was known that sometimes texas longhorns carried anthrax spores with them. the information about the illnesses and deaths in the corn creek area, fit the symptoms of anthrax. so it is possible. \" in any case the indians are angry and follow the party for a considerable distance. the kanosh indians did not follow them as far as mountain meadows. \" when the fancher / baker party got into southern utah a very isolated region, they already had a bad reputation. when they got to parowan, a rural town, a fortified community, the party was not allowed to drive through town and had to make a new road around. for all practical purposes the town refused to deal with the immigrants. they went on to cedar city where they were able to get some supplies. they bought 50 bushels of grain, they then took it to the grist mill to have it ground and they were accommodated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4631136501353264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.003755"} {"text": "purposes the town refused to deal with the immigrants. they went on to cedar city where they were able to get some supplies. they bought 50 bushels of grain, they then took it to the grist mill to have it ground and they were accommodated, but not very charitably. the miller insisted that they trade a cow for grinding 50 bushels of wheat, which was an exorbitant price. they paid the price but were very bitter about it. \" some young men, while the grist was grinding, discovered a distillery in town where a beverage known as sage brush whiskey was made. they sampled the beverage and then began behaving badly. so there was a lot of conflict between the party and the residents. one man lopped off the heads of two chickens, belonging to a widow in town, and threw them into his wagon. that did not increase their popularity. \" eventually at the general store in town they could not get the supplies, ( the store keeper later said we did not have the provisions they asked for ), but they apparently believed the store had the provisions and just would not sell to the party. so they rode over to the home of stake president isaac c. haight who was the manager of the store. there they called out questions. they then told him that they were going to california and as soon as they got there, they were going to send the soldiers there back to take care of these mormons and that they would clean up this town. haight took these threats very seriously. \" the party left cedar city and within two days were in mountain meadows where they planned to stay as most parties taking that route did. this was the last place where you could feed your animals well before the difficult desert crossing. \" when you look at the time line, a series of events got out of hand. we have all had the experience of un - anticipated and unintended consequences. we make a decision, we do something, without realizing what is going to follow from that decision. that is human nature. \" but here we have that kind of a chain in a particularly disastrous form. haight, as i said, was the most powerful man in town. he was the stake president. he was also the major of the militia and felt that he had been personally threatened and his community had been threatened. he decided that you cannot just let these people go scott free. we have to chastise them in some way and that was the thing the church leaders had been preaching that summer. mormon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4473917735019896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.005837"} {"text": "he had been personally threatened and his community had been threatened. he decided that you cannot just let these people go scott free. we have to chastise them in some way and that was the thing the church leaders had been preaching that summer. mormons had to make alliances with the indians. when the army came they wanted the indians to be able to make a distinction between the mormons and the americans. the mormons were their friends and the americans were their enemy and be prepared to help. well, ok, we will call out the indians. the people in southern utah lived side by side with the various paiute bands. there were paiute ' s in cedar city, there were paiute ' s in the hills around and in the other small communities. \" the mormons knew indians well. they had a lot of dealings with each other. haight ' s idea at first was, we won ' t let these guys get away, we will sic the indians on them and see what harm they can do. at the very least teach them a lesson. \" he called in john d. lee who lived in the town of harmony a few miles south. if you go down i - 15 now, you know there is new harmony over against the mountains on the west. the original harmony was right in the middle of that valley. they finally moved it because the winds were too bad coming up and down the valley. \" lee was an indian farmer. indian farmer was a government job where you were paid to teach the indians how to farm. trying to get them to adopt a life of farming. he had a lot of influence with the local people. haight called lee into cedar city and they went out to the old iron works, which were now not operating, and laid on blankets all night and made their plans. the plan was that lee would go and gather up the paiute bands and take them to waylay the settlers. the idea was not to waylay them at mountain meadows where they were already camped, but farther south in the santa clara river narrows where the wagons would have to go one after another. the indians could hide in the brush and rocks and attack. that was the plan. i do not think haight at this time had necessarily thought of wiping them out. go out there, give them a hard time, if you could get some of their livestock, good. they could use cattle, and send them on their way so they will think twice before they take us on again. \" that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4168442456828075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.007783"} {"text": "\" inexactness \" or the \" uncertainty \" principle, as formulated by physicist werner heisenberg, is an end often seen as the beginning. it reflects t. s. eliot ' s observation : \" what she gives, gives with such supple confusions that the giving famishes the craving \". in 1927, heisenberg showed that uncertainty is inherent in quantum mechanics. it is impossible to simultaneously measure certain properties \u2014 position and momentum. in the quantum world, matter can take the form of either particle or waves. fundamental elements are neither particles nor waves, but can behave as either and are merely different theoretical ways of picturing the quantum world. the profound beauty of inexactness transects science, mathematics, method, philosophy, linguistics and faith. inexactness marks an end to certainty. in seeking to measure one property more precisely and accurately, the ability to measure the other property is undermined. the act of measurement negates elements of our knowledge of the system. it undermines scientific determinism, implying that human knowledge about the world is always incomplete, uncertain and highly contingent. inexactness challenges causality. as heisenberg observed : \" ' if we know the present, then we can predict the future ', it is not the consequences, but the premise that is false. as a matter of principle we cannot know all determining elements of the present \". inexactness questions methodology. experiments can only prove what they are designed to prove. inexactness is a theory based on the practical constraints of measurement. inexactness and quantum mechanics challenge faith as well as concepts of truth and order. they imply a probabilistic world of matter, where we cannot know anything with certainty but only as a possibility. it removes the newtonian elements of space and time from any underlying reality. in the quantum world, mechanics are understood as a probability without any causal explanation. albert einstein refused to accept that positions in space - time could never be completely known and quantum probabilities did not reflect any underlying causes. he did not reject the theory but the lack of reason for an event. writing to max born, he famously stated : \" i, at any rate, am convinced that he [ god ] does not throw dice. \" but as stephen hawking later remarked in terms that heisenberg would have recognised : \" not only does god play dice, but \u2026 he sometimes throws them where they cannot be seen. \" allusive and subtle, the power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6573948549737675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.016116"} {"text": "throw dice. \" but as stephen hawking later remarked in terms that heisenberg would have recognised : \" not only does god play dice, but \u2026 he sometimes throws them where they cannot be seen. \" allusive and subtle, the power of inexactness draws on its metaphorical property which has allowed it to penetrate diverse fields such as art theory, financial economics and even popular culture. at one level, heisenberg ' s uncertainty principle is taken to mean the act of measuring something changes what is observed. but at another level, intentional or unintentionally, werner heisenberg is saying something about the nature of the entire system \u2014 the absence of absolute truths, the lack of certainty and the limits to our knowledge. inexactness is linked with different philosophical constructs. nineteenth - century danish philosopher s\u00f8ren kierkegaard differentiated between objective truths and subjective truths. objective truths are filtered and altered by our subjective truths, recalling the interaction between observer and event central to heisenberg ' s theorem. inexactness is related to linguistic philosophies. in the tractatus logico - philosophicus, ludwig wittgenstein anticipates inexactness arguing that the structure of language provides the limits of thought and what can be said meaningfully. the deep ambiguity of inexactness manifests itself in other ways : the controversy over the term itself and heisenberg ' s personal history. heisenberg ' s principle is various referred to as ungenauigkeit ( meaning inexactness ), unscharfe ( blurred or lacking clarity ) or unbestimmtheit ( indeterminate ). in translation, the ambiguity and differences in meaning are accentuated. playwright michael franyn suggested : indeterminability. it was not until the publication of the 1930 english - language version of heisenberg ' s textbook, the physical principles of the quantum theory that the term uncertainty ( unsicherheit ) was used and widely adopted. in 1941, during the second world war, werner heisenberg and niels bohr, the danish physicist and his former teacher, met in occupied denmark. in michael franyn ' s 1998 play copenhagen, margrethe, bohr ' s wife, poses the essential question, which is debated in the play : \" why did he [ heisenberg ] come to copenhagen? \" the play repeats their meeting three times, each with different outcomes. as heisenberg, the character", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6562255205296045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.017461"} {"text": "+ 47 67 57 21 00 + 46 21 470 35 50 cfd tutorial \u2013 rigid body modeling if you want to get started with the rigid body modeling you should be aware of that the modeling setup, mesh displacement and rigid body motions are depended on the complexity of your system. maybe a mesh displacement can be restricted to one domain, or a subdomain with sliding mesh is sufficient to model the rigid body? we will help you with these questions and will further recommend that you make a sketch of your system to decide which parts are needed to be moved, this will make the modeling of domains and interfaces in designmodeler easier. this tutorial will briefly show three different ways of how to use the rigid body 6dof solver in cfx v. 13. we hope this will be a good start if you want to begin using the final release of the cfx rigid body solver. a rigid body is a solid object that moves through a fluid without itself deforming. its motion is dictated by the fluid forces and torques acting upon it, plus any external forces as gravity and external torque. a rigid body is defined by a collection of 2d regions that form its faces. the rigid body itself does not need to be meshed. mesh motion is used to move the mesh on the rigid body faces in accordance with the solution of the rigid body equations of motion. 3 examples of the rigid body solver will be presented in the following tutorial. the tutorial is not described in detail and will only work as a guidance of how to set up a simulation that includes a rigid body. - introduction to cfd with cfx rigid body example 1 the first example shows a free drop of a thin plate or hatch. the hatch is fixed at one axis and will have a rotational motion. we have modeled a simple plate and generated a surrounding fluid domain. the hatch is enclosed in a cylindrical domain to allow rotational motion of model. see illustration of the domains in figure 1. the 2d wall boundaries which constitute the hatch surface define the rigid body. see close view in figure 2. figure 1. the computational domain consists of a box and a cylinder. the cylindrical domain encloses the rigid body, i. e. the hatch which is fixed at the x - axis. the walls, which constitute the hatch is visualized in green. a rotation of the modeled hatch will consequently rotate the cylinder. figure 2. the walls will define the rigid body. the hatch itself is not a domain. the first thing we will do is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.557206275389358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.033091"} {"text": "walls, which constitute the hatch is visualized in green. a rotation of the modeled hatch will consequently rotate the cylinder. figure 2. the walls will define the rigid body. the hatch itself is not a domain. the first thing we will do is to insert a rigid body dialog box. to model the rigid body you need to specify the mass and the absolute values of the mass momentum of inertia for the rigid body with respect to a corresponding coordinate system - see figure 3. furthermore, you will need to define external force, torque or gravity if it is present. this can be set under the dynamic setting tab. mark of for the correct translational and rotational degree of freedom. a typical setup for a thin plate is shown in figure 3 and 4. you can read about the rigid body user interface and the definition of these settings in the ansys v. 13 help guide. figure 3. you need to set the total mass of the rigid body, and the location, in this case the plate walls named body. in addition you need to calculate the mass moment of inertia of the rigid body object. figure 4. define external forces. gravity force is always present in drop cases. for this case the thin plate will only have one degree of freedom, which is a rotational degree about the x - axis. when you have created your rigid body you can go on and define the fluid domain. in basic settings shown in figure 5 you will need to set mesh deformation to region of motion specified. this is needed only in domains where the motion of the rigid body will have an influence on the mesh boundaries. figure 5. in the basic settings tab of the rotating domain, region of motion specified needs to be activated. for this case we have divided the computational domain into two parts. the inner cylindrical domain will undergo mesh deformation when the rigid body moves, while the outer rectangular domain will remain steady, the cylindrical domain will therefore be defined as a subdomain, see figure 6 and figure 7. the remaining now is to define how the 2d boundaries shall act. figure 6. define the cylindrical domain as a subdomain. the interface between the rotating and stationary domain will be handled by the sliding mesh feature. figure 7. the subdomain will follow the rigid body motion. the modeling of mesh deformation is an important component for solving problems with moving boundaries or moving subdomains. the motion might be imposed, or might be an implicit part of a coupled fluid - structure simulation. for our case with a falling plate we want", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5563572429441841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.035746"} {"text": "the modeling of mesh deformation is an important component for solving problems with moving boundaries or moving subdomains. the motion might be imposed, or might be an implicit part of a coupled fluid - structure simulation. for our case with a falling plate we want the mesh interface of the subdomain to slide on the interface to the rectangular and steady domain. to prevent the nodes on the subdomain interface to move relative to the local boundary frame we need to set the mesh motion of the interface to stationary. see figure 8. figure 8. the interface nodes will move relative to the local boundary frame. the mesh motion of the 2d wall boundaries which form the hatch surface, i. e. the rigid body, will follow the rigid body solution. the same setting will be applied to the subdomain as well, refer to figure 7. no special action is needed to set up the stationary domain, i. e. the rectangular domain. this domain can be modeled as usual. no consideration to mesh motion or the rigid body solver is necessary. set a proper time step for the transient analysis and you can start solving a rigid body motion. a movie of the falling hatch is shown below. rigid body example 2 in the previous example we presented a very simple case to describe the rigid body solver ; one degree of freedom and mesh displacement with stationary nodes. the problem was solved by sliding mesh and ggi at the interfaces. in the next example we will model a buoy at the water surface by use of the rigid body solver. the modeling concept is shown in figure 9. figure 9. waves that are introduced in the domain will further influence the displacement of the buoy. as for the hatch you \u2019 ll need to insert a rigid body and define its dynamics. see example in figure 10. the buoy will have tree degrees of freedom, translation in x - and y direction and rotational about z - axis \u2013 see the dynamics definition in figure 11. figure 10. the mass and moment of inertia of the buoy needs to be defined. figure 11. definition of degrees of freedom of the buoy. for this case we have two distinct mesh domains, however, we will introduce only one fluid domain. in the domain basic setting tab the multiphase of water and air is created and mesh deformation is activated. the free surface multiphase is modeled as usual. the buoy will be moved in several directions which mean that the mesh nodes will be displaced. to allow mesh deformation you need to define the mesh motion on each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5490040988960416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.038271"} {"text": "created and mesh deformation is activated. the free surface multiphase is modeled as usual. the buoy will be moved in several directions which mean that the mesh nodes will be displaced. to allow mesh deformation you need to define the mesh motion on each boundary. the modeled domain is shown in figure12. figure 12. mesh domains. the buoy surface is set to follow the rigid body motion, which means that the nodes will not be locally displaced. the mesh motion on the fluid fluid interfaces between the two mesh domains are set to conservative interface flux - by using this condition there is no constraint that attempts to keep the meshes on either side of the interface together. the motion of nodes in all domains adjacent to the interface influence, and are influenced by, the motion of the nodes on the interface. the definitions are shown in figure 13 and figure 14. figure 13. the 6dof solver will predict the buoy behavior. the nodes will not be locally displaced. figure 14. the nodes on the domain interface will be displaced, this will in term skew the elements. the mesh motion on the wall, symmetry and pressure outlets can be set to unspecified \u2013 no constraints on mesh motion are applied to nodes. their motion is determined by the motion set on other regions of the mesh. * a transient simulation is prescribed and the motion of the rigid body and the resulting mesh displacement is visualized in in the following movie. * a wave is introduced in the simulation \u2013 for this case the wave is induced by a specified displacement of walls. a description of how to model this displacement can be found in cfx v130 tutorial 32. rigid body example 3 a third example is to put constrain on the rigid body and mesh motion. as for the first example you may also here create a subdomain, see figure 15. the subdomain will in this case follow the rigid body motion. figure 15. the buoy domain is defined as a subdomain in this rigid body example. furthermore, we will have to change the setting of the fluid fluid interface to oppose sliding mesh between the interfaces. the mesh motion of the fluid interfaces are set as rigid body motion, thus the mesh nodes of the subdomain will not move relative to the rectangular domain. the motion constrains of the interfaces are defined in figure 16 and 17. figure 16. the motion constrains of the interface in the rectangular domain. figure 17. mesh motion and motion constraints of the interface of the subdomain. the resulting buoy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5431857977963723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.041321"} {"text": "this story comes to us from nbc latino. latino children are currently not enrolled in preschool programs in sufficient numbers, yet a new study finds that equalizing access to center - based preschool could close the hispanic - white school readiness gap by 26 percent, according to findings in the current issue of the future of children, a joint princeton / brookings journal. the new issue focuses on \u201c literacy challenges for the twenty - first century. \u201d as society becomes more information - based, argue the authors, successful \u201c reading skills \u201d go beyond being able to read technically. \u201d almost all u. s. students can \u2018 read \u2019 by third grade, if reading is defined as being proficient in basic procedural word - reading skills, \u201d say the authors of a chapter on literacy patterns in u. s. children. but when assessing reading comprehension, \u201c only about a third of u. s. students in middle school possess the knowledge - based competencies to \u2018 read \u2019 in this sense, \u201d the report says. the latino - white achievement gap has narrowed in the last few decades, say the researchers. the promising news is that while latino children with limited english and less access to preschool start out with a latino - white gap, the gaps narrow or stabilize after a few years. moreover, in the latino community, the size of the hispanic - white gap varies. reading scores are typically lower for hispanics of mexican or central american origin and for first - or second - generation immigrant students or those who speak spanish at home than for cuban or puerto rican children or those who speak english at home. what worries the researchers is that the socioeconomic literacy gap has widened. students from low - income families enter high school with average literacy skills five years behind those of high - income students, says a chapter on literacy patterns. in fact a brookings analysis found that if the \u201c academic success rates of lower - and higher - income children were roughly equal at the end of elementary school, the lifetime incomes of children from lower - income families could grow about 8 percent, or roughly $ 83, 000, over their careers. \u201d correcting gaps and providing a strong basis for latino students \u2019 success in literacy and reading comprehension \u2014 regardless of socio - economic status \u2014 has to start at the lower grades, say the authors. one of the ways to narrow this gap, especially among latino children, say the authors, is for children from non - english - speaking or low - income households to have access to high - quality pre - schools which provide parental education, home - visiting services, and high -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46823675842152646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.046158"} {"text": "narrow this gap, especially among latino children, say the authors, is for children from non - english - speaking or low - income households to have access to high - quality pre - schools which provide parental education, home - visiting services, and high - quality center - based education and care. columbia university \u2019 s jane waldfogel and katherine magnuson found \u201c equalizing access to center - based preschool, in which hispanic children are significantly underenrolled, could close as much as 26 percent of the hispanic - white gaps, with improvements in head start closing another 4 \u2013 8 percent, \u201d saying the role of early childhood education and care was very important in explaining hispanic - white gaps in school readiness. other policy recommendations include improving the content of the reading in the primary grades, so students can learn about current events and start learning comprehension and analyses, teaching subject - specific literacy skills, as well as school reform initiatives, better educational \u2018 infrastructure \u2019 ( more data and curriculum and professional development for teachers ), perhaps common core state standards to insure learning goals, and most importantly, programs to attract the top college graduates to become teachers. \u201c unless the united states can markedly improve the literacy skills of today \u2019 s minority children the labor force of the future will have lower literacy skills than the labor force of today, \u201d say the future of children editors and authors. sandra lilley is a reporter with nbc latino. all statements and opinions expressed on this blog are those of the individual contributors, and not of the bill & melinda gates foundation or nbc news.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4320264682989317, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.046875"} {"text": "july 25, 2012 | by steven castle much of the united states is mired in drought conditions, which is not only uncomfortable but is having an effect on food prices as crops in the midwest remain parched. but how are drought and water shortages related to energy efficiency? a new york times article explains : our energy system depends on water. about half of the nation \u2019 s water withdrawals every day are just for cooling power plants. in addition, the oil and gas industries use tens of millions of gallons a day, injecting water into aging oil fields to improve production, and to free natural gas in shale formations through hydraulic fracturing. those numbers are not large from a national perspective, but they can be significant locally. all told, we withdraw more water for the energy sector than for agriculture. unfortunately, this relationship means that water problems become energy problems that are serious enough to warrant high - level attention. woa! half our water withdrawals cool power plants? holy smoke! or maybe a lot less smoke. conventional coal plants are very thirsty, the times reports, and coal still produces about 40 percent of our electricity. what can we do? you can do things to save water around your house, such as : 1. use energy star - rated clothes and dishwashers. they use less electricity and less water, saving on electricity, water, and the fuel to heat water. 2. use watersense - labeled showerheads and bathroom faucets that use less water ( 2 gallons per minute for showerheads and 1. 5 gpm or less for faucets ) or buy an watersense - labeled aerator that fits on the end of the faucet. some faucets even have motion sensors and are self - powered for hands - free use. 3. use low - flow or dual - flush toilets, which flush different amounts of water for liquid and solid waste. 3. invest in rainwater harvesting barrels or cisterns ( for when it does rain ). 4. use hot water recirculators that send cool water in you home \u2019 s hot water pipes back to the water heater and replace it with warm water, so you don \u2019 t waste gallons of precious h2o waiting for the hot stuff. 5. use an automated irrigation system, preferably using rain or moisture sensors or info from local weather services, so you don \u2019 t water when it \u2019 s raining. try not to use as much electricity! adjusting the thermostat 1 or 2 degrees can result in 1 percent to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4946295208841317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.051543"} {"text": "preferably using rain or moisture sensors or info from local weather services, so you don \u2019 t water when it \u2019 s raining. try not to use as much electricity! adjusting the thermostat 1 or 2 degrees can result in 1 percent to 3 percent in energy savings. it doesn \u2019 t seem like much, but it can add up. dim lights and invest in energy - saving and long - lasting led lamps. plug electronics into switchable surge suppressors or smart surge strips and switch them off when you \u2019 re not using them. this will save on vampire or phantom power, which electronics use when not on. ( most homes have 40 or power vampires. ) invest in lighting control, home control, smart and programmable thermostats ( many can be remote - controlled by smartphones ). get an energy monitoring or management system to track your usage and see where you \u2019 re wasting electricity. there are many, many ways to save energy in your home. and they more you save, the less water a power plant must use to cool itself. the water you save could be your own. steven castle is electronic house ' s managing editor. he has been writing about consumer electronics, homes and energy efficiency topics for two decades. he is also the co - founder of greentech advocates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47795011613667115, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.052329"} {"text": "most skin bumps, spots, growths, and moles are harmless. colored skin spots, also called pigmented lesions ( such as freckles, moles, or flesh - colored skin spots ), or growths ( such as warts or skin tags ) may be present at birth or develop as the skin ages. most skin spots on babies will go away without treatment within a few months. birthmarks are colored marks on the skin that are present at birth or develop shortly after birth. they can be many different sizes, shapes, and colors, including brown, tan, black, blue, pink, white, red, or purple. some birthmarks appear on the surface of the skin, some are raised above the surface of the skin, and some occur under the skin. most birthmarks are harmless and do not need treatment. many birthmarks change, grow, shrink, or disappear. there are many types of birthmarks, and some are more common than others. for more information, see the topic birthmarks. cause of skin changes acne is a common skin change that occurs during the teen years and may last into adulthood. acne may be mild, with just a few blackheads ( comedones ), or severe, with large and painful pimples deep under the skin ( cystic lesions ). it may be present on the chest and back as well as on the face and neck. boys often have more severe outbreaks of acne than girls. many girls have acne before their periods that occurs because of changes in hormone levels. for more information, see the topic acne. during pregnancy, dark patches may develop on a woman ' s face. this is known as the \" mask of pregnancy, \" or chloasma, and it usually fades after delivery. the cause of chloasma is not fully understood, although experts think that increased levels of pregnancy hormones cause the pigment - producing cells in the skin ( melanocytes ) to produce more pigment. you can reduce skin pigment changes during pregnancy by using sunscreen and staying out of the sun. actinic keratosis and actinic lentigines are types of colored skin spots that are caused by too much sun exposure. although these spots are not skin cancers, they may mean that you have an increased chance of getting skin cancer, such as squamous cell skin cancer or a type of melanoma. you may have an allergic reaction to a medicine that causes a skin change, or you may develop a skin reaction when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48639387751192414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.059476"} {"text": "that you have an increased chance of getting skin cancer, such as squamous cell skin cancer or a type of melanoma. you may have an allergic reaction to a medicine that causes a skin change, or you may develop a skin reaction when you are out in the sun while you are taking a medicine ( this is called photosensitivity ). rashes, hives, and itching may develop, and in some cases may spread to areas of your skin that were not exposed to the sun ( photoallergy ). for more information, see the topic allergic reaction. skin changes can also be caused by : common skin changes some common skin growths include : treatment of a skin change depends on what is causing the skin change and what other symptoms you are having. moles, skin tags, and other growths can be removed if they become irritated, bleed, or cause embarrassment. while most skin changes are normal and occur with aging, some may be caused by cancer. skin cancer may start as a growth or mole, a change in a growth or mole, a sore that does not heal, or irritation of the skin. it is the most common form of cancer in north america. skin cancer destroys skin cells and tissues and can spread ( metastasize ) to other parts of the body. the three most common types of skin cancer are basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer, and melanoma. see a picture of the abcdes of melanoma. causes of skin cancer include : kaposi ' s sarcoma is a serious form of skin cancer. it is often found in people who have an impaired immune system, such as people with aids. blue - red raised bumps ( nodules ) may appear on the face, arms, and trunk and inside the mouth. early detection and treatment of skin cancer can help prevent problems. treatment depends on the type and location of the growth and how advanced it is when it is diagnosed. surgery to remove the growth will help determine what treatment will be needed. for more information, see the topics skin cancer, melanoma and skin cancer, nonmelanoma. check your symptoms to decide if and when you should see a doctor. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. pill identifier on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4689952796539057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.061519"} {"text": "coughs, age 11 and younger coughing is the body ' s way of removing foreign material or mucus from the lungs and upper airway passages or of reacting to an irritated airway. coughs have distinctive traits you can learn to recognize. a cough is only a symptom, not a disease, and often the importance of a cough can be determined only when other symptoms are evaluated. for information about coughs in teens and adults, see the topic coughs, age 12 and older. a productive cough produces phlegm or mucus ( sputum ). the mucus may have drained down the back of the throat from the nose or sinuses or may have come up from the lungs. a productive cough generally should not be suppressed ; it clears mucus from the lungs. there are many causes of a productive cough, such as : a nonproductive cough is dry and does not produce sputum. a dry, hacking cough may develop toward the end of a cold or after exposure to an irritant, such as dust or smoke. there are many causes of a nonproductive cough, such as : coughs in children children may develop coughs from diseases or causes that usually do not affect adults, such as : many coughs are caused by a viral illness. antibiotics are not used to treat viral illnesses and do not change the course of viral infections. unnecessary use of an antibiotic exposes your child to the risks of an allergic reaction and antibiotic side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rashes, and yeast infections. antibiotics also may kill beneficial bacteria and encourage the development of dangerous antibiotic - resistant bacteria. a careful evaluation of your child ' s health may help you identify other symptoms. remember, a cough is only a symptom, not a disease, and often the importance of a cough can only be determined when other symptoms are evaluated. coughs occur with bacterial and viral respiratory infections. if your child has other symptoms, such as a sore throat, sinus pressure, or ear pain, see the related topics section. check your child ' s symptoms to decide if and when your child should see a doctor. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47322156368721036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.064296"} {"text": "slideshow pictures : osteoarthritis - - active living from day to night more slideshows from emedicinehealth watch and learn from these additional pictures slideshows. ride a bike biking - - in a group or alone, outside or on a stationary bike - - builds stamina and balance with less impact on knees, hips, and other joints than walking or jogging. recumbent and comfort bikes can provide relief for people who are uncomfortable on upright bikes. if you have a medical condition, check with your doctor before starting any new fitness program. depending on your condition and health, some exercises may not be recommended. yoga is a gentle way to improve posture, balance, and coordination. several early studies suggest yoga helps the physical functioning of people with arthritis and promotes relaxation. look for a beginners ' class and explain any physical limitations you have to the teacher. once you ' re comfortable with the poses and breathing, you can also practice yoga at home. exercise in water swimming, water walking, and other water - based exercises are ideal for relieving the pain and stiffness of arthritis. the resistance provided by water increases strength and range of motion, while its buoyancy supports the body ' s weight, reducing stress on joints. water workouts can be as strenuous as swimming laps or as gentle as a game of tag in the shallow end. add short bursts of activity physical activity in small amounts really adds up. vacuuming or 10 minutes of pruning may be easier to incorporate into a busy day than an hour of exercise. always try to use correct posture - - such as standing rather than stooping - - and let your larger joints handle as much of the work as possible. to track your activity, wear a pedometer and record how many steps you take each day. set a goal commit to a greater level of training by signing up for a 5k walk, bike ride, or other organized event. registering for an event increases your commitment and motivation to train. it may give you extra motivation to join events that support causes you may believe in, such as arthritis research. be sure to give yourself enough time to train. work backward from the event to set specific, realistic training goals. try tai chi studies suggest that tai chi, a traditional chinese martial art, reduces pain and stiffness in many arthritis patients. tai chi combines slow, gentle movements with a mental focus. it can be practiced in groups or alone. participants in these studies also reported improved balance and lower levels of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43768879025875984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.067911"} {"text": ", a traditional chinese martial art, reduces pain and stiffness in many arthritis patients. tai chi combines slow, gentle movements with a mental focus. it can be practiced in groups or alone. participants in these studies also reported improved balance and lower levels of depression. maintain sexual intimacy pain from arthritis can affect every part of life, including sexuality. but a fulfilling sex life is possible. plan for sexual activity during times when you feel rested, avoid cold temperatures, use pillows to support painful joints, and relax muscles and joints with massage. communicate openly with your partner and strive for emotional and physical closeness. walk the dog take your four - legged friend when you run errands on foot or head out for a lunchtime stroll. walking the family pet around the block can deliver a low - impact, inexpensive workout. walking can reduce stiffness, increase bone mass, increase energy, improve mood, and reduce anxiety. try to accumulate at least 150 minutes a week. this could include 30 minutes of walking or any other moderate - intensity \" lifestyle \" activity, three to five days a week. take a hike at home or on vacation, hiking is an active way to explore the outdoors. vary the trails you use, from short and strenuous to long and gentle. activities like hiking are essential to managing the physical symptoms of arthritis, but they have other benefits, too. exercise improves sleep and helps combat the stress and depression that can accompany arthritis. train for strength strength training can protect and stabilize arthritic joints, improve functioning, and lessen pain. if joint movement is limited, isometric exercises that contract muscles without joint movement can be done. aim for two or three sessions per week and build up repetitions and weight gradually. check with an exercise specialist to make sure you are performing exercises correctly and safely. more reading on osteoarthritis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4635295231834913, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.068745"} {"text": "family : scolopacidae, sandpipers view all from this family description adult in summer plumage, has beautifully patterned brown, black, and white feather markings on back and upper wings. head, neck, and breast are streaked with brown, and underparts are mainly white, but with brown spots and barring on flanks. bill is usually all - dark. in winter, looks more pale with gray - brown overall feathers on back, and upper wings marked with marginal white spots and scallops. bill is pale at base. juvenile similar to winter adult, but feathers on back have buffy marginal spots and breast has obvious dark streaking. bill is paler at base. dimensions length : 14 \" ( 36 cm ) habitat widespread and common breeding species in open, boggy, boreal forests. long - distance migrant that winters from southern u. s. to south america. usually found on coast ( mudflats and lagoons ) outside breeding season but, during migration, sometimes stages on lakes. observation tips distant birds can sometimes be identified with reasonable certainty because of their frenetic feeding habits. close views allow separation from lesser yellowlegs : concentrate on relative body sizes, and bill size and shape. range western canada, california, southeast, northwest, alaska, rocky mountains, southwest, florida, plains, eastern canada, great lakes, new england, mid - atlantic, texas voice utters a strident tiu - tiu - tiu in flight. song is a yodeling twee - ooo. discussion robust, elegant wading bird. extremely long, orange - yellow legs and long, relatively thick and slightly upturned bill make identification easy. however, confusion is possible with lesser yellowlegs, which is smaller and an altogether more dainty bird. feeds primarily in shallow water, catching aquatic invertebrates and small fish, but equally at home on open mudflats. often chases wildly, like a thing possessed, after prey. seen from above in flight, all birds have mainly dark upperparts, with contrasting white rump and pale - barred tail. typically rather wary and nervous. sexes are similar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3804527102473517, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.070900"} {"text": "world emissions increase, renewables mitigate an estimated cumulative global total of 420 billion tonnes of co2 were emitted between 2000 and 2011 due to human activities, including deforestation. the rise in average global temperature to 2 degrees celcius above pre - industrial levels - the target internationally adopted in un climate negotiations - is possible only if cumulative co2 emissions in the period 2000 - 2050 do not exceed 1, 000 to 1, 500 billion tonnes. if the current global trend of increasing co2 emissions continues, cumulative emissions will surpass this limit within the next two decades. \" fortunately, this trend is being mitigated by the expansion of renewable energy supplies, especially solar and wind energy and biofuels, \" says the report released by the european commission ' s joint research centre ( jrc ) and the netherlands environmental assessment agency ( pbl ). the global share of these so - called modern renewables, which exclude hydropower, is growing at an accelerated speed and quadrupled from 1992 to 2011. \" this potentially represents about 0. 8 billion tonnes of co2 emissions avoided as a result of using renewable energy supplies in 2011, which is close to germany ' s total co2 emissions in 2011, \" the report ' trends in global co2 emissions ' says. per capita emissions in china reach eu level in china average emissions of co2 increased by 9 percent to 7. 2 tonnes per capita. china is now within the range of 6 to 19 tonnes per capita emissions of the major industrialized countries. in the european union, co2 emissions dropped by 3 percent to 7. 5 tonnes per capita. economic growth in china led to significant increases in fossil fuel consumption driven by construction and infrastructure expansion. the growth in cement and steel production caused china ' s domestic coal consumption to increase by 9. 7 percent. the united states remain one of the largest emitters of co2, with 17. 3 tonnes per capita, despite a decline due to the recession in 2008 - 2009, high oil prices and an increased share of natural gas. the top emitters contributing to the 34 billion tonnes of co2 emitted globally in 2011 are in percents : china ( 29 ), the united states ( 16 ), the european union ( 11 ), india ( 6 ), the russian federation ( 5 ) and japan ( 4 ). emissions from oecd countries now account for only one third of global co2 emissions - the same share as that of china and india combined options and help to give any feedback, click : http : / / www", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45344201662248695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.073631"} {"text": "my girlfriend is setting up her own business. it is something she had always wanted to do, but her being laid off in the wake of the current economic downturn \u2013 as we have come to call what might very well the new economic normality \u2013 kicked her into action. she is hardly the only one in this situation. all over the country there is a flurry of new business creations. in normal times, this would bode well for a country which has indeed coined the word \" entrepreneur \" but had forgotten it quite a long time ago. we are not in normal times however, and this unprecedented wave of entrepreneurship tells in fact of an deep economic insecurity which can only increase with the coming energy descent. it also announces the end of an economic arrangement which had shaped the western social landscape for nearly a century : the wage system. wage labor has become so common, so \" normal \" in today ' s society, that we have forgotten how marginal - \u2013 and despised - - it was before the industrial revolution. in agrarian societies wages were what farmhands, servants and journeymen got \u2013 - and for the last category it was considered temporary. all respectable working people were self employed, either owning or renting land or running a small \u2013 or even not so small \u2013 business. living on wages was something you did when you had no other choice, and, socially speaking, that put you a mere step above a beggar or a slave. it is particularly revealing that in latin, the word for wages has the same root as the word for prostitute. there were, of course exceptions, but they were not seen as such. journeymen lived on wages but, at least theoretically, it was, for them only a temporary step on the way to mastership and self - sufficiency. civil servants and officers \u2013 - privates were seen, not without reason, as the scum of the society \u2013 - also received a salary, but considered themselves as servants of the king in a relationship reminiscent of the old vassalage system. in many countries they bought their offices, which emphasized the fact they could live without it, should the need arise. it was not before the spread of the factory model during the xixth century that the wage system ceased being marginal, and this evolution was bitterly opposed by large sections of society. as the late christopher lasch pointed out in the true and only heaven, one of the early labor movement ' s goals was to stop and reverse the move toward \" wage slavery \". karl marx is often quoted in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4771431063697421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.079563"} {"text": "opposed by large sections of society. as the late christopher lasch pointed out in the true and only heaven, one of the early labor movement ' s goals was to stop and reverse the move toward \" wage slavery \". karl marx is often quoted in that matter, but his archenemy, the anarchist proudhon held similar views, even if he favored a social organization based upon small property and cooperatives. both in europe and america, the abolition of the wage system was a major theme in early socialism. as the artisan model became restricted to a few professionals and farmers became a tiny minority, this theme lost its strength, however. union ' s focus shifted to getting higher wages, better career prospects and working conditions. with the sweeping reforms enacted by european governments after wwii, the status of wage laborer became more and more comfortable, since, along with a relatively high income, it offered some security and the ability to plan long term. it had indeed become costly for a company to fire somebody without a very good reasons \u2013 the unions were ever watchful \u2013 and in france at least lay offs were subject to a prior authorization from the state. the result was that wage labor became synonymous with job security and the ability to own a house and decently feed one ' s family. this system began to unravel after the first oil shock, as companies looked for workarounds, so they could dispose of unneeded workers. of course they found them \u2013 - ironically while in france a so - called socialist held the presidency. they began to resort to fixed term contracts and interim workers. large firms, such as my home town ' s shipyard shifted their manpower to contract manufacturers, retaining only core employees. ironically, but not without reason, this move out of \" wage slavery \" was, and is, as bitterly resisted by unions and left wing parties as the spread of the wage system had been in the xixth century. the ongoing collapse of the world economy has triggered a new step in this process. many small businesses have gone under and most large companies are struggling. my home town ' s shipyard, as a contractor for which my girlfriend worked, is starved for work and is down to laying off a significant part of its core employees. the result was that a lot of people found themselves jobless \u2013 less than in america since a large part of the french manpower works for the state or one of its subsidiaries and is essentially unfirable, but quite a lot nevertheless. those people \u2013 the majority of whom with very specialized skills \u2013 - turned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509069662128518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.080682"} {"text": "##less \u2013 less than in america since a large part of the french manpower works for the state or one of its subsidiaries and is essentially unfirable, but quite a lot nevertheless. those people \u2013 the majority of whom with very specialized skills \u2013 - turned to business creation out of desperation, because they felt they had no other way to make a living. many will fail, of course, and slip into permanent poverty \u2013 independent workers have no unemployment insurance in france. others will eke out a living with a few underpaid contracts \u2013 something the government has made easier by creating a special \" self - entrepreneur \" status for small businessmen, which basically means they can dispense with any decent accounting provided they pay a 21 % tax and have revenues smaller than 32. 000\u20ac a year. a few will thrive \u2013 i expect my girlfriend to be among them, of course \u2013 - but what will matter is that the wage system will have been dealt another blow. as we advance further in the energy crisis and economic expansion becomes a thing of the past, we can expect wage labor to become increasingly restricted to a small core elite. even the administration, the stronghold of job security, is no longer safe. whole branches have been quietly sold out and while today ' s civil servants are sure to keep their job for life, barring some dramatic political upheaval, they will eventually retire, and they will be increasingly replaced by temporary workers or independent contractors. eventually, the bulk of the population will be self - employed, which, for most people will mean surviving hand - to - mouth by contracting either with whatever business remains or with local authorities... until, at some point, some crisis will sweep both away, and with them the last remnants of the wage system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43417217192251817, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.081429"} {"text": "artificial sweeteners may contaminate water downstream of sewage treatment plants and even drinking water sewage treatment plants fail to remove artificial sweeteners completely from waste water. what \u2019 s more, these pollutants contaminate waters downstream and may still be present in our drinking water. thanks to their new robust analytical method, which simultaneously extracts and analyses seven commonly used artificial sweeteners, marco scheurer, heinz - jurgen brauch and frank thomas lange from the water technology center in karlsruhe, germany, were able to demonstrate the presence of several artificial sweeteners in waste water. their findings are published online this week in springer \u2019 s journal analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. a range of artificial sweeteners are commonly used in food and drinks, as well as drugs and sanitary products. the potential health risks of artificial sweeteners have been debated for some time. until now, only sucralose has been detected in aquatic environments. through the use of a new analytical method, the researchers were able to look for seven different artificial sweeteners ( cyclamate, acesulfame, saccharin, aspartame, neotame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and sucralose ) simultaneously, and show, for the first time, that a number of commonly used artificial sweeteners are present in german waste and surface water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4819836496454283, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.082809"} {"text": "register of the national estate - archive the register of the national estate was closed in 2007 and is no longer a statutory list. all references to the register of the national estate were removed from the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) on 19 february 2012. the expiration or repeal of parts of the epbc act and the australian heritage council act 2003 relating to the register of the national estate does not diminish protection of commonwealth heritage places. these parts have been superseded by stronger ongoing heritage protection provisions under national environment law. the register of the national estate ( rne ) is now an archive of information about more than 13, 000 places throughout australia. the rne was originally established under the australian heritage commission act 1975 ( repealed ). under that act, the former australian heritage commission entered more than 13, 000 places in the register, including many places of local or state significance. the australian heritage commission act 1975 provided a basic level of statutory protection for places in the rne, limited to actions by the commonwealth. commonwealth agencies were required to avoid taking actions that would adversely affect places in the rne, unless there was no feasible and prudent alternative. in 1997 the council of australian governments agreed that heritage listing and protection should be the responsibility of the level of government best placed to deliver agreed outcomes. it was agreed that the commonwealth ' s involvement in environmental matters should focus on matters of national environmental significance, including world heritage properties and places of national significance. each state, territory and local government has a similar responsibility for its own heritage. this led to the creation of two new heritage lists in 2003. under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) the national heritage list includes places of outstanding heritage value to the nation, and the commonwealth heritage list includes heritage places owned or controlled by the commonwealth. the protection of heritage places for which the australian government is responsible continues under the epbc act. the epbc act not only protects heritage from actions by the commonwealth, it protects places in the national heritage list, in the commonwealth heritage list, and on commonwealth land. all proponents, not just the commonwealth, are required to seek approval for actions that could have a significant impact on the heritage values of these places. closure of the register following the 1997 agreement, there was a significant level of overlap between the rne and heritage lists at the national, state and territory, and local government levels. in line with the 1997 agreement, the australian government has phased out the rne as a statutory list. in 2003 the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4239498253385615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.088159"} {"text": "was a significant level of overlap between the rne and heritage lists at the national, state and territory, and local government levels. in line with the 1997 agreement, the australian government has phased out the rne as a statutory list. in 2003 the australian parliament passed legislation to repeal the australian heritage commission act 1975, which established the rne, and to introduce a new system of heritage protection for nationally significant places under the epbc act and the australian heritage council act 2003. in 2006 the epbc act and the australian heritage council act 2003 were amended to freeze the rne and to provide for a five - year phasing out of statutory references to the rne. as a result of these changes to legislation : - on 1 january 2004 the responsibility for the rne was transferred from the former australian heritage commission to the australian heritage council. - on 19 february 2007 places could no longer be added to, or removed from, the rne. - on 19 february 2012 all references to the rne were removed from the epbc act and the australian heritage council act 2003. the rne is maintained on a non - statutory basis as a publicly available archive and educational resource. protection of places in the register the existence of an entry for a place in the rne does not in itself create a requirement to protect the place under commonwealth law. nevertheless, information in the register may continue to be current and may be relevant to statutory decisions about protection. rne places can be protected under the epbc act if they are also included in another commonwealth statutory heritage list or are owned or leased by the commonwealth. for example, rne places owned or leased by the commonwealth are protected from any action likely to have a significant impact on the environment. in addition, places in the rne may be protected under appropriate state, territory or local government heritage legislation. community information unit department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts tel : 1800 803 772 ( freecall ) - australian heritage week - public notices - asia - pacific focal point - australia ' s dinosaurs - managing commonwealth heritage places - australian heritage council - australian heritage places inventory ( ahpi ) - australian heritage database - australian heritage information - export permits - indigenous heritage - place managers network - historic shipwrecks program factsheet - patrimonito storyboard competition links to another web site opens a pop - up window", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44300412699417174, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.089202"} {"text": "sea ice is frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface. blanketing millions of square kilometers, sea ice forms and melts with the polar seasons, affecting both human activity and biological habitat. in the arctic, some sea ice persists year after year, whereas almost all southern ocean or antarctic sea ice is \" seasonal ice, \" meaning it melts away and reforms annually. while both arctic and antarctic ice are of vital importance to the marine mammals and birds for which they are habitats, sea ice in the arctic appears to play a more crucial role in regulating climate. because they are composed of ice originating from glaciers, icebergs are not considered sea ice. most of the icebergs infesting north atlantic shipping lanes originate from greenland glaciers. global sea ice extent and concentration : what sensors on satellites are telling us about sea ice sea ice regulates exchanges of heat, moisture and salinity in the polar oceans. it insulates the relatively warm ocean water from the cold polar atmosphere except where cracks, or leads, in the ice allow exchange of heat and water vapor from ocean to atmosphere in winter. the number of leads determines where and how much heat and water are lost to the atmosphere, which may affect local cloud cover and precipitation. the seasonal sea ice cycle affects both human activities and biological habitats. for example, companies shipping raw materials such as oil or coal out of the arctic must work quickly during periods of low ice concentration, navigating their ships towards openings in the ice and away from treacherous multi - year ice that has accumulated over several years. many arctic mammals, such as polar bears, seals, and walruses, depend on the sea ice for their habitat. these species hunt, feed, and breed on the ice. studies of polar bear populations indicate that declining sea ice is likely to decrease polar bear numbers, perhaps substantially ( stirling and parkinson 2006 ). ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate. sea ice typically covers about 14 to 16 million square kilometers in late winter in the arctic and 17 to 20 million square kilometers in the antarctic southern ocean. the seasonal decrease is much larger in the antarctic, with only about three to four million square kilometers remaining at summer ' s end, compared to approximately seven to nine million square kilometers in the arctic. these maps provide examples of late winter and late summer ice cover in the two hemispheres. monitoring sea ice passive microwave satellite data represent the best method to monitor sea ice because of the ability", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5470071136463353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.100332"} {"text": "compared to approximately seven to nine million square kilometers in the arctic. these maps provide examples of late winter and late summer ice cover in the two hemispheres. monitoring sea ice passive microwave satellite data represent the best method to monitor sea ice because of the ability to show data through most clouds and during darkness. passive microwave data allow scientists to monitor the inter - annual variations and trends in sea ice cover. observations of polar oceans derived from these instruments are essential for tracking the ice edge, estimating sea ice concentrations, and classifying sea ice types. in addition to the practical use of this information for shipping and transport, these data add to the meteorological knowledge base required for better understanding climate. decline in arctic sea ice extent passive microwave satellite data reveal that, since 1979, winter arctic ice extent has decreased about 3. 6 percent per decade ( meier et al. 2006 ). antarctic ice extent is increasing ( cavalieri et al. 2003 ), but the trend is small. satellite data from the smmr and ssm / i instruments have been combined with earlier observations from ice charts and other sources to yield a time series of arctic ice extent from the early 1900s onward. while the pre - satellite records are not as reliable, their trends are in good general agreement with the satellite record and indicate that arctic sea ice extent has been declining since at least the early 1950s. in recent years, satellite data have indicated an even more dramatic reduction in regional ice cover. in september 2002, sea ice in the arctic reached a record minimum ( serreze et al. 2003 ), 4 percent lower than any previous september since 1978, and 14 percent lower than the 1979 - 2000 mean. in the past, a low ice year would be followed by a rebound to near - normal conditions, but 2002 was followed by two more low - ice years, both of which almost matched the 2002 record. taking these three years into account, the september ice extent trend for 1979 - 2004 declined by 7. 7 percent per decade ( stroeve et al. 2005 ). the year 2005 set a new record, dropping the estimated decline in end - of - summer arctic sea ice to approximately 8 percent per decade. although sea ice did not set a new record low in 2006, it did fall below normal for the fifth consecutive year. in 2007, sea ice broke all prior satellite records, reaching a record low a month before the end of melt season. through 2007, the september decline trend is now over 10 percent per decade. ( for current sea ice trends, visit nsidc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5066819013290456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.101505"} {"text": "in 2007, sea ice broke all prior satellite records, reaching a record low a month before the end of melt season. through 2007, the september decline trend is now over 10 percent per decade. ( for current sea ice trends, visit nsidc ' s sea ice index cryospheric climate indicators. ) combined with record low summertime extent, arctic sea ice exhibited a new pattern of poor winter recovery. in the past, a low - ice year would be followed by a rebound to near - normal conditions, but 2002 was followed by two more low - ice years, both of which almost matched the 2002 record ( see arctic sea ice decline continues ). although wintertime recovery of arctic sea ice improved somewhat after 2006, wintertime extents have remained well below the long - term average. decline in arctic sea ice thickness sea ice thickness has likewise shown substantial decline in recent decades ( rothrock et al. 1999 ). using data from submarine cruises, rothrock and collaborators determined that the mean ice draft at the end of the melt season in the arctic has decreased by about 1. 3 meters between the 1950s and the 1990s. estimates based on measurements taken by nasa ' s icesat laser altimeter, first - year ice that formed after the autumn of 2007 had a mean thickness of 1. 6 meters. the ice formed relatively late in the autumn of 2007, and nsidc researchers had actually anticipated this first - year ice to be thinner, but it nearly equaled the thickness of 2006 and 2007. snow accumulation on sea ice helps insulate the ice from frigid air overhead, so sparse snowfall during the winter of 2007 - 2008 might have actually accelerated the sea ice ' s growth. greenhouse gases emitted through human activities and the resulting increase in global mean temperatures are the most likely underlying cause of the sea ice decline, but the direct cause is a complicated combination of factors resulting from the warming, and from climate variability. the arctic oscillation ( ao ) is a see - saw pattern of alternating atmospheric pressure at polar and mid - latitudes. the positive phase produces a strong polar vortex, with the mid - latitude jet stream shifted northward. the negative phase produces the opposite conditions. from the 1950s to the 1980s, the ao flipped between positive and negative phases, but it entered a strong positive pattern between 1989 and 1995. so the acceleration in the sea ice decline since the mid 1990s may have been partly triggered by the strongly positive ao mode during the preceding years ( rigor et al. 2002 and rigor and wallace 2004 ) that flushed older", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49216532112148104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.102739"} {"text": "pattern between 1989 and 1995. so the acceleration in the sea ice decline since the mid 1990s may have been partly triggered by the strongly positive ao mode during the preceding years ( rigor et al. 2002 and rigor and wallace 2004 ) that flushed older, thicker ice out of the arctic, but other factors also played a role. since the mid - 1990s, the ao has largely been a neutral or negative phase, and the late 1990s and early 2000s brought a weakening of the beaufort gyre. however, the longevity of ice in the gyre began to change as a result of warming along the alaskan and siberian coasts. in the past, sea ice in this gyre could remain in the arctic for many years, thickening over time. beginning in the late 1990s, sea ice began melting in the southern arm of the gyre, thanks to warmer air temperatures and more extensive summer melt north of alaska and siberia. moreover, ice movement out of the arctic through fram strait continued at a high rate despite the change in the ao. thus warming conditions and wind patterns have been the main drivers of the steeper decline since the late 1990s. sea ice may not be able to recover under the current persistently warm conditions, and a tipping point may have been passed where the arctic will eventually be ice - free during at least part of the summer ( lindsay and zhang 2005 ). examination of the long - term satellite record dating back to 1979 and earlier records dating back to the 1950s indicate that spring melt seasons have started earlier and continued for a longer period throughout the year ( serreze et al. 2007 ). even more disquieting, comparison of actual arctic sea ice decline to ipcc ar4 projections show that observed ice loss is faster than any of the ipcc ar4 models have predicted ( stroeve et al. 2007 ). disclaimer : this article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the national snow and ice data center. topic editors and authors for the encyclopedia of earth may have edited its content or added new information. the use of information from the national snow and ice data center should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by eoe personnel, or for any editing of the original content.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47974120322477926, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.103901"} {"text": "the first 2 - 3 years of life are so formative that the most fundamental and elementary ways that someone experiences and interacts with the world are set. personality changes throughout life, but less and less so. how the child deals with separation from the mother and his or her own sense of self lays a foundation for all later development. what qualities of being are required to move through the stages of development for the first 2 - 3 years of life? and what happens when some of these qualities are not fully present? basically, according to depth psychology the infant starts on a \u2018 merged with the mother state \u2019 for the first 6 months or so. from there the baby begins a process of separating and individuating from the mother until 2 - 3 years old. the merged state that the child starts with is like a childhood enlightenment. there is little sense of difference or separation. it has a blissful quality that is sometimes interrupted by physical and emotional needs. how these needs are dealt with sets an initial and immediate sense of how the world is basically or bodily. safe, nourishing or not, at a very basic or bodily level. the dominant quality and the quality required in this early stage is a type of blended merged love, where the mother \u2019 s psyche and body are shared with the infant. this makes entry into the world of conditions safe, gradual and generally pleasant. if this merged love is not present or infrequently present or somehow dimmed then the baby will experience and begin to perceive the world in a less safe and positive way at the deep level of the body. next the child begins to differentiate themselves from the mother. the quality of strength is key here because he / she is separating themselves from the merged mother. strength slowly begins to take over as the primary quality of experience, instead of the merged type of love. ideally this is not strength in a contracted form, rather it is a bright uplifting yet relaxed feeling of capability. if the merged state did not go well ( needs were not met ) then it is likely that ego has already taken on a more rigid and defensive structure. this naturally blocks out the natural feelings of goodness of reality because the child is more self focused toward a false self. it also sets the stage for the strength, which is needed to differentiate, to arise in an \u2018 egoic condition \u2019. additionally, trauma at this differentiation stage can cause the more rigid, being - blocking form of ego. trauma at these early periods is particularly damaging for obvious reasons. fundamental issues ( around separation,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5227663862271013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.108317"} {"text": "differentiate, to arise in an \u2018 egoic condition \u2019. additionally, trauma at this differentiation stage can cause the more rigid, being - blocking form of ego. trauma at these early periods is particularly damaging for obvious reasons. fundamental issues ( around separation, survival, etc. ) can centralize themselves in the blueprint for living which is being formed! but let \u2019 s assume things go ideally in the merged state and differentiation happens ideally ; the baby feels strong, able and happy. the next stage involves experiencing limitation, the limitations of his / her little body in the conditional world. if the mother, and to a lesser degree the father ( most commonly ) deals with the child \u2019 s attempt to remerge in a healthy supportive way, that both loves the child but encourages them to venture out strongly, then a quality of strength and ability will be added to a quality of merged safe love at the deep level of body. if the attempt to remerge is not dealt with well the child will end up too merged with the parent or too separate and independent. if the parent clings to the child the child will stay more merged. if the parent rejects the child, then the child will be more separate. in either case the love quality of being or the strength quality of being is diminished to a type of enmeshment or separateness. in a typical \u201c softy \u201d or \u201c meany \u201d personality style. next the child individualizes and develops their own sense of individuality and personality. the primary quality here is individuality. this individuality is not based on egoic separateness ideally, but instead forms a unique personality that is fully connected to being. any number of things can happen in this stage and cause the personality to become more contracted and further away from being. the contracted form of the individuality quality is something like the personality of ego ( often called the false self ). around four years old the child enters an oedipal phase where each child develops a sense of their \u2018 boyness \u2019 or \u2018 girlness \u2019 and what this means. the child develops the ability to polarize love, and years later to romanticize love. this is furthered by the biological development. freud was absolutely correct that a sexual self sense begins to form when a child realizes their gender and begins to integrate it into their personality. this sexual self sense, unless addressed, will underlie all romantic connections to follow. of course, it will change and further events will influence one \u2019 s romantic ability, but one \u2019 s basic sense of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5527488040811013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.109358"} {"text": "this release is available in french. your blood and the level of a hormone in your spit could reveal if you ' re on the point of burnout, according to research undertaken by dr. sonia lupien and robert - paul juster of the centre for studies on human stress of louis - h. lafontaine hospital and the university of montreal. in addition to professional and personal suffering, burnout puts distressed workers at further risk of physical and psychological problems if ignored. this is significant, as burnout, clinical depression, or anxiety related to the workplace affects at least 10 % of north americans and europeans, according to estimates prepared by the international labor organization. \" we hypothesized that healthy workers with chronic stress and with mild burnout symptoms would have worse physiological dysregulations and lower cortisol levels \u2013 a profile consistent with burnout, \" juster explained. cortisol is a stress hormone involved in our bodies stress response and naturally as part of our body ' s daily rhythm. cortisol levels are often high in people suffering from depression, while it tends to be low in cases of burnout. too much cortisol can be as bad as too little when it comes to both mental and physical health. chronic stress and misbalanced cortisol levels can exert a kind of domino effect on connected biological systems. the term \" allostatic load \" represents the physiological problems or ' wear and tear ' that ensue in these different systems related to risks for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and immune problems. by looking at various factors such as insulin, sugar, cholesterol, blood pressure, and inflammation, an allostatic load index can be constructed and then used to detect problems before they occur. \" the strength of the allostatic load model is its flexible inclusion of numerous biological systems that get strained by chronic stress. complementary use of saliva samples and validated questionnaires allows us to go beyond measuring susceptibilities to, say, metabolic syndromes or heart problems, but also into the realm of mental health, \" juster said. the results of this first pilot study were obtained by testing thirty middle - aged participants. in addition to undergoing routine blood measures that assessed allostatic load, participants were instructed to collect saliva at home and during a laboratory paradigm. they also filled out questionnaires related to their current stress levels as well as symptoms of depression and burnout. this research is part of a greater effort to develop personalized medicine in this field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5161390218307014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.114711"} {"text": "to collect saliva at home and during a laboratory paradigm. they also filled out questionnaires related to their current stress levels as well as symptoms of depression and burnout. this research is part of a greater effort to develop personalized medicine in this field. personalized medicine targets the customization of treatment according to the needs of the individual. \" in an effort to advance person - centered approaches in prevention and treatment strategies, we have to investigate the biopsychosocial signatures of specific diseases, \" lupien said. \" for conditions like burnout where we have no consensus on diagnostic criteria and where there is overlap with symptoms of depression, it is essential to use multiple methods of analysis. one potential signature of burnout appears to be fatigued production of the stress hormone cortisol and dysregulations of the physiological systems that interact with this stress hormone. \" critically, people with burnout are often treated with anti - depressant medications that lower cortisol levels. if cortisol is already lower than it should be, this course of treatment could represent a therapeutic mistake. \" the use of an allostatic load index gives researchers and clinicians a window to see how chronic stress is straining the person. in the future, we need studies that track people over time to determine whether this profile of low cortisol and physiological dysregulations is indeed burnout ' s autograph. if so, science will be one step closer to helping distressed workers before they burn out, \" juster noted. the research was published in psychoneuroendocrinology and received funding from the canadian institutes of health research. dr. sonia lupien is scientific director of fernand - seguin research centre of louis \u2013 h. lafontaine hospital and is an associate professor with the department of psychiatry at universite de montreal. dr. lupien is the founder and director of the centre for studies on human stress. she also holds a senior investigator chair on sex, gender and mental health from the canadian institute of gender and health ( igh ). juster is affiliated with the fernand - seguin research centre of louis - h. lafontaine hospital and the centre for studies on human stress. he ' s a ph. d. candidate in the department of neurology and neurosurgery at mcgill university. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4822234275658896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.115628"} {"text": "once upon a time there was a bookseller. his name was frederic g. melcher, and he knew in his heart that books for children were just as important as books for adults, if not more so. why, he wondered, are they so often ignored? he thought and thought, and decided in the end that it didn ' t matter why ; what mattered was that he did something to change all that. he did. in 1921, he proposed the newberry award to the american library association, an award named for 18th - century english bookseller john newbery and to be awarded to the most distinguished american children ' s book published the previous year. the association ' s executive board approved the idea, much to the joy of children ' s librarians everywhere, and the first newbery award was given in 1922. the express purpose of the medal was \" to encourage original creative work in the field of books for children. to emphasize to the public that contributions to the literature for children deserve similar recognition to poetry, plays, or novels. to give those librarians, who make it their life work to serve children ' s reading interests, an opportunity to encourage good writing in this field. \" not only the winning books, but runner - up newbery honor books, are included in the list of titles. melcher ' s brainchild was the first children ' s book award in the world, and remains the measure all the others. he went on to initiate the caldecott award for best illustrated children ' s book, and together the newbery and the caldecott provide the standard for evaluating children ' s books in the united states and beyond.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4120835329431771, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.117452"} {"text": "in a strange coincidence of biology, pregnant women think about visiting the bathroom roughly as often as the average man thinks about sex. a fish belongs in water. the eiffel tower belongs in paris. and stomach acid belongs in your stomach. unfortunately, pregnancy hormones affect the sphincter that forms a barrier between the esophagus and stomach, allowing acids to percolate upward. the plot thickens as your growing uterus crowds your digestive organs. to help douse the fire : - eat smaller, more frequent meals. - chew your food thoroughly. eat every bite as slowly as possible. - avoid spicy or greasy foods. - remain upright for at least an hour after eating. - keep your upper body as upright as possible when you sleep by propping yourself up with pillows or elevating the head of your bed. - when heartburn strikes, have some milk or yogurt. - ask your doctor about taking calcium - based antacids. 4. constipation and hemorrhoids these two nuisances often work in tandem. pregnancy hormones, abetted by certain vitamin and iron supplements and, sometimes, a nausea - inspired diet of crackers and milk, can make your digestive tract sluggish. then constipation begets hemorrhoids, which can develop from straining. your burgeoning uterus also may contribute to hemorrhoids by decreasing the amount of blood flow into and out of your pelvic region. to keep things moving : - drink plenty of fluids. - eat lots of whole grains, fruits and vegetables. prunes, however unglamorous, really do work. - eat yogurt to aid digestion. - don \u2019 t delay when you get the urge to move your bowels. - avoid straining during bowel movements. keeping your feet on a step stool or box will help. - when hemorrhoids flare up, use flushable wipes instead of toilet paper, and sit in a shallow tub of very warm water. - do kegel exercises regularly to increase blood flow to your pelvic area. - ask your doctor if a change in your iron supplement might help. pregnancy hormones loosen your joints, while your ballooning breasts and belly play havoc with your center of gravity. no wonder backaches are among pregnancy \u2019 s most common complaints. \u201c there \u2019 s some controversy as to whether you can tone up a stretched muscle, so it \u2019 s important for women to start building their abdominal muscles [ which support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42437490669372446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.131069"} {"text": "of gravity. no wonder backaches are among pregnancy \u2019 s most common complaints. \u201c there \u2019 s some controversy as to whether you can tone up a stretched muscle, so it \u2019 s important for women to start building their abdominal muscles [ which support the back ] early in pregnancy, before they get stretched out, \u201d says fitness trainer and childbirth education specialist bonnie berk, r. n., founder of motherwell maternity health and fitness in carlisle, pa. additionally : - when possible, don \u2019 t stand or sit for prolonged periods. - when you do stand or sit, rest one foot on a box, stool, low shelf or a couple of telephone books. in the kitchen, pull out a low drawer. - if you sleep on your side ( the left is preferable during pregnancy to allow for maximum flow of blood and nutrients to the placenta ), keep your knees bent and put a pillow between them ; tuck one under your abdomen, too, if it needs support. if you sleep on your back, use pillows to support your thighs and back. - get massages. ( make sure you find a qualified therapist. ) - stick to flat - heeled, supportive shoes. - bend at the hips, not the waist, and lift with your legs bent so you \u2019 re not using your back. - do pelvic tilts. - berk \u2019 s tip for toning abs : walk through water deep enough to cover your belly. \u201c the resistance of the water helps tone the muscles, \u201d she says. - consider a \u201c belly bra \u201d or other supportive device.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3925344782280211, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.131758"} {"text": "many flying fears stem from a lack of understanding of aerodynamics, and how the aircraft stays in the air. in this article i \u2019 m going to explain the basics for you, to help you gain more knowledge on the subject and overcome your fear of flying. it \u2019 s a common misconception that the aircraft \u2019 s engines keep the plane in the air, whereas it \u2019 s actually simple aerodynamics at work. a huge jet aircraft ( such as a 435ton boeing 747 ) can glide to safety with no engine power. the probability of losing all engines on a commercial aeroplane is minuscule to say the least \u2013 but even in the unlikely event of it happening, you can still land perfectly safely. so, why have engines? the engines simply keep the aircraft in the air for a longer period of time \u2013 and provide the necessary thrust to take - off. the basics of aerodynamics are split into these four forces ; lift \u2013 thrust \u2013 weight \u2013 drag for a aircraft to fly straight, and at a constant speed, then thrust must be equal to drag, and lift must be equal to weight. sounds slightly technical i know! the lift is mainly provided by the wings, and it \u2019 s the lift that keeps the aircraft in the air. whereas thrust is important to reach your destination, it only acts as a controller of speed ( by compensating for the drag ). if thrust is less than the drag, the aircraft will slow, and descend. but, the wings are still providing lift, which in turn is keeping the plane airborne, therefore, the descent will be slow. that is the basic explanation of how a huge jet aircraft can glide \u2013 even with complete engine loss. air is a liquid? not quite.. air behaves in a very similar way to water \u2013 and the mathematical relationships are identical. therefore, flying is very similar to swimming. in fact, many aerodynamic tests are carried out underwater. i hope that all makes sense. the reason i \u2019 m sharing this with you, is that your flying fear may be related to the fear of the aircraft falling out of the sky. now you can be rest assured that this can not happen \u2013 even in the highly unlikely event of a complete loss of engine power. i will be covering the excellent reliablility of modern jet engines in future articles, so stay tuned. i \u2019 ll also be covering aerodynamics in more detail soon \u2026 \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5026536879021802, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.134120"} {"text": "| when in doubt, tell the truth. - mark twain | ( january 19, 1994 ) from russia and from america comes a new information service called \" friends and partners \" - - one of the first information systems jointly developed by citizens of these two nations. it is hoped that it will contribute towards better understanding between our nations by providing instruction on our countries and cultures, by providing a common base of information about issues affecting relations between our countries, and by providing a common ' meeting place ' where folks can find and communicate with each other. if you wish to visit, the following uniform resource locator ( url ) will allow you to connect to the world wide web server : what are the potential uses? scientists should be able to use the service to find information about funding opportunities and exchange programs, access various databases and library resources, and locate potential colleagues and co - workers. teachers and educators at all levels should be able to find and contribute interesting and up - to - date material to assist in their instruction - - making their courses more ' alive ' and more pertinent to real world issues. folks in business should be able to learn about the economic environment and opportunities in both countries as well as the rules and laws pertaining to conducting business. artists from all fields ( and their patrons ) should be able to learn about, meet and work with each other. and people from all walks of life should be able to learn more about these two nations - - so closed off from one another for so many years. the primary motivation of this service is to help introduce new friendships and partnerships between our peoples. it hopes to build upon the excellent work already being accomplished by our governments and by the various groups, centers, and institutes who have been working for so many years towards this same goal of cooperation and friendship. perhaps the only difference from other efforts is the intention to use the world wide web on the internet as the method of communicating information. the world wide web was chosen because of its ability to handle mixed media ( text, graphics, audio, etc. ), the excellent graphic and non - graphic browsers available for free on the internet, and its ability to ' integrate ' information from all of the best internet - based tools and utilities - - listservers, gophers, wais indexes, ftp archives, etc. if you do not have a www browser, you can use our ' friends ' account. telnet to solar. ncsa. uiuc. edu. at the login : prompt, enter friends and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5296479992152738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.145581"} {"text": "| 7127 | | 41853181 | | 47. 80 | | 51. 75 * * * * | | * * * * over 2, 000 of these accesses are from our own host machine - - reflecting over 400 telnet sessions from all over the world for our special ' friends ' account. weather information for moscow and st. petersburg has been updated ( this should soon be done automatically each day ). server statistics ( including access by country ) are now included as an option from the home page. current exchange rates for the russian currency have been updated ( on the economics / business page ). notice of the the financial / economic network has been added to the economics page as well as a description of the the russian graduate school of international business. we have also added a link to a gopher server in vienna, austria at the university of economics and business administration. a hook to the world wide web server about the east - west international conference on human - computer interaction has been added to the funding opportunities page. this server also contains hooks to several other interesting resources. a new section under \" education \" is being prepared on the alliance of universities for democracy. this is a consortium of over 70 universities devoted to \" enhancing the role of higher education in promoting democratic institutions, economic development, and common moral and social values. \" we welcome the efforts of \" the alliance of universities for democracy \" - - more information will appear soon - - look on the education page. under the music section, we have had two very generous offers for some digitized music : from the university of oregon, we are hoping to receive some ulaw files by the irkutsk philharmonic society. from san francisco, we will soon be posting some music played at the international accordion festival in vilnius this past year. these audio files should be available for your ' listening pleasure ' in a few more days. from site eskimo. com, we will soon provide a www version of their excellent glasnews newsletter. we have received several generous offers of software, fonts, etc. for helping with the display and printing of cyrillic text. we are planning to establish an ftp archive of such on our system with a hypertext reference from the f & p server. we have had several suggestions and offers of help for telecommunications and computing assistance from various companies and from the international science foundation. we received an offer from a school principal in the northeastern u. s. to begin work on an information ' exchange ' program with russian schools. we have had offers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.487317626818329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.148006"} {"text": "of help for telecommunications and computing assistance from various companies and from the international science foundation. we received an offer from a school principal in the northeastern u. s. to begin work on an information ' exchange ' program with russian schools. we have had offers from vienna, austria and from moscow for the establishment of ' mirror ' servers to help speed access to the material from russia and from central and east european sites. natasha is actively working to establish a mirror server in pushchino. dirk van gulik is working to establish for us an interactive ' talk - room ' ( fascinating project - - you will see! ) we have received several offers to assist with such efforts as typing, transcription, and translation. we have received several offers to provide us with photographs and slides for publishing on the server. the server should have much additional ' graphic ' material in about a week. we received a very generous offer from the city university of new york for material describing all aspects of computer - aided language activities and natural language processing ( e. g., machine translation, text data - bases, language instruction - - native and foreign - - text analysis, and the linguistic dimensions of electronic communication ). we have received several notes from people who have made very open - ended offers of help. several more suggestions and offers of assistance will be summarized and posted here in the next digest. finally, in answer to a question we have seen a few times, there is once again, we thank each of you for your interest and hope to hear from many as we begin our work together on this service. please write with your comments, criticisms, and suggestions ( and, of course, those offers of help ). pushchino, moscow region greg cole, associate director national center for supercomputing applications the university of illinois at urbana - champaign once again, we thank each of you for your interest and hope to hear from many as we begin our work together on this service. please write with your comments, criticisms, and suggestions ( and, of course, those offers of help ). write to us with your comments and suggestions. f & p quick search about friends & partners isoc ' 95 paper \u00a91996 friends and partners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5491629368300847, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.148985"} {"text": "gardening articles : landscaping : : lawns, ground cover, & wildflowers lawn grass ( page 2 of 2 ) by national gardening association editors these are found throughout the south. often they are wide - bladed and coarse compared to the northern grasses. they put on vigorous growth during summer and go dormant and turn brown in winter. golf courses and some homeowners keep lawns green by overseeding with annual rye grass toward the end of the growing season. instead of being started from grass seed, lawns of warm - climate grasses are usually started from planting sprigs, plugs, or sod. bermuda grass. durable and heat - loving, bermudagrass is the most common of the warm - climate grasses. it does not do well in shade. hybrid bermuda grass is very soft and fine - bladed and is therefore a common choice for golf greens in southern regions. centipedegrass. this grass makes a good lawn in hot areas, although it is lighter green in color and subject to drought damage because of shallow roots. it does well in poor soil. st. augustine grass. st. augustine does well in shade and is fast - growing, but is subject to damage from chinch bugs. it prefers slightly alkaline soils over acid soils. zoysiagrass. this grass establishes slowly, but when it gets going forms a dense, wirey, fine - textured lawn and is resistant to heat and drought. it tolerates shade, where it grows slowly. zoysiagrass is relatively free of diseases and insect problems. many improved varieties are available. if you have deep shade, steep banks, or other problem areas, it might be worth investigating the many ground covers that can be used in place of grass lawns. photography by suzanne dejohn / national gardening association.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41937693648257934, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.150849"} {"text": "press release : adult education x dropouts = lose - lose problems that have been plaguing urban secondary schools may be shifting to adult education venues, according to a new study conducted by the graduate center, city university of new york, and commissioned by the u. s. department of education. researchers from the center for advanced study of education ( case ) at the graduate center examined five urban adult education programs and discovered a rise in enrollment among 16 - 20 year - old high school dropouts along with increases in the difficulties those students brought. overall, the results seem to indicate a lose - lose situation, with teenagers not getting the support services they need and adults being disrupted in their learning by needy teenagers. an exploratory case study, the report was commissioned to examine a perceived trend in the increasing effect of high school dropouts on adult education and to see if that perception held up and warranted further concern. the results serve as an alert to policymakers that this trend must be more comprehensively identified, evaluated, and remedied. the research focused on five adult education programs run by local education agencies ( leas ), which were promised anonymity in return for their participation. the total current enrollment of 16 to 20 year - olds at the sites was estimated at 35, 656, just short of 50 % of the total enrollment of 71, 981. although individual sites had different periods and methods of tracking the numbers, they collectively reported a significant increase in 16 to 18 years olds, along with a rise in the percentage those high school age students represented of their total student population. in all cases, the students were primarily black and hispanic, many scored low on standardized reading and mathematics tests, and most had either dropped out of or had been expelled from high school. interviews with teachers, administrators, and students revealed that many in the 16 - 20 year - old cohort were hard - working, motivated students. however, when compared with adult education students as a whole, the 16 - 20 year old students were perceived to be less motivated, more involved in drugs, more involved in gangs and fighting, more likely to exhibit behavior problems, more likely to manifest symptoms of learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder, and more often mandated to attend by courts and drug rehabilitation programs. the net result of the increase enrollment of 16 - 20 year old students was a direct negative impact on the adult education programs, along with a need for greater and different resources to deal with what is generally characterized as a dropout population. although it was not the intention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47472478948045527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.155993"} {"text": "of the increase enrollment of 16 - 20 year old students was a direct negative impact on the adult education programs, along with a need for greater and different resources to deal with what is generally characterized as a dropout population. although it was not the intention to establish a causal link, the study did discuss a combination of factors contributing to the rise in teenage enrollment in adult education programs, including : a more flexible learning environment ; increasingly more difficult secondary school graduation standards ; students ' behavioral difficulties in high school ; an increase in referrals by the courts and drug rehabilitation agencies for ged instruction ; high school student and counselor misperceptions about the nature of the ged ; and more aggressive adult education marketing to a younger group because of reduced welfare - related adult enrollments. in all, research areas the study investigated included : principal investigators included : bert flugman, ph. d., director, center for advanced study in education, graduate center of the city university of new york ; dolores perin, ph. d., associate professor, teachers college, columbia university ; and seymour spiegel, m. ed., project director, center for advanced study in education, graduate center of the city university of new york. the study was funded by the office of vocational and adult education of the u. s. department of education. - relevant federal, state, and local policies - changes in adult education enrollment - qualitative and quantitative student characteristics - reasons for increased 16 - 20 year - old enrollment in adult education - program characteristics - program effectiveness and strategies the complete study, including recommendations, at www. 16to20ae. org. the center for advanced study in education ( case ) conducts basic and applied research : 1 ) to broaden the knowledge and understanding of current urban educational policies and trends, 2 ) to improve the quality of educational practice in urban school districts, and 3 ) to provide research findings upon which local, state, and federal agencies can fashion educational and fiscal policy. case also serves as a forum for the deliberation and analysis of educational policy issues, promotes interdisciplinary initiatives in seeking solutions to educational problems, and functions as a clearinghouse for educational research strategies and for the dissemination of research findings. the graduate center is the doctorate - granting institution of the city university of new york. the only consortium of its kind in the nation, the graduate center draws its faculty of more than 1, 600 members mainly from the cuny senior colleges and cultural and scientific institutions throughout new york city. established in 1961, the graduate center has grown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48191704371603206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.156980"} {"text": "what is bankruptcy? bankruptcy is a legal procedure that provides a financial fresh start to people who cannot pay their debts. it is a serious step and should not be considered a quick fix for money woes. bankruptcy should only be pursued as a last resort when all other attempts to solve financial problems fail. there are three types of bankruptcy : - chapter 13 is for an individual who is temporarily unable to pay their debts and wants to pay them in installments over a period of time. you can usually keep your property, but you must earn wages or have some other source of regular income and you must agree to pay part of that income to creditors. a federal court must approve your repayment plan and your budget. a trustee is appointed and will collect the payments from you, pay your creditors, and make sure you abide by the terms of your repayment plan. - chapter 11 is primarily for the reorganization of a business. under chapter 11, you may continue to operate a business, but your creditors and the court must approve a plan to repay debts. no trustee is appointed unless a judge decides that one is necessary. if a trustee is appointed, the trustee takes control of your business and property. - chapter 7 is for debtors who cannot pay their debts. under chapter 7, you may be able to keep certain property and a trustee may take control of the remaining property of value and sell it to pay creditors. bankruptcy does not fix a bad credit history and it remains on your credit record for up to 10 years. it may be a roadblock to getting a mortgage or credit card. and, not all debt can be cleared up through bankruptcy. for example, you must still pay taxes, alimony, child support, student loans, and court fines. check with a financial counselor to find out if it ' s really necessary for you to file bankruptcy. instead, you may be able to reach an agreement with your creditors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4981326613471256, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.158822"} {"text": "i find this fascinating.... stanford researchers ' cooling glove ' better than steroids ' \u2013 and helps solve physiological mystery, too the temperature - regulation research of stanford biologists h. craig heller and dennis grahn has led to a device that rapidly cools body temperature, greatly improves exercise recovery, and could help explain why muscles get tired. by max mcclure the rapid thermal exchange device, nicknamed ' the glove, ' creates a vacuum to draw blood to the surface of the palms. cold circulating water cools the blood, which returns to the heart and rapidly lowers the body ' s core temperature. \" equal to or substantially better than steroids \u2026 and it ' s not illegal. \" this is the sort of claim you see in spam email subject lines, not in discussions of mammalian thermoregulation. even the man making the statement, stanford biology researcher dennis grahn, seems bemused. \" we really stumbled on this by accident, \" he said. \" we wanted to get a model for studying heat dissipation. \" but for more than a decade now, grahn and biology professor h. craig heller have been pursuing a serendipitous find : by taking advantage of specialized heat - transfer veins in the palms of hands, they can rapidly cool athletes ' core temperatures \u2013 and dramatically improve exercise recovery and performance. the team is finally nearing a commercial version of their specialized heat extraction device, known as \" the glove, \" and they ' ve seen their share of media coverage. but what hasn ' t been discussed is why the glove works the way it does, and what that tells us about why our muscles become fatigued. for heller and grahn, the story starts, improbably, with a longstanding question about bears. black bears are extremely well - insulated animals, equipped with a heavy coat of fur and a thick layer of subcutaneous fat that help them maintain their body temperature as they hibernate through winter. but once spring arrives and temperatures rise, these same bears face a greater risk of overheating than of hypothermia. how do they dump heat without changing insulation layers? heller and grahn discovered that bears and, in fact, nearly all mammals have built - in radiators : hairless areas of the body that feature extensive networks of veins very close to the surface of the skin. rabbits have them in their ears, rats have them in their tails, dogs have them in their tongues. heat transfer with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5434995602106826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.166065"} {"text": "in radiators : hairless areas of the body that feature extensive networks of veins very close to the surface of the skin. rabbits have them in their ears, rats have them in their tails, dogs have them in their tongues. heat transfer with the environment overwhelmingly occurs on these relatively small patches of skin. when you look at a thermal scan of a bear, the animal is mostly indistinguishable from the background. but the pads of the bear ' s feet and the tip of the nose look like they ' re on fire. these networks of veins, known as avas ( arteriovenous anastomoses ) seem exclusively devoted to rapid temperature management. they don ' t supply nutrition to the skin, and they have highly variable blood flow, ranging from negligible in cold weather to as much as 60 percent of total cardiac output during hot weather or exercise. coolers and vacuums in humans, avas show up in several places, including the face and feet, but the researchers ' glove targets our most prominent radiator structures \u2013 in the palms of our hands. the newest version of the device is a rigid plastic mitt, attached by a hose to what looks like a portable cooler. when grahn sticks his hand in the airtight glove, the device creates a slight vacuum. the veins in the palm expand, drawing blood into the avas, where it is rapidly cooled by water circulating through the glove ' s plastic lining. the method is more convenient than, say, full - body submersion in ice water, and avoids the pitfalls of other rapid palm - cooling strategies. because blood flow to the avas can be nearly shut off in cold weather, making the hand too cold will have almost no effect on core temperature. cooling, grahn says, is therefore a delicate balance. \" you have to stay above the local vasoconstriction threshold, \" said grahn. \" and what do you get if you go under? you get a cold hand. \" even in prototype form, the researchers ' device proved enormously efficient at altering body temperature. the glove ' s early successes were actually in increasing the core temperature of surgery patients recovering from anesthesia. \" we built a silly device, took it over to the recovery room and, lo and behold, it worked beyond our wildest imaginations, \" heller explained. \" whereas it was taking them hours to re - warm patients coming into the recovery room, we were doing it in eight, nine minutes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5538581555158434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.166997"} {"text": "the recovery room and, lo and behold, it worked beyond our wildest imaginations, \" heller explained. \" whereas it was taking them hours to re - warm patients coming into the recovery room, we were doing it in eight, nine minutes. \" but the glove ' s effects on athletic performance didn ' t become apparent until the researchers began using the glove to cool a member of the lab \u2013 the confessed \" gym rat \" and frequent coauthor vinh cao \u2013 between sets of pull - ups. the glove seemed to nearly erase his muscle fatigue ; after multiple rounds, cooling allowed him to do just as many pull - ups as he did the first time around. so the researchers started cooling him after every other set of pull - ups. \" then in the next six weeks he went from doing 180 pull - ups total to over 620, \" said heller. \" that was a rate of physical performance improvement that was just unprecedented. \" the researchers applied the cooling method to other types of exercise \u2013 bench press, running, cycling. in every case, rates of gain in recovery were dramatic, without any evidence of the body being damaged by overwork \u2013 hence the \" better than steroids \" claim. versions of the glove have since been adopted by the stanford football and track and field teams, as well as other college athletics programs, the san francisco 49ers, the oakland raiders and manchester united soccer club. the elegant muscle but what does overheating have to do with fatigue in the first place? much of the lab ' s recent research can be summed up with grahn ' s statement that \" temperature is a primary limiting factor for performance. \" but the researchers were at a loss to understand why until recently. in 2009, it was discovered that muscle pyruvate kinase, or mpk, an enzyme that muscles need in order to generate chemical energy, was highly temperature - sensitive. at normal body temperature, the enzyme is active \u2013 but as temperatures rise, some of the enzyme begins to deform into the inactive state. by the time muscle temperatures near 104 degrees fahrenheit, mpk activity completely shuts down. there ' s a very good biological reason for this shutdown. as a muscle cell increases its activity, it heats up. but if this process continues for too long, the cell will self - destruct. by shutting itself down below a critical temperature threshold, mpk serves as an elegant self - regulation system for the muscle. \" your muscle cells are saying, \" you can ' t work that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5616230446240875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.167948"} {"text": "the angel gabriel interrupts mary at her devotions and announces, \" you shall conceive and bear a son, and you shall give him the name jesus. \" ( luke 1 : 31 ) in an attitude of humility, mary sits on the plain tiled floor, eyes downcast, and raises her hands in surprise. gabriel, dressed in white with multi - colored wings, kneels and points towards the circular window above, indicating the presence of god. with his other hand he draws back the curtain of the canopy. dieric bouts painted the scene in a lucid and spatially convincing setting. the room at the left is simply described : a barrel ceiling, a marble column with two steps leading up to the room, and a stained glass window. a mood of solemnity, suitable for prayer, pervades the scene. in this somber setting bouts ' s use of bright red for the drapery seems unusual. it may signify the passion, forecasting the death of christ, or it may be purely decorative since bouts used this color in other compositions. the annunciation belongs to a set of five paintings that originally constituted a polyptych representing scenes from the life of jesus christ. it was probably the upper left panel of an altarpiece that included paintings of the adoration of the magi, entombment ( upper right ), resurrection ( lower right ), and perhaps the crucifixion in the center.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4577232648650475, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.169281"} {"text": "electrical inductance sensors are non - contact devices that measure the inductance of an electrical component or system. they consist of a wire loop or coils and are relatively inexpensive. inductance, the property of a circuit or circuit element to oppose a change in current flow, refers to the capacity of a conductor to produce a magnetic field. the standard unit of inductance is the henry ( h ). because the henry is a large unit, electrical inductance sensors often measure inductance in microhenry ( \u00b5h ) or millihenry ( mh ) levels. electrical inductance sensors contain a nickel - iron core shaft that rotates within the coil around the material. the inductance measured by an electrical inductance sensor depends on the number of turns in the coil, the type of material around which the coil rotates, and the radius of the coil. with the rotation of the shaft, displacement occurs within the coil and generates inductance. this displacement produces signals that can be measured by an inductance meter and recorded. most inductance meters are digital, hand held devices suitable for measuring inductance of very low value. the results of the inductance calculation can be plotted as a graph for future study. selecting electrical inductance sensors requires a careful analysis of product specifications and application requirements. most electrical inductance sensors have a standard accuracy variance of less than 0. 5 % when measured on full scale. for best results, an electrical inductance sensor should be able to generate an output signal of at least 4 - 20 ma. typically, a sensor \u2019 s measurement range is approximately 30 % of the coil diameter. for high precision measurements, the thickness of the coil should be at least 0. 025 inches ( in. ). electrical inductance sensors are used in many different applications. some electrical sensors are used in the automotive industry and the power industry. other electrical sensors are used in constructing planar transformers, generating electrical magnetic fields, and monitoring the inductance of an electrical component. electrical sensors such as electrical inductance sensors are widely used for detecting the presence of electrical voltage in equipments, and defective grounds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5297219064374886, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.171313"} {"text": "please note that the topic hubs developed by this center have been archived and are no longer being updated. glrppr has converted several of its topic hubs to libguides, which allowed for integration of some social features. view the converted hubs, as well as other libguides related to pollution prevention and sustainability, in the university of illinois ' libguides community. regulatory integration : browse by keyword air pollution / air quality / air quality control / alabama / awards / california / case studies / cleaner production / compliance / connecticut / construction contracts / drinking water / energy policy / enforcement / environmental auditing / environmental policy / factory and trade waste / federal government / fiberglass / florida / georgia / government agencies / great lakes region / groundwater / hazardous waste / hazardous waste disposal / hazardous waste generators / illinois / incentives / indiana / inspection / iowa / laws and legislation / legislative bodies / legislators / licenses / local government / manufacturers / massachusetts / michigan / minnesota / municipal government / nebraska / new jersey / ohio / permits / potw / public works / remediation / standards / state governments / styrene / sustainable development / technical assistance / texas / united states. environmental protection agency / virginia / waste / waste disposal / waste management / waste reduction / wastewater / water pollution / water quality / wisconsin alphabetical listing of reference documents by title note : [ pdf ] links require acrobat reader from adobe. clean energy - environment guide to action [ pdf ] abstract : the clean energy - environment guide to action identifies and describes 16 clean energy policies and strategies that states have used to meet their clean energy objectives. it describes how states are successfully expanding the role of clean energy in the u. s. energy system and shares the experience and lessons learned from successful state clean energy policies. epa developed the guide to action to help states learn from each other as they develop their own clean energy programs and policies. state energy offices, public utility commissions, environmental regulators, other state policymakers, and their stakeholders can use the guide to analyze and implement policies and programs that effectively integrate clean energy into a low - cost, clean, reliable energy system for their state. states participating in the clean energy - environment state partnership will use the guide to action to develop a clean energy - environment state action plan for using new or existing policies and programs to increase the use of cost - effective clean energy. ( pdf format ; length : 361 pages ) source : u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) environmental council of the states abstract :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4983980503116241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.181382"} {"text": "action plan for using new or existing policies and programs to increase the use of cost - effective clean energy. ( pdf format ; length : 361 pages ) source : u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) environmental council of the states abstract : environmental council of the states ( ecos ), is a national non - profit, non - partisan association of state and territorial environmental commissioners. source : environmental council of the states illinois epa : regulatory integration abstract : this portion of the illinois epa office of pollution prevention ( opp ) web site provides an overview of opp ' s efforts to work with the agency ' s regulatory programs to integrate p2 into their mainstream functions. included are brief summaries of \" special regulatory integration projects \" in which opp has partnered with regulatory programs on targeted efforts to promote p2 during inspection activities. source : illinois environmental protection agency ( epa ) indiana department of environmental management pollution prevention regulatory integration abstract : goal : develop, in coordination with the program offices, recommendations and make decisions on implementation for specific pollution prevention integration goals and projects for the permitting, compliance assurance and enforcement programs. source : idem oppta integrating p2 into the permit writing process [ pdf ] abstract : this report from the kansas sbeap provides guidance for permit writers in promoting pollution prevention. ( pdf format ; length : 8 pages ) source : kansas small business environmental assistance program ( sbeap ) pollution prevention institute ( ppi ) iowa department of natural resources ( dnr ). abstract : this collaborative effort within the dnr? s assistance and regulatory units improves communication between businesses whose waste production is regulated by the dnr and its problem - solving resource units. source : iowa department of natural resources ( dnr ). is epa ' s performance track running off the rails? abstract : since its creation in 2000 as a program that relaxes regulatory oversight on companies with exemplary environmental performance, the u. s. epa? s performance track has come under fire for bending over backward in favor of polluters. when first enacted, performance track was touted as a voluntary means to improve habitat protection, water and energy use, and waste reduction? areas over which the epa has little regulatory authority. but moves to abolish the reporting that could help improve pollution technologies, together with changes that might allow companies to break their promises, have placed performance track under scrutiny. article by janet pelley. source : environmental science & technology measuring pollution prevention ( p2 ) regulatory integration : review of other states? efforts and recommendations for action ( 2000 ) [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4844775180097342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.182642"} {"text": "allow companies to break their promises, have placed performance track under scrutiny. article by janet pelley. source : environmental science & technology measuring pollution prevention ( p2 ) regulatory integration : review of other states? efforts and recommendations for action ( 2000 ) [ pdf ] abstract : this report, compiled by the tellus institute for the ohio epa, offers a review of the breadth and depth of the efforts by 11 state p2 programs to measure the progress of their p2 regulatory integration activities. source : tellus institute ( for the ohio epa ) michigan clean corporate citizen ( c3 ) program abstract : this portion of the michigan department of environmental quality web site describes the clean corporate citizen ( c3 ) program and provides links to all related annual reports, application forms, and other documentation. the c3 program allows regulated establishments that have demonstrated environmental stewardship and a strong environmental ethic through their operations in michigan to be recognized as clean corporate citizens. the c3 program is built on the concept that these michigan facilities can be relied upon to carry out their environmental protection responsibilities without rigorous oversight, and should enjoy greater permitting flexibility than those that have not demonstrated that level of environmental awareness. clean corporate citizens who voluntarily participate in this program will receive public recognition and are entitled to certain regulatory benefits, including expedited permits. source : michigan department of environmental quality ( deq ) michigan department of environmental quality : regulatory integration abstract : this portion of the michigan deq environmental assistance division web site provides an overview of the agency ' s regulatory integration efforts. included are information on the agency ' s staff awards, p2 and drinking water, p2 integration tools, p2 financial assistance, and p2 field services, as well as issues of p2 revue and related links. source : michigan department of environmental quality ( deq ) national environmental performance track abstract : designed to motivate and reward facilities that go beyond compliance with regulatory requirements to attain levels of environmental performance that benefit people, communities, and the environment. source : u. s. epa ny : first lady silda wall spitzer announces green building initiatives abstract : first lady silda wall spitzer and david d. brown, executive director of the dormitory authority of the state of new york ( dasny ), today announced two important initiatives to promote the construction of green homes and state - owned buildings throughout the state. building on her effort to encourage homeowners throughout the state to incorporate simple energy reduction features into their homes, the first lady announced that the administration will offer legislation that offers a direct incentive to homeown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5008921192947328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.183879"} {"text": "homes and state - owned buildings throughout the state. building on her effort to encourage homeowners throughout the state to incorporate simple energy reduction features into their homes, the first lady announced that the administration will offer legislation that offers a direct incentive to homeowners who build or renovate homes that meet green building criteria. the amount of the incentive will be based on the size of the home, with a cap of $ 10, 000 per home, and help offset the typical 5 percent increase in construction costs when \" green \" or \" sustainable \" features are incorporated. the dormitory authority announced that beginning in 2008, all new state construction projects and major renovations managed by the dormitory authority will meet leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) standards established by the united states green building council. the leed green building rating system is an internationally recognized program for the design, construction, and maintenance of high - performance green buildings. leed addresses all aspects of building construction and operation, including energy efficiency, land use, water conservation and re - use, indoor air quality, renewable energy, non - toxic landscaping practices, and recycling. source : dormitory authority of the state of new york ohio environmental protection agency abstract : oh epa uses innovation, quality service, and public involvement to ensure a safe and healthy environment for all ohioans. their mission is to protect the environment and public health by ensuring compliance & demonstrating stewardship. source : ohio environmental protection agency ongoing efforts by state regulatory agencies to integrate pollution prevention into their activities abstract : while the vast majority of state p2 initiatives remain focused on providing non - regulatory assistance to industry, there is an increasing effort in many states to modify regulatory programs to incorporate p2 approaches. source : u. s. epa, office of pollution prevention and toxics pollution prevention regulatory integration case studies [ pdf ] abstract : case studies provided by individuals and organizations actively working to integrate p2 into core environmental regulatory programs. includes state, national, and international projects. source : national pollution prevention roundtable pollution prevention integration and innovation ( p2i2 ) workgroup pollution prevention success stories abstract : this document highlights 26 p2 success stories spread over a wide spectrum. included are examples of successful regulatory integration. text version available at http : / / www. epa. gov / p2 / docs / p2case. txt. source : us epa small business assistance? permit primer ( wisconsin ) abstract : the permit primer is an interactive web page that helps wisconsin businesses determine which environmental permits and licenses they need. it also links users to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5177618020976495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.185069"} {"text": "p2case. txt. source : us epa small business assistance? permit primer ( wisconsin ) abstract : the permit primer is an interactive web page that helps wisconsin businesses determine which environmental permits and licenses they need. it also links users to pollution prevention tips, contacts, statutes and more. includes sections on water supply, storm water, solid waste, hazardous waste, waterway and wetland permits, and air. source : wisconsin department of natural resources state regulatory innovations laws? comparison [ pdf ] abstract : comparison of state laws that authorize regulatory innovation pilot projects. brief overview & description of each law, requirements for environmental performance, stakeholder process, waiver authority & termination process. source : minnesota pollution control agency summary : ohio epa p2 integration activities ( thru july 1999 ) [ pdf ] abstract : annotated list of ohio epa p2 integration accomplishments and activities until july 1999. serves as a baseline for measurement of p2 integration progress at ohio epa. source : ohio epa, office of pollution prevention toxic use reduction institute ( turi ) : government programs abstract : policy research assesses, develops, and evaluates specific initiatives that public agencies can implement to reduce the use of toxic chemicals and the generation of toxic byproducts by industry and communities. the institute also has worked with environmental agencies to help them more fully integrate pollution prevention into their public administration activities and operations. source : toxic use reduction institute ( turi ) wisconsin department of natural resources cooperative environmental assistance ( cea ) abstract : the cea bureau coordinates and integrates p2, waste reduction, and other voluntary approaches to environmental protection within wi dnr, and investigates and supports innovative, non - regulatory incentives to promote environmental protection. source : wisconsin department of natural resources wisconsin green tier program abstract : building on the successes of the environmental cooperation pilot program, green tier creates co - benefits for businesses aspiring to differentiate themselves by systematically delivering superior environmental performance. green tier is based on a collaborative system of contracts and charters crafted jointly by participating businesses and the dnr. these contracts and charters streamline environmental requirements in many cases and encourage new environmental technologies. source : wisconsin department of natural resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49027250211895024, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.186081"} {"text": "encyclopedia vol. 2 appendix part 1 fossils and strata the only past evidence available to us of the evolution from one species through transitional species to others is the fossil record in the sedimentary * mcloughlin assures us that the proof of evolution is available, and that it is to be found in the evidence in the rocks. [ after considering archbishop ussher ' s famous chronology as being a search for the limits of time on our planet : ] \" today we continue archbishop ussher ' s search, but we now use a far more accurate source of information than his bible. from the beginning of its history, the earth has maintained a detailed geological journal.. \" * j. c. mcloughlin, archosauria ( 1979 ), p. 1. the case for evolution rests in the rocks. \" if evolution has taken place, there [ on the rocks ] will its mark be left : if it has not taken place, there will be its refutation. \" h. enoch, quoting t. h. huxley in evolution or creation, ( 1966 ), p. 51. * pierre grass agrees. \" naturalists must remember that the process of evolution is revealed only through fossil forms. a knowledge of paleontology is, therefore a prerequisite ; only paleontology can provide the evidence of evolution and reveal its course or mechanism. \" * pierre paul grasse, evolution of living organisms ( 1977 ), p. 4. the evidence for the theory that counts will be evidence shown in the \" the really crucial evidence for evolution must be provided by the paleontologist whose business it is to study the evidence of the fossil record. \" * w. e. le gros clark ( 1955 ), p. 7. it can provide us with the only evidence available. \" evolution, if it has occurred, can in a rather loose sense be called a historical process ; and therefore, to show that it has occurred, historical evidence is required.. the only evidence available is that provided by the fossils. \" * w. r. thompson, introduction to * charles darwin, origin of the species ( 1956 ed. ). but the truth is that the geological evidence is of little help to the evolutionary \" geology, however, has been notably unforthcoming, and instead of being the chief support of darwin ' s theory, it is one of its moat serious weaknesses. \" * gertrude himmelfarb, darwin and the darwinian revolution ( 1962 ), p. 330. facts supporting evolution are not to be found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48395096293649326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.219276"} {"text": "of being the chief support of darwin ' s theory, it is one of its moat serious weaknesses. \" * gertrude himmelfarb, darwin and the darwinian revolution ( 1962 ), p. 330. facts supporting evolution are not to be found in the fossils, so faith alone must suffice. \" the more one studies paleontology, the more certain one becomes that evolution based on faith alone, exactly the same sort of faith which it is necessary to have when one encounters the great mysteries of religion. \" * louis trenchard more, the dogma of evolution ( 1925 ). [ dean of graduate school of university of cincinnati, and a * darwin ' s champion and \" bulldog \" admitted the total absence of evidence from the strata for evolutionary theory. \" to say, therefore, in the admitted absence of evidence [ for evolution ], that i have any belief as to the mode in which the existing forms of life have originated would be using words in a wrong sense.. i have no right to call my opinion anything but an act of philosophical faith. \" * thomas henry huxley, discourses biological and geological ( 1896 ad. ), pp. 256 - 257. * allen deplores the sorry state of historical geology, which encompasses both paleontology ( fossil study ) and stratigraphy ( strata study ), which is supposed to provide us with evidence from the past for the evolution of plants, animals, and man. \" because of the sterility of its concepts, historical geology, which includes paleontology and stratigraphy, has become static and unproductive. current methods.. of establishing chronology are of dubious validity. worse than that, the criteria of correlationthe attempt to equate in time, a synchronize the geological history of one area with that of anotherare logically vulnerable. the findings of historical geology are suspect because the principles upon which they are based are either inadequate, in which case they should be discarded or reformulated. most of us refuse to discard or reformulate, and the result is the present deplorable state of our discipline. \" * robin s. allen, \" geological correlation anal paleoecology, \" bulletin of the geological society of america, january 1948, p. 2. a london anatomy professor summarizes it in this manner : \" paleontology, or the study of fossils, provides the really crucial evidence concerning the evolution of the hominidae in the past. however extensive and compelling it may be, the evidence for evolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5026240234895929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.220234"} {"text": "anatomy professor summarizes it in this manner : \" paleontology, or the study of fossils, provides the really crucial evidence concerning the evolution of the hominidae in the past. however extensive and compelling it may be, the evidence for evolution based on the study of red living today can be only indirect.. direct evidence of evolution must depend on actual demonstration from the fossil record of a succession of stages representing the transformation of ark ancestral into a descendant type.. that evolution did occur can be scientifically established only by fossilized representative samples of those intermediate types that have been postulated on the basis of indirect evidence. \" * michael day, article, \" man, \" in encyclopedia britannica, vol. 11 ( 19n ed. ), p. 420. 2. the fossil hunters millions of fossil specimens have boon located, preserved, shipped to universities and museums for study and categorization and then stored. how do men obtain and process 1 - selecting the area to search. fossil seekerswhether they be amateur rock hounds, pebble puppies, or professional paleontologists ; first go to locations where larger quantities of fossils have been discovered. for example, if one wants to find dinosaurs he will probably go to colorado, wyoming, or alberta, canada. the best collecting areas are those places where wind, water, or highway excavation has cut deep into the rocks and exposed large areas. in such paces, one does not have to dig as far to find fossils. 2 - beginning the search.. plants or invertebrate ( backboneless ) animals will be found inside rocks, so the fossil hunter split rocks open to locate them. to find the larger animals, a search is made for fragments of bone which might be sticking out of the ground. then other bones must be found that match it the searcher begins with larger tools, but switches to smaller ones when he comes to the bones. final cleaning of skeletons is done with small awls and paintbrushes, 3. protecting the finds in the field. as each bone is uncovered, it is given a protective coating of shellac or a quick - drying plastic. then it is covered with strips of wet paper, over which are wrapped strips of burlap dipped in plaster of paris. this forms a protective \" jacket \" larger bones may be strengthened by placing sticks inside the jacket. when the plaster has hardened, the specimen is rolled over and a jacket is placed on the 3 - protecting the finds in the field. as. as each bone is uncovered,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46848691015487787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.221301"} {"text": "\" jacket \" larger bones may be strengthened by placing sticks inside the jacket. when the plaster has hardened, the specimen is rolled over and a jacket is placed on the 3 - protecting the finds in the field. as. as each bone is uncovered, it is given a protective coating of shellac or a quick - drying plastic. then it is covered with strips of wet paper, over which are wrapped strips of burlap dipped in plaster of saris. this forms a protective \" jacket. \" larger bones may be strengthened by placing sticks inside the jacket. when the plaster has hardened, the specimen is rolled over and a jacket is places do the other side. 4 - final work back in the museum. 4 - final work back in the museum. final work back in the museum. final work back in the museum. upon arriving at the museum, it is then fully uncovered, given a better cleaning, and plaster is added to fill out broken or missing parts. the piece is then classified and either added to the already, huge fossil stockpiles, or, if it is a particularly good specimen, it may be put on display. specimens for display are mounted. for a shelf mount, specimens are merely cleaned and set on a shelf for people to look at. for a bas - relief mount, technicians clean off the best side of the skeleton, strengthen the other side with plaster, and then fasten the slab to the wall. for a free mount, each bone is removed from the rock, cleaned, and strengthened. then a small model is made to indicate the position of all the bones in the finished mount. a steel framework is welded together, and the bones are fastened to the outside of the framework, hiding the steel. once completed, the skeleton appears to stand by itself. 5 - has it been worth it? when you stop to think about it, millions of man - hours and entire lives have been devoted to the urgent task of finding transitional species. but it has been a total failure ; all the paleontologists have found have been distinct species. in addition, there is nothing inherent in the fossils or the strata by which to date any of the rocks or their contents. 3. the experts speak the scientists themselves recognize that the flaws! n the fossil evidence are simply too great. the rocks and their fossils simply do not support evolutionary theory : * charles darwin recognized in his time that the fossil evidence was lacking for the origin of species and their transition from one species to another. but he said that later fossil discoveries would vindicate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46629682252319143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.222245"} {"text": ". the rocks and their fossils simply do not support evolutionary theory : * charles darwin recognized in his time that the fossil evidence was lacking for the origin of species and their transition from one species to another. but he said that later fossil discoveries would vindicate his position. yet a century of fossil exploration has failed to do that. \" darwin set aside most of the fossil evidence for evolution with the proposal that it was massively incomplete. but there were polemic rather than scientific reasons for this attitude because he insisted on gradualistic evolution which most fossils did not substantiate. but the fossil record can no longer be set aside as woefully incomplete. more than 100 years of study demand instead that the gradualistic concept be reassessed. \" * j. b. waterhouse, \" the role of fossil communities in the biostratigraphical record and in evolution, \" in * j. gray and * a. j. \" historical biogeography, plate tectonics, and the changing environment \" ( 1979 ), in proceedings of the 37th annual biology colloquium ( 1979 ), p. 249 - 250. so little paleontolgical evidence is available, that darwinism has to be read into the rocks,, not out of them! \" the record of the rocks is decidedly against evolutionists. \" * sir william dawson, geologist. the fossilized record book declares that evolution is based on faith alone. the more one studies paleontology, the more certain one becomes that evolution is based on faith alone ; exactly the same sort of faith which it is necessary to have when one encounters the great mysteries of religion. the changes that are noted as time progresses show no orderly and no consecutive evolutionary chain, and above all, they give us no clue whatever as to the cause of variations. evolutionists would have us believe that they have photographed a succession of fauna and flora, and have arranged them on a vast moving picture 51m. the evidence from paleontology is for discontinuity [ separate species ] ; only by faith and imagination is there continuity [ evolution ] of variation. \" * louis t. more, the dogma of evolution, also presented in a series of lectures delivered at princeton university. the fossil evidence provides no particular evidence in support of \" the fossil record doesn ' t even provide any evidence in support of darwinian theory except in the weak sense that the fossil record is compatible with it ; just as it is compatible with other evolutionary theories, and revolutionary theories, and special creationist theories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5019884389692678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.223469"} {"text": "\" the fossil record doesn ' t even provide any evidence in support of darwinian theory except in the weak sense that the fossil record is compatible with it ; just as it is compatible with other evolutionary theories, and revolutionary theories, and special creationist theories and even ahistorical [ nonhistorical ] theories. \" * david b. kitts, \" search for the holy transformation, \" paleobiology, vol. 5, summer 1979, p. 353. \" no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory of evolution over special creation. \" * mark ridley, \" who doubts evolution? \" new scientist, vol. 90, june 25, 1981, p. 831. \" but the facts of paleontology conform equally well with other interpretations.. e. g., divine creation, etc., and paleontology by itself can neither prove nor refute such ideas. \" * dwight davis, \" comparative anatomy and the evolution of vertebrates. \" in * jepsen, * mayr and * simpson ( sort. hors ), genetics, paleontology and evolution ( 1949 ), p. 74. \" the fossil evidence could be consistent with the idea of a great designer. \" * carl sagan, cosmos ( 1980 ). p. 29. adherence to darwin ' s theory has locked paleontologists into a position which their research does not vindicate : \" contrary to popular myths, darwin and lyell were not the heroes of true science.. paleontologists have paid an exorbitant price for darwin ' s argument. we fancy ourselves as the only true students of life ' s history, yet to preserve our favored account of evolution by natural selection we view our data as so bad that we never see the very process we profess to study. \" * stephen jay gould, \" evolution ' s erratic pace, \" natural history, vol. 88, may 1977, p. 12, 14. [ gould is a professor at harvard university teaching geology, biology, and the history of science. ] the fossil hunters have little hope that their profession will accomplish its task within the foreseeable future. \" likewise, paleontologists do their best to make sense out of the fossil record and sketch in evolutionary sequences or unfossilized morphologies without realistic hope of obtaining specific verification within the foreseeable future. \" * donald r. griffin, \" a possible window on the minds of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45151972593029654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.224475"} {"text": "to make sense out of the fossil record and sketch in evolutionary sequences or unfossilized morphologies without realistic hope of obtaining specific verification within the foreseeable future. \" * donald r. griffin, \" a possible window on the minds of animals, \" american scientist, vol. 84, september - october 1978, p. 534. the geologic column theory of evolution is supposed to show gradual evolutionary progression of life forms, but it fails to do just that : five - kingdom system may appear, at first glance, to record an inevitable progress in the history of life that i have often opposed in these columns. increasing diversity and multiple transitions seem to reflect a determined and inexorable progression toward higher things. but the paleontolgical record supports no such interpretation. there has been no steady progress in the higher development of organic design. \" * stephen j. gould, natural history, 85 ( 8 ) : 37 ( 1978 ). not only christians, but scientistsand even paleontologistsare coming to the conclusion that darwin ' s theory is incorrect. \" evolution.. is not only under attack by fundamentalist christians, but is also being questioned by reputable scientists. among paleontologist, scientists who study the fossil record, there is growing dissent from the prevailing view of darwinism. \" * james gorman, \" the tortoise or the hare? \" discover, october 1980, p. the facts written in the rocks are totally separate from the theories taught by \" so the geological time scale and the basic facts of biological change over time are totally independent of evolutionary theory. \" in the years after darwin, his advocates hoped to find predictable progressions. in general, these have not been foundyet the optimism has died hard, and some pure fantasy has crept into textbooks. \" * david m. \" evolution and me fossil record \" in science, july 17, 1981, p. 289. evolutionary theory is a false science, founded on assumptions based on assumptions. \" through use or abuse of hidden postulates, of bolo, often ill - founded extrapolations, a pseudoscience has been seated. it is taking root in the very heart of biology and is leading astray many biochemists and biologists, who sincerely believe that the accuracy of fundamental concepts has been demonstrated, which is not the case. \" * p. grasse, in the evolution of living organisms ( 1977 ), p. 8. the transitional forms are just not there. \" the extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5575036002026968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.225580"} {"text": "has been demonstrated, which is not the case. \" * p. grasse, in the evolution of living organisms ( 1977 ), p. 8. the transitional forms are just not there. \" the extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record persists as the trade secret of paleontology. the evolutionary trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips and nodes of their branches ; the rest is inference, however reasonable, not the evidence of fossils. \" op. cit., p. 14. only the fossil record can provide past evidence of evolution, and this it does not do. \" although the fossil record forms our only direct evidence of the course of evolutionary.. history, it is notoriously incomplete. \" * j. w. valentine, \" phanerozoic taxonomic diversity : a test of alternate models, \" in science, if evolutionary theory had been correct, vast numbers of transitional species ought to have been found. \" even if a number of species were known to biology which were indeed perfectly intermediate, possessing organ systems that were unarguably transitional in the sense required by the evolutionary model of nature, to refute typology and securely validate evolutionary claims would necessitate hundreds of thousands or even thousands [ of thousands ] of different species, all unambiguously intermediate in terms of their overall biology and the physiology and anatomy of all their organ systems. \" * michael denton, in evolution : a theory in crisis ( 1985 ), p. 117. * hoffman tells us that all the arguments among the fossil hunters may have helped them understand what they are trying to accomplish, but it has not helped them accomplish it. the task before them has been to provide evidence of evolution. \" all the recent paleobiological debates have, in my opinion, contributed much to the conceptualization of paleobiological research itself, but nothing to evolutionary biology. this is not to say that paleobiologists cannot contribute to evolutionary biology. i contend only that they have not done so. \" * a. hoffman, \" paleobiology at the crossroads : a critique of some modern paleobiological research programs, \" in dimensions of darwinism ( 1983 ), p. 241. a leading expert on fossils suggests not only that transitional fossil species are not existent, but that the theory being pursued is a will - of - the - wisp that is little more than a scholastic myth : \" i conclude that instances of fossils overturning theories of relationship based on recent organisms are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5009731372676675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.226642"} {"text": "transitional fossil species are not existent, but that the theory being pursued is a will - of - the - wisp that is little more than a scholastic myth : \" i conclude that instances of fossils overturning theories of relationship based on recent organisms are very rare, and may be nonexistent. it follows that the widespread belief that fossils are the only or best means of determining evolutionary relationships is a myth. tracing how this myth came to be an article of faith among biologists [ an ' idol of the academy ' ] should be an interesting study in the sociology of science ; it seems to have followed, as an unquestioned corollary, from acceptance of evolution. \" * colin patterson, \" significance of fossils in determining evolutionary relationships, \" in annual review ecology and systematics ( 1981 ), p. 218. the evidence is lacking for the theory that living forms all descended from a common ancestor. \" the attempt to explain all living forms in terms of an evolution from a unique source, though a brave and valid attempt, is one that is premature and not satisfactorily supposed by present - day evidence. \" * g. kerkut, in implications of evolution ( 1977 ), p. 6. pitman provides us with an excellent summary of the problem : \" cambrian rocks exhibit an explosion of life, so termed. all kingdoms and subkingdoms are represented in the geologic record from here onward. so are all classes except vertebrates, insects, moss corals, and the extinct trilobites and graptolites. divisions of the plant kingdom, except algae and fungi, appear later. no new phylum ( a division ) has arisen for 350 million years, and there is a complete absence of transitional series between any two phyla. in excess of 5, 000 species adorn the cambrian layers. \" * michael pitman, adam and evolution ( 1984 ), p. 190. here is a companion statement : \" evolution has to explain not only persistent species but persistent kinds. as regards classification, all kingdoms and subkingdoms are represented from the cambrian onward. all classes of the animal kingdom are represented from the cambrian onward except insects ( devonian onward ) and ( perhaps ) vertebrates and moss - corals from the ordovician [ onward ]. all phyla in the plant kingdom are represented from the triassic onward except bacteria, algae, ( algae, with bacteria and fungi, occur from the pre - cambrian onward ) ; mosses and horsetails", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5525601955578726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.228517"} {"text": "from the ordovician [ onward ]. all phyla in the plant kingdom are represented from the triassic onward except bacteria, algae, ( algae, with bacteria and fungi, occur from the pre - cambrian onward ) ; mosses and horsetails ( silurian onward ) ; diatoms ( jurassic onward ) and flowering plants ( cretaceous onward ). as we noted earlier, orders and families ( as well as kingdoms, phyla and classes ) appear suddenly in the fossil record, with no indication of transitional forms from earlier types. the is the case even for most genera and species. index - fossil sequences such as micraster, ammonites and trilobites indicate only variation ( ' microevolution ' ). \" * op. cit., p. 236. the study of fossils reveals \" vast stretches of little or no change and one evolutionary burst that created the entire system. \" \" increasing diversity and multiple transitions seem to reflect a determined and inexorable progression toward higher things. but the paleontological record supports no such interpretation. there has been no steady progress in the higher development of organic design. we have had, instead, vast stretches of little or no change and one evolutionary burst that created the entire system. \" * stephen jay gould, \" the five kingdoms, \" in natural history, june - july 1976, p. 37. when new species did appear, they appeared suddenly, and with no links to previous species. \" new species almost always appeared suddenly in the fossil record with no intermediate links to ancestors in older rocks of the same region. \" * s. j. gould, \" evolution ' s erratic pace, \" in natural history, may 1977, p. 12. evolutionary theory is based on group preferences, rather than on any scientific data : \" i know that at least in paleoanthropology, data are still so sparse that theories heavily influence interpretations. theories have, in the past, clearly reflected our current ideologies instead of actual data. \" * david pilbeam, \" rearranging our family tree, \" in human nature june : 45 ( 1978 ). [ yale fossil experts well know that the evidence in the sedimentary rocks provides no defense against the creationist view that god created the world : \" no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory of evolution as opposed to special creation. \" * mark ridley, \" who doubts evolution? \" in new scientist, 90", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5263569256351198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.229585"} {"text": "\" no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory of evolution as opposed to special creation. \" * mark ridley, \" who doubts evolution? \" in new scientist, 90 : 830 - 831 ( 1981 ). ( oxford university zoologist. ) uniformitarianism vs. catastrophism the theory of uniformitarianism teaches that \" all things continue as they were from the beginning \" ( 2 peter 3 : 4 ; read 2 peter 3 : 3 - 7 ). this theory declares that all past history has been just like our own time in regard to flooding, atmospheric conditions, and orogenic ( mountain building ) activity. in contrast, creationists hold to the position that a massive cataclysm of immense proportions occurred only a few thousand years ago. that crisis was the genesis flood, recorded in genesis 8 to 9. * lyell was the first to widely champion the theory of \" opposed to the line of thinking was sir charles lyell ( 1797 - 1875 ), a contemporary of cuvier, who held that earth changes were gradual, taking place at the same uniform slowness that they are today. lyell is thus credited with the propagation of the premise that more or less has guided geological thought ever since, namely, that the present is the key to the past. in essence, lyell ' s doctrine of uniformitarianism stated that past geological progress operated in the same manner and at the same rate it does today. \" * j. h. zumberge, elements of geology, 2nd. edition, ( 1963 ), p. 200. the uniformitarian theory provides a neatly - wrapped package, inside of which is the evolutionary geologic theory : \" this is the great underlying principle of modern geology and is known as the principle of uniformitarianism.. without the principle of uniformitarianism there could hardly be a science of geology that was more than pure description. \" * william thornbury, principles of geomorphology ( 1954 ), pp. 16 - 17. \" uniformitarian thinking compels us to recognize, in the record of the rocks, the slow unfolding of diverse sequence of events whose full display is beyond our comprehension. \" * w. dickinson, \" uniformitarianism and plate tectonics, \" in science 174 : 107. ( we should here mention that there is a type of uniform pattern in nature with which we can well agree : the unalterable laws governing the natural world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5197092687692187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.230573"} {"text": "dickinson, \" uniformitarianism and plate tectonics, \" in science 174 : 107. ( we should here mention that there is a type of uniform pattern in nature with which we can well agree : the unalterable laws governing the natural world. ) \" uniformitarianism is a dual concept. substantive uniformitarianism ( a testable theory of geologic change postulating uniformity of rates of material conditions ) is false and stifling to hypothesis formation. methodological uniformitarianism ( a procedural principle asserting spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws ) belongs to the definition of science and is not unique to geology. \" * stephen jay gould, \" is uniformitarianism necessary? \" american journal of science, vol. 263, march 1985, p. 223. ( harvard university. ) \" substantive uniformitarianism as a descriptive theory has not withstood the test of new data and can no longer be maintained in any strict manner. \" j. gould, \" is uniformitarianism necessary? \" in journal of paleontology, march, 1956, p. 227. it has been admitted that one reason uniformitarianism was adopted was as an attempt to explain geological evidence for the genesis flood in a totally different \" frequently the doctrine of uniformitarianism is used fruitfully to explain the anti - catastrophist viewpoint of history. \" * james w. valentine, \" the present is the key to the present, \" journal of geological education, vol. xiv, april 1986, p. 60. \" it is both easy and tempting.. to adopt a neocatastrophist attitude to the fossil record.. this is a heady wine and has intoxicated paleontologists since the day when they could blame it all on noah ' s flood. \" * derek v. alter, the nature of the stratigraphical record, p. 19. ) department of geology and oceanography, university cc \" of swansea, england. ] \" catastrophism is a fighting word among geologists. it is a theory based on divine intervention, and its adherents held that the history of the earth and life on it were moved by a series of disasters inspired by god. \" * newsweek, december but there are other scientists who object, declaring that the uniformitarian theory is totally inaccurate, when viewed in accordance with the facts : \" there are many other reasons why we should not blandly accept the doctrine of uniformitarianism. \" * e. haylmun, \" should we teach uniformitarian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5888513037699901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.231574"} {"text": "the uniformitarian theory is totally inaccurate, when viewed in accordance with the facts : \" there are many other reasons why we should not blandly accept the doctrine of uniformitarianism. \" * e. haylmun, \" should we teach uniformitarianism? \" in journal of geological education, 19 ( 1971 ) p. 36. * dunbar was perhaps the leading geologic authority of the 1950s. here is his statement : \" the uprooting of such fantastic beliefs [ of the catastrophist ] began with the scottish geologist, james hutton, whose theory of the earth, published in 1785, maintained that the present is the key to the past and that, given sufficient time, processes now at work could account for all the geologic features of the globe. this philosophy, which came to be known as the doctrine of uniformitarianism, demands an immensity of time ; it has not gained universal acceptance among intelligent and informed people. \" * c. o. dunbar, historical geology, 2nd edition, ( 1960 ), p. 18. there are simply too many flaws in the uniformitarian theory. \" the hurricane, the flood, or the tsunami may do more in an hour or a day than the ordinary processes of nature have achieved in a thousand years. \" * derek v. ager, the nature of the stratigraphical record, p. 49. in fact, there are serious - minded scientists today who believe that catastrophic conditions have indeed occurred in the past. of late there has been a serious rejuvenation of catastrophism in geologic thought. this defies logic ; there is no science of singularities. if catastrophe is not a uniform process, there is no rational basis for understanding the past. for those who would return us to our babylonian heritage of ' science ' by revelation and possibility, we must insist that the only justifiable key to the past is probability and the orderliness of natural process ; if uniformity is not the key, there is no key in the rational sense, and we should pack up our boots and go home. \" * b. w. brown, \" induction, deduction, and irrationality in geologic reasoning, geology, vol. 2, september 1974, p. there are scientists who are anxious to get rid of the uniformitarian concept, declaring it to be foolishness : accepting the principle of the rare event as a valid concept made it even more desirable to retire the term ' uniformitarianism. ' \" * p. \" significance of the rare event in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5504669613150109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.232490"} {"text": "of the uniformitarian concept, declaring it to be foolishness : accepting the principle of the rare event as a valid concept made it even more desirable to retire the term ' uniformitarianism. ' \" * p. \" significance of the rare event in geology, \" in bulletin of the american association of petroleum geologists, 51 ( 1967 ) p. 2205. \" substantive uniformitarianism as a descriptive theory has not withstood the test of new data and can no longer be maintained in any strict manner. \" * s. gould, \" is uniformitarianism useful, \" in journal of geological education, 15 ( 1967 ) p. 150. \" conventional uniformitarianism, or ' gradualism, ' i. e., the doctrine of unchanging change, is verily contradicted by all post - cambrian sedimentary data and the geotectonic histories of which these sediments are the record. \" * p. \" uniformitarianism is a dangerous doctrine, \" in paleontology, 30 ( 1956 ) p. \" the present is the key to the past \" is the definition of \" the present is the key to the past.. no causes whatever have from the earliest time.. to the present, ever acted, but those now acting : and they have never acted with different degrees of energy from that which they now exert. \" * r. moors, the earth we live on ( 1911 ), pp. 145 - 146. even this standard definition of uniformitarianism is ridiculed by it seems unfortunate that uniformitarianism, a doctrine which has so important a place in history of geology, should continue to be misrepresented in introductory texts and courses by ' the present is the key to the past, ' a maxim without much credit. \" * j. valentine, \" the present is the key to the present, \" in journal of geological education, 14 ( 1966 ) p. 59 - 60. \" the present does not provide a complete key to the past, for we cannot find good samples today of all phenomena found in the ancient world. \" * robert h. dots and \" roger l. batten, evolution of the earth ( 1971 ), p. 210. there are scientists who recognize that the uniformitarianism view is too simplistic. for, indeed, how dare anyone try to specify what the world has been like through all past time? from a purely scientific point of view, it is unwise to accept uniformitarianism as unalterable dogma.. ( one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6055312692832682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.233701"} {"text": "the past in terms of climate. \" * robert h. dolt and * roger l batten, evolution of the earth ( 1971 ), p. 298. there is evidence of massive geological catastrophes at some time in \" the diatomite fossil beds in santa barbara county, california, contain striking evidence of a sudden catastrophe. fish fossils are heavily matted together in foot - thick layers so well preserved they retain a fish odor when a fragment is broken. \" there are many indications that the fish were suddenly trapped. the fossils show wide open gasping mouths, fins widely spread, back fiercely arched, body twisted, and head back. many fossil fish are partly on end through bedding planes of the rock. \" a. von fange, \" time upside down, \" in creation research society quarterly, june 1974, p. 22 also see crsq, 6 ( 3 ) : 129 - 135 ). \" over an area of more than 10, 000 sq. miles fish remains are found bearing unequivocally marks of violent death. the figures are contorted, contracted, curved ; the tail in many cases is bent around to the head, the spines stick out, the fins are spread to the full. \" * h. miller, old red sandstones, pp. 221. consider this violation of uniformitarian theory : \" the recent report of the discovery of a fossil skeleton of a baleen whale in a diatomaceous earth quarry in lompoc, california, should be of unusual interest to \" ' the whale is standing on end in the quarry and is being exposed gradually as the diatomite is mined. only the head and a small part of the body are visible as yet. the modern baleen whale is 80 to 90 feet long and has a head of similar size [ to the one just discovered ], indicating that the fossil may be close to 80 feet long. ' \" no comment was made concerning the implications of such a unique discovery. however, the fact that the whale is ' standing on end, ' as well as the fact that it is buried in diatomaceous earth, would strongly suggest that it was buried under very unusual and rapid catastrophic conditions. the vertical orientation of the whale is also very similar to observations of vertical tree trunks extending through several successive coal seams. such phenomena cannot easily be explained by uniformitarian theories, but fit readily into a historical framework based upon the recent and dynamic universal flood described in genesis. \" larry s. helmick, \" whale skeleton found in diatomaceous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5410166979599746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.236015"} {"text": "successive coal seams. such phenomena cannot easily be explained by uniformitarian theories, but fit readily into a historical framework based upon the recent and dynamic universal flood described in genesis. \" larry s. helmick, \" whale skeleton found in diatomaceous earth quarry, \" in creation research society quarterly, june 1977, p. 70. in graphic terms ( and one long sentence! ), a scientist lists a number of examples of catastrophes that can suddenly and unexpectedly occur : \" hurricanes of global magnitude, of forests burning and swept away, of dust, stones, fire, and ashes falling from the sky, of mountains melting like wax, of lava flowing from riven ground, of boiling sea, of bituminous rain, of shaking ground and destroyed cities, of humans seeking refuge in caverns and fissures of the rock in the mountains, of oceans upheaved and falling on the land, of tidal waves moving toward the poles and back, of land becoming sea by submerging and the expanse of sea fuming into desert, islands born and others drowned, mountain ridges leveled and others rising, of crowds of rivers seeking new beds, of sources that disappeared and others that became bitter, of great destructions in the animal kingdom, of decimated mankind, of migrations, of heavy clouds of dust covering the face of the earth for decades, of magnetic disturbances, of changed climates, of displaced cardinal points and altered latitudes, of disrupted calendars and of sundials and water clocks that point to changed length of day, month, and year, mountains springing from plains and other mountains leveled, strata folded and pressed together and overturned and moved and put on top of other formations, melted rock flooding enormous areas of land with miles - thick sheets, ocean and lake shores tilted or raised or lowered as much as a thousand feet, whales cast out of oceans onto mountains. \" * immanuel velikovsky, earth in upheaval ( 1955 ). so - called \" index fossils \" are the key to all geologic stratigraphic dating. yet, as we have observed earlier in this chapter, they constitute a woefully inadequate means of dating rocks. there simply is no reliable method of dating an \" index fossil, \" yet that is a fact which most geologists and paleontologists refuse to consider. here are admissions by experts that it is index fossils, and the theory behind them, which are the basis of fossil and strata dating : the fossils are dated by the fossils : \" in each sedimentary strat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5572321948690842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.237153"} {"text": "beginning of the 19th century, fossils have been and still are the best and most accurate method of dating and correlating the rocks in which they occur. \" * derek ager, \" fossil frustrations, \" new scientist, november 10, 1983, p. 425. only the fossils are considered : \" the character of the rocks themselves, their composition, or their mineral contents have nothing to do with settling the question as to the particular system [ age level ] to which the new rocks belong. the fossils alone are the means of correlation. \" * henry shaler williams, geological biology ( 1895 ), p. 38. 6. circular reasoning \" circular reasoning \" is a method of false logic, by which \" this is used to prove that, and that is used to prove this. \" it is also called \" reasoning in a circle. \" over a hundred years ago it was described by the phrase, circulus in probando, which is latin for \" a circle in a proof. \" there are several types of circular reasoning found in support of evolutionary theory. one of these is the geological dating position that \" fossils are dated by the type of stratum they are in, while at the same time the stratum is dated by the fossils found in it. \" an alternative evolutionary statement is that \" the fossils and rocks are interpreted by the theory of evolution, and the theory is proven by the interpretation given to the fossils and rocks. \" in other chapters, we will find that circular reasoning is also used in regard to other evolutionary \" proofs, \" such as the origin of life, genetics, and mutations. the theory of natural selection is almost totally dependent on circular reasoning. as we will see below, geologists admit that this circular reasoning exists as a fundamental pillar of geological faith. for example, in a 1979 interview with * dr. donald fisher, the state paleontologist for new york, luther sunderland, asked him : \" how do you date fossils? \" his reply : \" by the cambrian rocks in which they were found. \" sunderland then asked him if this was not circular reasoning, and * fisher replied, \" of course ; how else are you going to do it? \" science newsletter, december 1986, p. 6. ) \" the rocks do date the fossils, but the fossils date the rocks more accurately. stratigraphy cannot avoid this kind of reasoning.. because circularity is inherent in the derivation of time scales. \" * j. e. o ' rourke, \" pragmat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5235725656139474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.239324"} {"text": "date the fossils, but the fossils date the rocks more accurately. stratigraphy cannot avoid this kind of reasoning.. because circularity is inherent in the derivation of time scales. \" * j. e. o ' rourke, \" pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraphy, \" american journal of science, january 1976. the paleontology director of the field museum in chicago admits the problem exists. \" the charge that the construction of the geologic scale involves circularity has a certain amount of validity. \" * david m. raup, \" geology and creationism, \" field museum of natural history bulletin, march 1983, p. 21. ager bemoans the problem : \" it is a problem not easily solved by the classic methods of stratigraphical paleontology, as obviously we will land ourselves immediately in an impossible circular argument if we say, firstly that a particular lithology [ theory of rock strata ] is synchronous on the evidence of its fossils, and secondly that the fossils are synchronous on the evidence of the lithology. \" * derek v. ager, the nature of the stratigraphic record ( 1973 ), p. 62. but the experts have no clear - cut answer for extricating themselves from this dilemma, which * kitts says is caused by an acceptance of evolutionary theory : \" but the danger of circularity is still present. for most biologists the strongest reason for accepting the evolutionary hypothesis is their acceptance of some theory that entails it. there is another difficulty. the temporal ordering of biological events beyond the local section may critically involve paleontological correlation, which necessarily presupposes the nonrepeatability of organic events in geologic history. there are various justifications for this assumption but for almost all contemporary paleontologists it rests upon the acceptance of the evolutionary hypothesis. \" g. kitts, \" paleontology and evolutionary theory, \" in evolution, september 1974, no solid replies to the dilemma have been forthcoming : \" the intelligent layman has long suspected circular reasoning in the use of rocks to date fossils and fossils to date rocks. the geologist has never bothered to think of a good reply, feeling the explanations are not worth the trouble as long as the work brings results. this is supposed to be hard - headed pragmatism. \" * j. e. o ' rourke, \" pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraply, \" american journal of science, january 1976,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5306421764544376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.240355"} {"text": "brings results. this is supposed to be hard - headed pragmatism. \" * j. e. o ' rourke, \" pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraply, \" american journal of science, january 1976, p. 48. * west explains that the theory is based on the interpretation of fossils, and the fossil interpretation is based on the theory : \" contrary to what most scientists write, the fossil record does not support the darwinian theory of evolution because it is this theory ( there are several ) which we use to interpret the fossil record. by doing so, we are guilty of circular reasoning if we then say the fossil record supports this theory. \" * ronald r. west, \" paleontology and uniformitarianism, \" compass, may 1968, p. 218. the theory explains the rock strata and their contents, and they in turn explain the theory : material bodies are finite, and no rock unit is global in extent, yet stratigraphy aims at a global classification. the particulars have to be stretched into universals somehow. here ordinary materialism leaves off building up a system of units recognized by physical properties, to follow dialectical materialism, which starts with time units and regards the material bodies as their incomplete representatives. this is where the suspicion of circular reasoning crept in, because it seemed to the layman that the time units were abstracted from the geological column, which has teen put together from rock units. \" * j. e. o ' rourke, \" pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraphy, \" american journal of science, january 1978, p. 49. the sequences of which creatures are ancestors and which are descendants both provesand is proven bythe theorized age and sequence of rock \" the prime difficulty with the use of presumed ancestral - descendant sequences to express phylogeny is that biostratigraphic data are often used in conjunction with morphology in the initial evaluation of relationships, which leers to obvious circularity. \" * b. schaeffer, * m. k hecht and * n. eldredge, \" phylogeny and paleontology, \" in * dobzhansky, * hecht and * steere ( eds. ), evolutionary biology, vol. 6 ( 1972 ), p. 39. according to * north, first came the theory that the strata had to be in a certain order, thus deciding the age of the fossils in it. then came the theory that the fossils in the rocks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5761588176167067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.241281"} {"text": ". 6 ( 1972 ), p. 39. according to * north, first came the theory that the strata had to be in a certain order, thus deciding the age of the fossils in it. then came the theory that the fossils in the rocks decided the age of the strata they were in. \" the paleontological time - scale rests squarely on the law of superposition [ which fossil strata is placed on top of which ]. from this unassailable foundation, the paleontologist became for more than a century the arbiter of all stratigraphic organization. but for geologists, the law of superposition presupposes the existence of decipherable geological sections, and every geological section must have a top and a base. [ every fossil strata must be identifiable, and have a top and a bottom. ] the paleontological succession was pieced together from hundreds of such sections, the tops and bases of which had been established by geologists on the ground. \" the paleontologists ' wheel of authority turned full circle when he put this process into reverse and used his fossils to determine tops and bottoms for himself. in the course of time he came to rule upon stratigraphic order, and gaps within it, on a world - wide basis. \" * f. k north, \" the geological time - scale, \" in royal society of canada special publication, 8 : 5 ( 1984 ). ( the order of fossils is determined by the rock strata they are in, and the strata they are in are derided by their tops and bottomswhich are deduced by the fossils in them. ) the ages are dated by the fossils, which is the basis for evolution, which is the determinate of the ages : \" the geologic ages are identified and dated by the fossils contained in the sedimentary rocks. the fossil record also provides the chief evidence for the theory of evolution, which in turn is the basic philosophy upon which the sequence of geologic tees has been erected. the evolution - fossil - geologic age system is thus a closed circle which comprises one interlocking package. each goes with the other. \" henry m. morris, the remarkable birth of planet earth ( 1972 ), pp. 7877. it cannot be denied that it is all one big circle : \" it cannot be denied that, from a strictly philosophical standpoint, geologists are here arguing in a circle. the succession of organs has been determined by a study of their remains buried in the rocks, and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5325975184090368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.244302"} {"text": "it is all one big circle : \" it cannot be denied that, from a strictly philosophical standpoint, geologists are here arguing in a circle. the succession of organs has been determined by a study of their remains buried in the rocks, and the relative ages of the rocks are determined by the remains of organisms that they contain. \" * r. h. article \" geology, \" encyclopedia britannica, vol. 10, ( 14th ad. ; 1958 ), p. 168. strata dating cannot avoid reasoning in a circle. ( because, at the heart of it, the dating comes from a theory, instead of facts! ) \" the rocks do date the fossils, but the fossils date the rocks more accurately. stratigraphy cannot avoid this kind of reasoning, if it insists on using only temporal concepts, because circularity is inherent in the derivation of time scales. \" * j e. o ' rourke, \" pragmatism versus materialism in stratiqraphy, \" american journal of science, january 1976, p. 53. * azar utters a cry for help. \" are the authorities maintaining, on the other hand, that evolution is documented by geology and on the other hand, that geology is documented by evolution? isn ' t this a circular argument? \" * larry azar, \" biologists, help! \" bioscience, november 1978, p. 714. you have just completed go to the next chapter in this series,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5056247957372625, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.246364"} {"text": "you ' ve stocked up on the makings of a few great salads : lettuce, peppers, onions, and more. but between shuttling the kids around and running errands, you ' ve pushed the vegetables to the back of your mind - - and to the far corners of the fridge. a week later, you come across your wilted lettuce and moldy tomatoes, and you throw them out. that ' s not an uncommon scene. according to a recent study by the university of arizona, 1. 28 pounds of food ( a third of which is vegetables ) gets tossed out of the average household per day. and a previous government study found that the typical household in the u. s. wastes an average of $ 300 per year letting 150 pounds of fruits and vegetables spoil. to avoid such waste - - and to lead a healthier lifestyle - - plan your meals in advance. spend a few minutes each morning deciding what you ' ll eat for the rest of the day. and when you shop, think about what you can use for the week. ( don ' t load up on too much perishable produce if you ' re planning to dine out or leave town for a few days. ) some planning and storage tips : - don ' t wash berries when you get them - - they ' ll spoil quicker. instead, rinse them just before eating. - choose produce with a long shelf life, such as citrus fruits, apples, or bags of lettuce with an expiration date. and use up your less stable fruits and veggies first. - store vegetables in the refrigerator crisper drawer ; your bag of baby carrots should be tightly sealed and packaged in an extra zipper bag for good measure. tomatoes should be kept on the counter ( not in the refrigerator )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40802787214746783, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.248693"} {"text": "become a fan of h2g2 the greek alphabet is used throughout greece and in the greek part of cyprus. if you are going to these regions, it is worth learning the alphabet, if only to read the signs over shops. the letters of the greek alphabet are also used as handy symbols by mathematicians and scientists. these people pronounce the names of the letters quite differently from greek people, being loosely based on the pronunciation of classical greek. the greek alphabet was developed in about 1000 bc. it was a modification of northern semitic, an alphabet from which hebrew is also derived. the semitic languages ( which include hebrew and arabic ) have a lot of consonantal sounds, while vowels are relatively unimportant. as a result, their alphabet had no symbols for vowels. the greeks changed the alphabet ; consonantal signs which represented sounds not present in greek were re - used for vowel sounds. greek thus became the first alphabet in the world with signs for both vowels and consonants. at the start, the direction of writing was from right to left, but the early greeks adopted an unusual practice of writing every second row in the opposite direction. this was called boustrophedon, literally meaning ' as the ox turns ' because it resembled the way an ox ploughs a field. there is a very good example of this in the greek city of gortys in crete, where the laws of the city were carved on a wall in boustrophedon style and are still there for all to see. around 500 bc, the practice changed to writing from left to right, and this continues to the present day. the roman alphabet used for western european languages, the cyrillic alphabet used for eastern european languages and even the scandinavian runic alphabet are all directly descended from the greek alphabet, so it certainly was the parent of all modern european alphabets. the word alphabet itself comes from the names of the first two greek letters, alpha and beta. there are 24 letters in the alphabet. they can be capitals or lower case. in addition, one of the lower case letters, the sigma, has two different forms. the table shows the modern greek pronunciation. a separate column shows the ancient greek pronunciation if it was different. pay particular attention to b, h, p, x and y. they look the same as letters in the roman alphabet we ' re all familiar with, but in modern greek they are pronounced very differently. | modern pronunciation | | ancient pronunciation | | \u03b1 | | \u03b1 | | alpha | | alfa | | a as in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4680891756318937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.257752"} {"text": "look the same as letters in the roman alphabet we ' re all familiar with, but in modern greek they are pronounced very differently. | modern pronunciation | | ancient pronunciation | | \u03b1 | | \u03b1 | | alpha | | alfa | | a as in bath | | \u03b3 | | \u03b3 | | gamma | | ghamma | | before a or o, this is a sound that does not occur in english, like a soft g, the voiced version of the kh below. before e, i or y it is pronounced y as in yet. | | g | | \u03b4 | | \u03b4 | | delta | | dhelta | | dh represents the voiced th sound in this and that | | d | | \u03b5 | | \u03b5 | | epsilon | | epsilon | | e as in pet | | \u03b7 | | \u03b7 | | eta | | eeta | | ee as in feet | | ay as in day | | \u03b8 | | \u03b8 | | theta | | theeta | | th unvoiced as in thin and thanks | | \u03b9 | | \u03b9 | | iota | | yotta | | ee as in feet ; like y in yes when before vowel | | i as in fit | | \u03be | | \u03be | | xi | | ksee | | ks as x in fox, never as x in xylophone | | \u03bf | | \u03bf | | omicron | | omicron | | o as in got | | \u03c1 | | \u03c1 | | rho | | ro | | r trilled as in spanish or italian | | \u03c3 | | \u03c3 or \u03c2 | | sigma | | sighma | | s unvoiced as in sauce, not vase. the first lower - case form is for the start or the middle of words, the second for the last letter of words. | | \u03c5 | | \u03c5 | | upsilon | | eepsilon | | ee as in feet | | slender u as in french tu or german funf | | \u03c7 | | \u03c7 | | chi | | khee | | kh represents ch sound in scottish word loch | | \u03c8 | | \u03c8 | | psi | | psee | | ps as in copse. the p is pronounced even at the start of words. | | \u03c9 | | \u03c9 | | omega | | omegha | | o as in got | | o as in pole | combinations of letters some letters are pronounced differently when they appear in combination with other letters. | \u03b1\u03b9 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45731394349819093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.258575"} {"text": "words. | | \u03c9 | | \u03c9 | | omega | | omegha | | o as in got | | o as in pole | combinations of letters some letters are pronounced differently when they appear in combination with other letters. | \u03b1\u03b9 | | e as in pet | | \u03b1\u03c5 | | af or av ( depending on next letter ) | | \u03b5\u03c5 | | ef or ev ( depending on next letter ) | | \u03bf\u03c5 | | oo as in moon | | \u03bc\u03c0 | | b at start of word, mb in middle of word | | \u03bd\u03c4 | | d at start of word, nd in middle of word | | \u03b3\u03ba | | g as in go at start of word, ng in middle of word | | \u03b3\u03b3 | | ng as in singer | an exception to these is that if the first vowel of any of these two - vowel combinations has an accent mark on it, or if the second vowel has two dots over it, the two vowels are treated separately, and not combined as in the table. thus for example \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bbo\u03b9 ( worry beads ) is pronounced ' kombol - oh - ee '. greek is a strongly stressed language, even more so than english. the stress is very important, so it is normally marked with an accent over the vowel. ancient greek used three different accents, while modern greek uses only one. in ancient greek, words starting with a vowel or an r had a special sign called a breathing mark. this looked like an apostrophe and was positioned over the first letter, although printers often put it in front of the first letter. a right - facing mark ( like a backwards 9 ) was called a ' rough breathing mark ' and indicated that there was a ' h ' sound before the vowel. a left - facing mark ( like a 9 ) was called a ' smooth breathing mark ' and indicated that there was no ' h ' sound. in modern greek, the ' h ' sound is no longer pronounced at the start of any word, but the breathing marks were still used for historical reasons until about 1970, when they were officially dropped from the language. in ancient greek, in some cases when iota appeared after another vowel ( a diphthong ), it was written using a special little iota under the vowel instead. this was called an iota subscript. these do not occur in modern greek.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5022308725764854, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.259479"} {"text": "back me up - anti cyberbullying campaign & competition this is jasper. at 13, he was getting cyberbullied on line \u2013 particularly via x - box. after seven months of bullying that included death threats and being beaten at school, the police became involved. he was in a \u201c very dark place \". this is troy, friend to both jasper and his bully \u2013 he didn \u2019 t realise his mate could be so cruel. troy says he noticed jasper becoming quiet, depressed and isolated. once troy realised what was going on, he was able to be a supportive friend through the low times. they remain the best of mates. in australia, at least one in ten students say they \u2019 ve experienced cyberbullying. what is backmeup? the message of the backmeup campaign is that young people can take positive and safe action if they witness cyberbullying, and can support those whose rights have been violated. it \u2019 s a call to action to the friends, peers and colleagues on the sidelines, because being a witness, and doing nothing, is wrong. cyberbullying is bad for your mental and physical health. in an effort to help young people overcome cyberbullying, the australian human rights commission is helping young people understand the role of bystanders and encouraging them to take ( safe ) actions to support those who are bullied. research shows that peers are present as bystanders in 87 % of bullying situations among young people, suggesting that peers have a pivotal role in effecting a bad situation, simply because they are a witness. while most students dislike and disapprove of bullying and would like to see it stop, less than 20 % of students intervene to help the person being bullied. and without becoming a target themselves, bystanders can take a variety of positive actions. what can bystanders do? a witness to a bullying situation can ask a teacher or trusted adult for help, let the person doing the bullying know that what they are doing is bullying, refuse to join in, and can comfort the student who has been bullied. when positive bystander action occurs, students report a greater sense of safety at school and fewer social and mental health problems. here \u2019 s some practical things you can do : save it! take a photo, screenshot, make a diary note. the person being bullied may not know how to or the importance of saving the evidence. you can help them by keeping a record of when and where the cyberbullying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47186869874900256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.266011"} {"text": "save it! take a photo, screenshot, make a diary note. the person being bullied may not know how to or the importance of saving the evidence. you can help them by keeping a record of when and where the cyberbullying is happening, and what happened. if it gets really nasty, you might need to get school, work or the police involved. speak up! take positive action in ways that make you feel comfortable and safe. if you feel safe, tell the person bullying to stop. the person may be bullying people because no one has ever stood up to them and called them out on what they are doing. otherwise tell someone you trust like a teacher or parent about what is happening and get advice about how you can help stop the bullying behaviour. be supportive! you could respond by sticking up for the person being bullied in an open way, but if this sounds too challenging or scary, you could also send a private message or text to the person being bullied to show you support them. let them know that they are not alone and that they can get help by talking to a supportive teacher, parent or guardian, organisations that have helped many teens deal with online problems. report it! most sites have ways to report bullying. there is information on the backmeup site that can help you report cyberbullying directly to the website that you are using. check it! the person being bullied might not know about privacy settings. let them know that they can change these so that their info is only viewed by friends and family. also let them know they can block a user or even delete a so - called \u201c friend \u201d at any time. make a video and make a difference the commission is inviting 13 \u2013 17 year olds to make a short two minute video about how they can back - up someone who has been cyberbullied. all details are on the something in common website entries close on 15 august 2012 and winners are announced on monday 3 september 2012. ten winners will receive a week - long, all - expenses paid trip to sydney to attend a prestigious film - making workshop at the national institute of dramatic art ( nida ). there are also weekly winners and prizes! entries from the video competition will form part of an ongoing educational strategy that will be used not only by the commission but stakeholders and partners. young people teaching young people \u2013 we love that! who is supporting backmeup? this is a project from the australian human rights commission. mtv \u2019 s ruby rose and former australia \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44138078763539873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.267115"} {"text": "by the help committee and havre public schools summer can be a risky time for teens. more teens try marijuana for the first time in june and july than any other time of the year, according to a new report from the substance abuse and mental health services administration. each day in june and july, more than 6, 300 youths try marijuana for the first time. that ' s 40 percent more per day than during the rest of the year. the number of new underage drinkers and cigarette smokers also jumps during the summer months. the increase in new marijuana use is likely due to teens having more unsupervised and unstructured time in the summer. research shows that unmonitored teens are four times more likely to use marijuana or engage in other risky behaviors. \" youth marijuana use has declined by 11 percent over the past two years. despite the good news, the battle of reducing teen drug use is not yet over, \" said john p. walters, director of the office of national drug control policy. \" kids may equate summer with freedom, but for parents, it ' s when they need to be even more involved in their teens ' lives. by keeping teens busy, knowing who they ' re with and making sure they ' re supervised, parents can help prevent their teen ' s summer from going to pot. \" and marijuana is more harmful than some parents think. marijuana can be addictive and lead to a host of health, social and behavioral problems at a crucial time in kids ' lives - when their bodies and brains are still developing. marijuana use damages lungs, impairs learning and decreases motivation. kids who use marijuana in early adolescence are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as delinquency, engaging in sexual activity, driving while high, or riding with someone who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol. they are also more likely to perceive drugs as not harmful and to have more friends who exhibit deviant behavior. havre kids are at greatest risk between 11 and 16 years of age. each year, havre public schools administers the youth risk behavior surveillance assessment to students at the high school, alternative school and middle school. four of the assessment questions address marijuana use. while these questions do not address which season of the year marijuana was used, students are asked \" how old were you when you tried marijuana for the first time? \" nearly 16 percent of respondents were 11 or 12 years old when they used marijuana for the first time. just over 19 percent of respondents were 13 or 14 years old", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44520098877188286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.274250"} {"text": "students are asked \" how old were you when you tried marijuana for the first time? \" nearly 16 percent of respondents were 11 or 12 years old when they used marijuana for the first time. just over 19 percent of respondents were 13 or 14 years old. more than 15 percent were 15 or 16 years old. at 17 years of age, the incidence of first - time marijuana use dropped to 2 percent. canterbury consultive services of helena administers the yrbs assessment. in its executive summary, the canterbury researchers asserted that \" frequency of alcohol and drug abuse risk behaviors as reported by havre middle school respondents were generally consistent with statewide respondents with little variation over the four - year reporting period. \" however, the frequency of these same behaviors \" as reported by havre high school respondents were consistently higher than statewide respondents. with the exception of alcohol and cocaine, reported usage apparently increased during the four - year reporting period. \" sadly, these findings show that, in general, havre kids experiment with some risky behaviors at a younger age and continue these risky behaviors throughout their youth at a higher rate than other montana children. this should prompt parents to maintain close ties with and supervision of their children throughout adolescence, even though adolescent children desire, seek and need increasing freedom. it can be a tough balancing act for any parent. so how can you stop your teen ' s summer from going to pot? here is a drug - free checklist : set rules. have you set clear rules and let your teen know that marijuana use is unacceptable? set limits with clear consequences for breaking them. be sure to balance this with praise and rewards for good behavior. understand and communicate. have you talked to your teen in the past month about the harmful physical, mental and social effects of marijuana and other illicit drugs on young users? young people who learn about the risks of drugs at home are up to 50 percent less likely to try drugs than their peers who learn nothing from their parents. look for teachable moments in everyday life to keep the conversation ongoing. monitor your teen ' s activities and behaviors. have you checked to see where your teen is, who he is with, and what he is doing? teens who are not regularly monitored by their parents are four times more likely to use drugs. check up on your teens to make sure they are where they say they are. make sure you stay involved in your teen ' s life have you talked to your teen ' s coach, employer and friends lately? stay in touch with the adult supervisors of your child ( camp counselors, coaches, employers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4388119886355355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.275301"} {"text": "where they say they are. make sure you stay involved in your teen ' s life have you talked to your teen ' s coach, employer and friends lately? stay in touch with the adult supervisors of your child ( camp counselors, coaches, employers ) and have them inform you of any changes in your teen. parents of teens with summer jobs still need to know how their teens are spending disposable income, what type of workplace setting they are in, and who they are working with. engage your teen in summer activities. have you helped plan activities to keep your teen busy? teens who report they are \" often bored \" are 50 percent more likely to smoke, drink, get drunk and use illegal drugs than teens who aren ' t. teens who are involved in constructive and adult - supervised activities are less likely to use drugs. other adults who influence teens, such as camp counselors, coaches, physicians and employers, can and do play a vital role in keeping teens drug - free during the summer. these adults are well - positioned to reach teens with marijuana - prevention messages, and, just by being role models or mentors, they help prevent drug use. have you planned a family activity with your teen in the coming weeks, such as going to the movies, taking a walk or sharing a meal? teens who spend time, talk and have a close relationship with their parents are much less likely to drink, take drugs or have sex. two - thirds of youth ages 13 to 17 say fear of upsetting their parents or losing the respect of family and friends is one of the main reasons they don ' t smoke marijuana or use other drugs. this proves that parents are still the most powerful influence on their teen when it comes to drugs. the help committee and boys & girls club of the hi - line is committed to supporting a drug - free lifestyle for everyone in the community. for more information on this or related topics, call 265 - 6206.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3993660250289807, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.276098"} {"text": "eastern equine encephalitis ( eee ) is a rare, but serious disease caused by a virus that is carried by many species of swamp breeding mosquitoes. eee virus ( eeev ) occurs in the eastern half of the united states where it causes disease in humans, horses, and some bird species. because of its high mortality rate, eee is regarded as one of the most serious mosquito - borne diseases in the united states. the incubation period for eastern equine encephalitis virus ( eeev ) disease ( the time from infected mosquito bite to onset of illness ) ranges from 4 to 10 days. eeev infection can result in one of two types of illness, systemic or encephalitic ( involving swelling of the brain, referred to below as eee ). the type of illness will depend on the age of the person and other host factors. it is possible that some people who become infected with eeev may be asymptomatic ( will not develop any symptoms ). systemic infection has an abrupt onset and is characterized by chills, fever, malaise, arthralgia, and myalgia. the illness lasts 1 to 2 weeks, and recovery is complete when there is no central nervous system involvement. in infants, the encephalitic form is characterized by abrupt onset ; in older children and adults, encephalitis is manifested after a few days of systemic illness. signs and symptoms in encephalitic patients are fever, headache, irritability, restlessness, drowsiness, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, cyanosis, convulsions, and coma. ( more ) the best way to prevent eee is to avoid mosquitoes and prevent mosquitoes from breeding. ( more ) mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds, which may circulate the virus in their blood for a few days. infected mosquitoes can then transmit eee to humans and animals when they bite.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4879668005269799, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.280586"} {"text": "older women who lose weight and gain it back again may be increasing their risk for heart disease, wake forest university researchers report. although cholesterol, blood pressure, triglycerides and blood sugar all improve with weight loss, with weight regain they all return to pre - diet levels and, in some cases, to even higher levels, the researchers found. \" for postmenopausal women considering weight loss, maintaining weight loss is just as important as losing weight, \" said lead researcher daniel beavers, an assistant professor in the department of biostatistics and public health sciences at wake forest university school of medicine in winston - salem, nc. \" even partial weight regain is associated with worsened diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. \" what the study found in an earlier study of these same women, the researchers found that those who regained weight during the year following weight loss regained fat mass to a greater degree than lean mass, beavers said. the report was published in the online edition of the journal of gerontology : medical sciences. for the study, the researchers studied more than 100 postmenopausal obese women while they took part in a five - month weight - loss program. they continued to monitor the women for a year. during the weight - loss program the women lost an average of 25 pounds. after a year, two - thirds of the women had regained at least four pounds, on average regaining about 70 percent of the weight they had lost, the researchers found. \" women who regained 4. 4 pounds or more in the year following the weight - loss intervention had several worsened cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors, \" beavers said. \" what was striking about the women who regained weight was that although they did not return to their full baseline weight on average - - women only regained about 70 percent of lost weight - - several chronic disease risk factors were right back at baseline values and in some cases, particularly for the diabetic risk factors, slightly worse than baseline values, \" he added. \" meanwhile, women who maintained their weight loss a year later managed to preserve most of the benefits. \" maintaining weight loss is key dr. gregg fonarow, professor of cardiology at the university of california, los angeles, said that \" this study highlights the importance of not just losing weight, but the need to develop effective and enduring strategies so that this weight loss can be successfully maintained long term. \" another expert advises taking a lifestyle approach to dieting. \" this small study is a great example of why we need to avoid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45442957500225134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.284094"} {"text": "losing weight, but the need to develop effective and enduring strategies so that this weight loss can be successfully maintained long term. \" another expert advises taking a lifestyle approach to dieting. \" this small study is a great example of why we need to avoid fad diets and diet programs, potions and pills that promise quick weight loss, \" said samantha heller, an exercise physiologist and clinical nutrition coordinator at the center for cancer care at griffin hospital in derby, conn. most people regain the weight within five years, she said. \" this study indicates that regaining as little as five pounds can spell cardiometabolic trouble, especially for postmenopausal women, \" heller said. people should be focusing on being healthy, not skinny, she said, and they should create strategies for reaching and maintaining a healthy weight throughout their lifetime. \" the roller coaster of weight loss and regain is deleterious both physically and psychologically, \" heller said. \" while it can be frustrating to take the slower, healthier route to weight loss, the long - term results are ultimately more satisfying and healthier, \" she said. \" start with simple changes such as swapping seltzer for soda, keeping a daily food record, adding a salad to lunch and substituting a second vegetable for half the starch at dinner. \" for more information on healthy diets, visit the u. s. national heart lung and blood institute. ( copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44748514954115537, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.284733"} {"text": "basketball players, soccer players, and in particular, runners, will often suffer from tibial stress syndrome, commonly referred to as shin splints. the pain of shin splints occurs because the tibia ( shinbone ) and the connective tissues attached to it become overloaded. this happens when athletes train too hard or for too long, or when they suddenly increase the intensity or duration of exercise. for example, when runners add to their mileage, or alter the terrain or incline of their workout, shin splints are a likely result. shin splints may be accompanied by swelling and hardening of the soft tissues. while there are a number of physical therapies and medications one can take to relieve the symptoms of shin splints, one must begin by resting and limiting any stress or load to the shin area. one possible treatment increasingly used by athletes for shin splints is acupuncture. this treatment is most effective when the symptoms first occur. based on the principles of traditional chinese medicine, acupuncture works on the whole body to release a variety of substances including endorphins, serotonin, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters. acupuncture can promote healing, reduce pain, increase local microcirculation, and attract white blood cells to the area. this can speed the rate of healing, reduce swelling, and disperse bruising. in 2002, researchers conducted a random controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating shin splints. forty athletes with shin splints were divided among three treatment groups : standard sports medicine, acupuncture, and a combined group who received both. the patients received at least two treatments per week for three weeks. the acupuncture and combined groups reported significantly lower pain levels during all activities and at rest. for overall effectiveness, acupuncture was rated at 72. 5 %, the combined therapy at 54. 5 %, and standard sports medicine at 46. 5 %. self - medication with anti - inflammatory drugs was also significantly lower in the acupuncture and combined groups. the study revealed that acupuncture could be an effective modality for relieving pain associated with shin splints and for reducing reliance on anti - inflammatory medication. for more information on acupuncture, please contact pacific college of oriental medicine at ( 800 ) 729 - 0941, or visit www. pacificcollege. edu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4620316804403395, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.287209"} {"text": "caring for your bird bird care sheet ( pdf ) the right cage ask your veterinarian as different birds need different cages. here are some must - haves : - the cage must be big enough for your bird to stretch his / her wings and fly - the cage must be made from nontoxic ( nonpoisonous ) material - the cage base must be so hard that your bird can \u2019 t ruin it by chewing - make sure the cage can \u2019 t be knocked over or fall - put the cage in an area like a family room, so your pet can be around everyone - birds are very social - avoid drafts and kitchens. kitchen fumes like burnt teflon from a cooking pan can kill a bird. - use non - colored newspapers with soy ink, paper towels, or brown paper - get both fat and thin perches \u2013 like manzanita branches. this helps birds exercise their feet and prevents pressure sores. - never use sandpaper perches, they will hurt your pet \u2019 s feet. - large birds like amazons or african grey birds need a freestanding perch outside the cage. - must be attached, so they can \u2019 t be tipped over - birds like mirrors and other toys. make sure all toys are made from nontoxic material. - clean cage of any droppings - change water once or more if needed - provide fresh fruits and vegetables, and remove food after a couple hours - if your bird is hand - tamed, take him / her out to play for at least an hour each day breakdown and clean cage with mild soap and make sure you rinse off all the soap. ask your veterinarian to recommend a disinfectant cleaner that you can use to clean the cage each month. birds, like all pets, should see their veterinarian each year. what to feed your bird - birds need a balanced diet - - with food from all the major food groups - birds are one type of pet that benefits from eating many \u201c people foods \u201d - birds must have fresh fruit and vegetables daily - never feed your bird a \u201c seed - only \u201d diet - never feed your bird houseplants, avocado, cherry pits, rhubarb, apple seeds or raw milk products poisons and dangerous fumes many common household items can hurt or even kill your bird. these include : - overheated teflon cookware - tobacco smoke - lead paints - scented candles or incense - chemical cleaners - aerosol products - some houseplants trimming your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3925356617592606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.290124"} {"text": "the bark of drimys winteri, forster ( wintera aromatica, murray ). common names and synonyms : winter ' s bark, winter ' s cinnamon, cortex winteri, cortex magellanicus, cortex winteranus. botanical source. \u2014 this is a very large ( or very small, according to locality of growth ) evergreen, aromatic tree, varying in size from 6 to 50 feet high. the bark of the trunk is gray and wrinkled ; that of the branches smooth and green. branches rather erect, and scarred by the traces of fallen leaves. the leaves are alternate, oblong, obtuse, with a midrib, but otherwise veinless, glabrous, and finely dotted beneath. the flowers are small, on axillary or somewhat terminal peduncles, which are approximated, usually 1 - flowered and simple ; occasionally divided a little above the base into long pedicels. sepals 2 or 3 ; petals 6, and oblong ; fruits 4 or 6, obovate, baccate, and many - seeded ( l. ). history. \u2014 this tree inhabits the southern parts of south america, chili, peril, terra del fuego, etc., and takes its name from its discoverer, capt. winter, who commanded the elizabeth in capt. drake ' s voyage through the straits of magellan in 1578. winter employed it to cure scurvy. owing to the difficulty of obtaining the true bark, and the ease with which other barks, notably canella bark, could be substituted for it, the true bark was lost sight of for many years ; hence the conflicting descriptions in the literature of the drug. forster ( 1773 ) first correctly established its botanical identity. as a remedy for gastric debility and diarrhoea, it is largely employed in south america. description. \u2014 the authors of pharmacographia thus describe true winter ' s bark, as found by them upon many examinations : \" the bark is in quills, or channelled pieces, often crooked, twisted or bent backward, generally only a few inches in length. it is most extremely thick ( 1 / 10 to 3 / 10 inch ), and appears to have shrunk very much in drying ; bark 1 / 4 inch thick, having sometimes rolled itself into a tube only 3 times as much in external diameter. young pieces have an ashy - gray suberous coat beset with lichens. in older bark the outer coat is sometimes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4403606777929461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.295165"} {"text": "bark 1 / 4 inch thick, having sometimes rolled itself into a tube only 3 times as much in external diameter. young pieces have an ashy - gray suberous coat beset with lichens. in older bark the outer coat is sometimes whitish and silvery, but often more of a dark rusty - brown, which is the color of the internal substance, as well as of the surface of the wood. the inner side of the bark is strongly characterized by very rough striae, or, as seen under a lens, by small, short, and sharp longitudinal ridges, with occasional fissures indicative of great contraction of the inner layer in drying. in a piece broken or cut transversely, it is easy to perceive that the ridges in question are the ends of rays of the white fiber which diverge toward the circumference in radiate order, a dark - rusty parenchyme intervening between them. no such feature is observable in either canella or cinnamodendron. winter ' s bark has a short, almost earthy fracture ; an intolerably pungent, burning taste, and an odor which can only be described as terebinthinous \" \u2014 ( pharmacographia, 2d ed., p. 19 ). chemical composition. \u2014 winter ' s bark was examined in 1820 by m. henry, who found in it a reddish - brown, inodorous, acrid resin ( 10 per cent ), a pale - yellow volatile oil ( 1. 2 per cent ), tannic acid, oxide of iron, starch, coloring matter, and various salts. the volatile oil appears to be a mixture of several bodies ; p. n. arata and f. canzoneri found the oil from a genuine specimen to contain a sesquiterpene which they named winterene ( c15h24 ) ( amer. jour. pharm., 1890, p. 354 ). action, medical uses, and dosage. \u2014 stimulant, aromatic, stomachic, and tonic, and may be substituted in all cases for the canella, cascarilla, and cinnamon barks. it was highly recommended by its discoverer as an antiscorbutic. thirty grains is the dose of the powdered bark. it is seldom used in this country. a vinous tincture ( bark, to sherry wine, ) may be employed in drachm doses. related drugs and substitutes. \u2014 another tree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47651536853271625, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.296270"} {"text": "grains is the dose of the powdered bark. it is seldom used in this country. a vinous tincture ( bark, to sherry wine, ) may be employed in drachm doses. related drugs and substitutes. \u2014 another tree inhabiting chili, drimys mexicana, sesse ( drimys chilensis, of de candolle ), has a bark possessing analogous virtues. this species and drimys granatensis, linne filius, are regarded as mere varieties of the drimys winteri. the second is now adopted by the french codex as the source of the drug of commerce, which this authority states has the same properties as the original drug from the straits of magellan, and even excels the original drug in keeping qualities. related entries : cinnamodendron cinnamodendron corticosum, miers, of jamaica, has been sold extensively as winter ' s bark, and at one time wholly replaced the true article. canella alba, linne, at one time was erroneously believed to be the source of the commercial drug ( d. hanbury, 1862 ; see his science papers ). the barks of drimys lanceolata and drimys axillaris, forster, both of australia, are aromatic and pungent, and the fruit of the first - named is said to be employed as a condiment. malambo bark is the name of a substitute for winter ' s bark which appeared on the american market about 1856. it was identified by prof. e. s. wayne ( see amer. jour. pharm., 1857, pp. 1 - 8, and d. hanbury, ibid., p. 212 ). king ' s american dispensatory, 1898, was written by harvey wickes felter, m. d., and john uri lloyd, phr. m., ph. d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.446459373292299, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.296978"} {"text": "a strong prejudice remained against mcdowell in the public mind, and he held no further field command during the war. after commanding various military departments to 1882, mcdowell retired from the service, with the rank of major general in the regular army. following service in the mexican and indian wars, burnside resigned his commission in 1853 to manufacture firearms in bristol, rhode island. he later patented a breech - loading carbine and served as treasurer of the illinois central railroad. burnside entered the civil war as a colonel of the 1st rhode island volunteer infantry and commanded a brigade at the battle of first bull run ( 21 july 1861 ), where his command led the flank march to sudley ford and struck the confederates on matthews \u2019 hill. the fight was severe and burnside \u2019 s command, running low on ammunition, was given permission to withdraw and resupply. the brigade remained in reserve until joining the retreat to washington. in august 1861 burnside was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers and led a successful expedition against confederate coastal instal - lations in north carolina in january \u2013 march 1862. this military success gained him promotion to major general of volunteers and commanding general, ix corps. in august 1862 burnside \u2019 s ix corps began moving from the carolinas to join maj. gen. john pope \u2019 s army of virginia. while burnside personally remained at falmouth to forward arriving troops, the ix corps, temporarily commanded by maj. gen. jesse reno, participated in the battles of second bull run ( 29 \u2013 30 august 1862 ) and chantilly ( 1 september 1862 ). on 14 september 1862, maj. gen. george b. mcclellan, commanding the army of the potomac, placed burnside in command of the army \u2019 s \u201c right wing, \u201d comprising the ix and maj. gen. joseph hooker \u2019 s i corps. at antietam ( 17 september 1862 ) the ix corps ( accompanied by burnside ) was placed on the left of the union army, where it eventually crossed antietam creek at the lower bridge to assault the confederate right flank. however, the timely arrival from harper \u2019 s ferry of confederates under maj. gen. a. p. hill drove burnside and his command back to the bridge. in november, after president abraham lincoln grew weary of mcclellan \u2019 s failure to pursue lee aggressively, burnside was offered command of the army of the potomac. he accepted the appointment on 7 november due only to the urging of his friends who did not want hooker to have the position. after his defeat at fredericksburg (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36776263228223327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.312940"} {"text": "failure to pursue lee aggressively, burnside was offered command of the army of the potomac. he accepted the appointment on 7 november due only to the urging of his friends who did not want hooker to have the position. after his defeat at fredericksburg ( 13 december 1862 ), burnside was relieved the following january and transferred to the western theater. as commander of the army of the ohio ( 25 march \u2013 12 december 1863 ) burnside succeeded in the capture of brig. gen. john hunt morgan \u2019 s raiders and in the siege of knoxville, tennessee. in january 1864 he returned east to assume command again of the ix corps and participated in lt. gen. ulysses s. grant \u2019 s overland campaign from wilderness to petersburg. when charges were made that burnside mishandled troops during an attack at petersburg, he was relieved of command and resigned from the army. after the war burnside was successful in engineering and managerial work with several railroads ; served as governor of rhode island in 1866, being twice reelected ; and served as a u. s. senator from rhode island until his death. after graduating from west point, keyes served briefly at posts in virginia, south carolina, florida, and louisiana. during 1844 \u2013 1848 he was assigned to west point, becoming one of the few west point \u2013 trained generals not to have participated in the mexican war. transferred west in 1849, keyes was involved in suppressing indian hostilities in california and washington territories until 1860, when he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and assigned as military secretary to lt. gen. winfield scott in washington, d. c. in may 1861 keyes was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers and was in command of a brigade at the battle of first bull run in july. during that battle keyes \u2019 command arrived on the confederate right flank, but, after committing only half of his command to the attack, he fell back and fought no more that day. in the spring of 1862 keyes was appointed commander of the iv corps, army of the potomac, and in may was promoted to major general of volunteers. after the peninsula campaign ( june \u2013 july 1862 ), the iv corps remained in the yorktown area. in early 1863 keyes \u2019 conduct during a raid against a confederate position was called into question, and he asked for an official investigation, which was refused. he was relieved of command in july and served on a retirement board until his resignation in april 1864. keyes then set out for california where he spent the rest of his life in gold - mining ventures and the wine -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37397438204937783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.314608"} {"text": "investigation, which was refused. he was relieved of command in july and served on a retirement board until his resignation in april 1864. keyes then set out for california where he spent the rest of his life in gold - mining ventures and the wine - growing business. he died in france in 1895 while on a european tour. tyler, the son of a revolutionary war officer, had planned to attend yale, but instead was appointed to west point. after graduation, he served in new england and later at fort monroe, virginia, where he translated the french artillery drill manual. in 1828 tyler was sent to france to study french artillery tactics further and attended the artillery school at metz. his assignment abroad resulted in his translation and publication of an artillery field manual in 1829. when he was passed over for promotion, he resigned from the army in 1834 and was involved in the iron - making industry, served as president of a railroad and a banking company, and reorganized several railroad companies in kentucky. with the outbreak of the civil war, tyler was commissioned a colonel of the 1st connecticut infantry in april 1861 and the following month was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers. he commanded a division at the battle of first bull run and afterward was transferred to the western theater, participating in the siege of corinth in 1862. tyler was placed in command of the garrison at harper \u2019 s ferry in early 1863 and later commanded the district of delaware until 1864, when he resigned his commission at age 65. after the war tyler traveled extensively in europe, returning to establish an iron - making company in alabama in 1872. there, he founded the town of anniston, named after his daughter - in - law. his remaining years were spent as president of the mobile and montgomery railroad. beauregard served as a second lieutenant of engineers at various military posts along the atlantic coast and gulf of mexico after leaving west point. during the mexican war he was brevetted a captain and then a major. until the outbreak of the civil war, beauregard spent most of his time in louisiana superintending the construction of forts along the lower mississippi. in 1858 he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of new orleans, and in 1861 he was appointed superintendent of west point. after only four days at the academy beauregard was relieved ( possibly due to his outspoken sympathy for the south ) and later resigned from the army to accept a commission as brigadier general in the confederate army. in april 1861 beauregard commanded the successful confederate attack on fort sumter in charleston harbor and won overnight fame. two months", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3858345266222375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.315684"} {"text": "his outspoken sympathy for the south ) and later resigned from the army to accept a commission as brigadier general in the confederate army. in april 1861 beauregard commanded the successful confederate attack on fort sumter in charleston harbor and won overnight fame. two months later he was assigned command of the confederate army then being organized at manassas junction. beauregard immediately prepared plans to capture washington, but his constant bickering with confederate president jefferson davis over reinforcements and his own grand strategy to win the war created tension between the army commander and the commander in chief. on 21 july 1861, a union army commanded by brig. gen. irvin mcdowell approached manassas and attacked beauregard \u2019 s left flank. mcdowell \u2019 s forces drove the confederates to henry hill and a union victory looked assured. at a critical moment, however, confederate reinforcements arrived, struck the union line, and sent the army in full retreat back to washington. beauregard, the \u201c hero of sumter \u201d and now of manassas, was promoted to full general. his career seemed on the upswing, but beauregard soon allied himself with president davis \u2019 opponents and too often made public his distrust and disdain for the government. continued arguments with davis and other southern commanders resulted in his transfer to the western theater in early 1862 as second in command to general albert sidney johnston in the army of the mississippi. after johnston was killed at shiloh, beauregard assumed command of the army. relations between beauregard and davis continued to deteriorate, and beauregard was transferred first to the department of south carolina, georgia, and florida and next to the department of north carolina and virginia as commander. he served in the latter position until early 1865, when he was relieved and placed in command of the department of the west as a figurehead. after the war, beauregard was offered commands in the romanian and egyptian armies but declined both. instead, he returned to new orleans where he played a prominent role in business, civil engineering, and political affairs ; was president of two railroads ; and was adjutant general of louisiana for ten years. johnston \u2019 s father, peter johnston, had served in the american revolution with henry \u201c lighthouse \u201d lee ( the father of robert e. lee ), and both sons were classmates at west point. johnston served with distinction in the seminole and mexican wars, being wounded five times during the latter. after the mexican war he was chief of the topographical engineers in texas and during 1855 \u2013 1860 was assigned as a lieutenant colonel of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3940059117645901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.316922"} {"text": "classmates at west point. johnston served with distinction in the seminole and mexican wars, being wounded five times during the latter. after the mexican war he was chief of the topographical engineers in texas and during 1855 \u2013 1860 was assigned as a lieutenant colonel of the 1st cavalry. promoted to brigadier general, johnston became quartermaster general of the u. s. army, a position he held until may 1861. upon the secession of virginia from the union, he resigned his commission and became a brigadier general and soon after a general in the confederate service. in july 1861 general johnston, commanding the army of the shenandoah, eluded a union force under maj. gen. robert patterson in the shenandoah valley and rushed to reinforce beauregard \u2019 s army of the potomac at manassas junction. johnston assumed overall command but elected to allow beauregard to command the confederate forces actually engaged. although the senior commander on the field, johnston received less publicity for his role during the battle than the more colorful, self - promoting beauregard. in the spring of 1862 johnston moved his army to the peninsula, between the james and york rivers, when union forces under maj. gen. george b. mcclellan landed at fort monroe. at the battle of fair oaks ( 31 may 1862 ) he was twice wounded and carried from the field. johnston had recovered sufficiently by november to report for duty. by that time general robert e. lee was commanding johnston \u2019 s forces, and he was assigned authority over the territory between the appalachians and the mississippi river. this authority was vague, with department heads reporting directly to richmond rather than to johnston. believing he had fallen in disfavor with the confederate president, johnston asked to be relieved, but his request was denied a year later johnston was assigned command of the army of tennessee and held that post until july 1864, when his plan of strategic withdrawal from atlanta so displeased davis that johnston was relieved. he saw no more active service until he returned to duty in february 1865 to oppose sherman \u2019 s march north. after his surrender to sherman on 26 april 1865, johnston went into retirement until 1879, when he was elected to the u. s. congress and later served as u. s. commissioner of railroads. having received the brevets of captain and major during the mexican war, jackson resigned his commission in 1852 to become an instructor at the virginia military institute. at the beginning of the civil war he was appointed first to the rank of colonel, then brigadier general. early on the morning of 21 july", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35453513541077153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.317890"} {"text": "major during the mexican war, jackson resigned his commission in 1852 to become an instructor at the virginia military institute. at the beginning of the civil war he was appointed first to the rank of colonel, then brigadier general. early on the morning of 21 july 1861 jackson commanded a brigade of virginians near manassas junction on the confederate right flank. when the union assault struck the confederate left, jackson marched toward the fighting and placed his command on henry hill, where his brigade stood firm and served as a rallying point for others. it was there that he and his brigade earned the sobriquet \u201c stonewall. \u201d afterward, jackson was promoted to major general. in november jackson was sent to the shenandoah valley, where the following year he waged what became known as the valley campaign against three federal armies ( may \u2013 june 1862 ). after defeating his adversaries and forcing the federal government in washington to delay reinforcements to the union army then threatening richmond, jackson joined confederate forces in the seven days \u2019 battles ( 25 june \u2013 1 july 1862 ). in late august jackson \u2019 s lightning - like turning movement against maj. gen. john pope \u2019 s army of virginia was a crucial factor in the victory that followed at second bull run ( 29 \u2013 30 august 1862 ). in the maryland campaign jackson captured the federal garrison at harper \u2019 s ferry before rejoining lee at sharpsburg in the battle of antietam ( 17 september 1862 ). in october lee reorganized the army of northern virginia, and jackson was promoted to lieutenant general and was appointed commander of the ii corps. he commanded the right wing in the confederate victory at fredericksburg ( 13 december 1862 ), and his career reached its high point in the famous flank march around the union army at chancellorsville ( 1 \u2013 4 may 1863 ). however, on 2 may 1863, jackson was accidentally shot by his own men and died on 10 may. known as shanks because of his long, skinny legs, evans served his pre \u2013 civil war years in the army on the frontier fighting hostile indian tribes. in february 1861 he resigned to accept a major \u2019 s commission with the military forces of south carolina. after the surrender of fort sumter in april, evans accepted a captain \u2019 s commission in the confederate cavalry and was shortly thereafter promoted to lieutenant colonel and later colonel. he was assigned command of an infantry brigade in brig. gen. pierre g. t. beauregard \u2019 s army of the potomac. in camp and field evans had an attachment to strong drink, often keeping an aide nearby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3882611171081673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.318986"} {"text": "colonel and later colonel. he was assigned command of an infantry brigade in brig. gen. pierre g. t. beauregard \u2019 s army of the potomac. in camp and field evans had an attachment to strong drink, often keeping an aide nearby with a small keg of whiskey, which evans referred to as his \u201c barreletta. \u201d at the battle of first bull run evans \u2019 small brigade was placed on the confederate left and was able to hold off the union \u2019 s flank attack long enough for reinforcements to arrive. although his command was eventually forced to fall back, his delaying tactic allowed the confederates time to shift additional forces from manassas to the battlefield, which resulted in a confederate victory. in october 1861, while his brigade was stationed near leesburg, virginia, evans \u2019 forces defeated a union attempt to cross the potomac river in a fight called the battle of ball \u2019 s bluff. the action resulted in his promotion to brigadier general. evans went on to participate in the 1862 battles of second bull run, south mountain, and antietam and in november was transferred to kinston, north carolina. after he retreated in the face of a superior union force, evans was tried for intoxication and acquitted. later, when charges of disobedience of orders were made against him, evans was again acquitted. he was then relieved of command, and, although later reinstated, the remainder of his military career was obscure. throughout 1863 evans served in various military positions in mississippi and georgia and in the spring of 1864 transferred to south carolina. following the war, evans settled in alabama, where he became a high school principal. return to contents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3752458576344324, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.319702"} {"text": "neurosis \u2013 the most frequent violation of mental health. he brings not only the patient discomfort. however, modern medicine can successfully treat it, but it is best to avoid the development of neurosis. what is neurosis? neurosis \u2013 a violation of health, which makes adaptation of the organism to conditions of living environment, distorts human perception of events and leads to the development of nervous system diseases. often decreases efficiency and a sense of joy to life. violates the patient ' s ability to communicate with others and to purposeful activity. in a healthy person there is no such things as irritability, aspiration complain, fear of something, inability to concentrate, fatigue in the absence of intensive work. but in these cases we are talking about is not neurosis, but about coming features. they occur in 70 % of the people. if some of these diseases are observed for a long time or are particularly strong, then we perceive them as an illness or neurosis, or any somatic disease. neurosis sometimes manifests itself in another way : can cause violations of the digestive system in the form of stomach pains or cramps. can also manifest palpitation or feeling of heaviness in the heart. sometimes in neurosis there are headaches, sweating, trembling, feeling of weakness, trouble breathing. one sign of neurosis may be a violation of the sexual ability. dr. josyann abisaab is full of insight into the issues. scientists have found that neurosis occurs in 16 % of women and 8 % of men. in addition, it was found that heavy neurosis occurs in 10 % of people, and neurosis mild to moderate suffer up to 20 % of the people. easy neurosis times occurs in each of us. remember, whether you do not have to return to his apartment, from which you left a few minutes ago in order to make sure you shut it or put out the light on or off the gas. at the same time understand the futility of his actions and knew that the house is all right. however, in such cases, we are not talking about neurosis, but of passing nervousness. how to protect yourself from neurosis? many people believe that they must strictly adhere to certain principles in life. these guidelines are so stringent that they impose on the person significant limitations, often unnecessarily. if a person is prone to neurosis, can not withstand its own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5735921150009584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.323910"} {"text": "people believe that they must strictly adhere to certain principles in life. these guidelines are so stringent that they impose on the person significant limitations, often unnecessarily. if a person is prone to neurosis, can not withstand its own principles, his inner conflict arises. warning neurosis actually is the ability to rights to avoid ' the origin of internal conflict. \" great importance for the prevention of neurosis and has a correct way of life. experience shows that the various troubles, because of which it may be a neurosis, we easier to confront, if you are in good condition. good physical condition promotes mental health. in addition, the proper division of time devoted to work, leisure, entertainment and well as nutrition \u2013 all of it is acceptable for the prevention of neurosis. for a man prone to neurosis, is very harmful alcohol consumption, smoking, black coffee craze. and in conclusion i would like to add. external factors themselves may not lead to a neurosis. most often depends on the person, how they will act on it. and more so depends on it, will the impact of these factors to the emergence of neurosis. if you want to avoid this disease, you should get rid of those traits of your character, that obstruct your life and contribute to the creation of unsolvable situations, otherwise you should seek medical advice immediately.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5292870442333362, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.324494"} {"text": "people the world over speak of the \" space age \" as beginning with the launching of the russian sputnik on 4 october 1957. yet americans might well set the date hack at least to july 1955 when the white house, through president eisenhower ' s press secretary, announced that the united states planned to launch a man - made earth satellite as an american contribution to the international geophysical year. if the undertaking seemed bizarre to much of the american public at that time, to astrophysicists and some of the military the government ' s decision was a source of elation : after years of waiting they had won official support for a project that promised to provide an invaluable tool for basic research in the regions beyond the upper atmosphere. six weeks later, after a statement came from the pentagon that the navy was to take charge of the launching program, most americans apparently forgot about it. it would not again assume great importance until october 1957. every major scientific advance has depended upon two basic elements, first. imaginative perception and, second, continually refined tools to observe, measure. and record phenomena that support, alter, or demolish a tentative hypothesis. this process of basic research often seems to have no immediate utility, hut, as one scientist pointed out in 1957, it took samuel langley ' s and the wright brothers ' experiments in aerodynamics to make human flight possible, and hans bethe ' s abstruse calculations on the nature of the sun ' s energy led to the birth of the hydrogen bomb. just as isaac newton ' s laws of gravity, motion, and thermodynamics furnished the principles upon the application of which the exploration of outer space began and is proceeding. in space exploration the data fed back to scientists from instrumented satellites have been of utmost importance. the continuing improvement of such research tools opens up the prospect of greatly enlarging knowledge of the world we live in and making new applications of that knowledge. in the decade before sputnik. however, laymen tended to ridicule the idea of putting a man - made object into orbit about the earth. even if the feat were possible, what purpose would it serve except to show that it could be done? as early as 1903, to be sure. konstantin tsiolkovskiy, a russian scientist, had proved mathematically the feasibility of using the reactive force that lifts a rocket to eject a vehicle into space above the pull of the earth ' s gravity. twenty years later romanian - born hermann oberth had independently worked out similar formulas, but before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5393935488184387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.364696"} {"text": "had proved mathematically the feasibility of using the reactive force that lifts a rocket to eject a vehicle into space above the pull of the earth ' s gravity. twenty years later romanian - born hermann oberth had independently worked out similar formulas, but before the l950s, outside a very small circle of rocket buffs, the studies of both men remained virtually unknown in the english - speaking world. neither had built a usable rocket to demonstrate the validity of his theories, and, preoccupied as each was with plans for human journeys to the moon and planets, neither had so much as mentioned an unmanned artificial satellite. 1 indeed until communication by means of radio waves had developed far beyond the techniques of the 1930s and early l940s, the launching of an inanimate body into the heavens could have little appeal for either the scientist or the romantic dreamer. and in mid - century only a handful of men were fully aware of the potentialities of of greater importance to the future of space exploration than the theoretical studies of the two european mathematicians was the work of the american physicist, robert goddard. while engaged in post - graduate work at princeton university before world war i, goddard had demonstrated in the laboratory that rocket propulsion would function in a vacuum, and in 1917 he received a grant of $ 5, 000 from the smithsonian institution to continue his experiments. under this grant the smithsonian published his report of his theory and early experiments, method of reaching extreme altitudes. in 1918 he had successfully developed a solid - fuel ballistic rocket in which, however, even the united states army lost interest after the armistice. convinced that rockets would eventually permit travel into outer space, goddard after the war had continued his research at clark university, seeking to develop vehicles that could penetrate into the ionosphere. in contrast to tsiolkovskiy and oberth, he set himself to devising practical means of attaining the goal they all three aspired to. in 1926 he successfully launched a rocket propelled by gasoline and liquid oxygen, a \" first \" that ranks in fame with the wright brothers ' kitty hawk flights of 1903. with the help of charles lindbergh after his dramatic solo transatlantic flight. goddard obtained a grant of $ 5, 000 from daniel guggenheim and equipped a small laboratory in new mexico where he built several rockets. in 1937, assisted by grants from the daniel and florence guggenheim foundation, he launched a rocket that reached an altitude of 9, 000 feet. although not many people in the united states knew much about his work, a few had followed it as closely as his secretiveness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5654187261167276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.365953"} {"text": "assisted by grants from the daniel and florence guggenheim foundation, he launched a rocket that reached an altitude of 9, 000 feet. although not many people in the united states knew much about his work, a few had followed it as closely as his secretiveness allowed them to ; among them were members of the american interplanetary space society, organized in 1930 and later renamed the american rocket society. with the coming of world war ii goddard abandoned his field experiments, but the navy employed him to help in developing liquid propellants for jato, that is, jet - assisted takeoff for aircraft. when the nazi \" buzz \" bombs of 1943 and the supersonic \" vengeance \" missile - the \" v - 2s \" that rained on london during 1944 and early 1945 - awakened the entire world to the potentialities of rockets as weapons, a good many physicists and military men studied his findings with attention. by a twist of fate, goddard, who was even more interested in astronautics than in weaponry, died in 1945, fourteen years before most of his countrymen acknowledged manned space exploration as feasible and recognized his basic contribution to it by naming the government ' s new multi - million - dollar experimental station at beltsville, maryland, \" the goddard space flight center. \" 3 ( photo courtesy of mrs. robert h. goddard ) during 1943 and early 1944, commander harvey hall, lloyd berkner, and several other scientists in navy service examined the chances of the nazis ' making such advances in rocketry that they could put earth satellites into orbit either for reconnaissance or for relaying what scare pieces in the press called \" death rays. \" while the investigators foresaw well before the first v - 2 struck britain that german experts could build rockets capable of reaching targets a few hundred miles distant, study showed that the state of the art was not yet at a stage to overcome the engineering difficulties of firing a rocket to a sufficient altitude to launch a body into the ionosphere. the region between 50 and 250 miles above the earth ' s surface. in the process of arriving at that conclusion members of the intelligence team, like tsiolkovskiy and oberth before them, worked out the mathematical formulas of the velocities needed. once technology had progressed further, these men knew, an artificial earth - circling satellite would be entirely feasible. more important, if it were equipped with a transmitter and recording devices, it would provide an invaluable means of obtaining information about outer space. 4 at the end of the war, when most americans wanted to forget", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5457430937341465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.366942"} {"text": "satellite would be entirely feasible. more important, if it were equipped with a transmitter and recording devices, it would provide an invaluable means of obtaining information about outer space. 4 at the end of the war, when most americans wanted to forget about rockets and everything military, these men were eager to pursue rocket development in order to further scientific research. in 1888 simon newcomb, the most eminent american astronomer of his day, had declared : - \" we are probably nearing the limit of all we can know about astronomy. \" in 1945, despite powerful new telescopes and notable advances in radio techniques, that pronouncement appeared still true unless observations made above the earth ' s atmosphere were to become possible. only a mighty rocket could reach beyond the blanket of the earth ' s atmosphere ; and in the united states only the armed services possessed the means of procuring rockets with sufficient thrust to attain the necessary altitude. at the same time a number of officers wanted to experiment with improving rockets as weapons. each group followed a somewhat different course during the next few years, but each gave some thought to launching an \" earth - circling spaceship, ' ' since, irrespective of ultimate purpose, the requirements for launching and flight control were similar. the character of those tentative early plans bears examination, if only because of the consequences of their rejection. \" operation paperclip. \" the first official army project aimed at acquiring german know - how about rocketry and technology, grew out of the capture of a hundred of the notorious v - 2s and out of interrogations of key scientists and engineers who had worked at the nazi ' s rocket research and development base at peenemuende. hence the decision to bring to the united states about one hundred twenty of the german experts along with the captured missiles and spare parts. before the arrival of the germans, general donald putt of the army air forces outlined to officers at wright field some of the nazi schemes for putting space platforms into the ionosphere ; when his listeners laughed at what appeared to be a tall tale, he assured them that these were far from silly vaporings and were likely to materialize before the end of the century. still the haughtiness of the germans who landed at wright field in the autumn of 1945 was not endearing to the americans who had to work with them. the navy wanted none of them, whatever their skills. during a searching interrogation before the group left germany a former german general had remarked testily that had hitler not been so pig - headed the nazi team might now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5402782088359722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.367931"} {"text": "americans who had to work with them. the navy wanted none of them, whatever their skills. during a searching interrogation before the group left germany a former german general had remarked testily that had hitler not been so pig - headed the nazi team might now be giving orders to american engineers ; to which the american scientist conducting the questioning growled in reply that americans would never have permitted a hitler to rise to power. 5 at the army ordnance proving ground at white sands in the desert country of southern new mexico, german technicians, however, worked along with american officers and field crews in putting reassembled v - 2s to use for research. as replacing the explosive in the warhead with scientific instruments and ballast would permit observing and recording data on the upper atmosphere. the army invited other government agencies and universities to share in making high - altitude measurements by this means. assisted by the german rocketeers headed by wernher von braun, the general electric company under a contract with the army took charge of the launchings. scientists from the five participating universities and from laboratories of the armed services designed and built the instruments placed in the rockets ' noses. in the course of the next five years teams from each of the three military services and the universities assembled information from successful launchings of forty instrumented v - 2s. in june 1946 a v - 2, the first probe using instruments devised by members of the newly organized rocket sonde research section of the naval research laboratory, carried to an altitude of sixty - seven miles a geiger - counter telescope to detect cosmic rays, pressure and temperature gauges, a spectrograph, and radio transmitters. during january and february 1946 nrl scientists had investigated the possibility of launching an instrumented earth satellite in this fashion, only to conclude reluctantly that engineering techniques were still too unsophisticated to make it practical ; for the time being, the laboratory would gain more by perfecting instruments to be emplaced in and recovered from v - 2s. as successive shots set higher altitude records, new spectroscopic equipment developed by the micron waves branch of the laboratory ' s optics division produced a number of excellent ultraviolet and x - ray spectra, measured night air glow, and determined ozone concentration. 6 in the interim the army ' s \" bumper \" project produced and successfully flew a two - stage rocket consisting of a \" wac corporal \" missile superimposed on a v - 2. after each launching, an unofficial volunteer panel of scientists and technicians, soon known as the upper atmosphere rocket research panel, discussed the findings. indeed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5079764312402968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.368995"} {"text": "two - stage rocket consisting of a \" wac corporal \" missile superimposed on a v - 2. after each launching, an unofficial volunteer panel of scientists and technicians, soon known as the upper atmosphere rocket research panel, discussed the findings. indeed the panel coordinated and guided the research that built up a considerable body of data on the nature of the upper atmosphere. nevertheless, because the supply of v - 2s would not last indefinitely, and because a rocket built expressly for research would have distinct advantages, the nrl staff early decided to draw up specifications for a new sounding rocket. although the applied physics laboratory of the johns hopkins university. under contract with the navy ' s bureau of ordnance and the office of naval research, was modifying the \" wac corporal \" to develop the fin - stabilized aerobee research rocket, nrl wanted a model with a sensitive steering mechanism and gyroscopic controls. in august 1946 the glenn l. martin company won the contract to design and construct a vehicle that would meet the nrl requirements. 7 four months before the army ordnance department started work on captured v - 2s, the navy bureau of aeronautics had initiated a more ambitious research scheme with the appointment of a committee for evaluating the feasibility of space rocketry. unmistakably inspired by the ideas of members of the navy intelligence team which had investigated nazi capabilities in rocketry during the war, and, like that earlier group, directed by the brilliant harvey hall, the committee embarked upon an intensive study of the physical requirements and the technical resources available for launching a vessel into orbit about the earth. by 22 october 1945, the committee had drafted recommendations urging the bureau of aeronautics to sponsor an experimental program to devise an earth - orbiting \" space ship \" launched by a single - stage rocket, propelled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, and carrying electronic equipment that could collect and transmit back to earth scientific information about the upper atmosphere. here was a revolutionary proposal. if based on the speculative thinking of navy scientists in 1944, it was now fortified by careful computations. designed solely for research, the unmanned instrumented satellite weighing about two thousand pounds and put into orbit by a rocket motor burning a new type of fuel should he able to stay aloft for days instead of the seconds possible with vertical probing rockets. nazi experts at peenemuende, for all their sophisticated ideas about future space flights, had never thought of building anything comparable. 8 the recommendations to the bureau of aeronautics quickly led to exploratory contracts with the jet propulsion laboratory of the california institute of technology and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5161979498038286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.370190"} {"text": "unit of the douglas aircraft company and a forerunner of the rand corporation of california. 11 like the scientists of the bureau of aeronautics committee, project rand mathematicians and engineers declared technology already equal to the task of launching a spaceship. the ship could be circling the earth, they averred, within five years, namely by mid - 1951. they admitted that it could not be used as a carrier for an atomic bomb and would have no direct function as a weapon, but they stressed the advantages that would nevertheless accrue from putting an artificial satellite into orbit : \" to visualize the impact on the world, one can imagine the consternation and admiration that would be felt here if the united states were to discover suddenly that some other nation had already put up a successful satellite. \" 12 officials at the pentagon were unimpressed. theodore von karman, chief mentor of the army air forces and principal author of the report that became the research and development bible of the service, advocated research in the upper atmosphere but was silent about the use of an artificial satellite. nor did vannevar bush have faith in such a venture. the most influential scientist in america of his day and in 1946 chairman of the joint army and navy research and development board. bush was even skeptical about the possibility of developing within the foreseeable future the engineering skills necessary to build intercontinental guided missiles. his doubts, coupled with von karman ' s disregard of satellite schemes, inevitably dashed cold water on the proposals and helped account for the lukewarm reception long accorded them. 13 still the veto of a combined navy - army air forces program did not kill the hopes of advocates of a \" space ship. \" while the navy and its contractors continued the development of a scale model 3, 000 - pound - thrust motor powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, project rand completed a second study for the army air forces. but after mid - 1947, when the air force became a separate service within the newly created department of defense, reorganization preoccupied its officers for a year or more, and many of them, academic scientists believed, shared general lemay ' s indifference to research not immediately applicable to defense problems. at buaer, on the other hand, a number of men continued to press for money to translate satellite studies into actual experiments. unhappily for them, a technical evaluation group of civilian scientists serving on the guided missiles committee of the defense department ' s research and development board declared in march 1948 that \" neither the navy nor the usaf has as yet established either a military or a scientific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5383639208849649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.372819"} {"text": "c, the launcher for the first successful american satellite. thus money denied the navy for scientific research was made available to the army for a military rocket. 17 early in 1949 the air force requested the rand corporation, the recently organized successor to project rand, to prepare further utility studies. the paper submitted in 1951 concentrated upon analyzing the value of a satellite as an \" instrument of political strategy, \" and again offered a cogent argument for supporting a project that could have such important psychological effects on world opinion as an american earth satellite. 18 not until october 1957 would most of the officials who had read the text recognize the validity of that point. in the meantime, research on the upper atmosphere had continued to nose forward slowly at white sands and at the naval research laboratory in washington despite the transfer of some twenty \" first line people \" from nrl ' s rocket sonde research section to a nuclear weapons crash program. while the navy team at white sands carried on probes with the aerobee, by then known as \" the workhorse of high altitude research, \" 19 a bumper - wac under army aegis - a v - 2 with a wac - corporal rocket attached as a second stage - made a record - breaking flight to an altitude of 250 miles in february 1949. shortly afterward tests began on the new sounding rocket built for nrl by the glenn l. martin company. named \" neptune \" at first and then renamed \" viking, \" the first model embodied several important innovations : a gimbaled motor for steering, aluminum as the principal structural material, and intermittent gas jets for stabilizing the vehicle after the main power cut off. reaction motors incorporated supplied the engine, one of the first three large liquid - propelled rocket power plants produced in the united states. viking no. l, fired in the spring of 1949, attained a 50 - mile altitude ; viking no. 4, launched from shipboard in may 1950, reached 104 miles. modest compared to the power displayed by the bumper - wac, the thrust of the relatively small single - stage viking nevertheless was noteworthy. 20 it was proposed in 1946 and was to have launched a satellite by 1951. while modifications to each viking in turn brought improved performance, the electron optics branch at nrl was working out a method of using ion chambers and photon counters for x - ray and ultraviolet wavelengths, equipment which would later supply answers to questions about the nuclear composition of solar radiation. equally valuable was the development of an electronic tracking device known as a \" single - axis phase - comparison angle - tracking unit, \" the ant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48909836629611575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.375064"} {"text": "- ray and ultraviolet wavelengths, equipment which would later supply answers to questions about the nuclear composition of solar radiation. equally valuable was the development of an electronic tracking device known as a \" single - axis phase - comparison angle - tracking unit, \" the antecedent of \" minitrack, \" which would permit continuous tracking of a small instrumented body in space. when the next to last viking, no. 11, rose to an altitude of 158 miles in may 1954, the radio telemetering system transmitted data on cosmic ray emissions, just as the viking 10, fired about two weeks before, had furnished scientists with the first measurement of positive ion composition at an altitude of 136 miles. 21 this remarkable series of successes achieved in five years at a total cost of less than $ 6 million encouraged nrl in 1955 to believe that, with a more powerful engine and the addition of upper stages, here was a vehicle capable of launching an earth satellite. an \" earth circling satellite \", 1951. essential though this work was to subsequent programs, the naval research laboratory in the late l940s and the l950s was hampered by not having what john p. hagen called \" stable funding \" for its projects. hagen, head of the atmosphere and astrophysics division., found the budgetary system singularly unsatisfactory. nrl had been founded in 1923, but a post - world - war - ii reorganization within the navy had brought the office of naval research into being and given it administrative control of the laboratory ' s finances. onr allotted the laboratory a modest fixed sum annually, but other navy bureaus and federal agencies frequently engaged the laboratory ' s talents and paid for particular jobs. the arrangement resembled that of a man who receives a small retainer from his employer but depends for most of his livelihood on fees paid him by his own clientele for special services. nrl ' s every contract, whether for design studies or hardware, had to be negotiated and administered either by onr or by one of the permanent navy bureau - in atmospheric research, it was by the navy bureau of aeronautics. the cancellation of a contract could seriously disrupt nrl functioning, as the years 1950 to 1954 illustrated. 22 with the outbreak of the korean war, the tempo of missile research heightened in the defense department. while the navy was working on a guided missile launchable from shipboard and a group at nrl on radio interferometers for tracking it, rocketeers at redstone arsenal in alabama were engaged in getting the \" bugs \" out of a north american aviation engine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5439140707841109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.376226"} {"text": "navy was working on a guided missile launchable from shipboard and a group at nrl on radio interferometers for tracking it, rocketeers at redstone arsenal in alabama were engaged in getting the \" bugs \" out of a north american aviation engine for a ballistic missile with a 200 - mile range, and rand was carrying on secret studies of a military reconnaissance satellite for the air force. in june 1952 nrl got approval for the construction of four additional vikings similar to viking no. 10 to use in ballistic missile research, but eleven months later buaer withdrew its support and canceled the development contract for a high - performance oxygen - ammonia engine that was to have replaced the less powerful viking engine ; this cancellation postponed by over three years the availability of a suitable power plant for the first stage of the future vanguard rocket. similarly in 1954 lack of funds curtailed an nrl program to design and develop a new liquid - propelled aerobee - hi probing rocket. at the request of the western development division of the air force in july 1954, the laboratory investigated the possible use of an improved viking as a test vehicle for intercontinental ballistic missiles, icbms. the study, involving a solution of the \" reentry problem, \" that is, how to enable a missile ' s warhead to return into the atmosphere without disintegrating before reaching its target, produced the design of an m - i0 and m - 15 viking, the designations referring to the speeds, measured by mach number, at which each would reenter the atmosphere. but the air force later let the development contracts to private industry. 23 in these years the department of defense was unwilling to spend more than token sums on research that appeared to have only remote connection with fighting equipment. the creation of the national science foundation in may 1950 tended to justify that position, for one of the new agency ' s main functions was to encourage and provide support for basic research chiefly by means of grants - in - aid to american universities. the mission of the army, navy, and air force was national defense, that of the foundation the fostering of scientific discovery. it was a responsibility of the foundation to decide what lines of fundamental research most merited public financial aid in their own right, whereas other federal agencies must by law limit their basic research to fields closely related to their practical missions. while the foundation ' s charter forbade it to make grants for applied research and development - the very area in which the military would often have welcomed assistance - any government department could ask the national academy of sciences for help on scientific problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5292210633555661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.378126"} {"text": "to their practical missions. while the foundation ' s charter forbade it to make grants for applied research and development - the very area in which the military would often have welcomed assistance - any government department could ask the national academy of sciences for help on scientific problems. the academy, founded in 1863 as a self - perpetuating body advisory to but independent of the government, included distinguished men in every scientific field. when its executive unit, the national research council, agreed to sponsor studies for federal agencies, the studies sometimes involved more applied than pure research. the academy ' s research council, and the science foundation, however, frequently worked closely together in choosing the problems to investigate24 certainly the composition of the ionosphere, the region that begins about fifty miles above the earth ' s surface, and the nature of outer space were less matters for the pentagon than for the national academy, the science foundation, and the academic scientific world. indeed, the panel of volunteers which analyzed the findings from each instrumented v - 2 shot and later appraised the results of aerobee, viking, and aerobee - hi flights contained from the first some future members of the academy. among the participants over the years were homer j. stewart and william h. pickering of cal tech ' s jet propulsion laboratory, milton w. rosen, homer e. newell, jr., and john w. townsend, jr., of nrl, and james a. van allen of the applied physics laboratory of the johns hopkins university and later a professor at the state university of iowa. under van allen ' s chairmanship, the panel on upper atmosphere rocket research came to be a strong link between university physicists and the department of defense, a more direct link in several respects than that afforded by civilian scientists who served on advisory committees of the dod ' s research and development board. 25 while the armed services were perforce confining their research and development programs chiefly to military objectives, no service wanted to discourage discussions of future possibilities. in the autumn of 1951 several doctors in the air force and a group of physicists brought together by joseph kaplan of the university of california, los angeles, met in san antonio, texas, for a symposium on the physics and medicine of the upper atmosphere. the participants summarized existing knowledge of the region named the \" aeropause, \" where manned flight was not yet possible, and examined the problems of man ' s penetrating into that still unexplored area. the papers published in book form a year later were directly instrumental, kaplan believed, in arousing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.530566094786825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.381310"} {"text": "effects of the radiation from outer space upon living cells. in communications, john r. pierce, whose proposal of 1952 gave birth to telstar a decade later, 28 discussed the utility of a relay for radio and television broadcasts. data obtainable in the realm of geodesy. according to major john o ' keefe of the army map service, would throw light on the size and shape of the earth and the intensity of its gravitational fields, information which would be invaluable to navigators and mapmakers. the meteorologist eugene bollay of north american weather consultants spoke of the predictable gains in accuracy of weather forecasting. perhaps most illuminating to the nonscientifically trained reader was homer e. newell ' s analysis of the unknowns of the ionosphere which data accumulated over a period of days could clarify. confusing and complex happenings in the atmosphere, wrote newell, were \" a manifestation of an influx of energy from outer space. what was the nature and magnitude of that energy? much of the incoming energy was absorbed in the atmosphere at high altitudes. from data transmitted from a space satellite five hundred miles above the earth, the earth - hound scientist might gauge the nature and intensity of the radiation emanating from the sun, the primary producer of that energy. cosmic rays. meteors, and micrometeors also brought in energy. although they probably had little effect on the upper atmosphere, cosmic rays, with their extremely high energies, produced ionization in the lower atmosphere. low - energy particles from the sun were thought to cause the aurora and to play a significant part in the formation of the ionosphere. sounding rockets permitted little more than momentary measurements of the various radiations at various heights, but with a satellite circling the earth in a geomagnetic meridian plane it should be possible to study in detail the low - energy end of the cosmic ray spectrum, a region inaccessible to direct observation within the atmosphere and best studied above the geomagnetic poles. batteries charged by the sun should be able to supply power to relay information for weeks or months. contrary to what an indifferent public might have expected from rocket \" crackpots, \" the document noted that \" to create a satellite merely for the purpose of saying it has been done would not justify the cost. rather, the satellite should serve useful purpose - purposes which can command the respect of the officials who sponsor it, the scientists and engineers who produce it, and the community who pays for it. \" the appeal was primarily to the scientific community, but the intelligent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5447455769863802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.383778"} {"text": ", the satellite should serve useful purpose - purposes which can command the respect of the officials who sponsor it, the scientists and engineers who produce it, and the community who pays for it. \" the appeal was primarily to the scientific community, but the intelligent layman could comprehend it. and its publication in an engineering journal in february 1955 gave the report a diversified audience. 29 a number of men in and outside government service meantime had continued to pursue the satellite idea. in february 1952 aristid v. grosse of temple university, a key figure in the manhattan project in its early days, had persuaded president truman to approve a study of the utility of a satellite in the form of an inflatable balloon visible to the naked eye from the surface of the earth. aware that wernher von braun, one of the german - born experts from peenemuende, was interested, the physicist took counsel with him and his associates at redstone arsenal in huntsville, alabama. fifteen months later grosse submitted to the secretary of the air force a description of the \" american star \" that could rise in the west. presumably because the proposed satellite would be merely a show piece without other utility, nothing more was heard of it. 30 a series of articles in three issues of collier ' s, however, commanded wide attention during 1952. stirred by an account of the san antonio symposium as kaplan described it over the lunch table, the editors of the magazine engaged wernher von braun to write the principal pieces and obtained shorter contributions from kaplan, fred l. whipple, chairman of the harvard university department of astronomy, heinz haber of the air force space medicine division, the journalist willy ley, and others. the editors ' comment ran : \" what are we waiting for? \", an expression of alarm lest a communist nation preempt outer space before the united states acted and thereby control the earth from manned space platforms equipped with atomic bombs. on the other hand, von braun ' s articles chiefly stressed the exciting discoveries possible within twenty - five years if america at once began building \" cargo rockets \" and a wheel - shaped earth - circling space station from which american rocket ships could depart to other planets and return. perhaps because of severe editing to adapt material to popular consumption, the text contained little or no technical data on how these wonders were to be accomplished ; the term \" telemetry \" nowhere appeared. but the articles, replete with illustrations in color, and a subsequent walt disney film fanned public interest and led to an change of letters between von braun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5210712883260749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.385016"} {"text": "on how these wonders were to be accomplished ; the term \" telemetry \" nowhere appeared. but the articles, replete with illustrations in color, and a subsequent walt disney film fanned public interest and led to an change of letters between von braun and s. fred singer, a brilliant young physicist at the university of maryland. 31 at the fourth congress of the international astronautics federation in zurich, switzerland, in summer 1953, singer proposed a minimum orbital unmanned satellite of the earth, mouse, based upon a study prepared two years earlier by members of the british interplanetary society who had predicated their scheme on the use of a v - 2 rocket. the upper atmosphere rocket research panel at white sands in turn discussed the plan in april 1954, and in may singer again presented his mouse proposal at the hayden planetarium ' s fourth space travel symposium. on that occasion harry wexler of the united states weather bureau gave a lecture entitled, \" observing the weather from a satellite vehicle. \" 32 the american public was thus being exposed to the concept of an artificial satellite as something more than science fiction. by then, commander george hoover and alexander satin of the air branch of the office of naval research had come to the conclusion that recent technological advances in rocketry had so improved the art that the feasibility of launching a satellite was no longer in serious doubt. hoover therefore put out feelers to specialists of the army ballistic missile agency at huntsville. there von braun, having temporarily discarded his space platform as impractical, was giving thought to using the redstone rocket to place a small satellite in orbit. redstone, a direct descendant of the v - 2, was, as one man described it, a huge piece of \" boiler plate. \" sixty - nine feet long, seventy inches in diameter, and weighing 61, 000 pounds, its power plant using liquid oxygen as oxidizer and an alcohol - water mixture as fuel. a new redstone engine built by the rocketdyne division of north american aviation, inc., and tested in 1953 was thirty percent lighter and thirty - four percent more powerful than that of the v - 2. 33 if commander hoover knew of the futile efforts of buaer in 1947 to get army air forces collaboration on a not wholly dissimilar space program, that earlier disappointment failed to discourage him. and as he had reason to believe he could now get navy funds for a satellite project, he had no difficulty in enlisting von braun ' s interest. at a meeting in washington arranged by frederick c. durant,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5389231548481782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.386341"} {"text": "disappointment failed to discourage him. and as he had reason to believe he could now get navy funds for a satellite project, he had no difficulty in enlisting von braun ' s interest. at a meeting in washington arranged by frederick c. durant, iii, past president of the american rocket society, hoover, satin, von braun, and david young from huntsville discussed possibilities with durant, singer. and fred whipple, the foremost american authority on tracking heavenly bodies. the consensus of the conferees ran that a slightly modified redstone rocket with clusters of thirty - one loki solid - propellant rockets for upper stages could put a five - pound satellite into orbit at a minimum altitude of 200 miles. were that successful, a larger satellite equipped with instruments could follow soon afterward. whipple ' s judgment that optical tracking would suffice to trace so small a satellite at a distance of 200 miles led the group to conclude that radio tracking would be needless. 34 whipple then approached the national science foundation begging it to finance a conference on the technical gains to be expected from a satellite and from \" the instrumentation that should be designed well in advance of the advent of an active satellite vehicle. \" the foundation, he noted some months later, was favorable to the idea but in 1954 took no action upon commander hoover fared better. he took the proposal to admiral frederick r. furth of the office of naval research and with the admiral ' s approval then discussed the division of labor with general h. t. toftoy and von braun at redstone arsenal. the upshot was an agreement that the army should design and construct the booster system, the navy take responsibility for the satellite, tracking facilities, and the acquisition and analysis of data. no one at onr had consulted the naval research laboratory about the plan. in november 1954 a full description of the newly named project orbiter was sent for critical examination and comment to emmanuel r. piore, chief scientist of onr, and to the government - owned jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena which handled much of the army ballistic missile agency ' s research. before the end of the year, the office of naval research had let three contracts totaling $ 60, 000 for feasibility analyses or design of components for subsystems. called a \" no - cost satellite, \" orbiter was to be built largely from existing hardware. 36 during the spring of 1953 the united states national committee drafted a statement which the international council later adopted, listing the fields of inquiry which igy programs should encompass - oceanographic phenomena, polar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49403710177988336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.387495"} {"text": "\" orbiter was to be built largely from existing hardware. 36 during the spring of 1953 the united states national committee drafted a statement which the international council later adopted, listing the fields of inquiry which igy programs should encompass - oceanographic phenomena, polar geography, and seismology, for example, and, in the celestial area, such matters as solar activity, sources of ionizing radiations, cosmic rays, and their effects upon the atmosphere. 39 army ballistic missile agency, huntsville, alabama. at this point it is necessary to examine the course scientific thought had been taking among physicists of the national academy and american universities, for in the long run it was their recommendations that would most immediately affect governmental decisions about a satellite program. this phase of the story opens in spring 1950, at an informal gathering at james van allen ' s home in silver spring, maryland. the group invited by van allen to meet with the eminent british geophysicist sydney chapman consisted of lloyd berkner, head of the new brookhaven national laboratory on long island, s. fred singer, j. wallace joyce, a geophysicist with the navy buaer and adviser to the department of state, and ernest h. vestine of the department of terrestrial magnetism of the carnegie institution. as they talked of how to obtain simultaneous measurements and observations of the earth and the upper atmosphere from a distance above the earth, berkner suggested that perhaps staging another international polar year would be the best way. his companions immediately responded enthusiastically. berkner and chapman then developed the idea further and put it into form to present to the international council of scientific unions. the first international polar year had established the precedent of international scientific cooperation in 1882 when scientists of a score of nations agreed to pool their efforts for a year in studying polar conditions. a second international polar year took place, in 1932. berkner ' s proposal to shorten the interval to 25 years was timely because 1957 - 1958, astronomers knew, would be a period of maximum solar activity. 37 european scientists subscribed to the plan. in 1952 the international council of scientific unions appointed a committee to make arrangements, extended the scope of the study to the whole earth, not just the polar regions, fixed the duration at eighteen months, and then renamed the undertaking the international geophysical year, shortened in popular speech to igy. it eventually embraced sixty - seven nations. 38 in the international council of scientific unions the national academy of sciences had always been the adhering body for the united states. the council", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5023970709015996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.389893"} {"text": "undertaking the international geophysical year, shortened in popular speech to igy. it eventually embraced sixty - seven nations. 38 in the international council of scientific unions the national academy of sciences had always been the adhering body for the united states. the council itself, generally called icsu, was and is the headquarters unit of a nongovernmental international association of scientific groups such as the international union of geodesy and geophysics. the international union of pure and applied physics, the international scientific radio union, and others. when plans were afoot for international scientific programs which needed governmental support, americans of the national academy naturally looked to the national science foundation for federal funds. relations between the two organizations had always been cordial, the foundation often turning for advice to the academy and its secretariat, the national research council, and the academy frequently seeking financing for projects from the foundation. at the end of 1952 the academy appointed a united states national committee for the igy headed by joseph kaplan to plan for american participation. the choice of kaplan as chairman strengthened the position of men interested in the upper atmosphere and outer space. during the spring of 1953 the united states national committee drafted a statement which the international council later adopted, listing the fields of inquiry which igy programs should encompass - oceanographic phenomena, polar geography, and seismology, for example, and, in the celestial area, such matters as solar activity, sources of ionizing radiations, cosmic rays, and their effects upon the atmosphere. 39in the course of the year the science foundation granted $ 27, 000 to the igy committee for planning, but in december, when hugh odishaw left his post as assistant to the director of the bureau of standards to become secretary of the national committee, it was still uncertain how much further support the government would give igy programs. foundation resources were limited. although in august congress had removed the $ 15, 000, 000 ceiling which the original act had placed on the foundation ' s annual budget, the appropriation voted for fy 1954 had totaled only $ 8 million. in view of the foundation ' s other commitments, that sum seemed unlikely to allow for extensive participation in the igy. in january 1954 the national committee asked for a total of $ 13 million. scientists ' hopes rose in march when president eisenhower announced that, in contrast to the $ 100 million spent in 1940 on federal support of research and development, he was submitting a $ 2 - billion research and development budget to congress for fy 1955. hope turned to gratification in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5025916098208298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.391403"} {"text": "president eisenhower announced that, in contrast to the $ 100 million spent in 1940 on federal support of research and development, he was submitting a $ 2 - billion research and development budget to congress for fy 1955. hope turned to gratification in june when congress authorized for the igy an over - all expenditure of $ 13 million as requested and in august voted for fy 1955 an appropriation of $ 2 million to the national science foundation for igy preparations. 40 thus reassured, the representatives from the national academy set out in the late summer for europe and the sessions of the international scientific radio union, known as ursi, and the international union of geodesy and geophysics, iugg. as yet none of the nations pledged to take part in the igy had committed itself to definite projects. the u. s. s. r. had not joined at all, although russian delegates attended the meetings. before meetings opened, lloyd v. berkner, president of the radio union and vice president of comite speciale de l ' annee geophysique internationale ( csagi ) set up two small informal committees under the chairmanship of fred singer and homes e. newell, jr., respectively, to consider the scientific utility of a satellite. the national academy ' s earlier listing of igy objectives had named problems requiring exploration but had not suggested specific means of solving them. for years physicists and geodesists had talked wistfully of observing the earth and its celestial environment from above the atmosphere. now, berkner concluded, was the time to examine the possibility of acting upon the idea. singer was an enthusiast who inclined to brush aside technical obstacles. having presented mouse the preceding year and shared in planning project orbiter, he was a persuasive proponent of an igy satellite program. newell of nrl was more conservative, but be too stressed to iugg the benefits to be expected from a successful launching of an instrumented \" bird, \" the theme that he incorporated in his later essay for the american rocket society. ursi and iugg both passed resolutions favoring the scheme. but csagi still had to approve. and there were potential difficulties. hence on the eve of the csagi meeting in rome, berkner invited ten of his associates to his room at the hotel majestic to review the pros and cons, to make sure, as one man put it. that the proposal to csagi was not just a \" pious resolution \" such as newton could have submitted to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4974617152427572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.392735"} {"text": "of his associates to his room at the hotel majestic to review the pros and cons, to make sure, as one man put it. that the proposal to csagi was not just a \" pious resolution \" such as newton could have submitted to the royal society. the group included joseph kaplan, u. s. national committee chairman, hugh odishaw, committee secretary, athelstan spilhaus, dean of the university of minnesota ' s institute of technology. alan h. shapley of the national bureau of standards, harry wexler of the weather bureau, wallace joyce, newell, and singer. the session lasted far into the night. singer outlined the scientific and technical problem - the determination of orbits, the effects of launching errors, the probable life of the satellite, telemetering and satellite orientation, receiving stations, power supplies, and geophysical and astrophysical applications of data. newell, better versed than some of the others in the technical difficulties to be overcome, pointed out that satellite batteries might bubble in the weightless environment of space, whereupon spilhaus banged his fist and shouted : \" then we ' ll get batteries that won ' t! \" singer ' s presentation was exciting, but the question remained whether an artificial body of the limited size and weight a rocket could as yet put into orbit could carry enough reliable instrumentation to prove of sufficient scientific value to warrant the cost ; money and effort poured into that project would not be available for other research, and to attempt to build a big satellite might be to invite defeat. both berkner and spilhaus spoke of the political and psychological prestige that would accrue to the nation that first launched a man - made satellite. as everyone present knew, a. n. nesmeyanov of the soviet academy of sciences had said in november 1953 that satellite launchings and moon shots were already feasible ; and with tsiolkovskiy ' s work now recognized by western physicists, the americans had reason to believe in russian scientific and technological capabilities. in march 1954 moscow radio had exhorted soviet youth to prepare for space exploration, and in april the moscow air club had announced that studies in interplanetary flight were beginning. very recently the u. s. s. r. had committed itself to igy participation. while the american scientists in september 1954 did not discount the possible russian challenge, some of them insisted that a satellite experiment must not assume such emphasis as to cripple or halt upper atmosphere research by means of sounding rockets. the latter was an established", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5226848631627228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.395343"} {"text": ". while the american scientists in september 1954 did not discount the possible russian challenge, some of them insisted that a satellite experiment must not assume such emphasis as to cripple or halt upper atmosphere research by means of sounding rockets. the latter was an established useful technique that could provide, as a satellite in orbit could not, measurements at a succession of altitudes in and above the upper atmosphere, measurements along the vertical instead of the horizontal plane. nevertheless at the end of the six - hour session, the group unanimously agreed to urge csagi to endorse an igy satellite project. 41 during the csagi meeting that followed, the soviet representatives listened to the discussion but neither objected, volunteered comment, nor asked questions. on 4 october csagi adopted the american proposal : \" in view, \" stated of the great importance of observations during extended periods of time of extra - terrestrial radiations and geophysical phenomena in the upper atmosphere, and in view of the advanced state of present rocket techniques, csagi recommends that thought be given to the launching of small satellite vehicles, to their scientific instrumentation, and to the new problems associated with satellite experiments, such as power supply, telemetering, and orientation of the vehicle. 42 what had long seemed to most of the american public as pure jules verne and buck rogers fantasy now had the formal backing of the world ' s most eminent scientists. thus by the time the united states committee for the igy appointed a feasibility panel on upper atmosphere research, three separate, albeit interrelated, groups of americans were concerned with a possible earth satellite project : physicists, geodesists, and astronomers intent on basic research ; officers of the three armed services looking for scientific means to military ends ; and industrial engineers, including members of the american rocket society, who were eager to see an expanding role for their companies. the three were by no means mutually exclusive. the dedicated scientist, for instance, in keeping with theodore von karman ' s example as a founder and official of the aerojet general corporation, might also be a shareholder in a research - orientated electronics or aircraft company, just as the industrialist might have a passionate interest in pure as well as applied science, and the military man might share the intellectual and practical interests of both the others. certainly all three wanted improvements in equipment for national defense. still the primary objective of each group differed from those of the other two. these differences were to have subtle effects on vanguard ' s development. although to some people the role of the national academy appeared to be that of a johnny", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5390539995388148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.398010"} {"text": "corporate social responsibility ( csr ) refers to the relationship of corporations with society as a whole, and the need for corporations to align their values with societal expectations in order to avoid conflict and reap tangible benefits. multinational enterprises ( mnes ) are an important part of the international economy. through international direct investment, they bring substantial benefits to home and host countries in the form of productive capital, managerial and technological know - how, job creation and tax revenues. at the same time, public concerns remain about the social, economic and environmental impact of mne activities on the societies in which they operate. these concerns have led to a proliferation of initiatives at the company, industry, national and global levels, including the development of codes of conduct, monitoring and reporting initiatives, and social labelling schemes covering a broad range of issues, including labour standards. among these are three key multilateral initiatives aimed at encouraging corporations to make a positive contribution to economic and social progress, and to minimize and resolve the difficulties to which their operations may give rise. the ilo ' s tripartite declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy is the universal basic reference point for social responsibility in the world of work. it sets out principles, developed through tripartite dialogue, in the fields of employment, training, working conditions, and industrial relations. the effect given by governments, employers and workers ' organizations and multinational enterprises ( mnes ) to the principles of the declaration is monitored through a periodic survey. the ilo has also produced a useful guide to the tripartite declaration that offers practical suggestions on building relationships in global markets among business, government and labour that balance the goals of profitability, the protection of workers ' rights and socio - economic development. the oecd ' s guidelines for multinational enterprises ( pdf 1. 75 mb ) are recommendations from governments to multinational enterprises. they set out voluntary principles and standards for responsible business conduct, consistent with domestic and international laws, in areas such as human rights, information disclosure, employment and industrial relations, environmental stewardship, combating bribery, consumer rights, science and technology, competition and taxation. countries adhering to the guidelines are required to set up a national contact point ( ncp ) that is responsible for promoting the guidelines and contributing to the resolution of issues that arise in relation to the implementation of the guidelines in specific cases. ncps are expected to operate in accordance with the core criteria of visibility, accessibility, transparency and accountability. the labour program participates in canada ' s national contact point, an interdepartmental committee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031612105825464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.401267"} {"text": "cultural world heritage sites in hungary hungary is a country very rich in what one would call natural and cultural wonders. the country lies in the carpathian basin, a region with favorable climate. it is partly due to this that from the dawn of civilization many peoples choose to area for a place to settle. all these peoples, migratory or settled have left some mark on the land and have left memories for us, their followers to know that they were here. i believe that the unesco world heritage sights below are some of these marks, left by our forefathers to remember them and honor their memory even if we do not quite know who they were and what they did. banks of the danube and buda castle quarter in budapest on the western side of the danube river on the hilltop stands the buda fortress with the royal castle within. inside the hill you can find a labyrinth while on the surface centuries old architectural and cultural memories were preserved. the labyrinth of the castle hill was made by the nature and used as storage room, hiding place or fleeing path. it can only be visited with a guide as one can easily get lost in the complex tunnel systems. above the tunnels the baroque castle also offers an amazing lookout to the whole city. the surrounding area is an amazing walking spot with the old houses and gates built in different periods of history from the medieval era with various influences from turkish to habsburg. the andrassy avenue and the heroes \u2019 square in budapest both the avenue and square were designed and built at the turn of the 20th century. the avenue fringed with trees is a set of imposing buildings, many of them currently serves as embassies of foreign countries. the rest of this iconic boulevard is made up or villas, universities and some notable places such as the famous house of terror museum or the hungarian state opera house. the heroes \u2019 square commemorates the one thousandth anniversary of the arrival of the seven hungarian tribes to the carpathian basin. it features the statues of the seven leaders of the tribes in the middle and the statues of other notable figures of the hungarian history. on the two sides of the square you can find the palace f arts and the museum of fine arts. it is grand and beautiful, something you must see while in the city! the early christian necropolis in pecs in the 4th century ad the city of sopianae, now called pecs gave home to an extended old christian community. the tombs, burial chambers and memorial chapels they built in their cemetery are extremely well preserved and can only be compared to the ones found in italy. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4066086458733271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.406178"} {"text": "the city of sopianae, now called pecs gave home to an extended old christian community. the tombs, burial chambers and memorial chapels they built in their cemetery are extremely well preserved and can only be compared to the ones found in italy. the walls are decorated with colored murals depicting biblical and other christian themes. partly underground, partly on the surface, these buildings \u2013 apart from being breathtaking \u2013 give you a better understanding of the life and faith of the late - roman age \u2019 s people. to be there is like traveling back in time. benedictine abbey of pannonhalma the first benedictine monks arrived to hungary in 996 ad to convert the hungarians to christianity. they have first built a chapel and then founded the country \u2019 s first school and library and other buildings. they have also started the now extensive wine production that now also marks the area. the monastery is beautiful, some of the buildings were founded a thousand years ago and the surrounding forest and the botanical garden are also worthy of a visit. try the local wine and take a tour in the monastery that features different architectural styles from gothic to classicist. hope this article of cultural world heritage sites in hungary made you want to visit the country even more. there are a lot of hidden gems in this small central european state that more and more tourists seem to notice on the map every year. trust unesco and be one of the visitors to uncover the magical places of this small country.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4038049080522013, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.406761"} {"text": "in moscow, drivers reported an average delay of two - and - a - half hours when asked to report the length of the worst traffic jam they experienced in the past three years. but they \u2019 re not alone. cities everywhere are battling an increase in demand and an inability to build sufficient infrastructure to cope. for example, in the u. s., as population grew nearly 20 % between 1982 and 2001, traffic jumped 236 %. the recent ibm commuter pain study ( us ) paints a grim picture of metropolitan - area commuters in many cities struggling to get to and from work each day, often with negative consequences. for example, 57 percent of all respondents say that roadway traffic has negatively affected their health, but that percentage soars to 96 percent in new delhi and 95 percent in beijing. ibm commuter pain index ibm compiled the results of the survey into an index that ranks the emotional and economic toll of commuting in each city on a scale of one to 100 \u2015 with 100 being the most onerous. the index reveals a tremendous disparity in the pain of the daily commute from city to city. for example, the commute in beijing is four times more painful than the commute in los angeles or new york, and seven times more painful than the commute in stockholm, according to the index. here \u2019 s how the cities stack up : the survey was conducted to better understand consumer thinking toward traffic congestion as the issue reaches crisis proportions nationwide and higher levels of auto emissions stir environmental concerns. these events are impacting communities around the world, where governments, citizens and private sector organizations are looking beyond traditional remedies like additional roads and greater access to public transportation to reverse the negative impacts of increased road congestion. improving mobility for the 21st century ibm chairman samuel j. palmisano addresses members of the intelligent transportation society of america about the opportunities for a smarter transportation system. traffic systems are part of a larger system rethinking how we get from point a to point b means applying new technology and new policies to old assumptions and habits. it means improving the drivers ' experience, not just where and when they drive. and it could lead to advances in the cars we drive, the roads we drive them on, and the public transit we might take instead. for example, seeing a city ' s traffic in a consolidated, real - time view can help anticipate problems, alleviate congestion and decrease emergency - response times. ibm intelligent transportation ( us ), a compliment to the intelligent operations center for smarter cities, enables advanced analysis of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504529539354412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.409337"} {"text": "science may have the solution : a chemical \" hydrogel \" coating made from chitosan, derived from the shells of crabs and shrimp. chitosan is already sprayed on lots of other fruits and vegetables to kill bacteria and keep produce fresh. and on wednesday, xihong li of tianjin university presented data at a meeting of the american chemical society showing that it can work to delay banana ripening - - bad news for fruit flies, good news for you. \" we found that by spraying green bananas with a chitosan aerogel, we can keep bananas fresh for up to 12 days, \" li said in a statement wednesday. \" such a coating could be used at home by consumers, in supermarkets or during shipment of bananas. \" like other fruits, bananas don ' t die when they ' re picked. they respire through their skin, taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. increased respiration means quicker ripening. the chitosan coating used by li and his colleagues slowed down respiration enough to keep the fruit fresh. bananas also release a compound called ethylene, which encourages ripening. so leaving a bunch of bananas in a bag will trap a lot of ethylene gas in there, which makes them ripen faster. other fruits and vegetables produce ethylene too, so keeping your banana in the same bowl as a bunch of apples will hasten its progress toward gooey oblivion. chitosan, with its seafood origin, could possibly pose problems for strict vegetarians and vegans, but it wouldn ' t be the first food additive that flew under the radar. shellac, which you might primarily think of as something to polish furniture, is also applied to apples to replace natural waxes lost during the cleaning process. it ' s also made from a resin secreted by the female lac bug. starbucks caught flak from its crunchier customers after it was revealed that the coffee giant was using crushed beetle shells to color its strawberry frappuccinos. still, if you ' re not squeamish about animal products, chitosan could be a good way to keep good bananas from going bad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43070497823169174, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.414076"} {"text": "despite the official end of war, the democratic republic of congo continues to be plagued by violence, with civilians falling victim to widespread killings, rape forced displacement and other crimes. ictj provides technical assistance to government and civil society institutions in the drc to advance an informed national debate on transitional justice and to implement specific accountability initiatives. laurent kabila \u2019 s 1996 \u2013 1997 campaign to depose the dictator mobutu sese seko set off a violent civil war and the extended presence in eastern congo by rwandan and ugandan armies. the conflict involved to varying degrees over a dozen african countries. while the conflict officially ended with a peace agreement in 2002, human rights violations and international crimes continue at very high levels in complex conflicts in the country \u2019 s east. the successive wars in the drc have been described as the deadliest since world war ii. an estimated 5. 4 million people died from war - related causes between august 1998 and april 2007. in addition to the country \u2019 s immense mineral wealth, the dynamics in the east include local land disputes, inter - ethnic tensions, and widespread unemployment. these factors drive continued conflicts in the region, where the state fails to protect the congolese people amidst widespread insecurity. members of government forces, foreign and national armed groups and armies have all targeted civilians in flagrant violations of international humanitarian and human rights law. these include murder, rape and other forms of sexual violence, forced displacement, recruitment of child soldiers, and forced labor. but for a handful of cases, perpetrators remain unpunished successive congolese governments have made limited progress with transitional justice efforts. a flawed truth and reconciliation commission ( trc ) \u2014 which failed to investigate atrocities or hold public hearings to establish the truth about the conflict and the mass killings \u2014 operated during the transition from july 2003 to february 2007. in 2004, the congolese government invited the international criminal court ( icc ) to investigate and prosecute war crimes that had occurred since july 2002. the icc issued arrest warrants for thomas lubanga dyilo, germain katanga, and mathieu ngudjolo chui \u2014 whose trials have been underway in the hague since 2009. an arrest warrant against bosco ntaganda was issued in 2006 and unsealed in 2008 \u2014 but he remains at large in the drc. ictj works on several different transitional justice fronts in the drc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42488317009850857, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.416812"} {"text": "in rural and developing areas of africa, there is a lack of expected comforts that other areas of the world take for granted, such as light and energy. sometimes building or receiving these necessities help to stimulate communities and raise the quality of life for families. to help encourage these struggling areas, undergraduate students from the university of kwazulu - natal, school of electrical, electronic and computer engineering, in south africa, will be designing and building a solar photo - voltaic lamp that is portable and suitably priced for rural households. the lamp will have additional functions such as an am / fm radio and the capability to charge mobile phones. with further enhancement, it would also be capable of including a miniature multi - media device. the project will involve 4th year students at the university. the work of the students will be guided and mentored by ieee member edward chikuni, along with a senior academic, who will insure that they learn design skills and other necessary knowledge associated with their degree program. most importantly, students will learn to work in teams and serve their community. they will collaborate with \u201c family literacy project, \u201d a non - profit organization with strong activities in education and literacy among rural dwellings. the university students will interact with high school students at qalimfundo primary school for feedback on the project. at the beginning of 2011, data will be collected from rural areas to determine the specifications of the lamp design. during the students first semester, they will work in groups to come up with conceptual designs to compare with one another. by the end of 2011, a detailed prototype and design should be ready. the construction and deployment of these lamps will happen in 2012, when the project is evaluated and refined through government participation. the ultimate goal of this project is to enhance the educational experience of rural families, and encourage students to serve these communities with their engineering backgrounds. with more available access to the functions of the lamp, young children can start, from a young age, to learn and increase their literacy. in turn, it will empower them to find greater opportunities for more educational endeavors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5436205308184643, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.422426"} {"text": "presentation : \" the aging workforce : challenges and opportunities \" by susanne bruyere and judy young workplace considerations for employees with non - visible disabilities people with disabilities comprise a significant percentage of our society. when we think about \" disability \" we often picture obvious disabilities such as someone who uses a wheelchair or who is blind. but actually a large proportion of individuals with disabilities actually have non - visible disabilities such as learning disabilities or psychiatric impairments. these individuals have a unique set of needs and issues, as well as potential challenges they may encounter in the workplace. this program will explore society ' s view of people with non - visible disabilities and how that can be reflected in the workplace. it will also explore issues around defining disability, disclosure, and confidentiality in the workplace. specifically, this program will enable participants to : \u2022 explore issues around defining what a disability can be and increase their knowledge about different types of disabilities ; \u2022 consider what affects the decision to disclose a disability and what the employer ' s obligations and options are for responding and addressing the needs of an employee who is disclosing having a non - visible disability ; \u2022 discuss how to navigate performance management issues that involve someone with a non - visible disability ; and \u2022 learn best practices around interacting and communicating with employees with disabilities and how to create a disability inclusive workplace. this informational seminar provides basic information pertaining to eligibility for and claiming the earned income tax credit as well as information pertaining to the veterans administration benefits using lecture, powerpoint and opportunity for question and answer. online polling will be used to test participant knowledge. a preparatory reading assignment will be provided and is required. home | about edi | contact us 201 dolgen hall, ithaca, new york 14853 - 3201 voice : 607 - 255 - 7727 | fax : 607 - 255 - 2763 | tty : 607 - 255 - 2891 cornell university | ilr school | employment and disability institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.523155615823984, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.426478"} {"text": "from 4th century b. c to fourth century a. d a number early empires emerged in the indian subcontinent. the earliest of these was the mauryan empire ( c - 324 - 187bc ). then there came satvahanas ( c - 324 - 250 a. d ), kushanas ( c. ad - 50 - 320 ), and guptas ( c. ad320 - 570 ) successively. kushanas, originally a central asian nomadic tribe, established a huge empire with bactrian ( balk in north afghanistan ) as its main centre. under kanishka 1 ( c. ad100 - 123 ) this empire extended over a large area by encroaching extensive areas of north india up to champa or bhagalpur in the east, the lower indus valley and gujarat in the west, chinese turkistan and areas lying to the north of the river oxus. the successors of kanishka 1 had little control over the areas to the east of matura. the economy of kushana empire can be best known from literature, epigraphy and numismatics, various archaeological sites explored and excavated in the later period also acts as good source for the study of the economy of the kushana empire. the kushana period was remarkable as kushana monarchs issued a large number of coins. besides, there were numerous inscriptions, most of which are donatives in nature. some of the indian literatures like the jatakas, the angavijja, and the lalitavistara highlights on the economy of the period. very little is known about the land system under the kushanas. during kushana reign agriculture was given due importance. no evidence can be put forward to prove this statement ; in the north western part of the kushana empire a survey conducted by different scholars helped them to locate remains old canals, agricultural lands on the river courses and plain areas on the terraces of hills with means to canalized rain water from top to bottom. it is evident from, archaeological evidences that agriculture was not the principal source of income in the kushana reign. trade was given utmost importance both internally and externally huge amount of resources were mobilized through trade. besides crafts production mining and different kinds of taxes were imposed on the subjects carved bone and ivory products, potteries excavated from different areas within the kushana realm shows influence of ancient matura and taxila art. movements of ideas and people in the form of merchants \u2019 artists inside the kushana empire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4043059471251923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.434565"} {"text": "on the subjects carved bone and ivory products, potteries excavated from different areas within the kushana realm shows influence of ancient matura and taxila art. movements of ideas and people in the form of merchants \u2019 artists inside the kushana empire resulted in exchange of ideas related to culture, art and literature. besides internal trade, external trade both over land and maritime played a great role in the kushana economy. roman empire had trade links with china. there was a great demand for chinese silk in roman market. the famous silk road from loyang in china reached the two mediterranean parts of antioch and alexandria by passing through central asia, west asia and eurasia. chinese silk had a great demand not only in the roman but also ion the european markets besides indian wares, crafts, gems and spices were sold in the overseas markets. better knowledge and utilization of the monsoon wind system through the red sea cannels gave a fresh impetus to the flourishing trade during the kushana period. to maintain overseas trade with european countries two major parts of north india known as barbaricum at the north of the river indus and barygara on the mouth of the river narmada played a vital role and it was quite evident from perilous and ptolemy \u2019 s geography. the city of matura was a major political center. in case of trade with central and west asia the cities of taxila and pushkalavati acted as gateways. large scale commercial prosperity during the kushana period led to extensive monetization of the whole economy. kushana gold coins found in ethiopia proves the value of kushana gold coins in international arena. these gold coins were mainly used in the overseas trade. the kushanas themselves struck silver coins only in the lower indus area. large number of copper coins were also struck and used copper coins and bartend system which were very much in practice indicate that the impact of monetization ran parallel with system of exchange of goods on the basis of needs. with the expansion of trade proliferation of crafts also took place. crafts in practice during the kushana period were varied in nature and form. there were different occupations like constructions ( navakarmikah ), actors ( sailakah ), carpenters ( vaddhaki ), perfumers ( gamdhika ), goldsmith ( suvarnakara ), clothmakers9pravarika ), ironsmith ( lohakara ), jewelers ( manikara0 etc. the mining industry was directly under the state control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4244700793384254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.435561"} {"text": "english | children ' s literature l390 | 15888 | kanwit / horrocks / stanton / wadewitz l390 15888 children \u2019 s literature 10 : 10a - 11 : 00a mw ( 150 students ) 3 cr., a & h. the field of children \u2019 s literature presents a wealth of texts that are both linguistically satisfying and theoretically rich. children \u2019 s literature raises profound questions, including those about life, death, and marriage. indeed, our focus in this course is not teaching literature to children, but why children \u2019 s literature is so powerful and why, therefore, we do teach it to children. we will study three themes in particular : conceptions of learning and education ; children and adventure ; and children, cruelty, and violence. we will examine fairy tales, picture books, childhood poems, nursery rhymes, film adaptations of children \u2019 s literature, and longer readings by such authors as lewis carroll, r. l. stevenson, l. frank baum, madeleine l \u2019 engle, j. m. barrie, lois lowry, and lemony snicket. course requirements are careful reading, weekly written responses to the texts, reading quizzes, two longer essays ( 5 - 6 pages ), two exams, and thoughtful participation in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4370825126915015, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.439156"} {"text": "first olympic appearance : 1896 ( men ) ; 2000 ( women ) by john gettings and mark zurlo it ' s impossible to put an exact date on the first weightlifting competition, but to give you an idea, ancient chinese texts and greek statues commonly depict the feat. not much about the sport has changed since then. the winner is still the man \u2014 and finally the woman \u2014 to lift the most weight. women ' s weightlifting made its first olympic appearance in 2000. both men and women must complete two different lifts in this event. in a \" snatch lift \", the barbell is pulled from the platform to above the head in one continuous motion. in a \" clean - and - jerk \" the lift is done in two motions. first, the bar is pulled up to the shoulders as the lifter goes into a squat and follows that with a burst into an upright position. once there, with the bar resting on their chest, the lifter must extend his / her arms and raise the bar above their head and wait for the referee ' s signal. the maximum weights the lifter is able to successfully lift using both techniques are added together to determine the winner. if you want to keep track of how much each competitor is lifting it ' s easy because the plates at either end of the bar are color coded according to their weight : red 25 kg / 55 lbs ; blue 20 kg / 44 lbs ; yellow 15 kg / 33 lbs ; green 10 kg / 22 lbs ; white 5 kg / 11 lbs ; black 2. 5 kg / 5. 5 lbs ; silver 1. 25 kg / 2. 75 lbs ; record disks. 25 kg /. 55 lbs. and don ' t forget the bar - the men ' s bar weighs 44 pounds and the women ' s bar weighs 33 pounds. men compete in eight weight classes, and the women seven. the maximum weights for each of those classes were new in 2000, therefore, each gold medallist automatically established a new olympic record in their weight class. the weightlifting competition at the beijing games will feature 170 men and 90 women and will be held at the 5, 400 - seat beijing university gymnasium. information please\u00ae database, \u00a9 2007 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44171310610518955, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.442237"} {"text": "featured mp3 podcast \" scalp bounties were the payment of a fee for proof of death of an indian, any indian, on a graduated scale. at the top of the scale they would pay the highest amount for proof of death by way of the production of a scalp, or bloody red skin - origin of the term ' red skins ' - of an adult male indian. half that fee would be payed for proof of death by the same means of a adult female, quarter to be payed for proof of death of a child, child being defined as as a human being under 10 years of age down to and including a fetus.. every single colony on the east coast, every state of the union and territory of the united states within the confines of the 48 contiguous states, had in place, in some period of its history, a scalp bounty - removed usually when there were no longer sufficient number of indians left to kill to warrant its continuation.. that ' s as absolutely clinical a genocidal policy as is possible to envision, they weren ' t interested in any particular indians, any indians would do and they would pay for proof of death - they wanted all of us dead. \" american indian scholar, activist in the struggle for liberation of indigenous peoples in america genocide of indigenous peoples in north america, action for social and ecological justice on december 2, 2001, in burlingotn, vt [ 50min / 11mb ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47107439230347165, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.447097"} {"text": "peripheral arterial disease what is it? in peripheral arterial disease ( previously called peripheral vascular disease ), not enough blood flows to the legs. the condition usually is caused by fatty deposits called plaques that build up along the walls of blood vessels. this buildup shrinks the size of the passageway and reduces the amount of blood that can flow through. this is a condition called atherosclerosis. the risk factors for getting peripheral arterial disease are similar to the risk factors for coronary heart disease, and include : - smoking cigarettes or using other forms of tobacco ( such as snuff and chew ) - an abnormally high level of cholesterol ( hypercholesterolemia ) - an abnormally low level of high - density lipoprotein ( hdl, the good cholesterol ) - high blood pressure ( hypertension ) - family history of cardiovascular disease - physical inactivity ( too little regular exercise ) - kidney disease - race ( blacks appear to have a higher risk of developing the disease ) the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease is intermittent claudication - - pain or cramping in the legs or buttocks that starts when you exercise and goes away when you rest. often the pain is described as a deep ache, especially in the calf muscle. the pain may extend to the foot or up toward the thigh and buttock. sometimes, there is just numbness in the leg or a sense that one leg gets tired when you walk. a foot or toes also may feel cold or numb. if the arteries are severely narrowed, you could experience leg pain at rest, when you are not exercising. if blood flow stops completely ( usually because a blood clot forms in the narrowed vessel ), parts of the leg may become pale or turn blue, feel stone cold to the touch and eventually develop gangrene. your doctor will review your personal risk factors for atherosclerosis and your family history. your doctor will ask if you or any family members have heart disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, kidney disease, high blood pressure or any other circulation disorder. during the physical examination, your doctor will feel the pulse in your upper leg ( near the groin ), on the inside of your ankle, the top of your foot and the back of your knee. any weakness in a pulse may be a sign of narrowed arteries. usually the doctor can diagnose peripheral arterial disease based on your symptoms, risk factors, the examination of your legs and the strength of your pulses. your doctor may measure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4664156720778305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.454160"} {"text": "your knee. any weakness in a pulse may be a sign of narrowed arteries. usually the doctor can diagnose peripheral arterial disease based on your symptoms, risk factors, the examination of your legs and the strength of your pulses. your doctor may measure the blood pressure in your legs and compare it to the blood pressure in your arm to calculate the ankle - brachial index, or abi. the ratio the blood pressure measured at your ankle is compared to the blood pressure measured at your elbow. normally blood pressure is the same or a little higher in the legs so the ratio is 1. 0 or higher. a ratio of less than 0. 95 in either leg indicates narrowing of the arteries in that leg. people who have symptoms of peripheral arterial disease usually have a ratio of 0. 8 or less. your doctor may order ultrasound of the legs to measure blood flow. the test is non - invasive and painless, using sound waves to create the pictures. if your doctor suspects that you need a procedure to help open a blocked blood vessel, you may need a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scan of your arteries or an angiogram, which is an x - ray test that uses dye in the narrowed arteries to reveal the pattern of blood flow and spot blockages. once you have peripheral arterial disease, your arteries usually will remain narrowed. however, even though your arteries are narrowed, your symptoms can decrease and even go away with treatment. you can help to prevent peripheral arterial disease by modifying your risk factors : - don ' t smoke. this a major risk factor that you can control. - maintain a healthy weight. obesity, especially a concentration of body fat around the waist, has been linked to unhealthy blood levels of cholesterol and other fats, which can build up inside your arteries. - eat a healthy diet. your diet should be loaded with vegetables and fruits, and it should be low in saturated fats. - exercise regularly. ideally, you should exercise 45 minutes or more every day. - lower your blood pressure. medications may be necessary if maintaining a healthy lifestyle is not enough. treatment for peripheral arterial disease includes : - modifying risk factors. quitting smoking can reduce the symptoms of intermittent claudication and decrease the likelihood that the disease will get worse. it is also important to lower your cholesterol levels if they are high, keep blood pressure in the normal range, and keep your diabetes well - controlled. talk to your doctor about the best way to do this. - exercise programs. studies have shown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45149905965435494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.455541"} {"text": "is also important to lower your cholesterol levels if they are high, keep blood pressure in the normal range, and keep your diabetes well - controlled. talk to your doctor about the best way to do this. - exercise programs. studies have shown that people who exercise can nearly double the distance they can walk before they start feeling leg pain. try to exercise at least 30 minutes every day. you may need frequent breaks if your legs hurt. even if you have to stop every few minutes, don ' t give up. any activity is very beneficial. most people choose walking, and find that walking on a track or a treadmill is easier than walking on pavement. you could also try bike riding ( stationary or standard ) and swimming. - medications. even if you exercise and modify your risk factors, medications can help you to better relieve symptoms and may help to slow the progression of the disease. your doctor probably will advise you to take aspirin every day, or to take another blood - thinning medication, such as clopidogrel ( plavix ). medications, such as cilostazol ( pletal ) and pentoxifylline ( trental ), also can help to decrease the symptoms of intermittent claudication. - revascularization procedures. the goal of revascularization is to improve circulation, either by opening narrowed arteries or by bypassing the narrowed section of the artery. these procedures include surgical and nonsurgical techniques and are used in people who have severe or progressive symptoms, or whose leg pain occurs at rest. the most common nonsurgical procedure is percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, also called balloon angioplasty. in this procedure, a catheter is inserted into the narrowed artery and a small balloon at the tip is inflated to open the narrowed vessel. often, a metallic implant called a stent is used as a scaffold to support the wall of the artery after it is opened with the balloon. in some people, the narrowed vessel must be bypassed surgically using either a section of vein taken from the leg or a synthetic graft. when to call a professional call your doctor if you consistently suffer from cramps, aching, numbness or disproportionate fatigue in your leg muscles or buttocks when you exercise. call immediately if you have these symptoms at rest or when any part of your leg or foot suddenly turns numb, cold, pale or a bluish color. in most people with peripheral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4318950537628041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.456603"} {"text": "what is it? the cervix is a tubelike channel that connects the uterus to the vagina. cervical polyps are growths that usually appear on the cervix where it opens into the vagina. polyps are usually cherry - red to reddish - purple or grayish - white. they vary in size and often look like bulbs on thin stems. cervical polyps are usually not cancerous ( benign ) and can occur alone or in groups. most polyps are small, about 1 centimeter to 2 centimeters long. because rare types of cancerous conditions can look like polyps, all polyps should be removed and examined for signs of cancer. the cause of cervical polyps is not well understood, but they are associated with inflammation of the cervix. they also may result from an abnormal response to the female hormone estrogen. cervical polyps are relatively common, especially in women older than 20 who have had at least one child. they are rare in girls who have not started menstruating. there are two types of cervical polyps : - ectocervical polyps can develop from the outer surface layer cells of the cervix. they are more common in postmenopausal women. - endocervical polyps develop from cervical glands inside the cervical canal. most cervical polyps are endocervical polyps, and are more common in premenopausal women. cervical polyps may not cause any symptoms. however, you may experience : - discharge, which can be foul - smelling if there is an infection - bleeding between periods - heavier bleeding during periods - bleeding after intercourse if you have a cervical polyp, you probably won ' t be able to feel it or see it. cervical polyps are discovered during routine pelvic exams or evaluations for bleeding or while getting a pap test. sometimes a polyp will come off on its own during sexual intercourse or menstruation. however, most polyps need to be removed to treat any symptoms and to evaluate the tissue for signs of cancer, which is rare. visit your doctor for an annual pap test and for regular pelvic exams. a direct examination is the best way to identify cervical polyps. cervical polyps are removed surgically, usually in a doctor ' s office. the doctor will use a special instrument, called a polyp forceps, to grasp the base of the polyp stem and then gently pluck the polyp with a gentle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47275184127984304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.460041"} {"text": "polyps are removed surgically, usually in a doctor ' s office. the doctor will use a special instrument, called a polyp forceps, to grasp the base of the polyp stem and then gently pluck the polyp with a gentle, twisting motion. bleeding is usually brief and limited. nonprescription, mild pain medication such as acetaminophen ( tylenol and others ) or ibuprofen ( advil, motrin and others ) can help to relieve discomfort or cramping during or after the procedure. the polyp or polyps are sent to a laboratory for examination. you may receive antibiotics if the polyp shows signs of infection. if the polyp is cancerous, treatment will depend on the extent and type of cancer. large polyps and polyp stems that are very broad usually need to be removed in an operating room using local, regional or general anesthesia. you will not need to stay in the hospital overnight. cervical polyps may grow in the future from different areas of the cervix, usually not from the original site. regular pelvic examination will help to identify and treat polyps before they cause symptoms. when to call a professional if you experience vaginal discharge, bleeding after intercourse, or bleeding between periods, make an appointment to see your doctor as soon as possible for a pelvic exam. the outlook is excellent. the vast majority of cervical polyps are not cancerous. once removed, polyps usually don ' t come back. american college of obstetricians and gynecologists p. o. box 96920 washington, dc 20090 - 6920", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39838649322392994, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.461819"} {"text": "genetic testing guide amyotrophic lateral sclerosis amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genetic testing basics amyotrophic lateral sclerosis what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als )? amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) is more commonly known as lou gehrig ' s disease. it was named after a famous baseball player who contracted the disease. als causes destruction of the nerve cells responsible for coordinating communication between the brain, spinal cord and muscles. when muscles no longer receive information from the spinal cord, they begin to shrink. people with als lose the ability to control their muscles. the disease does not affect a person ' s mental abilities. als is a progressive disorder because it continues to get worse over time. people with als typically experience the following symptoms : - muscle weakness - muscle twitching - muscle wasting - poor coordination or clumsiness - muscle cramps - difficulty speaking or swallowing - increased or decreased reflexes ( caused by unhealthy nerves ) - muscles that become more rigid only about 5 % to 10 % of als cases are inherited. the other 90 % not caused by genetics are called sporadic. the average age for someone to first see symptoms of sporadic als is 56. people with als that is genetic ( it runs in the family ) often see their symptoms start 10 or more years earlier. symptoms for both causes of the disease may appear earlier or later in life. although als does not occur in distinct stages, the symptoms are progressive, meaning they get more severe over time. symptoms depend upon which nerve groups have been damaged or destroyed. - early stages the first signs of als are often clumsiness or weakness of the hands and arms or weakness of the muscles that control speech and swallowing. - later stages the leg muscles become weak and poorly coordinated. other muscles, such as those that control speech and swallowing, may become impaired. - long term the entire body begins to weaken and shut down. vital muscle functions, such as breathing, become impaired. this typically leads to death. in most cases, als causes death a few years after symptoms begin. with inherited als, the disease may progress more slowly. how common is als? every year, between one and three people out of 100, 000 are diagnosed with als. the disease affects men slightly more than women ( about four men for every three women ). in a country the size of the united states, about 3, 000 to 9, 000 new cases per year are reported. who is at risk of als? in most cases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4919601990151655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.473747"} {"text": "men slightly more than women ( about four men for every three women ). in a country the size of the united states, about 3, 000 to 9, 000 new cases per year are reported. who is at risk of als? in most cases of als, there is no way to tell if someone is at risk. about 90 % of als cases are sporadic, meaning the affected person does not have a family history of the disease or anything else that would put him or her at increased risk. in the other 10 % of als cases, called familial, the disease runs in the family. researchers do not know the cause of sporadic als or why it has genetic and non - genetic varieties. is my ethnic background the key to my risk? no. both forms of als ( sporadic and familial ) occur among people of every ethnicity and race. is my family history the key to my risk? it ' s not the key, but it is one factor. almost 90 % of cases occur in people who do not have a family history of the disease. predicting who will get the sporadic form is impossible. if you have a family history of als, figuring out your risk is not easy. different families have different genes that may make different family members more or less likely to get als. - dominant inheritance. you only need to get one copy to be affected. for example, if one of your parents had als caused by a dominant gene, you would have a 50 % chance of inheriting the changed gene from that parent. - recessive inheritance. you need to get one changed gene from each parent to be affected. if you only get one changed gene, you will be a carrier. carriers do not have the disease ; they have one normal copy of the gene and one altered copy. if you ' re a carrier, one or both of your parents must have been carriers. this also means your brothers and sisters have at least a 50 % chance of having inherited the gene from one of your parents. - x - linked inheritance. the x and y chromosomes make a person male ( xy ) or female ( xx ). when a man inherits a change in a gene on the x chromosome, he most likely will be affected by that disease. in the same situation, a woman will be just a carrier because she has a \" backup copy \" of the gene on her other x chromosome. is there a cure? no. however, people with als may benefit from technologies for example, motorized wheelchairs and electronic communication devices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4667406033683546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.474835"} {"text": "a woman will be just a carrier because she has a \" backup copy \" of the gene on her other x chromosome. is there a cure? no. however, people with als may benefit from technologies for example, motorized wheelchairs and electronic communication devices to compensate for their disabilities. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis the gene for als what goes wrong with this gene? a handful of genes have been associated with als. the best - understood gene is called superoxide dismutase - 1 ( sod1 ). this gene provides the instructions to make a protein called superoxide dismutase. the sod1 gene is important for the survival of nerves that send electrical signals from the brain to the muscles. some scientists believe that the lack of sod1 leaves cells more vulnerable to \" programmed cell death, \" a process used throughout the body to remove cells that are not functioning properly. with this type of \" self - destruct \" program around, the cell needs some checkpoints to prevent programmed cell death from happening in normal cells. sod1 could be one of those checkpoints. when you don ' t have sod1, nerve cells that should stay alive might be killed off. when the nerves die, the muscles stop working. researchers have described more than 100 changes throughout the sod1 gene. one change is associated with a more rapid progression of the disease, while another change is associated with a slower progression. most of the changes in sod1 cause dominant als, meaning you only need to inherit one copy of the change to develop the disease. changes in sod1 account for about 20 % of inherited als cases. genetic testing is only available for the sod1 gene. a small proportion of other inherited als cases is caused by changes in one of three genes : fus ( ~ 5 % of cases ), tardbp ( 2 to 6 % of cases ), and ang ( less than 1 % of cases ). still, for most cases of inherited als, no specific genetic change would be found after testing these four genes. should you be tested? what types of tests are available? if you have als, you can obtain a dna test to determine whether the disease is caused by a change in the sod1 gene. even if you have als, your chance of having a change in the sod1 gene depends on your family history. remember, most cases of als are not related to a change in the sod1 gene. work with your doctor to help you decide whether genetic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4610879442134539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.475869"} {"text": "have als, your chance of having a change in the sod1 gene depends on your family history. remember, most cases of als are not related to a change in the sod1 gene. work with your doctor to help you decide whether genetic testing makes sense for you. if you have no symptoms of als, a pre - symptomatic test may tell you how likely you are to get the disease in the future. if you have a close family member, such as a parent or a sibling, who has a change in the sod1 gene, the dna test can identify whether you share the same change in your sod1 gene. pre - symptomatic testing is controversial because the test cannot determine when you will start having symptoms of als or whether you will develop the disease. if you have a change in the sod1 gene, it does not necessarily mean you will get als. with few exceptions, to qualify for testing you must either have symptoms of the disease or have a close relative ( parent or sibling ) who has been diagnosed with the disease. pre - symptomatic testing of children for als is discouraged. according to generally accepted guidelines for genetic counseling, children under 18 should not be tested for a disease that begins in adulthood unless there is specific benefit to the child. if you are concerned about your risk for als, speak with a medical professional who is knowledgeable about the disease to find out if testing is appropriate for you. carrier testing / prenatal testing if you have a family history of als, carry a change in one of the als genes mentioned above and have a baby on the way, you might be curious to find out whether your child carries the same change. but even if both you and your future child have a change in one of these genes, it does not mean that either one of you will develop als. understanding test results and options how do you make sense of the results? the results of dna testing for als are complicated and rarely provide definitive answers. that ' s why testing is designed only for people who already have symptoms of als. you should have your results reviewed by a medical professional familiar with the test. he or she can explain how the results apply to you. what does a positive result mean for me? if you have symptoms of als and test positive for one of the genes, you already know how challenging the disease can be. if you do not have symptoms and you learn that you have inherited a genetic change found in a relative who has als, you might start developing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4434304256593724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.477420"} {"text": "symptoms of als and test positive for one of the genes, you already know how challenging the disease can be. if you do not have symptoms and you learn that you have inherited a genetic change found in a relative who has als, you might start developing symptoms around the same age as they did, but it could be many years later. the type of mutation may tell you if the disease is more likely to progress quickly or not, but these predictions are not perfect. what does a positive result mean for my family? if you test positive, your brothers, sisters and each of your children have a 50 % chance of having inherited the gene. your brothers and sisters may want to be tested to find out whether they carry an als gene. according to generally accepted principles of medical ethics, children under 18 should not be tested for adult diseases such as als unless there is an immediate benefit to the child. could i get a positive test result, but not carry the disease gene ( a \" false positive \" )? yes. sometimes testing uncovers a change in the gene that has not been seen before. when this happens, the laboratory may not know if this change causes the disease or not. once a new change is seen in several people with als, but not seen in healthy people, the laboratory can say that the change causes the disease. could i get a negative test result, but actually have the disease ( a \" false negative \" )? yes. because more than one gene can cause als, not having a change in one of the four genes mentioned earlier only tells you \" there ' s not a change in one of those four genes. \" you may still get als after a negative test because 90 % of als cases are sporadic. how will i cope if the test shows i might develop als? learning that you are affected by a serious illness is difficult. no formal research has been done on the psychological effects of genetic testing for als. research on people with huntington ' s disease, another disorder that gets progressively worse, has shown that people receiving test results tend to accept the news after a period of adjustment. people who receive negative test results also may need to cope with new feelings. some report that they feel guilty that they did not get the disease, especially when one of their brothers or sisters was found to carry the gene. ultimately, everyone will deal with the information in his or her own way. most importantly, people who undergo testing should have support available, including friends, family and professional counselors. if i have the als gene, can i have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4700339269339915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.478654"} {"text": "carry the gene. ultimately, everyone will deal with the information in his or her own way. most importantly, people who undergo testing should have support available, including friends, family and professional counselors. if i have the als gene, can i have children who don ' t have the gene? yes. if you have a change in the sod1 gene, or one of the three other genes mentioned earlier, you have a 50 % chance of passing it on to each child you have. if i don ' t have the als gene, can i have children who do have the gene? yes. if you and your partner do not have a change in the sod1 gene, or one of the three genes mentioned earlier, then your child cannot inherit the change from you, but it is possible that your child could have a new genetic change that has not been in the family before. nobody knows exactly how often this happens, but the odds are against it. how does the test work? the als test requires a blood sample. a lab obtains dna from the blood and looks at the genes associated with als : sod1, fus, tardbp and ang. the test can be ordered as a \" panel \" that looks at all four genes, or as an \" a la carte \" test for any one ( or more ) of the four genes. if the lab notes any changes from the normal sequence, the test will be reported as \" positive. \" if you decide to be tested for als, you should do it at a medical center that has experience with presymptomatic genetic testing. if you ' re thinking about being tested, you probably have a family member with als. the neurologist caring for your family member can refer you to a testing center. a center has neurologists, geneticists and counselors with experience in dealing with the complicated issues related to genetic testing. you will have to sign a consent form indicating that you understand and agree to the test. what do the tests cost? the test costs about $ 500 to $ 900 for a single gene ( depending on which gene ), or about $ 1, 500 to get all four genes at once. costs vary slightly depending upon which lab does the testing. does insurance pay for the test? most health - insurance companies pay for \" diagnostic testing, \" which means the test is being done to confirm a diagnosis in a person who already has symptoms. however, there are many different plans, and you should check whether diagnostic genetic testing is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41474758521525096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.479569"} {"text": "? most health - insurance companies pay for \" diagnostic testing, \" which means the test is being done to confirm a diagnosis in a person who already has symptoms. however, there are many different plans, and you should check whether diagnostic genetic testing is a covered service before having the test performed. many insurance companies will not pay for a predictive test ( a test for a person who does not have symptoms ), especially if there is nothing that can be done to prevent the condition ( no change in patient management ). if you are considering this test, call your insurance company and ask about its coverage. how long does it take to get results? the results of dna testing for inherited als take about six to eight weeks. the results will not be reported directly to you. instead, the laboratory provides the results to the medical center that ordered the test. you need to return to the center for another appointment to discuss the results. this way, your family and friends can be there for support when you receive the results. can a health - insurance company raise my rates or drop me from coverage if i test positive? in 2008, the u. s. government passed a law called gina ( genetic information nondiscrimination act ). this law prohibits discrimination by health insurers and employers on the basis of genetic information. learn more here. also, this may depend on whether you have group insurance or are self - employed. both federal and state laws usually cover people with group insurance, while state laws only cover people who are self - employed. also, the federal health insurance portability and accountability act ( hipaa ) of 1996 prohibits health insurance discrimination based on any \" health status - related factor \" ( including genetic information ) by group health plans. unfortunately, this act does not apply to the self - employed. some states have enacted legislation to cover the gaps. most states prohibit health - insurance companies from using genetic information to deny coverage. other states require specific justification for the use of genetic information in denying a claim. texas bans the use of genetic information by any group health plans, and alabama prohibits discrimination based upon predisposition to cancer. life insurance, long - term care and disability insurance are generally not covered by these laws. people with life and disability coverage provided by their employers are unlikely to have this insurance affected by a genetic test result. for information about laws in individual states, click on the following links : learn more about life insurance, disability insurance, and long - term care insurance laws. learn more about health insurance laws. last updated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43451599587351236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.480709"} {"text": "mental nerve is a general somatic afferent ( sensory ) nerve which provides sensation to the anterior aspects of the chin and lower lip as well as the buccal gingivae of the mandibular anterior teeth and the premolars. it is a branch of the posterior trunk of the inferior alveolar nerve, which is itself a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve ( cn v ). the nerve emerges at the mental foramen in the mandibula, and divides beneath the depressor anguli oris muscle into three branches : \u2022 one descends to the skin of the chin. \u2022 two ascend to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip. these branches communicate freely with the facial nerve. the mental nerve can be blocked with local anesthesia, a procedure used in surgery of the chin, lower lip and buccal mucosa from midline to the second premolar. in this technique, local anesthetic is infiltrated in the soft tissue surrounding the mental foramen. what is mental nerve neuralgia? mental nerve neuralgia is a painful disorder of the mental nerve, which may be damaged or not function properly. mental nerve neuralgia can have many different causes. the most common cause is a complication of dental treatment. if this is not the cause, the disorder may be the first sign of a ( general / systemic ) malignancy. mental nerve neuropathy ( mnn ) or \u201c numb chin syndrome \u201d is a clinical symptom of metastatic carcinoma to the mandible. mnn is defined as numbness or paresthesia localized to the chin or lower lip, and it is often accompanied by an abnormal sensation of \u201c thickening \u201d of the lip similar to the experience of dental anesthesia. most cases that are not dental in origin are associated with diffuse metastatic disease, particularly with underlying lymphoproliferative disorders. the mandible is an uncommon site for metastatic carcinoma but when it is involved, the primary tumour commonly originates in the breast, lung, prostate, kidney, thyroid, ovaries or testicles. in 47 % of cases, mnn precedes diagnosis of the primary tumour, and in patients with a history of cancer, mnn often indicates recurrence or progression of the disease. when mnn develops in patients with underlying carcinoma, survival is typically less than one year. mnn is a symptom caused by dysfunction of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4881289377225603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.486274"} {"text": "a history of cancer, mnn often indicates recurrence or progression of the disease. when mnn develops in patients with underlying carcinoma, survival is typically less than one year. mnn is a symptom caused by dysfunction of the terminal sensory branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. mnn is commonly due to compression of the mental or inferior alveolar nerve from a lesion present in the mandible or skull. initially, the altered sensation is unilateral, but this may progress and cause bilateral mandibular symptoms. glaser and colleagues described anesthesia and pain as the main symptoms of metastatic mandibular disease, and patients generally report paresthesia or dysesthesia in the peripheral distribution of the inferior alveolar and mental nerves. this symptom is the most consistent finding when a neoplasm is located in the ramus and body of the mandible, as was the case with our patient. the pain associated with a metastatic mandibular lesion can be severe and intense, and it may mimic a toothache, temporomandibular joint discomfort, osteomyelitis or atypical trigeminal neuralgia. mnn may also be associated with local trauma, cysts, inflammatory disorders, mandibular atrophy or iatrogenic nerve injury by dental anesthesia. other systemic causes of mnn include neurological disorders, diabetes mellitus, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis and sickle cell anemia. the literature review by laurencet and coworkers suggests that lymphoma and adenocarcinoma of the breast are the primary tumours most likely to metastasize to the mandible. in patients with suggestive symptoms, mandibular x - rays or panoramic films may be diagnostic. a standard mandible series includes a right and left lateral oblique, posterior - anterior ( pa ) view, reverse towne \u2019 s and submental vertex radiographs. the panoramic view is a valuable screening method because it has tomographic effects and visualizes the entire mandible, both temporal - mandibular joints, and maxillary sinuses on one film, allowing for more reliable comparison of anatomic structures. in patients with a history of carcinoma, radiographic evaluation should include a ct scan of the mandible, basal skull, head and neck if possible. ct provides images of thin sections of both hard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4713400750520762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.487170"} {"text": "reliable comparison of anatomic structures. in patients with a history of carcinoma, radiographic evaluation should include a ct scan of the mandible, basal skull, head and neck if possible. ct provides images of thin sections of both hard and soft tissues without superimposition. if no traumatic etiology or systemic disease is apparent, physicians should look for dental disease. odontogenic infections and abscesses can present as intra - oral or facial swelling, which may be firm or fluctuant, with or without discharge, erythema and heat. patients will often complain of spontaneous and increasing pain that is aggravated by heat, cold or chewing. clinical exam may reveal tooth decay, dental restorations or both in the affected tooth. periodontal infections may present with similar symptoms. in such cases, the gingiva may appear erythematous and edematous with deposits of plaque ( white, thin ) or calculus ( yellow to brown or black ) around the necks of the teeth. patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction or myofascial pain syndromes often present with intermittent or constant dull pain that may be associated with mastication ( e. g., temporalis or masseter use ). in these cases, cheek, temporal and periauricular pain are common, and patients may report a history of grinding, clenching and reduced jaw excursion. patients may also have experienced their jaw \u201c locking \u201d open or closed in the past. trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by sharp, often excruciating pain that is stimulated by a trigger ; the patient often identifies the specific area and action that stimulates their discomfort. signs and symptoms patients complain of numbness of their cheek and lower lip, in combination with neuropathic pain. how is mental nerve neuralgia diagnosed? the first thing that must be done is a neurological examination of the cheek and lips. you will always be given a thorough examination by a dentist. if necessary, and if the problems did not result from dental treatment, further examinations are done to exclude other causes. do i need additional examinations? \u2022 diagnostic examination for other non - physical factors important for your pain, have already been done by yourself trough filling out your pain questionnaires. \u2022 if the doctor suspects other causes, he or she will refer you to an internist. what are my treatment possibilities? depending on the cause of your pain, your pain specialist will decide whether or not to embark on physical treatment. based on the results of the completed pain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4483014623554931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.488171"} {"text": "caganrud ( caganirud in farroki, the seventh and last right - bank tributary of the oxus or amu darya, rising in what in medieval islamic times were known as the bottaman mountains and flowing southwards through the principality of caganian into the oxus just above the important crossing - point of termed ( modern termez ). hence it flows from what is now the gissarski ( from hesar ) khrebet on the borders of the tajik and uzbek ssrs but has the greater part of its course in the surkhandar \u2019 inskaya oblast of the easternmost part of the uzbek ssr ; its upper course is now known as the qaratag darya and its lower one ( below denau, from deh - e now, the medieval caganian town ) as the sorkan darya. of the classical islamic geographers, maqdesi ( moqaddasi ; p. 22 ), calls it the anhar al - saganian ( the plural \u201c rivers \u201d presumably referring to its separate headwaters ) ; ebn rosta ( p. 93, tr. wiet, p. 103 ) calls it the ramid, thus confusing it with the kafernehan river to the east. see also barthold, turkestan3, p. 72. farroki sistani, divan, ed. m. dabirsiaqi, tehran, 1363 s. / 1984, p. 189. hodud al - \u02bfalam, tr. minorsky, 6. 11, p. 71, cf. comm. p. 209. le strange, lands, pp. 436, 440. j. marquart, wehrot und arang, leiden, 1938, pp. 89 - 94. bol \u2019 shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya3 xxv, 1976, p. 93a. ( c. edmund bosworth ) originally published : december 15, 1990 last updated : december 15, 1990 this article is available in print. vol. iv, fasc. 6, pp. 615 - 616", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.395560917971894, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.490083"} {"text": "hitler has become an iconic figure in asia in recent years, and his book mein kampf is being sold in bookstores across the continent. israel has decided to work against that trend by inviting educators from india, korea, singapore, new zealand and australia to guide them in holocaust studies. for the first time a group of 20 school principals and teachers from india recently arrived in israel to learn about the holocaust at the international school at yad vashem ( israel ' s national holocaust memorial and museum ). dressed in traditional garb, the indian guests were taught about the true horrors of the holocaust as a background for ethics and history lessons at schools and universities in their own country. some of the participants represented school systems that oversee the education of over two million students all the way from kindergarten to university. the indian delegation was invited by the foreign ministry ' s department for combating anti - semitism and by yad vashem, both of which hoped the visit would spark increased study of the holocaust throughout asia. this month will also see the first visit by a group of 23 educators from new zealand. recently, a group of 20 teachers from australia and another delegation from singapore arrived for background lessons on the holocaust. \" this demonstrates how the topic of the holocaust remains of interest and is still relevant to the 21st century, \" said gideon baker, director of the department for combating anti - semitism. \" in 2013, we will expand the study of the holocaust to countries that have not yet studied the subject in any organized manner, such as south korea and cyprus, as well as establish mobile training teams in india, \" baker added. there is no anti - semitism in india. mein kampf sells in local bookstores and there is general admiration of hitler as being a \" strong man, \" but the public is mostly ignorant about who hitler truly was and what he did to six million jews. \" precisely for this reason it is important to teach the holocaust in this country, \" said baker. asia in general does not have an anti - semitism problem. but nazi symbols are widely used and hitler is often idolized without true understanding of what this means to the jews. israeli diplomats in asia say that this phenomenon most often occurs as a result of ignorance and with no hostile intentions. \" a lot of people in asia are aware of what happened in europe in general. unfortunately, many people think that hitler was a hero, not a monster, so it is important to strengthen the memory of the holocaust, \" explained the foreign ministry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42805430390053484, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.492787"} {"text": "more than three decades ago, vietnamese refugees began to settle in versailles, a then - isolated community in eastern new orleans. by the early 2000s, this working - class enclave was home to 8, 000 residents. but although the community had accomplished material successes, it remained divided between older immigrants and american - born youth. many versailles residents felt like perpetual outsiders in greater new orleans, ignored by the local government. a village called versailles is the incredible story of this little - known, tight - knit community in the aftermath of hurricane katrina. when the storm devastated new orleans in august 2005, versailles residents rebuilt their neighborhood faster than any other damaged neighborhood in the city, only to find themselves threatened by a new toxic landfill slated to open just two miles away. forced out of vietnam by the war 30 years ago, many residents felt their homes were being taken away from them once again. by january 2006, more than half of the neighborhood has been rebuilt, financed by friends and family, with no help from fema. community leaders put together an ambitious redevelopment plan for versailles, including its own senior housing, a cultural center, and a community farm and market. but new orleans mayor ray nagin exercised his emergency power to open chef menteur landfill mere miles from versailles for toxic debris disposal from katrina \u2014 without getting an environmental impact study first. outraged, versailles fought back. residents protested at city hall and crowded public hearings by the hundreds, making the vietnamese community \u2019 s presence felt in new orleans for the first time. as elders and youth fought side by side \u2014 chanting in english and vietnamese \u2014 versailles finally won a political voice. - s. leo chiangproducer / director", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41430871649194445, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.495760"} {"text": "spoon - billed sandpiper \u201c headstarting \u201d success 04 october 2012 | news story with only about 100 breeding pairs remaining in the wild, the spoon - billed sandpiper ( eurynorhynchus pygmeus ) is in crisis. to help save this species from extinction, sos \u2013 save our species, in which iucn is a partner, is supporting an innovative conservation project to boost the numbers of juvenile spoon - billed sandpipers at their summer breeding grounds in chukotka, russia. wildfowl and wetlands trust ( wwt ) an iucn member, working in partnership with moscow zoo and birds russia has achieved incredible success by hatching, rearing and releasing nine spoon - billed sandpiper chicks, a species listed as critically endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species\u2122. the nine chicks hatched from 11 eggs carefully taken from breeding grounds on the tundra of the chukotka region in eastern russia. next they were carefully monitored, hatched and nourished in the nearby village of meinypil \u2019 gyno before being released. this intense phase in the project required constant attention and coordination from the team as they worked ceaselessly to give the hatchlings every opportunity for survival. fledglings gained strength living in a purpose - built open - air aviary designed to shelter the birds from predators with the added protection of a guard who kept vigil night and day. from russia the birds will begin an 8, 000km migration to south east asia to their inter - tidal wintering grounds. this pioneering work is all the more remarkable considering that in the wild just three spoon - billed sandpipers, out of every 20 eggs laid, survive long enough to start the migration. \u201c we worked around the clock to keep the chicks alive and healthy, \u201d said roland digby, project manager, wildfowl and wetlands trust. \u201c it was wonderful to release them and watch them as they found their way into the wild, but it was definitely tinged with anxiety, knowing the terrible threats they face. \u201d their journey is made more difficult by the loss of inter - tidal habitats along the route which provide important re - fuelling points. arriving in southeast asia, the spoon - billed sandpiper faces further threats from human hunters forced by economic pressures to hunt shorebirds. wwt and partners continue to work on strategies to develop longer - term economic and environmental solutions to help people in the south east asia region give up their reliance on such destructive forms of hunting while extending protection to the spoon - billed sandpipe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43009536376722807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.498793"} {"text": "acting beyond boundaries to address urban water challenge \u201c you cannot optimize water in cities without looking at the natural water basin or catchment areas which are serving them \u201d said dr mark smith, director of the iucn water programme during a recent workshop at the un world water day conference in cape town. from 20 to 22 march experts and scientists met in cape town, south africa on the occasion of world water day to discuss solutions addressing the global urban water challenge. during the workshop, participants explored an integrated approach to providing access to water and sanitation in urban areas. in particular they focused on the urban connection with surrounding ecosystems, agriculture and industrial services, climate change and the role of business. \u201c cities, business and agriculture need to act beyond their own boundaries, to address shared risks and opportunities to optimize urban water and invest in building more resilient basins \u201d said joppe cramwinckel from the world business council for sustainable development ( wbcsd ). a range of stakeholders and perspectives were brought together, including water, energy, food, land use, social equity, climate change, utility management, ecosystem services and job creation. several examples of innovations and good practices were demonstrated. \u201c basins also need investment. in terms of factors like risk reduction and investment, we have to ask : what is the best mix of natural and built infrastructure? and we need to see shifts towards building the resilience of basins \u201d, said dr mark smith. this was echoed by jack moss from aquafed who commented that \" the cost of ignoring the true economics of water is far greater than the costs of managing water properly \". the real number of people without access to adequate water and sanitation is increasing rapidly, and this is causing disease, loss of economic productivity and environmental damage. the challenge is not only an economic one. more taps and toilets are desperately needed. in addition to more infrastructure \u2018 hardware \u2019, there is also a significant requirement for \u2018 software \u2019 infrastructure. ownership needs to be created among all sectors across the value chain, and effective management and financing tools are needed. martin ginster from sasol, a petrochemical company, said that \u201c there is a growing realization that water is a core business, not just an add - on. we are moving beyond the factory fence to see how we can contribute to better management of water across the catchments within which we operate \u201d. marius van aardt, from private water operator senbcorp silulumanzi urged that \u201c business and water managers should innovate, but always start", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42422982527856756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.503029"} {"text": "contribute to better management of water across the catchments within which we operate \u201d. marius van aardt, from private water operator senbcorp silulumanzi urged that \u201c business and water managers should innovate, but always start with community involvement \u201d, highlighting the need for different stakeholders to collaborate. there is scope for the involvement of small and medium - sized enterprises. kevin wall from south africa \u2019 s council for scientific and industrial research ( csir ) stated that \u201c given the need for maintenance and jobs, it \u2019 s a no - brainer that small businesses involvement - if appropriately enabled and managed - could be an ideal vehicle. construction jobs are short - term, but maintenance jobs are for life. \u201d the workshop was convened by the wbcsd, aquafed, the international water association ( iwa ) and the south african national business initiative ( nbi ) key messages emerging from the session include : \u2022 the complexity is vast and the numbers related to urbanization and the urban water challenge staggering. but there are significant opportunities for business to help transform urban water, improve bio - capacity, manage ecosystems and find innovative sustainable solutions. \u2022 planning for providing energy, water and food should be integrated as early as possible, from top to bottom, and \u2018 silo \u2019 thinking must be broken. \u2022 all parties - government, business, academics, communities and different sectors - must learn to speak the same language and commit to sharing information. \u2022 leading cities are already thinking \u2018 out of the box \u2019 and looking for up - stream and down - stream solutions e. g. investing in eco - system services is usually more cost - effective than built infrastructure equivalents. \u2022 leading businesses are thinking in innovative ways, and investing \u2018 outside the factory fence \u2019 across the catchment to ensure security of supply and shared benefits of water services e. g. in agriculture, ecosystems and urban water management. \u2022 there are great opportunities for job creation, provided that enabling environments are created e. g. the role of small and medium sized enterprises in urban infrastructure maintenance. for more detail, a report on the workshop event will be available early april 2011. what businesses can do : \u2022 conduct a \u2018 water footprint assessment \u2019 \u2022 use the wbcsd \u2019 s \u2018 global water tool \u2019 to map water use and assess risks. \u2022 encourage leadership to join the un \u2019 s ceo water mandate. for more information, please contact : mark smith, director iucn water programme", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4355858871772031, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.504060"} {"text": "| scientific name : | | porcula salvania | | species authority : | | hodgson, 1847 | sus salvanius ( hodgson, 1847 ) | taxonomic notes : | | we follow funk et al. ( 2007 ) is removing this species from the genus sus and placing it in the monotypic genus porcula. | | red list category & criteria : | | critically endangered c2a ( ii ) ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | narayan, g., deka, p. & oliver, w. | | reviewer / s : | | leus, k. & oliver, w. ( pig, peccary & hippo red list authority ) | listed as critically endangered because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals, with all individuals in a single subpopulation, and it is experiencing a continuing decline. | range description : | | in the past, this species was confirmed from only a very few locations in northern west bengal and north - western assam in india, but is believed likely to have occurred in tall, wet alluvial grasslands extending in a narrow belt south of the himalayan foothills from north - western uttar pradesh and southern nepal to assam, possibly extending at intervals into contiguous habitats in southern bhutan ( oliver 1980 ). however, it is now confined to a very few locations in and around manas national park in north - western assam ( narayan and deka 2002, narayan and oliver, in press ). | regionally extinct : bangladesh ; nepal | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | | population : | | today, this species is at the brink of extinction, as only a few isolated and small populations survive in the wild. in fact, the only viable population of the species, with a few hundred individuals, exists in small grassland pockets of manas national park ( 500 km\u00b2 ) and an adjacent reserve forest in the manas tiger reserve and nowhere else in the world ( narayan and deka 2002 ). sixteen captive - bred pygmy hogs were released in sonai rupai wildlife sanctuary in may 2008 and similar reintroductions have been planned in nameri and orang national parks of assam. there are about 75 animals in captivity in northwestern assam. | | habitat and ecology : | | the pygmy hog is the smallest and the rarest wild suid in the world. this species is dependent on early successional riverine communities, typically comprising dense tall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43974379166464345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.514001"} {"text": "in captivity in northwestern assam. | | habitat and ecology : | | the pygmy hog is the smallest and the rarest wild suid in the world. this species is dependent on early successional riverine communities, typically comprising dense tall grasslands, commonly referred to as ' thatchland ', but which, in its pristine state, is intermixed with a wide variety of herbaceous plants and early colonizing shrubs and young trees ( oliver and deb roy 1993 ). there are many species of tall grasses, which dominate in different situations. the most important of these communities for pygmy hogs are those which tend to be dominated by saccharum munja, s. spontaneum, s. bengalensis, themeda villosa, narenga porphyrocoma and imperata cylindrical, which form characteristic associations of 1 to 4 m height, during secondary stages of the succession on well drained ground. these communities are not, therefore, maintained by prolonged inundation, though they may be maintained by periodic burning. however, as they also include some of the most commercially important thatching grasses, some of these areas ( including many of those in protected areas ) are harvested annually and virtually all of them are subject to wide - scale annual ( in some areas, twice - annual ) burning. although it has been suggested by ecologists that any burning be conducted at the beginning of the dry season ( in december or early january ) in alternate blocks ( demarcated by fire - lines ) and only once in 2 - 3 years, most of the grasslands continue to be burnt every year in the dry season, which deleteriously affects their floral and faunal diversity. it has been recognised that some amount of? early? burning may be required in order to preclude the possibility of later, uncontrolled ' hot ' burns, which are far more destructive, and possibly to delay natural succession of the grasslands in protected areas. however, early burning also may deprive hogs and other grassland dependant species of cover and other resources for a longer period prior to the regrowth of vegetation and has the same consequences of dramatically reducing floral and faunal diversity. | the main threats to survival of pygmy hog are loss and degradation of habitat due to human settlements, agricultural encroachments, dry - season burning, livestock grazing, commercial forestry and flood control schemes ; the latter as a result of the disruption of natural successions and the replacements of former", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45687745310811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.515178"} {"text": "are loss and degradation of habitat due to human settlements, agricultural encroachments, dry - season burning, livestock grazing, commercial forestry and flood control schemes ; the latter as a result of the disruption of natural successions and the replacements of former grasslands by later stage communities or other developments. in assam, as elsewhere, most former habitat has been lost to settlements and agriculture following the rapid expansion of the human population ( oliver, 1980, 1981, 1989 ; oliver and deb roy, 1993 ). some management practices, such as planting of trees in the grasslands and indiscriminate use of fire to create openings and to promote fresh growth of grass, have caused extensive damage to the habitats the authorities intend to protect ( narayan and deka 2002 ). a combination of these factors has almost certainly resulted in the loss of all of the small populations of these animals in the reserve forests of north - western assam. these losses strongly reinforced the overwhelming importance of the largest and, by the early to mid - 1980 ' s, only known surviving population in the manas ( oliver, 1981, 1989 ; oliver and deb roy 1993 ). hunting for wild meat by tribes was not considered a major problem in the past but is now threatening the remnant populations ( narayan and deka 2002 ). the survival of pygmy hogs is closely linked to the existence of the tall, wet grasslands of the region which, besides being a highly threatened habitat itself, is also crucial for survival of a number endangered species such as indian rhinoceros ( rhinoceros unicornis ), tiger ( panthera tigris ), swamp deer ( cervus duvauceli ), wild buffalo ( bubalus arnee ), hispid hare ( caprolagus hispidus ), bengal florican ( eupodotis bengalensis ), swamp francolin ( francolinus gularis ) and some rare turtles and terrapins. the pygmy hog conservation programme ( phcp ) is a broad - based research and conservation programme for this highly threatened species and its equally endangered habitats ( narayan and deka 2002, narayan 2006 ). it is being conducted under the aegis of a formal international agreement, that was originally signed at new delhi in 1995 and later renewed as a memorandum of understanding in 2001, between iucn ssc pigs peccaries and hippos specialist group, durrell wildlife conservation trust ( dwct ), the forest department, government of assam, and the ministry of environment and forests, government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4721589719555844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.516154"} {"text": "a memorandum of understanding in 2001, between iucn ssc pigs peccaries and hippos specialist group, durrell wildlife conservation trust ( dwct ), the forest department, government of assam, and the ministry of environment and forests, government of india. a local governing body consisting of representatives of the four signatories and some indian experts has been constituted to provide guidance to the programme. the implementation of this agreement, the first of its kind in india, is being undertaken by phcp and the local partner organisation, ecosystems - india, with funds provided by dwct, with assistance from the european union, darwin initiative ( uk government ), assam valley wildlife society, zoological society for the conservation of species and populations ( zgap ), and various other sources. the primary aim of this collaborative programme is conservation of the pygmy hogs and other endangered species of tall grasslands of the region through field research, captive breeding and re - introduction after adequate restoration of degraded former habitats. one of the main objectives of the programme was to establish a well structured conservation breeding project for pygmy hogs as an insurance against the possible early extinction of the species in the wild and as a source of animals for re - introduction projects. in 1996, six ( 2 male, 4 female ) wild hogs were caught from manas national park and transferred to a custom - built research and breeding centre built at basistha near guwahati, the capital of assam. five more hogs were caught and released at the capture site after fitting three males and a female with radio harness for radio - telemetry studies. the hog population kept in captivity almost doubled in 1997 from 18 to 35 through planned breeding. between 1998 and 2002, several more hogs were born in captivity and a rescued wild hog was added to the captive population, taking it to over 75 animals which constituted over 1200 % increase in 6 years. although two more enclosures and a quarantine facility were constructed at basistha, the unanticipated and rapid increase in the captive population created accommodation problems, forcing the programme to restrict breeding in captivity. subsequently, a much larger facility was established at potasali near nameri national park in assam. this facility includes four holding enclosures and four pre - release enclosures with near natural habitat, where hogs earmarked for reintroduction are reared. since the animals at basistha centre are the only captive pygmy hogs in the world, the second centre is also an insurance against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4960566196757097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.517214"} {"text": "release enclosures with near natural habitat, where hogs earmarked for reintroduction are reared. since the animals at basistha centre are the only captive pygmy hogs in the world, the second centre is also an insurance against any catastrophe at the present location. once the potasali pre - release enclosures were ready and the habitat at one of the release sites became reasonably suitable, the hogs were allowed to breed again. surveys to locate possible release sites in assam were carried out, as the rapidly increasing captive population necessitated transfer of some of these pygmy hog back to where they belonged. two potential re - introduction sites were identified in sonai rupai wildlife sanctuary and nameri national park, both in sonitpur district of assam bordering bhutan and arunachal pradesh. habitat management and protection regimes at the potential release sites were assessed in consultation with authorities and recommendations for restoration and scientific management were given. the management authorities are trying to implement the recommendations with limited auccess. the habitat in a part of orang national park was also found suitable, but in absence of any reliable record of the species formerly occurring in this area, further evaluation is considered necessary. the actual release of hogs was delayed initially due to security problems and later due to presence of factors that were responsible for disappearance of the hogs at the potential reintroduction sites. once the some of the recommendations were implemented at one of the sites ( sonai rupai ), preparations for soft release were started. in 2007, 23 babies were produced at basistha. three social groups comprising 16 ( 7 male, 9 female ) hogs, including 10 yearlings, were transferred from basistha to potasali pre - release enclosures in december 2007. they were kept in the pre - release enclosures under minimum human contact. each of these enclosures are 2, 400 to 3, 200 m\u00b2 in size and capable of meeting most of the food requirements of a group of 5 - 6 hogs. these hogs began to behave like wild animals within a few weeks and did not come close even to their keepers except in an area where they were offered a few morsels of their favourite food. they were shifted to a release enclosure in sonai rupai after five months, and were given access to go to the wild after about two weeks. unfortunately, the radio telemetry studies on these hogs could not be done as the radio harness fitted on six of them while they were in pre - release caused injuries when they moved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46874256088986554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.518252"} {"text": "were given access to go to the wild after about two weeks. unfortunately, the radio telemetry studies on these hogs could not be done as the radio harness fitted on six of them while they were in pre - release caused injuries when they moved rapidly through very dense grass. the released hogs will be monitored through indirect means ( droppings, nests ) and by observing them at bait stations. community conservation initiatives and awareness campaign have been started in the fringe villages of manas, nameri and sonai rupai as it is almost impossible to save the species without the cooperation of the local population. capacity building and training programmes are also being carried out for the frontline protection staff in the above protected areas. this species is listed on cites appendix i ( as sus salvanius ). | citation : | | narayan, g., deka, p. & oliver, w. 2008. porcula salvania. in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 24 may 2013. | | feedback : | | if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43771806318937967, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.518795"} {"text": "cochin is basically a collection of islands and narrow peninsulas and can be divided into ernakulam, willingdon island, mattancherry and fort kochi. an international airport and seaport, connect cochin to the rest of the world. the city also has an outstanding network of road, rail, backwater, and a modern communication system. cochin was once an insignificant fishing village. when the backwaters of the arabian sea and the streams descending from the ghats caused the separation of this village from the mainland and landlocked the harbour, it became one of the safest ports on india ' s southwestern coast. the port assumed a new strategic importance and began to enjoy commercial prosperity. when the portuguese penetrated the indian ocean in the late 15th century, they arrived at india ' s southwestern coast. navigator pedro alvares cabral founded the first european settlement on indian soil at cochin in 1500. vasco da gama, discoverer of the sea route to india, established the first portuguese factory ( trading station ) in cochin in 1502, and the portuguese viceroy alfonso de albuquerque built the first european fort in india in 1503. the city remained a portuguese possession until the dutch conquered it in 1663. much portuguese architecture still exists in the city. always a tourist favourite, this city offers visitors plenty. forts, palaces, museums, old churches, cool backwaters, palm fringed lagoons, beaches and the practicality of a contemporary metro. population : approx 16. 6 lakhs climate : being situated very close to the sea, cochin has a moderate climate. heavy showers are experienced during the months june, july and august due to the south - west monsoon. the north - east monsoon brings light rainfall during the months of september, october, november and december. the months from december to february are pretty cool. main language ( s ) : malayalam, english time zone : gmt + 5. 5 best time to visit : between november and february the chinese fishing nets these huge cantilevered fishing nets along the backwaters are the legacy of the traders from the court of kublai khan. built of teakwood and bamboo poles, they are fascinating to see. adjacent to the fishing nets is the vasco da gama square, a narrow walkway with little stalls that serve fresh seafood and tender coconuts. st. francis church : this protestant church was originally built by the portuguese in 1510 a. d. it is considered to be india ' s oldest european church. today it is governed by the church of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3750579525722517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.525803"} {"text": "that serve fresh seafood and tender coconuts. st. francis church : this protestant church was originally built by the portuguese in 1510 a. d. it is considered to be india ' s oldest european church. today it is governed by the church of south india ( csi ). vasco da gama was buried here before his remains were taken back to portugal 14 years later. located on rose street, vasco house is one of the oldest portuguese houses in fort - kochi and is believed to have been the residence of vasco da gama. vasco house sports the typical european glass paned windows and verandahs, characteristic of the times. a large wooden gate with the initials voc engraved on it, the voc gate is a little way off from vasco house, facing the parade ground. the initials correspond to the monogram of the once powerful dutch east india company, which had its office here for almost 150 years. santa cruz cathedral built by the portuguese in around the 16th century, this roman catholic church is famous for the beautiful paintings on its ceiling. it was demolished by the british when they took over cochin in 1795. until a new building was commissioned in 1887, there was no church on the site for almost a 100 years. the santa cruz church was declared a basilica by pope john paul ii in 1984. the lovely cherai beach, situated in vypeen, is just a 15 minute ferry ride from fort - kochi. besides the sea, sand and the sun, a typical kerala village with paddy fields and coconut groves nearby completes the idyllic picture that the beach paints. also known as the mattancherry palace, it was built by the portuguese and presented to the cochin raja in 1555 ad. a fine blend of indo - european architecture, it acquired the present name after it was renovated by the dutch in 1663. in the center of the building is the hall where the cochin rajas held their coronations. this central courtyard also enshrines the deity of the royal family. adjacent rooms contain 17th and 18th century murals illustrating scenes from indian epics like the ramayana and mahabharata. there are two temples on either side of the main palace, dedicated to lord krishna and lord shiva. situated close to the mattancherry boat jetty, the synagogue and the ancient jew town built in 1568 a. d. is of great historical importance. the most distinctive features are its white willow - pattern tiles of which no two are alike. they are believed to have been presented by a merchant in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37747378235331225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.526911"} {"text": "the synagogue and the ancient jew town built in 1568 a. d. is of great historical importance. the most distinctive features are its white willow - pattern tiles of which no two are alike. they are believed to have been presented by a merchant in 1763 a. d. you will find great scrolls of the old testament and the copper plates in which the grants of privilege made by the cochin rulers were recorded. there are also numerous finely wrought gold and silver coins, gifted to the synagogue by various patrons. colourful belgian chandeliers add to the beauty of the synagogue. instances from jewish history and the hardships the jews underwent are depicted through paintings. ernakulum and around : parikshith thampuran museum this museum, adjacent to the shiva temple was the durbar ( court ) of the cochin rajas. it features collections of 19th century oil paintings, sculptures in stone and plaster - of - paris, old coins and items of the cochin royal family. museum of kerala history this museum at edapally, is one of the best looks into the history of kerala. significant historic moments of the past 2000 years are depicted through life - size figures. there is also a one - hour commentary for each scene, along with a light and sound show. st. george forane church this roman catholic church, considered to be one of the oldest churches in kerala, was built on a plot of land donated by the raja of edapally. the new church adjacent to it was built in 1080. it is a well known 9 - day feast held every year in the month of may. situated on the palm - fringed bolghatty island, amidst 15 acres of lush green lawns, this palace was built by the dutch in 1744. it became the official residence of the british. today, it is a hotel run by the kerala tourism development corporation. the sprawling hill palace museum displays the erstwhile wealth and affluence of the royal family of cochin. it has an interesting collection of paintings, antique temple carvings and other royal artifacts. outside the museum is a botanical garden with exotic tropical trees. there is also a deer park in the palace compounds. keralites are mostly fish - and - rice eating people. kerala cuisine is very hot and spicy, but delicious. the food is fresh, aromatic and flavoured. the land and the food are rich with coconut, though one can ' t imagine kerala food without chillies, curry leaf, mustard seed, tamarind and asafoetida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39076411084257673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.529329"} {"text": ", but delicious. the food is fresh, aromatic and flavoured. the land and the food are rich with coconut, though one can ' t imagine kerala food without chillies, curry leaf, mustard seed, tamarind and asafoetida. seafood is big in kerala. however, the vegetarian fare is equally tasty. for the less adventurous, there are plenty of multi - cuisine restaurants to choose from : the frontier shanmugham road leaves woods manor woodlands junction mg road rice boat taj malabar willingdon island seafood grill the trident willingdon island cheena vala yuvarani residency jos junction fish market quality inn presidency north cochin exotica hotel excellency jos junction ernakulam frys village near mymoon cinema chittoor road kadaloram abad plaza mg road bubble, taj residency ernakulam multicuisine regency abad plaza, mg road waterfront cafe the coffee shop taj malabar willingdon island coq - dor restaurant / mando the international hotel cochin the pallava / the palm the metropolitan, near south railway station cochin princess hotel sea lord shanmugham road roof top sayana hotel sea lord shanmugham road jade pavilion taj malabar willingdon island mughal hut barbeque paulson hotel carrier station road nishagandhi dance festival : held in february each year, this festival pays tribute to indian classical dance. visitors are treated to some of the most fabulous dance performances. the carnival held from december 25 - 31, offers a kaleidoscope of performing arts, including kathakali, classical dance, martial arts, and boat races. this harvest festival commemorates a mythical time of social harmony, peace, and equilibrium. in the first month of the kerala year, chingam, ( august - september ) floral carpets, made by women, grace the towns throughout the state ; adorned elephants parade in thrissur and long decorative boats race the backwaters of alappuzha. also known as dussehra or navaratri, this festival is held between september and october. it is celebrated throughout india but takes on special significance in kerala. young children are taken to the temples and are introduced to the letters of the alphabet in front of saraswati, the goddess of wisdom and learning. this is the festival of lord shiva. it is celebrated between february and march. all night, people chant and pray in honour of the deity. \u00a9 jet airways ( india ) ltd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3817663723996994, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.530379"} {"text": "( 1908 - 1974 ) oskar schindler was a german industrialist, former member of the nazi party and possibly the most famous \" righteous gentile \" who is credited with saving as many as 1, 200 jews during the holocaust. his story was brought to international acclaim by the 1982 novel schindler ' s ark and the 1993 film, schindler ' s list. an ethnic german, schindler was born april 28, 1908, in zwittau, austria - hungary, what is now moravia in the czech republic. schindler grew up with all the privileges money could buy. he was born catholic, but from an early age he inhabited a world of sin. his exploits with women are the stuff of barroom legend. he married emilie schindler at nineteen, but was never without a mistress or two. hard drinking and feckless, he had the soul of a gambler, winning big and losing bigger. he had presided over the demise of his family business and become a salesman when opportunity came knocking in the guise of the war. never one to miss a chance to make money, he marched into poland on the heels of the ss. he dived headfirst into the black - market and the underworld and soon made friends with the local gestapo bigwigs, softening them up with women, money and illicit booze. his newfound connections helped him acquire a factory which he ran with the cheapest labor around : jewish. in december 1939, as occupied poland was being torn apart by the savagery of the holocaust, schindler took his first faltering steps from the darkness of nazism towards the light of heroism. if you saw a dog going to be crushed under a car, he said later of his wartime actions, wouldn ' t you help him? before the outbreak of war, poland had been a relative haven for european jews - krakow ' s jewish population numbered over 50, 000. but when germany invaded, destruction began immediately and it was merciless. jews were herded into crowded ghettos, randomly beaten and humiliated, capriciously killed. jewish property and businesses were summarily destroyed, or appropriated by the ss and ' sold ' to nazi ' investors ', one of whom was the fast talking, womanizing, money hungry schindler. not long after acquiring his emalia factory - which produced enamel goods and munitions to supply the german front - the removal of jews to death camps began in earnest. schindler ' s jewish accountant put him in touch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4237456915822036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.534945"} {"text": ", money hungry schindler. not long after acquiring his emalia factory - which produced enamel goods and munitions to supply the german front - the removal of jews to death camps began in earnest. schindler ' s jewish accountant put him in touch with the few jews with any remaining wealth. they invested in his factory, and in return they would be able to work there and perhaps be spared. he was persuaded to hire more jewish workers, designating their skills as essential, paying off the nazis so they would allow them to stay in krakow. schindler was making money, but everyone in his factory was fed, no - one was beaten, no - one was killed. it became an oasis of humanity in a desert of moral torpor. as the brutality of the holocaust escalated, schindler ' s protection of his jewish workers became increasingly active. in the summer of 1942, he witnessed a german raid on the jewish ghetto. watching innocent people being packed onto trains bound for certain death, something awakened in him. beyond this day, no thinking person could fail to see what would happen, he said later. i was now resolved to do everything in my power to defeat the system. by the autumn of 1944, germany ' s hold on poland had weakened. as the russian army approached, the nazi ' s tried desperately to complete their program of liquidation and sent all remaining jews to die. but schindler remained true to the schindlerjuden, the workers he referred to as my children. after the liquidation of the krakow ghetto and the transfer of many jews to the plaszow concentration camp, schindler used his influence to set up a branch of the camp for 900 jewish workers in his factory compound in zablocie and made his now famous list of the workers he would need for its operation. the factory operated in its new location a year, making defective bullets for german guns. conditions were grim, for the schindlers as well as the workers. but schindler saved most of these workers when he transferred his factory to brunnlitz ( sudetenland ) in october 1944. he died in hildesheim in 1974. his extraordinary story might have died with him but for their gratitude. in trying to answer the inevitable question, why did he do it, one of the survivors said : i don ' t know what his motives were... but i don ' t give a damn. what ' s important is that he saved our lives. he negotiated the salvation of his 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42614298548190593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.535973"} {"text": "just when you thought it was safe to go into the water, the natural resources defense council has released its annual beach quality report and it ' s not pretty. according to nrdc, a large number of u. s. seashores continue to suffer from storm water runoff and sewage pollution that can cause swimmers to become very ill. the report, testing the waters : a guide to water quality at vacation beaches, looks at 2011 data collected from test results taken at more than 3, 000 beaches nationwide. it examines the pollution factors that affect these u. s. vacation spots and calls for public efforts to clean up. the report found that last year the nation ' s beach waters continued to be affected by serious contamination and pollutants from human and animal waste. as a result, america ' s beaches had the third - highest number of closings or advisories in the report ' s history, with the second - highest number occurring just the year before. progress, according to the report, is not being made. \" our beaches are plagued by a sobering legacy of water pollution, \" said nrdc senior attorney jon devine. \" luckily, today more than ever, we know that much of this filth is preventable and we can turn the tide against water pollution. by establishing better beach water quality standards and putting untapped 21st century solutions in place - - we can make a day at the beach as carefree as it should be, and safeguard america ' s vital tourism economies. \" the environmental protection agency estimates that more than 10 trillion gallons of untreated storm water makes its way into surface waters each year, and hundreds of billions of gallons of wastewater - which includes sewage and storm water - are released in combined sewer overflows. this water dumps into many of america ' s coastal areas. but the nrdc report is not all bleak. it includes a guide that rates the water quality and practices for testing water and administering public notifications at each beach. when a seashore exceeds the nrdc ' s expectations, it receives a 5 - star rating. beaches that rated five stars with last year ' s data are : - - california : newport beach in orange county ( 2 of 3 monitored sections ) - - newport beach - - 38th street", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3944874637685793, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.541464"} {"text": "| the beginning of adolescence is a time of very great change in your child. in addition to starting puberty and beginning to reach most of her adult height, her mind will also grow to understand logical and abstract thinking and she will develop the moral standards by which she will live her life. you can also expect her to begin to move away from the family as she develops her own identity and also become more influenced by her friends. fortunately, this influence is usually limited to outward things, such as hair and clothing styles. this is also a time when your child may become interested in dating. it usually starts as group dating, but her interest may progress to one on one dating by the time she reaches high school. this is a time of growing independence and children at this age want to be considered more responsible. to help foster this sense of responsibility, now is a good time to begin giving your child an allowance. the amount is not very important, but is usually 50\u00a2 to $ 1. 00 per year in age and should be used for special things that your child wants. managing an allowance will help to teach your child about the value of money and the importance of saving. to promote an interest in saving, you should encourage her to set aside a certain amount of her allowance for special items that she can buy later. while it is also important that your child begin to have regular age appropriate chores ( setting or clearing the table, taking out the garbage, cleaning their room, etc. ) around the house, these should probably not be tied to their allowance. positive reinforcement is important for completed chores, and failure to complete chores can be punished by loss of a privilege ( tv, videogames, etc ). allowing your child to have a choice of which chore to do sometimes helps with compliance and you should rotate the assignment of undersirable chores among your children. encourage self esteem and a positive self image in your teenager by using positive reinforcement and frequent praise for things that he has accomplished. encourage your child to be curious, explore and take on new challenges. | the progression through adolescence includes your teens continuing need to become more independent, figure out who she is and learn to manage her own life. she will probably become less interested in spending time with the family and more interested in being with her friends. it is important to continue to respect her need to be private and be available when she needs help or guidance. some important milestones she will be facing now include dating and forming more intimate relationships, becoming more independent, the responsibilities of driving, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42252899755707596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.545746"} {"text": "ktm user pages writing fractions. here \u2019 s one on subtraction. and, here \u2019 s another. in di, teachers use pre - designed scripts when teaching. the scripts are based on extensive research regarding student retention, and every aspect of every script is based upon results that were demonstrated through research. the great advantage of this approach is that every teacher using the script becomes the beneficiary of that research and will probably teach much more effectively than if left to her own devices. di designers test the programs carefully before publishing them and each di program is extensively revised based on specific student error data from the field test. scripting the lessons allows sharing of these \u201c polished stones \u201d across teachers. also scripting helps reduce the amount of teacher talk. children learn by working through the sequence of tasks with carefully timed comments from the teacher. children learn little from straight teacher talk. too much teacher talk decreases pupil - motivation, draws out the lesson length unnecessarily, and often causes confusion by changing the focus of the tasks, disrupting the development of the larger generalization, of which a teacher the first time through is usually unaware. also, without guidance, teachers may use language that students do not understand or that distracts students \u2019 attention from examples. scripts also allow aides, parents, and other paraprofessionals to assume teaching responsibilities, resulting in increased quality instructional time. moreover, even though the di programs are carefully tested and scripted, successful use of them requires training in the special techniques of delivery. teachers must make many decisions in response to the children ' s performance. some of the most important decisions involve placing each child appropriately and moving the children through the lessons at a pace that maximizes their learning potential. lastly, the scripted presentations do not comprise the whole lesson, and the lessons do not comprise the whole school day. there are opportunities for group and independent work. a good di teacher also creates additional activities that allow students to make use of their learning in various situations. so, there is a great deal of teacher creativity involved in the interpretation and presentation of the script, in attending to the needs and progress of all students and in designing expansion activities. - - kderosa - 17 nov 2005 ktmguest ( password : guest ) when prompted. please consider registering as a regular user. look here for syntax help. 3 links on scripted teaching : carol gambill ' s method of teaching algebra direct instruction professional development workshop ( online videotape of a workshop on direct instruction. excellent ) direct instruction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4758701018591305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.549936"} {"text": "sea - levels are rising unevenly around the world, with pacific countries in particular suffering significant increases over the past two decades, according to accurate new satellite data. on average, global sea - levels have been rising at about three millimeters ( mm ) a year, however, this masks large differences between regions of the world. while some regions have seen sea - level rises of 12 mm a year, others have actually seen decreases of about 12 mm a year. the results are based on radar readings from the european space agency ( esa ) over an 18 - year period from october 1992 to march 2010. esa used its satellites to send radar pulses to the sea surface below, recording the time delay in its return and creating a precise measurement of their height above the surface. scientists say sea - level rises are the result of the expansion of water due to rising temperatures, melting of glaciers and the melting of polar ice sheets. the worst hit regions over the past two decades, according to the esa data, have been the pacific countries of indonesia, papua new guinea, philippines and vulnerable pacific islands like the solomon islands. the philippines for one is already frequently subjected to flooding and landslides caused by heavy rain, with seasonal monsoon rains in august killing at least 11 people. scientists suggest regions that have seen high sea level rises over the past 20 years will not necessarily continue to see higher than average sea - level rises in the future. \" we suspect that the bigger the differences get, the more they will tend to level out in the future, \" says robert meisner, a spokesperson for esa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4430199103431396, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.551642"} {"text": "the seal of la sierra university represents the core of our existence and our reason for being. each element symbolizes an important part of our mission. - the cross, the pre - eminent symbol for christ, is placed in the position of greatest importance in the design, superimposing the world. it is in the greek form rather than the latin, with arms comprised of three strokes representing the trinity. this \u201c threeness \u201d is repeated in the three elements of the open books ; the aim to seek, to know, to serve ; and the braided strands of the border. - the opened books are displayed in deep perspective, as though on a scholar ' s desk, their lines to converge at the center of the cross, indicating that christ is at the heart of the university ' s life. the three books are titled by the three statements of the aim. - the two intersecting circles in the right - hand border represent the mandorla, the symbol for the person of jesus christ linking the two realms of heaven and earth. - the border and motto ( \u201c from diversity, community \u201d ) come together in three strands that sweep across the motif to connect one side of the globe with the other, forming a braid of unity and strength that encompasses the university \u2014 and the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46407062837427787, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.556021"} {"text": "student learning outcomes the department of music at la sierra university is committed to helping the serious music student develop a life - long engagement with music as performer, composer, and listener. by providing the essential tools for making and responding to music, it is the aim of the following student learning outcomes to create a \u201c whole \u201d musician with the requisite skills, experiences, and artistic sensibilities that have the potential to continually inform and transform the musical life during and after formal study. thus, at the completion of music studies at lsu, the student will have developed : - a seeing ear and a hearing eye. further defined, students should be able to recognize, identify, and create, given notation and / or sound, simple to complex patterns and structures as they relate to the musical elements of pitch, duration, amplitude, and timbre. - a theoretical foundation of music. analytical techniques, from simple to advanced, are presented as tools to help in understanding and internalizing musical form and content. this leads to the student \u2019 s development as \u201c analyzer and evaluator \u201d in becoming a qualified listener. - the ability, given sound and / or notation, to respond to, perform and shape the elements of music. this suggests being able to manipulate these elements within the student \u2019 s role as listener ( both analytical and evaluative ), performer, or composer, in a stylistically coherent and informed manner. - a working knowledge and practical understanding of the history of music and musical styles. primarily based on the european - centered tradition, but also observed from world traditions, this study informs the student \u2019 s role as listener, performer and composer. - an understanding and application of appropriate pedagogical techniques, methods and tools as they relate to the variety of demands placed on today \u2019 s music teacher. depending on the student \u2019 s area of emphasis, this means gaining effectiveness in the implementation of methodologies in primary and secondary areas of musical expertise as they relate to age group and discipline. - refined technical and interpretive skills necessary for informed solo and collaborative performance appropriate to the degree. - a basic competency in music technology. these elements include digital notation, sequencing, midi sequencing, audio recording, and web integration of multi - media objects. - a broad base of experiences on which to build a personal philosophy of music. in light of the above outcomes, this means being able to appreciate music of worth, and distinguish between what is longlasting and what is fad, in secular and sacred styles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49387048716165577, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.558992"} {"text": "what : shea butter ( butyrospermum parkii ) is a slightly yellowish or ivory colored natural vegetable fat extracted from the nut of the african tree vitellaria paradoxa. the nut is primarily comprised of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, as well as vitamins a, e and f, and carotene ( wiki ). vitamins a and e soothe and hydrate skin while boosting collagen. vitamin f contains essential fatty acids which help to protect and heal. shea butter makes a suitable base for moisturizing products for skin and hair, and can be used on its own for its hydrating and regenerative effects. this emollient ingredient is anti - inflammatory and is said to be effective in fading scars, and treating skin ailments like eczema, burns, rashes, acne, stretch marks, and skin discoloration. by crushing, boiling and stirring. it is widely used in cosmetics as a moisturizer, salve or lotion ( wiki ), and possesses protective properties against environmental influences. origin : shea butter is obtained by crushing, boiling, and stirring the oil from the fruit kernel. products found in : shea butter is widely used in cosmetics to moisturize and revitalize dry, irritated, or lacklustre skin and hair. its anti - inflammatory and regenerative properties make it a popular ingredient for use in anti - aging products, as well. the ingredient is also often found in healing salves, ointments, and lip balms. shea butter forms a breathable, water - resistant film and contains low levels of uv protection, so is sometimes used in sun protection products. the butter is commonly used in moisturizers, treatments, hand creams, lip balms, bar soap, anti - aging skincare, lipstick, body washes, cleansers, exfoliants, and facial cleaners. toxicity : shea butteris generally classified as non - toxic or harmful ( ewg ). though shea butter does contain some sun protection properties, the level of protection against the sun ' s ultraviolet radiation is extremely variable, ranging from nothing to approximately spf 6. however, studies have shown it to reduce the effects of uv damage on the skin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46036873788057586, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.564253"} {"text": "5 *, 12, 19 *, 26, mar. 5 *, 12, 19 *, 29, apr. 2 *, 9, 16 *, 23, 30 *, may 7, and 14 * tulips have emerged in palmer, alaska! and in nd, gardens have bloomed that were covered with a foot of snow this spring! visit a garden in wi planted under an unusual mural. study the season in maps ; revisit the question, \u201c how does spring move across the continent? \u201d then compare and contrast many years of journey north garden maps. and a final thank you to all the gardeners who contributed to this students in the northern - most regions are just now reporting spring has sprung in their gardens. snowbanks are melting and temperatures are warming. students in palmer, ak, dug a sample from their garden to see if the bulbs were still there. see what they found. will the bulbs emerge by next week? how much snow and ice is there in may in north america? noaa maps help you discover where it is. this is the time of year the maps are filling up with red blooming gardens. students are taking the time now to analyze their experimental plots, and summarize their work. we take a close look at tulip blossoms and learn that they really do move. the word to learn is phototropism. watch a flower move as the sun changes position in the sky. and compare last year \u2019 s map with today \u2019 s map. how are they different? april 23, 2009 tulip gardens are blooming all across the northern hemisphere this week. many students in colder regions welcome tulips emerging, too. investigate an unusual tulip and learn what you call it. does it fit the botany of a tulip? learn more about the tulip family and its relatives. what does a normal tulip look like? and share the stories and pictures of proud tulip gardeners across the region. tulip gardens are emerging across the northern hemisphere, but spring is fickle and snow is forecast. mirachimi, nb, shares pictures of tulips emerging right through the snow. a good sign for a hardy plant! an albany, or, teacher shares a good plan for recording garden happenings. go out on a phenology hike to really see what signs of spring you spring is arriving across the continent in fits and starts! april snowstorm brings some damage to tulips already up, but doesn \u2019 t seem to squash the enthusiasm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45490352579469495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.569504"} {"text": ". go out on a phenology hike to really see what signs of spring you spring is arriving across the continent in fits and starts! april snowstorm brings some damage to tulips already up, but doesn \u2019 t seem to squash the enthusiasm the students bring to the garden project. another 45 degree latitude garden emerged this week. one more to go. take an artistic journey inspired by georgia o \u2019 keeffe. express the beauty of a tulip flower with a few simple materials and time to explore. and send in those questions for the tulip expert! a cold front in the middle of the continent has slowed the reports of blooming tulips this week. plants in denver hit by the snow are showing signs of stress. but spring is in the air for reporters who are out observing subtle signs. polish your math skills analyzing 11 years of data from the same garden in va. and visit a middle school tulip garden experiment recorded in voicethread. the spring equinox has arrived, and our tulip map is proof that plants are starting to grow across the continent. visit a tulip flower. look carefully. can you see all the parts? start seeing other flowers as spring brings new blossoms to your hometown. and take time to use your senses outside in the garden. create a poem! learn about a new invention to help you predict the coming of spring, latitude shoes. then travel the 45th parallel wearing them. what will you see? over 200 gardens have emerged so far. scientists observe and record. are you? there is a chart to help you. and, are some of your tulips growing differently than you expected? explore some of the troubles that can occur in the tulip garden. huge march snowstorm on the east coast dropped record snow amounts. how will this affect the tulips that have emerged? try some experiments this week with water, sugar, and plant leaves. put them into the freezer to help you understand what happens inside plants. re - visit the gardens along the 45th parallel. one of them has emerged. use new information to help you predict which one will be next. photo : temperatures are up and down all across the map as spring is on the way. are you watching the garden? tiny little tulips emerging give great cause for excitement as they grow into big plants. no blooms yet on the map. study the green wave of spring. compare new gardens with the temperature map. follow the lines each week. learn about the wonderful variety of garden locations we have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.439224164908547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.570572"} {"text": "give great cause for excitement as they grow into big plants. no blooms yet on the map. study the green wave of spring. compare new gardens with the temperature map. follow the lines each week. learn about the wonderful variety of garden locations we have along the 45th latitude study today \u2019 s map to answer this : does there seem to be a pattern to the emerging gardens? grab a crayon and find out. what factors influence the italian garden at 40. 8n, compared to north american gardens? did you notice the spring - like temperatures last week? did they influence your garden? and find out which california garden has it \u2019 s not hard to see the green on this week \u2019 s tulip garden map. why are tulips emerging in these locations? let \u2019 s begin to look at weather and climate. are they different? who reports the weather across north america? explore and track weather and climate on a grand scale and in your own backyard. and let \u2019 s look at why tulip shoots emerge with a red color. the tulip map is showing some green! study this week \u2019 s map and then compare it to last year \u2019 s map. predict which of 3 ca gardens will emerge first. they are all within 90 miles of each other. the weather made national news last week. were your temperatures higher, lower, or normal? what will that mean for your garden? and, an interesting experiment to think about. get ready to track spring ' s arrival in the northern hemisphere! watch for weekly tulip garden updates. they will be posted here every thursday, from february to may. ( see schedule above. ) find out how to report your tulips emerging and blooming on real - time migration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4083398565247436, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.571401"} {"text": "tuesday, june 10, 2008 leckey on pluralism in the history of canadian civil marriage posted by mary l. dudziak profane matrimony is an essay by robert leckey, mcgill university - faculty of law. it appeared in the canadian journal of law and society ( 2006 ). here ' s the abstract : recent debates over same - sex marriage prompt reflection more generally on the competing norms regulating marriages. two supremacy claims emerged in the debates, one that religious traditions provide the supreme law of marriage, another that civil marriage is entirely secular and its supreme law is the canadian charter of rights and freedoms. this paper identifies similarities in these claims. both wrongly ascribe an internal uniformity to cultural communities. referring to historical amendments to marriage law, the paper argues that both claims are unfaithful to the canadian tradition of marriage law. amendments to the prohibited degrees of relationship and the introduction of federal divorce legislation show the federal parliament to have developed a civil or profane marriage in conscious opposition to religious forms. since the 1880s, marriage law has been periodically altered on the basis that it is wrong in a plural, secular society to impose religious views on nonbelievers. parliament has not simply followed top - down norms, but also regarded social practice as a source of marriage norms. past instances of law reform indicate a rich political tradition of argument and contestation, one in which the churches have not maintained consistently that the civil law of marriage should mirror religious rules. civil marriage and religious marriage are not, as claimed by the standard bearers of the charter, unrelated. they stand instead in a constantly adjusting relationship of tension and difference.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5043004526800893, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.573123"} {"text": "the st. christopher woodcut, 1423 the library has fifteen block - books and a number of block - prints, including the st christopher woodcut, the only surviving example of the first piece of european printing bearing a date, 1423 ( see illustration, right ). of the collection of incunables, 3, 000 come from the spencer collection, 215 were bequeathed by richard copley christie, and the remainder have been acquired from other sources. approximately 1, 000 are of german origin, about 2, 000 were printed in italy and the remainder represent the presses of other european countries and of england. of the earliest type - printed documents to which a place or date can be assigned there are the letters of indulgence of pope nicholas v, the 36 - and 42 - line bibles, the first three mainz psalters and in all about 50 productions of the mainz press associated with gutenberg, fust and schoffer, several being the only recorded copies. the library has the only complete examples in britain of books printed by albrecht pfister in bamberg. the work of over 100 german presses is represented in the collection. hand - coloured woodcut of daniel in the lions ' den, from the historie von joseph, daniel, judith und esther, printed in 1462 at bamberg by albrecht pfister. in manchester there are 66 volumes printed by sweynheym and pannartz, the first printers in italy working in subiaco and rome between 1465 and 1473. it is the most complete collection in the country, lacking only the aristotle and perottus of 1473. 253 printers working in nearly 50 different italian towns are represented on the library ' s shelves. there are 349 volumes printed in rome ( 329 separate editions ) and these include 39 items printed by ulrich han. of particular importance is han ' s 1467 edition of the meditationes of cardinal turrecremata, the only copy in the country of the first italian illustrated book. venetian incunables total 576 volumes ( 485 separate editions ), with 42 printed by vindelinus de spira and 43 by nicholas jenson. other italian towns for which significant numbers of incunables are available include milan ( 125 volumes, 111 separate editions of which 30 were printed by zarotus ), florence ( 110 volumes, 93 separate editions ), and naples ( 100 volumes, 96 separate editions ). the 49 volumes of 44 separate editions printed in brescia are of particular importance as ten are not available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4022050638217931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.576808"} {"text": "were printed by zarotus ), florence ( 110 volumes, 93 separate editions ), and naples ( 100 volumes, 96 separate editions ). the 49 volumes of 44 separate editions printed in brescia are of particular importance as ten are not available elsewhere in britain, and five items, the work of thomas ferrandus, are unique. there are some 30 examples of the first parisian printers, gering, friburger and crantz, and about 100 other examples of the work of other printers in the french capital. french provincial printers are also well represented, particularly those of lyon and toulouse, a unique item from the latter town being the 1488 edition of aesop with spanish text, issued by johannes parix and stephan cleblat. some twenty spanish incunables are in the library, together with a significant number of items originating in the low countries including william caxton ' s first book ( and the first book ever printed in english ), the recuyell of the histories of troye ( brugge,? 1473 ). the english incunables include over 60 caxtons of which 36 are complete and unsophisticated, and four are unique, constituting the second largest such collection in the world. other english printers well represented include john lettou, william de machlinia, richard pynson, julian notary, the schoolmaster printer of st albans, and wynkyn de worde, the copy of whose 1498 edition of morte darthur is unique ; the library also has one of the only two surviving copies of the caxton edition of morte darthur. approaching three - quarters of the incunables date from before 1480. \" ephemera \" include advertisements ( strasbourg, mentelin, c. 1471 ; westminster, caxton, c. 1477 ), and the only surviving wood block used to print a block - book, an as yet unidentified variant edition of the apocalypse. - recorded in general printed - book catalogue and on the incunabula short title catalogue ( istc ) database. - see also bibliography above.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3989746423033037, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.579163"} {"text": "sedan, a town of france, the chef - lieu of an arrondissement in the department of ardennes, lies on the right bank of the meuse, 13 miles east - south - east of mezieres by the railway to thionville ( lorraine ), and is surrounded by heights of about 1000 feet. since its fortifications were declasses, a process of embellishment has been going on. place turenne takes its name from the statue of the illustrious marshal, who was born in the town in 1611. the public buildings include a protestant church, a synagogue, a museum, and a college. the manufacture of fine black cloth has long been, and still continues to be, the staple industry, employing in the town and neighbourhood more than 10, 000 workmen, and producing to the value of 40, 000, 000 francs ' annually. several spinning - mills have been erected by alsatian refugees since 1871. considerable activity is also displayed in various departments of metal - working, especially in the surrounding villages. the population was 13, 807 in 1872, and 19, 240 in 1881 ( 19, 556 in the commune ). sedan was in the 13th century a dependency of the abbey of monzon, the possession of which was disputed by the bishops of liege and rheims. united to the crown of france by charles v., it was ceded by charles vi. to guillaume de braquemont, who sold it to the la marcks. for two centuries this powerful family managed to continue masters of the place in spite of the bishops of liege and the dukes of burgundy and lorraine ; and in the person of henri robert they adopted the title \" prince of sedan. \" in the 16th century the town was an asylum for many protestant refugees, who laid the basis of its industrial prosperity, and it became the seat of a protestant seminary. the last heiress of the la marck family brought sedan and the duchy of bouillon to henri de la, tour d ' auvergne, viscount of turenne. when the new duke attempted to maintain his independence, henry iv. captured sedan in three days ; and the second duke ( eldest brother of the great marshal ), who had several times revolted against louis xiii., was at last, after his share in the conspiracy of cinqmars, obliged to surrender his principality. sedan thus became part of the royal domain in 1641. on 1st september 1870 the fortress was the centre of the most disastrous conflict of the franco - german war. shut in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3763933442219046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.582047"} {"text": "new york ( reuters health ) - pregnant women who regularly have milk or yogurt with \" good \" bacteria may be less likely to suffer the late - pregnancy complication known as pre - eclampsia, a new study finds. pre - eclampsia occurs when a woman has a sudden increase in blood pressure after the 20th week of pregnancy. other signs include protein in the urine and swelling in the face and hands. the disorder, which affects about five percent of all pregnant women, can be dangerous if unrecognized : it may progress to the rare condition eclampsia, which can cause the mother to have seizures or fall into a coma. in the new study, researchers found that of more than 33, 000 norwegian women who gave birth over six years, those who consumed probiotic milk or yogurt every day during pregnancy were less likely to develop pre - eclampsia. of those women, 4. 1 percent developed pre - eclampsia, compared with 5. 6 percent of women who did not consume probiotic food. when the researchers factored in other differences - - like the women ' s weight, education and smoking habits - - probiotic consumers still had a 20 percent lower risk of pre - eclampsia. there is no proven way to prevent pre - eclampsia. and the new findings do not mean that probiotics do the trick either, according to dr. bo jacobsson, a researcher at the institute of public health in oslo who worked on the study. the results point only to a correlation between higher probiotic intake and lower pre - eclampsia risk. and that link should be tested in future studies, jacobsson told reuters health in an email. many pregnant women consume probiotics, he noted, and there is evidence that it ' s safe. so clinical trials could test whether giving women probiotics reduces pre - eclampsia risk. that, jacobsson said, should be done with probiotic capsules - - containing a controlled amount of specific good bacteria - - rather than food. probiotics are friendly bacteria added to cultured dairy products ; they are marketed as having health benefits such as improved digestion. in theory, probiotics might affect pre - eclampsia development through effects on the immune system and body - wide inflammation. but that remains to be proven. the current findings, reported in the american journal of epidemiology, are based on 33, 399 women taking part in a larger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4507337309224154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.585481"} {"text": "##psia development through effects on the immune system and body - wide inflammation. but that remains to be proven. the current findings, reported in the american journal of epidemiology, are based on 33, 399 women taking part in a larger norwegian study of mother and child health. during pregnancy, the women filled out questionnaires on diet and lifestyle ; that included questions on how often they had probiotic milk or yogurt. daily probiotic consumers showed a 20 percent lower risk of developing pre - eclampsia. that ' s a modest difference, jacobsson said. he added, though, that it ' s \" important \" because it points to a new area of research : the question of whether probiotics can make a difference in pre - eclampsia risk. for now, jacobsson said, pregnant women should not \" change their food habits \" and add probiotic products in the hopes of preventing pre - eclampsia. no one knows how to prevent pre - eclampsia, but certain factors put women at a greater risk. those include obesity, having high blood pressure before pregnancy, being pregnant with more than one baby and a history of pre - eclampsia in past pregnancies. catching pre - eclampsia is key, so experts urge all women to have regular pre - natal care visits. if the condition develops, the doctor can more closely monitor the pregnancy and, if necessary, deliver the baby early - - which is the only cure for pre - eclampsia. source : http : / / bit. ly / n6jvsc american journal of epidemiology, online august 5, 2011. the # 1 daily resource for health and lifestyle news! your daily resource for losing weight and staying fit. we could all use some encouragement now and then - we ' re human! explore your destiny as you discover what ' s written in your stars. the latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes. healthy food that tastes delicious too? no kidding. yoga for back pain pets helpyour heart are youmoney smart?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4777299175609854, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.586273"} {"text": "ture. the authors that have treated of it. its relation to the art of gram - the use of it in the matter of speech, consists in the words, either written message in use amongst the terials of writing, whether the paper by changing of their places. ters, by changing their powers. the use of this amongst the jewes and romanes. the key - character. are requisite to the intended mea - barbarous words, and such as shall not seeme to be of any signification. how all the letters may be expressed by any five, three, or two of them. of writing with a double alphabet. how from these two last wayes together, there may be contrived the best kind of se - ters then are required to the words of it. the use of this amongst the jews and ring any letter - characters. how to ex - presse any sense, either by points, or lines, first invention of these. of those that signifie things and notions, as hierogly may be legible to all nations and langua - ges. the benefit, and possibility of this. sing, by signes and gestures, which may ons, either by qualities, as the impressi - on of imagination, and the sensitive spe - cies ; or by spirituall substances, as bodies, whether inanimate, as arrows, bullets, or animate, as men, beasts, the species of sound. of tunes and musicall notes, without any articulate sound. cret and swift informations by the species of sight, which are either fabulous, or smokes. their antiquity. the ture man - ner of using them to this purpose. that these were meant in nuntius inani - matus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5383066327979764, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.587869"} {"text": "on a typical cleaning day in an average home in canada, levels of chemicals in the indoor air can be hundreds, even thousands of times higher than the outdoor air in the most polluted of cities. in fact, indoor air pollution levels would be high enough to trigger an inspection by health and safety authorities in any workplace setting, and evacuation if it were a public building. ( the nature of things, cbc - tv 2002 ). many chemicals contained in household cleaning products are the same as those used in industrial settings. many scientists are now becoming concerned that long - term low - level exposure to these chemicals may be just as dangerous as short - term high - dose exposures. they also worry that we do not understand the impact of exposure to combinations of chemicals found in household air and dust. testing for human health effects is normally done on single chemicals. but in the real world, we are all exposed to a variety of chemicals every single day. the ingredients contained in conventional petrochemical - based cleaning products are often not listed on labels. following is a list of some of the most common toxic chemicals found in household cleaning products ; however there are many others. common hazardous ingredients in cleaning products acetone \u2013 a neurotoxin, acetone may cause liver and kidney damage, and damage to a developing fetus. it is a skin and eye irritant. found in spot treatment cleaners, mark and scuff removers, and other products. aerosol products - aerosol propellants may contain propane, formaldehyde, a carcinogen, neurotoxin and central nervous system depressant, methylene chloride, a carcinogen, neurotoxin and reproductive toxin, and nitrous oxide. products applied with aerosol sprays are broken into minute particles, which can be more deeply inhaled than larger particles, which may increase their toxic effect. ammonia \u2013 undiluted, ammonia is an eye and respiratory irritant that can cause severe burning pain, and corrosive damage including chemical burns, cataracts and corneal damage. it can also cause kidney and liver damage. repeated or prolonged exposure to vapours can result in bronchitis and pneumonia. found in a wide range of cleaning products. ammonia will react with bleach to form poisonous chlorine gas that can cause burning and watering of eyes, as well as burning of the nose and mouth. bleach \u2013 see sodium hypochlorite diethanolamine ( dea ) \u2013 listed as a suspected car", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4847306173907272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.597564"} {"text": "to form poisonous chlorine gas that can cause burning and watering of eyes, as well as burning of the nose and mouth. bleach \u2013 see sodium hypochlorite diethanolamine ( dea ) \u2013 listed as a suspected carcinogen by the state of california, this chemical is a skin and respiratory toxicant and a severe eye irritant. used in a wide range of household cleaning products. d - limonene \u2013 this chemical is produced by cold - pressing orange peels. the extracted oil is 90 % d - limonene. it is a sensitizer, a neurotoxin, a moderate eye and skin irritant, and can trigger respiratory distress when vapours are inhaled by some sensitive individuals. there is some evidence of carcinogenicity. d - limonene is the active ingredient in some insecticides. it is used as a solvent in many all - purpose cleaning products, especially \u2018 citrus \u2019 and \u2018 orange \u2019 cleaners. also listed on labels as citrus oil and orange oil. ethoxylated nonyl phenol \u2013 nonyl phenols are hormone disruptors and some contain traces of ethylene oxide, a known human carcinogen. they are eye and skin irritants. used in laundry detergents and other cleaning products. formaldehyde \u2013 in lab tests, formaldehyde has caused cancer and damaged dna. formaldehyde is also a sensitizer, with the potential to cause asthma. several laboratory studies have shown it to be a central nervous system depressant. exposure to formaldehyde may cause joint pain, depression, headaches, chest pains, ear infections, chronic fatigue, dizziness and loss of sleep. while formaldehyde naturally occurs in the human body in minute amounts, it is estimated that 20 per cent of people exposed to it will experience an allergic reaction. used in a wide range of products, including some furniture polishes. formaldehyde may be released by other chemicals, eg. quaternium 15. fragrance \u2013 fragrance on a label can indicate the presence of up to 4, 000 separate ingredients, most of which are synthetic. many compounds in fragrance are human toxins and suspected or proven carcinogens. in 1989, the us national institute of occupational safety and health evaluated 2, 983 fragrance chemicals for health effects. they identified 884 of them as toxic substances. synthetic fragrances are known to trigger asthma attacks. the us environmental protection agency found that 100 % of perfumes contain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.501814492344241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.598537"} {"text": "institute of occupational safety and health evaluated 2, 983 fragrance chemicals for health effects. they identified 884 of them as toxic substances. synthetic fragrances are known to trigger asthma attacks. the us environmental protection agency found that 100 % of perfumes contain toluene, which can cause liver, kidney and brain damage as well as damage to a developing fetus. symptoms reported to the fda from fragrance exposure have included headaches, dizziness, rashes, skin discoloration, violent coughing and vomiting, and allergic skin irritation. clinical observations by medical doctors have shown that exposure to fragrances can affect the central nervous system, causing depression, hyperactivity, irritability, inability to cope, and other behavioral changes. fragrance is a common skin irritant. methylene chloride \u2013 methylene chloride is a carcinogen, a neurotoxin and a reproductive toxin. on inhalation, it can cause liver and brain damage, irregular heartbeat, and even heart attack. it is a severe skin and moderate eye irritant. used in stain removers. monoethanolamine \u2013 this chemical may cause liver, kidney and reproductive damage, as well as depression of the central nervous system. inhalation of high concentrations \u2013 when cleaning an oven for example \u2013 can cause dizziness or even coma. the chemical can also be absorbed through the skin. it is a moderate skin irritant, and a severe eye irritant. found in many cleaning products, including oven cleaners, tub and tile cleaners, laundry pre - soaks, floor strippers and carpet cleaners. morpholine \u2013 this corrosive ingredient can severely irritate and burn skin and eyes, and can even cause blindness if splashed in eyes. it can cause liver and kidney damage, and long - term exposure can result in bronchitis. it reacts with nitrites ( added as a preservative in some products, or present as a contaminant ) to form carcinogenic nitrosomines. morpholine is a moderate to severe eye, skin and mucous membrane irritant. used as a solvent in a number of cleaning products, including some furniture polishes and abrasive cleansers. naphthalene \u2013 this registered pesticide is listed as a suspected carcinogen in california and is most commonly found in mothballs, and some other pest repellants, as well as in deodorizers. as a reproductive toxin, it is transported across the place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5043477303250843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.599562"} {"text": "registered pesticide is listed as a suspected carcinogen in california and is most commonly found in mothballs, and some other pest repellants, as well as in deodorizers. as a reproductive toxin, it is transported across the placenta and can cause blood damage. it can cause liver and kidney damage, and corneal damage and cataracts. skin exposure is especially dangerous to newborns. parabens \u2013 parabens are hormone disruptors. widely used in cleaning products as preservatives, paraben is usually preceded by the prefixes methyl -, ethyl -, butyl -, or propyl. parabens may cause contact dermatitis in some individuals paradichlorobenzene \u2013 this highly volatile registered pesticide is in the same chemical class as ddt. it is a suspected carcinogen, and may cause lung, liver and kidney damage. it is used in mothballs and some washroom deodorizers and urinal blocks. phosphoric acid \u2013 extremely corrosive, it can severely irritate and burn the skin and eyes. breathing vapours can make the lungs ache, and it may be toxic to the central nervous system. found in some liquid dishwasher detergents, metal polishes, some disinfectants, and bathroom cleaners, especially those that remove lime and mildew. sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate \u2013 this corrosive chemical is a severe eye, skin and respiratory irritant. it may cause liver and gastrointestinal damage, and may be toxic to the central nervous system. it will react with bleach to form poisonous chlorine gas that can cause burning and watering of eyes, as well as burning of the nose and mouth. it is found in some toilet bowl cleaners and deodorizers, as well as industrial detergents and some institutional dishwashing detergents. sodium hypochlorite ( bleach ) \u2013 a corrosive chemical, sodium hypochlorite is an eye, skin and respiratory irritant, as well as a sensitizer. it is especially hazardous to people with heart conditions or asthma, and can be fatal if swallowed. it may be a neurotoxin and toxic to the liver. found in a wide range of household cleaners. sodium lauryl sulfate ( sls ) \u2013 used as a lathering agent. this chemical is a known skin irritant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5037182492731278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.600602"} {"text": "it may be a neurotoxin and toxic to the liver. found in a wide range of household cleaners. sodium lauryl sulfate ( sls ) \u2013 used as a lathering agent. this chemical is a known skin irritant. it also enhances the allergic response to other toxins and allergens. the u. s. government has warned manufacturers of unacceptable levels of dioxin formation in some products containing this ingredient. sls can react with other ingredients to form cancer - causing nitrosamines toluene \u2013 exposure to toluene may cause liver, kidney and brain damage. it is also a reproductive toxin which can damage a developing fetus. turpentine \u2013 this chemical can cause allergic sensitization, and kidney, bladder and central nervous system damage. it is an eye irritant. found in specialty solvent cleaners, furniture polish and shoe products. xylene \u2013 xylene has significant neurotoxic effects, including loss of memory. high exposure can lead to loss of consciousness and even death. it may damage liver, kidneys and the developing fetus. it is a severe eye and moderate skin irritant. used in some spot removers, floor polishes, ironing aids and other products. the safe shoppers bible, david steinman & samuel epstein cleaners and toxins, labour environmental alliance society, vancouver bc home safe home, debra lynn dadd, tarcher inc, 1997 non - toxic, natural and earth wise, debra lynn dadd, tarcher inc, 1990 less toxic alternatives, carolyn gorman with marie hyde, optimum publishing, 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46062456727288215, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.601236"} {"text": "some elements of a window interface contain collections of items, for example rows of buttons, lists of filenames, and groups of menu items. such elements are known in the capi as collections. in most collections, items may be selected by the user - - for example, a row of buttons. collections whose items can be selected are known as choices. each button in a row of buttons is either checked or unchecked, showing something about the application ' s state - - perhaps that color graphics are switched on and sound is switched off. this selection state came about as the result of a choice the user made when running the application, or default choices made by the application itself. the capi provides a convenient way of producing groups of items from which collections and choices can be made. the abstract class provides a means of specifying a group of items. the subclass provides groups of selectable items, where you may specify what initial state they are in, and what happens when the selection is changed. subclasses of used for producing particular kinds of grouped elements are described in the sections that follow. all the choices described in this chapter can be given a print function via the keyword. this allows you to control the way in which items in the element are displayed. for example, passing the argument would capitalize the initial letters of all the words of text that an instance of a choice displays. some of the examples in this chapter require the functions which were introduced in creating common windows.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5423116186108686, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.603016"} {"text": "the first ( and last ) voyage to the bottom of the sea a half - century ago, humanity arrived somewhere no one had ever gone before the deepest place on earth. before the apollo missions landed men on the moon, the u. s. navy dove to the bottom of the sea the challenger deep in the mariana trench, some 35, 797 feet ( 10, 911 meters ) down. just as no one has visited the moon since apollo, nobody has returned to this abyss since that first voyage to the bottom of the trench in 1960. however, just as scientists are revisiting the moon with space probes, so too are researchers now deploying robots to explore this deepest depth of the ocean. the research vessel used to reach the record - setting depth near guam in the pacific ocean on jan. 23, 1960 was named the trieste, a swiss - designed bathyscaphe or \" deep boat \" named after the italian city where much of it was built. its two - man crew lt. don walsh of the u. s. navy and scientist jacques piccard, son of the craft ' s designer nestled inside a roughly 6. 5 - foot ( 2 - meter ) wide white pressure sphere on the underside of the submersible. the rest of the nearly 60 - foot ( 18 - meter ) long trieste was filled with floats loaded with some 33, 350 gallons ( 126, 243 liters ) of gasoline for buoyancy, along with nine tons of iron pellets to weigh it down. to withstand the high pressure at the bottom of challenger deep roughly eight tons per square inch the sphere ' s walls were 5 inches ( 12. 7 cm ) thick. to see outside, the crew relied on a window made of a single cone - shaped block of plexiglas, the only transparent compound they could find strong enough to survive the pressure at the thickness needed, along with lamps to light up the sunless abyss. \" the pressure is tremendous, \" said geophysicist david sandwell at the university of california, san diego, who helped create the first detailed global maps of the seafloor. the descent the first and only manned voyage to the bottom of challenger deep took 4 hours and 48 minutes at a rate of about a yard ( 0. 9 meters ) a second. as if to highlight the dangers of the dive, after passing about 27, 000 feet ( 9, 000 meters ) one of the outer window panes cracked, violently shaking the entire vessel. the two men spent just 20 minutes at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4633332915920439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.606853"} {"text": "a second. as if to highlight the dangers of the dive, after passing about 27, 000 feet ( 9, 000 meters ) one of the outer window panes cracked, violently shaking the entire vessel. the two men spent just 20 minutes at the ocean floor, eating chocolate bars for energy in the cold deep, the temperature in the cabin was only 45 degrees fahrenheit ( 7 degrees celsius ). they actually managed to speak with the craft ' s mothership using a sonar - hydrophone system at a speed of nearly a mile per second, it still took about seven seconds for a voice message to travel from the craft upward. while at the bottom, the explorers not only saw jellyfish and shrimp - like creatures, but actually spied a couple of small white flatfish swimming away, proving that at least some vertebrate life could withstand the extremes of the bottom of the ocean. the floor of challenger deep seemed to be made of diatomaceous ooze a fine white silt made of microscopic algae known as diatoms. to ascend, they magnetically released the ballast, a trip that took 3 hours, 15 minutes. since then, no man has ever returned to challenger deep. \" it ' s hard to build something that can survive that kind of pressure and have people inside, \" sandwell noted. in many ways, the trieste laid the foundation for the navy ' s deep - submergence program. in fact, in 1963, it was used to locate the sunken nuclear submarine uss thresher. in addition, in recent years, robots have made the journey back to challenger deep. in 1995, the japanese craft kaiko reached the bottom, while the nereus hybrid remotely operated vehicle reached the bottom last year. perhaps as explorers one day hope to return to the moon, so too might adventurers, and not just robots, revisit the deeps in the future. - the world ' s biggest oceans and seas - infographic : under the ocean ' s surface - world ' s deepest undersea vents discovered more from livescience. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4862304158655411, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.607610"} {"text": "how the greek agora changed the world the ' school of athens ' fresco by raphael, housed in the vatican, is meant to represent the greek agora and all the great minds that passed through it. credit : heather whipps each monday, this column turns a page in history to explore the discoveries, events and people that continue to affect the history being made today. it was the heart of the city \u2013 where ordinary citizens bought and sold goods, politics were discussed and ideas were passed among great minds like aristotle and plato. who knows where we ' d be without the \" agoras \" of ancient greece. lacking the concept of democracy, perhaps, or the formula for the length of the sides of a triangle ( young math students, rejoice! ). modern doctors might not have anything to mutter as an oath. what went on at the agora went beyond the simple daily transactions of the market. the conversations that happened there and the ideas that they bore continue to affect us to this day, from the way scientists carry out their work to how we pass our laws. the heart of public life nearly every city of ancient greece had an agora \u2013 meaning meeting place \u2013 by about 600 b. c., when the classical period of greek civilization began to flourish. usually located near the center of town, the agora was easily accessible to every citizen, with a large central square for market stalls bound by public buildings. the agora of athens \u2013 the hub of ancient greek civilization \u2013 was the size of several football fields and saw heavy traffic every single day of the week. women didn ' t often frequent the agora, but every other character in ancient greece passed through its columns : politicians, criminals, philosophers and traders, aristocrats, scientists, officials and slaves. not only did the ancient greeks go to the agora to pick up fresh meat and some wool for a new robe, but also to meet and greet with friends and colleagues. akin to the modern high - powered lunch, much business got done in the casual setting. high voter turnouts some of the world ' s most important ideas were born and perfected within the confines of the athenian agora including, famously, the concept of democracy. regular athenian citizens had the power to vote for anything and everything, and were fiercely proud of their democratic ways. no citizen was above the law \u2013 laws were posted in the agora for all to see \u2013 or was exempt from being a part of the legal process. in fact, athenians considered it a duty and a privilege to serve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43899970637670066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.612978"} {"text": "of their democratic ways. no citizen was above the law \u2013 laws were posted in the agora for all to see \u2013 or was exempt from being a part of the legal process. in fact, athenians considered it a duty and a privilege to serve on juries. both the city law courts and senate were located in the agora to demonstrate the open, egalitarian nature of athenian life. the athenian democratic process, whereby issues were discussed in a forum and then voted on, is the basis for most modern systems of governance. ultimate brainstorm session scientific theory also got its start in the agora, where the city ' s greatest minds regularly met informally to socialize. socrates, plato and aristotle all frequented the athenian agora, discussed philosophy and instructed pupils there. aristotle, in particular, is known for his contributions to science, and may have developed his important theories on the empirical method, zoology and physics, among others, while chatting in the agora ' s food stalls or sitting by its fountains. hippocrates, the father of modern medicine and its hippocratic oath, and pythagoras, a mathematician who developed the geometric theory of a triangle ' s sides, were both highly public figures who taught and shared ideas in their own hometown agoras. - last week : how qin shi huang changed the world - next week : how the battle of actium changed the world - gallery : the seven ancient wonders of the world - top 10 ancient capitals more from livescience. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5044320859409979, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.613657"} {"text": "why do humans dance? monday night ' s premiere of \" dancing with the stars \" has celebrities \u2013 among them pamela anderson, buzz aldrin and kate gosselin \u2013 showcasing their dance moves for the world and driving a point home for those sitting at home : for some people, dancing is a natural form of expression. for others with two left feet, dancing can be more of a spectacle. the answer to why we dance \u2013 and even why some people are better dancers than others \u2013 can be found in evolution. a study published in the public library of science \u2019 s genetics journal in 2006 suggested that long ago the ability to dance was actually connected to the ability to survive. according to the study, dancing was a way for our prehistoric ancestors to bond and communicate, particularly during tough times. as a result, scientists believe that early humans who were coordinated and rhythmic could have had an evolutionary advantage. the researchers examined the dna of a group of dancers and non - dancers and found that the dancers shared two genes associated with a predisposition for being good social communicators. in addition, the dancers were found to have higher levels of serotonin, known to boost moods in humans and mice. early humans might have danced to attract a mate, as far back as 1. 5 million years ago, according to steven j. mithen, an archaeologist at the university of reading in the united kingdom. a more recent study suggests babies are born to dance, with the ability to bop to the beat as young as 5 months old. the scientists aren ' t sure why humans might have this innate ability. of course, not everyone is born with as much ability as the best dancers. one difference : body symmetry. dancers are more symmetrical, research has shown. so, while dancing is no longer a factor in our everyday survival, this season ' s contestants on \" dancing with the stars \" will be dancing for their survival on the show. and which of the celebrities will earn bragging rights and the coveted disco ball trophy? only time ( and fan votes ) will tell. - top 10 things that make humans special - why beautiful women marry less attractive men - 5 myths about the male body more from livescience. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4730129696089538, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.617051"} {"text": "( bpt ) - does your child avoid eye contact, have little or no interest in making new friends or prefer solitary activities to social games? these may be signs that your child has an autism spectrum disorder. symptoms of autism spectrum disorders can present in many different ways, and can be confusing for parents, particularly if they aren ' t sure of what to look for. it is human nature for parents to overlook the early signs, saying that their child is ' just going through a phase ' or ' having an off day. ' lana cramer, mom to a 14 - year - old on the spectrum, says, ' at first i did not understand why my son, evan, hesitated to interact with others, and often seemed uninterested in what was going on around him. i figured that he would just grow out of it, but he didn ' t. when our psychiatrist diagnosed evan with autism, the pieces started to fit together. \" while there are certain similarities among children with autism, it is a spectrum disorder, meaning that there can be great variation in the way it affects people. according to board certified psychiatrist dr. david posey, every child on the autism spectrum has unique abilities, symptoms, and challenges - no two children are exactly the same. that said, many children on the spectrum often share common core symptoms. these include : * impaired social interactions, such as reluctance to join group activities at school, not being aware of the needs of others or inability to understand humor. * impaired communication, such as delay in language development, unusual repetition of words and phrases spoken by others or on television or major difficulty sustaining a conversation. * restricted interests, repetitive behaviors and stereotyped mannerisms, such as clapping, finger flicking, rocking, dipping and swaying, fascination with parts of an object, such as spinning the wheels of a toy car repeatedly or preoccupation with one narrow interest such as dates or numbers. while medications are available for some common behavioral symptoms like irritability or anxiety, there are no fda - approved drugs to treat any of the core symptoms of these conditions. according to dr. posey, a clinical research program called connectme is enrolling children with autism, asperger ' s or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( or pdd - nos ) worldwide to evaluate the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of an investigational drug on these core symptoms. ' in my practice, i ' ve seen how problems with social interaction and communication can have a devastating impact on families touched by these disorders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47440447793787566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.619916"} {"text": "| officially known as both russia and the russian federation ( russian : \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f - rossiyskaya federatsiya ), is a country in northern eurasia ( europe and asia together ). it is a semi - presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. russia shares borders with the following countries ( from northwest to southeast ) : norway, finland, estonia, latvia, lithuania ( via kaliningrad oblast ), poland ( via kaliningrad oblast ), belarus, ukraine, georgia, azerbaijan, kazakhstan, china, mongolia and the democratic people ' s republic of korea. it also has maritime borders with japan ( by the sea of okhotsk ) and the united states ( by the bering strait ). at 17, 100, 000 square kilometres ( 6, 592, 800 sq mi ), russia is, in area, by far the largest country in the world, covering more than an eighth of the earth \u2019 s land area ; with 140 million people, it is the ninth largest by population. it extends across the whole of northern asia and 40 % of europe, spanning 11 time zones, and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. russia has the world ' s largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is considered an energy superpower. it has the world ' s largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one - quarter of the world ' s unfrozen fresh water. the nation ' s history began with that of the east slavs, which emerged as a recognizable group in europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries ad. founded and ruled by a noble viking warrior class and their descendants, the first east slavic state, kievan rus ', arose in the 9th century and adopted christianity from the byzantine empire in 988, beginning the synthesis of byzantine and slavic cultures that defined russian culture for the next millennium. kievan rus ' ultimately disintegrated and the lands were divided into many small feudal states. the most powerful successor state to kievan rus ' was moscow, which served as the main force in the russian reunification process and independence struggle against the golden horde. moscow gradually reunified the surrounding russian principalities and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of kievan rus '. by the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation and exploration to become the russian empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from poland to alaska. a multi - ethnic society the russian federation is a diverse,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47267030680562494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.624148"} {"text": ". by the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation and exploration to become the russian empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from poland to alaska. a multi - ethnic society the russian federation is a diverse, multi - ethnic society, home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. though russia ' s population is comparatively large, its population density is low because of the country ' s enormous size. population is densest in european russia, near the ural mountains, and in southwest siberia. according to preliminary estimates, the resident population of the russian federation on 1 january 2009 was 141, 903, 979 people. in 2008, the population declined by 121, 400 people, or by - 0. 085 % ( in 2007 \u2013 by 212, 000, or 0. 15 % and in 2006 \u2013 by 532, 600 people, or 0. 37 % ). in 2008 migration continued to grow by a pace of 2. 7 % with 281, 615 migrants arriving to the russian federation, of which 95 % came from cis countries, the vast majority being russians or russian speakers. the number of russian emigrants declined by 16 % to 39, 508, of which 66 % went to other cis countries. there are also an estimated 10 million illegal immigrants from the ex - soviet states in russia. roughly 116 million ethnic russians live in russia and about 20 million more live in former republics of the soviet union, mostly in ukraine and kazakhstan. 73 % of the population lives in urban areas. as of the 2002 census, the two largest cities in russia are moscow ( 10, 126, 424 inhabitants ) and saint petersburg ( 4, 661, 219 ). eleven other cities have between one and two million inhabitants : chelyabinsk, kazan, novosibirsk, nizhny novgorod, omsk, perm, rostov - on - don, samara, ufa, volgograd, and yekaterinburg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4074450231358001, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.624931"} {"text": "overview of the nervous system anatomy of the brain congenital and hereditary disorders neurological disorders in the newborn inflammatory and infectious disorders seizures and epilepsy the nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates the body ' s basic functions and activities. it is made up of two major divisions, including the central nervous system ( consisting of the brain and spinal cord ) and the peripheral nervous system ( consisting of all other neural elements ). the central nervous system controls thought, behavior, and movement. the peripheral nervous system relays information to the central nervous system for transmitting messages to muscles and glands. in addition to the brain and spinal cord, principal organs of the nervous system include the eyes, ears, sensory organs of taste, sensory organs of smell, and sensory receptors in the skin, joints, muscles, and other parts of the body. the nervous system is vulnerable to various disorders. because of its complexity and the high technology used in evaluation and treatment of its disorders, the branches of medicine, physician specialists, and clinical services that manage it are as numerous and varied as the disorders and conditions. pediatric neurologists and neurosurgeons specialize in the management and treatment of neurological conditions that only affect children - from newborns to adolescents. the information on this web page is provided for educational purposes. you understand and agree that this information is not intended to be, and should not be used as, a substitute for medical treatment by a health care professional. you agree that lucile salter packard children ' s hospital is not making a diagnosis of your condition or a recommendation about the course of treatment for your particular circumstances through the use of this web page. you agree to be solely responsible for your use of this web page and the information contained on this page. lucile salter packard children ' s hospital, its officers, directors, employees, agents, and information providers shall not be liable for any damages you may suffer or cause through your use of this page even if advised of the possibility of such damages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5223085499207059, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.628416"} {"text": "published in lunar and planetary science xxvii, pp. 1183 - 1184, lpi, houston. introduction : crustal processes and reactions during hydrothermal and biogenic activity result in extreme degrees of sulfur isotopic fractionation on earth. for example, delta 34s in terrestrial sulfides ranges from - 70 to + 70 on earth. in contrast, delta 34s values for sulfides from other planetary bodies that have been sampled ( moon, asteroids ) show a very limited mass fractionation. the standard deviation in the bulk isotopic composition of sulfur in meteorites of all types is less than 0. 1. however, the isotopic composition of sulfides in meteorites shows slightly more variability. troilite in orgueil, a carbonaceous chondrite, has a delta 34s of 2. 6. kaplan and hulston showed that sulfides in enstatite chondrites have delta 34s of between + 1. 6 to + 2. 5. the delta 34s in troilite from ordinary chondrites ranges from - 2. 7 to + 2. 5. the slight fractionation of 34s into these sulfides has been attributed to nebular heterogeneity, low temperature ( 100\u00b0c ) reactions between water and elemental sulfur, and oxidation of fes in an aqueous environment [ 2, 4, 5 ]. lunar materials exhibit a much broader variation in bulk delta 34s than has been observed in meteorites. whereas bulk lunar rocks show variability on the order of + 0. 37 to + 0. 68, lunar soils have delta 34s as high as + 9. 76. these high values in the bulk lunar soils have been attributed to preferential volatilization of 32s during sputtering caused by micrometeorite bombardment. until now, s fractionation processes on the larger terrestrial planets such as mercury, venus, and mars has been only speculative. with the discovery of a possible martian meteorite with an imprint of a martian hydrothermal system, we can gain insights into s fractionation on another planet. snc meteorite alh 84001 : alh 84001 is a coarse - grained, clastic orthopyroxenite meteorite related to the snc meteorite group. a hydrothermal signature is supimposed upon the orthopyroxene - dominant igneous mineral assemblage. this hydrothermal overprint consists of carbonate assemblages occurring in spher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4925707627587421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.636360"} {"text": "the snc meteorite group. a hydrothermal signature is supimposed upon the orthopyroxene - dominant igneous mineral assemblage. this hydrothermal overprint consists of carbonate assemblages occurring in spheroidal aggregates and as fine - grained carbonate and sulfide vug - filling structures [ 7 - 10 ]. the sulfide has been identified as pyrite. textural interpretations of shock features in the carbonates has lead to the interpretation that the carbonate - sulfide mineralization was a result of influxes of fluids during martian hydrothermal activity. isotopic analysis of pyrite in alh 84001 : the sulfur isotopic measurements were made using a cameca ims - 4f ion microprobe operated by a university of new mexico - sandia national laboratory consortium on the unm campus. a cs + primary beam was focused to a spot of between 8 and 10 \u00b5m. 32s - and 34s - were analyzed in the secondary ion beam. a s - isotope pyrite standard was analyzed in order to measure the degree of instrument - induced fractionation, precision, accuracy, and instrument drift over the period of an analytical session. the analytical precision measured on the standards is better than \u00b10. 2, whereas the analytical precision measured on the samples is better than \u00b10. 5. these reported precision values far exceed those reported in the literature for ion microprobe analysis of sulfur isotopes in sulfides [ 5, 10 ]. results : delta 34s values for five pyrite grains were obtained from alh 84001. values for the pyrite range from + 4. 8 to + 7. these delta 34s values are 34s enriched relative to canon diablo troilite. based on the 2 - sigma precision, there are real isotopic differences among pyrite grains. discussion : sulfur isotopic characteristics of sulfides are constrained by a large number of variables, such as the sulfur isotopic characteristics of the hydrothermal fluid, temperature, ph, and fo2. the stability field of pyrite also influences the range of expected delta 34s values of the pyrite. therefore, although sulfur isotopic systematics provide some information concerning the hydrothermal system, they are best used in conjunction with other data ( mineral stability, other stable isotopes ). in comparison with sulfides from other meteorites, the delta 34s of the pyrite from alh 84001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48176936837741147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.637295"} {"text": "concerning the hydrothermal system, they are best used in conjunction with other data ( mineral stability, other stable isotopes ). in comparison with sulfides from other meteorites, the delta 34s of the pyrite from alh 84001 is enriched in 34s. this signature implies that the planetary body represented by alh 84001 experienced processes capable of fractionating s isotopes that were not functional on asteroidal bodies represented by chondrite and achondrite meteorites. as was noted previously, the terrestrial delta 34s exhibits a wide variability. in particular, the large negative values in terrestrial delta 34s has been attributed, in many cases, to the bacterial reduction of sulfate to sulfide. the positive delta 34s measured in the alh 84001 pyrite therefore suggests that the sulfur in this hydrothermal sulfide was not processed by bacteria in a manner analogous to terrestrial processes. the positive delta 34s measured in the alh 84001 pyrite may be attributed to several different processes that may be functioning on the martian surface or in the shallow martian crust : model 1 : assuming that the delta 34s in the fluid was essentially 0, the pyrite may be enriched in delta 34s by ph, temperature, and fo2 conditions during precipitation. the ph and the fugacity of oxygen may be approximated using the delta 34s data presented here, delta 13c data on the carbonates, a relatively low sigma s, a temperature of precipitation of ~ 100\u00b0c and the coexistence of pyrite and carbonate. making these assumptions, precipitation occurred in a reduced and moderately alkaline environment with the dominant sulfur - bearing species in solution being hs -. at higher temperatures ( ~ 700\u00b0c ) as suggested by [ 7, 9 ], the delta 34s of pyrite in the stability fields of carhonate + pyrite will not have values that approach + 5 to + 8. model 2 : the above interpretation makes the assumption that the delta 34s in the fluid was equal to 0. at more acidic conditions than suggested above ( but at the same reducing conditions ), delta 34s will not be strongly fractionated during pyrite precipitation from an aqueous solution. therefore, under these conditions, the pyrite will approximate the delta 34s in the fluid. there are several potential processes that can generate positive delta 34s in the fluid under these ph and fo2 conditions : ( 2a ) previous isotopic studies of snc meteor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5168801972020811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.638366"} {"text": "the pyrite will approximate the delta 34s in the fluid. there are several potential processes that can generate positive delta 34s in the fluid under these ph and fo2 conditions : ( 2a ) previous isotopic studies of snc meteorites indicated that the present martian atmosphere is isotopically heavy in o, c, n, and h. therefore, it is perhaps not surprising that other stable isotopes in the martian atmosphere such as s should also be isotopically heavy. ( 2b ) alternatively, it has been documented that during lunar regolith formation and evolution, the bulk delta 34s increases. therefore, impact - generated hydrothermal system models as suggested by may result in the preferential volatilization of 32s relative to 34s during impact. ( 2c ) assessments of martian soil mineralogy based on both viking xrf measurements and snc documentation have suggested that phases such as clays, fe - oxides, carbonates, and ca - and mg - sulfates will be stable in the oxidizing martian environment [ i. e., 15 ]. it is expected that under such weathering environments, particularly with the stabilization of sulfates, 34s should be enriched in water - soluble components ( ca - and mg - sulfates ) in the soil. leaching of the 34s - enriched water - soluble minerals in martian soil produced by processes 2a, b, c will result in a positive delta 34sfluid. model ( 2a, b, c ) implies that the source for the sulfur is rather shallow and that this groundwater - hydrothermal system is in isotopic communication with processes occurring at the martian surface. under this second model, the temperature of precipitation cannot be constrained by the sulfur data. conclusions : our data indicates that the sulfur isotopes 32s and 34s in the sulfides in meteorite alh 84001 have been fractionated to a greater extent than what has been documented in other meteorites. this, in itself, is another piece of information that links this orthopyroxenite to a planetary body that has experienced processes not present on chondrite and achondrite parent bodies. mineralogical data suggests that the alteration assemblages were deposited under reducing conditions and that so42 - was not a dominant species in the solution. therefore, the extent of sulfur isotopic fractionation during pyrite precipitation from the hydrothermal solution was moderate, at alkaline conditions ( delta 34sfluid < delta 34spyrite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48142748075851505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.639354"} {"text": "was not a dominant species in the solution. therefore, the extent of sulfur isotopic fractionation during pyrite precipitation from the hydrothermal solution was moderate, at alkaline conditions ( delta 34sfluid < delta 34spyrite ), to minor at low ph conditions ( delta 34sfluid = delta 34spyrite ) this suggests two different models for the generation of positive delta 34s in the pyrite. if the pyrite precipitated at low temperature ( 100\u00b0 - 150\u00b0c ) reducing conditions and high ph ( < 9 ), a delta 34sfluid equal to 0 would precipitate pyrite with delta 34spyrite between 5 and 8. under more acidic conditions, the delta 34sfluid will be equal to that of the pyrite. this requires the positive delta 34sfluid signature to be produced prior to pyrite deposition. the positive delta 34s in the fluid may be attributed to upper atmospheric processes, impact processes, or low - temperature weathering reactions enriching the soil in 34s. these components may then be leached and their delta 34s signature transported to the location of precipitation. this process requires isotopic communication between the hydrothermal system and the martian surface. if the isotopic signature of the sulfide reflects communication with surfacial - atmospheric processes, it may constrain additional aspects of martian atmosphere evolution. references : ohmoto h. and rye r. o. ( 1979 ) in geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits ( ed. barnes h. l. ), pp. 509 - 567. pillinger c. t. ( 1984 ) geochim. cosmochim. acta, 48, 2739 - 2766. monster j. et al. ( 1965 ) geochim. cosmochim. acta, 29, 773 - 779. kaplan i. r. and hulston j. r. ( 1965 ) geochim. cosmochim. acta, 30, 479 - 496. paterson b. a. et al. ( 1994 ) lunar and planetary science xxv, 1057 - 1058. kerridge j. f. and kaplan i. r. ( 1978 ) proc. lunar planet. sci. conf. 9th, 1687 - 1709. mittlefehldt d. w. ( 1994 ) meteoritics, 29, 214 - 221. romanek c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5009608629790406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.640214"} {"text": "what is lupus lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease that can damage any part of the body ( skin, joints, and / or organs inside the body ). chronic means that the signs and symptoms tend to last longer than six weeks and often for many years. in lupus, something goes wrong with your immune system, which is the part of the body that fights off viruses, bacteria, and germs ( \" foreign invaders, \" like the flu ). normally our immune system produces proteins called antibodies that protect the body from these invaders. autoimmune means your immune system cannot tell the difference between these foreign invaders and your body \u2019 s healthy tissues ( \" auto \" means \" self \" ) and creates autoantibodies that attack and destroy healthy tissue. these autoantibodies cause inflammation, pain, and damage in various parts of the body. - lupus is also a disease of flares ( the symptoms worsen and you feel ill ) and remissions ( the symptoms improve and you feel better ). lupus can range from mild to life - threatening and should always be treated by a doctor. with good medical care, most people with lupus can lead a full life. - lupus is not contagious, not even through sexual contact. you cannot \" catch \" lupus from someone or \" give \" lupus to someone. - lupus is not like or related to cancer. cancer is a condition of malignant, abnormal tissues that grow rapidly and spread into surrounding tissues. lupus is an autoimmune disease, as described above. - lupus is not like or related to hiv ( human immune deficiency virus ) or aids ( acquired immune deficiency syndrome ). in hiv or aids the immune system is underactive ; in lupus, the immune system is overactive. - our research estimates that at least 1. 5 million americans have lupus. the actual number may be higher ; however, there have been no large - scale studies to show the actual number of people in the u. s. living with lupus. - it is believed that 5 million people throughout the world have a form of lupus. - lupus strikes mostly women of childbearing age ( 15 - 44 ). however, men, children, and teenagers develop lupus, too. - women of color are 2 - 3 times more likely to develop lupus. - people of all races and ethnic groups can develop lupus. - more than 16, 000 new cases of lupus are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5328478018803321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.642845"} {"text": "functions in lisp | column tag : | | lisp listener \" functions in lisp \" by andy cohen, human factors engineering, hughes aircraft, mactutor contributing editor as you may recall from the first installment of the lisp listener, a procedure is a description of an action or computation. a primitive is a predefined or \" builtin \" procedure ( e. g. \" + \" ). as in forth, lisp can have procedures which are defined by the programmer. defun, from define function, is used for this purpose. the syntax for defun in experlisp is as follows : ( defun functionname ( symbols ) ( all sorts of computations which may or may not use the values represented by the symbols ) ) the function name is exactly that. whenever the name is used the defined procedure associated with that function name is performed. the symbols are values which may or may not be required by the procedures within the defined function. if required, the values must follow the function name. when given, these values are assigned to the symbol. this is similar to the way values are assigned to a symbol when using setq. it is easier to see how defun works when observed within an example : ; ( defun reciprocal ( n ) ( / 1 n ) ) the word \" reciprocal \" is the function name and the numbers following are the values for which the reciprocal ( 1 / n ) are found. after the list containing defun is entered and the carriage return is pressed the function and it ' s title are assigned a location in memory. the function name is then printed in the listener window. ; ( defun square ( x ) ( * x x ) ) ; ( defun cubed ( y ) ( * y ( * y y ) ) ; ( defun average ( w x y z ) ( / ( + w x y z ) 4 ) ) ; ( average 2 3 4 5 ) you might recognize \" average \" from last month ' s lisp listener. one might imagine using defined functions inside other defined functions. if it was possible to have variables which have the same values in each procedure, then the version of lisp used has what is called dynamic scoping. in this context the values of the variable are determined by the lisp environment which is resident when the procedure is called. experlisp, however, is lexically scoped. that means that variable values are local to each procedure. two defined procedures can use the same labels for variables,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5460497341938202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.652584"} {"text": "by the lisp environment which is resident when the procedure is called. experlisp, however, is lexically scoped. that means that variable values are local to each procedure. two defined procedures can use the same labels for variables, but the values will not be considered as the same. each variable is defined locally. this is in accordance to the common lisp standard. lexical scoping makes it easier to debug someone elses ' ' programs. if you don ' t know what i mean yet, don ' t worry. this subject will come up again in more detail later. if no values are required by the defined function then \" nil \" or an empty list must follow the function name. ; ( defun line ( ) the empty list obviously contains no atoms ( i ' ll describe the above function, \" line \" later in the section on bunnies ). it is synonymous to the special term nil, which is considered by lisp as the opposite of t or true. nil is used in many other contexts. ; ( cddr ' ( one two ) ) in the above, the first cdr returns \" two \". the second cdr returns nothing, hence \" nil \". the values of true and false are returned by procedures called predicates. while nil represents a false condition, anything other then nil, including \" t \", is generally considered true. please note that i used lowercase letters in the above. experlisp recognizes both upper and lowercase. i ' ve been using uppercase only to make it clear within the text when i ' m referring to lisp equal is a predicate which checks the equality of two arguments. note the arguments can be integers or symbols. if the two arguments are equal then \" t \" is returned. if they are not equal then \" nil \" is returned. ; ( equal try try ) ; ( equal 6732837 6732837 ) ; ( equal 6732837 6732833 ) ; ( equal first second ) atom checks to see if it ' s argument is a list or an atom. remember, the single quote is used to indicate that what follows is a not evaluated as in the case of a list. symbols are evaluated. ; ( atom ( a b c d ) ) in the first of the above ' thing is an atom due to the single quote. in the second, thing is considered a symbol. a symbol is evaluated and contains a value or values as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5218936960587833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.653556"} {"text": "evaluated. ; ( atom ( a b c d ) ) in the first of the above ' thing is an atom due to the single quote. in the second, thing is considered a symbol. a symbol is evaluated and contains a value or values as a list. in the third, ( a b c d ) is obviously a list. listp checks if it ' s argument is a list. ; ( listp ' ( 23 45 65 12 1 ) ) ; ( setq babble ' ( wd ihc wi kw ) ) one interesting observation is that nil is both an atom and a list, ( ) = nil. therefore atom and listp both return true for nil. when one needs to know if a list is empty, null does the job. ; ( null ( x y z ) ) numberp checks if the argument that follows is or represents a number rather than a string. ; ( setq fifty - six ' ( 56 ) ) now for a real slick one. member tests whether or not an argument is a part of a list. an easy demonstration follows : ; ( member ' bananas ( apples pears bananas ) ) ; ( apples pears bananas ) ; ( member ' grapes ( apples pears bananas ) ) when the argument is a member, then the contents of the list are given. if not then nil is returned. member also checks symbols of lists. ; ( setq fruit ' ( apples grapes pears ) ) ; ( member ' grapes fruit ) ; ( apples grapes pears ) ; ( member ' banana fruit ) evenp tests to see if an integer is even and minusp checks if an integer is negative. oddp and plusp are not needed since they are simply opposite of the first two. ; ( evenp ( - 806 35 ) ) ; ( minusp ( - 34 86 ) ) in the second and fourth examples above the lists contained within are calculated prior to memberp evaluation. ( 806 - 35 = 771 & 34 - 86 = - 52. there ' s a few more simple predicates such as not, <, >, and zerop. i ' ll discuss them along with conditionals next month. now for something completely different. if you ' ve ever learned logo, the concept of bunny graphics should sound familiar. as mentioned last month, the bunny is expertelligence ' s version of the turtle. all one needs to do in order to make a bunny move is to tell it to. forward x initially moves the bunny", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5725712740086067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.654412"} {"text": "concept of bunny graphics should sound familiar. as mentioned last month, the bunny is expertelligence ' s version of the turtle. all one needs to do in order to make a bunny move is to tell it to. forward x initially moves the bunny upwards on the screen for ' x ' display pixels. a negative number initially moves it down. when one enters the following in the listener window, the default graphics window ( i ' ll discuss windows in more detail very soon in future installments ) is then opened and the following is drawn : right x aims the front of the line to the right by x degrees. if one then uses forward again the line moves in a different direction. for example : ; ( ( right 50 ) ( forward 50 ) ) or better yet ( right 50 ) ( forward 50 ) ) after a line is moved, the end of the line remains where it was. if one made the bunny move again the beginning of the new line would begin where the old left off. the original starting point is the graphics window default home position. this position is in the center of each graphics window when the window is first created. in order to return the bunny to the original starting point one must use home. the following produces a much neater triangle : ( defun triangle ( ) ( penup ) ( left 45 ) ( forward 10 ) ( pendown ) ( right 90 ) ( forward 25 ) ( right 90 ) ( forward 50 ) ( right 135 ) ( forward 71 ) ( right 135 ) ( forward 25 ) ) after the above is typed into the edit buffer the \" compile all \" selection should be chosen from the menu bar. the source code in the edit buffer quickly inverts to white letters on a black background as if the whole file was selected for a moment. the function name \" triangle is then printed in the listener window. if the user enters the following in the listener window a different triangle is drawn in the default graphics window : if you look at the in triangle you will see a couple more bunny commands. left does the same as right but in the opposite direction. penup raises the bunny ' s pen so that when the bunny moves no lines are drawn. pendown returns the bunny to the drawing orientation. the first line of code in \" triangle \" puts the bunny off the home position so that the drawn triangle will be centered on the screen. as mentioned earlier, the orientation of the bunny remains. the last line of code in \" triangle left the bunny aimed at about 1 : 00 rather than the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4843307306143893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.655345"} {"text": "puts the bunny off the home position so that the drawn triangle will be centered on the screen. as mentioned earlier, the orientation of the bunny remains. the last line of code in \" triangle left the bunny aimed at about 1 : 00 rather than the initial position, 12 : 00. if we were to make \" triangle \" execute ten times without eliminating the graphics window the following would result : in getting \" triangle \" to execute recompilation of the code in the edit buffer is not necessary. to get the above one can type the function name into a list ten times within the listener window. the following however, is easier : ; ( dotimes ( a 10 ) ( triangle ) ) dotimes is very similar to the for... next looping routine in basic. i ' ll discuss it next month in a description of iteration and recursion in experlisp. if we wanted to use a three dimensional bunny then the following would be added before \" triangle \" in the edit buffer window : ( setq curbun ( new3dbun ) ) ( pitch 30 ) ( yaw 45 ) ( roll 50 ) something like the following is drawn after the source code is recompiled and \" ( triangle ) \" is entered into the listener window : curbun is a special symbol in experlisp which always refers to the bunny cursor. new3dbun is a special term which always changes curbun. the default bunny is 2 dimensional. if one wanted the spherical bunny then the following would be entered into the beginning of the first version of \" triangle \" : ( setq curbun ( newspbun ) ) this would then produce what follows : in order to have the above drawn in a different orientation, different bunny direction would be required. windows, two and three dimensional bunny graphics and toolbox graphics use the same x, y coordinate system. home is 0, 0. dual negative coordinates are situated towards the upper left corner. dual positive coordinates are situated towards the lower right corner. the range is + 32767 to - 32768 for each dimension. in experlisp one can sometimes use the third dimension, as in the 3d sample of \" triangle \". negative z values are behind home, while positive z values are in front. the following illustrates the coordinate system in experlisp : the experlisp disk contains three essential files ; compiler, lispenv and experlisp. compiler is not actually the entire lisp compiler. it contains the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.474670171751767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.656353"} {"text": "front. the following illustrates the coordinate system in experlisp : the experlisp disk contains three essential files ; compiler, lispenv and experlisp. compiler is not actually the entire lisp compiler. it contains the information needed in generating all of the higher level lisp syntactics, such as the bunny graphics. lispenv stands for lisp environment and it is simply a duplication of compile. lispenv contains information on how the macintosh memory was organized by the programmer and experlisp during the previous session. it also contains information on the system configuration such as the number of disk drives, the amount of memory, etc. sometimes lispenv can be messed up ( i. e. by changing the variable table ). when this happens one might not be able to start experlisp. in this case lispenv should be removed from the disk. afterward, when experlisp is opened, compiler generates a new lispenv. compiler is not needed on the disk unless the lispenv is ruined. deleting it will provide 100k more space on the disk. before eliminating it from the disk however, be sure you have a backup as it is an essential file. the experlisp file contains the assembly language routines which represent the lower level lisp routines like car and cdr. it also allows access to the macintosh toolbox routines and contains the listener window. one opens the experlisp file in starting a programming session with experlisp. another file on the disk is automatically loaded and activated when experlisp is booted. it is labeled \u00aalispinit. the contents of this file can be added to so that when one boots up experlisp a program can be automatically executed. it can also do automatic configurations. however the contents of \u00aalispinit should not be changed since it configures the macintosh memory for exper - lisp. next month i ' ll discuss a few more predicate procedures. i also hope to start discussing iteration, recursion and conditionals. if there is enough room left over i might also begin discussing how to access the toolbox graphics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4704689661845881, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.657157"} {"text": "- allergies and asthma : they often occur together allergies and asthma? find out how to control both conditions. tests and diagnosis - asthma : steps in testing and diagnosis diagnosing asthma generally includes a medical history, physical exam and lung tests. - nitric oxide test for asthma nitric oxide test \u2014 overview covers definition, risks, results of this procedure to evaluate asthma. - peak flow meter peak flow meter \u2014 overview covers how to use this simple tool to monitor asthma symptoms. - spirometry spirometry \u2014 overview covers definition, risks, results of spirometry testing to evaluate asthma and copd. treatments and drugs - asthma treatment : 3 steps to better asthma control follow this three - step approach to keep asthma symptoms under control and prevent asthma attacks. - asthma medications : know your options asthma medications \u2014 which ones prevent asthma attacks, and which ones treat immediate symptoms. - asthma inhalers : which one ' s right for you? asthma inhalers \u2014 here ' s a rundown of inhaler types and how they work. - treating asthma in children under 5 asthma in children under 5 : understand symptoms, medications and treatment plans. - treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11 treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11 : maintain control with an asthma action plan. - treating asthma in children ages 12 and older treating asthma in children ages 12 and older : manage treatment with an asthma action plan. lifestyle and home remedies - asthma in adults : creating an asthma action plan here ' s how to create an adult asthma action plan \u2014 a tool for managing your asthma. - asthma - friendly products : do they help reduce symptoms? asthma - friendly products : evaluate the claims before you spend your money. - asthma in children : creating an asthma action plan managing childhood asthma can be complicated. take control with a written action plan. - exercise and chronic disease : get the facts exercise and chronic disease \u2014 find out what you need to know before starting an exercise routine. - asthma treatment : do complementary and alternative approaches work? alternative asthma treatment : what might work, and what to avoid. - asthma : limit asthma attacks caused by colds or flu asthma, colds and flu \u2014 keep your sneeze from turning into a wheeze. - allergy - proof your house allergy - proof your house with these simple changes and find relief for your symptoms. - asthma control test asthma control test : is your asthma under control? find out.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46895691163265696, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.659864"} {"text": "lifestyle and home remediesby mayo clinic staff you ' ll probably need to make lifestyle changes to stop cycles of behavior that worsen your bipolar disorder, and to make sure you get the support you need from people in your life. here are some steps to take : - quit drinking or using illegal drugs. one of the biggest concerns with bipolar disorder is the negative consequences of risk - taking behavior and drug or alcohol abuse. get help if you have trouble quitting on your own. - steer clear of unhealthy relationships. surround yourself with people who are a positive influence and won ' t encourage unhealthy behavior or attitudes that can worsen your bipolar disorder. - get regular exercise. moderate, regular exercise can help steady your mood. working out releases brain chemicals that make you feel good ( endorphins ), can help you sleep and has a number of other benefits. check with your doctor before starting any exercise program, especially if you ' re taking lithium to make sure exercise won ' t interfere with your medication. - get plenty of sleep. sleeping enough is an important part of managing your mood. if you have trouble sleeping, talk to your doctor or mental health provider about what you can do. - bipolar disorder. national institute of mental health. http : / / www. nimh. nih. gov / health / publications / bipolar - disorder / complete - index. shtml. accessed nov. 2, 2011. - bipolar disorders. the merck manuals : the merck manual for healthcare professionals. http : / / www. merckmanuals. com / professional / psychiatric _ disorders / mood _ disorders / bipolar _ disorders. html # v1028598. accessed nov. 2, 2011. - mood disorders. in : diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm - iv - tr. 4th ed. arlington, va. : american psychiatric association ; 2000. http : / / www. psychiatryonline. com. accessed nov. 3, 2011. - practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. washington, d. c. : american academy of child and adolescent psychiatry. http : / / www. aacap. org / cs / root / member _ information / practice _ information / practice _ parameters / practice _ parameters. accessed nov. 2, 2011. - joska ja. mood disorders. in : hales re, et al. the american psychiatric publishing textbook of psychiatry. 5th ed. washington, d. c. : american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38615381651884384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.664099"} {"text": "_ parameters / practice _ parameters. accessed nov. 2, 2011. - joska ja. mood disorders. in : hales re, et al. the american psychiatric publishing textbook of psychiatry. 5th ed. washington, d. c. : american psychiatric publishing ; 2008. http : / / www. psychiatryonline. com / pracguide / pracguidechaptoc _ 8. aspx. accessed nov. 3, 2011. - martinez m, et al. psychopharmacology. in : hales re, et al. the american psychiatric publishing textbook of psychiatry. 5th ed. washington, d. c. : american psychiatric publishing ; 2008. http : / / www. psychiatryonline. com / content. aspx? aid = 320111. accessed nov. 3, 2011. - post rm. bipolar disorder in adults : maintenance treatment. http : / / www. uptodate. com / home / index. html. accessed nov. 2, 2011. - andreescu c, et al. complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of bipolar disorder : a review of the evidence. journal of affective disorders. 2008 ; 110 : 16. - sarris j, et al. bipolar disorder and complementary medicine : current evidence, safety issues, and clinical considerations. the journal of alternative and complementary medicine. 2011 ; 17 : 881. - hall - flavin dk ( expert opinion ). mayo clinic, rochester, minn. nov. 8, 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4934098523302104, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.664617"} {"text": "peter s. jensen, m. d., of the department of psychiatry and psychology at mayo clinic, combines use of an adhd rating scale and mayo clinic ' s electronic medical record ( emr ) to track the progress of children diagnosed as having adhd over time and across health care providers. \" the adhd rating scale and side effects measures assess key aspects of the child ' s progress when used with consistency. the emr pushes physicians to use the rating scale consistently and allows us to record its results, as completed by teachers and families, to track symptoms and progress over time, \" says dr. jensen. the combination of the rating scale and the emr creates a reliable tracking process that is also a safeguard for both patients and physicians. \" pediatric patients ' needs change as they age, \" says dr. jensen. \" the emr, coupled with rating scales, allows us to note when patients are doing well \u2014 and when they are not. we can view a patient ' s evolving needs and modify treatment on the basis of a complete record of progress. \" the system also provides information that allows health care providers to reassure the family about the need for medications. \" across the united states, families go through 11 different health care providers on average before they find one that they fully trust to advise them. if families don ' t trust medications \u2014 a huge issue \u2014 they don ' t use them. the markers and double - checks in the emr provide information that allows physicians to help reassure the family that they ' re making an informed choice, \" says dr. jensen. the rating scale in the emr includes questions that help health care providers rule out abuse and vision problems for patients. \" research shows that we can have 95 % diagnostic accuracy if we use this type of system properly, \" says dr. jensen. the division of child and adolescent psychiatry and psychology makes an effort to engage families fully in the health care process. \" input from the patient, family, and teachers is crucial, \" says dr. jensen. \" not just parents, but even kids can become experts at recognizing the symptoms, particularly as they grow older. the emr tracking procedures become critical teaching and communication tools in that process. \" for pediatricians, family medicine physicians, child psychiatrists, and psychologists ( especially those trained long ago ), incorporation of these kinds of assessment and treatment tools involves a learning process. \" in other areas of medicine, physicians learn by hands - on practice. they don ' t learn surgery by viewing slide shows. we are changing the way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4565755430600373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.667559"} {"text": "model i and model ii regressions which regression : model i or model ii? - for excel\u00ae, matlab\u00ae and most other commercial programs the inherent line fitting method is the model - i regression. - to determine whether you are using a model - i or a model - ii regression, - first find the slope of y vs x where y is plotted on the vertical axis and x is plotted on the horiziontal axis - - this is the \" normal \" way of doing things. it is also known as the regression of y - on - x. call this slope m ( y ). - now reverse x and y and fit another line ; call this slope m ( x ) '. - since x and y are reversed, we need to find the inverse of m ( x ) ' to properly compare against m ( y ), so let m ( x ) = 1 / m ( x ) '. - now if m ( x ) = m ( y ) exactly and r is not equal to 1, then you are using a model - ii regression. - if m ( x ) is not equal to m ( y ), then you are using a model - 1 regression. - note that for either model, r ^ 2 = m ( y ) / m ( x ). this is known as the pearson product - moment correlation coefficient. it is a measure of the linearity of the data, not the fit of the line to the data. - to quickly calculate the model - ii geometric mean regression slope, m ( gm ), first determine the model - i regression slope, m ( y ), and the correlation coefficient, r. the geometric mean slope is then calculated as : m ( gm ) = m ( y ) / r. or, you can use the matlab\u00ae script file lsqfitgm. - also note that for datasets where r = 1, m ( y ) = m ( x ) = m ( gm ). in those cases, this test will not tell you which method you are using. questions? comments? please contact edward peltzer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48653591221819736, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.669593"} {"text": "natural areas registry natural areas registry the mississippi natural areas registry is founded on our state ' s strong belief in the rights of private property owners and our pride in mississippi ' s rich natural heritage. it is designed to honor and recognize the owners of outstanding natural areas for the commitment to preservation of our state ' s most unique remaining habitats. since more than two thirds of mississippi is in private ownership, our citizens hold the keys to the future health of these habitats. remnants of prairies, longleaf pine savannahs, pitcher plant bogs, woodland ravines, streamside forests of mixed beech and magnolias are just a few of the special habitats that need to survive into the next century and longer so that our generation won ' t be the last to know these special places. the registry simply encourages the voluntary preservation of important natural lands in private ownership. it works by asking landowners to make non - binding agreements with the museum of natural science that they will manage the land to protect what is special about it. the landowner can cancel the agreement at any time with notice to the registry program. if the landowner wants to go farther than registry and give a binding conservation agreement, such as a tax deductible conservation easement, or a negotiated dedication to public use with ad valorem tax relief, the staff of the natural heritage program can guide this process. how does the mississippi natural areas registry work? who operates the registry? the natural areas registry was created by the legislature in 1976 as part of the mississippi natural heritage program. ours was one of the first three nationally, and was started as a partnership between the nature conservancy and the mississippi park commission ( now the mississippi department of wildlife, fisheries and parks or mdwf & p ). natural heritage programs now exist in all 50 states. our mission is to maintain an inventory of the natural communities of plants, animals, and fishes in the state, including endangered species, geological features and fossil records. employing both printed and electronic records, it acts as a repository for mississippi ' s natural history. the heritage program now is housed in the mississippi museum of natural science which is part of mdwf & p. how does an area qualify for the registry? to qualify as a mississippi natural area eligible for registration, a property must contain one or more of these characteristics : - habitat for rare, threatened, or endangered plants or animals. - plant communities characteristic of the native vegetation of mississippi. - outstanding natural features such as old - growth forests, caves or wetlands. how does inclusion on the registry protect a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41763095073762124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.675858"} {"text": "these characteristics : - habitat for rare, threatened, or endangered plants or animals. - plant communities characteristic of the native vegetation of mississippi. - outstanding natural features such as old - growth forests, caves or wetlands. how does inclusion on the registry protect a natural area? registration effectively encourages conservation of important natural lands in private or public ownership. by informing landowners of the uniqueness of particular sites, registration reduces the chance that significant natural values may be inadvertently destroyed. the same recognition will discourage others, such as government agencies and utilities from disturbing the area. what say does the landowner have in the registration process? the registration of a natural area is totally up to the landowner. it is a voluntary decision, and will not occur without his or her approval. what recognition does a property owner receive for including his or her land in the registry? in honor of the commitment to protect the land, the owner receives a framed certificate of appreciation from the director of the museum bearing the landowners name and the name of the area, and a subscription to natural newsline, the museum ' s quarterly newsletter with approval from the landowner, his or her participation in the heritage program can be publicized in the newsletter or in mississippi outdoors. the directions to the area are not published. what commitment does the owner make with a registry agreement? - preserve and protect the area to the best of the landowner ' s ability. - notify the museum of natural science natural heritage program of any threats to the area such as pollution, rights of way, changes in drainage. - allow the mississippi commission on wildlife fisheries and parks a first option to purchase the natural area so that if the landowner should ever decide to sell it, a purchase offer can be made if funds are available. is the registry commitment binding on the owner of a registered natural area? no. the commitment is non - binding and may be cancelled by the landowner at any time, with a 30 - day written notice to the natural heritage program. if the landowner fails to protect an area, with the result of destruction or degradation of the important natural features meant to be protected, the area will be removed from the registry and the landowner will receive written notification. there are no penalties for removal of an area from the registry. does the registration of a site permit public access to private property? no. registration of a natural area provides no rights of public access to private property. as with any private land, visitors must receive permission from the landowner before entering the property. is management assistance available to the owner of a registered area? yes. an owner of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47480490569784556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.676904"} {"text": "registration of a natural area provides no rights of public access to private property. as with any private land, visitors must receive permission from the landowner before entering the property. is management assistance available to the owner of a registered area? yes. an owner of a registered area may receive management advice from the staff of the mississippi museum of natural science or from the nature conservancy. what are the other options for protection of natural areas? there are two binding options by which a landowner can preserve natural areas found on his or her land. 1. the gift of a conservation easement is a binding legal agreement that a natural area will be spared from development in perpetuity. these are filed in the courthouse records, and will bind future purchasers or those who inherit the land. easements are said to \" run with the land. \" easements are sometimes called deed restrictions, rights of way, or servitudes and are rights less than full ownership that a landowner can sell or donate. the landowner still pays property taxes on lands on which a conservation easement has been granted. the services of an attorney, and a land appraiser are needed to negotiate a conservation easement. income tax features a donated conservation easement, know as a qualified conservation contribution, is a special kind of donation that works as an itemized deduction applied to individual or corporate income tax. section 170 ( h ) of the internal revenue service code contains all the requirements for these specialized tax deductions. they must meet the \" conservation purposes test \", must be perpetual, and must go to a qualified holder or charity. the nature conservancy, a mississippi land trust, and various state agencies all qualify as holders. a deduction of up to 30 % of adjusted gross income ( agi ) is allowed. this deduction may be spread over a period of six years. estate tax features a conservation easement under 170 ( h ) can also be used as an estate tax reduction and is one tool that a landowner can use in estate planning to lighten the inheritance tax load on his or her heirs. this gift can occur during the lifetime of the landowner or it can be made shortly after death by the administrator of the landowner ' s estate. 2. dedication of a natural area to the commission on wildlife, fisheries and parks. this is a dedication to public use of some or all of the property ownership interest and exempts a landowner from paying ad valoremtaxes ( county property taxes ) on the part of his or her estate granted away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4487244092249072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.677846"} {"text": "wildlife, fisheries and parks. this is a dedication to public use of some or all of the property ownership interest and exempts a landowner from paying ad valoremtaxes ( county property taxes ) on the part of his or her estate granted away. the assessment of taxes is reduced by the amount of the value of the interest in the property which is conveyed to the commission. the landowner and the commission together negotiate the portion of the landowner ' s rights to be transferred to the commission for the people of mississippi. the transfer can be a sale, or a donation and can be made during the landowner ' s lifetime or in a will as a devise or bequest. this option for land preservation is best understood as comparable to the dedication of a public park by a private landowner. except for the dedication of clark creek natural area in wilkinson county, which was a sale, the natural heritage program has not arranged one of these dedications by donation in its 26 year history. it is likely that a conservation easement could accomplish similar preservation goals as a dedication, but the tax relief features are different. for the right landowner, a dedication may be an attractive option. if your interested in participating in the mississippi natural areas registry program please contact the natural heritage program staff at the address listed below. mississippi natural heritage program mississippi museum of natural science miss. department of wildlife, fisheries & parks 2148 riverside drive jackson, mississippi 39202 - 1353 phone ( 601 ) 576 - 6000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46261859654587206, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.678860"} {"text": "bright light at night could up depression risk, mouse study suggests latest depression news wednesday, nov. 14 ( healthday news ) - - a new study suggests that when the sun goes down, you might end up happier and better able to learn new things if you turn down all the lights - - even your computer screen. unfortunately, the research was done just with mice. but because they share the same set of special light - activated cells in their eyes that humans have - - known as iprgcs - - it may be that the comparisons could apply to people. those cells, called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, are stimulated by bright light, which affects the brain ' s mood, memory and learning centers, the researchers said. \" expose yourself to bright light in the day and avoid it at night, \" suggested study co - author samer hattar, an associate professor of biology and neuroscience at johns hopkins university, in baltimore. \" that will keep the iprgcs that affect mood from being activated. \" the research was published online in the nov. 14 in the journal nature. hattar said the research team was initially interested in whether seasonal affective disorder ( sad ) - - a form of depression people sometimes experience in the lower - light winter months - - applied to mice. they exposed mice to an alternating cycle of 3. 5 hours of light and then 3. 5 hours of darkness. the mice got depressed. how do you know that a mouse is sad? they take less interest in sugar and move less in the cage, and they have trouble learning and remembering, hattar explained. when the mice were given prozac ( fluoxetine ), a commonly prescribed antidepressant, their symptoms went away. to understand the role of the retina ' s neurological circuits in affecting mood, memory and learning, the researchers studied animals that didn ' t have the specialized iprgc cells. without them, the irregular light schedule did not impair mood and cognitive ( thinking ) function, even though their vision and general light detection ability remained intact. this showed that light affects learning and mood directly through these special photosensitive retinal cells, hattar said. the researchers created light - exposure patterns for the mice that allowed the scientists to rule out the possibility that circadian rhythm and sleep disruption were responsible for the changes in mood and learning ability they observed. circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24 - hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5182181243260593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.683240"} {"text": "out the possibility that circadian rhythm and sleep disruption were responsible for the changes in mood and learning ability they observed. circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24 - hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism ' s environment, according to the u. s. national institutes of health. one expert questioned whether the mice ' s normal circadian rhythm was indeed maintained. \" perhaps even though the overall sleep timing pattern remained intact, the quality of their sleep deteriorated, \" suggested tony tang, an adjunct professor in the department of psychology at northwestern university, in evanston, ill. tang also found an important difference between how humans are exposed to light at night in modern life and how the reaction of mice to light was tested during the research. \" in the current study, the poor mice ended up having bright lights shining on them while they slept ; but for humans in the past century, we ' ve stayed up while we kept lights on, and then turned the lights off when we sleep, \" he said. scientists note that research with animals often fails to provide similar results in humans. study co - author hattar said the study should be replicated in human subjects. \" but even if it comes out not as clear as it did in mice, i think there will be some benefit for people to turn down their lights at night. i don ' t think there is any harm in it. \" copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. sources : samer hattar, ph. d., associate professor, biology and neuroscience, johns hopkins university, baltimore ; tony tang, ph. d., adjunct professor, department of psychology, northwestern university, evanston, ill. ; nov. 14, 2012, nature online get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5300204728398512, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.684016"} {"text": "what is achiote? in english achiote means annato. it comes from a tropical tree that is native to the americas and is used for industrial and culinary purposes. the name achiote derives from the nahuatl word for the shrub, achiotl. the annato plant has pink flowers and ovular leafs, the seeds or fruit is a capsule covered in short, red prickly, stiff hairs or spines. the achiote fruit capsuls are brown and reddish at maturity and heart shaped. the pods or capsules will split open in half when mature, revealing 50 seeds covered in red pulp. the fruit from the annato tree are not edible, the red orange reddish pericarp or pulp that covers the triangular - shaped seeds is used for its dying properties and to give flavor to dishes. the seeds range in colors from yellow to orange and red to black. the yellow and orange seeds are commonly used as a dye for cheeses and other dairy products. the red seed is used to add flavor to mexican, caribbean and latin american dishes most commonly used in the caribbean, and the oaxacan, and yucatecan regions of mexico. the achiote originates from merida, yucatan and the annato seed was first introduced to the americas by the indigenous people of the maya and aztec tribes. it was used as body paint ; specifically for lipstick giving the annato tree the name of \" lipstick tree \", food coloring, clothing dye and for writing scriptures. annato has a sweet and peppery taste and scent, and has been described to have an earthy, bitter flavor. achiote works for your needs in either one of its varieties. traditional recipes where achiote is used include the very famous cochinita pibil ( mexican - slow roasted pork dish ) for color and flavor, chicken in achiote and caldo de olla. to give a reddish color and flavor to any recipes like tamales, meat, fish or rice ( arroz rojo ) dishes, substitute vegetable oil with achiote oil. recado rojo or achiote paste is a thick, earthy flavored, deep - red seasoning that is slightly bitter, made with red annato seeds mixed with other spices and ground into a brick shaped paste. it ' s preferred in the yucatan and oaxacan cuisine because for its distinctive flavor and coloring. achiote is a signature ingredient in every mexican kitchen. you can either rub the achiote paste directly on the meat, pork,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45681937975254927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.690560"} {"text": "shaped paste. it ' s preferred in the yucatan and oaxacan cuisine because for its distinctive flavor and coloring. achiote is a signature ingredient in every mexican kitchen. you can either rub the achiote paste directly on the meat, pork, fish, shrimp or seafood to which it gives a deep - red color and flavor. these can also be marinated with a sauce created with the paste by dissolving it with either orange juice, vinegar, lime juice or oil. once the meat is marinated or the achiote paste is rubbed on it, you can bake, broil, grill or barbecue. the achiote paste may also be added to a corn base for red tamales or empanadas to give them color and a spicy flavor. when using achiote in the kitchen make sure to wear an apron, because the dye properties in the annato are very strong and therefore can stain your clothes. achiote is used in a variety of ways for example achiote paste, achiote powder, achiote oil, and achiotina. achiote is sold as crushed seeds, whole seeds and / or brick version of the paste. examples of brands that sell achiote ( anatto ) paste are : el mexicano, achiote chef, la perla del mayab, el yucateco. for achiote in its powder version, bijol is a great brand. achiote ( anatto ) is the main ingredient in goya ' s popular spice blend \" sazon. \" you can find achiote in grocery stores and online wherever mexican, middle eastern and latin american products are sold. mexgrocer. com offers you all of these achiote brands for you to choose from to prepare all your favorite dishes. in mexico and latin america anatto is commonly known as achiote or achote as it is pronounced, although in the philippines it is known as atsuwete or acheute. other names for the seed include annatto, anatta, and annato.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42262885513159104, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.691696"} {"text": "interactive java tutorials refractive index determination oblique illumination is sometimes utilized as an alternative to the becke line test to determine whether the refractive index of a specimen is higher or lower than that of the surrounding medium. this interactive tutorial explores how variations in the refractive index of a specimen and its surrounding medium alter visibility in the microscope when utilizing oblique illumination techniques. the tutorial initializes with a specimen having a refractive index of 1. 15 positioned in a surrounding medium of refractive index 1. 33 ( representing water or lightly buffered aqueous saline solution ), and being illuminated with off - axis light rays originating from the lower left - hand side of the tutorial window. in order to operate the tutorial, translate the specimen ( refractive index value ) slider between values of 1. 0 and 1. 5. as the slider is moved from right to left, the specimen appearance is altered in the eyepiece view window. to change the refractive index of the surrounding medium, move the surround ( refractive index value ) slider to the right or left ( this slider also has a range of refractive indices between 1. 0 and 1. 5 ). translating the surround slider will also affect specimen appearance and visibility, as discussed below. the two sliders are interactive and positioning of one slider will affect the range of motion of the other. in situations where the specimen is mounted in a medium of lower refractive index, shading that results from the anaxial illumination will appear on the side opposite to that from which the light enters the specimen, and vice versa, as illustrated in figure 1. for both diagrams presented in figure 1, two equal sized oblique light rays are depicted entering the specimen through the surrounding medium at the same angle of incidence. at point a on the left - hand diagram, the light is spread over a larger area of the specimen than at point b, so that the area near point a on the specimen appears darker than the area near point b. under these conditions, one side of the specimen will appear shaded or somewhat darker than the other side when viewed through the microscope eyepieces ( represented by points a ' and b ' in the upper left portion of figure 1 ). this is the case when the specimen refractive index is higher than that of the surrounding medium. the opposite effect occurs when the specimen has a lower refractive index than that of the surrounding medium ( see the right - hand side of figure 1 ). in this case, the shaded or darker side", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5853000391549992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.696232"} {"text": "index is higher than that of the surrounding medium. the opposite effect occurs when the specimen has a lower refractive index than that of the surrounding medium ( see the right - hand side of figure 1 ). in this case, the shaded or darker side of the specimen will be on the side that is nearest to the oblique light sector stop. when the specimen and the surrounding medium have identical refractive indices, then the specimen will be transparent ( or invisible ) and will have no refractive effects on the oblique illumination. the sensitivity of this refractive index determination technique is highly dependent on the condenser focal length, the iris diaphragm position, and the geometry of sector stops ( if employed ). in general, the best results are obtained when the condenser is carefully focused and an even field of illumination is achieved. matthew j. parry - hill and michael w. davidson - national high magnetic field laboratory, 1800 east paul dirac dr., the florida state university, tallahassee, florida, 32310. back to oblique illumination questions or comments? send us an email. \u00a9 1998 - 2013 by michael w. davidson and the florida state university. all rights reserved. no images, graphics, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. use of this website means you agree to all of the legal terms and conditions set forth by the owners. last modification : thursday, jun 15, 2006 at 03 : 39 pm access count since july 22, 2002 : 24065 for more information on microscope manufacturers, use the buttons below to navigate to their websites :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5872097369715631, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.696917"} {"text": "the entire physical universe is made up of pure energy and vibration. when you have the insight to see everything as vibration, the nature of the universe is revealed to you. light is vibration. the entire electromagnetic wave spectrum of visible light produces different colors. colors are simply waves vibrating at different frequencies. on one end of the spectrum you have red, on the other end you have violet. red has the longest wavelength and the lowest frequency, violet has the shortest wavelength and the highest frequency. there are two kinds of electrical lighting that you can find when you visit an electronic store. warm light and cool light. warm light contains a greater mixture of lower frequency color waves such as yellow and orange. cool light contains a greater mixture of higher frequency color waves such as green and blue. light is crucial in its environmental effect upon work, play, rest and other life activities. it controls stimulation, relaxation and energy level. since warm light is more relaxing than cool light, you might decide to use it for the ambience it creates. have you ever used only warm lights in a room and thought that you could make the place more relaxing or stimulating simply by increasing or decreasing the light intensity? but it doesn \u2019 t work that way. increasing the light intensity of warm light does not make it a lot more stimulating. higher energy levels require higher rate of vibration. it is not the magnitude but the frequency of the vibration that determines it \u2019 s energy level. is it any wonder that blue flame is hotter than yellow flame? health is vibration. cold, damp and dark places with lack of airflow are breeding grounds for bacteria, whereas sunny places with abundance of airflow eliminate unhealthy micro organisms. the second type of environment is healthier than the first because it is high vibration while the other is low vibration. although sunlight is biologically beneficial, too much of it causes heatstroke. the energy turns from being constructive to destructive. the key here is balance. too much of something beyond the rightful amount causes instability. this is what all sickness and disease does. it seeks to weaken or destabilize vibration. the more vibrant and stable a person is, the more alive and constructive he / she are. the more lackluster and unstable he / she is, the less alive and / or the more ( self ) destructive. ever wonder why you have always been told to drink warm water and not to drink cold one when you were sick? when the body is sick, there are things within that are clogging up the system and slowing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6619777928248545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.702183"} {"text": "the more ( self ) destructive. ever wonder why you have always been told to drink warm water and not to drink cold one when you were sick? when the body is sick, there are things within that are clogging up the system and slowing down some functions. the body needs energy to move the sickness out of the body or to destroy it. that is why your doctor advices you to drink plenty of water. it is the medium that your blood cells use to mobilize their work. more water and oxygen gives your body the much needed resources it needs in getting rid of the sickness. your impulse of coughing out phlegm and blowing out mucus is your bodies act of expelling the bad stuff from your body, which means you are on the road to recovery. warm water is high vibration whereas cold water is low vibration. cold water removes the precious energy needed for recovery, whereas warm water supplies it. one supports your recovery rate while the other sabotages it. sound is vibration. bassy music is low vibration and energetic music is high vibration. we enjoy listening to different types of music because we like to experience different ranges of emotion. the variety of feelings in life makes it fun and meaningful. high energy dance music appeal to younger people because they are highly energetic and expressive. slower and emotional entrancing music is what we desire to hear when we want to be moved in a deep and sensual way. we want time to slow down and come to a standstill the experience to be like an eternal moment. chemical is vibration. alcohol and earl grey tea are opposite in terms of vibration. although stress and anxiety is a form of high vibration, it is undesirable because the vibration is incoherent and disorderly. alcohol lowers vibration. that \u2019 s why people drink to relax and distress. but drinking consumes more than the natural amount of alcohol that the body is supposed to take. therefore it causes instability as well. drivers who drink have impaired judgment and reaction rate are more susceptible to accidents. people who are above the need of alcohol to relax have chosen more intelligent means of doing so. earl grey tea acts as a stimulant that counters the effects of alcohol to a certain extent to \u201c sober \u201d you up. the vibration of our \u201c bodies \u201d at every level, physical and non - physical, has a profound influence on our ability to attract positive experiences. the higher your vibration, the more of a \u201c magnet \u201d you become as a result of the thoughts you hold in your mind.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5493314663333668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.703205"} {"text": "bodies \u201d at every level, physical and non - physical, has a profound influence on our ability to attract positive experiences. the higher your vibration, the more of a \u201c magnet \u201d you become as a result of the thoughts you hold in your mind. by holding only thoughts of the \u201c things \u201d you wish to manifest into your experience, and keeping your vibrations high in the ways we discussed previously, you will find your wishes will manifest much more quickly. when you learn to see everything as vibration different in terms of rate and stability, you will understand what you need in order to obtain the desired effect in any situation. it is all about balancing vibrations. there are lots more aspects of physical reality than those mentioned here where this principle is applied to. once you are aware of this principle and always think in terms of vibration, you can understand practically everything that happens in the physical world. this is one of the governing dynamics that allows you to make sense of everything. having this awareness is like seeing the world in code, like the matrix. - persistence of will manifests what you desire - affecting probable outcomes with your mind - casting magic spells and intention manifestation - shared reality - cooperative mental creation - actively defend your beliefs against conflict - mentally uniting with your desire by giving thanks for it - speaking your intention gives it more power - letting extremes guide you to balance of mind - purchasing the best things in life for yourself - everything is formed by vibration and geometry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6012946837426869, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.703834"} {"text": "the bar coding of finished products is an effective and widespread tool for managing inventory and distribution, expediting work - in - process and simplifying warranty fulfillment. what has not been practical is the tracing and tracking of individual parts that are internal to finished goods. these are the critical components that determine, after all, whether products perform or fail. there are several reasons why individual parts have not been marked until recently. key among them has been the limitation inherent in traditional marking, specifically the inability to withstand common manufacturing processes such as heat treating, mechanical abrasion and chemical baths. but this didn ' t mean there was not a need for this technology. roger schellhorn, quality coordinator at john deere ( waterloo, iowa ), was looking for a system that would code individual internal parts. \" our first priority was to achieve individual parts traceability throughout the production line, \" he explains. \" we wanted to put a pedigree on parts, and assign quality data to individual items. we ' ve always been able to correlate quality data with a particular group of parts, but before recently, there had been no way to marry quality data with individual parts. \" the company considered numerous systems for achieving individual part traceability, including optical character recognition ( ocr ). \" our biggest objection, \" says mr. schellhorn, \" was the miles \u2014 literally miles \u2014 of wiring that would have been required. it looked to us like an upkeep nightmare. \" then he found a new marking technology referred to as bumpy barcoding ( bbc ) by its supplier, mecco marking systems, ( ingomar, pennsylvania ). bbc indents a high - integrity 3d mark into metal, plastic and composite materials. indented bbc marks are expressed by highs and lows in surface height, rather than variations in black and white. indented bbc readers use differences in height, rather than contrast, to distinguish the bars and spaces of the code being read. this allows bumpy bar codes to be read where no contrast is available, ( for example, when a part is exiting a heat treating cycle and the surface is dark. ) the mark, which is permanent, can be made through indent marking, die stamping, or roll marking on virtually any material of less than rockwell 45c. materials do not have to be perfectly flat or smoothmachined ; in fact, only highly reflective materials ( such as polished stainless steel ) are problematic. marks can also be incorporated easily with most casting, forging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5005272832731321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.707997"} {"text": "of less than rockwell 45c. materials do not have to be perfectly flat or smoothmachined ; in fact, only highly reflective materials ( such as polished stainless steel ) are problematic. marks can also be incorporated easily with most casting, forging or injection molding processes. in all cases, the mark becomes a design feature of the part. bbc marking withstands annealing, heat treating, and abrasive treatments, and is scannable after many coating processes as well. the service life of the mark equals that of the part itself. john deere introduced bumpy barcoding technology at its waterloo engine works. the company ' s first application for mecco ' s bumpy bar code technology was connecting rods. each connecting rod is split into two pieces during machining and must be reformed as a matched set. the system allows absolute verification that each rod and rod cap are a matched set. \" now, if we would develop a problem with connecting rods, we could instantly identify the shift when it was produced, the individual machine involved, the specific quality measurement data generated, and the operator who was on duty, \" says mr. schellhorn. \" we can respond quickly and appropriately to any problem, but more importantly, we can respond proactively as well. the mecco system purchased by john deere includes a mecco sp202 computer controlled marking system and fixed base reader. to accommodate deere ' s requirement for a very fast cycle time, the system was engineered with three stations : two marking heads, and one fixed scanner, which was manufactured by sensis corp. the first station provides human - readable marking, the second indents the bbc marking ; the third station scans and verifies the integrity of the marks. fixturing, which was designed jointly by mr. schellhorn and mecco engineering vice president jim speicher, includes automated parts handling. the bbc is created by a chisel stylus that strikes the material surface and creates a bar about 1 / 8 inch in length. the reader is unique in that it reads both bumpy bar codes and traditional black and white printed bar codes, an advantage for users of both technologies. the reader is also distinctive in its use of a proprietary error detection algorithm, which makes misreading a virtual mathematical impossibility. bbc readers integrate readily with pcs, plcs, robots and other factory data equipment. they also plug into portable data terminals, which transfer data into a computer by saving it in memory for subsequent downloading, or by transmission via", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.522732759576735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.709086"} {"text": "mom ' s depressions alters baby ' s language learning skills sri treatment seems to accelerate a baby ' s attention to their own language, while unmedicated depression seems to delay that attention. tue, oct 09 2012 at 9 : 40 am photo : getty images a mother ' s depression can extend the sensitive period in which babies learn their native tongue, while treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( antidepressants ) for moms or moms - to - be seems to accelerate the process, new research finds. however, scientists aren ' t yet sure how either result influences babies ' ultimate language development. \" the findings highlight the importance of environmental factors on infant development and put us in a better position to support not only optimal language development in children but also maternal well - being, \" study researcher janet werker, a psychologist at the university of british columbia, said in a statement. werker and her colleagues encouraged moms and moms - to - be with depression to seek treatment. \" it is really important that pregnant women discuss all treatment options with their physicians or midwives, \" study researcher tim oberlander, a professor of developmental pediatrics at the university of british columbia, said in a statement. babies acquire language ( and other life skills ) in a series of sensitive periods. infants are born able to discriminate sounds from any language, but already preferentially process the noises of their native tongue, the result of hearing it while in utero. by about 10 months, however, the ability to discern sounds not present in the child ' s native tongue begins to vanish. this sensitive period helps explain why people raised bilingual from an early age can sound like a native speaker in both languages, while people who learn a foreign language later will always struggle to lose their accents. [ 9 incredibly brainy baby abilities ] certain medications can influence brain development and plasticity, the ability of the brain to adapt and rewire. according to werker and her colleagues, between 15 percent and 20 percent of women experience depression during pregnancy, and as many as 13 percent of pregnant women are treated for depression with sris, or serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( sris ), a mood - stabilizing medication. to find out if depression or its treatment influence language development, the researchers tested babies on their ability to tell languages apart. they recruited 85 6 - month - old babies, 21 of whom had moms with depression and 32 of whom had moms with depression who had been treated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4975008433049059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.715379"} {"text": "or its treatment influence language development, the researchers tested babies on their ability to tell languages apart. they recruited 85 6 - month - old babies, 21 of whom had moms with depression and 32 of whom had moms with depression who had been treated during pregnancy with sris. at 6 months and 10 months, the babies heard recordings of the english syllable \" da \" and the hindi syllable \" da. \" to a native english speaker, these sounds are virtually indistinguishable, but they are subtly different : hindi speakers make their \" da \" sound by touching the tongue to their top teeth, while english speakers make their \" da \" by touching the tongue to the roof of the mouth behind the teeth. in a second experiment, the same babies watched silent videos of people speaking either english or french. normally, babies can tell the languages apart by mouth movements only until about 8 months of age. in both cases, researchers determined if babies could tell the difference between the languages by playing one and then switching to the other. they then measured if the babies looked longer at the new sound or not. if they did, the researchers knew they could tell the difference. if they didn ' t, it was because the new stimulus seemed the same as the old, and thus didn ' t attract the babies ' attention. [ photos : how babies learn ] depression and development the results revealed that kids of healthy, non - medication - taking moms could generally tell the languages apart at 6 months of age, but lost the ability at 10 months of age, as expected. but babies of moms with depression responded differently. when moms had received sri treatment, the babies displayed unusual maturity in their discrimination patterns : they failed to discriminate between different languages at 6 months old. a second experiment that involved playing vowels and consonants for fetuses of 36 weeks gestation found that the early maturation began even then. in fetuses of moms taking sris, recognition of native consonants was advanced. ( researchers measured recognition by tracking each fetus ' s heart rate. ) likewise, babies of depressed moms showed changes from the norm. these babies seemed to have a longer - than - usual sensitive period of language development. they could still differentiate between different languages at 10 months of age. in other words, sri treatment seems to accelerate a baby ' s attention to their own language, while unmedicated depression seems to delay that attention. researchers don ' t yet know whether this effect has any real - world consequences for how babies learn to speak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5250604438604115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.716352"} {"text": "you might have seen photographers framing photos with their hands before taking a snap. but with the new prototype shooter dubbed ubi - camera, you will be able to use your hands to frame the photo as well as shoot it at the same time. the miniature camera is currently under development at the institute of advanced media arts and sciences. according to the video, \u201c when you draw a picture or take a photo, you sometimes form a rectangle with your hands to decide the composition. with this camera, you can take a photo using the exact same motion. you attach this device to your index finger, and form a rectangle with your finger like this ( see above ). you take the photo by using the rectangle as the viewfinder \u2026. when you push hard with your thumb, the shutter is pressed \u201d. the ubi - camera comes equipped with a range sensor, and it detects the distance between the camera and the photographer \u2019 s face, and determines the framing. \u201c when you take a photo with your face close to the camera, you get a wide - angle shot \u2026. and if you move it further away, you can take a close up shot \u201d. its lens has a fixed focal length, and you will be able to zoom in on something on your pc. although you won \u2019 t get that great feeling of holding a real camera when you are using the ubi - camera ( will also look a bit silly ), there is no need for viewfinders and displays for the new system. so we are expecting it to arrive with a low price tag. but the system is still in the development stage and needs much work to be done on it. \u201c here, the camera has a wired connection to a pc, but we \u2019 d like to make a stand - alone camera that can be freely used outside. also, the range sensor currently uses infrared, so it sometimes doesn \u2019 t detect your face properly, or it can be affected by light from the surroundings. so we \u2019 d like to use the camera to measure the distance as well, through face recognition. that would enable the system to be used more precisely \u201d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5023546813634289, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.718486"} {"text": "radiosurgery, also called stereotactic radiosurgery, is a very precise form of therapeutic radiology. even though it is called surgery, radiosurgery does not involve actual surgery. rather, very focused beams of radiation ( gamma rays, x - rays, or protons ) are used to treat cancerous tissues without a surgical incision or opening. radiosurgery is called \" surgery \" because it is a one - session radiation therapy treatment that creates a similar result as an actual surgical procedure. radiosurgery works in the same manner as other types of therapeutic radiology : it distorts or destroys the dna of tumor cells, causing them to be unable to reproduce and grow. the tumor will shrink in size over time. for blood vessel lesions such as an arteriovenous malformation ( avm ), the blood vessels eventually close off after treatment. there are three types of radiosurgery. each type uses different equipment and radiation sources. radiosurgery types include : click image to enlarge - cobalt60 systems ( gamma knife ). cobalt60 systems use cobalt as a source for gamma rays. this type of system is commonly referred to as the gamma knife. the gamma knife is not really a knife at all. it uses beams of highly - focused gamma rays to treat small - to medium - size lesions, usually in the brain. many beams of gamma radiation join to focus on the lesion under treatment, providing a very intense dose of radiation in a safe manner. the gamma knife is used primarily to treat small and medium lesions in and around the brain, such as brain tumors, arteriovenous malformations ( abnormal connections between arteries and veins ), as well as functional problems such as trigeminal neuralgia. during gamma knife treatment, the equipment remains stationary ( does not move ). gamma knife treatment generally involves these steps : - head frame placement. in order to keep the head from moving during treatment, a box - shaped frame is attached to the head. pins designed specifically for this purpose fasten the head frame to the skull. the head frame also is a guide to focus the gamma ray beams to the exact location of the lesion being treated. - tumor location imaging. once the head frame is in place, the exact location of the lesion to be treated will be determined using computed tomography ( ct scan ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). - radiation dose planning. after the ct or mri scan has been completed, the radiation therapy team will determine the treatment plan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5398083532320566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.726257"} {"text": "the lesion to be treated will be determined using computed tomography ( ct scan ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). - radiation dose planning. after the ct or mri scan has been completed, the radiation therapy team will determine the treatment plan. the results of the imaging scan, along with other information, will be used by a medical physicist to determine the best treatment. - radiation treatment. after being positioned for the treatment, a type of helmet with many hundreds of holes in it is placed over the head frame. these holes help to focus the radiation beams on the target. treatment will last a few minutes up to a few hours, depending on the type and location of the area being treated. generally, only one treatment session is required for a lesion. - linear accelerator ( linac ) systems. linear accelerator ( linac ) systems use high - energy x - rays to treat large tumors or other lesions outside of the brain. some common types of linac systems include cyberknife, x - knife, novalis, and peacock. in addition to not using radioactive material to produce the radiation, linac systems also differ from the gamma knife in that the machinery moves around the patient during treatment. for this reason, linac systems are able to treat larger tumors and larger affected areas than the gamma knife. areas other than the brain can be treated with a linac system. linear accelerator systems may also be used for external beam radiation therapy. treatment steps with a linac system are generally the same or similar to the treatment steps used for the gamma knife. - proton beam therapy. proton beam therapy is a type of particle beam radiation therapy. rather than using rays of radiation, such as gamma rays or x - rays, particle beam therapy uses particles such as protons or neutrons. proton beam therapy is the most widely - used type of particle beam therapy. proton beam therapy is useful in treating tumors or lesions that are small and / or have an irregular shape. the radiation dose can be more closely controlled with these systems, because the proton beam can be controlled to allow it to deposit its energy almost completely in the tumor or lesion being treated. other forms of radiation lose energy as they enter body tissues on their way to the tissue under treatment. because the depth of the proton beam can be controlled so precisely, less damage occurs to normal tissues surrounding the area under treatment. proton beam therapy may be used for radiosurgery procedures or for fractionated radiotherapy ( several smaller doses of radiation over a certain period of time ). there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5363860191991583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.728680"} {"text": "crystal system : orthorhombic status of occurrence : confirmed occurrence - 1st uk recording distribution : locally abundant chemical composition : manganese silicate chemical formula : mn2sio4 method ( s ) of verification : benallt mine - xrd ( nhm, x2979, x3017, x3019, x3020, x3021, x13061 & x19405 & national museum of wales, nmw x - 1487, 1497 & 1498 ) ; nant mine - xrd ( national museum of wales, nmw x - 1528, 1604, 1607, 1612 & 1615 ) - metamorphic : low - grade - metamorphic : skarn mineralization brown tephroite associated with metallic grey jacobsite. nant mine, rhiw, ll? n, gwynedd. specimen 8. 8 cm long. national museum of wales specimen. photo t. f. cotterell, \u00a9 national museum of wales. introduction : tephroite belongs to the broad olivine group of minerals and forms a series with the iron - rich olivine fayalite ( fe2sio4 ). it is a typical mineral of iron - manganese ore deposits or their associated skarns, and in metamorphic rocks derived from manganese - rich sediments ( deer at al., 1982 ). it is associated with minerals such as rhodonite, bustamite, manganocalcite, hausmannite and spessartine. occurrence in wales : tephroite is known from just one locality in wales, although this represents the first recording of the mineral in the british isles ( campbell smith et al., 1944b ). - benallt mine, llyn, gwynedd : tephroite was identified from benallt mine where it is intimately associated with alleghanyite, and forms composite, dark, narrow, blade - like crystals up to 20 mm in length and varying in thickness from 2 mm down to microscopic sizes ( campbell smith et al., 1944b ). the crystals are olive - green in thin section and are elongated parallel to the c - axis. tephroite was found \u2018 on the footwall side of no. 1 ore - body by no. 1 chute, 50 - 60 feet west of the main shaft, and some 10 - 29 feet above the 130 - foot level \u2019 ( campbell smith et al., 1944b ). a second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49669464052654083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.732106"} {"text": "of no. 1 ore - body by no. 1 chute, 50 - 60 feet west of the main shaft, and some 10 - 29 feet above the 130 - foot level \u2019 ( campbell smith et al., 1944b ). a second locality within the mine was also recorded by these workers, \u2018 near the foot - wall of no. 2 ore - body, located 40 to 80 feet west of the court shaft \u2019. - nant mine, nant - y - gadwen, rhiw, llyn, gwynedd : tephroite is also a major component of massive siliceous manganese ore from the geologically similar nant mine ( cotterell, 2006 ). typical examples are olive - green to chocolate - brown in colour and associated with jacobsite. - campbell smith, w., bannister, f. a. & hey, m. h., 1944b. banalsite, a new barium - feldspar from wales. mineralogical magazine 27, 33 - 47 - cotterell, t. f., 2006. caryopilite and pyroxmangite from nant mine, nant - y - gadwen, llanfaelrhys, pen llyn, gwynedd, wales uk journal of mines and minerals, 27, 51 - 53. - deer, w. a., howie, r. a. & zussman, j., 1986. rock - forming minerals, vol. 1a, orthosilicates, 2nd ed. longman group ltd, 918pp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45163558122540015, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.732707"} {"text": "how do you picture climate change? aside from the warming part, another problem lies in the future : rising sea levels, which means a higher risk of damaging floods in coastal communities. according to climate central \u2019 s recent surging seas report, sea levels are rising fast. since 1880, they have increased by about eight inches, and by 2030 they \u2019 re expected to increase as much as eight more inches. some people are already planning ahead for disaster. the president of kiribati, a country in the south pacific islands, is planning to buy land in fiji for the purpose of relocating the island \u2019 s entire population. this seems like a worst - case scenario, but it \u2019 s based on fact \u2014 flooding means displacement. kiribati sits about two meters above sea level, and some of its flat coral reefs have already disappeared. the study estimates that 700 million people may become climate refugees by 2050. the countries most likely to be affected are bangladesh, china, vietnam, thailand, and india, all with substantial low - lying coastal areas. the threat of rising seas goes along with the recent findings of a panel of climate scientists, who confirmed that extreme weather disasters are imminent. in particular, parts of mumbai in india could become uninhabitable due to floods and storms. the people most vulnerable to rising seas and extreme weather live in less developed regions of the world. here in the u. s., we won \u2019 t be spared. the report found that about five million people in the u. s. live in low - lying areas that are likely to be affected by 2050. even land that sits four feet above high tide line will be vulnerable as sea levels rise. and more than people are threatened. buildings, hospitals, military bases, agricultural lands, toxic waste dumps, and even some nuclear power plants sit in these areas that are at risk. florida tops the list of vulnerable states. it has the greatest population living less than four feet above high tide. florida has already felt the effects of rising sea levels. increased flooding has occurred in the southern tip of the state, especially the miami - dade and broward counties. freshwater aquifers serving southeastern florida ( miami - dade, broward, and palm beach counties ) and the florida keys have been contaminated by salt water. climate central has compiled a list of action plans and resources that states and organizations have developed. some suggestions for how we can adapt to rising sea levels include engineered solutions, like seawalls, levees, and dikes, for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4415994614019698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.735550"} {"text": "a tree - killing invasive insect, the hemlock woolly adelgid ( hwa ), was found for the first time in indiana on a landscape tree in laporte county in mid - april. since its introduction to the eastern united states in the mid - 1920s, the hwa has infested about half the native range of eastern hemlock. in certain areas of the great smoky mountains, as many as 80 percent of the hemlocks have died due to infestation. the finding of the tiny aphid - like insect, which destroys native hemlocks by feeding on the tree sap at the base of the needles, was confirmed by the usda animal plant health inspection service ( aphis ). the insect was identified on a single hemlock as a result of a homeowner \u2019 s report. the infested tree may have originated from a landscape planting in michigan and been brought into indiana about five years ago. preliminary searches have revealed no other infested trees in the area, but an extensive survey is underway. \u201c fortunately, this find occurred outside of the native range of hemlock trees in indiana, which greatly increases our chances of preventing spread to them, \u201d said phil marshall, state entomologist for the dnr. in indiana, forests containing hemlocks are scattered throughout the west central and southern half of the state. evergreen hemlock trees dot the steep slopes along big walnut creek in putnam county, relics of an earlier, cooler climate. the nature conservancy and the dnr division of nature preserves own and manage over 2, 000 acres along this creek to protect the hemlock trees, as well as the rest of the forested land. \u201c it \u2019 s hard to imagine losing this species from indiana \u2019 s forests \u201d, said chad bladow, director of southern indiana stewardship. \u201c there are already few places in the state where visitors can see hemlocks, and hwa could eliminate all of them \u201d. other indiana sites which are well - known for having eastern hemlock include turkey run state park and shades state park in parke county and hemlock cliffs in hoosier national forest in crawford county. the conservancy has acquired lands to help expand each of these sites. hwa is easily spread by wind, movement on birds and mammals such as deer, but most rapidly as a hitchhiker on infested horticultural material. the best way to protect hemlocks in indiana from hwa is to simply not buy or plant hemlocks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3995112397556676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.739082"} {"text": "wind, movement on birds and mammals such as deer, but most rapidly as a hitchhiker on infested horticultural material. the best way to protect hemlocks in indiana from hwa is to simply not buy or plant hemlocks. \u201c purchasing plant materials from areas of known hwa infestation are very likely to provide the source of any potential infestation in indiana, \u201d said tom swinford, regional ecologist for the dnr, noting that not every tree is inspected to guarantee it is not infected. \u201c we should do everything we can to protect our unique and beautiful eastern hemlock trees in indiana. a visit to the smoky mountains shows just how sad and devastating this scourge can be. \u201d \" hwa will be very destructive if it reaches our native hemlocks, but the more people who become aware of the dangers of moving plant material and firewood over long distances, the better chance we have at protecting our forests, \u201d marshall said. the conservancy works to prevent invasive species from taking hold in indiana. \u201c prevention is the best medicine when it comes to invasive species, \u201d notes ellen jacquart, director of northern indiana stewardship and coordinator for invasive species issues for the conservancy in indiana. \u201c don \u2019 t buy hemlock for landscaping \u2013 choose another native tree instead, and help make sure our native hemlock stands survive. \u201d named for the cottony covering over its body, hwa somewhat resembles a cotton swab attached to the underside of young hemlock twigs. within two years, its feeding causes graying and thinning of needles. highly infested trees will stop putting on new growth, and major branches die, beginning in the lower part of the tree. eventually the whole tree is killed. if you suspect an hwa infestation, call the indiana dnr invasive species hotline at 1 - 866 - no - exotic. the nature conservancy is a leading conservation organization working around the world to protect ecologically important lands and waters for nature and people. the conservancy and its more than 1 million members have protected nearly 120 million acres worldwide. visit the nature conservancy on the web at www. nature. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.3962812255880299, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.739936"} {"text": "dallas ( nbc33 ) - every hour, one american dies from skin cancer \u2013 the number one cancer in the u. s. to help people learn easy ways to combat the disease, the environmental protection agency ( epa ) sunwise program has partnered with the national council on skin cancer prevention to designate the friday before memorial day ( may 27 ) as \u201c don \u2019 t fry day. \u201d epa encourages louisiana residents to learn about and practice sun - safe behaviors this don \u2019 t fry day to reduce overexposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation \u2013 the main cause of skin cancer. \u201c this is the perfect time of year to remind people to protect themselves and their family members from too much sun by taking simple steps like putting on sunscreen, a hat, sunglasses, and a t - shirt, \u201d said epa regional administrator al armendariz. \" teaching sun safety is crucial because nearly half of all new cancers diagnosed in the united states each year are skin cancers. \" each memorial day weekend, millions of americans kick off the summer season and begin enjoying the great outdoors. though skin cancer risks exist all year long, the dangers are even greater during the summer months, when the days are longer, and more people are outside for longer periods of time. for \u201c don \u2019 t fry day, \u201d epa encourages louisiana residents to practice the slip, slop, slap and wrap safety tips, which include : slip on a shirt, preferably with sleeves ; slop on spf 15 + sunscreen generously ; slap on a hat ; and wrap on sunglasses. sunwise also recommends that families seek shade during the sun \u2019 s peak hours between 10 a. m. and 4 p. m. checking the uv index to plan outdoor activities is also key for identifying times that pose the greatest risk for overexposure to the sun. in the u. s., skin cancer affects more than two million people each year, outnumbering the cases of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancers combined. one in five americans will develop the disease in their lifetime. meanwhile, melanoma \u2014 the most serious form of skin cancer \u2014 is on the rise. it is the most common cancer among young adults ages 25 to 29. for more on \u201c don \u2019 t fry day \u201d and additional sun safety resources, including a sun safety packing list and new public service announcements created by kids in k - 8, go to : http : / / www. epa. gov / sunwise / dfd. html. epa \u2019 s sunwise program is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4295068471370778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.742756"} {"text": "san francisco \u2014 a tsunami - producing fault in lake tahoe is overdue for another earthquake, scientists said here tuesday at the annual meeting of the american geophysical union. the west tahoe fault is capable of producing a magnitude - 7. 3 earthquake and tsunamis up to 30 feet ( 10 meters ) high in the clear blue lake, where million - dollar homes line the shore, researchers said. earthquakes strike every 3, 000 to 4, 000 years on the fault, and the most recent shaker was 4, 500 years ago, indicating the fault is overdue for another earthquake, said jillian maloney, a graduate student at the scripps institution of oceanography in san diego. the west tahoe fault defines the west shore of the lake, coming on shore at baldwin beach, passing through the southern third of fallen leaf lake, and then descending into christmas valley near echo summit. science news from nbcnews. com to trace the fault ' s history, maloney and her colleagues examined data from a chirp seismic imaging system, which details underwater sediment layers at very high resolution. ( chirp stands for compressed high intensity radar pulse. ) the researchers correlated landslide deposits, which could be related to past earthquakes, throughout western lake tahoe and in small lakes immediately to the south with radiocarbon dates from the sediments. the west tahoe fault has a complicated history, the analysis reveals. the fault appears to alternate between breaking all at once, in a 31 - mile long ( 50 kilometer ) fracture, and in smaller, shorter segments. the discovery has implications for the tahoe ' s seismic hazard, because the size of an earthquake relates to the length of a fault rupture, maloney said. the biggest earthquakes come from the longest fault fractures. the correlations, while still at an early stage, indicate the last time the fault ' s entire length ruptured was 7, 800 years ago, maloney told ouramazingplanet. more recent quakes occurred on individual segments, she said. because the fault crosses the lake, scientists worry a future earthquake will cause a tsunami in lake tahoe. the monster waves could form in two ways : by the fault displacing ground under the lake, similar to japan ' s tohoku tsunami, or by causing landslides that displace the water. a combination of both could also create an even bigger wave. layers of sediment preserved in and around lake tahoe record evidence of past tsunamis, said graham kent, director of the nevada seismological laboratory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4334389238837366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.745919"} {"text": "a few days before thanksgiving in a small virginia town called poquoson, frank gornik, 14, was removing storm debris for his uncle \u2019 s company. the boy, a freshman in high school, fed branches into a wood chipper. he used a shovel to help force the branches and that shovel was grabbed by the machine and \u2014 in an instant \u2014 swallowed the boy and killed him. each year, 35 - 40 teens die similarly unimaginable deaths in workplace accidents \u2014 tractor rollovers, work - related car accidents, drownings in grain silos. here at the national consumers league, we try to monitor these deaths to prevent them from occurring. a decade ago, the number of working teens who died on the job was about double what it is today. the occupational safety and health administration, the national institute of occupational safety and health, federal and state departments of labor, nonprofit organizations and employers worked together to help bring the number of deaths down, but we must keep working to reduce that number even further. sadly, although it was a freak accident, gornik \u2019 s death was preventable. the boy was much too young to work with such deadly equipment. over the years, state and federal officials have realized that teens lack the judgment and experience to operate some hazardous machinery and require workers to be 18 to use them ( although some exemptions are made for agriculture ). because of their ability to inflict massive and instantaneous damage, wood chippers are among the proscribed machines. under the bush administration, the u. s. department of labor refused to enact niosh - recommended changes to the \u201c hazardous orders \u201d regulations that would have improved teen worker safety protections. it is our understanding that under secretary of labor hilda solis \u2019 leadership, the department is working to update those regulations and close some current exemptions that allow teens to perform dangerous work. although gornik had his share of sadness \u2014 according to local newspaper reports, he lost both parents in a two - year stretch between 2005 and 2007 \u2014 he was remembered by many fellow students for his ready smile and helpfulness. he was a very popular student who played sports and made the honor roll, and the poquoson community continues to grieve his loss. it \u2019 s hard to make any sense of an unspeakable tragedy like this, but the lessons learned from the accident that took frank gornik \u2019 s life might prevent similar deaths. each year, ncl publishes a report \u2014 \u201c the five worst teen jobs \u201d \u2014 about dangerous job for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42667419433557074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.748637"} {"text": "slavery still a world problem september 8, 1999 despite scant coverage from american journalists, slavery continues to plague the people of a number of countries. it occurs in many forms, including : - bonded child workers in india and pakistan. - indentured servitude for children in lesotho that differs little from outright slavery. - prostitution in thailand. - as a form of religious persecution of christians and animists in southern sudan. sudan is an especially blatant case, in which raiders from the muslim north send raiding parties south to seize people who are later sold for $ 50 a piece. according to one report, they are worked harder, fed less and beaten more than were slaves in the american south. a number of groups, notably christian solidarity international ( cis ), have embarked on an effort to buy slaves in order to set them free. the swiss - based organization has received donations from around the world, including from american churches and high school students. however, some have criticized the program, saying it only encourages more slave taking. cis has run into another problems, observers report. because of their actions against sudan, that government has complained to the united nations. if sudan ' s complaint is recognized, cis could lose its non - governmental organization status, thus its ability to speak at the u. n. should the u. n. side with sudan, one observer notes, it would permit a slave - taking country to stifle an organization that struggles for slave - freeing. source : a. m. rosenthal, \" when is it news? \" new york times, september 3, 1999, and todd bensman, \" cries for freedom, \" dallas morning news, may 27, 1999. browse more articles on international issues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42845529215110667, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.750363"} {"text": "furches, david moffatt 21 apr. 1832 \u2013 8 june 1908 david moffatt furches, lawyer, jurist, and chief justice of the north carolina supreme court, was born in davie county, the son of stephen lewis furches, a justice of the peace and farmer, and polly howell furches of rowan county. the furches family was originally from delaware. young furches attended the union academy in davie county before studying law for two years under richmond pearson, the noted chief justice of the north carolina supreme court. admitted to the bar in 1857, furches began his law practice as solicitor for davie county in mocksville, where he remained until 1866 when he moved to statesville in iredell county. when the civil war broke out, furches joined the confederate army for a short time, even though as a county solicitor, he was exempt from military service. however, his three brothers and four brothers - in - law served, and, as furches put it, he \" concluded to stay out. \" a sturdy whig before the war, furches served as a davie county delegate to the constitutional convention that met in raleigh in october 1865. following the guidelines announced by president andrew johnson, that convention adopted ordinances abolishing slavery, abrogating the secession act, and repudiating the confederate debt. during reconstruction, furches ' s whiggery and unionism led him into the republican party. as a republican, he waged a number of futile campaigns for office. in 1872 he was defeated in a bid for congress, but in 1875 he was appointed judge of the superior court in iredell county and served for three years. in 1880 he made another unsuccessful run for congress. when the north carolina republican party nominated him for associate justice of the state supreme court in 1888, he was again defeated. disillusioned and disheartened by an unending string of defeats since reconstruction, the republican party in north carolina had become badly factionalized by the 1890s. one wing of the party, resenting negro aspirations for local party leadership and fearing the democratic use of the race issue, opposed a statewide ticket and leaned toward cooperation with the newly established populist party. the old guard, however, continued to insist on a full slate of candidates and objected bitterly to any association with the populists. in 1892 furches was the republican candidate for governor, although the lily - white faction of the party had threatened to support the populists. when he lost the election, fur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4112995768791615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.758246"} {"text": "of candidates and objected bitterly to any association with the populists. in 1892 furches was the republican candidate for governor, although the lily - white faction of the party had threatened to support the populists. when he lost the election, furches charged that the \" true theory of republican defeat in north carolina was fraud. \" according to him, the democratic registrars had prevented many blacks from voting. furches ' s claims notwithstanding, there is considerable evidence that many republicans defected to the populist cause. in 1894 furches, whom josephus daniels once termed a republican of the \" old order, \" again supported efforts for a full republican slate and opposed cooperation, or \" fusion \" as it was known, with the populists. demanding a straight republican ticket, furches argued that the republican party could not be transferred like cattle from one field to another. but the populists shrewdly nominated a nonpartisan judicial ticket that included furches, the republicans accepted the coalition ticket, and the fusionists swept into office. as a result, furches became an associate justice on the state supreme court. furches ' s career on the north carolina supreme court was marked by the same acrimony and controversy that characterized the politics of the period. his elevation to the chief justiceship was not without its share of intrigue. in december 1900 chief justice william t. faircloth died a mere two weeks before the inauguration of democrat charles b. aycock as governor. republican governor daniel l. russell came under intense pressure from various interest groups to resign his office and accept appointment to the chief justiceship from the lieutenant governor who would succeed him. corporate titans such as alexander b. andrews, vice - president of the southern railway company, and benjamin n. duke, the durham tobacco magnate, urged russell to pursue that course. many democrats such as robert furman, editor of the raleigh morning post, and robert b. glenn, future governor, applauded the idea because it was widely believed that russell supported the recently adopted suffrage amendment disfranchising north carolina blacks. russell, however, resisted the pressures and in a surprising move appointed furches chief justice. the governor and the supreme court justice had been feuding since the 1892 election when russell, a leading fusionist, had refused to support furches ' s candidacy for governor. furches barely had assumed the chief justiceship when he was impeached by the democratic - controlled general assembly of 1901. political passions had been inflamed dangerously by the democratic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45897832652364495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.759301"} {"text": ", had refused to support furches ' s candidacy for governor. furches barely had assumed the chief justiceship when he was impeached by the democratic - controlled general assembly of 1901. political passions had been inflamed dangerously by the democratic white supremacy campaigns of 1898 and 1900 that overturned fusionist rule. eager to regain control of the state courts, zealous democrats in the legislature, urged on by josephus daniels ' s \" tocsin - sounding \" raleigh news and observer, plotted the impeachment and conviction of republican justices david furches and robert m. douglas. conservative democrats like henry g. connor and thomas j. jarvis, the former governor and senator, were appalled. jarvis wrote connor : \" it will be a great mistake in our party to put these judges on trial. it is hard to conceive of a worse political error. \" jarvis did not believe that furches and douglas had acted \" corruptly, \" although they may have made legal mistakes. some democrats, jarvis confided, insisted on impeachment \" to save the constitutional amendment. \" connor, agreeing with jarvis, led the fight against impeachment in the general assembly. the crux of the impeachment articles against furches and douglas related to the state supreme court ' s ruling that the holder of a public office had a property right in that office. so long as the duties of that office continued, the officeholder could not be deprived of his property during his term of office. furches and douglas were charged with violating the state constitution by issuing a mandamus against the state auditor and state treasurer in 1900 to compel payment of the salary of theophilus white, a shell fish commissioner and a fusionist, whose office had been abolished by the 1899 legislature. the duties of the office had been vested in a seven - member commission. the precedent for office as property had been set in hoke v. henderson ( 1833 ). in 1897 the supreme court had upheld that precedent in the state hospital cases \u2014 notably wood v. bellamy and lusk v. sawyer \u2014 the effect of which was to continue in office democrats and to prevent fusionists from assuming control of state institutions. the court, though dominated by three republicans and one populist, had voted unanimously in those cases. in later cases arising in 1899, however, justices walter clark, the progressive democrat, and walter montgomery, the populist, had rejected the hoke v. henderson precedent even though the republican majority, consisting of faircloth, fur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43476988314023235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.760307"} {"text": "those cases. in later cases arising in 1899, however, justices walter clark, the progressive democrat, and walter montgomery, the populist, had rejected the hoke v. henderson precedent even though the republican majority, consisting of faircloth, furches, and douglas, continued to uphold it. thus, the supreme court ruled in white v. hill and white v. the auditor that the office of shell fish commissioner had not been abolished by the 1899 legislature because the same duties still resided with the new commission. according to the republican majority on the court, white was entitled to serve the last two years of his term and receive proper compensation as stipulated by the mandamus. justice clark lodged a vigorous protest and warned that any state officials executing the mandamus might be subject to impeachment as the court had not voted unanimously for the measure. despite the objections of henry connor, the house passed the articles of impeachment and a senate trial, lasting seventeen days, commenced. the key to the prosecution ' s case was whether the mandamus that ordered the payment of white ' s salary came within the constitution ' s definition of a \" claim against the state. \" the senate, refusing to convict the justices, acquitted them of all charges. fabius h. busbee, a counsel for the respondents in the senate trial, declared afterwards that \" the impeachment was political prosecution and instituted to prevent apprehended dangers, rather than to punish past offenses. \" connor, who was elected to the supreme court in 1902, had the privilege of writing the opinion in the case of mial v. ellington ( 1903 ), which overruled the precedent of hoke v. henderson. furches ' s term expired in 1903, and he returned to statesville to practice law in the firm of furches, coble, and nicholson. although he was married twice \u2014 to eliza bingham and lula corpening \u2014 he had no children. furches was a member of the episcopal church. \" address of william p. bynum, jr., presenting a portrait of the late chief justice david m. furches to the supreme court of north carolina, may 11, 1909 \" ( north carolina collection, university of north carolina, chapel hill ). samuel a. ashe, ed., biographical history of north carolina, vol. 1 ( 1905 ). aubrey l. brooks, walter clark : fighting judge ( 1944 ). josephus daniels, editor in politics ( 1941 ). benjamin newton duke papers ( manuscript department, library,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.419326967520759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.761362"} {"text": "., biographical history of north carolina, vol. 1 ( 1905 ). aubrey l. brooks, walter clark : fighting judge ( 1944 ). josephus daniels, editor in politics ( 1941 ). benjamin newton duke papers ( manuscript department, library, duke university, durham ). robert f. durden, reconstruction bonds and twentieth - century politics : south dakota v. north carolina ( 1962 ). helen g. edmonds, the negro and fusion politics in north carolina, 1894 \u2013 1901 ( 1951 ). theron p. jones, \" the gubernatorial election of 1892 in north carolina \" ( m. a. thesis, university of north carolina, 1949 ). joseph f. steelman, \" republican party strategists and the issue of fusion with populists in north carolina, 1893 \u2013 1894, \" north carolina historical review 47 ( 1970 ), and \" vicissitudes of republican party politics : the campaign of 1892 in north carolina, \" north carolina historical review 43 ( 1966 ). \" to impeach southern judges ; north carolina house votes to oust the chief and associate justice from office. \" the new york times. february 19, 1901. http : / / query. nytimes. com / mem / archive - free / pdf? res = 9507efd71138e733a2575ac1a9649c946097d6cf ( accessed april 29, 2013 ). \" answer of respondents in impeachment proceedings. \" public documents of the state of north carolina [ 1901 v. 2 ]. raleigh [ n. c. ] : edwards & broughton. 1901. http : / / digital. ncdcr. gov / cdm / ref / collection / p249901coll22 / id / 129805 ( accessed april 29, 2013 ). david furches to james mcguire, statesville, n. c. february 10, 1869. north carolina memory. davie county public library. http : / / library. digitalnc. org / cdm / ref / collection / ncmemory / id / 7658 ( accessed april 29, 2013 ). furches, david m. \" address by david m. furches, chief justice supreme court of north carolina. delivered at the masonic picnic given for the benefit of the oxford orphan asylum. mocksville, n. c., august 8th, 1901. \" [ mocksville, n. c.?, 1901 ]. http : / / library. digital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47501466747997895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.762291"} {"text": "the first watch in space on april 12, 06 : 07 gmt, 1961 juri gagarin, at the controls of vostok one, ushered in a new era, one of manned space flight, and the world was forever changed. the technology that put this man in space and brought him safely home, was some of the newest and most modern equipment available. ironically, on his wrist was a technology that was already centuries old - - watch making. it may seem odd to us now in this time of extremely accurate quartz watches, but at the time, the mechanical wrist watch was an important piece of gear, and itis accuracy and reliability were of paramount concern. in light of these concerns, the choice of watch gagarin took with him would not have been a decision made in haste. the sturmanskie, ( or \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 in cyrillic, ) which had been issued to new graduates of the prestigious orenberg flight school along with their diplomas since the late 1940is, was a logical choice, due to the high quality of the movement and inherent accuracy of the watch. gagarin would have been supplied with such a 1st moscow watch factory sturmanskie opon graduation from orenberg as well, but it is doubtful that he would have received the sturmanskie he wore into space at that time. most likely, he would have been awarded a 15 jewel watch, very similar to the one he wore in space but lacking some of the newer features that were unavailable at that time. based on an earlier french design, the lip r26, from which the soviets purchased the machinery to produce the watch. the sovietis had updated the design by adding a central seconds complication and a hacking feature that allowed the watch to be precisely stopped and synchronized with a given time signal. a critical detail on any military watch, but especially so on a navigatoris watch, where often location would be ascertained by correctly estimating where the aircraft was by accurately measuring time to distance. the sturmanskie gagarin wore into space had a highly finished ( including geneva striping! ) 17 jewel, shock protected movement. the movement was housed in a chrome plated, two - piece case measuring 33 mm across, 12 mm high, with a 16 mm lug size and had a stainless steel screw back. unlike the earlier watchis stainless steel snap back, the new watch was fully gasketed providing better water resistance. matter of fact, the sturmanskieis movement and case, were virtually identical to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4832999996607027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.774286"} {"text": "size and had a stainless steel screw back. unlike the earlier watchis stainless steel snap back, the new watch was fully gasketed providing better water resistance. matter of fact, the sturmanskieis movement and case, were virtually identical to the civilian sportivnie ( \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 ). only the dial separated the two watches visually from each other. after his world famous flight, the watch gagarin wore was donated to what was soon to become \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442 or poljot, meaning flight, in honor of gagarinis groundbreaking mission. where it currently resides as part of their present day collection. in adition to the soviets putting the first man in space, the soviets were also first in putting a women into space as well. on june 16, 1963, valentina tereshkova, on board vostok 6, spent three days in space orbiting the earth 48 times before re - entering the atmosphere and parachuting safely to earth. tereshkova, seen here in the photo, is wearing what appears to be a sturmanskie. this watch is on display in the museum of \" zvezdny gorodok \" ( star city ), the russian cosmonauts training center near moscow. picture copyright by time for a space walk without question, gagarinis flight has left an indelible mark on the annuls of manned space flight. but gagarin was not alone in being first among his peers. on june 12, 1965, cosmonaut alexi leonov became the first person to leave his space capsule and perform a space walk. he had on his wrist an equally special and well made wrist watch as the one gagarin sported. the strela, ( \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430 in cyrillic meaning arrow ) was a column wheel chronograph of an earlier venus base design. the watch had two registers, a 45 minute elapsed time totalizer and constant seconds hand, as well as a central chronograph hand that measured seconds. the watch had a chrome plated, base metal construction and was fitted with a stainless steel snap back. on early watches, the inside of the watches back are heavily damascened, in an engine turned manner. the watch, introduced in 1959 was originally only available for use by the bbc, the soviet air force. the watch was available with various dials with both non - luminous and luminous types, with tacymetric and telemetric chapter rings. there seems to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48772645694017003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.775203"} {"text": ", introduced in 1959 was originally only available for use by the bbc, the soviet air force. the watch was available with various dials with both non - luminous and luminous types, with tacymetric and telemetric chapter rings. there seems to be some debate about which version of the strela leonov wore. however, most seem to feel it was either a non - luminous cyrillic marked watch or an early, white - dialed luminous piece. the strela was a central piece of flight gear issued to cosmonauts for over 20 years, and the watch has gained the reputation of being the russian equivalent to the speedmaster. this sekonda was worn by aleksey aleksandrovich gubarev on the sojus 28 mission in march 1978. picture from the book copyright omega sa the soviets retired the strela in 1979, three years after the introduction of their new 3133 caliber chronograph. recently, new versions of the watch has been reissued by poljot. the watches differ in that they are in larger, all stainless steel cases, and utilize poljot ' s 3133 caliber movement. they are otherwise very faithful renditions of the original watch. ' nii ' is an abreviation for something like ' science technical institute '. there was at least 2 ' nii ' s associated with watchmaking. nii - chasprom was the most elite horological institute of the soviet era, who not only designed and built experimental electronic watches, but also did the certification of marine chronometers. in the early 1960s nii - chasprom made some ' electronic ' watches specifically for use in the space program. the format was 24 - hour with date. whether balance - wheel or tuning - fork is not explained anywhere, but certainly it wasn ' t quartz, because such technology did not yet exist in wristwatch size. a total of 29 were made. belyaev allegedly wore one on the voskhod - 2 mission and artyukhin on the a changing tide the soviets introduced a new chronograph caliber in 1976. called the \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d, meaning ocean, the watch was solely intended for use by the bmf, the naval branch of the military. later, other official versions, such as the sturmanskie, were introduced. whether or not the 3133 was meant as a replacement for the strela, it soon became clear that that was precisely what it was. based on the valjoux 7734", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4760807693410249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.776097"} {"text": "official versions, such as the sturmanskie, were introduced. whether or not the 3133 was meant as a replacement for the strela, it soon became clear that that was precisely what it was. based on the valjoux 7734 of which the soviets had purchased the machinery from the swiss in 1974 to begin their own production of their new caliber. the new 31 mm movement was a less complex and more robust movement than the jewel - like 3017. a simple cam design replaced the earlier watches more complex, and costly to produce, column wheel activation. and for the first time in history a russian chronograph was equipped with shock at 38 mm wide and 12 mm high, with 18 mm sized lugs, the watch was equipped with unique crystal that protruded from the case a fairly steep 3 mm high. the watch came in both chrome plated and stainless steel cases. stainless steel cases having stainless steel crowns and pushers and chrome cased watches chromed crowns and pushers. all early versions of the watch had a crown at nine that turned a bezel under that purposefully high crystal that had a second hour chapter ring printed on it, making keeping track of a second time zone effortless. like the earlier strela, many different versions of the 3133 made there way into space on various missions. of note was the ill fated soyez 23 mission, that left two cosmonauts for dead atop a cracked, frozen lake bed overnight until rescue teams could safely reach the 3133 was for official - use only until 1983, when it became available to a larger public marketplace, including export varients. the 3133 is still in a slight variation of the standard 3133 is the hacking 31659 caliber version sturmanskie that was, like earlier sturmanskies, an air force - only piece. the watch is essentially a standard 3133 that has been re - engineered with a small lever that applies pressure to the outside of the balance when the crown is pulled out, freezing the balance and hacking the watch. interesting to note, in regard to this watch, is the lack of the rotating bezel and subsequently the crown at nine. below to the left is a picture of japanese journalist - cosmonaut, toyohiro akiyama taken during his historical flight. another soviet space first, akiyama was the first private citizen to buy passage on a space flight. akiyama was a member of the soyez tm - 11 mission that linked up with the mir space station.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4710700427260745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.778489"} {"text": "during his historical flight. another soviet space first, akiyama was the first private citizen to buy passage on a space flight. akiyama was a member of the soyez tm - 11 mission that linked up with the mir space station. the cost, a reported 28 million dollars, was paid by tbs, the tokyo brodcasting system. while in space, akiyama sent a series of live broadcasts back to the earth. the watch akiyama wore was an all stainless steel, soviet air force, 31659 caliber, of course, these few watches are not the only watches to be worn by cosmonauts. just about any watch that the soviets produced could have been worn in space. the list of the watches that were permitted for space flight was not as strictly regulated as say, nasa does. and it is not entirely uncommon to see cosmonauts wearing any variety of seemingly inappropriate types of watches. so, if the watch kept accurate time and possessed no real safety threat, it was considered allowable gear. vostoks and the quartz digital watch, the elektronika, ( like the one seen on cosmonaut v m afanasyev in the photo very often accompanied cosmonauts on their trips to the cosmos almost as often as poljotis were. digital watches and the soviet space program based on available footage it would appear that from about 1980 digital watches enjoyed widespread use in the soviet space program. this is most likely due to the majority of missions being long duration within the confines of a space station. under such circumstances, a compact watch with built - in alarm and chronograph would be highly useful. however an lcd cannot be safely used in open space, and there have been concerns regarding the shielding of the electronic components from the ravages of cosmic radiation. so for eva duties the standard was, and remains, mechanical watches only. pictured above, is a belarusian - built elektronica 52b. the elektronika watches had quartz digital modules, came in chrome - plated cases made of base metal. the watches did, however, have corrosion resistant stainless steel backs. german democratic republic ( gdr ) pictured below is the ruhla east german cosmonaut sigmund jshn was wearing this watch in 1978 on board of the soyuz - 31 mission. it was the first analogue quartz wrist - watch generation from the ruhla factory and was very similar to the ruhla cal. 24 mechanical. this is presumably the only watch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49221649347589835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.779690"} {"text": "wearing this watch in 1978 on board of the soyuz - 31 mission. it was the first analogue quartz wrist - watch generation from the ruhla factory and was very similar to the ruhla cal. 24 mechanical. this is presumably the only watch besides the nii electric that was specifically designed for spaceflight and actually used for that purpose. history of creation : story by vladimir \u0430. dzhanibekov, twice the hero of soviet union, pilot - cosmonaut of ussr : september of 1985. \" salute e 7 \" station. it is midnight in moscow. it is also our local time. maintenance work going on... ice age. the flood at the station has already pasted. victor savinyh is cozily sleeping in a sleeping - bag in front of me. the \" deaf \" circuits without communication with center are going. - i wonder where we are flying? - i ' m asking almost in sleep, - above clouds i assume... falling asleep i idly thinking that it would be great to have a watch with globe like the one at on the central stand. or, with a map on the dial. but to have it on my hand... and without need to leave the warm sleeping bag to check... and soon getting back in again thinking that i was right and we were actually over clouds and under clouds were waters of the atlantic ocean... all right,.. water is there where clouds are. why our planet called the earth and not the water?.. this was the way the idea of \" cosmonavigator \" was born that salyut - 7 rescue was a classic bit of flying by dzhanibekov. he had to dock the spacecraft to a tumbling station with no beacon, just a laser rangefinder, sharp eyes and november 2004 yuri shargin has tested his private shturmanskie based on a poljot 31681 movement ( complication variant of the famous 3133 ) in space expedition. gallery of space related watches unknown watch used during a spacewalk for all the writing and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5206407524535803, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.780521"} {"text": "playing behind, in the middle, and ahead of the beat this book has already talked a lot about time. but what really is time? if you use a metronome ( see chapter 15 ) you will realize that time is a strict and rigid pulse. however, your playing should be fluid and graceful, not mechanical. so how do you play in time and yet avoid stiff playing? in order to do this, you need to create the illusion of playing loose all the while maintaining near - metronomic time. in order to do this, you will need to understand what it means to play behind, in the middle, and ahead of the beat. moreover, you should learn how to play all three ways. some styles of music naturally sound like they have a lot of push or forward momentum ; others naturally sound logy or relaxed. the first step in playing any style of music is to understand the nature of the music. ballads or slow songs naturally want to sound relaxed and placid. in order to execute slower material, you should play slightly on top of the beat. if you don ' t, the music might start to drag or protract. there is nothing worse than a lazy tempo that runs out of steam altogether. up - tempo bluegrass tunes, bebop charts, or other fast pieces usually require you to play straight down the middle of the beat. if you play a little behind the beat, the music might start to drag. conversely, if you play on top of the beat, the music might rush or speed up. if the song is already lightning fast, the last thing you ' ll want to do is to make it faster. this is because the faster you play the harder it is to maintain clean technique. if you rush on a fast tune, you will unwittingly sabotage your own playing. certain styles of rock music require you to play a little behind the beat. select late - period beatles tunes, funk and soul music, and nearly everything the rolling stones recorded uses a kind of behind - the - beat groove. also, select blues shuffles and new orleans swamp blues requires that you play on the back end of the beat. playing behind the beat creates that phat, funky sound that makes these styles of music so infectious and popular. other styles of music like punk and ska require you to play on top of the beat. when you play these styles, your playing should have an impatient, urgent feel to it. the excitement of these styles comes from the high - octane drive of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46388651681648546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.783093"} {"text": "surgeons in the us have performed what they claim is the most extensive full - face transplant yet performed, repairing the face of a 37 - year - old man who lost his lips and nose 15 years ago in a gunshot accident. the graft could reveal better ways to stop a patient ' s body rejecting donated tissue. richard lee norris of hillsville, virginia, received almost the entire face from a donor. the donated tissue ran from the scalp and included all elements of the face down to \u2013 but not including \u2013 the collar bones. it also contained the bones of both jaws, teeth devoid of any fillings, and the third of the tongue extending to its tip. \" all these segments have been transplanted in the past and the other groups of surgeons have led the way for us, but no one has included all these components, \" says lead surgeon eduardo rodriguez of the university of maryland medical center in baltimore, where the 36 - hour operation took place on 19 and 20 march. the other major innovation is the inclusion in the jaws of the donor ' s bone marrow, still fed by blood vessels, which could mean that norris will need less immunosuppressing therapy to stop his body rejecting the foreign grafts. experiments by rodriguez ' s team in animals \u2013 published last year in the american journal of transplantation ( doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1600 - 6143. 2011. 03551. x ) \u2013 demonstrated that transplants suffer less rejection by the immune system if they include \" vascularised \" bone marrow fed by blood vessels, than if there is no bone at all in the transplant. \" we have confirmation of that in vascularised bone transplants, \" says rodriguez. \" so vascularised bone marrow might be better than infusions of bone marrow stem cells to create a situation where the donor and recipient cells can live in chimeric harmony. \" the hope is that the same effect will be seen in norris. \" the good thing is the large vascularised bone marrow content, which has potential to assist in the long - term survival of the graft, \" says rodriguez. the breakthrough continues a trend of steadily larger facial grafts since the first, in 2005, on isabelle dinoire in france. that graft covered only the lower part of her face. a spanish team in 2010 announced what they claimed was the first full - face transplant, but rodriguez says that it didn ' t include the tongue. \" the reason surgeons are transplanting more and more tissue is because increasingly difficult patients with more and more deficits are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43705910451489954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.787887"} {"text": "team in 2010 announced what they claimed was the first full - face transplant, but rodriguez says that it didn ' t include the tongue. \" the reason surgeons are transplanting more and more tissue is because increasingly difficult patients with more and more deficits are being considered for transplant, \" says maria siemionow of the cleveland clinic foundation in ohio, the surgeon whose team carried out the first us face transplant in 2008. but siemionow says it doesn ' t necessarily mean that \" more is better \", as there are risks in removing perfectly functional pre - existing tissue to replace it with donated tissue. \" and you have potential problems with bail - out or rescue procedures if the graft goes wrong. \" for example, siemionow ' s transplant patient, connie culp, had functional upper eyelids, so it would have been risky to sacrifice those to replace them with donated tissue. according to siemionow, the most important advance in face transplants over the previous practice of using skin grafts is that the transplant includes functional elements such as nerves and muscles which integrate with the patient ' s own to give them abilities they may have lost through an accident. norris, for example, couldn ' t chew food or speak properly, but has the promise to do so now that he has new jaws and teeth, and a complete tongue which should enable him to pronounce words properly. meanwhile, culp can now breathe independently, smile, eat solid food, smell, and sense full feelings in her face, none of which she could do before. siemionow says the biggest unsolved challenge remains the need for lifelong immunosuppression. \" that ' s a very important goal for the future, \" she says. she adds that it remains to be seen whether rodriguez ' s claims for vascularised bone marrow improving acceptance will prove correct. another important development is coordination between transplant providers. a us and international registry of potential recipients is to be launched later this year. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4296571662149433, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.788896"} {"text": "macgregor campbell, consultant here ' s a freaky twist on a classic illusion. thomas papathomas, a vision researcher at rutgers university in new brunswick, new jersey, has created a new variation on the hollow - mask illusion - where viewers find it difficult to distinguish whether they are seeing a mask ' s interior or its exterior. papathomas ' s version uses both a hollow mask and a hollow torso, each inverted from the other so that when the head is concave, the torso is convex, and vice - versa. as the torso and head rotate, in the same direction, they appear to rotate oppositely to one another, resulting in the head appearing to twist unnaturally. papathomas calls this the \" exorcist illusion, \" referring to a famous scene in the 1973 horror movie, the exorcist, in which a girl possessed by the devil twists her head around a full 360 degrees. this illusion requires no satanic involvement however. a constantly rotating hollow mask - or torso - appears to rotate in one direction when the exterior is facing the viewer, and the opposite direction when the interior faces the viewer. since the brain and the torso are inverted from one another, when one appears to rotate clockwise, the other seems to rotate anticlockwise. papathomas created this illusion for the neural correlate society ' s 2012 illusion of the year contest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5220410024619693, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.791469"} {"text": "source newsroom : smithsonian institution newswise \u2014 this smithsonian snapshot celebrates black history month with the 1960 greensboro lunch counter from the smithsonian \u2019 s national museum of american history. on feb. 1, 1960, four african american college students \u2014 ezell a. blair jr. ( now jibreel khazan ), franklin e. mccain, joseph a. mcneil and david l. richmond \u2014 sat down at this \" whites only \" lunch counter at the woolworth ' s store in greensboro, n. c., and politely asked for service. their request was refused, and when asked to leave, the students remained in their seats in protest. for the six months that followed, hundreds of students, civil rights organizations, churches and members of the community joined the protest and boycotted the store. their commitment ultimately led to the desegregation of the f. w. woolworth lunch counter july 25, 1960. their peaceful sit - down was a watershed event in the struggle for civil rights and helped ignite a youth - led movement to challenge racial inequality throughout the south. to learn more about freedom and justice in american history, visit the national museum of american history \u2019 s \u201c separate is not equal \u201d online exhibition website. this item is one of 137 million artifacts, works of art and specimens in the smithsonian \u2019 s collection. it is currently on display at the national museum of american history ; to learn more about it, visit the museum \u2019 s website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4608495234204933, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.793050"} {"text": "every year in the uk, thousands of people die or are seriously injured in accidents. many of these deaths could be prevented if first aid is given at the scene of the accident before emergency services arrive. what to do if someone is injured in an accident : - first check that you and the casualty are not in any danger. if you are, make the situation safe. - when it ' s safe to do so, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance, if necessary. - carry out basic first aid. read more information about what to do after an accident. if someone is unconscious and breathing if a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life - threatening conditions, they should be placed in the recovery position. if someone is unconscious and not breathing if a person is not breathing normally after an accident, call for an ambulance and then, if you can, start cpr straight away. read more about cpr, including instructions and a video on hands - only cpr. first aid courses the information on these pages gives some guidance on common first aid situations. however, it is not a replacement for doing a first aid training course. basic first aid courses are run regularly in most areas around the uk. st john ambulance and the british red cross both provide a selection of first aid courses. common accidents and emergencies below, in alphabetical order, are some of the most common injuries needing emergency treatment in the uk and information on how to deal with them. anaphylaxis ( or anaphylactic shock ) is a severe allergic reaction that can occur after an insect sting or after a person eats certain foods, for example. the reaction can be very fast, happening within seconds or minutes of contact with the thing a person is allergic to. during anaphylactic shock, a person may find it difficult to breathe and their tongue and throat may also swell, obstructing their airway. if you suspect a person is experiencing anaphylactic shock, call 999 or 112 straight away. check if the person is carrying any medication. some people who know they have severe allergies may carry epinephrine on them. this is a kind of adrenaline and usually comes in a pre - loaded syringe. you can either help the person administer their medication or, if you ' re trained to do so, give it to them yourself. make sure they are comfortable and can breathe as best they can while waiting for medical help to arrive. if they are conscious, sitting upright is normally the best position for them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40659646625739354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.804599"} {"text": "if you ' re trained to do so, give it to them yourself. make sure they are comfortable and can breathe as best they can while waiting for medical help to arrive. if they are conscious, sitting upright is normally the best position for them. read more about treating anaphylaxis. burns and scalds in the event of a burn or scald : - cool the burn as quickly as possible with cold ( but not ice - cold ) running water for a minimum of 10 minutes or until the pain is relieved. - call 999 or seek medical help if necessary. - while cooling the burn, carefully remove any clothing or jewellery, unless it is attached to the skin. - keep the person warm using a blanket or layers of clothing ( avoiding the injured area ) to prevent hypothermia. this is a risk if you are cooling a large burnt area, particularly in babies, children and elderly people. - cover the burn lengthways with strips of cling film or a clean plastic bag if the burn is on a hand or foot. if no plastic film is available, use a sterile dressing or non - fluffy material. - do not put creams, lotions or sprays on the burn. - if appropriate, raise the limb to reduce the swelling and offer pain relief. for chemical burns, wear protective gloves, remove any clothing affected, brush the chemical off the skin if it is a powder and rinse the burn with cold running water for a minimum of 20 minutes. if possible, determine what has caused the injury. be careful not to injure yourself, and wear protective clothing if necessary. call 999 or 112 and arrange immediate medical attention. read more information about how to treat burns and scalds. if someone has severe bleeding, the main aim is to prevent further loss of blood and minimise the effects of shock ( see below ). first, dial 999 and ask for an ambulance as soon as possible. if you have disposable gloves, then use them to reduce the risk of any infection being passed on. check that there is nothing embedded in the wound. if there is, take care not to press down on the object. instead, press firmly on either side of the object and build up padding around it before bandaging to avoid putting pressure on the object itself. if there is nothing embedded : - apply and maintain pressure to the wound with your hand, using a clean pad if possible. - use a clean dressing to bandage the wound firmly. - if the wound is on a limb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3932676103499304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.805681"} {"text": "pressure on the object itself. if there is nothing embedded : - apply and maintain pressure to the wound with your hand, using a clean pad if possible. - use a clean dressing to bandage the wound firmly. - if the wound is on a limb and there are no fractures, raise the limb to decrease the flow of blood. if a body part has been severed, such as a finger, do not put it in direct contact with ice. wrap it in a plastic bag or cling film, then wrap it in a soft material and keep it cool. once it is wrapped, if possible, place the severed body part in crushed ice. always seek medical help for the bleeding unless it is minor. if someone has a nosebleed that has not stopped after 20 minutes, go to the nearest hospital ' s accident and emergency department ( a & e ). read more information on : the information below is for choking in adults and children over one year old. read information about what to do if a baby under one year old is choking. if the airway is only partly blocked, the person will usually be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe. in situations like this, a person will usually be able to clear the blockage themselves. if choking is mild : - encourage the person to continue coughing to try to clear the blockage. - remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth using your first two fingers and thumb. if the obstruction is severe and the person is struggling to breathe, give up to five back blows ( between the shoulder blades ), using the heel of your hand. carefully check the mouth and, if possible, remove any obstruction after every blow. if this does not clear the obstruction, perform abdominal thrusts by following the steps below. this technique should not be used on babies under one year old, pregnant women or people who are obese : - stand behind the person who is choking. - place your arms around their waist and bend them well forward. - clench one first and place it just above the person ' s belly button and below the breastbone. - place your other hand on top, then pull sharply inwards and upwards. - repeat this up to five times until the object stuck in their throat comes out of their mouth. the aim is to get the obstruction out with each chest thrust rather than necessarily doing all five. if the obstruction does not clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance and continue until help arrives. the person choking should always be checked over by a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44318986678943645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.806592"} {"text": "with each chest thrust rather than necessarily doing all five. if the obstruction does not clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance and continue until help arrives. the person choking should always be checked over by a health professional afterwards to check for any injuries caused by abdominal thrusts or any smaller pieces of the obstruction that remain. read more information about what to do if someone is choking. once the person is on land, if they are not breathing, give five initial rescue breaths before starting cpr. if you are alone, perform cpr for one minute before calling for emergency help. find out how to give cpr, including rescue breaths. if the person is unconscious but still breathing, put them in the recovery position with their head lower than their body to allow water to drain out, and call an ambulance immediately. if someone has been electrocuted, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance. switch off the electrical current at the mains to break the contact between the person and the electrical supply. if you cannot reach the mains supply : - protect yourself by standing on some insulating material ( such as a phone book ). - using something dry and non - metal, such as a wooden broom handle, push the person away from the electrical source, or move the source away from the person if this is easier. - do not go near or touch the person until you are sure any electrical supply has been cut off. - if the person is not breathing, carry out cpr and call an ambulance. always seek medical help unless the shock is very minor. it can be difficult to tell if a person has a broken bone, or a joint or muscle injury. if you ' re in any doubt, treat the injury as a broken bone. if the person is unconscious, has difficulty breathing or is bleeding severely, these should be dealt with first. if the person is conscious, prevent any further injury by keeping them still until you get them safely to hospital. assess the injury and decide the best way to get them to hospital. if they have a broken finger or arm, you may be able to drive them yourself without causing more harm. if they have a broken spine or leg, call for an ambulance. - support the limb. do not move the person but keep them in the position you found them in. support the injured part with anything you have handy, for example rolled up blankets or clothes. - get them to hospital, either by driving them yourself ( if they have a minor fracture ) or call", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43094222742482213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.807533"} {"text": "but keep them in the position you found them in. support the injured part with anything you have handy, for example rolled up blankets or clothes. - get them to hospital, either by driving them yourself ( if they have a minor fracture ) or call for an ambulance. - look out for signs of shock. if the person is pale, cold and clammy, has a weak pulse and rapid shallow breathing, they are probably in shock ( see below ). if you think that the person may have shock, lie them down and loosen any tight clothing. do not raise an injured leg. otherwise, if their injuries allow, raise their legs above the level of their heart by placing something suitable under their feet such as blankets or cushions. do not give the person anything to eat or drink as they may need a general anaesthetic when they reach hospital. read more information about specific broken bones : a heart attacks is one of the most common life - threatening heart conditions in the uk. if you think a person is having or has had a heart attack, make them as comfortable as possible and call 999 or 112 for an ambulance. symptoms of a heart attack include : - chest pain \u2013 the pain is usually located in the centre of the chest and can feel like a sensation of pressure, tightness or squeezing - pain in other parts of the body \u2013 it can feel as if the pain is travelling from the chest to one or both arms, jaw, neck, back or abdomen sit the person down, if possible in the \" w \" position ( sitting up with the knees bent ). if they are conscious, reassure them and give them a 300mg aspirin tablet to chew slowly ( unless there is any reason not to give them aspirin, for example if they are under 16 or allergic to it ). if the person has any medication for angina, such as a spray or tablets, help them to take it. monitor their vital signs, such as breathing, until help arrives. if the person becomes unconscious, open their airway, check their breathing and, if necessary, start cpr. being poisoned is potentially life threatening. most cases of poisoning in the uk occur when a person has swallowed a toxic substance such as bleach, prescription drugs or wild plants and fungi. if you think someone has swallowed a poisonous substance, call 999 or 112 to get immediate medical help. the effects of poisoning depend on the substance swallowed but can include vomiting, loss of consciousness, pain or a burning sensation : - find out what has been swallowed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4260514145811518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.808561"} {"text": "you think someone has swallowed a poisonous substance, call 999 or 112 to get immediate medical help. the effects of poisoning depend on the substance swallowed but can include vomiting, loss of consciousness, pain or a burning sensation : - find out what has been swallowed so you can tell the paramedic or doctor. - do not give the person anything to eat or drink unless a health professional advises you to. - never try to induce vomiting. if the person is unconscious, while you wait for help : - make sure the airway is open and they are breathing. you open the airway by gently tilting the head back and lifting the chin to move the tongue away from the back of the mouth. - if they are breathing, put them in the recovery position, preferably with their head down so any vomit can escape without being swallowed or inhaled. - if they are not breathing, perform cpr until they start breathing or medical help arrives. - if there are any chemicals on their mouth, use a face shield or pocket mask to protect yourself if you give rescue breaths. read more information about treating someone who has been poisoned. in the case of a serious injury or illness, it is important to watch for signs of shock. shock is a life - threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails and, as a result, deprives the vital organs of oxygen. this is usually due to severe blood loss, but it can also happen after severe burns, severe vomiting, a heart attack, bacterial infection or severe allergic reaction ( anaphylaxis ). the type of shock described here is not the same thing as the emotional response of feeling shocked, which can also occur after an accident. signs of shock include : - pale, cold, clammy skin - rapid, shallow breathing - weakness and dizziness - feeling sick and possibly vomiting if you notice any signs of shock in a casualty, seek medical help immediately : - dial 999 or 112 as soon as possible and ask for an ambulance. - treat any obvious injuries. - lay the person down if their injuries allow you to, and raise and support their legs. - use a coat or blanket to keep them warm, but not smothered. - do not give them anything to eat or drink. - give lots of comfort and reassurance. - monitor the person. if they stop breathing, start cpr. fast is the most important thing to remember when dealing with people who have had a stroke. the earlier they receive treatment, the better. call for emergency medical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4320354134181138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.809538"} {"text": "xii. this activity involves reading a scenario and discussing the correct way for a school bus driver to handle it. options for using the scenarios can be found on page 5. follow these steps to conduct the activity. - review the instructions ( xii. a - d ) with the participants. - read the scenario slowly. note : there are 10 scenarios, covering the various conditions addressed in the module. you will not need to use all of them. if you have presented the entire module, you can choose 5 - 6 of the scenarios. if you have only presented one section of the module, you can use a scenario that corresponds to that section. you may choose to develop your own scenarios using weather conditions particular to your local area. - ask participants to say how that scenario should be handled by the school bus driver. in each scenario the school bus is a medium - sized conventional bus equipped with a two - way radio and carrying middle school students. note : one alternative would be to first have each participant write down how he or she would handle the situation. then discuss the scenario as a group. this process ensures that each school bus driver will have had to think about the scenario. - record the responses on a flip chart. - after all the responses are listed, ask if certain actions need to happen before others. starting with # 1, indicate the order in which the actions should happen. note : with each scenario, the correct actions are listed in the order in which they should occur. if the order isnit important, the actions are preceded by a bullet instead of a number.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47419138342850653, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.812585"} {"text": "the nobel prize in chemistry 1969 derek barton, odd hassel derek harold richard barton was born on 8 september 1918, son of william thomas and maude henrietta barton. in 1938 he entered imperial college, university of london, where he obtained his b. sc. hons. ( 1st class ) in 1940 and ph. d. ( organic chemistry ) in 1942. from 1942 to 1944 he was a research chemist on a government project, from1944 - 1945 he was with messrs. albright and wilson, birmingham. in 1945 he became assistant lecturer in the department of chemistry of imperial college, from 1946 - 1949 he was i. c. i. research fellow. in 1949 he obtained his d. sc. from the same university. during 1949 - 1950 he was visiting lecturer in the chemistry of natural products, at the department of chemistry, harvard university ( u. s. a. ). in 1950 he was appointed reader in organic chemistry and in 1953 professor at college. in 1955 he became regius professor of chemistry at the university of glasgow, in 1957 he was appointed professor of organic chemistry at imperial college, which position he still in 1950, in a brief paper in experientia entitled \" the conformation of the steroid nucleus \", professor barton showed that organic molecules in general and steroid molecules in particular could be assigned a preferred conformation based upon results accumulated by chemical physicists, in particular by odd hassel. having chosen a preferred conformation, it was demonstrated that the chemical and physical properties of a molecule could be interpreted in terms of that preferred conformation. in molecules containing fixed rings, such as the steroids, there resulted a simple relationship between configuration and conformation, such that configurations could be predicted once the possible conformations for the products of a reaction could be analysed. thus the subject \" conformational analysis \" had begun. barton later determined the geometry of many other natural product molecules using this method. conformational analysis is useful in the elucidation of configuration, in the planning of organic synthesis, and in the analysis of reaction mechanisms. it will be fundamental to a complete understanding of enzymatic processes. prof. barton was invited to deliver the following special lectures : 1956, max tischler lecturer at harvard university ; 1958, first simonsen memorial lecturer of the chemical society ; 1961, falk - plaut lecturer, columbia university ; 1962, aub lecturer at harvard medical school ; renaud lecturer at michigan state university ; inaugural 3 m ' s lecturer, university of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5070758777592106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.817765"} {"text": "first simonsen memorial lecturer of the chemical society ; 1961, falk - plaut lecturer, columbia university ; 1962, aub lecturer at harvard medical school ; renaud lecturer at michigan state university ; inaugural 3 m ' s lecturer, university of western ontario ; 1963, hugo muller lecturer of the chemical society ; 3 m ' s lecturer at the university of minnesota ; 1967, pedler lecturer of the chemical society ; 1969, sandin lecturer at the university of alberta ; 1970, graham young lectureship, glasgow. in 1958 prof. barton was arthur d. little visiting professor at massachusetts institute of technology, cambridge, mass. ; in 1959 karl folkers visiting professor at the universities of illinois and wisconsin. in 1954 derek barton was elected to fellowship of the royal society, in 1956 he became fellow of the royal society of edinburgh ; in 1965 he was appointed member of the council for scientific policy of the u. k. ; in 1969 he became president of section b, british association for the advancement of science, and president of the organic chemistry division of the international union of pure and applied chemistry. professor barton holds the following honours and awards : 1951, first corday - morgan medal of the chemical society ; 1956, fritzsche medal of the american chemical society ; 1959, first roger adams medal of the american chemical society ; 1960, foreign honorary member of the american academy of arts and sciences ; 1961, davy medal of the royal society ; 1962, d. sc. h. c. montpellier ; 1964, d. sc. h. c. dublin ; 1967, honorary fellow of the deutsche akademie der naturforscher \" leopoldina \" ; 1969, honorary member of sociedad quimica de mexico ; 1970, d. sc. h. c. st. andrews : fellow of birkbeck college ; honorary member of the belgian chemical society ; foreign associate of the national academy of sciences ; honorary member of the chilean chemical society ; d. sc. h. c., columbia university, new york ; 1971, first award in natural product chemistry, chemical society ( london ) ; d. sc. h. c., coimbra ( portugal ) ; elected foreign member of the academia das ciencias de lisboa ; 1972, d. sc. h. c. university of oxford ; longstaff medal of the chemical society. derek barton was first married to jeanne kate wilkins but this marriage was later dissolved. he is now married to christiane cognet, a professor of the lycee francais", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41459503943275444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.818739"} {"text": "learn how to write text quickly and efficiently with your phone \u2019 s keyboard. use the on - screen keyboard writing with the on - screen keyboard is easy and fun. you can use the keyboard when holding your phone in portrait or landscape mode. tap a text box. 1 \u2014 character keys 2 \u2014 shift key 3 \u2014 numbers and symbols key 4 \u2014 language key 5 \u2014 smiley key 6 \u2014 space key 7 \u2014 enter key 8 \u2014 backspace key the keyboard layout can vary in different apps and languages. the language key is only shown when more than one language is selected. the example shows the english keyboard. tap the shift key. to switch caps lock mode on, double - tap the key. to return to normal mode, tap the shift key again. tap the numbers and symbols key. to see more special character keys, tap the shift key. some special character keys bring up more symbols. to see more symbols, tap and hold a symbol or special character. to put a full stop at the end of a sentence, and to start a new sentence, tap the space key twice. to quickly type in a number or special character, while holding the numbers and symbol key, slide your finger to the character, and lift your finger. tap a word, drag the circles before and after the word to highlight the section you want to copy, and tap. to paste the text, tap. tap and hold the character, and tap the accented character. tap the backspace key. tap the language key repeatedly until the language you want is shown. the language key is only shown when more than one language is selected. tap and hold the text until you see the cursor. without lifting your finger, drag the cursor to the place you want. use keyboard word suggestions your phone suggests words as you write, to help you write quickly and more accurately. word suggestions are available in several languages. when you start writing a word, your phone suggests possible words. when the word you want is shown in the suggestion bar, select the word. to see more suggestions, swipe left. if the suggested word is marked in bold, your phone automatically uses it to replace the word you wrote. if the word is wrong, tap it, and you see the original word and a few other suggestions. if you notice that you have misspelled a word, tap it, and you see suggestions for correcting the word. if the word you want isn ' t in the dictionary, write the word, tap it, and tap the plus sign (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4362071929789417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.822292"} {"text": "ridgewood high school teacher lauded by nj inventors hall of fame a few years ago, using blackberry juice and titanium dioxide, a non - toxic ingredient found in powdered sugar, ridgewood \" high school ( rhs ) science teacher lillian labowsky and her students began making dye - sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells with enough \" juice \" to power a calculator. three years after labowsky began the project, which was funded through a national science foundation ( nsf ) program that paired graduate students and grade school teachers to promote science education, it is clear labowsky did not just help her students make power - she also empowered them to invent. for her involvement in the innovative two - year project, labowsky has received accolades from both the state and the \" district. the physics and chemistry teacher was recently recognized by the board of education ( boe ) for the 2012 \" advancement of invention \" award she received from the new jersey inventors hall of fame ( njihof ) in \" october. she was one of only 25 scientists in the state, including three nobel prize laureates, to be inducted in the hall of fame. labowsky was nominated for the award by a stevens institute of technology graduate who helped her with the nsf program project. she was chosen because, according to the njihof, her teaching is \" inspiring the next generation of scientists. \" in a press release, her passion for science was deemed of \" special note \" and called \" inspiring \" by njihof president les avery. it was a high honor worthy of a teacher whose students, when contacted, spoke of her obvious passion and enthusiasm. it was also not the first time nobel prize winners have been closely associated with labowsky, who said she was inspired to teach by her yale university thesis adviser john fenn, winner of the 2002 nobel prize in chemistry. \" it is my goal to try to inspire young scientists just as [ professor ] fenn inspired me, \" said labowsky, who attended fenn ' s nobel prize ceremony. while labowsky is no longer participating in the nsf program because of a two - year limitation, the solar cell project \" is still going strong, \" she said. it has been integrated into her curriculum and expanded into a larger nanotechnology project. \" i hope this project will serve as an enriching real world connection for my students, \" she said. \" we will continue to make blackberry juice solar cells to run small electronics as we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5088615739621681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.824826"} {"text": "early 1900s in n. america life in the 1900 ' s was depressing and was an era filled with extremely hard and strenous work that didn ' t offer any future for the average canadian in doing better. if you were an average wage earner you would be virtually stuck in the same job for the rest of your life, while rich maintained their wealth mainly caused by the low taxes. living conditions were poor for average canadians and even worse for the arriving immigrants. at this time some of the modern convienences were just being invented and even if it were for sale only the extremely rich had the option of purchasing the items. sports being very new, in the aspect of it being organized was small time compared to present day. travelling required time and was uncomfortable. only the rich could have the luxurious accomadations for those long journeys. many jobs were available to most people but you were under constant scrutiny while working and would have to be willing to do any thing the boss wanted. i believe my friends and i would most likely resent and despise it if we had to live in the 1900 ' s. during the 1900 ' s horses played a significant role in the everyday life. a horse drawn carriage would bring a docter to the house of where a baby would be born. a hearse was pulled by horses to the cemetery when somebody died. farmers used them to pull their ploughs while town dwellers kept them for transportation around town. horses puled delivery wagons for businesses such as bakery, dairy, and coal company. horses pulled fire engines through the streets in a fire emergency. the bicycle was widely accepted by canadians because of its easy maintence compared to a horse. the bike allowed an option of transportation. the bicycle also gave a sense of freedom to virtually anybody willing to learn. henry ford revolutionized the world we live in by inventing the \" horseless carriage \", if it had not been for him, instead of taking the go bus in the morning we ' d be riding a horse named wanda. not only did his invention offer a method of transportation to the public, but it helped with our emergency services such as fire engines, police cars, and ambulances. now we have a large variety of cars to choose from varying in size and price. he also brought a large profitable industry to north america... the car industry. back then there weren ' t many problems that they created. today, we have our deteriorating ozone layer, poisonous chemicals that come from exhaust fumes ( co2 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44611501183229735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.831860"} {"text": "he also brought a large profitable industry to north america... the car industry. back then there weren ' t many problems that they created. today, we have our deteriorating ozone layer, poisonous chemicals that come from exhaust fumes ( co2 ) ( carbon monoxide ). not to mention the traffic accidents, parking problems and traffic jams in downtown toronto. 11 years previous to ww i orville and wilbur wright made a successful flight in the first airplane at the beach of kitty hawk, north carolina. although the flight only lasted 12 seconds it would change the way we see the world. the telephone allowed the houseneeds to be satisfied without leaving they ' re homes. women received an oppurtunity to work as a a switch board operator. i don ' t know if i can stress the importance of marconi ' s invention enough. but i can say, that without it not only would there be no t. v. or radio there would be a lot of unemployed people right now ( even more unemployed than now!!! ). the reason for that is radio provides people with jobs such as dj ' s, musical programmers etc. also, radio is a major form of advertising, without it there would not be as many advertising agencies or as many positions in this field. without t. v., advertising agencies would also face the same consequences. t. v. provides millions of people with employment in commercials, t. v. shows, and movies. baseball was the most popular sport in where the world series began in 1903. tom longboat was born in brantford, ontario and was known for outrunning a horse over a 19 km coarse. he set a record of 2 hours, 24 min and 24 seconds when he ran the boston marathon. jan 22 / 1901 queen victoria died at the age of 63 years. the queens reign stretched across the globe. with her death came modernization. in the early 1900 ' s horses were being used extensivley for all transportating duties and some manual labor jobs. a few years later the bicycle hit canada and presented the canadians with a better option of transportation mainly because of the simplicity of maintence. during these other discoveries the automobile was being perfected for use by the general public. by the 1920 ' s the automobile was no longer a rich man ' s toy and was being used by many people. 1903 saw the first succesful flight fo the airplane bh orville and wilbur wright at kitty hawk, north carolina. at about the same time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44738259606537956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.832841"} {"text": "automobile was no longer a rich man ' s toy and was being used by many people. 1903 saw the first succesful flight fo the airplane bh orville and wilbur wright at kitty hawk, north carolina. at about the same time alexander graham bell invented the telephone in nova scotia. by the turn of the century telephones had uses increased from ordering household goods to supplying jobs for women and men. 1901, signal hill in st. john ' s newfoundland guglielmo marcone received the first radio signal sent across the atlantic ocean. 20 years would elasped before radio broadcasting becomes mass entertainment. first movies were seen in the 19th century. 20 years will pass till speaking films arrive. 1903 the united states had their first world series. in canada, tom longboat was a famous runner who was famous for running faster than a horse on a 19 km course. later to be proclaimed the worlds best marathoner. in the early 1900 ' s modern covienences were just being available like bathrooms, electric washing machines, sewing machines, electric hearing aids, vacuum cleaners. the very fortuanate who could afford these items would order them from the eaton ' s catologue. all types of goods could be ordered in the eaton ' s catologue from fence posts to fashionable hats. the time period between 1901 and 1911 almost 2 million people immigrated to canada from europe, britain and the united states. due to the population growth, in 1905 alberta and saskatchewan became apart of the confederation. the railway boom in 1903 - 1904 helped elevate the employment. materials needed to build the railways and the transporting of the materials started the industrialization. urbanization led to a serious problem of overcrowding. the three economic classes were the rich, average, and the immigrants. with low taxes this allowed the rich to spend on frivalous items such as. in contrast the average would only use their money for the neccessities in survival. at the bottom were the immigrants that were forced to live in unsanitary conditions and dank, damp basements. not only were there differences of wealth or lack of but there was a difference in women and men ' s treatment. for example women did not have the freedom to enter pool room ' s, taverns and even bowling allies. choices for women were working in stores and factories. even if you came from a rich family your choices would have been nursing or teaching. coming from a poor family women tended to just become a domestic servent. women didn ' t have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4826433544333585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.833939"} {"text": "bowling allies. choices for women were working in stores and factories. even if you came from a rich family your choices would have been nursing or teaching. coming from a poor family women tended to just become a domestic servent. women didn ' t have the right to vote like the men. in 1876 dr emily stowe formed toronto women ' s literary club ( twlc ). the purpose of this club was to inform women of their rights and to help secure women ' s rights. this group persuaded u of t to admit women in 1866. also improved wages and working conditions. womens christian temperence union ( wctu ) their goal was to combat problems created by alcohol in the society. a great social speaker nellie mclung received her start in wctu to lead in the fight for equal freedom and for womens rights. conclusion after discovering information about the 1900 ' s i have come to the conclusion that in the 1900 ' s was both good and bad. it was good because of the rising industries thus raising the economy. the main industries working for canada were the railways, and road building. these industries provided needed jobs and the materials needed to complete these projects helped canada grow even more. low taxes meant you could pay for more important expenditures than paying to the government. the bad part of the 1900 ' s was the three living standards in how most people were the poor and very little were rich. the modern convienences were not available to everyone in the early 1900 ' s because these devices would have been very expensive caused by the newness of the products. even though were guys i can see how women would have despised the fact that you were not able to vote or enter any buildings without checking it if it ' s not a tavern, pool room, and a bowling alley. due to these outsanding points that stuck first in my mind i have changed my mind and believe it was both good and bad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4635300559035395, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.834894"} {"text": "aquatic invasive species voyageurs national park aims to protect interior lakes from exotic species and fish diseases exotic species such as the spiny water flea and rusty crayfish and fish diseases are threats to the aquatic ecosystems of regional lakes including those in voyageurs national park. spiny water fleas have recently invaded multiple lakes in the region, including the large lakes within voyageurs national park. rusty crayfish have invaded at least one lake in voyageurs national park and many lakes in the region. viral hemorrhagic septicemia ( vhs ), a fish disease, has not yet been introduced into any lakes in minnesota, but has caused fish kills in most of the great lakes and in some inland lakes in michigan and wisconsin. spiny water fleas ( pdf ) are tiny ( 1 / 4 - 5 / 8 \" ) crustacean zooplankton. they are native to eurasia and were introduced into the great lakes from the ballast water of ships. they threaten the park ' s aquatic ecosystems and fishing by competing with native fish for food and fouling fishing gear. research has shown that the spiny water flea can cause the following impacts : \u00b7 change the community composition of zooplankton \u00b7 compete directly with juvenile yellow perch and other small fish and minnows for food which could lead to a decrease in the abundance of these fish these impacts could alter the food web ; for instance, yellow perch are an important part of the diet of walleye, so a decrease in yellow perch abundance could hurt walleye growth. rusty crayfish are native to the ohio river drainage but have invaded lakes in wisconsin and minnesota in recent years. they were found in sand point lake in 2006. rusty crayfish are more aggressive than native crayfish and can eliminate native crayfish and aquatic plants, causing great change to the aquatic ecosystem of invaded lakes. please do not move live crayfish from one lake to another, and remember that it is illegal to use live crayfish for bait in any lake in voyageurs national park. viral hemorrhagic septicemia ( vhs ) is a viral fish disease that has been found in all of the great lakes except lake superior. it can kill many species of game fish including walleye and muskellunge. it could easily be spread to minnesota lakes since many people travel between areas with infected lakes and minnesota, and the virus that causes the disease can be spread by moving infected bait or water to uninfected lakes. although vhs causes mortality in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42023258174140327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.841433"} {"text": "interior lakes program and commercial use authorizations on mukooda lake ) \u00b7 no float plane landings on interior lakes if you plan to recreate on the interior lakes in voyageurs national park, please follow these best management practices ( pdf ) : \u00b7 bring a separate set of gear that is likely to contact lake water ( including fishing gear ) to use on the interior lakes, or before using any gear on an interior lake, make sure that all gear has been thoroughly dried for at least 5 days or washed with hot water ( > 140 degrees f ) for at least one minute \u00b7 when leaving any lake, remove aquatic plans and animals, including gelatinous or cotton batting - like material from equipment, including fishing line spiny water fleas are readily spread to uninfested lakes due to their small size, hardiness, and a tendency to cling to equipment. when spiny water fleas or other exotic species stick to equipment within infested waters and are transported to uninfested waters on this equipment without being desiccated or killed with hot water, they may start a new infestation. the interim regulations and best management practices have been developed to eliminate the following likely means of transmitting fish disease and exotic species to the interior lakes of the park : using infested gear in the interior lakes, landing aircraft on the interior lakes during the open - water season, portaging private watercraft to interior lakes, and the use of any bait other than artificial bait in the interior lakes. additional note : although non - aquatic baits will not spread aquatic exotic species or fish diseases, some of the most common non - aquatic baits are exotic species, for example, earthworms ( including nightcrawlers ). since exotics such as earthworms have negative effects on the terrestrial ecosystem ( in addition to the negative effects that aquatic exotic species and fish diseases have on aquatic ecosystems ), park management has chosen to allow only artificial bait on the interior lakes. the park will conduct a program about exotic species and vhs for any interested party or organization. to schedule a program call tawnya schoewe at 218 - 283 - 6670 or e - mail us. with your help and careful actions, we can try to prevent the spread of the spiny water flea, other invasive species, and fish diseases. stop aquatic hitchhikers! did you know? there are food lockers, picnic tables, tent pad sites, fire rings and a privy at many of the sites. pick up a campsite, houseboat,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42229938406507744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.844807"} {"text": "emotions and heart health since ancient times, the heart has been a symbol of our emotions. but in recent years, scientists have uncovered a clear physical link between emotions and heart health. what the research shows current research has found a possible connection between stress or depression and heart disease. one recent study, for instance, found that having either depression or anxiety may make it more likely that you will have a heart attack or heart failure in the future. having both depression and anxiety increased the risk. the same study linked anxiety and depression in people with heart disease to an increased risk for a hospital stay. although most research suggests a link among depression, anxiety, and heart disease, the results differ. researchers are continuing to look at this issue to more clearly define how these factors are related. a current review of medical research on anxiety, heart disease, and high blood pressure did confirm a relationship among the three. in particular, researchers know that anxiety can increase the level of stress hormones in the body. these hormones play a role in high blood pressure. people with chronic anxiety are more likely to develop high blood pressure. and people with high blood pressure are more likely to be anxious. how this link plays out in the long term is not clear. stress and your heart emotional stress causes a negative chain reaction within your body. if you ' re angry, anxious, tense, frustrated, frightened, or depressed, your body ' s natural response is to release stress hormones. these hormones are called cortisol and adrenaline. they prepare your body to deal with stress. they cause your heart to beat more rapidly and your blood vessels to narrow to help push blood to the center of the body. the hormones also increase your blood pressure. this \u201c fight or flight \u201d response is thought to date back to prehistoric times, when we needed an extra burst of adrenaline to escape predators. after your stress subsides, your blood pressure and heart rate should return to normal. if you ' re continually stressed out, though, your body doesn ' t have a chance to recover. this may lead to damage of your artery walls. stress \u2019 s link to high blood pressure and inflammation is dangerous because both are known risk factors for heart disease and other heart problems. although studies haven \u2019 t proved that stress alone causes heart disease, it clearly poses an indirect risk and also has a negative effect on your general wellness. stress and your reactions you can manage stress in both healthy and unhealthy ways. unfortunately, many of us deal with stress by smoking, drinking too much, and overeating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49731081347224854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.849697"} {"text": "indirect risk and also has a negative effect on your general wellness. stress and your reactions you can manage stress in both healthy and unhealthy ways. unfortunately, many of us deal with stress by smoking, drinking too much, and overeating. all of these unhealthy habits can contribute to heart disease. but using healthy ways to keep your stress under control allows you to better protect yourself against heart disease. try these ideas : exercise. when you are anxious and tense, exercise is a great way to burn off all that excess energy and stress. go for a walk, a bike ride, or a swim, or go to the gym for your favorite class. breathe deeply. yoga is not only good for your body, but for your mind, too. the meditative, deep breathing done in yoga is calming and relieves stress, especially if you do it regularly. take a break. when your stress level rises, take a few minutes to escape your surroundings. spend a few quiet moments alone, read a short story, or listen to your favorite music. cultivate gratitude. make a list of what you ' re grateful for in your life to focus on the positives. get together with friends. sure, facebook is fun, but it \u2019 s no substitute for being with people you love. create some weekly rituals with your friends. if they live far away, try volunteering or joining a local group of people with similar interests to yours. research suggests that people with frequent social connections enjoy better protection against high blood pressure. scientists need to do more research to look more closely at the link between emotional health and heart health. but the existing evidence is consistent enough to prove that you should take its potential effects on your heart seriously. exercise regularly and keep your emotional health in check, and you \u2019 ll build a stronger buffer against heart disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46352797663830864, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.850451"} {"text": "last modified : april 18, 2002 this information was provided by an unrestricted educational grant from integral pet associates, llc. clinically, a pet scan can locate metabolic defects in the human body often before they have caused structural damage. it can do this with high sensitivity and reliability. this is a great advantage in deciding treatment courses and in diagnosing various conditions. since pet accurately and sensitively measures function or physiology in the human body it can detect problems before they cause irreversible damage to tissues. it may also detect response to treatment earlier than many other techniques, such as ct or mri scans. the areas in which pet is making critical contributions are cancer, heart disease, and neurology. pet can detect active tumors in the body with very high sensitivity. active tumors have a high metabolism and therefore high demand for glucose. in this way malignant tumors may be distinguished from benign tumors and hidden tumors may be found. also the response of tumors to treatment ( surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy or gene - therapy ) may be seen and measured earlier by pet than many other techniques. successfully treated tumors are destroyed physiologically often long before there is significant shrinkage of tumor volume. in this way stressful treatments can be assessed and completed earlier than might otherwise be possible. blood flow and glucose metabolism in the muscles of the heart may be accurately measured by pet. these measurements are made by imaging the distribution of intravenously injected radiolabeled ammonia ( blood flow ) and glucose ( metabolism ). areas of low blood flow but normal metabolism in the heart muscle indicate heart muscle that may be repaired by restoring blood flow ( repairing the appropriate coronary artery ), while areas of matched low blood flow and metabolism may already be irreversibly damaged and so require other treatments. in addition blood flow in the heart may be measured at rest and after exercise to detect partly obstructed arteries in the heart responsible for angina. seizures or epilepsy often start from a single focus of abnormal tissue in the brain. when the frequency and intensity of seizures do not respond well to medication, surgery may provide permanent relief. in any event, injection of a tiny amount of radiolabeled glucose is used to image the metabolism of the brain by pet. if you were to have a seizure around the time of glucose injection the seizure focus would be an area of intense metabolism ( and uptake ). between seizures the focus shows up as an area of decreased metabolism in the brain. brain trauma often results in subtle changes in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5280912671612025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.853335"} {"text": "mining programs at ontario colleges what to expect from a mining career the mining industry is always looking for skilled professionals. whether it \u2019 s filling specialized roles in geological management or heading into the mines, there are plenty of career opportunities available. mining programs at ontario colleges prepare students with both mining techniques and widespread knowledge of geology and earth resources, so they can enter the mining career of their choice. if you \u2019 re interested in starting an in - demand career in the mining and geology industry, here \u2019 s what you need to know. more there are a few types of mining programs available, each with different focuses or different levels of training. these include : - mining techniques. mining techniques programs are introductory one - year certificate programs that prepare students for entry - level work in the mining industry or for continued mining education. students learn basic geology, surveying and drafting skills along with a variety of mining methods that will prepare them for both underground and office work in core sampling, mapping, prospecting and more. - mining engineering technician / technology. mining engineering technician and technology programs are more advanced than the techniques programs. both technician and technologist programs give students a broader and deeper understanding of geology and resources and may offer training on a larger variety of mining equipment. mining - related skills, such as drilling and blasting, may also be introduced. technician programs are typically two - year diploma programs while technology programs ( offering the most comprehensive training ) are generally three - year advanced diploma programs. some mining - related programs have specific focuses, like earth sciences and natural resources. these programs have a geotechnical focus and are made up of courses including ( but not limited to ) mineral studies, geophysics, soil studies and other earth science topics. students learn to operate geological equipment that can be used in some mining and geological industry practices, such as geotechnical and environmental assessment. general mining program requirements ontario college mining programs typically require an ontario secondary school diploma ( ossd ) or equivalent. academic requirements will vary depending on the program, but generally include senior math and chemistry or physics courses. a grade 12 english credit is often required for technician and technology programs. mining jobs and salaries depending on your chosen program, jobs in the mining industry range from entry - level to more advanced positions, and will include roles such as : - mine manager or production supervisor - underground mining worker - surveyor, project manager / engineer - geologist assistant - mining administration the average starting salary for graduates of mining programs at ontario colleges is $ 36, 000 a year, with the potential to earn much more. experienced mine managers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3838261627975946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.856435"} {"text": "on this fourth of july let us never forget that the rights we have secured were won by the hard fought efforts of generations of tireless activists and that the constitution of the united states is a living document, shaped and formed by the collective participation of millions of people in a constant dialogue. our country is not perfect. far from it, our history is one of terrible oppression and thoughtless, inconsiderate discrimination. too many a man has been sent unnecessarily to die in war. too many died without freedom, without rights. the stain of our neglect and terror scars the constitution and the legers of history. in spite of this truth, the human spirit has prevailed more often than not in this country and people have continued to believe in the fundamental goodness of the national project we call our constitution. that belief in the security and equality of the individual and the guarantee of rights is perhaps the greatest contributor to the slow victory of justice in america. that guarantee of our rights ensures that no man or woman, no matter how powerful and influential, is permitted to permanently or decisively interfere with the fundamental rights and freedoms of any other. these are the rights we celebrate on independence day and the freedoms that have been won in the generations since our nation ' s birth. these victories include the extension of the right to vote and the rights of citizenship to all members of our society. the articulation of individual rights and freedoms is the fruit of their efforts. these freedoms offer proof that our constitution is a living document and that the will of the people can be expressed in the language of the nation, articulated as law and common practice. these freedoms, which we hold so dear, were brought to realization through the spirit of individual liberty and collective responsibility. through an acknowledgement of the humanity of each person, the fundamental value of humankind is acknowledged. by recognizing this value in the individual we have crafted a body of law to protect the rights of everyone. the threats to the constitution, the declaration of independence, and our fundamental rights and liberties is always present, both from without and from within. on this day of celebration of collective freedom, let us never hand over our rights and responsibilities to any executive or any legislator who will seek to compromise those rights in the name of security. the generations before us have worked too hard and labored too long to hand over the right to privacy and the responsibility of the national defense to rogue administrators and legislators who would betray our trust as a country. we must ensure that the freedoms and rights that have been secured for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46931639681531623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.859734"} {"text": "the missing key to physics, esp, intelligence, aging... as you know the discoveries of nikola tesla have been purposefully minimized in the media, college curriculums, and in the history books. well, there was another absolutely brilliant scientist whose discoveries are on a par with tesla ' s, but his work was very diligently minimized before it ever received widespread attention, and that scientist ' s name was albert roy davis. it may seem presumptuous to compare any scientist to tesla, but if there is one that you can compare to him, in my opinion, it ' s albert roy davis. in 1936 davis discovered that the north and south poles of magnetism are two separate energies with exact opposite effects on all matter. the north pole energy spins counterclockwise and causes matter to contract, and the south pole energy spins clockwise and causes matter to expand. davis and his associate, walter c. rawls, jr., found that this discovery had incredible implications in many areas of research. it is the key to understanding the \" new physics \", the physics of ufo ' s. modern physics considers the two poles to be a singular form of energy, not two separate energies. magnetism is the foundation of physics. if you ' ve ever heard richard c. hoagland talk about the \" russian physics \", let me tell you this : the russians knew nothing of this \" new physics \" until they adopted davis ' discovery. it is the key to tapping into the true potential of the human mind. davis and rawls discovered that north pole magnetism can be used to dramatically increase our intelligence and our psychic abilities. it is the key to understanding the legends of giants in ancient history, and the 2 - 3 foot beings as well. davis and rawls discovered that north pole exposed animals grew into much smaller, physically weaker adults. south pole exposed animals grew into much larger, physically stronger adults. it is the key to aging. davis and rawls discovered that both north pole and south pole exposed animals lived much longer than animals with no magnetic exposure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5848647415581976, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.863933"} {"text": "klamath county was established on october 17, 1882. it was created from the western part of lake county and named after a tribe of indians which white travelers called the klamath, also spelled clammite. klamath county is situated in south central oregon. the county is bounded on the south by california, on the east by lake county, on the north by deschutes county, and on the west by jackson and douglas counties. the county, oregon ' s fourth largest, has 6, 135 square miles. when the legislative assembly created klamath county in 1882, it designated linkville as the county seat, although it gave the voters the chance to select another site at the 1884 general election. linkville was renamed klamath falls in 1893. in 1888 the county acquired its first courthouse for $ 3, 500. previously a school or rented commercial premises housed county offices. by 1912 the need for a new courthouse was pressing. however, for the next thirteen years a dispute raged over its location and which of the two courthouses being built would be accepted. the first courthouse, known as the hot springs courthouse, was designed along grecian architectural lines, but, due to law suits and recall elections only the exterior was finished. when construction stopped, $ 112, 000 had been spent, with an additional $ 60, 000 needed to complete the project. it was torn down in 1927 to make way for the klamath union high school. in 1918 construction began on another courthouse, known as the main street courthouse which was built next to the existing one. in spite of injunctions to halt construction, the work was completed within a year, but the building was not fully occupied until 1923, when all legal questions were settled. the structure cost about $ 122, 000. earthquakes in 1992 severely damaged the building, and county offices were relocated to temporary quarters. construction of a new courthouse and administrative center began in 1997. the government of klamath county consisted originally of a county judge, two county commissioners, clerk, treasurer, coroner, surveyor, and sheriff. the judge ' s position was abolished in 1965, and the number of county commissioners increased from two to three. the 1890 census cited a population of 2, 444. since then the county has experienced steady growth. the 2000 population of 63, 775 represented a 10. 52 % increase from 1990. historically, klamath county ' s economy has been based on timber and agriculture. three - fourths of the county is forested ; however, over half", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3985637538592459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.867665"} {"text": ". the 2000 population of 63, 775 represented a 10. 52 % increase from 1990. historically, klamath county ' s economy has been based on timber and agriculture. three - fourths of the county is forested ; however, over half of it is publicly owned. the large stands of timber have resulted in the development of wood products industries in the county. in spite of the altitude, short growing season, low rainfall, and cold winters, agricultural plays an important role in the local economy. excellent soil, adequate water for irrigation, extensive sunshine, and the introduction of cash crops such as potatoes and feed barley contribute to the agricultural industry. there is the potential to develop geothermal energy through the exploitation of the geothermal water found in many parts of the county. the many lakes and mountains, including crater lake national park, attract tourists and recreational visitors to the county. the klamath indian tribe and reservation add to the county ' s history. the klamath reservation was established in 1864 by treaty and covered about fifty square miles of land east and northeast of klamath falls. the federal government ' s policy of termination and assimilation resulted in the tribe being abolished in 1961. however, in 1975 a fully functioning tribal government was reestablished, and the klamath tribe was recognized by the federal government in 1986. the 1990 census showed the tribe to consist of 2, 370 members. did you know? the collier logging museum in klamath county highlights the colorful history of logging in oregon with one of the largest collections of antique equipment in the country. dozens of artifacts help visitors interpret the evolution of the industry from oxen and axes to caterpillars and chain saws. for example, the museum describes the effort involved in moving giant old growth logs through the woods in the 1860s. large teams of oxen pulled the skinned logs over skid roads. the first job for many boys in logging was to swab whale oil on the skids to help the logs slid easier. in this tough and practical environment, an accident prone oxen would sometimes serve as dinner for the crew.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39503825793850983, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.870004"} {"text": "for immediate release november 11, 2009 canale communications for orion genomics the malaysian palm oil board ( mpob ) and orion genomics today announced that a consortium co - led by the advanced biotechnology and breeding centre of mpob and orion genomics has sequenced three oil palm genomes from two oil palm species, an important food and biofuel crop. this genome sequencing effort provides a comprehensive genetic blueprint of e. oleifera and e. guineensis including the pisifera and dura palms. in commercial seed production, the pisifera is frequently used as the paternal line and the dura serves as the maternal palm. oil palm plantations on average produce 3. 9 tons of oil per hectare per year, nearly ten times more than other productive oil bearing crops. therefore, it has the potential to meet growing demand for food and renewable fuel. used in cooking oil, margarine, baked goods and other foods, palm oil is the most consumed edible oil in the world. it feeds more than 3 billion people in 150 countries worldwide, and it is also a common ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. in 2008, malaysia produced 17. 7 million tons of crude palm oil and exported rm65. 2 billion ( us $ 17. 6 billion ) of palm oil products. new technologies are now enabling palm oil to be transformed into biodiesel, a promising renewable fuel. the oil palm family has two species, the e. guineensis which originates from africa and the e. oleifera, which is native to south america. because of its high productivity, the e. guineensis is the commercial variety planted in malaysia. however, the e. oleifera has many interesting traits such as low height increment, increased resistance to disease and produces higher quantities of unsaturated fats - traits that will add value if incorporated into commercial e. guineensis lines. \" knowledge of the genomic sequence of these oil palm varieties enables researchers to understand genetic differences between trees that are, for example, higher yielding or more resistant to disease than usual, \" said datuk dr. mohd basri wahid, the director - general of mpob. \" our goal in completing the oil palm genome sequence is to dramatically improve oil yields both for the production of food, feed and fuel. \" the consortium included st. louis, missouri - based orion genomics, mogene lc and the genome center at washington university, south korea - based macrogen inc., and adelaide, australia - based gene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4783075874609979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.875191"} {"text": "of food, feed and fuel. \" the consortium included st. louis, missouri - based orion genomics, mogene lc and the genome center at washington university, south korea - based macrogen inc., and adelaide, australia - based geneworks pty ltd. in addition to sequencing and assembling the genomes of the three oil palm varieties, the consortium sequenced the expressed genes ( or transcriptome ) from multiple tissue types for all three types of oil palm. transcriptome sequence will aid oil palm researchers as they seek to understand the genes responsible for yield, disease resistance and resistance to environmental stress. the initiative generated the most comprehensive genetic and transcriptional maps to date of this important crop. mpob and orion, along with mogene, lc, also unveiled plans to study the epigenetic makeup of oil palm in 2010 in an effort to improve yields. \" epigenetics is the study of the pattern of chemical groups that influence whether specific genes are turned on or off \", said nathan lakey, president and chief executive officer of orion genomics. \" we theorize that by studying oil palm epigenetics, we may be able to help to speed the development of varieties of oil palm that produce more oil, rapidly increasing the per acre efficiency of this crop, which already is the single largest producer of edible oils world - wide. \" the malaysian palm oil board ( mpob ) was established on may 1, 2000 with the principal objective of promoting, developing and advancing the malaysian palm oil industry. as the steward of the nation \u2019 s palm oil industry, mpob is responsible for providing the scientific and technological support to the malaysian palm oil industry. mpob \u2019 s commitment to the industry is not limited to research and development ( r & d ), but also encompasses dissemination of information, technology transfer, commercialization, registration, licensing and enforcement activities. orion genomics, the second code company, develops epigenetic research tools and molecular diagnostic products to fulfill the promise of personalized medicine. orion ' s lead product is a simple blood - based test that is being developed to identify people at elevated risk for colorectal cancer. the company has active biomarker discovery programs in cancers of the bladder, breast, lung, ovaries and colon, and the company offers genomics services to the medical, agricultural and bio - fuels research communities. orion genomics is located in the center for emerging technologies in st. louis. for more information, visit the orion genomics website at http : / / www", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48931039598345005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.876308"} {"text": "the company offers genomics services to the medical, agricultural and bio - fuels research communities. orion genomics is located in the center for emerging technologies in st. louis. for more information, visit the orion genomics website at http : / / www. oriongenomics. com. macrogen is a korean bio - venture company established in 1997. as a leading biotechnology company, macrogen has provided high - quality dna sequencing service to more than 10, 000 researchers in over 100 countries worldwide with sequencing platforms such as 3730xl, gaiix, solid3, and gs - flx. it also has subsidiary laboratories in usa, japan, and netherlands for more localized and customized service. macrogen fully sequenced and annotated the whole genome of a korean individual, which was published in nature on 20th august, 2009. ngs ( next generation sequencing ) and capillary sequencing platforms were combined to accomplish the project. with these accumulated experiences, macrogen has shown its successful performances in numerous large scale sequencing projects. in addition, macrogen has also launched ' asian 100 genome project ' in june this year to identify asian specific markers related to diseases. for more information, visit the website of macrogen inc. at http : / / www. macrogen. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4648482646173341, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.877005"} {"text": "in vitro fertilization for infertility during in vitro fertilization ( ivf ), eggs and sperm are brought together in a laboratory glass dish to allow the sperm to fertilize an egg. with ivf, you can use any combination of your own eggs and sperm and donor eggs and sperm. see a picture of the reference female reproductive system opens new window reference opens new window. ovulation and egg retrieval. to prepare for an assisted reproductive procedure using your own eggs, you will require hormone treatment to control your egg production ( ovulation ). this is done to prevent unpredictable ovulation, which would make it necessary to cancel that in vitro attempt. this is typically done using one of two similar types of reference gonadotropin - releasing hormone analogue ( gnrh agonist or gnrh antagonist ). the following are two examples of how ovulation can be controlled : - you first receive about 10 days of nasal or injected gnrh agonist that \" shuts down \" your reference pituitary opens new window. next, you get daily ovary - stimulating hormone injections and are closely monitored for 2 weeks before egg retrieval. at home, you or your partner injects you with gonadotropin or reference follicle - stimulating hormone ( fsh ) opens new window to make your ovaries produce multiple eggs ( reference superovulation opens new window ). - you start treatment with fsh injections and then add the gnrh antagonist injection after about 5 days, which stops the production of reference luteinizing hormone ( lh ) opens new window within an hour or two. after the first week, your doctor checks your blood estrogen levels and uses reference ultrasound opens new window to see whether eggs are maturing in the reference follicles opens new window. during the second week, your dosage may change based on test results. and you are monitored frequently with transvaginal ultrasound and blood tests. if follicles fully develop, you are given a human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) injection to stimulate the follicles to mature. the mature eggs are collected 34 to 36 hours later by needle aspiration guided by ultrasound. you will usually have pain medicine and reference sedation for this procedure. sperm collection. sperm are collected by means of masturbation or by taking sperm from a reference testicle opens new window through a small incision. this procedure is done when a blockage prevents sperm from being e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.489003300210372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.888988"} {"text": "reference sedation for this procedure. sperm collection. sperm are collected by means of masturbation or by taking sperm from a reference testicle opens new window through a small incision. this procedure is done when a blockage prevents sperm from being ejaculated or when there is a problem with sperm development. sperm may have been collected and frozen at an earlier time. then the sperm are thawed on the day the eggs are collected. fertilization and embryo transfer. the eggs and sperm are placed in a glass dish and incubated with careful temperature, atmospheric, and infection control for 48 to 120 hours. about 2 to 5 days after fertilization, the best fertilized eggs are selected. one to three are placed in the uterus using a thin flexible tube ( catheter ) that is inserted through the cervix. those remaining may be frozen ( cryopreserved ) for future attempts. pregnancy and birth. any reference embryos opens new window that implant in the uterus may then result in pregnancy and birth of one or more infants. what to expect after treatment overall, in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) - related injections, monitoring, and procedures are emotionally and physically demanding of the female partner. superovulation with hormones requires regular blood tests, daily injections ( some of which are quite painful ), frequent monitoring by your doctor, and harvesting of eggs. these procedures are done on an outpatient basis and require only a short recovery time. you may have cramping during the procedure. you may be advised to avoid strenuous activities for the remainder of the day or to be on bed rest for a few days, depending on your condition and your doctor ' s recommendation. why it is done in vitro fertilization may be a treatment option if : - a woman ' s reference fallopian tubes opens new window are missing or blocked. - a woman has severe reference endometriosis opens new window. - a man has low sperm counts. - reference artificial or intrauterine insemination opens new window has not been successful. - unexplained infertility has continued for a long time. how long a couple chooses to wait is influenced by the female partner ' s age and other personal factors. - a couple wants to test for inherited disorders before embryos are transferred. ivf can be done even if a : - woman has had a reference tubal ligation opens new window reversal surgery that was not successful. - woman does not have fall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5121201167652726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.890198"} {"text": "- a couple wants to test for inherited disorders before embryos are transferred. ivf can be done even if a : - woman has had a reference tubal ligation opens new window reversal surgery that was not successful. - woman does not have fallopian tubes. - woman ' s fallopian tubes are blocked and can ' t be repaired. ivf can be done using donor eggs for women who cannot produce their own eggs due to advanced age or other causes. how well it works the number of women who have babies after in vitro fertilization varies, depending on many different things. almost all reference assisted reproductive technology ( art ) opens new window procedures are done using ivf. age. birth rates resulting from a single cycle of ivf using women ' s own eggs are about 30 % to 40 % for women age 34 and younger, then rates decrease steadily after age 35. reference 1 the reference aging of the egg supply has a powerful effect on the chances that an assisted reproductive technology ( art ) procedure will result in pregnancy and a healthy baby. cause of infertility. infertility can be caused by problems with the woman ' s or the man ' s reproductive system. some of these causes can include problems with the fallopian tubes, with reference ovulation opens new window, or with the sperm. pregnancy history. a woman who has already had a live birth is more likely to have a successful art procedure than a woman who hasn ' t given birth before. this \" previous birth advantage \" gradually narrows as women age from their early 30s to their 40s. own eggs versus donor eggs. birth rates are affected by whether art procedures use a woman ' s own eggs or donor eggs. many women over age 40 choose to use donor eggs, which greatly improves their chances of giving birth to healthy babies. for each cycle of in vitro fertilization : reference 1 - using her own eggs, a woman ' s chances of having a live birth decline from over 40 % in her late 20s, to 30 % at about age 38, and to 10 % by about age 43. - live birth rates are about the same among younger and older women using donor eggs. women in their late 20s through mid - 40s average about a 55 % birth rate using fresh ( not frozen ) embryos. frozen embryos versus fresh embryos. donor - frozen ivf embryos from a previous ivf cycle that are thawed and transferred to the uterus are less likely to result in a live birth than are donor - fresh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47391606033111355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.891101"} {"text": "frozen ) embryos. frozen embryos versus fresh embryos. donor - frozen ivf embryos from a previous ivf cycle that are thawed and transferred to the uterus are less likely to result in a live birth than are donor - fresh ( newly fertilized ) ivf embryos. reference 1 but frozen embryos are less expensive and less invasive for a woman, because superovulation and egg retrieval aren ' t needed. in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) increases the risks of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and multiple pregnancy. - reference superovulation opens new window with hormone treatment can cause severe reference ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome opens new window. your doctor can minimize the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome by closely monitoring your ovaries and hormone levels during treatment. - the risk of conceiving a multiple pregnancy is directly related to the number of embryos transferred to a woman ' s uterus. reference multiple pregnancies are high - risk for both the mother and the fetuses. there may be a higher risk of birth defects for babies conceived by certain assisted reproductive techniques, such as ivf. talk with your doctor about these possible risks. embryo transfer success versus the risk of multiple pregnancy for a woman over age 35 to maximize her chances of conceiving with her own eggs and carrying a healthy pregnancy, she may choose to have more embryos transferred than a younger woman would. but this increases her risk of multiple pregnancy. because of the risks to the babies of multiple pregnancy, experts recommend limiting the number of embryos transferred. your doctor will recommend a certain number of embryos to be transferred based on your age and specific situation. women over 40 have a high rate of embryo loss when using their own eggs. as an alternative, older women can choose to use more viable donor eggs. when a woman uses donor eggs, experts recommend using the donor ' s age to help figure out how many embryos to transfer. reference 2 what to think about smoking has a damaging effect on fertility and pregnancy. smoking reduces the chance that ivf will work. reference 3 smoking can also affect the health of the fetus. in vitro fertilization provides diagnostic information about fertilization and embryo development ( which is not the case with a reference gift or zift opens new window procedure ). using ultrasound to help collect eggs from the woman ' s ovaries is less expensive, less risky, and less invasive than egg collection by reference laparoscopy opens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47070474049327427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.892093"} {"text": "california sea otters will start the new year with a vast new range of territory far south of their government - imposed grounds north of point conception. beginning on jan. 18, they are free to swim south into waters off los angeles, san diego and baja - places they frequented before they were forcibly relocated to a remote channel island in the 1980s. the u. s. fish and wildlife service decided to lift the \" no - otter \" zone this month after a thorough review found that the translocation program that started it was essentially a failure. about 140 sea otters living between the mexican border and point conception, north of santa barbara, were gathered up and taken to san nicolas island in 1987. the purpose of the move was to establish a colony of otters far enough away from the coast to protect it from oil spills or other catastrophes. as coastal marine mammals, sea otters are particularly susceptible to pollution runoff and other near - shore toxins. a no - otter zone south of point conception was then instituted to keep otters, which are voracious shellfish eaters, from infringing on commercial fishers. many of the relocated otters swam back to central california or to coastal waters, or simply died. officials realized the relocation program was a failure years ago and stopped enforcing it by the early 1990s. \" it seems really silly to have \" a relocation program, said los angeles waterkeeper spokeswoman liz crosson. \" sea otters sea otters eat the sea urchins that can decimate kelp forests, crossan explained. lifting the no - otter zone will also bring the marine mammals greater legal protection against harm because they are listed as a federally threatened species, crosson said. bernardo alps, a local marine mammal expert, said he has seen a sea otter this year and hears reports of sightings a few times a year off the palos verdes peninsula. \" lately they ' ve been seen several times a year down here. there are areas near santa barbara where they ' re a lot more regular, \" alps said, adding that they may venture south because \" usually young males roam to establish new territories. \" there are fewer than 3, 000 southern sea otters living off california, according to the u. s. geological survey. they were hunted to near extinction for their fur, and only 50 survivors were found off the coast of big sur by the 1930s. their numbers are growing very slowly because of numerous threats that cause die - offs, including algal toxins, parasites, infectious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37891922225341124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.898238"} {"text": "medicines for hiv and aids are used to decrease the amount of hiv in the body and to strengthen the immune system. there are six types of hiv medicines. commonly three different types of medicines are taken together. this is called combination therapy. it is vital to take them exactly as prescribed to maintain success, and to help to prevent the virus from becoming resistant to the medicines. these medicines are usually taken for life. what are hiv and aids? hiv stands for human immunodeficiency virus. this is a virus in the group of viruses called retroviruses. hiv destroys cells in the body called cd4 t cells. cd4 t cells are a type of lymphocyte ( a white blood cell ). these are important cells that protect the body against various bacteria, viruses and other germs. hiv actually multiplies within cd4 cells. hiv cannot be destroyed by white blood cells, as it keeps on changing its outer coat, so protecting it. aids stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. this is a term which covers the range of infections and illnesses which can result from a weakened immune system caused by hiv. it is important to remember that when you are first infected with hiv you do not have aids. there is usually a time lag of several years between first being infected with hiv and subsequently developing infections and other aids - related problems. this is because it usually takes several years for the number of cd4 t cells to reduce to a level where your immune system is weakened. hiv is now a treatable medical condition and most treated people remain fit and well. this leaflet is a brief overview of medicines that are used to treat hiv and aids. for more information see separate leaflet called hiv and aids and the information resources listed below. what are medicines for hiv and aids and how do they work? medicines for hiv and aids are sometimes called antiretroviral medicines. there are six different types of these medicines available to prescribe in the uk ; they include : - nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors - abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, and tenofovir. - non - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors - efavirenz, etravirine, and nevirapine. - protease inhibitors - atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45016573048767233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.907802"} {"text": "in looking after you and giving you your treatment. as discussed above, these medicines work best in combination. taking three or more antiretroviral medicines at the same time, each attacking hiv at different points in its cycle of replication, is more effective than one or two medicines alone. taking a combination of different medicines also reduces the risk that the virus will become resistant to any individual medicine. in 2008, the first one pill a day treatment was launched. each pill contains three different medicines. this is popular, as it is convenient to take and has few side - effects. in general, most guidelines recommend that you start with either : - two nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a non - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( this regimen is usually tried first ) ; or - two nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a protease inhibitor boosted with low doses of ritonavir. this treatment regimen is usually reserved for people who have resistance to the above regimen, women who want to become pregnant, or anyone with psychiatric illness. when taking medicines for hiv and aids some important considerations are : - adherence - taking your medicines exactly as prescribed. - what to do if you miss a dose. - dietary restrictions. - regular blood tests. - taking other medicines. adherence - taking your medicines exactly as prescribed it is vital to take the medication regularly and exactly as prescribed, to maintain success and to help to prevent the virus from becoming resistant to the medicines. even if you miss one or two doses, the virus can become resistant to treatment. what to do if you miss a dose if you forget to take a dose, take your medicines as soon as you remember. however, if you remember just as you are about to take your next dose, do not take two doses at the same time to make up for the missed dose. if in doubt, speak to your pharmacist or doctor. if you are regularly forgetting to take your medicine, talk to your doctor or pharmacist ; there may be other combination medicines that are more suitable for you. regular blood tests you are likely to have regular blood tests to monitor how well these medicines are working. you will usually have a cd4 t - cell count and a viral load blood test before you start treatment. this is called a baseline measurement. after starting treatment, your doctor will usually measure your viral load and cd4 t - cell count after one month later, and then about every three months thereafter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4416806323716804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.909870"} {"text": "count and a viral load blood test before you start treatment. this is called a baseline measurement. after starting treatment, your doctor will usually measure your viral load and cd4 t - cell count after one month later, and then about every three months thereafter. if your treatment is effective then your viral load will decrease and your cd4 t cells will increase. you may need more blood tests if you feel unwell or develop symptoms such as an infection. taking other medicines quite a few medicines that you may be prescribed for other conditions or that you can buy from pharmacies or supermarkets can interfere with hiv medicines. this includes herbal medicines. always ask your pharmacist or doctor before taking any new medicines. for more information see the leaflet that came with your medicine. what are the possible side - effects? the side - effects for most hiv medicines are usually mild and often go away after a few weeks. common side - effects include nausea ( feeling sick ), vomiting and headache. if these side - effects do not go away, your doctor can prescribe some other medicines to help with these problems. if this does not help, your doctor may change your medicines. other less common side - effects include : - damage to the liver, kidneys, or pancreas. - skin rash. - dry skin, nail problems, hair loss. - peripheral neuropathy ( damage to the nerves ). - fat loss ( lipoatrophy ). - fat accumulation. - increased blood - sugar levels and risk of type 2 diabetes. see the leaflet that comes with your particular brand for a full list of possible side - effects and cautions. what is the usual length of treatment? once you have started treatment you will need to take these medicines for the rest of your life. this is in order to keep your immune system healthy and to prevent you from getting infections. how well do medicines for hiv and aids work? although these medicines do not cure hiv, they slow the progression of hiv to aids. they are effective at allowing people with hiv to live their lives as normally as possible. since the introduction of medicines to treat hiv, the death rates from aids has reduced dramatically. newer medicines are more effective than medicines used in the past. what happens if i do not take hiv medicines? if you have hiv and do not take hiv medicines, eventually - typically, over a number of years - your viral load increases and the number of cd4 t cells decreases significantly. your immune system becomes very weak. this means that you are open to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.448466444244788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.912256"} {"text": "if you have hiv and do not take hiv medicines, eventually - typically, over a number of years - your viral load increases and the number of cd4 t cells decreases significantly. your immune system becomes very weak. this means that you are open to getting infections and your body is unable to fight the infection. these infections can become serious and overwhelming for your body and you are likely to die. how to use the yellow card scheme if you think you have had a side - effect to one of your medicines you can report this on the yellow card scheme. you can do this online at the following web address : www. mhra. gov. uk / yellowcard. the yellow card scheme is used to make pharmacists, doctors and nurses aware of any new side - effects that medicines may have caused. if you wish to report a side - effect, you will need to provide basic information about : - the side - effect. - the name of the medicine which you think caused it. - information about the person who had the side - effect. - your contact details as the reporter of the side - effect. it is helpful if you have your medication - and / or the leaflet that came with it - with you while you fill out the report. further help and information 4th floor, 57a great suffolk street, london, se1 0bb tel : 020 7407 8488 or treatment phoneline : 0808 800 6013, mon, tues, wed 12 - 4 pm hiv i - base is a treatment activist group, hiv - positive - led and committed to providing timely hiv treatment information to hiv - positive people and to healthcare professionals. national aids trust new city cloisters, 196 old street, london, ec1v 9fr tel : 020 7814 6767 web : www. nat. org. uk promotes a wider understanding of hiv and aids, develop and support efforts to prevent the spread of hiv and improve the quality of life of people affected by hiv and aids. terrence higgins trust 314 - 320 grays inn road, london, wc1x 8dp helpline : 0845 1221 200 web : www. tht. org. uk a national hiv and sexual health charity. their helpline offers information and support to anyone living with hiv, affected by hiv indirectly or concerned about their sexual health. a comprehensive web - based resource on hiv and aids - related matters. lists several other hiv / aids support organisations. sexual health videos from nhs choices includes videos specifically about hiv and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4553918566097196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.913340"} {"text": "as one - year olds play, they start to recognize patterns and understand shapes. they begin to sort familiar objects by one characteristic, such as whether they are \" hard \" or \" soft. \" they may enjoy filling and emptying containers. they notice that night is followed by day, and that socks go on feet before shoes. they know that when an object is hidden, it is still there. many can also do simple insert puzzles when the puzzle pieces show whole objects. between 18 - 24 months, some children will begin to use a few number words without understanding quantity ( e. g., imitates a simple counting rhyme ). some children may also begin to understand the words \" one \" and \" two \" ( e. g., distinguishes \" one \" or \" two \" from many ; identifies pairs of items as \" two ; \" identifies three or more items as \" many \" rather than as \" one \" or \" two ; \" asks for \" one \" or \" two \" of something ; knows age ; responds appropriately to the request, \" take just one, \" or \" give me two. \" ). between 18 - 24 months, a few children will begin to nonverbally and mentally determine that one item added to another makes \" two, \" and that one item taken away or subtracted from \" two \" makes \" one. \" between 12 and 18 months, the average child understands that when an object is completely hidden, it is still there ( \" object permanence \" ), and can be recovered. ( some children may understand this between 18 - 24 months. ) during the first half of this year, some children will even be able to recover an object that has been hidden in one place, and then visibly moved to a second position and re - hidden. ( the average child will establish such \" object permanence \" during the second half of this year. ) during the first half of this year, the average child will also be able to recover an object that has been covered with one item, and then covered with something else while remaining in the same position between 18 and 24 months, some children will informally identify and play with solid objects ( e. g., picks out a familiar object by touch when that object is placed in a bag with two other objects ). between 12 - 24 months, children are typically able to work simple \" insert \" puzzles ( e. g., completes a three - piece simple puzzle where pieces are whole objects ). also, children can remove a part from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5250251886716084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.918223"} {"text": "two other objects ). between 12 - 24 months, children are typically able to work simple \" insert \" puzzles ( e. g., completes a three - piece simple puzzle where pieces are whole objects ). also, children can remove a part from a toy ( e. g., a wheel ) and replace it. finally, children can build three - dimensional structures using one type of item ( e. g., a cube ). between 12 - 18 months, children adjust their reach based on the distance and size of an object ( e. g., accurately reaches and closes hand around an item instead of missing the object or closing hand before contact ). children also adjust their grasp of an object based on its weight ( i. e., no longer grasps all items tightly or allows arm to drop when given heavy items ). some children at 12 - 18 months believe that a cracker broken into many pieces is more food than the same type of cracker that is whole. ( the average child believes this between 18 - 24 months. ) some children during the second half of this year will explore objects by filling and emptying containers ( e. g., with sand or water ). during the second half of this year, a few children begin to develop a sense of time through participation in routine daily activities ( e. g., knows about when it is time to eat, nap time, etc. ). children ' s sense of time develops gradually over the next several years. between 12 - 18 months, some children recognize that there is an order to the day ( e. g., mommy comes to get me after storytime ). the average child sees daily patterns by the second half of this year. in the second half of the year, some children show a greater understanding of daily time sequence ( e. g., time to eat, nap time, etc. ). during the second half of the year, some children notice patterns in the environment ( e. g., day follows night, patterns in carpeting or clothing, etc. ). they also use the terms, \" tomorrow, \" and \" yesterday. \" in the second half of this year, some children show interest in patterns or sequence ( e. g., attempts to follow patterns with stringing beads, magnetic shapes, peg boards ). between 18 - 24 months, some children can classify, label and sort familiar objects by a known group ( e. g., hard v. soft, large v. small, heavy v", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5328594505164945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.919244"} {"text": "patellar luxation in dogs patellar luxation occurs when the dog ' s kneecap ( patella ) is dislocated from its normal anatomic position in the groove of the thigh bone ( femur ). when the kneecap is dislocated from the groove of the thigh bone, it can only be returned to its normal position once the quadriceps muscles in the hind legs of the animal relax and lengthen. it is for this reason that most dogs with the condition will hold up their hind legs for a few minutes. a dislocated kneecap is one of the most prevalent knee joint abnormalities in dogs. the condition is most common in toy and miniature dog breeds such as the yorkshire terrier, pomeranian, pekingese, chihuahua, and boston terrier. female dogs are 1 1 / 2 times more likely to acquire the condition. patellar luxation is thought to be rare in cats. nevertheless, if you would like to learn more about how it affects, please visit this page in the petmd health library. symptoms and types the specific symptoms of a dislocated kneecap will depend on the severity and persistence of the condition, as well as the amount of degenerative arthritis that is involved. typically, a dog with a dislocated kneecap will exhibit prolonged abnormal hindlimb movement, occasional skipping or hindlimb lameness, and sudden lameness. the dog will rarely feel pain or discomfort once the kneecap is out of position, only feeling pain at the moment the kneecap slides out of the thigh bone ' s ridges. a dislocated kneecap is usually caused by a genetic malformation or trauma. the clinical signs of the condition will normally start showing approximately four months after birth. a dislocated kneecap is diagnosed through a variety of means. top view ( craniocaudal ) and side view ( mediolateral ) x - rays of the stifle joint, hip, and hock may be used to detect bending and twisting of the thigh bone and larger bone of the lower leg. skyline x - rays may reveal a shallow, flattened, or curved groove of the thigh bone. a fluid sample taken from the joint and an analysis of the lubricating fluid in the joint ( synovial fluid ) will show a small increase in mononuclear cells. it is also necessary for the veterinarian to perform an examination by touch to feel for kneecap freedom. medical treatment for kneecap dislocation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.444495064003034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.923492"} {"text": "the joint ( synovial fluid ) will show a small increase in mononuclear cells. it is also necessary for the veterinarian to perform an examination by touch to feel for kneecap freedom. medical treatment for kneecap dislocation has very little effectiveness ; surgery is the preferred treatment of choice for severe cases. surgery can correct both the affected structures and the movement of the kneecap itself, and in 90 percent of cases, frees the dog from lameness and dysfunction. the kneecap may be fastened on the outside of the bone to prevent it from sliding towards the inside. alternatively, the groove of the thigh bone may be deepened so that it can better hold the kneecap. living and management follow - up treatment after successful surgery will include leash walk exercise for one month ( avoid jumping ) and yearly examinations to check for progress. it is important that pet owners are aware that there is a high possibility of recurrence ( 48 percent ), although the dislocation will be considerably less severe than the original incidence. because kneecap dislocation is genetically inherited, the breeding of affected dogs is highly discouraged. there are currently no known preventative measures for this medical condition. the term for the knee cap the term for the joint between the femur and tibia ( knee cap ) any growth or organ on an animal that is not normal any type of pain or tenderness or lack of soundness in the feet or legs of animals a medical condition in which the joints become inflamed and causes a great deal of pain. term used to refer to an animal in its regular standing position. the dislocation of a bone from the joint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4880334436911062, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.924424"} {"text": "posted by james briggs on january 19, 2003 in reply to : the ' v ' sign posted by alan on january 19, 2003 : perhaps the most common british phrase, even if it is not spoken but indicated by raising two spread fingers in a similar fashion and meaning two the american ' one finger salute '. : it is said to have originated during the napoleonic wars when napoleon so frustrated with the devastating effect the british archers were having in battle that he promised that any captured british archer would have his two firing fingers chopped off, in defiance the british archers stood on a hill and raised two fingers in the direction of the enemy soldiers and shouted f * * k off thus connecting the word and the sign. although he certain origin is unknown, a highly likely basis takes us back to the hundred years ' war between england and france in the 14th and 15th centuries - much earlier than napoleon, by which time archers were virtually redundant! captured ' english ' archers who, it seems, were actually mainly welsh, had the first two fingers of their right hand cut off so that they couldn ' t take part in future battles. as a defiant riposte, after felling a french soldier with an arrow, an archer would raise his two fingers, just to show that he was still in the game. the battle where this first happened was likely to have been crecy in 1346.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4590716383896564, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.925921"} {"text": "there is no doubt that animals and animal industries are integral to the socio - economic wellbeing of rural and urban australia. climate change brings with it a variety of environmental stressors which will have range of negative impacts on animal industries, threatening food safety and security, animal and human health, and local and national economies. adaptation of production animals to climate change is the key to minimising impacts. adaptation relies on better awareness of the effects of climate change on animal productivity and health, and identification of the vulnerabilities and opportunities that climate change presents to animal industries. this knowledge can inspire proactive farm, industry and social changes that will in turn lead to more sustainable, healthy and productive animal industries. the animal health, production and biosecurity theme aims to build awareness of the climate change threats to animal farming industries and communities. the theme aims to encourage multidisciplinary climate change research in animal sciences that will provide holistic solutions to key climate change issues including : - land, feed and water availability and usage - genetics and breeding - infectious disease control ultimately participants in this theme, both academic and non - academic, will provide inspiration and instruction to foster sustainable animal farming in a changing climate. the theme plans to produce informative climate change adaptation fact sheets for key industries, develop online discussion forums and cutting edge research updates, and visit farming communities over the next two years. we encourage researchers, farmers, local and national government representatives, and rural and urban communities involved with the animal industries to get involved with this piarn theme as active members. member input is valued and encouraged as we work to adapt our animal industries to climate change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4957647070103144, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.930940"} {"text": "solar electrical power is the particular conversion of sunshine into electricity, either straight making use of photovoltaics ( pv ), and / or indirectly utilizing concentrated solar electric power ( csp ). commercial concentrated solar force vegetation were 1st developed within the 1980s. the actual 354 mw segs csp installing the components is actually the biggest solar electrical power plant throughout the globe, placed within the mojave desert of california. some other big csp plants include the actual solnova solar power station ( 150 mw ) plus the andasol solar electric power station ( 150 mw ), both throughout spain. the actual 214 mw gujarat solar park inside india, is actually the entire globe s biggest photovoltaic plant. solar force typically is the conversion of sunshine into electricity. sunshine is converted straight into electricity applying photovoltaics ( pv ), or simply indirectly with concentrated solar force ( csp ), that normally concentrates the actual sun ' s stamina that would boil water that is afterward used to provide energy. other technologies furthermore exist, for instance stirling engine dishes which incorporate a stirling cycle motor to electrical power a generator. photovoltaics were initially chosen to power little and also medium - sized applications, from the calculator driven by a single solar mobile that would off - grid homes driven by a photovoltaic range. a parabolic trough consists of the linear parabolic reflector which concentrates light onto a receiver placed over the reflector ' s focal line. the recipient is a tube positioned right above the entire center associated with the parabolic mirror and also is actually filled with a functioning liquid. the particular reflector is actually built to follow the actual sun during the entire daylight hours by tracking along a single axis. parabolic trough systems provide the ideal land - use factor of any solar development. the actual segs vegetation within california not to mention acciona ' s nevada solar one near boulder city, nevada are generally representatives of this development. compact linear fresnel reflectors happen to be csp - plants which employ countless thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to be able to focus sunshine onto two tubes alongside working liquid. this particular has the advantage which flat mirrors will likely be chosen that are much cheaper compared to parabolic mirrors, and additionally that more reflectors will be put within the exact same amount of space, permitting more of the available sunshine in order to be chosen. focusing linear fresnel reflectors can certainly be utilized in either big or even more compact plants. for more information, check out : pre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5514323570101705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.934770"} {"text": "when we exercise, our heart rates increase, and when we sleep, they drop. but sometimes, when we ' re working during the day and minding our business, our heart skips a beat. during any 24 - hour period, in fact, one - fifth of adults may experience this phenomenon and not know it. when extra beats happen in quick succession, the heart can enter a chaotic state, leading to a condition known as arrhythmia, which is treated with daily medication or, in more severe cases, electrical pulses that return the heart to normalcy. teresa chay is a biophysicist who suffers from arrhythmia. she developed the condition as a child after rheumatic fever damaged two heart valves. surgery seven years ago replaced the valves, but she still takes daily medication and occasionally needs to rush to the hospital for electrical pulse treatment. since her surgery, chay has studied arrhythmia. using supercomputers at the pittsburgh supercomputing center, she has developed a mathematical model that explains why arrhythmia begins and why it stops when electric shocks are applied. her goal, like other researchers in this field, is providing a foundation for developing better drugs to control arrhythmia. currently, the drugs are not always effective, and in some cases, for reasons not well understood, rather than controlling arrhythmia they can trigger it and kill you. researcher : teresa chay, university of pittsburgh. hardware : cray c90 software : user developed code keywords : arrhythmia, heart, heart rate, electrical pulse treatment, anti - arrhythmic drugs, ion channels, sudden cardiac death, atrial fibrillation, erratic beating, chaotic state, nonlinear dynamics, chaos theory, bifurcation analysis, coexistence theory, reentrant arrhythmia, self beating, quiescent state, sinus node. related material on the web : more information about dr. chay and her research, from the community of science web server. projects in scientific computing, psc ' s annual research report. references, acknowledgements & credits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5561050506058217, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.936894"} {"text": "for immediate release contact : carmeyia gillis news releases 2005 noaa home page noaa public affairs the national oceanic and atmospheric administration announced the 2005 - 2006 u. s. winter outlook today for the months december, january and february. noaa forecasters expect warmer - than - normal temperatures in most of the u. s. the precipitation outlook is less certain, showing equal chances of above, near or below normal precipitation for much of the country. \u201c even though the average temperature over the three - month winter season is forecast to be above normal in much of the country, there will still be bouts of winter weather with cold temperatures and frozen precipitation, \u201d said retired navy vice admiral conrad c. lautenbacher, jr., ph. d., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and noaa administrator. noaa does not expect la nina and el nino / southern oscillation ( enso ) to play a role in this winter \u2019 s forecast. without enso forecasters look to other short - term climate factors, like the north atlantic oscillation, in determining the overall winter patterns. under these conditions there tends to be more variability in winter weather patterns across the nation, especially in the great lakes region and the northeast u. s. the 2005 - 2006 u. s. winter outlook calls for warmer - than - normal temperatures across much of the central and western united states, including alaska and hawaii. the midwest, the southern californian coast and the east coast have equal chances of warmer, cooler, or near - normal temperatures this winter. the precipitation outlook calls for wetter - than - normal conditions across most of arkansas, louisiana, oklahoma, and northeastern texas. drier - than - normal conditions are expected across the southwest from arizona to new mexico. as winter approaches, nearly 20 percent of the nation is in some level of drought compared to around 30 percent of the country this time last year as defined by the u. s. drought monitor. for the sixth year in a row, drought remains a concern for parts of the northwest and northern rockies. wet or dry conditions during the winter typically have a significant impact on drought conditions. winter - spring snow pack is particularly important in the west, as much of the annual water supply comes from the springtime snow melt. noaa cautions it would take a number of significant winter snowstorms to end the drought in the pacific northwest and northern rockies. what could drive this winter \u2019 s weather? since early 2005 sea - surface temperatures in the central - equatorial pacific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44951510570722075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.943578"} {"text": ". noaa cautions it would take a number of significant winter snowstorms to end the drought in the pacific northwest and northern rockies. what could drive this winter \u2019 s weather? since early 2005 sea - surface temperatures in the central - equatorial pacific ocean have been near normal. near normal sea - surface temperatures in the central - equatorial pacific ocean are expected to continue for the next three to six months. therefore, it is unlikely that either the el nino or la nina phases of the el nino / southern oscillation ( enso ) cycle will be present during the upcoming winter. as a result, one key climate feature that could have a particularly large impact in u. s. winter weather, especially along the east coast, is the north atlantic oscillation or nao. the north atlantic oscillation often changes its phase from week - to - week. during the positive phase the jet stream shifts to the north of its usual position and the winter weather features relatively warm days over much of the contiguous u. s. in contrast, during the negative phase the jet stream shifts to the south of its usual position. the negative phase of the nao features more nor \u2019 easters and more frequent cold air outbreaks and snowstorms, especially along the east coast. currently, the phase of the nao is difficult to anticipate more than one to two weeks in advance. recognizing the demand to have more precision with seasonal outlooks, noaa \u2019 s climate prediction center has formed a climate test bed. the climate test bed is a collaborative scientific effort among the operational, academic and research communities. the mission of the climate test bed is to accelerate the transfer of atmospheric and oceanic research and development into operational climate forecasts, products and applications. at present the climate test bed is focused on maximizing the use of noaa \u2019 s climate forecast system model in combination with other climate forecast tools to improve u. s. seasonal precipitation and temperature outlooks. noaa will publish updates to the 2005 - 2006 u. s. winter outlook via the web oct. 20, and nov. 17. meteorological winter begins dec. 1 while astronomical winter begins dec. 21. the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, an agency of the u. s. commerce department, is dedicated to enhancing economic security and national safety through the prediction and research of weather and climate - related events and providing environmental stewardship of our nation \u2019 s coastal and marine resources. through the emerging global earth observation system of systems ( geoss ), noaa is working with its federal partners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4880640970449385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.947231"} {"text": "myth no. 2 : most college students are supported by their parents and take advantage of a multitude of available loans, scholarships, and savings plans. reality no. 2 : young people who fail to finish college are often going it alone financially. they \u2019 re essentially putting themselves through school. according to one recent analysis, college costs have risen more than 400 percent in the last 25 years, while the median family income has increased less than 150 percent. 1 and even though the pressure of having to balance the demands of a job and school is the major reason young people say they drop out of college, it would be misleading to dismiss the role of rising college costs and stagnant family incomes. national statistics show that young people who leave college without a degree are more likely than their peers to come from less privileged backgrounds and to live in more precarious economic circumstances. 2 this study revealed that these students often bear the full responsibility of paying for school : nearly 6 in 10 students in our study who left higher education without graduating say that they had to pay for college costs themselves, rather than being able to count on help from their families. in contrast, more than 6 in 10 of those who completed their degrees say they had help from parents or other relatives to cover the costs of school. young people who fail to finish college are also substantially less likely to have received scholarships or financial aid, loans or even good advice about how to get help. about 7 in 10 of those who leave school report that they did not have scholarships or financial aid, compared with about 4 in 10 of those who graduate. the majority of students ( 62 percent ) who told us that they alone were responsible for paying for college ( regardless of whether they dropped out ) report that their high school guidance counselors did a poor or only fair job of helping them to understand the college application process. among students who had financial support from their parents, less than half said the same. unfortunately, about 3 in 10 of those young people who leave school without getting a diploma report that they have college loans \u2014 money that has to be repaid even though they do not have the financial leg up that a college degree affords. in many respects, they have the worst of both worlds \u2014 no diploma, but college loans to repay. t he national center for public policy and education, \u201c measuring up 2008 \u201d report ; in viany orozco and nancy k. cauthen, \u201c work less, study more, & succeed : how financial supports can improve postsecondary success, \u201d demos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4678861284902179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.950073"} {"text": "guthrie was born in okfuskee county, oklahoma in the summer of 1912. his father, a prominent businessman in the area, was involved in the nelson lynchings in the area the previous year, a topic guthrie covered three times in song, maintaining that his father later became a member of the ku klux klan. his mother suffered from huntington ' s disease, a degenerative disorder which affects muscle control, and was institutionalised when woody was 14. his father charley abandoned the family to work in texas. guthrie taught himself to play the harmonica and later the guitar over this period, and eventually made his way to california, where he established himself as a working musician. guthrie ' s work encompassed a range of subjects, but he is perhaps best known for his protest songs, frequently using his work to tell stories of poverty and unemployment, repression and violence, but also tempering this with more hopeful and lightly comic songs like ' the biggest thing that man has ever done '. guthrie took his lyrical inspiration from many of his experiences travelling during the great depression, but he took a great deal of musical influence from early blues musicians, insights which were passed on through a direct line of descent to bob dylan, as evidenced by the following quote. woody ' s son, arlo guthrie, maintained that he and dylan were taught by guthrie ' s protege, ' ramblin ' ' jack elliot, since woody ' s huntington ' s disease had progressed too far for him to tutor them directly. this account was corroborated by elliot : guthrie was institutionalised, first in hospitals, then in a psychiatric institution, over the final decade of his life. he died from complications relating to his huntington ' s disease on the 3rd of october, 1967, having inherited the condition from his mother. following her husband ' s death, marjorie guthrie founded the committee to combat huntington ' s disease, which later became the huntington ' s disease society of america. i was flattered. dylan learned from me the same way i learned from woody. woody didn ' t teach me. he just said, if you want to learn something, just steal it - that ' s the way i learned from lead belly. guthrie ' s influence on the musical landscape is difficult to gauge, but it is undeniably lasting and significant, particularly in punk rock. joe strummer famously insisted on being called ' woody ' for a good chunk of his youth, a period nodded to in the gaslight anthem song ' i ' da called you woody, joe '. billy bragg cites guthrie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4054551275488518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.953331"} {"text": "particularly in punk rock. joe strummer famously insisted on being called ' woody ' for a good chunk of his youth, a period nodded to in the gaslight anthem song ' i ' da called you woody, joe '. billy bragg cites guthrie as a major influence, and, together with wilco, collaborated on two albums of original music set to woody ' s unused lyrics, mermaid avenue volumes i and ii. more recently, the dropkick murphys took a disused guthrie lyric, and crafted it into ' shippin ' up to boston ', on the 2005 full length the warrior ' s code. in a subculture based on guitar music and, at it ' s finest moments, committed to freedom and justice, we owe a tremendous amount to woody guthrie. his work has inspired a great many people to a great many things, but has come full circle in the case of one flaviano giorgini. formerly of squirtgun, now a lecturer in mammalian genetics at the university of leicester, dr giorgini ' s research interests have focused on neurodegenerative disorders. simply put, following years as a touring musician in a genre which owes so much to guthrie, flav and his colleagues work to better understand, and more effectively treat, huntington ' s disease, and disorders like it. we can think of no finer tribute to woody than that.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4836537233217589, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.953837"} {"text": "getting students to take responsibility for their learning wouldn ' t it be great if our students came to class prepared? not just having read the assignment, but mentally prepared as well - - alert and ready to debate, challenge, interact, and contribute? unfortunately, it often seems that when students walk into our classrooms their brains are set on the lowest possible setting. one reason students may not feel compelled to prepare ( or be in the proper mindset for learning ) is that they don ' t mind being shortchanged. in our consumer - driven society, where more is supposedly better, education is the one area where people are content to settle for less. want to make a class happy? let them out early. are there some things we can do to get our students to read the assignment, come to class ready to participate, and be responsible learners? absolutely! not only are there things we could be doing, we should be doing them, according to marcia magolda in her article \" helping students make their way to adulthood : good company for the journey \" ( 2002 ). magolda believes that instructors are in a unique position to help students learn two important lessons : ( a ) to be less dependent on external authorities, and ( b ) to take ownership and responsibility for their own lives. so, whose responsibility is it for learning to occur in the classroom? the responsibility belongs to both the instructor and the students. responsibility can ( and should ) shift, depending on the time in the semester and the level of the students. faculty working with freshmen may take more of the responsibility for learning to occur than faculty working with seniors or graduate students. likewise, instructors may take more of the responsibility at the beginning of the semester. as the class progresses, they can slowly relinquish control and prepare their students to take over, so that by the end of the semester, the students are shouldering most of the responsibility. by teaching responsibility, we not only enhance learning and raise the level of our classrooms, but we help produce responsible citizens and productive members of society. for ten specific strategies for getting students to take responsibility for their learning, click on \" words of wisdom \" below.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4212063609170671, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.956244"} {"text": "trends in amphibian occupancy in the united states michael j. adams, david a. w. miller, erin muths, paul stephen corn, evan h. campbell grant, larissa l. bailey, gary m. fellers, robert n. fisher, walter j. sadinski, hardin waddle, susan c. walls public library of science one 22 may 2012. what we found based on sampling on protected areas from across the united states, including from the mid - atlantic and from national parks and refuges across the northeast, armi has produced the first estimate of how fast we are losing amphibians. even though the declines seem small and negligible on the surface, they are not ; small numbers build up to dramatic declines with time. for example, a species that disappears from 2. 7 % of the places it is found per year will disappear from half of the places it occurs in 26 years if trends continue. more concerning is that even the species we thought were faring well \u2013 that is, fairly common and widespread - - are declining, on average. fowler \u2019 s toad ( 9 total years of data at 1 area : - 0. 06 % annual trend ) and spring peepers ( 26 total years at 5 areas : - 0. 06 % ) are examples of iucn least concern species for which we found a declining trend at the places we monitor. we also found evidence that amphibian declines are even taking place in protected areas like national parks and national wildlife refuges. check out the full publication here. what we are doing the amphibian research and monitoring initiative ( armi ) brings scientists and resource managers together to make real progress on a difficult problem. the armi program is a model for a productive program that links management and cutting edge science \u2013 since its inception in 2000, armi has produced over 430 publications on amphibian ecology, methodological advances for studying wildlife populations, and information useful to our doi partners and beyond. we now have the first continental scale amphibian monitoring program at a point where broad - scale analyses can occur. this gives us new ways to study amphibian declines and look for ways to address the problem. in the northeast, we are working with our resource management partners in nps and fws to identify and implement management strategies we think are optimal for maintaining populations - typically involving habitat manipulation. in addition, we will continue to monitor populations, and to develop novel research approaches to better understand what is causing declines, which will help to generate support for management", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45309400148186635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.958879"} {"text": "i highly recommend the golden spider silk exhibition at the victoria and albert museum, where the world \u2019 s largest piece of cloth, made entirely from spider silk is being exhibited. the exhibition will run from the 25th january to the 5th june. spider silk is an extremely strong material and on a weight basis is stronger than steel. these spiders are found throughout the tropics, in countries such as madagascar, and are known as gold orb weavers because of their gold coloured web. these spiders, large enough to fill the palm of your hand, are in fact blind. their eyes are only able to vaguely detect changes in light. instead they rely on a keen sense of touch to feel vibrations on their web and track down the entangled prey. the work of producing golden silk is completely a female endeavour! \u2013 the male spider does not produce silk \u2013 and it is a completely environmentally friendly process. however, as they are cannibals the spiders cannot be in close proximity to one another. it took eight years to make the cloth using silk from 1. 2 million madagascar golden orb spiders ( nephila madagascariensis ). the exhibition is the result of the work of two men, briton simon peers who has lived in madagascar since 1989, and his partner nicholas godley whose grandmother was born in madagascar. for more information visit the victoria and albert museum website. about our guest blogger : anita has travelled extensively around the world, she is interested in art and history, and loves discovering new places!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4555846678506154, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.960544"} {"text": "final results ( phase 1, 2 and 2b ) the data that is gathered constitutes an important collection of information on the currents that form within the system and between the system and the surrounding areas, and on the chemical and physical characteristics of the column of water. this knowledge provides a reference framework for the interpretation of analytical data regarding the movement of masses of water and the transport of matter and polluting substances inside the network of canals. the expansion of the system under observation has also made it possible to validate the two - dimensional model of the finite elements for the lagoon \u2013 available to insula \u2013 that simulates the propagation of a wave from the inlets at the outer margins of the city ( technical report \u201c d2 \u201d ) and that provides the surrounding conditions for the two - dimensional link - node model of the inner canals. with the uninterrupted acquisition of time - based series of chemical and physical parameters, the periodicity of some processes was also investigated. in particular, the series of turbidity values made it possible to assess the phenomenon of the re - suspension of sediment from the bottom of the canals over a more extended span of time. the study highlighted how the primary factor in determining the turbidity of the waters inside the system is the circulation of motor boats and depends on the intensity of the traffic, of the water head and the tide conditions. an estimate of the flow of sedimentation made by placing five traps across a more extended area has made it possible to compare different canal systems. the data relative to the entire monitoring period highlights a distinct differentiation of the flow of sediment, in relation to the different hydrodynamic conditions in the five canals under observation. however, the evolution over time of the flow in the different sites is similar, with relatively low values in winter, followed by a progressive increase in the flow in the springtime. the results confirm the strict relationship between the hydrodynamic characteristics of each single canal, the quality of the material that collects on the bottom, and the intensity of the metabolic processes. as seen in a preliminary manner during phase 1, the sedimentation traps, jointly with the constant measuring of the turbidity, are an effective system for studying the variations in the phenomena of sediment re - suspension and transport within the network of canals in the historic city centre of venice. the investigation makes it possible to explore the mechanisms of sedimentation, an aspect that is particularly interesting to insula : the objective is to predict the rate of sedimentation of the materials in the canals,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5246035445273518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.964440"} {"text": "of canals in the historic city centre of venice. the investigation makes it possible to explore the mechanisms of sedimentation, an aspect that is particularly interesting to insula : the objective is to predict the rate of sedimentation of the materials in the canals, and hence to program dredging operations. the results of the analyses on the water samples taken during the measuring campaigns, confirm the importance of determining the concentration of suspended particles for the evaluation of the transport of solids and heavy metals in the canals of venice. the dissolved species of nitrogen and phosphorus, in particular ammonia and orthophosphate, constitute a very precise tracer of the qualitative variations of a column of water, that are introduced as a result of the draining of waste water, or the route of the water and the length of time they stay in the system. these results further highlight the fundamental role of circulation in establishing the behaviour of contaminants from the urban waste inside the system. at the close of phase 2, on the basis of the results acquired during the study, a methodological protocol ( or specification ) was drafted, describing appropriate monitoring methodologies for assessing possible variations, over a relatively short span of time, in the quality of the water in the canal networks of the historic city centre ( icaro project, phases 1 and 2 \u2013 results and methodologies, january 2004 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5433266769963345, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.964988"} {"text": "| rediff india abroad home | all the sections | what is 3g spectrum? how does it help you? rediff business desk | september 29, 2006 it ' s boom time for mobile phones in india. and people are looking forward to more information, faster data access and multimedia services through their mobile phones. 3g technology is here to turn this dream into reality. it ' s a technology anxiously awaited by telecom operations and subscribers in india. how long do you have to wait? not very long! india is all set to launch 3g mobile telephone services by june 2007. according to telecom regulatory authority of india chairman nripendra misra, a total of 32. 5 mhz is available for allocation within the next 6 - 9 months. trai has also recommended auctioning 200 mhz for broadband wireless access services like wimax ( worldwide interoperability for microwave access ) and has proposed a national frequency management board to oversee spectrum availability and its efficient use. he hopes that the allocated spectrum would be enough for the next two years and said trai would recommend freeing up more spectrum for those who lose out in this auction. so what is 3g spectrum all about? read on. what is spectrum? radio spectrum refers to a range of radio frequencies. the bandwidth of a radio signal is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies of the signal. for example, in the case of a voice signal having a minimum frequency of 200 hertz ( hz ) and a maximum frequency of 3, 000 hz, the bandwidth is 2, 800 hz ( 3 khz ). the amount of bandwidth needed for 3g services could be as much as 15 - 20 mhz, whereas for 2g services a bandwidth of 30 - 200 khz is used. hence, for 3g huge bandwidth is required. how is 3g different from 2g and 4g? while 2g stands for second - generation wireless telephone technology, 1g networks used are analog, 2g networks are digital and 3g ( third - generation ) technology is used to enhance mobile phone standards. 3g helps to simultaneously transfer both voice data ( a telephone call ) and non - voice data ( such as downloading information, exchanging e - mail, and instant messaging. the highlight of 3g is video telephony. 4g technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices. currently, japanese company ntt docomo and samsung are testing 4g communication. how will 3g services help you? 3g services will enable video broadcast and data - intensive services such as stock transactions, e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5091867245170552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.971023"} {"text": "be the future standard of wireless devices. currently, japanese company ntt docomo and samsung are testing 4g communication. how will 3g services help you? 3g services will enable video broadcast and data - intensive services such as stock transactions, e - learning and telemedicine through wireless communications all telecom operators are waiting to launch 3g in india to cash in on revenues by providing high - end services to customers, which are voice data and video enabled. india lags behind many asian countries in introducing 3g services. what is trai ' s recommendation on 3g pricing? the telecom regulatory authority of india has recommended auctioning radio frequencies for 3g telecom services at a reserve price of rs 1, 050 crore ( rs 10. 50 billion ) to companies seeking to offer nationwide high - speed internet and streaming video. the base price for spectrum in cities like mumbai and delhi and category a telecom circles is rs 80 crore ( rs 800 million ) ; in cities like chennai and kolkata and category b circles rs 40 crore ( rs 400 million ) ; and in all other cities rs 15 crore ( rs 150 million ). what are the frequency bands and quota for cdma? trai has recommended three sets of frequency bands - 450 mhz, 800 mhz and 2. 1 ghz. for cdma players like reliance and tata teleservices 1. 25 mhz each is offered. cdma operators are free to bid both in the 2. 1 ghz and the 450 mhz bands, but they will be allocated spectrum only in one. the pricing of these two bands is linked to the auction in the 2. 1 ghz band. cdma operators will pay the same as the second - highest gsm bidder. and if there is more than one claimant in the 450 mhz band, the reserve price will be half of that arrived at in the 2. 1 ghz band. another rider is that if the highest bid is a quarter more than the lowest, the lowest bidder has to raise its bid to 75 per cent of the winning bid. but cdma operators are likely to face problems. operating 3g services on 450 mhz is a problem because we they do not have dual - band phones that work both in 450 mhz and in 800 mhz ( the band in which cdma operates in india ). what are the issues regarding 3g for providers and users? 3g has successfully been introduced in europe. but several issues continue to hamper its growth. high spectrum licensing fees for the 3g services huge capital required to build infrastructure for 3g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4627691933778693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.972028"} {"text": ". what are the issues regarding 3g for providers and users? 3g has successfully been introduced in europe. but several issues continue to hamper its growth. high spectrum licensing fees for the 3g services huge capital required to build infrastructure for 3g services. health impact of electromagnetic waves. prices are very high for 3g mobile services. will 2g users switch to 3g services. takes time to catch up as the service is new. what are the issues regarding 3g pricing? pricing has been a cause of concern. spectrum auctions ran into billions of euros in europe. in europe, spectrum licensing fees were collected years before the 3g service was developed and it required huge investments to build 3g networks, hitting mobile operators ' margins. however, in japan and south korea, spectrum licensing fees were not applicable as the focus of these countries were national it infrastructure development. which companies have applied for 3g license? 3g spectrum has been provided to gsm players like bsnl, mtnl, bharti, and hutch to carry out an interface check on a non - commercial basis ahead of the start of 3g mobile services. trial spectrum has been given for a period of one month. this will be only 1 / 1000th of the actual 3g spectrum capability. apart frm psu majors, spectrum for carrying out 3g trials has been given to all those who have applied under the national frequency allocation plan on the 2. 1 ghz band. gsm players operate on 900 mhz and 1, 800 mhz, while cdma players operate on 800 mhz. what is the pricing issue in india? while tatas have welcomed trai ' s rs 1, 400 - crore ( rs 14 billion ) base price for a nationwide rollout of 3g services, the rest of the players find the price too exorbitant. bharti - airtel is disappointed with the pricing as they were expecting it to be rs 300 - 400 crore ( rs 3 - 4 billion ). the reserve price is a disincentive for telecom companies in india. bharti has appealed to lower the prices specially for rural penetration. the cellular operators association of india and the association of unified service providers of india are studying trai ' s recommendations and have not given their comments. however, trai chairman nripendra misra has said that there is no reason to worry as players will not bid exorbitantly and derail the auction. misra said telecom operators had matured from their experiences and global developments, and would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4471187175163505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.973008"} {"text": ", trai chairman nripendra misra has said that there is no reason to worry as players will not bid exorbitantly and derail the auction. misra said telecom operators had matured from their experiences and global developments, and would bid sincerely. where was 3g spectrum first introduced? japan was the first country to introduce 3g on a large commercial scale. in 2005, about 40 per cent of subscribers used only 3g networks. it is expected that during 2006 the subscribers would move from 2g to 3g and upgrade to the next 3. 5 g level. the success of 3g in japan also shows that video telephony was the killer application for 3g networks. downloading music was the biggest draw in 3g services. in how many countries does 3g exist? there are about 60 3g networks across 25 countries. in asia, europe and the usa, telecom firms use wcdma technology. the wcdma standard provides seamless global evolution from today ' s gsm with support of the worlds ' largest mobile operators. wcdma technology is built on open standards, wide ranging mobile multimedia possibility, and vast potential economies of scale with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3g mobile networks. 3g services were introduced in europe in 2003.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4645165429537044, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.973510"} {"text": "afghanistan / \u00e6f\u02c8g\u00e6n\u026ast\u00e6n /, officially the islamic republic of afghanistan ( pashto : \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a, persian : \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 ), is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of asia. it is variously designated as geographically located within central asia, south asia, and the middle east. it has religious, ethno - linguistic, and geographic links with most of its neighboring states. it is bordered by pakistan in the south and east, iran in the west, turkmenistan, uzbekistan and tajikistan in the north, and china in the far northeast. the name afghanistan means the \" land of afghans. \" afghanistan is a culturally mixed nation, a crossroads between the east and the west, and has been an ancient focal point of trade and migration. it has an important geostrategical location, connecting south, central and southwest asia. during its long history, the land has seen various invaders and conquerors, while on the other hand, local entities invaded the surrounding vast regions to form their own empires. ahmad shah durrani created the durrani empire in 1747, with its capital at kandahar. subsequently, the capital was shifted to kabul and most of its territories ceded to former neighboring countries. in the late 19th century, afghanistan became a buffer state in \" the great game \" played between the british indian empire and russian empire. on august 19, 1919, following the third anglo - afghan war, the country regained full independence from the united kingdom over its foreign affairs. since the late 1970s afghanistan has suffered continuous and brutal civil war, which included foreign interventions in the form of the 1979 soviet invasion and the recent 2001 u. s. - led invasion that toppled the taliban government. in late 2001 the united nations security council authorized the creation of an international security assistance force ( isaf ). this force is composed of nato troops that are involved in assisting the government of president hamid karzai in establishing the writ of law as well as rebuilding key infrastructures in the nation. in 2005, the united states and afghanistan signed a strategic partnership agreement committing both nations to a long - term relationship. in the meantime, multi - billion us dollars have also been provided by the international community for the reconstruction of the country. in this regard the encyclop\u00e6dia iranica states : it further explains : the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49797050023151457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:52.999514"} {"text": "to a long - term relationship. in the meantime, multi - billion us dollars have also been provided by the international community for the reconstruction of the country. in this regard the encyclop\u00e6dia iranica states : it further explains : the term \" afghanistan, \" meaning the \" land of afghans, \" was mentioned by the sixteenth century mughal emperor babur in his memoirs, referring to the territories south of kabul that were inhabited by pashtuns ( called \" afghans \" by babur ). until the 19th century the name was only used for the traditional lands of the pashtuns, while the kingdom as a whole was known as the kingdom of kabul, as mentioned by the british statesman and historian mountstuart elphinstone. other parts of the country were at certain periods recognized as independent kingdoms, such as the kingdom of balkh in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. with the expansion and centralization of the country, afghan authorities adopted and extended the name \" afghanistan \" to the entire kingdom, after its english translation, \" afghanland \", had already appeared in various treaties between british raj and qajarid persia, referring to the lands that were subject to the pashtun barakzai dynasty of kabul. \" afghanistan \" as the name for the entire kingdom was mentioned in 1857 by friedrich engels. it became the official name when the country was recognized by the world community in 1919, after regaining its full independence from the british, and was confirmed as such in the nation ' s 1923 constitution. afghanistan is a landlocked and mountainous country in south - central asia, with plains in the north and southwest. the highest point is nowshak, at 7, 485 m ( 24, 557 ft ) above sea level. large parts of the country are dry, and fresh water supplies are limited. the endorheic sistan basin is one of the driest regions in the world. afghanistan has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. the country is frequently subject to minor earthquakes, mainly in the northeast of hindu kush mountain areas. some 125 villages were damaged and 4000 people killed by the may 30, 1998 earthquake. the country ' s natural resources include gold, silver, copper, zinc and iron ore in southeastern areas ; precious and semi - precious stones such as lapis, emerald and azure in the north - east ; and potentially significant petroleum and natural gas reserves in the north. the country also has uranium, coal, chromite, talc, barites,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49320580821524723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.000554"} {"text": "precious and semi - precious stones such as lapis, emerald and azure in the north - east ; and potentially significant petroleum and natural gas reserves in the north. the country also has uranium, coal, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, and salt. however, these significant mineral and energy resources remain largely untapped due to the effects of the soviet invasion and the subsequent civil war. plans are underway to begin extracting them in the near future. afghanistan is a country at a unique nexus point where numerous indo - european civilizations have interacted and often fought, and was an important site of early historical activity. through the ages, the region has been home to various people, among them the aryan ( indo - iranian ) tribes, such as the kambojas, bactrians, persians, pashtuns, etc. it also has been conquered by a host of people, including the median and persian empires, alexander the great, kushans, hepthalites, arabs, turks, and mongols. in recent times, invasions from the british, soviets, and most recently by the united states and their allies have taken place. on the other hand, native entities have invaded surrounding regions in iranian plateau and indian subcontinent to form empires of their own. between 2000 and 1200 bc, indo - european - speaking aryans are thought to have been in the region of northern afghanistan. it is unlikely that the aryans themselves originated in afghanistan although they did migrate from there south towards india and west towards persia, but they also migrated into europe via north of the caspian. these aryans set up a nation that during the rule of medes and achaemenid persians which became known as aryanam xsa\u03b8ra or airyanem vaejah. original homelands of the aryans have been proposed as anatolia, kurdistan, central asia, iran, or northern india, with the directions of the historical migration varying accordingly. later, during the rule of ashkanian, sasanian and after, it was called eranshahr ( - iransahr ) meaning \" dominion of the aryans. \" it has been speculated that zoroastrianism might have originated in what is now afghanistan between 1800 to 800 bc, as zoroaster lived and died in balkh. ancient eastern iranian languages, such as avestan, may have been spoken in this region around the time of the rise of zoroastrianism. by the middle of the sixth century bc, the persian empire of the achae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4930519854218897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.001821"} {"text": "in balkh. ancient eastern iranian languages, such as avestan, may have been spoken in this region around the time of the rise of zoroastrianism. by the middle of the sixth century bc, the persian empire of the achaemenid persians overthrew the median empire and incorporated afghanistan ( known as arachosia to the greeks ) within its boundaries. alexander the great conquered afghanistan after 330 bce. following alexander ' s brief occupation, the successor state of the seleucid empire controlled the area until 305 bce, when they gave most of the area to the mauryan empire as part of an alliance treaty. during mauryan rule, buddhism became the dominant religion in the region. the mauryans were overthrown by the sunga dynasty in 185 bce, leading to the hellenistic reconquest of afghanistan by the greco - bactrians by 180 bce. much of afghanistan soon broke away from the greco - bactrians and became part of the indo - greek kingdom. the indo - greeks were defeated by the indo - scythians and expelled from most of afghanistan by the end of the 2nd century bce. during the first century, the parthian empire subjugated afghanistan, but lost it to their indo - parthian vassals. in the mid to late 1st century ad the vast kushan empire, centered in modern afghanistan, became great patrons of buddhist culture. the kushans were defeated by the sassanids in the third century. although various rulers calling themselves kushanshas ( generally known as indo - sassanids ) continued to rule at least parts of the region, they were probably more or less subject to the sassanids. the late kushans were followed by the kidarite huns who, in turn, were replaced by the short - lived but powerful hephthalites, as rulers of the region in the first half of the fifth century. the hephthalites were defeated by the sasanian king khosrau i in ad 557, who re - established sassanid power in persia. however, the successors of kushans and hepthalites established a small dynasty in kabulistan called kushano - hephthalites or kabul - shahan / shahi, who were later defeated by the muslim arab armies and finally conquered by muslim turkish armies led by the ghaznavids. the region of afghanistan became the center of various important empires, including that of the samanids ( 875 \u2013 999 ), g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41593649563911483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.002878"} {"text": "later defeated by the muslim arab armies and finally conquered by muslim turkish armies led by the ghaznavids. the region of afghanistan became the center of various important empires, including that of the samanids ( 875 \u2013 999 ), ghaznavids ( 977 \u2013 1187 ), seljukids ( 1037 \u2013 1194 ), ghurids ( 1149 \u2013 1212 ), mongol empire and ilkhanate ( 1225 - 1335 ) and timurids ( 1370 \u2013 1506 ). among them, the periods of ghaznavids of ghazni, and timurids of heart are considered as some of the most brilliant eras of afghanistan ' s history. in 1219 the region was overrun by the mongols under genghis khan, who devastated the land. their rule continued with the ilkhanate [ one of 4 subordinate mongolian khanates ], and was extended further following the invasion of timur lang ( \" tamerlane \" ), a ruler from central asia. in 1504, babur, a descendant of both timur lang and genghis khan, established the mughal empire with its capital at kabul. by the early 1700s, afghanistan was controlled by several ruling groups : uzbeks to the north, safavids to the west and the remaining larger area by the mughals or self - ruled by local afghan tribes. by 1751 ahmad shah durrani and his afghan army conquered the entire present - day afghanistan, pakistan, khorasan and kohistan provinces of iran, along with delhi in india. in october 1772, ahmad shah retired to his home in maruf, kandahar, where he died peacefully. he was succeeded by his son, timur shah durrani, who transferred the capital from kandahar to kabul. timur died in 1793 and was finally succeeded by his son zaman shah durrani. during the nineteenth century, following the anglo - afghan wars ( fought 1839 \u2013 42, 1878 \u2013 80, and lastly in 1919 ) and the ascension of the barakzai dynasty, afghanistan saw much of its territory and autonomy ceded to the united kingdom. the uk exercised a great deal of influence, and it was not until king amanullah khan acceded to the throne in 1919 that afghanistan re - gained complete independence over its foreign affairs ( see \" the great game \" ). during the period of british intervention in afghanistan, ethnic pashtun territories were divided by the durand line. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.401177107680193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.003771"} {"text": "acceded to the throne in 1919 that afghanistan re - gained complete independence over its foreign affairs ( see \" the great game \" ). during the period of british intervention in afghanistan, ethnic pashtun territories were divided by the durand line. this would lead to strained relations between afghanistan and british india \u2013 and later the new state of pakistan \u2013 over what came to be known as the pashtunistan debate. the longest period of stability in afghanistan was between 1933 and 1973, when the country was under the rule of king zahir shah. in 1978 a prominent member of the people ' s democratic party of afghanistan ( pdpa ), mir akbar khyber ( or \" kaibar \" ), was killed by the government. the leaders of pdpa apparently feared that daoud was planning to exterminate them all, especially since most of them were arrested by the government shortly after. hafizullah amin and a number of military wing officers of the pdpa managed to remain at large and organised an uprising. the pdpa, led by nur mohammad taraki, babrak karmal and amin overthrew the regime of mohammad daoud, who was killed along with his family. the uprising was known as the great saur revolution ( ' saur ' means ' april ' in pushto ). on may 1, taraki became president, prime minister and general secretary of the pdpa. the country was then renamed the democratic republic of afghanistan ( dra ), and the pdpa regime lasted, in some form or another, until april 1992. some are of the opinion that the 1978 khalq uprising against the government of daoud khan was essentially a resurgence by the ghilzai tribe of the pashtun against the durrani ( the tribe of daoud khan and the previous monarchy ). once in power, the pdpa moved to permit freedom of religion and carried out an ambitious land reform, waiving farmers ' debts countrywide. they also made a number of statements on women \u2019 s rights and introduced women to political life. a prominent example was anahita ratebzad, who was a major marxist leader and a member of the revolutionary council. ratebzad wrote the famous new kabul times editorial ( may 28, 1978 ) which declared : \u201c privileges which women, by right, must have are equal education, job security, health services, and free time to rear a healthy generation for building the future of the country.... educating and enlightening women is now the subject of close government attention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42859688424796416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.004687"} {"text": "women, by right, must have are equal education, job security, health services, and free time to rear a healthy generation for building the future of the country.... educating and enlightening women is now the subject of close government attention. \u201d the majority of people in the cities including kabul either welcomed or were ambivalent to these policies. however, the secular nature of the government made it unpopular with religiously conservative afghans in the villages and the countryside, who favoured traditionalist ' islamic ' restrictions on women ' s rights and in daily life. the u. s. saw the situation as a prime opportunity to weaken the soviet union. as part of a cold war strategy, in 1979 the united states government ( under president jimmy carter and national security advisor zbigniew brzezinski ) began to covertly fund and train anti - government mujahideen forces through the pakistani secret service known as inter services intelligence ( isi ), with the intention of provoking soviet intervention, ( according to brzezinski ). the mujahideen belonged to various different factions, but all shared, to varying degrees, a similarly conservative ' islamic ' ideology. in march 1979 hafizullah amin took over as prime minister, retaining the position of field marshal and becoming vice - president of the supreme defence council. taraki remained president and in control of the army. on september 14, amin overthrew taraki, who died or was killed. the soviet occupation resulted in the killings of at least 600, 000 to 2 million afghan civilians. over five million afghans fled their country to pakistan, iran and other parts of the world. faced with mounting international pressure and great number of casualties on both sides, the soviets withdrew in 1989. the soviet withdrawal from the dra was seen as an ideological victory in the u. s., which had backed the mujahideen through three u. s. presidential administrations in order to counter soviet influence in the vicinity of the oil - rich persian gulf. following the removal of the soviet forces, the u. s. and its allies lost interest in afghanistan and did little to help rebuild the war - ravaged country or influence events there. the ussr continued to support president najibullah ( former head of the afghan secret service, khad ) until 1992 when the new russian government refused to sell oil products to the najibullah regime. because of the fighting, a number of elites and intellectuals fled to take refuge abroad. this led to a leadership imbalance in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4700035655778411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.005648"} {"text": "service, khad ) until 1992 when the new russian government refused to sell oil products to the najibullah regime. because of the fighting, a number of elites and intellectuals fled to take refuge abroad. this led to a leadership imbalance in afghanistan. fighting continued among the victorious mujahideen factions, which gave rise to a state of warlordism. the most serious fighting during this period occurred in 1994, when over 10, 000 people were killed in kabul alone. it was at this time that the taliban developed as a politico - religious force, eventually seizing kabul in 1996 and establishing the islamic emirate of afghanistan. by the end of 2000 the taliban had captured 95 % of the country. during the taliban ' s seven - year rule, much of the population experienced restrictions on their freedom and violations of their human rights. women were banned from jobs, girls forbidden to attend schools or universities. communists were systematically eradicated and thieves were punished by amputating one of their hands or feet. the majority of the opium production was eradicated by 2001. following the september 11 attacks the united states launched operation enduring freedom, a military campaign to destroy the al - qaeda terrorist training camps inside afghanistan. the u. s. military also threatened to overthrow the taliban government for refusing to hand over osama bin laden and several al - qaida members. the u. s. made a common cause with the former afghan mujahideen to achieve its ends, including the northern alliance, a militia still recognized by the un as the afghan government. in late 2001, u. s. special forces invaded afghanistan to aid anti - taliban militias, backed by u. s. air strikes against taliban and al qaeda targets, culminating in the seizure of kabul by the northern alliance and the overthrow of the taliban, with many local warlords switching allegiance from the taliban to the northern alliance. in december of the same year, leaders of the former afghan mujahideen and diaspora met in germany, and agreed on a plan for the formulation of a new democratic government that resulted in the inauguration of hamid karzai, an ethnic pashtun of the durrani clan ( from which the royal family was drawn ) from the southern city of kandahar, as chairman of the afghan interim authority. karzai was a top adviser to the unocal corporation, which negotiatied with the taliban to construct a central asia gas ( centgas ) pipeline from turkmenistan through western afghanistan to pakistan. after a nationwide loya jirga in 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48482340375667643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.006650"} {"text": "karzai was a top adviser to the unocal corporation, which negotiatied with the taliban to construct a central asia gas ( centgas ) pipeline from turkmenistan through western afghanistan to pakistan. after a nationwide loya jirga in 2002, karzai was chosen by the representatives to assume the title as interim president of afghanistan. the country convened a constitutional loya jirga ( council of elders ) in 2003 and a new constitution was ratified in january 2004. following an election in october 2004, hamid karzai won and became the president of the islamic republic of afghanistan. legislative elections were held in september 2005. the national assembly \u2013 the first freely elected legislature in afghanistan since 1973 \u2013 sat in december 2005, and was noteworthy for the inclusion of women as voters, candidates, and elected members. as the country continues to rebuild and recover, it is still struggling against poverty, poor infrastructure, large concentration of land mines and other unexploded ordnance, as well as a huge illegal poppy cultivation and opium trade. afghanistan also remains subject to occasionally violent political jockeying. the country continues to grapple with the taliban insurgency and the threat of attacks from a few remaining al qaeda. at the start of 2007 reports of the taliban ' s increasing presence in afghanistan led the u. s. to consider longer tours of duty and even an increase in troop numbers. according to a report filed by robert burns of associated press on january 16, 2007, \" u. s. military officials cited new evidence that the pakistani military, which has long - standing ties to the taliban movement, has turned a blind eye to the incursions. \" also, \" the number of insurgent attacks is up 300 percent since september, 2006, when the pakistani government put into effect a peace arrangement with tribal leaders in the north waziristan area, along afghanistan ' s eastern border, a u. s. military intelligence officer told reporters. \" afghanistan is currently led by president hamid karzai, who was elected in october 2004. the current parliament was elected in 2005. among the elected officials were former mujahadeen, taliban members, communists, reformists, and islamic fundamentalists. 28 % of the delegates elected were women, 3 points more than the 25 % minimum guaranteed under the constitution. this made afghanistan, long known under the taliban for its oppression of women, one of the leading countries in terms of female representation. construction for a new parliament building began on august 29, 2005. the supreme court of afghanistan is currently led by chief justice abdul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44149799934196926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.007798"} {"text": "made afghanistan, long known under the taliban for its oppression of women, one of the leading countries in terms of female representation. construction for a new parliament building began on august 29, 2005. the supreme court of afghanistan is currently led by chief justice abdul salam azimi, a former university professor who had been legal advisor to the president. the previous court, appointed during the time of the interim government, had been dominated by fundamentalist religious figures, including chief justice faisal ahmad shinwari. the court had issued numerous questionable rulings, such as banning cable television, seeking to ban a candidate in the 2004 presidential election and limiting the rights of women, as well as overstepping its constitutional authority by issuing rulings on subjects not yet brought before the court. the current court is seen as more moderate and led by more technocrats than the previous court, although it has yet to issue any rulings. afghanistan currently has more than 70, 000 national police officers, with plans to recruit more so that the total number can reach 80, 000. they are being trained by and through the afghanistan police program. although the police officially are responsible for maintaining civil order, sometimes local and regional military commanders continue to exercise control in the hinterland. police have been accused of improper treatment and detention of prisoners. in 2003 the mandate of the international security assistance force, now under command of the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) was extended and expanded beyond the kabul area. however, in some areas unoccupied by those forces, local militias maintain control. in many areas, crimes have gone uninvestigated because of insufficient police and / or communications. troops of the afghan national army have been sent to quell fighting in some regions lacking police protection. the governor of the province is appointed by the ministry of interior, and the prefects for the districts of the province will be appointed by the provincial governor. the governor is the representative of the central government of afghanistan, and is responsible for all administrative and formal issues. the provincial chief of police is appointed by the ministry of interior, who works together with the governor on law enforcement for all the cities or districts of that province. a july 2008 estimate of the total afghan population is 32, 738, 376. the population of afghanistan is divided into a wide variety of ethnic groups. because a systematic census has not been held in the country in decades, exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnic groups are not available. therefore most figures are approximations only. an approximate distribution of ethnic groups", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46023716406512916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.008977"} {"text": "wide variety of ethnic groups. because a systematic census has not been held in the country in decades, exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnic groups are not available. therefore most figures are approximations only. an approximate distribution of ethnic groups estimated by the cia world factbook is as following : based on official census numbers from the 1960s to the 1980s, as well as information found in mainly scholarly sources, the encyclop\u00e6dia iranica gives the following list : afghans display pride in their religion, country, ancestry, and above all, their independence. like other highlanders, afghans are regarded with mingled apprehension and condescension, for their high regard for personal honor, for their clan loyalty and for their readiness to carry and use arms to settle disputes. as clan warfare and internecine feuding has been one of their chief occupations since time immemorial, this individualistic trait has made it difficult for foreign invaders to hold the region. afghanistan has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments. however, many of the country ' s historic monuments have been damaged in recent wars. the two famous statues of buddha in the bamyan province were destroyed by the taliban, who regarded them as idolatrous. other famous sites include the cities of kandahar, heart, ghazni and balkh. the minaret of jam, in the hari river valley, is a unesco world heritage site. the cloak worn by muhammad is stored inside the famous khalka sharifa in kandahar city. buzkashi is a national sport in afghanistan. it is similar to polo and played by horsemen in two teams, each trying to grab and hold a goat carcass. afghan hounds ( a type of running dog ) also originated in afghanistan. although literacy levels are very low, classic persian poetry plays a very important role in the afghan culture. poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in iran and afghanistan, to the level that it has integrated itself into culture. persian culture has, and continues to, exert a great influence over afghan culture. private poetry competition events known as \u201c musha \u2019 era \u201d are quite common even among ordinary people. almost every homeowner owns one or more poetry collections of some sort, even if they are not read often. the eastern dialects of the persian language are popularly known as \" dari \". the name itself derives from \" parsi - e darbari \", meaning persian of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4996432566581143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.010865"} {"text": "one or more poetry collections of some sort, even if they are not read often. the eastern dialects of the persian language are popularly known as \" dari \". the name itself derives from \" parsi - e darbari \", meaning persian of the royal courts. the ancient term dari \u2013 one of the original names of the persian language \u2013 was revived in the afghan constitution of 1964, and was intended to signify that afghans consider their country the cradle of the language. hence, the name farsi, the language of fars, is strictly avoided. with this point in mind, we can consider the development of dari or persian literature in the political entity known as afghanistan. many of the famous persian poets of the tenth to fifteenth centuries stem from khorasan where is now known as afghanistan. they were mostly also scholars in many disciplines like languages, natural sciences, medicine, religion and astronomy. most of these individuals were of persian ( tajik ) ethnicity who still form the second - largest ethnic group in afghanistan. also, some of the contemporary persian language poets and writers, who are relatively well - known in persian - speaking world, include ustad betab, qari abdullah, khalilullah khalili, sufi ghulam nabi ashqari, sarwar joya, qahar asey, parwin pazwak and others. in 2003, khaled hosseini published the kiterunner which though fiction, captured much of the history, politics and culture experienced in afghanistan from the 1930s to present day. in addition to poets and authors, numerous persian scientists were born or worked in the region of present - day afghanistan. most notable was avicenna ( abu ali hussein ibn sina ) whose father hailed from balkh. ibn sina, who travelled to isfahan later in life to establish a medical school there, is known by some scholars as \" the father of modern medicine \". george sarton called ibn sina \" the most famous scientist of islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times. \" his most famous works are the book of healing and the canon of medicine, also known as the qanun. ibn sina ' s story even found way to the contemporary english literature through noah gordon ' s the physician, now published in many languages. moreover, according to ibn al - nadim, al - farabi, a well - known philosopher and scientist, was from the faryab province of afghanistan. before the taliban gained power, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46327747188498836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.012544"} {"text": "s the physician, now published in many languages. moreover, according to ibn al - nadim, al - farabi, a well - known philosopher and scientist, was from the faryab province of afghanistan. before the taliban gained power, the city of kabul was home to many musicians who were masters of both traditional and modern afghan music, especially during the nauroz - celebration. kabul in the middle part of the twentieth century has been likened to vienna during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. the tribal system, which orders the life of most people outside metropolitan areas, is potent in political terms. men feel a fierce loyalty to their own tribe, such that, if called upon, they would assemble in arms under the tribal chiefs and local clan leaders ( khans ). in theory, under islamic law, every believer has an obligation to bear arms at the ruler ' s call ( ulul - amr ). heathcote considers the tribal system to be the best way of organizing large groups of people in a country that is geographically difficult, and in a society that, from a materialistic point of view, has an uncomplicated lifestyle. religiously, afghans are over 99 % muslims : approximately 74 - 80 % sunni and 19 - 25 % shi ' a ( estimates vary ). up until the mid - 1980s, there were about 30, 000 to 150, 000 hindus and sikhs living in different cities, mostly in jalalabad, kabul, and kandahar. the economically active population in 2002 was about 11 million ( out of a total of an estimated 29 million ). as of 2005, the official unemployment rate is at 40 %. the number of non - skilled young people is estimated at 3 million, which is likely to increase by some 300, 000 per annum. the nation ' s economy began to improve since 2002 due to the infusion of multi - billion us dollars in international assistance and investments, as well as remittances from expats. it is also due to dramatic improvements in agricultural production and the end of a four - year drought in most of the country. the real value of non - drug gdp increased by 29 % in 2002, 16 % in 2003, 8 % in 2004 and 14 % in 2005. as much as one - third of afghanistan ' s gdp comes from growing poppy and illicit drugs including opium and its two derivatives, morphine and heroin, as well as hashish production. opium production in afghanistan has soared to a new record in 2007, with an increase on last year of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5100956598745341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.013706"} {"text": "afghanistan ' s gdp comes from growing poppy and illicit drugs including opium and its two derivatives, morphine and heroin, as well as hashish production. opium production in afghanistan has soared to a new record in 2007, with an increase on last year of more than a third, the united nations has said. some 3. 3 million afghans are now involved in producing opium. in a recent article in the washington quarterly, peter van ham and jorrit kamminga argue that the international community should establish a pilot project and investigate a licensing scheme to start the production of medicines such as morphine and codeine from poppy crops to help it escape the economic dependence on opium : according to a 2004 report by the asian development bank, the present reconstruction effort is two - pronged : first it focuses on rebuilding critical physical infrastructure, and second, on building modern public sector institutions from the remnants of soviet style planning to ones that promote market - led development. in 2006, two u. s. companies, black & veatch and the louis berger group, have won a us 1. 4 billion dollar contract to rebuild roads, power lines and water supply systems of afghanistan. one of the main drivers for the current economic recovery is the return of over 4 million refugees from neighbouring countries and the west, who brought with them fresh energy, entrepreneurship and wealth - creating skills as well as much needed funds to start up businesses. what is also helping is the estimated us 2 \u2013 3 billion dollars in international assistance every year, the partial recovery of the agricultural sector, and the reestablishment of market institutions. private developments are also beginning to get underway. in 2006, a dubai - based afghan family opened a $ 25 million coca cola bottling plant in afghanistan. while the country ' s current account deficit is largely financed with the donor money, only a small portion \u2013 about 15 % \u2013 is provided directly to the government budget. the rest is provided to non - budgetary expenditure and donor - designated projects through the united nations system and non - governmental organizations. the government had a central budget of only $ 350 million in 2003 and an estimated $ 550 million in 2004. the country ' s foreign exchange reserves totals about $ 500 million. revenue is mostly generated through customs, as income and corporate tax bases are negligible. inflation had been a major problem until 2002. however, the depreciation of the afghani in 2002 after the introduction of the new notes ( which replaced 1, 000 old afghani by 1 new afghani ) coupled with the relative stability compared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4179598704200193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.014775"} {"text": ". inflation had been a major problem until 2002. however, the depreciation of the afghani in 2002 after the introduction of the new notes ( which replaced 1, 000 old afghani by 1 new afghani ) coupled with the relative stability compared to previous periods has helped prices to stabilize and even decrease between december 2002 and february 2003, reflecting the turnaround appreciation of the new afghani currency. since then, the index has indicated stability, with a moderate increase toward late 2003. the afghan government and international donors seem to remain committed to improving access to basic necessities, infrastructure development, education, housing and economic reform. the central government is also focusing on improved revenue collection and public sector expenditure discipline. the rebuilding of the financial sector seems to have been so far successful. money can now be transferred in and out of the country via official banking channels. since 2003, over sixteen new banks have opened in the country, including afghanistan international bank, kabul bank, azizi bank, standard chartered bank, first micro finance bank, and others. a new law on private investment provides three to seven - year tax holidays to eligible companies and a four - year exemption from exports tariffs and duties. some private investment projects, backed with national support, are also beginning to pick up steam in afghanistan. an initial concept design called the city of light development, envisioned by dr. hisham n. ashkouri, principal of arcadd, inc. for the development and the implementation of a privately based investment enterprise has been proposed for multi - function commercial, historic and cultural development within the limits of the old city of kabul along the southern side of the kabul river and along jade meywand avenue, revitalizing some of the most commercial and historic districts in the city of kabul, which contains numerous historic mosques and shrines as well as viable commercial activities among war damaged buildings. also incorporated in the design is a new complex for the afghan national museum. according to the u. s. geological survey and the afghan ministry of mines and industry, afghanistan may be possessing up to of natural gas, of petroleum and up to of natural gas liquids. this could mark the turning point in afghanistan \u2019 s reconstruction efforts. energy exports could generate the revenue that afghan officials need to modernize the country \u2019 s infrastructure and expand economic opportunities for the beleaguered and fractious population. other reports show that the country has huge amounts of gold, copper, coal, iron ore and other minerals. the government of afghanistan is in the process of extracting and exporting its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4595299101158757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.015949"} {"text": "opportunities for the beleaguered and fractious population. other reports show that the country has huge amounts of gold, copper, coal, iron ore and other minerals. the government of afghanistan is in the process of extracting and exporting its copper reserves, which will be earning $ 1. 2 billion us dollars in royalties and taxes every year for the next 30 years. it will also provide permanent labor to 3, 000 of its citizens. ariana afghan airlines is the national airlines carrier, with domestic flights between kabul, kandahar, heart and mazar - e sharif. international flights include to dubai, frankfurt, istanbul and a number of other destinations. there are also limited domestic and international flight services available from kam air, pamir airways and safi airlines. the country has limited rail service with turkmenistan. there are two railway projects currently in progress, one is between herat and the iranian city mashad while another is between kandahar and quetta in pakistan. most people who travel from one city to another use bus services. automobiles have recently become more widely available, with toyota, nissan and hyundai dealerships in kabul. a large number of second - hand vehicles are also arriving from the uae. nearly all highways and roads are being rebuilt in the country. television and radio broadcastings are available in most parts of the country, with local and international channels or stations. as of 2006 more than four million male and female students were enrolled in schools throughout the country. however, there are still significant obstacles to education in afghanistan, stemming from lack of funding, unsafe school buildings and cultural norms. a lack of women teachers is an issue that concerns some afghan parents, especially in more conservative areas. some parents will not allow their daughters to be taught by men. literacy of the entire population is estimated ( as of 1999 ) at 36 %, the male literacy rate is 51 % and female literacy is 21 %. up to now there are 9, 500 schools in the country. another aspect of education that is rapidly changing in afghanistan is the face of higher education. following the fall of the taliban, kabul university was reopened to both male and female students. in 2006, the american university of afghanistan also opened its doors, with the aim of providing a world - class, english - language, co - educational learning environment in afghanistan. the university accepts students from afghanistan and the neighboring countries. construction work will soon start at the new site selected for university of balkh in mazari sharif. the new building for the university, including the building for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4752902308029377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.016989"} {"text": "photonics : sensing on the way published online 01 august 2012 hollow optical fibers containing light - emitting liquids hold big promises for biological sensing applications schematic illustration of a hollow fiber. the chemiluminescent liquid in the core ( yellow ) is guided through the fiber, also with help of further hole structures ( dark blue ). processing biological samples on a small substrate the size of a computer chip is becoming a common task for biotechnology applications. given the small working area, however, probing samples on the substrate with light can be difficult. to address this issue, xia yu and co - workers at the a * star singapore institute of manufacturing technology have now developed an optical fiber system that is able to deliver light to microfluidic chips with high efficiency1. \u201c our compact optical fibers are designed for use with high - throughput detection systems, \u201d says yu. \u201c they are ideal for use in space - restrictive locations. \u201d a common way of probing biological samples is by light. in this method, the sample is excited by an external light source and the light emitted in response is detected, which provides a unique fingerprint of the substance. conventional techniques are able to deliver light to samples and probe the response, but they are not very efficient at probing a small sample volume. a solution to this is to use optical fibers that are able to guide light to small spaces. the drawback with this technique, however, has been that it can be difficult to insert the external probe light into the optical fiber with sufficient efficiencies. yu and her co - workers have now circumvented this problem by using optical fibers with a hollow core ( see image ). the empty hollow core can be filled with liquids \u2014 in this case, with chemiluminescent solutions. the liquid is important to promote the transport of light through the core. in addition, these solutions consist of two liquids that when brought together initiate a chemical reaction that emits light. if such a solution is placed directly within the hollow core the problem of coupling light into the fiber is circumvented. this not only avoids external light sources but also promotes an established technology. \u201c the use of chemical luminescence is a common technique for a variety of detection assays in biology, \u201d says yu. \u201c by incorporating the emission mechanism into optical fibers, we can use it as a light source for sensing applications in microfluidics systems. \u201d first tests for such sensing applications are already underway, although some challenges remain. for example, there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5765448282431834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.021425"} {"text": "career : propagation systems for generation of chromosomally stable human embryonic stem cells ( virginia commonwealth university ) raj rao and members of his research group at virginia commonwealth university have developed a new material free of animal components that produces stable, non - tumor - forming stem cells. traditionally, human stem cell growth systems involve the use of animal - derived components. these elements raise the risk of genetic mutations and the spread of disease in new cells. development of stable, non - tumor - forming, disease - free stem cells will advance stem cell therapies to treat human diseases. human stem cells have gained enormous interest as potential sources for regenerative biomedical therapies and model systems for studying early human development. however, the process is labor intensive and can result in nonuniform, unstable human stem cell cultures. in addition, traditional stem cell growth systems lead to a mixture of stem cells. some of these networks develop into normal tissues and cells, while others form cancers. stem cell cancers are typically some of the hardest to treat. rao ' s findings will enable investigators to use well - defined materials to manufacture stem cells that are disease free, stable and non - tumor forming. researchers re - create fish hair cell sensors and musclesresearch areas : engineering locations : virginia research could have a significant impact on bioengineered replacement materialsresearch areas : engineering locations : virginia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5501209778749814, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.023016"} {"text": "\u2022 select site currency select a currency for use throughout the site physical database design. the morgan kaufmann series in data management systems elsevier science and technology, june 2007, pages : 448 the rapidly increasing volume of information contained in relational databases places a strain on databases, performance, and maintainability : dbas are under greater pressure than ever to optimize database structure for system performance and administration. physical database design discusses the concept of how physical structures of databases affect performance, including specific examples, guidelines, and best and worst practices for a variety of dbmss and configurations. something as simple as improving the table index design has a profound impact on performance. every form of relational database, such as online transaction processing ( oltp ), enterprise resource management ( erp ), data mining ( dm ), or management resource planning ( mrp ), can be improved using the methods provided in the book. the first complete treatment on physical database design, written by the authors of the seminal, database modeling and design : logical design, 4th edition. includes an introduction to the major concepts of physical database design as well as detailed examples, using methodologies and tools most popular for relational databases today : oracle, db2 ( ibm ), and sql server ( microsoft ). focuses on physical database design for exploiting b + tree indexing, clustered indexes, multidimensional clustering ( mdc ), range partitioning, shared nothing partitioning, shared disk data placement, materialized views, bitmap indexes, automated design tools, and more! 1 introduction to physical database design 2 basic indexing methods 3 query optimization and plan selection 4 selecting indexes 5 selecting materialized views 6 shared - nothing partitioning 7 range partitioning 8 multidimensional clustering 9 the interdependence problem 10 counting and data sampling in physical design exploration 11 query execution plans and physical design 12 automated physical database design 13 down to the metal : server resources and topology 14 physical design for decision support, warehousing, and olap 16 distributed data allocation appendix a a simple performance model for databases appendix b technical comparison of db2 hadr with oracle data guard for database disaster recovery lightstone, sam s. sam lightstone is a senior technical staff member and development manager with ibm ' s db2 product development team. his work includes numerous topics in autonomic computing and relational database management systems. he is cofounder and leader of db2 ' s autonomic computing r & d effort. he is chair of the ieee data engineering work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.531144095594191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.029439"} {"text": "product development team. his work includes numerous topics in autonomic computing and relational database management systems. he is cofounder and leader of db2 ' s autonomic computing r & d effort. he is chair of the ieee data engineering workgroup on self managing database systems and a member of the ieee computer society task force on autonomous and autonomic computing. in 2003 he was elected to the canadian technical excellence council, the canadian affiliate of the ibm academy of technology. he is an ibm master inventor with over 25 patents and patents pending ; he has published widely on autonomic computing for relational database systems. he has been with ibm since 1991. teorey, toby j. toby j. teorey is a professor in the electrical engineering and computer science department at the university of michigan, ann arbor. he received his b. s. and m. s. degrees in electrical engineering from the university of arizona, tucson, and a ph. d. in computer sciences from the university of wisconsin, madison. he was general chair of the 1981 acm sigmod conference and program chair for the 1991 entity - relationship conference. professor teorey ' s current research focuses on database design and data warehousing, olap, advanced database systems, and performance of computer networks. he is a member of the acm and the ieee computer society. tom nadeau is the founder of aladdin software ( aladdinsoftware. com ) and works in the area of data and text mining. he received his b. s. degree in computer science and m. s. and ph. d. degrees in electrical engineering and computer science from the university of michigan, ann arbor. his technical interests include data warehousing, olap, data mining and machine learning. he won the best paper award at the 2001 ibm cascon conference.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5258313165397683, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.030183"} {"text": "analysis of ethnoveterinary treatments for cattle ( bos indicus ) diseases referred in sanrimgyeongje including twelve volumes of literature from the 7th to the 18th century. abstract this study aims at a comprehensive analysis of ethnoveterinary treatment in the cattle - raising section of sanrimgyeongje which covers 12 different volumes of literature including 4 korean and 8 chinese literatures from the 7th to the 18th century, with a special attention to the treatments for cattle diseases. the above mentioned literature was analyzed through several steps : translation of the chinese text into korean, identification of diseases, verification of medicinal materials and confirmation of scientific names. as recorded in the thirteen references, this study shows that there are 143 medicinal materials which have been used as therapies for cattle diseases. of these, 55 plant species belonging to 52 genera in 29 families had 100 modes of usages, while one species of fungus was used in one way. likewise, 11 species of animals belonging to 11 genera in 10 families were utilized in 18 different methods. lastly, 9 kinds of inorganic matters were used in 11 ways with another 4 kinds being useful in 14 different ways. consequently, each of rinderpests, murrains, and hooves has been treated, respectively with 14, 10 and 3 types of medicinal decoctions made from 35, 18 and 15 kinds of medicinal materials. this diversified usage of various medicinal materials is incomparable to the modern ethnoveterinary investigation which tends to focus strictly in plants. if additional studies were to be conducted on these treatments and all the medicinal materials used within them, various new treatments and medicines can be developed to supplement the pharmacopoeia of contemporary veterinary medicine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4836594580893933, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.032542"} {"text": "vanuatu is definitely one of the south pacific ' s best kept secrets! its 74 inhabited islands form a y - shaped archipelago almost directly west of fiji and north - east of new caledonia. for many years there was joint british and french colonial rule here, an arrangement officially known as the condominum, but more commonly referred to as the pandemonium. joint rule meant joint languages, so that some villages were given education in english while neighboring villages were taught in french! the ni - vanuatu people are melanesian, like the people of papua new guinea and fiji. melanesians have frizzy afro - style hair and are usually of stocky build, unlike the polynesians of places like tonga, samoa and hawaii, who are tall and have straight hair. while polynesians have a single basic language which can be understood by widely separated groups like the hawaiians, tahitians and new zealand maoris, melanesians have extraordinarily splintered linguistic groups - the island of tanna, only 40 kilometers long, has seven completely different languages! the same situation applies throughout melanesia - papua new guinea is said to have over 800 different languages - not just dialects, but completely different languages. the solution to this babel is pidgin english, which everyone here speaks. unfortunately, rather earthy australians provided the main source of english for this area, so phrases like \" buggered up \" became words like \" bagarap \", which is the normal and appropriate way of saying \" broken \"! if you spend a bit of time in the area, you ' ll see some amusing pidgin english signs and hear some interesting spoken language. melanesian culture is somewhat different than many third world cultures. many of the customs are based on the idea of mutual obligation. one consequence of this is that there ' s no tipping, since a tip would leave the recipient obligated to the giver - so hopefully this is one part of the world where this dirty habit won ' t spread! another unusual custom is that everything is sold at a fixed price, without bargaining, even at street markets. thankfully, the melanesians here are friendly and very honest like their counterparts in fiji, unlike those of their race in new guinea, where violence and theft are common. the capital city of port vila, on the island of efate, must be one of the prettiest in the pacific, especially from the air. the low hills above the crescent - shaped harbor allow good views", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4306500561559712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.037839"} {"text": "violence and theft are common. the capital city of port vila, on the island of efate, must be one of the prettiest in the pacific, especially from the air. the low hills above the crescent - shaped harbor allow good views of beautiful blue waters filled with coral reefs and colourful fish. the islands have volcanic origins, something we were reminded of when a small earthquake struck while we were sleeping in our hotel. a trip around the island on the main road quickly changes from a smooth drive on asphalt to an adventurous safari along a sometimes deeply rutted dirt track, however it ' s worth it in order to see attractions like the mele - maat waterfalls, giant banyan trees and the eton blue hole, a small lake connected to the ocean and filled with reef fish. if you want to see the reef and its inhabitants more closely then you should go to mele bay, just around the corner from port vila. there are numerous places to snorkel or dive, including a wall around small mele island, now usually referred to as hideaway island. efate is very pleasant, but it would be a real shame to spend all of your time there, because there ' s so much of interest on other islands in the chain. for instance, the island of pentecost is where bungee jumping was invented! at yam harvest time villagers climb 90 foot bamboo towers, tie vines around their ankles and jump - the idea is to just touch the dug - up earth at the base of the tower with your head, and usually it works! espiritu santo has good diving, including a wreck dive on the president coolidge, an american troop ship sunk when it hit american mines, and million dollar point, where american commanders pushed hundreds of tonnes of surplus war equipment and supplies into the water rather than sell it cheaply to local planters. i didn ' t go to these places, instead i opted for the island of tanna, south of efate. the attractions are mostly concentrated in the south - west corner of the island. the area is dominated by mt yasur, which is a constantly active volcano only 360 metres high, but quite a spectacle at night. instead of staying in regular accomodation, we stayed at port resolution, a native village where the locals have made a concerted effort to provide facilities for tourists. the villagers have also struck up a relationship with a dugong, a close relative of the caribbean manatee, and they ' re able to slap the water to bring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.392480894026702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.038970"} {"text": "native village where the locals have made a concerted effort to provide facilities for tourists. the villagers have also struck up a relationship with a dugong, a close relative of the caribbean manatee, and they ' re able to slap the water to bring it to shore. cook ' s pyramid is also here, a rock where the famous british explorer captain james cook stopped to take sightings, as well as shark bay, where villagers threw transgressors to the namesake sharks. just around the volcano from port resolution is the sulphur bay custom village, which follows a \" cargo cult \" found in some other parts of melanesia. during world war two villagers in papua new guinea and elsewhere saw people construct airfields where planes landed, disgorging huge amounts of cargo ; so they figured that if they also built airfields then planes would come loaded with cargo for them, too! these ideas survived the end of the war, and continue in some places to this day. in the case of sulphur bay, villagers believe that a man called jon frum will one day arrive with an army and large amounts of goods for the local people. villagers have their own church where christianity and their own beliefs are mixed together, and they paint the letters \" usa \" on their buildings and even on themselves. funnily enough, this primitive place also has a radio - equipped telephone you can use to call anywhere in the world, just like a regular phone. even more primitive than sulphur bay is the village of yaohnanen on tanna ' s western coast near the airfield. here the people decided to continue to live according to their ancient customs, even avoiding western clothing in preference for the traditional \" nambas \" or penis sheath. but rejecting modern life doesn ' t mean that the people have isolated themselves from others. you can visit the village, walk around, buy your own nambas or other handicrafts, and watch a surprisingly enthralling yam harvest dance put on by the whole village - men, women and children.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45065524802784895, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.039928"} {"text": "bring a buzz to milan jim farmer, southeastern indiana beekeepers association, pictured right, discusses the benefits of beekeeping with anita chandler and jean oelker, left. chandler, a beekeeper for three years in cross plains, explained that she attended the seminar for more information on beekeeping. oelker, a master gardner from lawrenceburg, wanted to know what she could do to increase the bee population. milan was buzzing with activity on saturday, february 19 due to the 2011 honeybee fair held at the milan vfw and sponsored by the southeastern indiana beekeepers association. those attending the fair had the opportunity to receive first hand information about beekeeping, landscaping for bees and creating products that use honey or beeswax from vendors and special speakers kathleen prough, indiana dnr chief apiary inspector, and roy ballard, hancock county purdue university extension educator. the focus of the seminar was gardening to attract honeybees. kathleen prough explained that a large space is not needed for a bee - friendly garden. choose a space that gets about six hours of sunlight a day and start with a few plants then adding a few each year. when choosing plants for the garden, one should strive for abundance, sequence, and diversity. prough explained that plants should be clumped together so that the bees can visit many flowers in one plant for bloom succession so that there are blooms from spring through fall. bees need both pollen for protein and nectar for carbohydrates for energy. select plants that provide both of these. and, dont forget, trees and shrubs can provide pollen and consider a flower shape and color when choosing a plant for the bee garden. for example, bees favor yellow, bright white and blue flowers. according to prough, bees do not see the color red. ultraviolet, seen by bees but not by humans, is used as a nectar guide that draws a bee to the flower. the shape of the flower is also important for a bee. bees prefer a shallow flower with a platform landing and a single flower top. good examples are lavender and coneflowers. when choosing pesticides, opt for one in liquid form that will dry on the leaves. according to prough, dry pesticides, such as powders and dust, are bad for bees as it sits on the leaves and sticks to the bees legs and body and is then ingested as the bee cleans itself. prough noted that native plants may attract native bees but may not attract honeybees. she explained that honeybees are native", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4172081986669167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.045673"} {"text": "sits on the leaves and sticks to the bees legs and body and is then ingested as the bee cleans itself. prough noted that native plants may attract native bees but may not attract honeybees. she explained that honeybees are native to the united states. roy ballard, hancock county purdue extension educator, explained how creating a bee pasture in normally waste areas can help improve production in ones hive. these pastures could be on your own property or neighboring property within a three mile radius of your hives. the pasture can include trees and shrubs, vines, and flowers. some good plants for honeybees include alfalfa, clover, black locust trees, dandelions or honeysuckle. those blackberry vines growing in a fence row are also great food sources for honeybees. it is important to provide a water source for the bees to be used for bodily functions and to cool the hive. ballard advises to provide a water source that will not contribute to bees drowning and to keep away from pets, swimming pools or pedestrian walkways. when using pesticides, ballard advises using only when needed and the least toxic pesticide possible. apply the pesticide when the plant is not in bloom or late in the day when the bees are as the 2011 indiana state bee association honey bee queen, lacy doolys job is to bring honeybee awareness to as many people as possible. she visits schools, 4 - h clubs and other organizations across indiana to give presentations about how bees are important to humans by pollinating plants and providing honey and beeswax. dooly became involved in beekeeping through 4 - h and soon her family became interested in the hobby that has lasted for many years. honey is often used in many of the recipes she uses in the family below are some interesting facts about bees : one in three bites of our food is a result of pollination the average honeybee flies about 15 miles per hour and visits 50 - 100 flowers during each foraging trip. a colony of honeybees collectively flies over 55, 000 miles and visits about two million flowers to produce one pound of honey. in her lifetime, each individual worker bee produces about 1 / 12 of one teaspoon of honey. this means one pound of honey ( 12 fl. oz. ) represents the lifes work of 720 bees. honeybees have one stinger, two stomachs, three body segments, four wings, five eyes and six legs. a queen can lay up to 3, 000 eggs per day. a healthy bee hive can contain a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3780286739959441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.046684"} {"text": "( ara ) \u2013 serving nutritious meals, ensuring everyone gets enough sleep and physical activity, helping kids navigate the emotional challenges of growing up \u2013 parents have a lot to think about when it comes to keeping their kids healthy. over the past decade, one more concern has emerged, and it \u2019 s gaining in importance : teaching children how to live a healthy digital life. the percentage of american children with access to home computers increased 70 percent between 1984 and 2010, and the percentage with home internet access rose 35 percent between 1997 and 2010, according to research by the nonprofit child trends research center. eighty - five percent of children have access to computers in their home, the organization says. nearly 97 percent of american households own at least one tv, according to nielsen. clearly, the digital world has become a big part of life for kids of all ages. with schools back in session and the holidays approaching, many families will spend even more time in the digital world, doing homework, holiday shopping, or replacing outdoor activities with tv when the weather turns cold. just as parents teach children the value of self - discipline in their eating, exercise and behavior, they need to share lessons of digital discipline as well. as your family gets into a fall routine, keep these digital do \u2019 s and don \u2019 ts in mind : * limit screen time \u2013 the mayo clinic reports that too much screen time ( whether tv or computer ) has been linked to childhood obesity, poor sleep, behavioral problems, poor school performance, and even violence. many child health advocates recommend limiting the amount of time children watch tv or spend on the computer. when kids aren \u2019 t sitting in front of a screen, parents should encourage them to engage in physical activity, creative pursuits or in - person socializing. * keep everything in the open \u2013 online activity should only take place with a parent present. keep the family computer \u2013 and all internet use \u2013 in a common area of the home. be around when children are online. you don \u2019 t have to look over their shoulders, but you should be aware of what they are doing while they \u2019 re online. * take the first look \u2013 if your child wants to visit a new website or join a particular social media group, check it out first. if the content seems inappropriate, steer your child away from the site. * use helpful tools \u2013 protecting kids online can be a challenge, but tools like safetyweb can make it easier. the tool helps parents keep kids safe online by monitoring online activity \u2013 both the child \u2019 s and what the child is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45414052341347455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.051745"} {"text": "the site. * use helpful tools \u2013 protecting kids online can be a challenge, but tools like safetyweb can make it easier. the tool helps parents keep kids safe online by monitoring online activity \u2013 both the child \u2019 s and what the child is exposed to. an active blog discusses the latest challenges with rearing kids in the digital age. * let kids isolate themselves in the digital world \u2013 while kids might enjoy a tv show or video game together, computer time is too often alone time for them. children who spend a lot of time online can become cut off from the real world. encourage children to engage in healthful face - to - face interaction with their peers, whether it \u2019 s as part of a sports team, volunteer group or just hanging out together at a friend \u2019 s house. * allow digital communication to replace family face - time \u2013 technology has made it easier than ever for families to stay in touch when they \u2019 re apart at work or school. too often, however, family members rely on a quick text or instant message to reach someone in another room of the house. when you \u2019 re home together, set aside digital communication and go in search of each other. * skip exercise \u2013 families that exercise together tend to be healthier, studies show. don \u2019 t forego physical activity in favor of screen time. instead of sitting down together to watch a tv show, gather up the family and head to the bowling alley. * forget to lead by example \u2013 for all that the digital world has expanded the influences to which children are exposed, parents still remain the most influential people in their children \u2019 s lives. modeling digital discipline and healthy behaviors is an important part of teaching those lessons to your children.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47989745291832286, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.052582"} {"text": "urban coyotes pose little dangercoyotes adapt well to living in urban areas but generally stay away from people by : emily zimmer, rosemount town pages it may seem alarming to run across a coyote while on a walk in downtown rosemount. but the wild canines are in rosemount and generally pose no danger to residents. police chief gary kalstabakken said police officers have reported seeing coyotes near the train tracks near downtown. \" you will see them in town, \" said kalstabakken. but kalstabakken said coyotes \" are generally not an issue. \" according the minnesota dnr coyotes can be found anywhere in minnesota including busy urban areas. in the twin cities area, coyote populations are rising. coyotes are wild members of the dog family. on average they weigh 30 pounds and are 18 inches tall. the dnr says the animals are gray and brown and resemble a small german shepherd dog. coyotes generally are loners except when families are raising pups. simply put, coyotes don ' t like people. according to the dnr there have been no reported attacks on humans in minnesota. however, attacks have been reported in other states. the dnr says experts believe attacks by urban coyotes occur after the animals become accustomed to humans or after being fed by humans. coyotes primarily eat small mammals including mice and rabbits. however, they have been known to kill small pets including dogs and cats. also they will raid garbage cans for food. kalstabakken warned against feeding any wild animal. he said small animals shouldn ' t be allowed to roam freely and garbage cans should be secured. if you encounter a coyote that doesn ' t immediately run off, kalstabakken recommended harassing the animal by chasing and shouting at them. if problems should arise with coyotes they can be killed without a license. contact the dnr or the city of rosemount for information on coyote removal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.402014096169877, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.055427"} {"text": "chemical technology news from across rsc publishing. nanofactories monitor bacteria communication 03 march 2010 scientists in the us have developed a microdevice that investigates how bacteria communicate with each other to enhance their resistance to drugs. bacteria communicate in a process called quorum sensing, in which they secrete small signalling molecules called autoinducers. when bacteria produce a quorum, their resistance to drugs is enhanced. william bentley and co - workers from the university of maryland have developed bio - inspired nanoscale factories that capture bacteria, deliver a drug right on the surface of the bacteria and test their responses. ' the overall goal is to understand how pathogens communicate with each other to make a more formidable team than each individual cell. we ' re trying to break down what exactly a quorum is and how it works ', explains bentley. microdevice could help develop the next generation of antimicrobials the nanofactories assemble themselves on a chitosan coated electrode within a microfluidic device. they contain multiple modules that each perform a different function, including targeting and capturing bacteria cells, sensing raw materials in the vicinity and converting the raw materials into autoinducer molecules and transporting these back to the bacteria cell surface. bentley used bacteria cells that were specially constructed to express a fluorescent protein in response to autoinducer signalling, which could be easily seen. the autoinducer molecules made by the nanofactories triggered the quorum sensing response of the bacteria, causing them to express the fluorescent protein. ' we ' re developing tools that enable rapid, cost - effective assembly of complex biological systems on devices so that the device can interrogate what the biology is doing ', bentley adds. michael shuler, an expert in bioengineering at cornell university, ithaca, us, called the concept of nanofactories ' highly intriguing and novel '. he said that while applying the technique to the capture of quorum sensing bacteria was important for controlling some types of bacteria without antibiotics, the most exciting thing for him was the potential of the nanofactories to be integrated with microfluidics or other nanotechnologies. in the future bentley hopes that increasingly complex biological systems could be assembled to recreate the environment that bacteria see. he hopes to use the method to study other systems including epithelial and cancer cells. enjoy this story? spread the word using the ' tools ' menu on the left or add a comment to the chemistry world blog. link to journal article biological nanofactories facilitate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5763036649937622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.058401"} {"text": "vivotif oral patient information including how should i take in this article - what is typhoid vaccine ( vivotif oral )? - what are the possible side effects of typhoid vaccine ( vivotif oral )? - what is the most important information i should know about typhoid vaccine ( vivotif oral )? - what should i discuss with my healthcare provider before receiving typhoid vaccine ( vivotif oral )? - how is typhoid vaccine given ( vivotif oral )? - what happens if i miss a dose ( vivotif oral )? - what happens if i overdose ( vivotif oral )? - what should i avoid before or after getting typhoid vaccine ( vivotif oral )? - what other drugs will affect typhoid vaccine ( vivotif oral )? - where can i get more information? what should i discuss with my healthcare provider before receiving typhoid vaccine ( vivotif oral )? typhoid vaccine should not be used in a person who is a typhoid carrier. you should not receive this vaccine if you have ever had an allergic reaction to typhoid vaccine in the past, or if you have : - fever with any type of infection or illness ; - a weak immune system caused by disease such as hiv / aids or cancer ; or - a weak immune system caused by using certain medicines such as chemotherapy. you may not be able to receive this vaccine if you have : - stomach flu or any illness with vomiting or diarrhea ; - if you are taking an antibiotic, especially a sulfa drug such as sulfasalazine ( azulfidine, sulfazine ), sulfamethoxazole ( bactrim, cotrim, septra, smx - tmp ), or sulfisoxazole ( gantrisin ) ; or - if you plan to start taking an anti - malaria medication within 10 days after receiving a typhoid oral vaccine. you can still receive a vaccine if you have a minor cold. in the case of a more severe illness with a fever or any type of infection, the doctor may ask you to wait until you get better before you can receive the vaccine. vaccines may be harmful to an unborn baby and generally should not be given to a pregnant woman. however, not vaccinating the mother could be more harmful to the baby if the mother becomes infected with a disease that this vaccine could prevent. your doctor will decide whether", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3909341534427088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.063635"} {"text": "an unborn baby and generally should not be given to a pregnant woman. however, not vaccinating the mother could be more harmful to the baby if the mother becomes infected with a disease that this vaccine could prevent. your doctor will decide whether you should receive this vaccine, especially if you have a high risk of infection with typhoid. it is not known whether typhoid vaccine passes into breast milk, or if it could harm a nursing baby. do not receive this vaccine without telling your doctor if you are breast - feeding a baby. how is typhoid vaccine given ( vivotif oral )? typhoid vaccine is recommended for adults and children in the following situations : - people who travel to countries where typhoid fever is common ; - people who will have long - term exposure to food or water that may be contaminated with typhoid ; - people who live with someone who is a typhoid carrier ; and - laboratory workers who may come into contact with salmonella typhi in a work setting. the typhoid oral vaccine is given in a series of 4 capsules that are taken 1 per day on alternating days ( days 1, 3, 5, and 7 ). on this alternating - day schedule, you will take 1 capsule every 48 hours for 7 days. you must take each capsule according to the recommended schedule for this vaccine to be effective. you should complete all doses at least 1 week before your scheduled travel or possible exposure to typhoid. you must keep typhoid vaccine capsules cold when not in use. once you receive the capsules from your doctor or pharmacy, take them directly home and place them in the refrigerator. keep each capsule in the foil blister pack in the refrigerator until you are ready to take it. do not allow the capsules to freeze. take the capsule on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before a meal. swallow the capsule as quickly as possible after placing it in your mouth. take with a full glass of cold or lukewarm water or other beverage. do not use warm or hot drinks such as coffee, tea, or warm milk. the liquid you use to help swallow the typhoid vaccine capsule should not be warmer than your body temperature ( 98. 6 degrees f ). do not crush, chew, or break a typhoid vaccine capsule. swallow the pill whole. the enteric - coated pill has a special coating to release the vaccine slowly into your body. breaking the pill could damage this coating. the complete series", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41339289523822675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.064634"} {"text": "filed under : computers often, when people talk about the future of user interaction with computers, the go - to reference is steven spielberg \u2019 s \u2018 minority report. \u2019 but those dreams of gesture - based computing find users waving their hands in the air with no tactile feedback at all, and anyone who has typed on both an iphone and a blackberry can tell you a little physical feedback is always welcome. an experimental system being developed at gifu university in japan marries that sort of hand gesture - based experience with 3 - d displays and haptic feedback to create an experience that more closely resembles manipulating objects in the real world. the hiro iii requires that you strap your fingertips into a robot hand, which has fingers that simulate the texture of real surfaces to provide a sense of weight to your on - screen interactions. for example, if you \u2019 re running your hand across a jagged surface, the hiro iii will appropriately recreate that feeling. when combined with a 3 - d display, the experience should be quite immersive. the system has obvious applications for controlling robot arms, as well as for simulating surgical and diagnostic procedures for medical students. check out the video of hiro iii in action after the break. [ from : engadget ] continue reading in hiro iii, researchers see scientific breakthrough, we see feel - o - vision in hiro iii, researchers see scientific breakthrough, we see feel - o - vision originally appeared on switched on wed, 30 jun 2010 11 : 00 : 00 est. please see our terms for use of feeds. read | permalink | email this | comments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5225288247827684, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.066372"} {"text": ": current science 2012 \u5e74 3 \u6708 23 \u65e5 | en india needs a permanent dengue surveillance system. united states department of agriculture population rise, unplanned urbanisation, poor vector control, viral evolution and international travel have turned dengue into a major global infectious disease with 50 \u2013 100 million cases and 3. 6 billion people at risk. complications arise from the fact that the number of dengue cases in an affected area may be limited. few vectors, ( aedes aegypti or a. albopictus ) mosquitoes may be found infected with the virus, limiting the scope for epidemiological and transmission studies. the presence of dengue vectors and antibodies to the virus in a community does not necessarily reflect on re - emergence of dengue in an area. domestic animals such as cats, rats, dogs, cows, buffaloes and goats may serve as ' hidden reservoirs ' for the virus, as also sylvan monkeys. in such a situation, a ' denguenet - india ' surveillance system can help track the spread of the virus and provide a better understanding of the interactions between mosquitoes, different strains of the dengue virus, animals and humans. existing technologies such as geographical information systems, polymerase chain reaction, rapid antigen tests, genetic sequencing and bioinformatics can be harnessed to provide a holistic approach to suppress dengue resurgence, in collaboration with the who ' s denguenet. databases could be continuously updated and the reporting of dengue cases from india \u2019 s existing network of institutions and laboratories standardised, with a view to predicting epidemics and reducing fatality rates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48362824892762935, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.069001"} {"text": "may 26, 2000 iowa city, iowa - - long - term exposure to radon in the home is associated with lung cancer risk and presents a significant environmental health hazard, according to a study led by researchers at the university of iowa college of public health. the iowa radon lung cancer study, funded by the national institute of environmental health sciences, included investigators from the ui, st. john ' s university in collegeville, minn. and the university of kansas. the results are published in the june 1 issue of the american journal of epidemiology. from 1993 to 1997, the researchers studied 1, 027 iowa women - - 413 who were newly diagnosed with lung cancer and 614 \" controls \" - - ages 40 to 84 who had lived in their homes for the past 20 years or more. the women studied in both groups included smokers as well as nonsmokers. women were studied because they typically have less occupational exposures to substances that may cause lung cancer, and historically have spent more time in the home. the researchers found that close to 60 percent of the basement radon concentrations for both the lung cancer cases ( study participants with lung cancer ) and the control group ( participants without lung cancer ) exceeded the u. s. environmental protection agency action level for radon of 4 picocuries per liter ( pci / l ). the researchers found that 33 percent of living areas for the lung cancer cases, and 28 percent of the living areas for the control group, exceeded the epa ' s action level of 4 pci / l. even at the epa action level of 4 pci / l, an approximate 50 percent excess lung cancer risk was found among the women in the study after correcting for the impact of smoking, according to charles lynch, ui professor of epidemiology and the study ' s principal investigator. \" what this indicates is that residential radon exposure is a significant cause of lung cancer, \" lynch said. at least four radon detection devices were placed in different areas in each of the study subjects ' homes for one year. the researchers linked these multiple home radon measurements, as well as estimates on radon exposure outside the subjects ' homes, with the subjects ' past mobility history - - where and how much time they had spent outside or inside their homes or in the workplace, for example. with this information, the researchers were able to determine actual detailed exposure estimates for each study participant. \" this study incorporated the most sophisticated radon exposures analysis ever performed in a residential epide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059010722612334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.072838"} {"text": "or inside their homes or in the workplace, for example. with this information, the researchers were able to determine actual detailed exposure estimates for each study participant. \" this study incorporated the most sophisticated radon exposures analysis ever performed in a residential epidemiologic study, \" said r. william field, ph. d., ui research scientist in epidemiology and lead author of the journal article. \" most previous studies have focused on only one or two radon measurements in a home to determine a person ' s radon exposure. we linked where the study participants spent their time over the past 20 years with the radon concentrations gathered from inside and outside the home and came up with a more accurate measurement of exposure. \" previous studies have shown that iowa has the highest average radon concentrations in the united states. radon - - a naturally occurring odorless, tasteless and colorless radioactive gas - - is produced by the breakdown of radium in soil, rock and water. the high concentrations in iowa and the upper midwest are due primarily to glacial deposits that occurred more than 10, 000 years ago, field noted. \" many homes and other buildings, such as schools and offices, have high radon concentrations, \" field said. \" our research provides direct evidence that residential radon exposure is tied to an increased risk for lung cancer. \" the best way to reduce overall exposure to radon is to test homes and take steps to reduce elevated indoor radon concentrations. information on radon testing and mitigation is available toll - free from the epa by calling ( 800 ) sos - radon or by visiting the epa web site at http : / / www. epa. gov / iaq / radon /. additional information about the study is available at the following web site : http : / / www. cheec. uiowa. edu / misc / radon. html. the american journal of epidemiology is the premier scientific journal devoted to the publication of empirical research findings and methodologic developments in the field of epidemiologic research. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47213720286677613, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.074717"} {"text": "june 4, 2005 autism therapy is bedeviled by unpredictable outcomes. even with the best behavioral treatments, which are the only ones to have been scientifically demonstrated to work - - says laura schreibman, professor of psychology and director of the autism research program at ucsd - - some children improve dramatically, some only somewhat and others not at all. many families try one thing after another, losing precious months before hitting on the therapeutic method best suited for their autistic child. given the importance of early intervention, schreibman said, \" we need to get it right the first time. \" a new study coauthored by schreibman and recent doctoral graduate michelle sherer successfully matches autistic children with an appropriate therapy. published in the june issue of the american psychological association ' s journal of consulting and clinical psychology, the study is the first to develop and test a predictive profile of children likely to respond to a particular treatment, in this case pivotal response training. prt is a child - directed behavioral intervention developed by schreibman and uc santa barbara colleague robert l. koegel. focused on improving a child ' s motivation and responsiveness, prt targets language skills, play skills and social behaviors that can be generalized to a natural, non - lab setting. the researchers began by examining data from 28 children who had participated in previous investigations of prt. characteristics of the poorest and most exceptional responders were used to develop the predictive profile. children expected to do well with prt were those who showed a moderate to high interest in toys, were tolerant of another person in close proximity, and, relative to those with poor outcomes, had fewer non - verbal stimulatory behaviors ( flapping or rocking, for example ) and more verbal self - stimulatory behaviors ( squeaking or other nonsensical sounds ). a prospective study followed : six new participants were selected - - three who were predicted to respond to prt and three who were not. each prospective responder was matched to a non - responder on iq, language age and symptom severity. two boys and girl, the responders ranged in chronological age from 3 years, 0 months to 3 years, 5 months. the non - responders were likewise two boys and a girl, aged chronologically from 3 years, 1 month to 5 years, 10 months. the children received 90 minutes of one - on - one prt four to five times a week by trained, advanced psychology students who were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5063672421600776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.079285"} {"text": "likewise two boys and a girl, aged chronologically from 3 years, 1 month to 5 years, 10 months. the children received 90 minutes of one - on - one prt four to five times a week by trained, advanced psychology students who were blind to the hypothesis of the study. after five weeks, prt treatment was stopped for the non - responders because they failed to show any improvement, and it was ethically indefensible to continue. they were referred to other programs. ( the non - responders ' slightly higher chronological age did not appear to be a factor. in fact, the youngest child of this group was among the poorest performing. ) responders received a total of six months, or approximately 190 hours, of treatment. as predicted, they made significant gains on several measures. children \" r1 \" and \" r2, \" for example, began the study with no functional communication. by the second month, both were talking during and outside of treatment sessions. skeptics might charge that the profile developed by sherer and schreibman merely picks out children who will improve with any and all behavioral treatment. an important insight, however, the authors write, is provided by the non - responders who were discontinued from the study. \" nr1, \" for instance, who did not derive any benefit from prt, made great gains with another method - - suggesting the profile is specifically predictive for outcomes with prt. subsequent research led by schreibman is confirming this finding. \" this is just a start in the right direction. it is one profile for one therapy, \" said schreibman, author of autism and the forthcoming the science and fiction of autism ( harvard university press, nov. 2005 ). \" we in the autism community know there is no one - size - fits - all approach. to reduce outcome variability, we need to continue finding predictor variables and to develop a full inventory of tailored treatments. \" schreibman ' s lab is currently working on adapting its prt profile so that it can more easily be used in schools and other real - world environments. the authors urge further research to develop profiles for all other behavioral therapies. the study was supported by a grant from the national institute of mental health. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5069364032056948, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.080276"} {"text": "july 26, 2012 excitation of neurons depends on the selected influx of certain ions, namely sodium, calcium and potassium through specific channels. obviously, these channels were crucial for the evolution of nervous systems in animals. how such channels could have evolved their selectivity has been a puzzle until now. yehu moran and ulrich technau from the university of vienna together with scientists from tel aviv university and the woods hole oceanographic institution ( usa ) have now revealed that voltage - gated sodium channels, which are responsible for neuronal signaling in the nerves of animals, evolved twice in higher and lower animals. these results were published in cell reports. the opening and closing of ion channels enable flow of ions that constitute the electrical signaling in all nervous systems. every thought we have or every move we make is the result of the highly accurate opening and closing of numerous ion channels. whereas the channels of most lower animals and their unicellular relatives cannot discern between sodium and calcium ions, those of higher animals are highly specific for sodium, a characteristic that is important for fast and accurate signaling in complex nervous system. surprising results in sea anemones and jellyfish however, the researchers found that a group of basal animals with simple nerve nets including sea anemones and jellyfish also possess voltage - gated sodium channels, which differ from those found in higher animals, yet show the same selectivity for sodium. since cnidarians separated from the rest of the animals more than 600 million years ago, these findings suggest that the channels of both cnidarians and higher animals originated independently twice, from ancient non - selective channels which also transmit calcium. since many other processes of internal cell signaling are highly dependent on calcium ions, the use of non - selective ion channels in neurons would accidently trigger various signaling systems inside the cells and will cause damage. the evolution of selectivity for sodium ions is therefore considered as an important step in the evolution of nervous systems with fast transmission. this study shows that different parts of the channel changed in a convergent manner during the evolution of cnidarians and higher animals in order to perform the same task, namely to select for sodium ions. this demonstrates that important components for the functional nervous systems evolved twice in basal and higher animals, which suggests that more complex nervous systems that rely on such ion - selective channels could have also evolved twice independently. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5379766019338168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.083076"} {"text": "hot sites and cool books recommended web sites : information about the 2006 dinosaur dig at the 5e ranch can be found at www. montanadinosaurdigs. com / sauro. htm ( judith river dinosaur institute ). perkins, sid. 2006. bone hunt. science news 170 ( aug. 26 ) : 138 - 140. available at http : / / www. sciencenews. org / articles / 20060826 / bob10. asp. books recommended by searchit! science : the fossil factory : a kid ' s guide to digging up dinosaurs, exploring evolution, and finding fossils niles eldredge published by addison - wesley publishing co., 1989. if you think that fossils are dinosaur bones, you ' re partly right. there are fossils of lots of other things, toograins of pollen, sea creatures, even human beings! how can you find fossils on your own? with black - and - white, cartoon - style drawings and a humorous writing style, a world - famous scientist and his teenage sons explain how fossils are formed, where you can find them, and how to take care of them. along the way, they also offer a few chuckles as well as fascinating information about the history of life on earth, the way rocks and continents formed, and what earth was like during the age of the dinosaurs. twelve activitiesincluding instructions for making a plaster cast of your own footprintare featured, too, along with step - by - step diagrams. at the end, a timeline shows how life forms evolved over millions of years. armored, plated, and bone - headed dinosaurs : the ankylosaurs, stegosaurs, and pachycephalosaurs thom holmes published by enslow publishers, 2002. what are the origins of these spiny, armor - plated dinosaurs? what were their feeding habits? how did they defend themselves? explore the anatomy and physiology of these creatures that are now extinct. return to article from the american heritage\u00ae student science dictionary and the american heritage\u00ae children ' s science dictionary estuary the wide lower end of a river where it flows into the sea. the water in estuaries is a mixture of fresh water and salt water. fossil the hardened remains of traces of plant or animal that lived long ago. fossils are often found in sedimentary rocks. paleontology the scientific study of life in the past, especially through the study of fossils. sauropod one of the two types of saurichian dinosaurs, widespread during the jurassic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4847127195674254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.087937"} {"text": "lived long ago. fossils are often found in sedimentary rocks. paleontology the scientific study of life in the past, especially through the study of fossils. sauropod one of the two types of saurichian dinosaurs, widespread during the jurassic and cretaceous periods. sauropods were plant - eaters and often grew to tremendous size, having a stout body with thick legs, long slender necks with a small head, and long tails. sauropods included the apatosaurus ( brontosaurus ) and brachiosuarus. sedimentary rock a rock that is formed when sediment, such as sand or mud, becomes hard. sedimentary rocks form when sediments are collected in one place by the action of water, wind, glaciers, or other forces, and are then pressed together. limestone and shale are sedimentary rocks. stegosaurus or stegosaur any of several plant - eating dinosaurs of the jurassic and cretaceous periods. stegosaurus had a spiked tail and an arched back with a double row of large, triangular, upright, bony plates. although stegosaurs grew to 20 feet ( 6. 1 meters ) in length, they had tiny heads with brains the size of a walnut copyright \u00a9 2002, 2003 houghton - mifflin company. all rights reserved. used with permission. return to article behind the scenes hot sites & cool books", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5239602880221268, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.088557"} {"text": "in a. d. 79 mount vesuvius erupted, annihilating the cities of pompeii and herculaneum and killing thousands who did not evacuate in time. to avert a similar fate for present - day naples, which lies six miles west of the still active vesuvius, as well as for the cities near volatile mount etna in sicily, a novel laser system could soon forecast volcanic eruptions up to months in advance. current methods to predict eruptions have downsides. seismometers can monitor tremors and other ground activity that signal a volcano ' s awakening, but their readings can prove imprecise or complicated to interpret. scanning for escaping gases can reveal whether magma is moving inside, but the instruments used to analyze such emissions are often too delicate and bulky for life outside a laboratory. \" you have to collect samples from the volcano, bring them to a lab, and often wait through backlogs of weeks to months before analysis, \" explains frank tittel, an applied physicist at rice university. a more promising technique for early detection focuses on changes in carbon isotopes in carbon dioxide. the ratio between carbon 12 and carbon 13 is roughly 90 to one in the atmosphere, but it can differ appreciably in volcanic gases. a ratio change by as little as 0. 1 part per million could signal an influx of carbon dioxide from magma either building under or rising up through the volcano. lasers can help detect this change : carbon 12 and 13 absorb light at slightly different mid - infrared wavelengths. the lasers must continuously tune across these wavelengths. previously investigators used lead - salt lasers, which require liquid - nitrogen cooling and thus are impractical in the field. furthermore, they are low - power devices, generating less than millionths of a watt, and can emit frequencies in an unstable manner. other isotope scanning techniques are similarly lab - bound. tittel and other scientists in the u. s. and britain, in partnership with the italian government, have devised a volcano - monitoring system around a quantum - cascade laser. such a semiconductor laser can produce high power across a wide frequency. moreover, they are rugged and do not require liquid - nitrogen cooling, making them compact enough to fit inside a shoe box. the researchers first tried out their device on gas emissions from nicaraguan craters in 2000. the new field tests will check its performance and accuracy in harsh volcanic locales. dirk richter, a research engineer at the national center for atmospheric research in boulder, colo., says it would prove", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5521981901608282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.096277"} {"text": "on gas emissions from nicaraguan craters in 2000. the new field tests will check its performance and accuracy in harsh volcanic locales. dirk richter, a research engineer at the national center for atmospheric research in boulder, colo., says it would prove difficult to design a system \" to work in one of the worst and most challenging environments possible on earth, \" but \" if there ' s one group in the world that dares to do this, that ' s frank tittel ' s group. \" if the instrument works, the plan is to deploy early - warning systems of lasers around volcanoes, with each device transmitting data in real time. false alarms should not occur, because carbon isotope ratios in magma differ significantly from those in the crust. the changes that the laser helps to detect also take place over weeks to months, providing time to compare data from other instruments, as well as ample evacuation notice. \" our system aims at avoiding a catastrophe like the vesuvius eruption, \" says team member damien weidmann, a physicist at the rutherford appleton laboratory in oxfordshire, england. field tests for the prototype are planned for the spring of 2005 in the volcanic alban hills region southeast of rome, near the summer home of pope john paul ii, as well as for volcanic areas near los alamos, n. m. this article was originally published with the title volcanic sniffing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5340274936178518, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.097163"} {"text": "if astronomy and outerspace interest you, then this activity set will fascinate you. you ' ll learn about the planets, stars, sun, moon, and even rockets - all through fun, hands - on experiments. activities include using balloons and chemically powered rockets to study rocket propulsion, building a telescope and star map to investigate the stars and constellations, assembling a model of the solar system to about the planets that share it, and more. once you work through all the activities, you will understand how earth \u2019 s axis and revolution around the sun causes the seasons, how the moon \u2019 s rotation around earth gives us the phases of the moon, how meteorites formed the craters on the moon, how meteoroids become falling stars, and so much more. includes a full - color, 32 - page experiment book to guide your space exploration. ages 8 and up. warning : choking hazard \u2014 children under 8 yrs. can choke or suffocate on uninflated or broken balloons. adult supervision required. keep uninflated balloons from children. discard broken balloons at once. - launch three types of rockets - build a telescope and star map - model the solar system - investigate the revolution and rotation of earth - swing a moon sling - find the man in the moon - recreate lunar and solar eclipses - learn about falling stars - discover how the universe is expanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5286339419289667, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.099085"} {"text": "- a prehistoric evergreen that keeps coming back to life! - grows in one day! unconditionally guaranteed to grow! - can \" sleep \" for fifty years and spring back to life in one day! take the amazing dinosaur plant out of its home for days, months, even years - then give it water, and it will roar back to life! the amazing dinosaur plant is one of the longest - living plants in the world! this plant actually lived when the first dinosaurs emerged. at that time, this plant would grow to over 120 feet, taller than even a tyrannosaurus rex! when the ice age came, the dinosaur plant had to mutate and get really small. in order to survive, it learned how to blow onto dry land and sleep, waiting for water. usually the plant drifted around until it stumbled into a puddle. then the plant \" drank \" greedily, and went back sleep until it found the next puddle. the dinosaur plant is very easy to care for. all it needs is a little water and some occasional sleep. simply place the plant in its bowl with new mexico lava rock ( included ), pour some water on the plant and it will spring to life within one day! if you let the dinosaur plant dry out, it will shrink back to its sleeping state. it can sleep for up to fifty years and will still rise when you place it in water! a fun project for the entire family to enjoy! the amazing dinosaur plant includes a live plant, bag of genuine volcanic lava rock, display bowl, and instructions. appropriate for ages 4 +. dinosuar plant instructions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41566053926638624, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.100590"} {"text": "an instrument to measure the altitude of an object above a fixed level. generally, mean sea level is used for the reference level. mid - level cloud ( bases generally 2000 - 8000m ), made up of grey, puffy masses, sometimes appearing in parallel waves or bands. an indicatorof mid - level instability. altocumulus can take on various forms such as aclenticularis, ac undulatus, ac castellanus, altocumulus ' mackerel sky '. a middle level cloud with vertical development that forms from altocumulusclouds. it is composed primarily of ice crystals in its higher portions andcharacterised by its turrets, protuberances or crenulated tops. mid - level cloud composed of water droplets and ice crystals. usuallygives the sun a watery or dimly visible appearance. a local wind that flows up the side of valleys due to increased heating alongthe valley walls. often the anabatic wind results in cumulus clouds along theridges either side of the valley. see also katabatic winds. a device used to measure wind speed. the departure of an element from its long - term average for the locationconcerned. for example, if the average maximum temperature for melbourne in june is 14 degrees and on one particular day the temperature only reaches 10 degrees, than the anomaly for that day is - 4. a large scale atmospheric circulation system in which the winds rotate anticlockwise in the southern hemisphere ( clockwise in northern hemisphere ). anticyclones are areas of high atmospheric pressure and are generallyassociated with light winds and stable weather conditions. interchangeablewith high pressure system. rotation in the opposite sense as the earth ' s rotation, i. e., anticlockwise in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6128497476394181, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.103600"} {"text": "what is graywater? according to health and safety code section 17922. 12, graywater is \u201c untreated wastewater that has not been contaminated by any toilet discharge, has not been affected by infectious contaminated or unhealthy bodily wastes, and does not present a threat from contamination by unhealthful processing, manufacturing, or operation wastes. \u201d graywater \u201d includes but is not limited to wastewater from bathtubs, showers, bathroom washbasins, clothes washing machines, and laundry tubs, but does not include wastewater from kitchen sinks or dishwashers. \u201d - download an informational brochure on installation and permitting requirements for graywater systems in sonoma county graywater systems standards on july 30, 2009, the ca department of housing and community development ( hcd ) codes and standards division and the california building standards commission ( cbsc ) announced the adoption of the state \u2019 s new graywater standards. the new standards became effective on august 4, 2009. \" these new graywater standards will be a big step toward reducing california \u2019 s water consumption by providing cost - effective guidelines that will be beneficial to every home throughout the state, \u201d said director lynn l. jacobs. \u201c hcd and its staff recognize the importance of continually improving the state building codes and standards to help improve our sustainability. \u201d for more information regarding the standards and building permits, please contact the county permit and resource development department ( prmd ) at ( 707 ) 565 - 1900 or visit the prmd website, or view the new graywater standards. graywater frequently asked questions 1. what is graywater? graywater is untreated wastewater that has not been contaminated by any toilet discharge. graywater includes wastewater from bathtubs, showers, bathroom sinks, clothes washing machines and laundry sinks. it does not include wastewater from kitchen sinks, dishwashers, photo lab sinks or laundry water from soiled diapers. 2. what is a graywater system? graywater systems are onsite wastewater systems that use graywater for subsurface landscape irrigation through the use of mulch basins, disposal trenches or subsurface drip irrigation fields. 3. are there regulations for the use of graywater? the regulations for the design, construction and use of graywater systems can be found in chapter 16a of the california plumbing code ( cpc ). a copy of these regulations can be found on our website at http : / / www. sonoma - county. org / prmd / divpages / wellsep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4839086266388422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.109106"} {"text": "be found in chapter 16a of the california plumbing code ( cpc ). a copy of these regulations can be found on our website at http : / / www. sonoma - county. org / prmd / divpages / wellsepdiv. htm 4. who regulates the use of graywater in sonoma county? the county of sonoma permit and resource management department ( prmd ) has been delegated the authority to regulate graywater systems in the unincorporated area of sonoma county by the california regional water quality control board ( rwqcb ). prmd does not regulate graywater systems in the incorporated cities in sonoma county. these cities can implement a program of their own that meets or exceeds the requirements of the cpc with approval from the rwqcb. questions regarding graywater systems within an incorporated city should be go directly to that city. 5. can i allow my graywater to discharge to the ground surface? due to the potential for high levels of bacteria and viruses in graywater, graywater must be used in a way that eliminates potential human contact or the creation of nuisances. the regulations for graywater systems allows for subsurface irrigation only, although graywater can be discharged to the ground surface in a mulch basin as long as it remains covered with at least two inches of mulch, rock or soil. 6. can i use graywater for other purposes such as flushing toilets? the cpc allows graywater to be used for flushing toilets but the graywater must meet the same regulations in place for the use of recycled water ( title 22 ) with respect to treatment, permitting, inspection and cross connection control. 7. do i need a permit to install a graywater system? the cpc exempts graywater systems that collect graywater from a clothes washer only and where no modifications to the plumbing system are required or pumps are used in the graywater system from construction permits but the system must still meet the design and construction standards found in the regulations. all other graywater systems require a construction permit. plans for graywater systems must be submitted to prmd or the authorized permitting agency for review and approval of the graywater design. once the design is approved, a construction permit must be obtained to install the graywater system and allow for inspection by the permitting agency. 8. do i need to contact any other agencies for the installation of a graywater system? you need to contact your local building department to discuss plumbing, venting and electrical requirements as needed for either new construction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45244463948279057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.110121"} {"text": "allow for inspection by the permitting agency. 8. do i need to contact any other agencies for the installation of a graywater system? you need to contact your local building department to discuss plumbing, venting and electrical requirements as needed for either new construction or the retrofit of an existing structure where a graywater system is proposed. in addition, you need to contact your local water purveyor to discuss the need for the installation of a backflow protection device at the water meter. 9. what kind of plants can i irrigate with graywater? graywater can be used to irrigate fruit trees, ornamental trees, shrubs, groundcover and lawns. graywater should not be used in vegetable gardens where the food is a root crop or touches the ground surface. be aware that soaps and detergents can contain a variety of chemicals to aid in cleaning that may be harmful to your plants. please contact your local landscape specialist for more information. 10. where can i find more information on graywater? additional information regarding graywater and onsite wastewater systems is available on the prmd website at http : / / www. sonoma - county. org / prmd / divpages / wellsepdiv. htm. prmd is currently in the process of developing new guidelines for the use of graywater to address the revisions to the cpc and will post these when available.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4067669394329034, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.111984"} {"text": "how to develop a wind farm the benefits of wind power wind powered electricity is relatively new in ireland even though we have some of the best wind resources in europe. global environmental benefits of wind power include reduced greenhouse gas emissions and national benefits include security of supply from a locally sourced energy. the development of a wind farm can provide opportunities at a local level also. development can provide landowners with an alternative or supplementary income and can provide jobs locally during the construction and operational phases of the project. tax receipts are generated as are local authority rates for collection and use within the region of the wind farm. if operated as a community scheme, those within the vicinity of the wind farm can benefit directly from the share dividends. is my site suitable? not all sites are suitable for wind farms, for either economic or environmental reasons. when assessing the suitability of a site both technical suitability and environmental suitability must be addressed. key suitability criteria are outlined below : - visual aspects - proximity to dwellings - ecological / archaeological / architectural protection - recreational use - restricted areas - wind speed - grid connection - site size it is important to discuss a proposed development with a local planner at an early stage to receive feedback for the plan and to identify the scope of the planning application and, where appropriate, the environmental impact statement ( eis ) that should accompany the planning application. the development of a wind farm can be a long process and cannot be treated lightly so in order to ensure high quality development, professional services must be employed throughout the process. each local authority has developed a map where wind energy projects will be considered, are prohibited or are encouraged. this local authority wind strategy should be one of the first documents to refer to. the economics of wind farming wind farms differ in size and the location and scale of the project can dictate the economics for each site. typical investment costs are in the region of \u20ac1. 7 - \u20ac2m. the figure represents the total project cost, including the planning / eis, equipment procurement, civil works, grid connection, commissioning, o & m and decommissioning costs. turbines generally account for between 65 and 75 % of the total project costs. financial institutions have in the past been willing to finance up to 85 % of a wind farm project costs subject to several assurances. recent reports suggest that 75 % finance is more common in the current economic and banking climate. local equity available through a shared or community developed wind farm may prove attractive for the project developers. financially viable : what the bank looks for - verified wind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4202032296302177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.116530"} {"text": "##s. recent reports suggest that 75 % finance is more common in the current economic and banking climate. local equity available through a shared or community developed wind farm may prove attractive for the project developers. financially viable : what the bank looks for - verified wind data measured onsite - power purchase agreement for energy produced - full planning permission - professional feasibility study - site title - experienced development team - authorisation to construct a generator from the regulator use independent professional support for - pre - feasibility study - feasibility and basic design - wind measurement and assessment - eis and planning application - landscape classification - lease / loan / shareholder agreements - attaining grid connection - power purchase agreements - epc agreements - o & m agreements building a wind farm with planning permission achieved and a power purchase contract agreed the construction of the wind farm offers two choices : as owner of the wind farm you can choose to employ the turbine manufacturer ( or their agent ) to project manage the construction and commissioning of the wind farm. by doing so, they will undertake the design, procurement of equipment, civil works and commissioning plus in most cases deal with future operation and maintenance of the wind farm. the benefit of this arrangement is that one party takes care of the entire construction management of the project - this however at a higher price than using an \" owners engineer \". you may however choose to employ a professional experienced engineer or firm of engineers to manage the project for you. this way you can achieve the same objectives as outlined for the turnkey developer but you may also avail of their independent advice when selecting the turbines and of the lower project management costs. separate o & m contracts from the turbine manufacturer will be available. if choosing this type of development process, it is vital that clear responsibilities are defined and agreed beforehand to avoid possible delay during the construction phase. the working wind farm the turbines stand and their blades are busy turning wind energy into electricity but the job is not complete. as owner of the wind farm you also ultimately assume responsibility for its continued operation and any scheduled or unscheduled maintenance necessary to keep it working efficiently. it is vital that any agreements made in conjunction with the planning permission are adhered to and that o & m contracts and warranty conditions are honoured. personnel will require continual training and local residents should continue to be informed about the development. wind farms must be maintained in a fashion reflecting the clean and efficient energy source that we can all be happy to benefit from.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4502992810789103, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.117653"} {"text": "the history of pressure measurement 1594 galileo galilei, born in pisa ( italy ), obtains the patent for a machine to pump water from a river for the irrigation of land. the heart of the pump was a syringe. galileo galilei found that 10 meters was the limit to which the water would rise in the suction pump, but had no explanation for this phenomenon. scientists were then devoted to find the cause for this. 1644 evangelista torricelli ( rorr ). italian physicist, filled a tube 1 meter long, hermetically closed at one end, with mercury and set it vertically with the open end in a basin of mercury. the column of mercury invariably fell to about 760 mm, leaving an empty space above its level. torricelli attributed the cause of the phenomenon to a force on the surface of the earth, without knowing, where it came from. he also concluded that the space on top of the tube is empty, that nothing is in there and called it a \" vacuum \". 1648 blaise pascal, french philosophei physicist and mathematician, heard about the experiments of torricelli and was searching for the reasons of galileo ' s and torricelli ' s findings. he came to the conviction that the force, which keeps the column at 760 mm, is the weight of the air above. thus, on a mountain, the force must be reduced by the weight of the air between the valley and the mountain. he predicted that the height of the column would decrease which he proved with his experiments at the mountain puy de dome in central france. from the decrease he could calculate the weight of the air. pascal also formulated that this force, he called it \" pressure \", is acting uniformly in all directions. 1656 offo von guericke, born in magdeburg / germany. torricellis conclusion of an empty space or \" nothingness \" was contrary to the doctrine of an omnipresent god and was thus attacked by the church. guericke developed new air pumps to evacuate larger volumes and staged a dramatic experiment in magdeburg by pumping the air out of two metal hemispheres which had been fitted together with nothing more than grease. 8 horses at each hemisphere were not strong enough to separate them. 1661 robert boyle. an anglo - irish chemist, used \" j \" - shaped tubes closed at one end to study the relationship between the pressure and volume of trapped gas and stated the law of x v = k ( p : pressure, v : volume,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5401764534662774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.122850"} {"text": "robert boyle. an anglo - irish chemist, used \" j \" - shaped tubes closed at one end to study the relationship between the pressure and volume of trapped gas and stated the law of x v = k ( p : pressure, v : volume, k : constant ) which means that if the volume of a gas at a given pressure is known, the pressure can be calculated if the volume is changed, provided that neither the temperature nor the amount of gas is changed. 1820 almost 200 years later, joseph louis gay - lussac. french physicist and chemist, detects that the pressure increase of a trapped gas at constant volume is proportional to the temperature. 20 years later, william thomson ( lord kelvin ) defines the absolute temperature mechanical measurement technologies 1843 lucien vidie, french scientist, invented and built the aneroid barometer, which uses a spring balance instead of a liquid to measure atmospheric pressure. the spring extension under pressure is mechanically amplified on an indicator system. employing the indicator method of vidie, eugene bourdon ( founder of the bourdon sedeme company ) patented 1849 the bourdon tube pressure gauge for higher pressures. electrical measurement technologies 1930 the first pressure transducers were transduction mechanisms where the movements of diaphragms, springs or bourdon tubes are part of an electrical quantity. pressure diaphragms are part of a capacitance. the indicator movement is the tap of a potentiometer. 1938 the bonded strain gauges were independently developed by e. e. simmons of the california institute of technology and ac. ruge of massachuseffs institute of technology. simmons was faster to apply for a patent. 1955 the first foil strain gauges came up with an integrated full resistor bridge, which, if bonded on a diaphragm. see opposite stress in the center and at the edge. 1965 the bonding connection of the gauges to the diaphragm was always the cause for hysteresis and instability. in the 1960 ' s, statham introduced the first thin - film transducers with good stability and low hysteresis. today, the technology is a major player on the market for high pressure. 1973 william r. poyle applied for a patent for capacitive transducers on glass or quartz basis, bob bell of kavlico on ceramic basis a few years later in 1979. this technology filled the gap for lower pressure ranges ( for which thin film was not suited ) and is today, also with resist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5462515928369858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.123833"} {"text": "##cers on glass or quartz basis, bob bell of kavlico on ceramic basis a few years later in 1979. this technology filled the gap for lower pressure ranges ( for which thin film was not suited ) and is today, also with resistors on ceramic diaphragms, the widest spread technology for the sensor age 1967 honeywell research center, minneapolis / usa, 1967 : art r. zias and john egan applied for patent for the edge - constrained silicon diaphragm. 1969. hans w. keller applied for patent for the batch - fabricated silicon sensor. the technology is profiting from the enormous progresses a modern sensor typically weighs 0. 01 grams. if all non - cristalline diaphragms have inherent hysteresis, the precision limit of this item is not detectable by todays means. 2000 the piezoresistive technology is the most universal one. it applies for pressure ranges from 100 mbar to 1500 bar in the absolute, gauge and differential pressure mode. the slow spread of the technology in high volume applications for non - benign media resulted from the inability of us - companies to develop a decent housing. in 30 years, keller has perfected it at costs comparable to any other technology. for more information, please contact... keller at www. keller - druck. com for details of pressure sensors suppliers, click here... home - website - search - suppliers - links - new products - catalogues - magazines problem page - applications - how they work - tech tips - training - events - jobs - register", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5484331749365634, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.124557"} {"text": "zooplankton community dynamics ballast water transport as a taxonomic and numeric ' filter ' zooplankton data collected from ballast tanks at the beginning and end of 25 voyages showed an overall decline in total zooplankton abundance during a voyage. mortality within tanks could be caused by a number of factors, including : - lack of settlement substrate - exposure to toxic substances - physiological stress caused by changes in physical conditions in addition, the duration of a voyage or the age of the ballast water is also an important factor, as mortality within tanks appears to increase with time. for example, our data indicated that : \u2022 on short voyages ( < 10 days ) survival of zooplankton is unpredictable, but typically high ( both increases and decreases in abundance were recorded ). \u2022 on long voyages ( 16 - 22 days ) there were large declines in survivorship ( > 95 % decrease in abundance in all cases. this an important finding because in order to survive, establish, and thus achieve a successful ballast - mediated invasion, an organism must be delivered in adequate densities to increase the chances of encountering a mate and reproducing. this means that shorter coastwise voyages, where survivorship is more variable and the final densities are relatively higher pose a greater ' invasion threat ' than do longer voyages. though these data bring us closer to identifying predictors of overall zooplankton survivorship, identifying individual taxonomic groups that are more likely to become successful invaders remains elusive. survivorship varied both between taxonomic groups and within taxonomic groups for different voyages. thus, we still do not fully understand the extent to which particular taxonomic groups are better able to survive transport in ballast tanks than others. these data strongly point to the need for rigorous ballast water management policies across the board to effectively handle the release of domestic ballast water, particularly that portion of it which has only been subject to short - term transport.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5070793405093355, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.126632"} {"text": "mansfield, until the middle of the eighteenth century, was an isolated market town set in sherwood forest. its transformation into an industrial urban area is the result of the effects of five crucial industries. the earliest industry noted is stone quarrying which is documented from about 1227 when king henry 3 granted a monday market and fair. during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries there was a growth in farming activity in the local area following the founding of the great estates known as the dukeries in sherwood forest. this led to the development of two crucial industries, malting and framework knitting, using wool from the forest sheep, mansfield ' s isolation was eased by the turnpiking of the roads, the first trust coming in 1760, followed in 1819 by the mansfield and pinxton railway. prior to the building of this railway malt was exported on pack - horses who returned with coal required for the malt production from the erewash valley pits. the railway was built to carry this coal. by the middle of the eighteenth century there were 36 maltings in the town, the majority being owned by william broadhurst. the only surviving one, built circa 1740, is now a bar and stands in midworth street having ceased production in 1975. broadhurst died in 1846, the maltster in 1844 being loseph gilstrap. a significant remnant of the malting industry is mansfield brewery. it was founded in 1855 on a site in littleworth where it has remained and expanded to the present day. some old buildings can still be seen in the current complex. after malting the other four crucial industries are coal, cotton, iron and quarrying. quarrying has been for three varieties of stone. white freestone is found to the south of the town in 50 to 60 foot irregular beds. it was used in 1337 during the building of southwell minster. red sandstone, also in 50 foot beds, was worked in rock valley and along chesterfield road north of the town centre. the lower magnesian limestone ( dolomite ) has been worked in the mansfield woodhouse area. actually a dolomitic sandstone it was used in the building work at the houses of parliament. charles lindley, the quarry owner, named that particular quarry parliament quarry. redstone has been used at belton house, grantham, and white for mansfield town hall. parliament quarry has now been filled in. in 1967 these quarries were reopened during the building of the m1 motorway producing 20, 000 tonnes of roadstone per week. a remaining quarry, gregory quarry, was opened", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3582019133473425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.136487"} {"text": "stokes castings, founded in 1862, is the only other firm still active and currently market under pressure castings. other major late nineteenth and twentieth century firms have ceased production, e xamples being meadow foundry who operated 1852 - 1980 and s. walker & son 1847 - 1987. coalmining, arrived towards the end of the nineteenth century and brought with it the large growth in the local population. the earliest deep mines were sunk to the west of the town and the first in the mansfield area was that at warsop, sunk in 1890 by the staveley coal and lron company. thc adjacent housing was built to house the miners. the ellis family from hucknall sank sherwood colliery in 19o2 - 3. the bolsover colliery company sank mansfield ( crown farm ) colliery in 1905 - 6, and, as for their other collieries, built a village to house the miners and their families. it consisted of 320 houses in eighteen 200 foot terraces leading off to the east of a main drive and seventeen to the west. this village became forest town. the colleries employed about 2000 men each and closed in the 1990s. the other critical industry in mansfield ' s development is textiles. in the seventeenth century it began wilh framework knitting, a basically cottage industry. in 1727 there were 40 framework knitters in the town. by 18oo there about 700 frames rnaking stockings, and cotton and silk gloves. later on many frames were converted into lace frames. in the late eighteenth century mansfield was suffering an economic depression and the construction of five water - powered cotton spinning mills along the river maun were financed by the duke of portland to create employment. he also financed the conversion to cotton spinning of the old town mill ( now a public house ) which had been built circa 1744 as a corn and malt mill. this conversion was completed by 1795. the furthest west of the five new mills was hermitage mill, leased from the duke of portland in 1782 and currently occupied by a builders merchants. reed mills, in bleakhills, was operating by 1708 and demolished in 1971. little matlock mill was another late eighteenlh century mill, and is still extant. field mill was also leased in 1788 and was demolished in 1925. bath mill was built in 1792 and still survives, albeit in a derelict condition. one other late eighteenth century mill survives, now in mult iple occupancy, and that is stantons mill. this was built for charles stanton in 1795 : he also had carr bank house built", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37459116997510167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.138599"} {"text": "survives, albeit in a derelict condition. one other late eighteenth century mill survives, now in mult iple occupancy, and that is stantons mill. this was built for charles stanton in 1795 : he also had carr bank house built at about the same time. in the middle of the nineteenth century framework knitting gradually changed to machine hosiery and the cotton spinning mills generally to changed hosiery production. most are still standing along with other later steam powered works, although most are no longer being used for textiles which have been relocated to more modern buildings. lndustrial development led to better transport facilities. this is exemplified in two railway viaducts. the mansfield and pinxton railway was constructed in 1019 as an ox - hauled railway. in 1849 the line was bought by the midland railway company and up graded to take steam trains. this meant smoothing out some of the sharper curves ol the old line and so isolated the eight - arched kings mill viaduct - an early example of preserved railway architecture. when the railway was extended northwards towards worksop in 1871 the viaduct that splits the town centre was built. the industrial development of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw many inventions and mansfield is well represented in its fields of activity. for example in 1764 john and william b etts of mansfield together with john and thomas morris of nottingham invented an improved framework knitting machine, while in 1885 lorenzo tindall, a partner in sherwood foundry, invented the hand mangle. in the eighteenth century ] ames murray, working in an old bobbin shop in rock valley, is credited with inventing the circular saw.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43541651163101314, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.139217"} {"text": "learn how you and your school can help save the rainforests with our fantastic, free online programme for primary and secondary schools across the uk and ireland ( pupils aged 8 - 14 ). choose from 3 fascinating challenge topics : the food we eat, stuff we buy and energy we use and then carry out simple tasks to help your school learn about the rainforest and how to protect the environment. with brilliant curriculum - based resources, students learn about the rainforest across a range of subject areas including geography, citizenship, science, numeracy and pshe building valuable life skills including creativity, communication and teamwork. there are great prizes on offer including the opportunity to win \u00a31, 000 ( \u20ac1, 250 ) for your school and make a short film about the rainforest. register today to set up your challenge team! register your school today and help protect the world \u2019 s rainforests! as you move through the challenge, your team will accumulate points. may 22 2013 is international day for biological diversity \u2013 a chance for people around the world to come together to help protect the amazing plants and animals that live on our planet. this year the theme is water \u2013 a resource that we sometimes take for granted, but is vital to every living thing on earth. rainforests such as the amazon are particularly important as they provide clean water for human communities. it \u2019 s really important that everyone joins together to do their bit in helping to protect them. by taking part in the sky rainforest rescue schools challenge schools across the uk and ireland can take real action to look after the world \u2019 s rainforests. through an... teams taking action registration is free and only takes a couple of minutes. challenge : food we eat it ' s our absolute pleasure to announce our new team of the month - st. bride ' s foodies from st. bride ' s primary in cambuslang. the team, led by their teacher mr nugent has shown great enthusiasm through their blog and the team members have undertaken some brilliant actions since starting the challenge in february. well done to you all and keep up the hard work during the final few weeks of the challenge. remember - the competition deadline is 14th june at midnight! the 2011 / 12 grand prize winners of the sky rainforest rescue schools challenge were the students from st marks c. e primary school in wigan. click below to watch the the rainforest news story they made at the sky skills studio as part of their grand prize. the challenge is a very effective tool for learning. the way it fits with the curriculum was spot on, and was an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43478753767994843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.142018"} {"text": "chronic use of alcohol and marijuana during youth is associated with poorer neural structure, function, and metabolism, as well as worsened neurocognitive abilities into later adolescence and adulthood. this may be due to biological and psychosocial transitions occurring during adolescence that impart increased vulnerability to neurotoxic influences. a study of longitudinal changes in fiber tract integrity associated with adolescent alcohol and marijuana use during 1. 5 years supports previous findings of reduced white - matter integrity in these youth. results will be published in a special online issue of alcoholism : clinical & experimental research and are currently available at early view. \" research has shown differences in the brains of teens who use alcohol and marijuana as compared to teens who do not use these drugs or report only very infrequent, minimal use, \" said joanna jacobus, postdoctoral fellow at the university of california, san diego as well as corresponding author for the study. \" alcohol and marijuana may have a negative impact by altering important cellular communication in the brain, preventing development of new healthy cells, and / or causing inflammation, which can adversely impact healthy brain development in many ways. for example, the results can lead to changes in brain structure such as volume, and function such as activity. \" \" the areas of the brain that are composed mostly of connecting axons have been termed ' white matter, ' since these areas appear white in color, \" added duncan clark, associate professor of psychiatry at the university of pittsburgh medical center. \" however, prior research has not clearly demonstrated that this white matter disorganization is caused by alcohol or marijuana use. in some studies where adolescents are studied only once, white matter disorganization may have been present prior to alcohol or marijuana use. \" \" the teen brain is continuing to develop, so many neural systems are not yet fully matured, as compared to adults ' brains, \" said jacobus. \" brain connections important for inhibiting risky behaviors are still forming, and some youth are more likely to choose immediate effects, such as alcohol or marijuana use, over long - term benefits. \" clark agreed. \" maturation of the brain during adolescence is thought to be the foundation for self - control, \" he said. \" the developing adolescent brain, compared to the fully developed adult brain, is also probably more vulnerable to alcohol neurotoxicity. adolescents are vulnerable to loss of control and, when this loss of control involves substance use, excessive or risky substance use can have adverse consequences. \" for 18 months, the researchers followed 92 adolescents ( 63", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4879701661055312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.151230"} {"text": "more vulnerable to alcohol neurotoxicity. adolescents are vulnerable to loss of control and, when this loss of control involves substance use, excessive or risky substance use can have adverse consequences. \" for 18 months, the researchers followed 92 adolescents ( 63 males, 29 females ), ages 16 to 20 years, divided into two groups : 41 with extensive alcohol and marijuana use histories by mid - adolescence, and 51 with consistently minimal if any substance use. participants were part of an ongoing longitudinal study of substance use in adolescence with teens recruited from local schools from 2005 to 2007. both groups received diffusion tensor imaging and detailed substance use assessments, along with toxicology screening, at baseline and 18 - month follow - ups - 182 scans in all - as well as interim substance - use interviews every six months. \" we found evidence for poorer white matter tissue health in teens who engage in heavy alcohol and marijuana use compared to those who abstain, \" said jacobus. she noted that white matter, the \" information highway of the brain, \" allows for quick and efficient communication between brain regions. compromised white matter can mean slower cognitive processing and poorer cognitive performance such as memory, attention, and decision - making. \" as to whether there were differences in these teens before they began using alcohol and marijuana is difficult to determine, but we found that increasing alcohol use over 1. 5 years in late adolescence was related to a decline in white matter health 18 months later, supporting a negative effect of alcohol use on the brain despite potential pre - existing differences, \" jacobus said. \" white matter organization was particularly compromised in an area called the superior longitudinal fasciculus, \" added clark. \" this is one of the major connection roadways in the brain. when the connections between brain areas are severely damaged, those areas of the brain cannot properly function. while the more subtle deficit shown here may impair functioning, the degree of deficit involved is not likely to be obvious in day - to day functioning. however, we are concerned that even these subtle deficits in brain microstructure may lead to diminished self - control. \" \" our findings underscore that early initiation of alcohol and marijuana use can have negative implications on the brain \" said jacobus. \" we hope this information can be communicated to teens to help them understand why drinking during adolescence is discouraged. in the future, biomarkers such as tissue health may help identify teens that are particularly vulnerable for engaging in riskier behaviors such as drinking. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4999759505507895, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.153173"} {"text": "high energy mystery lurks at the galactic centre particle physics and astronomy research council posted : september 22, 2004 a mystery lurking at the centre of our own milky way galaxy - an object radiating high - energy gamma rays - has been detected by a team of uk astronomers working with international partners. their research, published today ( september 22nd ) in the journal astronomy and astrophysics, was carried out using the high energy stereoscopic system ( h. e. s. s. ), an array of four telescopes, in namibia, south - west africa. the galactic centre harbours a number of potential gamma - ray sources, including a supermassive black hole, remnants of supernova explosions and possibly an accumulation of exotic ' dark matter ' particles, each of which should emit the radiation slightly differently. the radiation observed by the h. e. s. s. team comes from a region very near sagittarius a *, the black hole at the centre of the galaxy. according to most theories of dark matter, it is too energetic to have been created by the annihilation of dark matter particles. the observed energy spectrum best fits theories of the source being a giant supernova explosion, which should produce a constant stream of radiation. dr. paula chadwick of the university of durham said, \" we know that a giant supernova exploded in this region 10, 000 years ago. such an explosion could accelerate cosmic gamma rays to the high energies we have seen - a billion times more energy than the radiation used for x - rays in hospitals. but further observations will be needed to determine the exact source. \" professor ian halliday, chief executive of the particle physics and astronomy research council ( pparc ) which funds uk involvement in h. e. s. s. said ; \" science continues to throw out the unexpected as we push back the frontiers of knowledge. \" halliday added \" the centre of our galaxy is a mysterious place, home to exotic phenomena such as a black hole and dark matter. finding out which of these sources produced the gamma - rays will tell us a lot about the processes taking place in the very heart of the milky way. \" however, the team ' s theory doesn ' t fit with earlier results obtained by the japanese / australian cangaroo instrument or the us whipple instrument. both of these have detected high - energy gamma rays from the galactic centre in the past ( observations from 1995 - 2002 ), though not with the same precision as h. e. s. s, and they were unable to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5262294097363269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.157335"} {"text": "us whipple instrument. both of these have detected high - energy gamma rays from the galactic centre in the past ( observations from 1995 - 2002 ), though not with the same precision as h. e. s. s, and they were unable to pinpoint the exact location as h. e. s. s. has now done, making it harder to deduce the source. these previous results have different characteristics to the h. e. s. s. observations. it is possible that the gamma - ray source at the galactic centre varies over the timescale of a year, suggesting that the source is in fact a variable object, such as the central black hole. the h. e. s. s. team hopes to unravel the mystery with further observations of the galactic centre over the next year or two. the full array of four telescopes will be inaugurated on september 29th 2004, see the h. e. s. s. collaboration the high energy stereoscopic system ( h. e. s. s. ) team consists of scientists from germany, france, the uk, the czech republic, ireland, armenia, south africa and namibia. the h. e. s. s. array over the last few years, the h. e. s. s. collaboration have been building a system of four telescopes in the khomas highland region of namibia, to study very - high - energy gamma rays from cosmic particle accelerators. the telescopes, known as cherenkov telescopes, image the light created when high - energy cosmic gamma rays are absorbed in the atmosphere, and have opened a new energy domain for astronomy. the h. e. s. s. telescopes each feature mirrors of area 107 square metres, and are equipped with highly sensitive and very fast 960 - pixel light detectors in the focal planes. construction of the telescope system started in 2001 ; the fourth telescope was commissioned in december 2003. observations were being made even while the system was being built, first using a single telescope, then with two and three telescopes. while only the complete four - telescope system provides the full performance, the first h. e. s. s. telescope alone was already superior to any of the instruments operated previously in the southern hemisphere. among the first targets to be observed with a two - telescope instrument was the galactic centre. ares 1 - x patch the official embroidered patch for the ares 1 - x rocket test flight, is available for purchase. this beautiful one piece set features the apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos. the official", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5218844376040643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.158351"} {"text": "home \u203a sparknotes \u203a chemistry study guides \u203a review of gases \u203a gases review test don ' t seem to have. please try a different browser. scroll through the page to review your answers. the correct answer is your incorrect answers ( if any ) are highlighted in if you ' d like to take the test over again, click the reset button at the end of the test. which of the following is a correct interpretation of the ideal gas law? what is the correct relationship between an isolated container of gas doubles in pressure and triples in volume. by what factor does t change? if the volume of a gas is doubled at constant temperature, the factor by which the pressure increases is : a barometer filled with an unknown liquid has a height of 1 m at 1 atm. during stormy weather, the height of the column is observed to rise to 1. 3 m. what is the atmospheric pressure? which of the following are possible units of r? what are the conditions of stp? a container contains 32 grams of gas and 2 grams of gas. if the total pressure of the vessel is 16 atm, what is the partial pressure of the as the average radius of a population of gas molecules increases, how does the factor b of van der waals all of the following are properties of an ideal gas except : the ideal gas law is most valid under these conditions : for the van der waals equation : for the equation pv = nrt, the value of t must be expressed in : which of the following is not a si unit a sample of gas has a volume of 22. 4 l at a temperature of 273 k. how many moles are in the sample? the volume of a sample of gas expands five times at constant pressure. by what factor has the absolute the following reaction produces a sample of gas occupies 100 l at stp. if the absolute temperature is halved while all other conditions are constant, what will be the final volume? of a sample of at 300 k. a closed jar contains 2 moles of and 3 moles of. what is the ratio of the partial pressure of over the total pressure in the jar? the rate of effusion of gas a is four times that of gas b. what is the density of a certain gas at stp is 1. 43 g / l. what is the identity of the gas? one end of a mercury manometer is open to the atmosphere ( tm = 760mmhg ). the other end is connected to a 1 mol sample of that is at 273", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5451757687910938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.164257"} {"text": "43 g / l. what is the identity of the gas? one end of a mercury manometer is open to the atmosphere ( tm = 760mmhg ). the other end is connected to a 1 mol sample of that is at 273 k and occupies 22. 4 l. what is the height of the the maxwell - boltzmann distribution graph plots : james the giant has big shoes to fill. his shoes have a total area of in contact with the ground. unfortunately, james ' feet are not so big. barefoot, his weight is spread over. what is the ratio of the pressure he exerts on the ground barefoot over the pressure he exerts with his shoes on? the \" air \" in airbags is generated via the decomposition of solid a sample of an ideal gas is compressed at constant temperature. what happens to the average kinetic energy of the molecules? a piston compresses a gas at constant temperature. initially the gas occupied 1 l and was at a pressure of 1 atm. after compression, the gas occupies 0. 1 atm. what is the pressure of the compressed gas? a collaborator from a foreign country reports that the value of has probably used units of \" woozle \" for which of the following variables : avogadro ' s number is : the following maxwell - boltzmann distribution plot was measured for two gases a and b at the same a rigid container holds a mixture of gases. within this mixture, the partial pressure of is 400 torr. if an additional quantity of gas is injected into the container such that the total pressure of the container rises by 760 torr, what is the change in the partial pressure of? assume that the temperature of the container ' s contents stays constant. if the pressure of a gas doubles and the temperature quadruples, by what factor does the volume change? which of the following are possible units for pressure? the following maxwell - boltzmann distribution plot was measured for a gas at two temperatures a and b : for the following calculation of, the molar mass ( mm ) should be expressed in what units? by what significant numerical value are boltzmann ' s constant ( k ) and the gas constant ( r ) related? the pressure of a gas is tripled while the volume is halved. by what factor does the temperature increase? the gas constant r : one end of a manometer is sealed off to a vacuum. the other end of the manometer is connected to a pressurized gas. the height of the liquid column is indicative of :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5440114183530904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.165211"} {"text": "what factor does the temperature increase? the gas constant r : one end of a manometer is sealed off to a vacuum. the other end of the manometer is connected to a pressurized gas. the height of the liquid column is indicative of : a sample of and a sample of both have a temperature of 330 k. what is the ratio of the average kinetic energy of the over that of the the density of a gas at stp is 0. 089 g / l. what is the molar mass of the gas? the following maxwell - boltzmann distribution plot was measured for two gases a and b at temperatures gaseous methane ( ) burns completely in gaseous oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas and water liven up your study sesh with one of these playlists! enjoy the tunes! this expertly - crafted playlist is brought to you by chris pine and zoe saldana heat up the red carpet! auntie sparknotes can help! click here for simple, sexy makeup tricks! see every single look from the met gala! we already dib ' sed genghis khan. travel back in time! from super cute to super bad! what do you think? when you don ' t look like j - law. what did star trek get wrong? get our free nook reading apps when your books and teachers don ' t make sense, we do. \u00a92013 sparknotes llc, all rights reserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5267620346164987, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.165830"} {"text": "taking care of your back at homedefinition : back strain treatment ; back pain - home care ; low back pain - home care ; lumbar pain - home care a common myth about back pain is that you need to rest and avoid activity for a long time. in fact, bed rest is not recommended. if you have no sign of a serious cause for your back pain ( such as loss of bowel or bladder control, weakness, weight loss, or fever ), you should stay as active as possible. here are some tips for how to handle back pain and activity early on : - stop normal physical activity only for the first few days. this helps calm your symptoms and reduce any swelling ( inflammation ) in the area of the pain. - apply heat or ice to the painful area. one good method is to use ice for the first 48 - 72 hours, then use heat after that. - take over - the - counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen ( advil, motrin ib ) or acetaminophen ( tylenol ). - sleep in a curled - up, fetal position with a pillow between your legs. if you usually sleep on your back, place a pillow or rolled towel under your knees to relieve pressure. - do not perform activities that involve heavy lifting or twisting of your back for the first 6 weeks after the pain begins. - avoid exercise in the days right after the pain begins. after 2 - 3 weeks, however, slowly begin to exercise again ( it ' s helpful to get advice from a physical therapist ). you can start getting back to regular activities after a few days. exercise and your back pain exercise is important for preventing future back pain. through exercise you can : - improve your posture - strengthen your back and improve flexibility - lose weight - avoid falls a complete exercise program should include aerobic activity ( such as walking, swimming, or riding a stationary bicycle ), as well as stretching and strength training. always follow the instructions of your doctor or physical therapist. begin with light cardiovascular training. walking, riding a stationary bicycle, and swimming are great examples. such aerobic activities can help improve blood flow to your back and promote healing. they also strengthen muscles in your stomach and back. stretching and strengthening exercises are important in the long run. however, starting these exercises too soon after an injury can make your pain worse. a physical therapist can help you determine when to begin stretching and strengthening exercises and how to do them. avoid these exercises during recovery, unless your doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4228020817199455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.170988"} {"text": "in the long run. however, starting these exercises too soon after an injury can make your pain worse. a physical therapist can help you determine when to begin stretching and strengthening exercises and how to do them. avoid these exercises during recovery, unless your doctor or physical therapist say it is okay : - contact sports - racquet sports - weight lifting - leg lifts when lying on your stomach preventing your back pain from coming back to prevent back pain, it is also very important to learn to lift and bend properly. follow these tips : - if an object is too heavy or awkward, get help. - spread your feet apart to give you a wide base of support. - stand as close to the object you are lifting as possible. - bend at your knees, not at your waist. - tighten your stomach muscles as you lift the object or lower it down. - hold the object as close to your body as you can. - lift using your leg muscles. - as you stand up with the object, do not bend forward. - do not twist while you are bending for the object, lifting it up, or carrying it. other measures to prevent back pain include : - avoid standing for long periods of time. if you must stand for your work, try using a stool. alternate resting each foot on it. - do not wear high heels. use cushioned soles when walking. - when sitting for work, especially if using a computer, make sure that your chair has a straight back with an adjustable seat and back, armrests, and a swivel seat. - use a stool under your feet while sitting so that your knees are higher than your hips. - place a small pillow or rolled towel behind your lower back while sitting or driving for long periods of time. - if you drive long distance, stop and walk around every hour. bring your seat as far forward as possible to avoid bending. don ' t lift heavy objects just after a ride. - quit smoking. - lose weight. - do exercises to strengthen your abdominal muscles on a regular basis. this will strengthen your core to decrease the risk of further injuries. learn to relax. try methods such as yoga, tai chi, or massage. anema jr, steenstra ia, bongers pm, de vet hc, knol dl, loisel p, van mechelen w. multidisciplinary rehabilitation for subacute low back pain : graded activity or workplace intervention or both? a randomized controlled trial. spine. 2007 ; 32 : 291 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4150633158934888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.172138"} {"text": "knol dl, loisel p, van mechelen w. multidisciplinary rehabilitation for subacute low back pain : graded activity or workplace intervention or both? a randomized controlled trial. spine. 2007 ; 32 : 291 - 298. chou r, qaseem, snow v, casey d, cross jt jr., shekelle p, et al. diagnosis and treatment of low back pain : a joint clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians and the american pain society. ann intern med. 2007 ; 147 : 478 - 491. chou r, loeser jd, owens dk, rosenquist rw, et al. american pain society low back pain guideline panel. interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain : an evidence - based clinical practice guideline from the american pain society. spine. 2009 ; 34 ( 10 ) : 1066 - 77. | review date : 7 / 23 / 2011 | reviewed by : david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc. ; and c. benjamin ma, md, assistant professor, chief, sports medicine and shoulder service, ucsf department of orthopaedic surgery. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5001367002660217, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.172833"} {"text": "the construction of the utopia planitia fleet yards and therefore the included utopia planitia stations at the beginning of the 23rd century was the direct consequence of the faster and faster proceeding exploration of space with the ships of starfleet. this organization surveyed and colonized dozens of planetary systems in the first 40 years since its foundation, using the out - of - date, fusion - powered ships of the valiant class, which were still based on the first earth warp ship, the phoenix, and the newly - developed daedalus, federation and seleya classes. with the increasing spreading of mankind and its allies in space, the demand for starships rose - starships which should be faster and more reliable than the established classes. first, this lack lead to the institutionalization and centralization of starship construction and the foundation of the advanced starship design bureaus ( asdb ) in the year 2184, which should drive forward the development of new starship technologies and coordinate the building up of starfleet at many production locations within the federation, and subsequently to the construction of new yards inside and outside the solar system. simultaneously with the beginning of the free colonization of mars and the erection of mars colony 1, in 2203 the go - ahead was given for the construction of the first extensive, planetary as well as orbital starship construction center of the still young federation. while all formerly constructed starfleet yards were exclusively ground or space stations, the asdb superiors hoped the newly - developed transporter technology would facilitate an easy and quick combined production process : already few years after the completion of the facility the metal ores extracted from the mars mines should be processed to starship components on the spot, which would be then put together to complete starships in space - without the loss of time of a conventional orbital transport. together with further breakthroughs in starship construction techniques, which were realized with the utopia planitia yards for the first time, this concept led to production rates which nobody considered to be possible at the end of the 22nd century. before, however, the work on mankind ' s largest construction in space at this time proved to be a special challenge for the constructors of the starfleet corps of engineers ( sfce ) ; within all in all fourteen years, at the utopia planes the utopia planitia administration and a construction center for starfleet equipment and starship components was built, while in a geosynchronous orbit 16626 m above, first of all three dry docks were constructed, which were based on the already thirty year old san francisco yard in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45940364838782155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.176144"} {"text": "a construction center for starfleet equipment and starship components was built, while in a geosynchronous orbit 16626 m above, first of all three dry docks were constructed, which were based on the already thirty year old san francisco yard in orbit over earth, as well as two special stations for the easy maintenance of the newly - developed starship classes with a saucer design, which should replace the daedalus class ships put out of service in 2196, and two smaller starbases, the utopia planitia stations for asdb planning and observation tasks. because of the acute lack of ( modern ) vessels, after the first construction phase had been completed in 2208, the production at utopia planitia, only completed by 41 % at that time, was started under the command of the asdb command staff member admiral tiron narsu, the son of the legendary first commander of starbase 12. one of the first projects was the large - scale production of the icarus class produced on a small scale since 2201, a pioneering design followed by many other revolutionary developments in the next hundred years which have been planned in the utopia planitia stations and constructed in the utopia planitia fleet yards. \u00a9 1999 - 2001 by star trek dimension / webmaster. last update : january 1st, 2001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4397798428334217, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.176772"} {"text": "| near kelso scotland | | | scottish borders | | | | home | location | history | facilities | contact | | information on the village of stichill, near kelso in scotland. the earliest records of nenthorn are when, with newton, the land was in the keeping of the de morvilles in the 12th century. nenthorn spittal is recorded as one of the places laid waste by the english in 1542, but its whereabouts are unknown. the old church at nenthorn was abandoned in 1802, but the graveyard continued in use until about 60 years ago. little remains of the building, and it would appear that graves have been dug into what was the area covered by the old church. the oldest gravestone seems to be dated 1606. the old villages of nenthorn and newton have disappeared, probably having been demolished because of their proximity to the mansions, nenthorn house and newton don house. this practice was fashionable in the late 18th century, when landowners were intent on extending and upgrading their houses, with landscaping of the grounds being all the rage. a new church for the parish was built in 1802, with two galleries - one for the laird of nenthorn and the other for the laird of newton don. this building was closed in 1972, after which it was converted into a house. back to : articles about adjacent parishes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38234140654289317, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.178384"} {"text": "| the gaging station near soldiers summit is one of more than 100 facilities located along streams in utah. originally manually read, many stations are now automated and stream flow information is posted on the internet. | history is filled with examples of how mankind measures almost everything. property is measured by acreage. mankind measures money in dollars, pounds, pesos, etc time is measured in hours, days, years, decades and centuries. mankind also measures water. as water is piped into a home from a municipal system, a district or city measures consumption by the gallon based on a meter that has been set in the line. in most cases, the transmission line leading to the meter and the water consumption measuring device belong to the controlling entity. the line from the meter to the residence and inside the structure belong to the individual property owner. however, the state owns the water. the service district, the city, the county and private residents are basically paying for the system that delivers the water and for the right to use the liquid. the average home in the united states uses less than 10, 000 gallons of water per month, according nationally compiled data. average residential consumption represents a small factor in the scheme of water matters. a debate continues to rage in certain circles in the world community as to whether fresh, clean water should be a human right or a commodity that is bought and sold to the highest bidder. the issue is an age old question, but one with more meaning as the world ' s population grows by leaps and bounds while fresh water is a finite natural resource. official estimates vary, but it is generally accepted that less than2 percent of the world ' s supply of the natural resource is fresh water. the rest is salt water in the oceans. of the 2 percent, more than half is locked up in ice on the two polar caps. a limited amount of fresh water is produced annually, with the evaporation and precipitation cycle being fairly predictable on a global basis. water is deceiving. a small space can contain a significant amount of water, yet a large lake or reservoir full to capacity can be depleted quickly by the agricultural and municipal uses. for example, lake superior is considered to be the greatest of the great lakes because of its size and depth. lake superior is 350 miles long and 160 miles wide, with a depth of more than 1, 300 feet. lake superior has the storage capability to cover the continental united states with one foot of water. the u. s. mainland has 3, 608, 787 square miles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.534854165260689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.187772"} {"text": "and 160 miles wide, with a depth of more than 1, 300 feet. lake superior has the storage capability to cover the continental united states with one foot of water. the u. s. mainland has 3, 608, 787 square miles of surface. multiply the surface by 640 acres per square mile. the total is 2, 309, 623, 680 acre feet of water. by comparison, scofield reservoir can store 73, 600 acre feet of water at capacity. according to state water engineer mark page, the level at scofield currently exceeds 25, 000 acre feet. although the water level continues to rise due to spring runoff, scofield reservoir is only about one - third full. \" also, remember that 8, 000 acre feet of that water is what is called dead water, \" noted page during an iterview on wednesday. \" that is water in the bottom of the reservoir that is lower than the drainage from the reservoir can remove. \" according to data compiled by experts, the entire great lakes system - superior, michigan, huron, erie and ontario - contains more than 50 percent of the world ' s fresh water supply. therefore, the other lakes and streams in the united states, the nation has a vast majority of fresh water that is not locked up in ice that exists in the world. water, and it ' s measurement has always been an issue, but in the eastern, southern and much of the upper midwest there has generally always been enough of it to go around. but the west and it ' s rivers are a different sort of animal. water in the west in the form of precipitation falls largely in the mountains, from which streams flow through vast desert areas, turning those little areas around the streams into literal oasises, while the vast majority of the countryside is barren and survives on the little rainfall that does occur. this means the streams become the life blood of the region and with the intervention of man and his laws about distribution, rights and use, measurement became most important. water agreements between various government and private agencies, including those between states such as the colorado river compact ( crc ), often guarantee certain amounts of water to be delivered to downstream users. that particular agreement guarantees the lower basin states ( arizona, california and nevada ) 7. 5 million acre feet of water per year. this means that the upper states must make sure ( and the lower basin states want it verified ) that amount of water is delivered each year. to do this, a series of \" gaging stations \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44747706645305196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.190072"} {"text": ". 5 million acre feet of water per year. this means that the upper states must make sure ( and the lower basin states want it verified ) that amount of water is delivered each year. to do this, a series of \" gaging stations \" were set up many years ago. tied to the large stations directly on the major rivers ( such as the one just above grand junction, colo ; that can be seen from i - 70 by motorists ) are a series of smaller stations on other streams farther up the drainage. not all of these were put in place for the crc, but they add to the data that shows how much water is being contributed by various tributaries. these stations are regulated and monitored by the united states geological survey ( usgs ). manual monitoring used to be the norm, but in these days of modern electronics and solar power, even some of the remotest stations can be monitored 24 hours a day. for instance, at 10 : 40 on wednesday morning may 21, the price river near heiner was flowing at 77 cubic feet per second ( cfs ) and was under the 10 percentile for that day in an average year according to the survey ' s monitoring system. in contrast, the station on the white river, just off of us 6 between scofield junction and soldiers summit measured a stream flow of 117 cfs that falls in a 25 to 75 percent category of normal for that day indicated the survey site. at the same time, the colorado river, near the utah - colorado border measured 119, 000 cfs that falls in a 25 to 75 percent category. \" these instruments must be recalibrated periodically, \" states page. \" for instance, a flood period may change a stream depth or width and the usgs must change the measuring devices to reflect those differences. \" in utah, there are 129 of these stations located on various drainages. some streams only have one, other streams have multiple locations due to the fact that tributaries flow into them and major users along the streams can change the water flow from one point to another. as of wednesday morning, no ranked stream in utah that is on the usgs website was flowing at all time highs or even above 90 percent of normal. most of these streams are in the lower ranges according to the geological survey system, but stream flows have been slow to grow this year because of the cool, wet spring. most experts expect the stream flows to pick up considerably over the next week as the warm weather strikes. but in the drought the state is presently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46907314202789513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.191521"} {"text": "the plan has been discussed as part of negotiations between the white house and congress to avoid going over the \" fiscal cliff \". \u201c granting any president the sole power over the federal debt limit is clearly not what the founding fathers envisioned when they drafted the constitution. this proposal is an unnecessary distraction from reaching bipartisan solutions to the immediate budget and deficit problems the nation faces today, \u201d cochran said. \u201c the president \u2019 s request for permanent authority to raise the debt ceiling is a non - starter in congress, \u201d said wicker. \u201c a solution to avoid the fiscal cliff will require cooperation from both sides. with 21 days until the end of the year, now is the time to work together rather than spending time posturing. \u201d the following is text from the cochran - wicker news release : the letter to obama cites the use of the debt limit by congresses in the past to craft deficit - reduction agreements since the mid - 1980s. the letter also links the debt limit authority to the constitutional \u201c power of the purse \u201d granted to congress. the letter states that nearly every significant deficit reduction law of the past 27 years has been linked to a debt limit debate : \u201c for congress to surrender its control over the debt limit would be to permanently surrender what has long provided the best opportunity to enact bipartisan deficit reduction legislation. \u201d it goes on to say : \u201c we also believe that congress \u2019 power over borrowing, like the power of the purse, is firmly rooted in our constitutional tradition. the founders understood the potential danger of permitting the executive to unilaterally incur new public debt. consequently, article i of the constitution empowers only congress \u2018 to borrow money on the credit of the united states. \u2019 the debt ceiling is the means by which congress exercises this inherent legislative responsibility. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4731038513582398, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.194249"} {"text": "faced with the limits imposed by global climate change and the de - carbonization of the world \u2019 s economy required to address it, continued economic growth in the already affluent world does not offer the solution ; it represents the problem. that ' s the premise of a book published this week by tim jackson called prosperity without growth : economics for a finite planet. \" governments are locked into defending growth in a system where stability depends on growth. chasing growth makes it incredibly difficult to chase climate goals too, \" said jackson, who is professor of sustainable development at the university of surrey. \" so what we urgently need is an economic system that doesn ' t rely on growth. right now the one we have is undermining the ability of governments to function properly. it is undermining wellbeing in the richest nations and failing those in the poorest. it has already led us to the brink of economic collapse and it is driving us rapidly towards catastrophic climate change, \" he adds. the book calls for a new vision of prosperity based around providing the capabilities for people to flourish - - within the ecological limits of the planet. key recommendations include the need for : - a massive uplift in \u2018 ecological \u2019 investment : renewable energy, energy efficiency, local infrastructure, low - carbon transport, climate adaptation, ecological protection - support for \u2018 ecological \u2019 enterprise - resource efficient, community - based activities that offer meaningful employment and deliver low - carbon goods and services - clear restraints on unbridled consumerism - the protection of public spaces and a renewed vision of social goods - investment in the capabilities for people to participate in society in less materialistic ways - real commitment by the richer nations towards low - carbon development in the poorer nations in the past few months, a number of leading figures have come out in support of the call to re - think economic growth. president nicolas sarkozy has asked world leaders to join a revolution in the measurement of economic progress, and sir nicholas stern has warned \u201c at some point we would have to think about whether we want future growth. \" jonathon porritt said : \" the idea that today \u2019 s model of consumption - driven economic growth will secure sustainable, equitable and decent lives for 9 billion people between now and 2050 is literally laughable. the refusal of all the major parties even to acknowledge this incontrovertible reality, let alone explore its implications, is last week, george soros - - backed by distinguished academic economists including nobel laureate economists - - launched the institute for new economic thought, an independent think -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46605382301453324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.200120"} {"text": "colorectal polyps should be removed because some can develop into cancer. in most cases, the polyps may be removed during a colonoscopy. people over age 50 should consider having a colonoscopy or other screening test. regular colonoscopy helps prevent colon cancer because polyps can be removed before they become cancerous. people with a family history of colon cancer or colon polyps may need to be screened at an earlier age. for people with adenomatous polyps, new polyps can appear in the future. follow - up colonoscopy is usually recommended 1 to 10 years later, depending on the : person ' s age and general health number of polyps size and characteristics of the polyps rarely, the health care provider may recommend a colectomy ( removing part of the colon ) if polyps are very likely to become cancerous. the outlook for people with colorectal polyps is excellent if the polyps are removed. polyps that are left behind can develop into cancer over time. polyps can cause bleeding. over time, some polyps can develop into cancers. calling your health care provider call your health care provider if you have : blood in a bowel movement change in bowel habits to reduce your risk of developing polyps : eat a diet low in fat and high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber avoid smoking and heavy alcohol intake maintain a normal body weight colonoscopy prevents colon cancer by removing polyps before they can become cancer. people over age 50 should consider having a colonoscopy or other screening test. this may reduce the odds of developing colon cancer, or at least help catch it in its most treatable stage. those with a family history of colon cancer or colon polyps may need to be screened at an earlier age. taking aspirin or similar medicines may help reduce your risk for new polpys. however, these medicines can have serious side effects if you take them for a long time. side effects include bleeding from your stomach or colon and heart disease. talk with your doctor before taking these medicines. burt rw, barthel js, dunn kb, et al. nccn clinical practice guidelines in oncology. colorectal cancer screening. j natl compr canc netw. 2010 jan ; 8 ( 1 ) : 8 - 61. cooper k, squires h, carroll c, et al. chemoprevention of colorectal cancer : systematic review and economic evaluation. health technol assess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.399288720951137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.203214"} {"text": "as sweetwater celebrates the festivities of the 54th annual world \u2019 s largest rattlesnake round - up, local snakes will also begin to emerge from winter hibernation. rolling plains memorial hospital ( rpmh ) urges the community to know how to respond to snakebites. many different types of snakes can be found in nolan county ; some with poisonous venom that can have debilitating or even deadly consequences. treatment of snakebites can be extremely costly. according to dr. robert eaker, emergency department medical director at rpmh, each vial of anti - venom costs approximately $ 5, 000. depending on the severity of the wound and type of snake, eight to 10 vials are needed for treatment. many times, treatment requires double the number of vials. sometimes, snakebites occur so quickly that victims do not know what hit them. signs and symptoms may vary, but most typically include : a pair of puncture marks at the center of the wound ; redness, swelling and severe pain around the bite ; nausea, increased sweating, and labored breathing ; and numbness or tingling around your face or limbs. \u201c one of the most important things to do when bitten by a snake is to see and remember the color, shape and / or pattern of the snake, \u201d said dr. eaker. \u201c this information can be very helpful to doctors at the hospital so that proper treatment of the snakebite can be administered. \u201d dr. eaker added that seeking immediate medical attention is critical. until medical aid can be rendered, keeping the victim calm and still can slow the spread of the venom if the snake is poisonous. \u201c contrary to many beliefs, you should never apply a tourniquet to snake bites. likewise, you should also remove jewelry such as rings and other tight clothing such as boots, \u201d explained dr. eaker. \u201c snake venom can cause massive swelling of the affected area and can destroy red blood cells. if you block the blood flow, you are essentially trapping dead blood cells in the affected area or limb which can cause more harm to the victim than the bite itself. \u201d other items to avoid doing after being bitten by a snake is to not slash the wound with a knife, suck out the venom, apply ice or immerse the wound in water, and drink alcohol or caffeinated beverages. calling 911 or getting to a hospital as quickly as possible can make a huge difference in recovery from a snakebite. although death from rattlesnakes is rare, the side effects can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3743022522730246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.205769"} {"text": "adjustment assistance and compensation there will always be winners and losers from agricultural trade policy reform. when the losers include the most vulnerable countries and communities, development assistance has an important has an important coherence role to play. at the country level, adverse shocks can arise either because food - importing countries must pay more for their food imports after reform, or because some food - exporting developing countries lose out because the advantages of preferential access to protected markets in developed countries are eroded. such shocks can arise either in the multilateral context, e. g. the doha round, or because of unilateral policy changes, e. g. eu sugar or banana policy reform. helping net food - importing countries the fear that food - importing developing countries might face short term difficulties in financing normal levels of imports of basic foodstuffs following the uruguay round agreement on agriculture was addressed in the decision on measures concerning the possible negative effects of the reform programme on least - developed and net food - importing developing countries. this decision provided guarantees of adequate food aid commitments and greater priority to requests for assistance to improve agricultural productivity and infrastructure. it also established a link with facilities provided by the international financial institutions to help vulnerable countries address short - term financing difficulties when importing food. however, developing countries have been dissatisfied with the ineffectiveness of this decisions and it was one of the implementation issues raised in the run - up to the wto doha ministerial meeting in 2001. in september 2001, the wto agriculture committee reached an agreement, which covered food aid, technical assistance to improve productivity and infrastructure, financing for import, and follow up review. disciplines on food aid are now being discussed in the export competition pillar of the doha round agricultural negotiations, with the debate around whether an agreement will help to improve the quality of food aid or whether its developmental and humanitarian benefits will be sacrificed to satisfy the concerns of agricultural exporters. compensating for preference erosion preference erosion is one of the key issues in the doha round. while the average effect of preference erosion on developing countries is not large, it is important for particular commodities exported by a small number of countries \u2013 primarily small island economies dependent on sugar and bananas. in the case of a temporary shock to export revenues, it is sometimes appropriate to provide short - term support to affected industries until revenues recover. preference erosion, however, is a once - and - for - all change in a country \u2019 s external trading environment. the ultimate aim of policies to address the loss of these income transfers must be to encourage public and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4626581557484172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.211950"} {"text": "to affected industries until revenues recover. preference erosion, however, is a once - and - for - all change in a country \u2019 s external trading environment. the ultimate aim of policies to address the loss of these income transfers must be to encourage public and private sector investment to diversify into new higher - growth industries, and on rationalising existing preferential sectors to improve their international competitiveness. existing adjustment initiatives the imf operates a compensatory ( and contingency ) financing facility as a concessional loan arrangement to help to mitigate balance of payments difficulties caused by a temporary decline in export earnings or a temporary increase in cereal import costs. in 2004, it launched the trade integration mechanism, which enhances access to existing imf facilities for countries experiencing a balance of payments shortfall resulting from multilateral liberalisation. however, borrowing to finance adjustment is not always an appropriate response where there is a permanent change in a country \u2019 s external trade environment, and is not always desirable or indeed feasible for vulnerable countries which are already highly - indebted. bilateral initiatives include a number of schemes run by the eu. under the cotonou agreement, for example, the flex scheme is a mechanism to provide \u2018 fast - disbursing \u2019 support to african, caribbean and pacific ( acp ) countries with fluctuating export earnings. flex is also triggered by government revenue losses arising from a decline in export earnings. the eu has also put in place specific compensation arrangements in connection with the reform of its sugar and banana regimes. social safety nets greater access to agricultural markets in the eu and other developed countries will contribute to increased economic growth in developing countries. in the short run, however, some social groups in developing countries might be negatively affected by higher food prices, or by the increased risks of integration into world food markets, or by the dynamic forces of accumulation set in train by the emergence of profitable export opportunites for food or cash crops. identifying the losers from trade reform requires analysis of its effects on different groups stratified by income source and expenditure patterns. in vulnerable economies regularly buffeted by external shocks, some positive, others negative, it may not be easy to follow the chain of causation between, say, an eu policy change and its impact on particular livelihood in poor countries. it may also be questioned why assistance is provided only to mitigate the risks of one type of adverse shock ( e. g. eu trade reform ), rather than the many other shocks which these countries face. generalised social protection arrangements can take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48224200376728266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.213431"} {"text": "program evaluation : reading, math, science, and technology initiatives technology - based supplemental instruction pilot program in rural school districts ( r - tech ) r - tech is intended to finance technology - based supplemental instruction to students at the sixth through twelfth grade levels at participating campuses. additional information about can be found at tea ' s r - tech page. the student success initiative ( ssi ) created by the 76th texas legislature in 1999 and modified by the 81st texas legislature in 2009, the purpose of the student success initiative ( ssi ) is to offer a system of academic support programs to help ensure that every student in texas performs on grade level in reading and mathematics. please see tea ' s ssi page for more information. accelerated reading / accelerated math instruction ( ari / ami ) ari / ami provided funding to be used by school districts to provide accelerated instruction to students in kindergarten through grade 6 who were performing below grade level in reading and math. the funding provided to school districts and charter schools each fiscal year was based on the number of students who did not meet the state standard on the grade 3 reading taks and the grade 5 math taks the previous year. the evaluation of ari / ami for the 2006 - 2007 school year was included in the student success initiative ( ssi ) report. intensive reading instruction / intensive math instruction ( iri / imi ) iri and imi program funds were designated to serve those schools exhibiting the most difficulty in improving reading and / or math achievement, beginning in 2006 - 2007 school year. iri and imi funding was non - competitive and provided to schools with students enrolled in grades 4 - 6 that failed to improve student performance in reading and / or mathematics. this funding was to be used to provide immediate, targeted instruction programs for students who were struggling in these two key areas so they would be able to meet the grade advancement requirements of the student success initiative ( ssi ) and master grade level curriculum expectations. texas education code ( tec ) section 28. 0211, requires districts to provide accelerated ( intensive ) instruction to a student after he or she has not met the passing standard after the second administration of the reading or math taks tests in grade 5, and the reading taks in grade 3. texas reading first initiative ( trfi ) trfi is intended to enable the selected eligible applicants to implement scientifically - based reading programs that help all students achieve reading mastery by the end of grade 3. trfi places specific emphasis on the importance of scientifically based reading research \u2013 research that applies rigorous,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48804646682153396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.217249"} {"text": "is intended to enable the selected eligible applicants to implement scientifically - based reading programs that help all students achieve reading mastery by the end of grade 3. trfi places specific emphasis on the importance of scientifically based reading research \u2013 research that applies rigorous, systematic, and objective procedures to obtain valid knowledge relevant to reading development, reading instruction and reading difficulties. the evaluation focuses on activities that occurred primarily during the 2005 - 2006 school year. for additional information about trfi please see tea ' s reading first page. technology immersion pilot ( tip ) the purpose of tip is to explore the impact of technology immersion on student progress by providing students in grantee campuses with a wireless mobile computing device and other appropriate learning technologies that have been shown to improve student achievement. the primary goal of tip is to increase the academic progress of participating students by immersing the campus with appropriate innovative technologies including, but not limited to, wireless mobile computing devices, integrating software, online formative assessment tools, and online resources. evaluation reports were delivered to the agency in december at the conclusion through the 2007 - 2008 school year. for additional information, please see tea ' s tip page. career and technology education ( cte ) grant program the texas legislature established career and technology education goals for all texas students in secondary schools. texas education code ( tec ) section 29. 181 mandates that each public school student shall master the basic skills and knowledge necessary for : 1 ) managing the dual roles of family member and wage earner ; and 2 ) gaining entry - level employment in a high - skill, high - wage job or continuing the student ' s education at the postsecondary level. for additional information about cte in texas, please see tea ' s cte page. page last modified on 2 / 28 / 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5221289042596295, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.217992"} {"text": "athletics events have been a part of the paralympic program since the first paralympic games in rome, italy, in 1960. events include track, throwing, jumping and the marathon. the rules of paralympic track and field are almost identical to those of its non - disabled counterpart. certain allowances are made to accommodate certain disabilities. for example, the blind and more severely visually impaired runners compete with guide runners, who are often attached by the wrist with a tether to the runner. more information on ipc rules can be found by visiting the ipc athletics website : http : / / www. paralympic. org / athletics / rules paralympic track and field competition is open to male and female athletes with physical disabilities such as dwarfism, amputation / limb loss, blindness / visual impairment, spinal cord injury / wheelchair - users and cerebral palsy / brain injury / stroke. how do i become a paralympian? u. s. paralympics track and field 2013 standards ( men and women ) find a local program in your community - visit the paralympic resource network. high school track & field opportunities for athletes with physical disabilities a number of states now have inclusion rules which will allow athletes with a physically disability to participate and score points for their team at high school regional and state finals / championships. the states include alabama, georgia, florida, idaho, iowa, louisiana, maine, maryland, minnesota, new jersey, north carolina, ohio, oregon, washington and wisconsin. scoring events are offered for certain track events and field events. for more information, please contact the individual state ' s high school sports association.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41025407128054237, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.219645"} {"text": "first we see 3d printing enabling consumers to re \u2010 position themselves right at the heart of manufacturing. second, we see more and more companies engaging across the supply chain. 1. demand for online content is accelerating as a response to the growing societal demand to be involved in the development process and a growing demand for personalized production, today we find a plethora of very low cost 3d printing machines for the home and for the educational & maker community. this trend is spurring increasing demand for online \u2018 istore \u2019 repositories and libraries where home makers can download and then 3d print an ever increasing array of products. we will also find in the coming years an increasing number of web shops and online web portals where consumers can become co \u2010 creators by engaging directly with their own product designs. the development of home based 3d printing and online data allows consumers to become in effect, mini \u2010 factories, thus compressing the supply chain from the cad terminal straight to the consumer. 2. manufacturing is shifting back to the consumer until quite late into the industrial revolution people still learned a trade and made products with their own hands. the process was slow, inefficient and relatively unaffordable for the vast majority of people. the industrial revolution brought factories and mass production machines into play to standardize goods and ensure a cheap supply of products to meet the burgeoning demand of european citizens. today, now that mass produced goods are largely attainable, we see a rebounding trend back to more individually \u2010 designed goods. this trend is a result of the \u2018 squeeze \u2019 from both the societal move to mass customization and personalization on the one side ; and the economic times we now find ourselves in, where the high capital investment required for mass production is prohibitively expensive for many entrepreneurs to set up on their own. one positive response being enabled by 3d printing is the \u2018 quirky \u2019 business model \u2013 named for the new york \u2010 based firm founded by entrepreneur ben kaufman. quirky \u2019 s business model is based on the principle that traditional manufacturing is becoming increasingly above and beyond the reach of everyday designers and entrepreneurs. in traditional manufacturing plants it can take anywhere between 18 to 24 months of planning and capital investment before a new product actually rolls off the production lines and into shops. this process effectively raises the barrier to entry for people who may have a new innovative idea and who want to turn these ideas into a commercial product within a reasonable time to market. with an in \u2010 house 3d printer, quirky is able to shorten and simplify the product", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49114735437816937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.227874"} {"text": "barrier to entry for people who may have a new innovative idea and who want to turn these ideas into a commercial product within a reasonable time to market. with an in \u2010 house 3d printer, quirky is able to shorten and simplify the product development process and enable people with good product ideas to be able to rapidly and efficiently create working prototypes that can be held and tested, thus eliminating a major stumbling block in the way of bringing their product to market. today quirky designs and develops a number of new consumer products from scratch every single week. the quirky model is a natural response to the economic pressures of today \u2019 s downturn, the demographic changes that represent new opportunities in both home and foreign markets, and societal changes that are pressuring the way we consume resources. the implications of the quirky model for western national economies may also be significant in the years ahead. if the deepening of the recession continues to hit manufacturing capacity, 3d printing may be able to offset some of the loss by bypassing the traditional capital \u2010 intensive process, enabling the speedy development of a wide range of innovative products. the value & differentiation here in both the \u2018 istore \u2019 trend and the quirky trend is in the content and the development of user communities of designers and innovators who are now able to produce for themselves. in both cases, 3d printing represents the hardware enabler \u2013 the consumer value is in the fast and relatively easy realization of a new idea into a working prototype and even real product. 3. more companies are engaging across the supply chain we will increasingly see 3d printing as an enabler for companies to engage across the supply chain. 3d printing will increasingly be used as a distribution solution where parts are made to order, without the need to hold stock near to the consumer. this is having a profound impact already in the small number of application areas using 3d printing on a daily basis such as lamp shades and iphone covers. with the rise of 3d printing service bureaus, and now even cloud \u2010 based 3d printing services, making parts on \u2010 demand and nearer to the consumer will continue to make supply chains increasingly lean and efficient in the coming years. the potential benefits of this tool \u2010 less and inventory \u2010 free supply chain include lower material consumption, less waste, lower carbon footprint, reduced capital investment, mitigated risk, and the ability to easily differentiate your product from the rest. 4. desktop 3d printers are proliferating in office environments we can expect an expanding penetration of desktop 3d printers into more offices and smaller offices thanks to the rapidly increasing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.517307138330986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.229529"} {"text": "mitigated risk, and the ability to easily differentiate your product from the rest. 4. desktop 3d printers are proliferating in office environments we can expect an expanding penetration of desktop 3d printers into more offices and smaller offices thanks to the rapidly increasing capabilities of the models available today. while the larger, more complex 3d printers will continue to be a natural part of a centralized prototyping lab in virtually every large manufacturing company, the rise of the desktop 3d printer \u2013 imbued with increasingly similar levels of accuracy and producing comparable 3d models to the industrial size machines, will become more and more defused through the many smaller firms and boutique design houses. desktop 3d printers are becoming ever \u2010 more affordable and advanced in their accuracy & resolution quality and in their ability to suitably simulate the fit and form of parts and products envisioned by designers and engineers. they also offer today a greater range and versatility of materials than ever before. the objet30 desktop 3d printer for example offers a range of 5 different 3d printing materials, including different opaque shades and a polypropylene \u2010 like material for prototyping snap \u2010 fit parts. the plethora of professional \u2010 level desktop 3d printers available for under $ 50, 000 is rapidly expanding, placing fast and professional rapid prototyping capabilities at the service of virtually any design house or small engineering firm. the resulting rise of the professional desktop machine is a game changer for smaller firms \u2013 providing better risk mitigation in an era of scarcer investment capital, faster innovation cycles, better communication within the supply chain and overall lead \u2010 time compression. this will enable companies on one side of the world to respond agilely to the plethora of new demographic and consumer group opportunities on other sides of the world \u2013 for example, in the newly emerging markets of asia and south america. those companies with their own 3d printing capabilities will be able to develop an edge \u2013 enabling them to compete with much large multi \u2010 nationals when it comes to rapidly transforming ideas into working products. 5. high - end 3d printing capabilities will continue to exponentially improve today \u2019 s high end 3d printers have improved exponentially over the last decade. for an example, objet \u2019 s original quadra tempo released in 2000 delivered 20 micron print layers ( a game changer in its day ), featured 1536 jet nozzles in 4 print heads, based in a single block and the machine printed one material, known in its time as m510. compare this to the latest objet260 connex delivering double", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4694231780718977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.230548"} {"text": "day ), featured 1536 jet nozzles in 4 print heads, based in a single block and the machine printed one material, known in its time as m510. compare this to the latest objet260 connex delivering double the print quality from just half the number of print nozzles, at a significantly higher run speed \u2013 and in a machine with half the footprint. in place of just one material, today \u2019 s machine features a choice of 68 different materials with ranging properties from opaque to transparent, rigid to flexible, and standard to engineering plastics. it can also combine up to 14 different material properties and color shades within a single model prototype. so not only are 3d printers becoming more capable, but the range and mechanical properties of 3d printing materials, especially for inkjet based technology, is expanding exponentially. these developments are working to constantly reduce the price of 3d printed components, compress lead times and expand the range and functionalities of 3d printed parts. the result of all this is that advanced 3d printers are becoming a must \u2010 have fixture within every large product development company from the automotive sector to electronic goods and household appliances. manufacturers will be able in future to cut out much of their secondary tooling processes such as injection molding, resin tooling and soft tooling. and all of this will go into helping them compress their time to market, reduce their costs and also reduce the burden they place on the environment. when faced with the rapid pace of change in the years ahead, 3d printing represents a potent device, one that could mitigate many of the structural challenges of our economies and societies, allowing more businesses to compete and take advantage of developing opportunities around the world. the growth of personal manufacturing and online content in itself has the potential to re \u2010 invent whole economies. bolstered by the emergence of the \u2018 quirky \u2019 model, 3d printing may bring a level of self \u2010 sufficiency back in the face of scarcer resources, greater ethical consumerism, more demand for personalization, shifting demographics and new centers of wealth. 3d printing has the potential to help offset the decline in western manufacturing, replacing the top heavy \u2018 too big to fail \u2019 model with a lighter, more agile and more evenly spread production base providing higher added value. such a model puts innovation back into the hands of more citizenry \u2013 and could spur a new round of global and technological innovations leading to a new, grassroots prosperity. while perhaps still a shadowy vision, the vision is being rapidly animated by the increasing capabilities of 3d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4913291555207724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.231565"} {"text": "this week the u. s. department of energy released a new roadmap for the development of algal biofuels. doe researchers had dismissed this type of biofuel as too costly to be commercially successful in the mid - 1990s following a nearly two - decade - long research project. the new roadmap was accompanied by the announcement of $ 24 million in new doe funding for algal biofuels research. that money is in addition to $ 140 million in algae funding from last year \u2019 s recovery act. \u201c biotechnology has come a long way \u201d since the earlier project, says valerie sarisky - reed of the office of energy efficiency and renewable energy, one of the lead authors of the roadmap. \u201c with a dedicated research and development program, we can bring the economics to a suitable place within a 10 - year time frame, \u201d she says. \u201c we chose to invest in it again because we felt we were within striking distance. \u201d the doe originally considered algae as a means of making biofuels because some types of algae naturally produce large amounts of oil. the prolific organisms, if grown in ponds or closed bioreactors, could be used to produce more fuel per acre than other biofuels approaches, such as biochemically or thermochemically converting cellulosic biomass into fuel. but the doe program, which concluded in 1996, found that growing algae, and then harvesting and processing the oils, would only be cost - effective at high petroleum prices \u2013 between $ 59 and $ 186 a barrel. about that time, oil prices were less than $ 20 a barrel. current estimates of the required price of petroleum for algae to be competitive range widely, from $ 10 to $ 100 a barrel, sarisky - reed says. some estimates are even higher. conventional approaches are only competitive when oil prices are as high as $ 400 a barrel, says david berry, a partner at flagship ventures, based in cambridge, ma. the roadmap lays out a wide - ranging plan to bring the cost of algal biofuel production down. it identifies a broad set of challenges and research goals rather than selecting the most promising approaches. sarisky - reed says more research is needed to know whether it \u2019 s better, for example, to grow algae in an open pond and then harvest the oil, or to grow algae that \u2019 s been genetically engineered to continuously secrete fuels inside closed bioreactors. the roadmap also details the reasons algal biofuels have proved challenging. for example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48846812711864795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.234480"} {"text": "sudden crime waves, injuries and other random acts have been blamed on the monthly phenomenon, sometimes by doctors, nurses and the police. but research by a group of psychologists in canada has finally debunked the myth, proving that the lunar cycle has no influence on these freak occurrences. more than 770 hospital patients were studied in the three - year project with those suffering from psychological problems being closely analysed. patients suffered problems ranging from panic attacks to suicidal behaviour and often claimed to have mystery chest pains. no evidence of a lunar link was discovered. \" this may be coincidental or due to factors we did not take into account, \u201d professor genevieve belleville, a psychologist for canada ' s universite laval told the journal general hospital psychiatry. \" but one thing is certain \u2013 we observed no full moon or new moon effect on psychological problems. \" the analyses revealed no link between the incidence of psychological problems and the four lunar phases. \" the pains were instead attributed to the mental health of the patients and timing found to have no specific pattern \u2013 with one exception. anxiety attacks were 32 per cent less frequent during the last quarter of a lunar cycle than at other times. the full moon causing odd behaviour is a myth that has been believed for centuries. around 80 per cent of nurses and 63 per cent of doctors in the hospitals had been convinced they were seeing more patients for mental problems during a full moon than any other time. police forces from brighton to ohio have also beefed up their night time presence during the full moon after blaming it for rises in crime, according to reports. commentators even claimed the reason george w. bush unexpectedly won the 2000 us presidential election was as a result of the full moon sending voters crazy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45815610925182476, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.238238"} {"text": "by tony badillo importance of tabnit, the \u2018 plan \u2019 the key to the temple \u2019 s secrets is in the floor plan and layout of its furnishings. the \u201c plan \u201d or \u201c pattern \u201d ( heb., tabnit ) of its structure and furniture is mentioned i chronicles 28 : 11, 12, 19. tabnit is also translated as design, structure, figure, form, likeness, and shape. thus, in deuteronomy 4 : 16 - 18 the israelites are forbidden making any likeness, form, or figure of a human or beast for worship. in ezekiel 8 : 10 the prophet sees repulsive forms or figures of creeping beasts, but in 8 : 3 he is lifted up by the form or figure of god \u2019 s hand or an angel \u2019 s ( see also 10 : 8 ) ; and in psalms 144 : 12 sons and daughters are compared to choice cut stones giving shape or form to a palace ( see the jewish publication society \u2019 s tanakh ). tabnit generally refers to the form of something. king david received divine inspiration for the form, i. e., plan or pattern of the temple ; and before him at sinai moses heard god \u2019 s verbal instructions for the form of the mishkan ( tabernacle ). tabnit is also related to banah, which means to build a structure or house \u2013 \u2013 or to raise children, since a \u201c house \u201d may also refer to a family. thus, in ruth 4 : 11 rachel and leah, the two wives of jacob ( later renamed israel ), are called the \u201c builders \u201d of the house of israel. this is tabnit \u2019 s link to buildings, ordinary houses, human beings, and the human body temple, as shown below. 3. the ark of the covenant \u2013 this is a gold plated chest with a solid gold cover and two small cherubs ( small stars ). the ark is his nose ; and its poles \u2013 when attached to its long sides and drawn forward ( i kings. 8 : 8 ) \u2013 depict extended nostrils smelling the sweet smoke from the incense altar in the holy place. 4. stairway \u2013 a short staircase or ramp led from the holy place to a slightly elevated ( six cubits ) holy of holies. the stairway is his neck / throat and its top is his mouth. see first temple vs. second temple. 5. incense altar \u2013 this small gold plated altar ( i kings 6 : 22 ) is national israel \u2019 s heart, and its sweet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4883303330417036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.252878"} {"text": "the stairway is his neck / throat and its top is his mouth. see first temple vs. second temple. 5. incense altar \u2013 this small gold plated altar ( i kings 6 : 22 ) is national israel \u2019 s heart, and its sweet - smelling smoke is the prayers and spiritual life of national ideal israel, i. e., israel as she should be. 6. tables of the showbread \u2013 on these gold plated tables ( i kings 7 : 48 ) were bread and wine, symbolizing flesh and blood, i. e., the humanity of national israel. 7. the lamp stands ( i kings 7 : 48, 49 ) \u2013 their total number was 10 stands / msenorahs x 7 stems each = 70 lights, relating to the 70 israelites of exodus 1 : 5 ( jacob \u2019 s offspring ). this is national israel as the light to the world, and the world is the 70 nations of genesis 10. they may also symbolize shabbat ( the sabbath ) multiplied 10 times, implying a messianic age of worldwide rest ( meaning peace ). for a larger view of them see secrets of the holy place. 8. the porch, portico or vestibule \u2013 this antechamber, the ulam, ( i kings 6 : 3, ii chronicles 3 : 4 ) corresponds to the human pelvis ( hips ) and, therefore, procreation through the male and female genitalia. 10. ten lavers \u2013 five bronze water lavers were on the north and five on the south side, by the porch. these signify the ten fingers of the hands. the lavers were for washing the blood off the sacrificial offerings, i kings 7 : 38 ; ii chronicles 4 : 6. 11. jachin, boaz \u2013 the large bronze pillars by the porch were named jachin and boaz ( ii chronicles. 3 : 17 ) and form temple man \u2019 s legs. these are two hybrid plants symbolizing kings david and solomon, war and peace. 12. sea of bronze, twelve bulls \u2013 this was a huge basin full of water for the priests to wash their hands and feet ( ii chronicles 4 : 2 ). it depicts the twelve tribes of israel crossing the red sea. its water symbolizes the god \u2019 s spirit and also his seed. 13. the sacrificial altar \u2013 this ( ii chronicles. 4 : 1 ) forms temple man \u2019 s feet, while also symbolizing the metallic king messiah \u2019 s feet and footstool", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4579991345879788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.253812"} {"text": "the god \u2019 s spirit and also his seed. 13. the sacrificial altar \u2013 this ( ii chronicles. 4 : 1 ) forms temple man \u2019 s feet, while also symbolizing the metallic king messiah \u2019 s feet and footstool, as was the custom of that time, ii chronicles 9 : 18, psalms 110 : 1. the high priest \u2019 s garments : white and gold jacob \u2019 s dream and the temple jewish tradition tells us that jacob ( father of the twelve israelite tribes ) saw the temple in advance in his dream at luz. after seeing angels ascending and descending on a stairway ( \u2018 ladder \u2019 ), he says in genesis 28 : 17, ' this is none other than god \u2019 s house..., \u201d and in v. 19 renames the place bethel, house of god, which is also a designation for the temple. later he changes it again to el bethel ( god house of god ) 35 : 7 ; and god, in turn, renames him israel, 35 : 10. as shown below, jacob ' s raised head corresponds to an elevated holy of holies and his \u2018 pillow stone \u2019 ( 28 : 11 ) to the even shetiyah or ' foundation stone ' where abraham had earlier bound isaac ( 22 : 9 - 11 ). in other words, as he slept \u2013 unbeknownst to him \u2013 his head and body became a model for the temple that was eventually built atop mount moriah by king solomon ( 2 chronicles 3 : 1 ). today this site is called haram al - sharif by the arabs, and the temple mount by the israelis and others. why was jacob given the dream at this time? not solely because he was fleeing the wrath of his brother esau, but also because he was on his way to mesopotamia to find a wife and create a family, i. e., a \u201c house \u201d. isaac practically ordered him to leave and start his own family ( genesis. 28 : 1, 2 ), that he might multiply and become an \u201c company of peoples, \u201d v. 3 ; and later it is said his two wives are the \u201c builders \u201d of the house of israel, ruth. 4 : 11. jacob, therefore, constructed a human temple, a house of twelve tribes ( plus the levites ) and centuries later these twelve, with hired phoenician craftsmen, raised solomon \u2019 s stone temple, the \u2018 house of god \u2019. therefore, the dream concerns the building of two houses, israel \u2019 s ( jacob", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43548323452857196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.255058"} {"text": "( plus the levites ) and centuries later these twelve, with hired phoenician craftsmen, raised solomon \u2019 s stone temple, the \u2018 house of god \u2019. therefore, the dream concerns the building of two houses, israel \u2019 s ( jacob \u2019 s ) and god \u2019 s. the amazing metallic messiah the illustration below at right shows how the metals of the temple \u2019 s interior reveal the metallic messiah. but how do we know the interior metals have this secondary meaning? because their type and order parallel those of king nebuchadnezzar \u2019 s metal statue below, which itself symbolizes an unholy, secular messianic world ruler. for the interior gold plating of the temple \u2019 s holy of holies, holy place and porch, see i kgs. 6 : 20 - 22 and ii chr. 3 : 4 - 10. for the bronze furniture outside see i kgs. 7 : 15 - 27, 38 and ii chr. 4 : 1 - 7. this gives the metallic messiah a head, torso and pelvis of gold, but hands, legs and feet of bronze. his silver shoulders and arms relate to the silver plated walls \u2018 houses \u2019 or \u2018 buildings \u2019 ( i. e., priestly cells ) of i chr. 29 : 4. however, we remove the western cells \u2013 also silver plated inside \u2013 that form the turban ( as shown at right ) because we are viewing a nude man who is the counterpart of another nude man, nebuchadnezzar \u2019 s metallic statue, below. thus, we compare one nude figure with another, not a clothed one with a nude one. also excluded is the sea of bronze because it is not part of the natural human anatomy. nebuchadnezzar \u2019 s metal statue - the account of the huge metal statue that king nebuchadnezzar of babylon saw in a dream is found in chapter 2 : 1 - 35 of the book of daniel, but our focus is primarily on vv. 31 - 33. this statue of four metals, v. 31, has a head of gold, arms and chest of silver, belly and thighs of bronze, v. 32, legs of iron, v. 33, and feet of iron fused with baked clay, v. 33. the clay counts as one with the iron so that he is made of fourmetals. however, temple man, i. e. the metallic messiah, consists of only three metals : gold, silver, and bronze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4899755410450827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.256044"} {"text": "baked clay, v. 33. the clay counts as one with the iron so that he is made of fourmetals. however, temple man, i. e. the metallic messiah, consists of only three metals : gold, silver, and bronze ( or copper ). these same three were also in the tabernacle of moses \u2019 time, exodus 25 : 3, 31 : 4 ; 35 : 5. the four metals of nebuchadnezzar \u2019 s statue depict four successive world empires, symbolizing man \u2019 s ungodly earthly rule until the last days, daniel 2 : 34, 35. and just as man \u2019 s rule is summed in one man of various metals, so too god \u2019 s forthcoming reign is portrayed by a single metallic messiah of three metals. see also solomon \u2019 s cyborg messiah. \u2018 messiah \u2019 is a transliteration of mashiach, which means the anointed or anointed one. jewish kings were anointed by having olive oil \u2013 symbolizing illumination \u2013 poured on their heads so that they might know how to rule their nation. solomon himself was anointed in this manner, i kings 1 : 39, and had prayed for an \u201c understanding mind \u201d to know how to rule, 3 : 9, and it was granted him, 3 : 12. jewish kings were seen as sitting on the divine throne and ruling on god \u2019 s behalf according to i chronicles 29 : 23 : \u2018 then solomon sat on the throne of yahweh..., \u2019 and also 28 : 5 where king david says that god \u2018 has chosen my son solomon to sit on the throne of the kingdom of yahweh, \u2019 and that kingdom was national israel. but king messiah \u2013 the metallic messiah \u2013 is or will be anointed with the divine spirit that he may know how to rule the entire world, not national israel only.. no proof of silver walls? concerning the information directly above, someone wrote to another website claiming there was no proof that solomon overlaid any walls with silver, totally ignoring i chronicles 29 : 4. yet all the bible translations i \u2019 ve consulted, both jewish and non - jewish, include this verse with its silver walls. let us ask and answer, therefore : is it likely that the \u201c houses \u201d ( i. e., cells ) in v. 29 : 4 above were silver plated? yes, and here is why. a potent indicator of their existence is that they follow the pattern ( heb., tabnit )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5051158777722742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.257026"} {"text": "houses \u201d ( i. e., cells ) in v. 29 : 4 above were silver plated? yes, and here is why. a potent indicator of their existence is that they follow the pattern ( heb., tabnit ) of the silver sockets of moses \u2019 tabernacle, which was constructed at the foot of mount sinai centuries before king solomon \u2019 s time. keep in mind that everything about the tabernacle ( fig. a ) was portable, including its foundation. so what, then, was the tabernacle \u2019 s \u2018 foundation \u2019? one hundred ( 100 ) sockets ( i. e., bases ) of silver ; and these were placed on only three sides : on the south, 40 sockets, exodus 36 : 23, 24, and on the north another 40, vv. 25, 26 ; but on the west side, v. 27, the short side of the rectangular foundation, only 16 sockets were needed. this totals 96 silver sockets. what about the other four? ah! now it gets more interesting. they were placed between the holy of holies and the holy place, v. 36. for what purpose? to sustain the poles for the paroket, the \u2018 veil, \u2019 a very special dividing curtain separating the two holy rooms. a description of the curtain is given in exodus 36 : 35. hence, the total number of silver sockets was 100, one socket from each talent of donated silver, ( 38 : 27 ). to complete the rectangular foundation, another five sockets were placed on the eastern side, the entrance, but these were of bronze or copper ( 36 : 38 ), not silver, as shown above ( fig. a ). the temple had 90 or 993 priestly cells ; the tabernacle had none. but the number of cells or and sockets is not vital. what matters is their arrangement or pattern and that such a pattern is reproduced in the layout of the temple \u2019 s priestly cells ( \u2018 houses \u2019 ) with silver plated walls, i chronicles 29 : 4. this also implies that the tabernacle \u2019 s gold plated wooden frame ( above at right ), exodus 26 : 29, relates to the temple \u2019 s gold plated walls. the tabernacle and temple had similarities, and the correlation of the silver sockets and silver cells is one of them. the temple \u2019 s foundation was of limestone blocks, not silver. finally, i have shown that the temple wasalso in the hidden form of the levite high priest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49207650505278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.258162"} {"text": ", and the correlation of the silver sockets and silver cells is one of them. the temple \u2019 s foundation was of limestone blocks, not silver. finally, i have shown that the temple wasalso in the hidden form of the levite high priest ; and by law all priests were of the tribe of levi. in malachi 3 : 3 the lord rebukes the priesthood saying that he \u2018 will purify the sons of levi ( of corruption ) and refine them as gold and silver \u2019. since the central portion of the temple \u2019 s interior was gold plated, it is perfectly fitting that its cell walls should be silver plated, symbolizing the priests themselves becoming as \u2018 gold and silver \u2019 by attaining inward attributes of holiness after being purged of moral corruption. 1 mitsnepheth ( heb. ), the headgear of the high priest, is often translated as miter, but a more fitting word is turban. mitsnepheth ( from the root sanip ) may refer to something that fits around the head, such as a crown or tiara, but also to something that is wound around it, such as bandage or turban ( see first kings 20 : 32 in the tanakh by jps or the niv ). the common priests wore a migbaah, usually translated as bonnet or cap, from the root term gibaah, meaning a hill or small hill, either of which resembles an inverted bowl. see gesenius \u2019 hebrew - chaldee lexicon, etc. 2 this room, a cube of 20 cubits, was the counterpart of the \u201c holy of holies \u201d ( heb. kodesh kodashim ) of the mosaic tabernacle, but the book of first kings calls it debir, instead, from the hebrew root dbr, meaning to speak, according to various hebrew language references, and which is commonly translated as shrine, most holy place, oracle, etc. debir is a fitting name because from here temple man speaks, thus providing further confirmation that this room symbolizes the head, which includes the throat and mouth ( the stairway is the neck - throat, and the mouth is the top of the stairway ). oracle is the closest english equivalent to debir because it may refer to the response of a deity, the place where the deity speaks, or to a prophet or priest who speaks for the deity. and it also implies that temple man may symbolize a prophet, or possibly even god himself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5101066524782245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.259391"} {"text": "sprained ankles are relatively common in tennis players. roger federer, andy roddick and andrew murray have all suffered sprained ankles. the sudden sideways movements that are required during tennis can cause the ankle to twist, particularly if the surface is slippery or the player is fatigued. a twisted ankle causes damage to ligaments and other soft tissues around the ankle. this is called a sprained ankle. the damage causes bleeding within the tissues, which produces a swollen ankle that can be extremely painful. what can you do to prevent sprained ankles? applying an ankle brace to the ankle can help to reduce the risk of ankle sprains and it ' s a strategy that is employed by tennis pros such as andrew murray and roger federer. previous research has shown the injury incidence in people with taped ankles was 4. 9 ankle sprains per 1000 participant matches, compared with 2. 6 ankle sprains per 1000 participant matches in students wearing ankle braces. this compared with 32. 8 ankle sprains per 1000 participant matches in subjects that had no taping or bracing. what should you do if you suffer a sprained ankle? in the first few days following an ankle sprain it is important to follow the price protocol - protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation ( never apply ice directly to the skin ). an ankle cryo / cuff is the most effective method of providing ice therapy and is the professional ' s choice. a cryo / cuff is ideal for home use as it is the safest and most effective method of ice therapy. it can provide continuous ice cold water and compression for 6 hours and significantly reduce ankle pain and swelling. alternatively if you have to apply ice at home, the use of an ice bag is recommended. this is a safe method of ice application to avoid the risk of an ice burn. rehabilitation with a chartered physiotherapista member of the chartered society of physiotherapy, signified by the initials mcsp. ', ' ', 250 ) \" onmouseout = hideddrivetip ( ) ; > chartered physiotherapist significantly improves the level of ankle function. wobble board training in the later rehab stage is designed to assist the re - education of the proprioceptiverelating to the system by which nerve receptors in skin, muscle, ligament and joint tissue relay information to the brain about body position sense, where this information is quickly processed and movement strategies are formulated and executed using nerve signals to muscles. ', ' ', 250", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44044378197103723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.264905"} {"text": "the system by which nerve receptors in skin, muscle, ligament and joint tissue relay information to the brain about body position sense, where this information is quickly processed and movement strategies are formulated and executed using nerve signals to muscles. ', ' ', 250 ) \" onmouseout = hideddrivetip ( ) ; > proprioceptive system. previous research has suggested that patients with ankle instability who underwent wobble board training experienced significantly fewer recurrent sprains during a follow - up period than those who did not follow the training programme. important safety notice the articles on this web site are provided for general information only and should not be used as a basis for diagnosis or treatment. all exercises and information featured on this web site should only be practised under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional 02 - 23 - 2009, 06 : 13 pm i noticed andy murray hampered by his ankle again today, he did manage to win with a retirement in the final set by his oponent, looks bad for the rest of the week though! 02 - 26 - 2009, 12 : 37 pm now reported andy has a virus and has suffered with it since the australian open! he has pulled out of the quarters in dubai now, rest a while andy and get 100 % fit again before playing tennis again!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5942974452365872, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.265486"} {"text": "all procedures in the verilog hdl are specified within one of the following four statements : - - initial construct - - always construct the initial and always constructs are enabled at the beginning of a simulation. the initial construct shall execute only once and its activity shall cease when the statement has finished. in contrast, the always construct shall execute repeatedly. its activity shall cease only when the simulation is terminated. there shall be no implied order of execution between initial and always constructs. the initial constructs need not be scheduled and executed before the always constructs. there shall be no limit to the number of initial and always constructs that can be defined in a module an initial block consists of a statement or a group of statements enclosed in begin... end or a signle statement, which will be executed only once at simulation time 0. if there is more than one block they execute concurrently and independently. the initial block is normally used for initialisation, monitoring, generating wave forms ( eg, clock pulses ) and processes which are executed once in a simulation. an example of initialisation and wave generation is given below clock = 1 ' b0 ; / / variable initialization begin / / multiple statements have to be grouped alpha = 0 ; # 10 alpha = 1 ; / / waveform generation # 20 alpha = 0 ; # 5 alpha = 1 ; # 7 alpha = 0 ; # 10 alpha = 1 ; # 20 alpha = 0 ; an always block is similar to the initial block, but the statements inside an always block will repeated continuously, in a looping fashion, until stopped by $ finish or $ stop. note : the $ finish command actually terminates the simulation where as $ stop. merely pauses it and awaits further instructions. thus $ finish is the preferred command unless you are using an interactive version of the simulator. one way to simulate a clock pulse is shown in the example below. note, this is not the best way to simulate a clock. see the section on the forever loop for a better method. initial clock = 1 ' b0 ; / / start the clock at 0 always # 10 clock = ~ clock ; / / toggle every 10 time units initial # 5000 $ finish / / end the simulation after 5000 time units tasks and functions can bu used to in much the same manner but there are some important differences that must be noted. a function is unable to enable a task however functions can enable other functions. a function will carry out its required duty in zero simulation time. within a function, no event, delay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5378483408271391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.269016"} {"text": "the same manner but there are some important differences that must be noted. a function is unable to enable a task however functions can enable other functions. a function will carry out its required duty in zero simulation time. within a function, no event, delay or timing control statements are permitted. in the invocation of a function their must be at least one argument to be passed. functions will only return a single value and can not use either output or inout statements. functions are synthesysable. disable statements canot be used. function canot have numblocking statements. module function _ calling ( a, b, c ) ; input a, b ; input a, b ; myfunction = ( a + b ) ; assign c = myfunction ( a, b ) ; tasks are capable of enabling a function as well as enabling other versions of a task tasks also run with a zero simulation however they can if required be executed in a non zero simulation time. tasks are allowed to contain any of these statements. a task is allowed to use zero or more arguments which are of type output, input or inout. a task is unable to return a value but has the facility to pass multiple values via the output and inout statements. tasks are not synthesisable. disable statements can be used. reg clock, red, amber, green ; parameter on = 1, off = 0, red _ tics = 350, amber _ tics = 30, green _ tics = 200 ; / / initialize colors. initial red = off ; initial amber =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5170500258797541, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.269667"} {"text": "osgood - schlatter disease is a painful swelling of the bump on the front, upper part of the lower leg bone. this bump is called the anterior tibial tubercle. causes, incidence, and risk factors : osgood - schlatter disease is thought to be caused by small, usually unnoticed, injuries caused by repeated overuse before growth of the area is complete. the disorder is seen most often in active, athletic adolescents, usually between ages 10 and 15. it is common in adolescents who play soccer, basketball, and volleyball, and who participate in gymnastics. osgood - schlatter disease affects more boys than girls. the main symptom is a painful swelling just below the knee on the front ( anterior ) surface of the lower leg bone. symptoms occur on one or both legs. the person may have leg pain or knee pain, which gets worse with running, jumping, and climbing stairs. the area is tender to pressure, and swelling ranges from mild to very severe. signs and tests : your doctor can tell if you have this condition by performing a physical exam. a bone x - ray may be normal, or it may show swelling or damage to the tibial tubercle. x - rays are rarely used unless the doctor wants to rule out other causes for the pain. treatment starts with rest, ice, and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ), such as ibuprofen. in many cases, the condition will get better using these methods. in the rare case where symptoms do not go away, a cast or brace may be used to support the leg until it heals. this typically takes 6 - 8 weeks. crutches may be used for walking to keep weight off the painful leg. rarely, surgery may be needed. most cases get better on their own after a few weeks or months. most cases eventually go away once the child finished growing. adolescents should be allowed to play sports if the activity does not cause discomfort. however, the condition will get better faster if such activity is kept to a minimum. chronic pain is the most significant complication. calling your health care provider : call your health care provider if your child has knee or leg pain, or if pain does not get better with treatment. the small injuries that may cause this disorder are usually unnoticed, so prevention may not be possible. regular stretching, both before and after exercise and athletics, can help prevent injury. patel dr. musculoskeletal injuries in sports. prim care. jun 2006 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42894059270651647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.272449"} {"text": "60 minutes : 7th century shipwreck showcasedjune 14th, 2010 - 8 : 18 pm ict by aishwarya bhatt new york city, jun 14 ( thaindian news ) cbs \u2019 s show \u2019 60 minutes \u2019 has managed to create a trend of sorts with its investigative stories and the thrilling endings with ample twists and turns. fans of the show were in for a huge surprise, when they showcased the 7th century shipwreck. the 7th century shipwreck was located between the aegean and the mediterranean sea. the person responsible for discovering it was none other than the person who discovered the titanic \u2013 robert ballard. and giving him company was the cbs team. the cbs team comprised of their correspondent lara logan and her crew. the whole team along with robert had gone to turkey, where the amazing discovery was made. another thing that brought cheer to the team, was that the ship appears to be well preserved despite being old by several centuries. the whole team of archaeologists was very excited by the discovery, and they hope that the wreck would shed some light on the maritime history of the 7th century. robert ballad is a living legend in the name of discovery shipwrecks. he is credited with the discovery of titanic as well. apart from that he has also discovered bismarck as well as the famous pt 109, which used to be commanded by john f. kennedy during the time of the world war ii. - latest episode of cbs ' \" 60 minutes \" features 7th century shipwreck - jun 14, 2010 - 60 minutes to show the discovery of a 7th century ancient shipwreck - jun 14, 2010 - wreckage of 16th century ship discovered off brazil - mar 01, 2012 - hilt of 18th - century pirate blackbeard ' s sword may have been found - jan 16, 2011 - 188 - yr - old ' two brothers ' ship linked to ' moby - dick ' discovered - feb 12, 2011 - irish archaeologists say spanish armada wreck found - aug 06, 2011 - ancient shipwrecks unearthed in china - may 29, 2012 - five roman - era shipwrecks found underwater off italy - jul 27, 2009 - elisabeth hasselbeck confronts bill maher - nov 16, 2011 - 400 - year - old shipwreck discovered in stockholm archipelago - aug 07, 2009 - archaeologists discover old testament - era tablet - apr 09, 2010 - titanic expedition captures new images of the wreck - aug 30, 2010 - oldest - known mayan calendar found - may 11, 2012 - cbs correspondent lara logan ' sexually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39363205148126473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.275094"} {"text": "( edit \u2013 please take note of the addendum at the bottom ) from the official groundhog day website, punxsutawney phil : ( adapted from \u201c groundhog day : 1886 to 1992 \u2033 by bill anderson ) groundhog day, february 2nd, is a popular tradition in the united states. it is also a legend that traverses centuries, its origins clouded in the mists of time with ethnic cultures and animals awakening on specific dates. myths such as this tie our present to the distant past when nature did, indeed, influence our lives. it is the day that the groundhog comes out of his hole after a long winter sleep to look for his shadow. if he sees it, he regards it as an omen of six more weeks of bad weather and returns to his hole. if the day is cloudy and, hence, shadowless, he takes it as a sign of spring and stays above ground. the groundhog tradition stems from similar beliefs associated with candlemas day and the days of early christians in europe, and for centuries the custom was to have the clergy bless candles and distribute them to the people. even then, it marked a milestone in the winter and the weather that day was important. according to an old english song : if candlemas be fair and bright, come, winter, have another flight ; if candlemas brings clouds and rain, go winter, and come not again. according to an old scotch couplet : if candlemas day is bright and clear, there \u2019 ll be twa ( two ) winters in the year. another variation of the scottish rhyme : if candlemas day be dry and fair, the half o \u2019 winter to come and mair, if candlemas day be wet and foul, the half of winter \u2019 s gone at yule. the roman legions, during the conquest of the northern country, supposedly brought this tradition to the teutons, or germans, who picked it up and concluded that if the sun made an appearance on candlemas day, an animal, the hedgehog, would cast a shadow, thus predicting six more weeks of bad weather, which they interpolated as the length of the \u201c second winter. \u201d pennsylvania \u2019 s earliest settlers were germans and they found groundhogs to in profusion in many parts of the state. they determined that the groundhog, resembling the european hedgehog, was a most intelligent and sensible animal and therefore decided that if the sun did appear on february 2nd, so wise an animal as the groundhog would see its shadow and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4786260783465642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.280049"} {"text": "of the state. they determined that the groundhog, resembling the european hedgehog, was a most intelligent and sensible animal and therefore decided that if the sun did appear on february 2nd, so wise an animal as the groundhog would see its shadow and hurry back into its underground home for another six weeks of winter. the germans recited : for as the sun shines on candlemas day, so far will the snow swirl until the may. this passage may be the one most closely represented by the first punxsutawney groundhog day observances because there were references to the length of shadows in early groundhog day predictions. another february 2nd belief, used by american 19th century farmers, was : groundhog day \u2013 half your hay. new england farmers knew that we were not close to the end of winter, no matter how cloudy february 2nd was. indeed, february 2nd is often the heart of winter. if the farmer didn \u2019 t have half his hay remaining, there may have been lean times for the cows before spring and fresh grass arrived. the ancient candlemas legend and similar belief continue to be recognized annually on february 2nd due to the efforts of the punxsutawney groundhog club. from offering support of political events, to rooting for area sports teams, to becoming the star of a hollywood movie, punxsutawney phil has increasingly been in the public eye. early observances of phil \u2019 s predictions were conducted privately in the wooded areas that neighbor the town. today \u2019 s celebration sees tens of thousands of visitors from all over the world as revelers await phil \u2019 s appearance as most fans wait to see their favorite rock stars. the punxsutawney spirit newspaper is credited with printing the news of the first observance in 1886 ( one year before the first legendary trek to gobbler \u2019 s knob ) : \u201c today is groundhog day, and up to the time of going to press the beast has not seen his shadow. \u201d over the course of phil \u2019 s appearances, phil has had numerous noteworthy highlights : during prohibition phil threatened to impose 60 weeks of winter on the community if he wasn \u2019 t allowed a drink. in 1958 phil announced that it was a \u201c united states chucknik, \u201d rather than a soviet sputnik or muttnik that became the first man - made satellite to orbit earth. in 1981 phil wore a yellow ribbon in honor of the american hostages in iran. phil traveled to washington dc in 1986 to meet with president reagan. he was joined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.490962993818536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.281010"} {"text": "##utnik or muttnik that became the first man - made satellite to orbit earth. in 1981 phil wore a yellow ribbon in honor of the american hostages in iran. phil traveled to washington dc in 1986 to meet with president reagan. he was joined by groundhog club president jim means, al anthony and bill null. phil met pennsylvania governor dick thornburg in 1987. in 1993, columbia pictures released the movie groundhog day starring bill murray. phil appeared on the oprah winfrey show in 1995. in the years following the release of the movie, record crowds numbering as high as 30, 000 have visited gobbler \u2019 s knob in punxsutawney! in 2001, phil \u2019 s prediction was shown live on the jumbotron at times square in new york city. pennsylvania governor ed rendell attended the ceremonies, making him the first sitting governor ever to do so. the above website will have a live simulcast for the sunrise festivities. i have been to two of these events. they are quite interesting indeed. the amount of booze consumed overnight by the throng is terrific. it \u2019 s a great party and something everyone should see at least once. the celebration of groundhog day began with the germans, pennsylvania \u2019 s earliest settlers. they brought with them the legend of candlemas day, which states \u201c for as the sun shines on candlemas day, so far will the snow swirl in may \u2026 \u201d. the settlers found that groundhogs were plentiful and were the most intelligent and sensible animal to carry on the legend of candlemas day. addendum : happy birthday andrew breitbart! you were an inspiration!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44293806713300127, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.281627"} {"text": "the most remote places on earth did you know that about 10 percent of the earth is more than 48 hours away ( by way of land travel ) from the nearest city? take that to \u201c jeopardy. \u201d with roads, airplanes, satellites, and whatever else is out there taking pictures and measurements along the way, the true sense of remoteness is almost nonexistent. recently, i even posted on an island only accessible by a 30 - hour boat ride. even remoteness can be subjective, though. is it inaccessibility, isolation, both? this article, from howstuffworks. com, lists a point in northern china ( eurasian pole of inaccessibility ) as the farthest from any ocean, at 1, 553 miles. and the farther from any land? point nemo, found in the south pacific, is a full 1, 553 miles from any mainland surface. if visiting the most isolated people in the world interests you, head to tristan da cunha ( the population is only 270 and it \u2019 s nearly 3, 000 kilometers from south africa, its closest mainland ). it was once an important maritime stop to the cape of good hope. ships have virtually stopped heading that way because of the suez canal, and the only other visitors consist of the occasional fisherman and a pair of u. k. doctors that arrive once a year. posted on september 29, 2009 by jon wick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4263984204706526, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.282948"} {"text": "vietnam war summary written by tim nash history of war - vietnam war in a summary of vietnam war between communist north vietnam and capitalist south vietnam which commenced in 1964 and concluded in 1975. it was fought in southern vietnam and bordering areas of cambodia, laos and in the bombing of north vietnam. the capitalist south vietnam forces were assisted by troops from the united states, australia, new zealand, and south korea. at the height of the war in 1969 this force comprised 800, 000 + troops. the communist north vietnamese forces were assisted by the ussr in providing non combatant military aid and also the national liberation front a communist lead south vietnamese gorilla \u2019 s. although not as well equipped they were large in number. this conflict is know as the second indochina war and was part of a larger conflict involving the neighboring countries of cambodia and laos, the vietnamese know this conflict as the american war \u201d ( vietnamese chien tranh chong my cuu nuoc, which translates into english as \" war against the americans and to save the nation \" ) \u201d the first indochina war was fought in the 1950 \u2019 s between the french government and ho chi minh communist army. this first war was the direct successor leading to the second indochina war ; the vietnamese people felt that the colonial powers were trying to control their country which they had done for century \u2019 s. the french government relinquished their control of vietnam cambodia and laos in 1954. american, australian and new zealand military advisers were sent to the region in the late 50 \u2019 s and early 60 \u2019 s to assist the capitalist south vietnamese government in their war against the communist north. but was realized by 1964 that the south vietnamese government needed help in winning this battle, combat troops entered the region. the conflict reached its peak in 1969 where some 900, 000 us solders were involved in the conflict. in a summery of vietnam war peace negotiations commenced in the early 1970 \u2019 s between both sides in an attempt to end the conflict and bring stability to the region. in january 1973 suspension of military action by us and coalition troops was ordered by then us president nixon. at this time us, australia, new zealand, and south korean troops began withdrawing from the region. the paris peace accord was signed that year officially ending us and allied involvement in the vietnam conflict. by 1975 no american, australian, new zealand, and south korean were in the region peace did not last long however in early 1975 the communist north vietnamese invaded south vietnam, without their allies they were overwhelmed, on july 2nd 1976 the socialist republic of vietnam was born, people supporting the capitalist south", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41601412704027035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.285645"} {"text": "yangon : dozens of rare british spitfire fighter planes buried in myanmar during world war ii are to be dug up under an agreement between the government and an aviation enthusiast. the iconic single - seat aircraft are believed to have been hidden \u2014 unassembled in crates \u2014 by the former colonial power to prevent them falling into japanese hands almost seven decades ago. there could be as many as 140 of the aircraft buried in the country formerly known as burma, according to a local geophysicist who has been involved in the search since 1999. \u201c in the first year, we will dig up 60 aircraft, \u201d soe thein told afp, adding that work to retrieve them would start next month. \u201c the next year in the second phase, i expect to dig up another 50. \u201d based on a survey of hundreds of witnesses, the team plans to dig in various locations including in yangon, northern kachin state and central mandalay. if successfully excavated, some of the spitfires are expected to be returned to britain, which ruled myanmar until independence in 1948 but was temporarily forced out of much of the country in 1942 by invading japanese forces. \u201c we want to strengthen relations between britain and our country and benefit millions of people in the world who want to see spitfires, \u201d said local businessman htoo htoo zaw who is involved in the project. the project is the result of more than a decade of searching former airforce bases in myanmar by british farmer and aviation aficionado david cundall using radar technology. \u201c i \u2019 m only a small farmer, i \u2019 m not a multi - millionaire and it has been a struggle. it took me more than 15 years but i finally found them, \u201d cundall told british newspaper the daily telegraph earlier this year. \u201c spitfires are beautiful aeroplanes and should not be rotting away in a foreign land. they saved our neck in the battle of britain and they should be preserved, \u201d he added. \u201c they were just buried there in transport crates, \u201d cundall said. \u201c they were waxed, wrapped in greased paper and their joints tarred. they will be in near perfect condition. \u201d about 20, 000 spitfires were built by britain from 1938 - 1948. the planes captured the public imagination during the battle of britain when the royal air force prevented the german luftwaffe from invading in 1940. today just a few dozen are still in flying condition. an agreement on retrieving the historic planes was signed by a transport ministry senior official with cundall and h", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4022656806637962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.288356"} {"text": "animation of annular solar eclipse, january 26, 2009 the following animation shows the annular solar eclipse for january 26, 2009. the icon of the sun can be seen moving across towards the left in the animation. a white, round icon that represents the moon is seen underneath the icon of the sun. the red part at the center of the moving shadow shows the area where the annular solar eclipse is most visible. the darkest area around it depicts where the eclipse \u2019 s visibility is 90 percent or greater. the next surrounding shaded area is where the eclipse \u2019 s visibility is 50 percent or more. the outermost area with the lightest shading shows where the eclipse \u2019 s visibility is between zero and 50 percent. please click on the play button to view the animation. the pause button can also be used to temporarily suspend the animation. - moon calculator \u2013 find times for moonrise, moonset and more - moon phase calculator \u2013 calculate moon phases for any year - sunrise calculator \u2013 find times for sunrise, sunset and more - day and night world map \u2013 see which parts of the earth are currently illuminated by the sun - annular solar eclipse on january 26, 2009 - general information on solar and lunar eclipses - tips for eclipse enthusiasts - the history of the solar eclipse - calendar for 2013 - calendar generator \u2013 create a calendar for any year - duration between two dates \u2013 calculates number of days", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47689183759051107, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.293034"} {"text": "humorous speech contest humorous speech is 5 to 7 minutes in length. humorous speaking, which must be substantially original. any quoted material must be identified during the presentation. the speech must be a thematic in nature ( opening, body, and close ) and not be an act or a monologue. it should be \" clean \" humor ; avoid objectionable language, anecdotes, and material. vocal variety, gestures, and speech content all play a part in a successful humorous speech. typically, clubs begin holding their contest in july. area contests are held in august with the division contest in september. the district 58 contest will be held at the fall conference held in october. judging criteria - humorous speech contest - speech development is the way the speaker puts ideas together so the audience can understand them. the speech is structured around a purpose, and this structure must include an opening, body, and conclusion. a good speech immediately engages the audience ' s attention and then moves forward toward a significant conclusion. this development of the speech structure is supported by relevant examples, illustrations, facts, and figures, delivered with such smoothness that they blend into the framework of the speech to present the audience with a unified whole. - effectiveness is measured in part by the audience ' s reception of the speech, but a large part is your subjective judgement of how the speech came across. you should ask yourself such questions as \" was i able to determine the speaker ' s purpose? \" \" did the speech relate directly to that purpose? \" \" was the audience ' s interest held by the speaker? \" \" was this speech subject appropriate for this particular audience? \" - speech value justifies the act of speaking. the speaker has a responsibility to say something meaningful and original to the audience. the listeners should feel the speaker has made a contribution to their thinking. the ideas should be important ones, although this does not preclude a humorous presentation of them. - audience response indicates the level to which the speaker has affected the emotions and response of the audience. an increasing level of interest may be indicated by reduced audience movement, greater eye contact and laughter at appropriate cues. - physical presentation of a speech carries part of the responsibility for effective communication. the speaker ' s appearance should reinforce the speech, whether profound, sad, humorous, or instructional. body language should support points through gestures, expressions, and body positioning. - voice is the sound that carries the message. it should be flexible, moving from one pitch level to another for emphasis, and should have a variety of rate and volume", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4678637396224306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.296087"} {"text": "find the right spot and dig the ideal place to dig a snow cave is relatively flat and already has around 5 feet of snow. forest area is best because tree growth ensures that the spot isn ' t an avalanche path. according to the northwest weather and avalanche center, two snow - shoers in the cascades were killed in 2001 after setting up an emergency camp in an avalanche shoot. the accident could have easily been avoided if they had chosen a more suitable spot. forested areas are also a great choice because the trees will create snow drifts that are easier to dig into. always start by digging a trench first. the trench allows you to get deep enough in the snow to begin tunneling into the wall. shed layers as you warm up to avoid sweating, but always wear a waterproof layer between you and the snow. even though the digging will cause you to warm up, the most important goal is to stay dry. the mouth of the cave should be just small enough to fit through to avoid wind exposure. tunnel at an upward angle so that the entrance is lowest spot of the cave - - this will allow ventilation without sacrificing any warmth your body contributes. also, be aware of how close you are to the surface. the thicker the walls and ceiling of the snow cave, the more insulation it will offer, and the less likely it will be to collapse in sudden temperature changes. dig a cold sink the design of your snow cave will determine the lowest temperatures it will reach. by digging a hole deeper than the area you ' ll be sleeping in, or by building an elevated platform to sleep on, you allow the coldest air to drop below you. the hole, or cold sink, ideally will double as the entrance to the cave so that oxygen can circulate. round out the inside using your gloves, smooth out any rough edges, especially in the ceiling of the cave. the humidity of your breath and your general body heat will gradually cause melting on this inside of the cave and droplets will collect on any sharp points. as miserable as sleeping in snow sounds, it ' s even worse getting damp under a constant water drip. create a ventilation hole one of the most important parts of building a snow cave is also the easiest to forget. puncture a hole the size of a baseball in the ceiling all the way to the surface. snow is incredibly good at insulating warmth, but it holds gasses just as well. carbon dioxide just from breathing can reach dangerous levels without ventilation. furthermore, if you light a candle or a portable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3881816832120969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.302309"} {"text": "traveling to lake titicaca, and at an altitude of over 3, 000 m, the train journey across the mountainous terrain of the puna high plateau is acknowledged as one of most beautiful railway journeys in peru. for 3, 500 m, the yellowish - brown grassland of the wetlands of puna dominate the landscape of the truly breathtaking high plateau and after several hours, the spectacular journey reaches lake titicaca, legendary birthplace of inca culture. located in the centre of the andes and at an altitude of nearly 4, 000 m, lake titicaca covers an area of 8, 300 square kilometres and has a depth of almost 300 m. the western area of the lake contains a fascinating artificial island world known as the \u2018 floating islands of the ancient people of uru \u2019. the \u2018 islands \u2019 are floating mats of dried - out totora, a reed - like papyrus that grows in the dense areas of the lake \u2019 s marshy shallows. it is no wonder that the inca people believed that this watery region was a holy lake. in inca mythology, the \u2018 children of the sun \u2019, manco capac and mama ocllo, emerged from the depths of lake titicaca to create their glorious and mystical empire. global treasures - history ' s most protected monuments - heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live today, and what we pass on to future generations. our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. places as unique and diverse as the wilds of east africa ' s serengeti, the pyramids of egypt, the great barrier reef in australia and the baroque cathedrals of latin america make up our world ' s heritage. join us as we explore one of these protected monuments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41586773589817594, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.304601"} {"text": "wharton, john austin [ 1828 - 65 ] wharton, john austin ( 1828 \u2013 1865 ). john austin wharton, confederate major - general, the son of sarah ann ( groce ) and william harris wharton, was born near nashville, tennessee, on july 3, 1828. wharton was brought to galveston as an infant and spent his early years on a brazoria county plantation. at the age of eight he was sent to the home of his uncle, leonard w. groce, for instruction under a mr. deans from boston, who later founded a school at galveston which wharton attended until he was fifteen. from 1846 to 1850 wharton attended south carolina college ( now the university of south carolina ), where he served as a commander in the student cadet corps. in 1848 he married eliza penelope johnson, daughter of david johnson, the governor of south carolina. following college, wharton returned to texas and studied law with former united states senator william preston, jack harris, and elisha m. pease, all well - known and successful lawyers. after he was licensed to practice, wharton established the firm of wharton and terry with clint terry at brazoria. in 1860 wharton served as a breckinridge presidential elector and later represented brazoria county at the state secession convention, voting for secession. in addition to his career in law and politics, wharton was also a planter of considerable means. the 1860 tax roll for brazoria county showed that he owned $ 167, 004 of taxable property, including 135 slaves. when the war began wharton was elected captain of company b, eighth texas cavalry, better known as terry ' s texas rangers. he rose to command the regiment after the deaths of col. benjamin f. terry and lt. col. thomas s. lubbock. wharton led his troop with distinction at the battle of shiloh, where he was wounded. his leadership in the course of gen. braxton bragg ' s 1862 kentucky invasion earned him a promotion to the rank of brigadier general on november 18, 1862. his actions at the battle of chickamauga in the fall of 1863 earned him another promotion, to the rank of major general. in february 1864 the general was transferred to richard taylor ' s trans - mississippi department in louisiana. upon his arrival he was assigned to lead the cavalry and took part in the closing scenes of the red river campaign. on april 6, 1865, while visiting gen. john b. magruder ' s headquarters at the fannin hotel in houston, wharton was killed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36143072669549925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.309660"} {"text": "ulbrich : glossary abrasion : a roughening or scratching of a surface due to abrasive wear. on aluminum parts, also known as a rub mark or traffic mark. abrasion - resistant steels ( ar ) : a family of steel products developed for those applications involved in sliding and / or impact abrasion. abrasive wear : the removal of material from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. the particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn. contrast with adhesive wear. accelerated corrosion test : a test conducted under controlled conditions that are considerably more severe than those natural conditions whose effects are presumably being investigated. the advantages of such a test is the relatively short time required. results are useful for qualitative comparisons, but are not reliable for predicting anticipated life in actual service. accordion reed steel : hardened, tempered, polished and blued or yellow flat steel with dressed edges. carbon content about 1. 00 %. material has to possess good flatness, uniform hardness and high elasticity. acid steel : steel melted in a furnace with an acid bottom and lining and under a slag containing an excess of an acid substance such as silica. acid - brittleness : brittleness resulting from pickling steel in acid ; hydrogen, formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is partially absorbed by the metal, causing acid brittleness. age - hardening : a process of aging that increases hardness and strength and usually decreases ductility. ( see precipitation heat treatment ) air - hardening steel : a steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. such steels attain their martensitic structure without going through the quenching process. additions of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and manganese are effective toward this end. the term should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2 in. or more in diameter. aircraft quality : denotes material for important or highly stressed parts of aircraft for other similar purposes ; such materials are extremely high quality requiring closely controlled, restrictive and special practices in their manufacture. aging : a process generally accelerated by temperature, wherein changes in mechanical properties occur in certain metals. these changes generally raise room temperature hardness, tensile and yield strength, while lowering ductility. aisi : american iron and steel institute. published steel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5701048006507619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.324065"} {"text": ". aging : a process generally accelerated by temperature, wherein changes in mechanical properties occur in certain metals. these changes generally raise room temperature hardness, tensile and yield strength, while lowering ductility. aisi : american iron and steel institute. published steel products manual to stainless and heat resisting steels which provides information concerning tolerances, chemical analysis, definitions of technical terms and other related subjects which have been developed in the manufacture and use of stainless steels. alclad : composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion - resistant aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of structurally stronger aluminum alloy. the coatings are anodic to the core so they protect exposed areas of the core electrolytically during exposure to corrosive environment. alloy : a material that has metallic properties and is composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal ( i. e. steel is an alloy of carbon in iron ; stainless steel is an alloy of carbon, chromium and sometimes nickel in iron. ) alloying elements : those elements in alloys which are deliberately added during melting and refining to enhance the properties of that alloy. alloy steel : an iron - based mixture is considered to be an alloy steel when manganese is greater than 1. 65 %, silicon over 0. 5 %, copper above 0. 6 %, or other minimum quantities of alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, or tungsten are present. an enormous variety of distinct properties can be created for the steel by substituting these elements in the recipe. alpha brass : a copper - zinc alloy containing up to 38 % of zinc. used mainly for cold working. alpha bronze : a copper - tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. commercial forms contain 4 or 5 % of tin. this alloy is used in coinage, springs, turbine, blades, etc. alpha iron : the polymorphic form of iron, stable below 1670\u00b0f, has a body centered cubic lattice, and is magnetic up to 1410\u00b0\u00b0f. aluminizing : forming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal by hot dipping, hot spraying, or diffusion. annealing : a process involving heating to a temperature at or above critical and cooling at a controlled rate, usually applied to induce softening. the process could alter mechanical properties, physical properties or micro structure. anodizing : ( aluminum adic oxide coating ) a process of coating aluminum by anodic treatment resulting in a thin film of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.602308734074875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.325108"} {"text": "controlled rate, usually applied to induce softening. the process could alter mechanical properties, physical properties or micro structure. anodizing : ( aluminum adic oxide coating ) a process of coating aluminum by anodic treatment resulting in a thin film of aluminum oxide of extreme hardness. a wide variety of dye - colored coatings are possible by impregnation in process. aod ( argon oxygen decarburization ) : this term refers to both the process and the vessel that is used for the process in which hot metal from an electric furnace is refined to a chemical specification by blowing a mixture of gases ( a combination of inert gas and oxygen ) under the hot metal surface. the result removes carbon from ferroalloys to achieve a certain chemical specification. the economics of this process have indicated that this method is ideally suited for producing stainless, plus high and low - alloy steels. arc furnace : an arc furnace is a melting device that gets its heat - generating capacity from the introduction of an electric arc to a charge of scrap materials and ferroalloys. this caused the melt - down to a liquid state known as \" hot metal \". arc welding : a group of welding processes wherein the metal or metals being joined are coalesced by heating with an arc, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal. astm : american society for testing materials is a voluntary standards development system. it is a non - profit organization which provides a forum for producers, users, consumers, and those having a general interest to meet on common ground and write standards for materials, products, systems and services. austempering : quenching a ferrous alloy from a temperature above the transformation range, in a medium having a rate of heat abstraction high enough to prevent the formation of high - temperature transformation products, and then holding the alloy, until transformation is complete, at a temperature below that of pearlite formation and above that of martensite formation. automatic gauge control : using hydraulic roll force systems, steelmakers have the ability to control precisely their steel sheet ' s gauge ( thickness ) while it is traveling at more than 50 miles per hour through the cold mill. using feedback or feed - forward systems, a computer ' s gap sensor adjusts the distance between the reduction rolls of the mill 50 - 60 times per second. these adjustments prevent the processing of any off - gauge steel sheet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5468279586312734, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.326071"} {"text": "cholesteatoma is a type of skin cyst located in the middle ear. cholesteatoma can be a birth defect ( congenital ), but it more commonly occurs as a complication of chronic ear infection. poor function in the eustachian tube leads to negative pressure in the middle ear. this pulls a part of the eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) into the middle ear, creating a pocket or cyst that fills with old skin cells and other waste material. the cyst can become infected. the cyst may get bigger and break down some of the middle ear bones or other structures of the ear, affecting hearing, balance, and possibly function of the facial muscles. chole ra, sudhoff hh. chronic otitis media, mastoiditis, and petrositis. in : cummings cw, flint pw, haughey bh, et al, eds. otolaryngology : head & neck surgery. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2010 : chap 139. \u00a9 2011 university of maryland medical center ( ummc ). all rights reserved. ummc is a member of the university of maryland medical system, 22 s. greene street, baltimore, md 21201. tdd : 1 - 800 - 735 - 2258 or 1. 866. 408. 6885", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44648967318219773, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.328799"} {"text": "antebellum and civil war america, 1784 - 1865 1789 : born sept. 15 in burlington, nj 1790 - 1791 : moves with family to lake otsego in new york 1800 : sister hannah dies 1803 : enrolls at yale 1806 - 1807 : sails on stirling 1808 - 1809 : serves in u. s. navy 1809 : father dies 1811 : marries susan de lancey ; settles in new rochelle, ny ; daughter elizabeth born 1813 : daughter elizabeth dies ; daughter susan born 1815 : daughter caroline born 1817 : daughter anne born 1818 : builds house in scarsdale, ny ; mother dies 1819 : daughter maria born 1820 : publishes precaution 1821 : son fenimore born ; publishes the spy 1822 : moves to new york city ; founds bread and cheese club 1823 : publishes the pioneers ; son fenimore dies ; suffers \u201c bilious attack \u201d 1824 : publishes the pilot ; son paul born 1825 : publishes lionel lincoln 1826 : publishes the last of the mohicans ; travels to europe and settles in france ; serves as u. s. consul for lyons, france 1827 : publishes the prairie and the red rover 1828 : publishes notions of the americans 1829 - 1830 : lives in italy and france 1831 : publishes the bravo 1832 : publishes the heidenmauer and the headsman 1833 : returns to united states 1834 : purchases otsego hall in cooperstown 1835 : publishes the monikins 1836 : publishes sketches of switzerland 1837 : sues newspapers for libel 1838 : publishes the american democrat, chronicles of cooperstown, homeward bound, and home as found 1839 : publishes history of the navy of the united states of america 1840 : publishes the pathfinder 1841 : publishes the deerslayer 1842 : publishes the two admirals and the wing - and - wing 1843 : publishes the battle of lake erie, wyandotte, and ned myers, or a life before the mast 1844 : publishes afloat and ashore and miles wallingford 1845 : publishes satanstoe and the chainbearer 1846 : publishes the redskins, the lives of distinguished naval officers, and jack tier 1846 : publishes the crater 1848 : publishes the oak openings ; or the bee hunter 1849 : publishes the sea lions 1850 : publishes the ways of the hour 1851 : dies sept. 14 in cooperstown, ny home as found features a biographical sketch and links to other cooper sites. \u201c abbildungen aus james fenimore coopers pages and pictures \u201d features illustrations of cooper, otsego hall, and more. james fenimore cooper :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38581223972001844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.346468"} {"text": "ny home as found features a biographical sketch and links to other cooper sites. \u201c abbildungen aus james fenimore coopers pages and pictures \u201d features illustrations of cooper, otsego hall, and more. james fenimore cooper : the leather - stocking tales, volume i, edited by blake nevius, contains full texts of the pioneers, the last of the mohicans, and the prairie, along with a detailed chronology of cooper \u2019 s life. \u201c fenimore cooper \u2019 s literary offenses, \u201d a humorous treatment of cooper \u2019 s writing by mark twain, criticizes the author \u2019 s dialogue, verisimilitude, and more. james fenimore cooper, 1789 - 1851 by mark canada one of the more controversial figures in american literature, james fenimore cooper occupies the strange position of being among the first and the last of america \u2019 s great novelists. he is first in time, preceding nathaniel hawthorne, herman melville, and mark twain and, some would argue, influencing some or all of these writers in one way or another. he may be among the last in artistic achievement, however, as critics sometimes call attention to what they perceive as flaws in his characterization and other aspects of his novels. in any case, cooper is an important figure in american literature, known particularly for his creation of the idealized hero natty bumppo and for his treatment of the american frontier in the leather - stocking tales, a series of five novels that include the pioneers ( 1823 ), the last of the mohicans ( 1826 ), and the deerslayer ( 1841 ). by the time cooper was born \u2014 on sept. 15, 1789, in burlington, new jersey \u2014 the frontier was disappearing from the northeastern united states. indeed, his father, william cooper, would become a major figure in the civilization of the wilderness. in 1790, the elder cooper brought his family to lake otsego in upstate new york and established a settlement that would bear his name, cooperstown. some three decades later, his son would recapture some scenes from his childhood in cooperstown in his novel the pioneers, even modeling marmaduke temple \u2019 s home on his own father \u2019 s otsego hall. while he was still a boy, cooper left the settlement for new haven, connecticut, where he enrolled at yale in 1803 at the age of 13. not exactly a model student, cooper was expelled from yale when he was a junior. according to tradition, he played a number of pranks involving,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40600408935134624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.347779"} {"text": "settlement for new haven, connecticut, where he enrolled at yale in 1803 at the age of 13. not exactly a model student, cooper was expelled from yale when he was a junior. according to tradition, he played a number of pranks involving, among other things, a donkey in a professor \u2019 s chair and gunpowder in a student \u2019 s door. in 1806, he went to sea as a sailor - before - the - mast on the stirling, a merchant vessel that traveled to the isle of wight, london, and spain. after a brief stint in the u. s. navy, he married susan augusta de lancey in 1811. as their family grew \u2014 susan gave birth to five daughters over the next eight years, eventually giving birth to two sons, as well \u2014 the coopers moved around new york, trying farming at various locations. by 1819, cooper was in debt, despite the $ 50, 000 inheritance he received after his father \u2019 s death in 1809. in 1820, according to legend, cooper became exasperated with a novel he was reading and threw it down, saying he could do better. his wife challenged him to live up to his word, and he wrote a novel of manners called precaution ( 1820 ). his next novel, a revolutionary war novel called the spy ( 1821 ), was highly successful, and cooper was on his way. over the next three decades, he published some 30 novels, the most noteworthy being those of the leather - stocking tales, a series of five novels featuring the frontier hero natty bumppo. not merely winning over readers, cooper did something few writers of literature managed to do in america at that time : he made a tidy income from his books. according to blake nevius, cooper expected to make $ 20, 000 in 1831 ( 1325 ). nevertheless, cooper also managed to anger many americans in the later decades of his life, when he expressed some controversial political opinions, criticized american culture, and sued several newspapers for libel. in fenimore cooper : a study of his life and imagination, stephen railton writes : \u201c in his books, cooper quarreled with his country ; in life, with his neighbors and countrymen ; and in reality, with himself \u201d ( 8 ). the latter part of cooper \u2019 s life was marked by a combination of wanderings and a return to his roots. in 1826, he took his family to europe, partly to benefit his health and the education of his children, and the family spent the next seven years traveling and living in such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40027766137060933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.349048"} {"text": "was marked by a combination of wanderings and a return to his roots. in 1826, he took his family to europe, partly to benefit his health and the education of his children, and the family spent the next seven years traveling and living in such places as paris, france ; berne, switzerland ; and florence, italy. after returning to the united states, cooper bought otsego hall, the home where he had grown up in cooperstown, and moved there. it was here that he died on september 14, 1851. he was buried, along with other members of his family, in cooperstown. in a preface he wrote for an 1850 edition of his most famous novels, cooper wrote : \u201c if anything from the pen of the writer of these romances is at all to outlive himself, it is, unquestionably, the series of \u2018 the leather - stocking tales. \u2019 to say this, is not to predict a very lasting reputation for the series itself, but simply to express the belief it will outlast any, or all, of the works from the same hand \u201d ( 844 ). today, a century and a half after cooper wrote those words, titles such as the bravo and satanstoe would probably elicit only blank stares from many english professors, while the last of the mohicans and the name of natty bumppo are likely familiar even to people who have never read a novel. indeed, in his creation of the frontier hero natty bumppo \u2014 known variously as the leather - stocking, hawk - eye, pathfinder, and deerslayer \u2014 and the novels recounting his adventures, cooper made a lasting and important contribution to american literature. as donald a. ringe has noted, cooper may have based the character of bumppo on an old hunter named david shipman who came to his house in cooperstown when cooper was a boy ( viii ). it has also been suggested, however, that the legendary frontiersman daniel boone and general george washington served as models for cooper \u2019 s character. boone had blazed the wilderness road into kentucky back in 1775, and washington had led the continental army in its defeat of the british in the american revolution between 1775 and 1783. like the legends that surround men such as these, cooper \u2019 s portrayal of his hero is highly idealized. natty bumppo is a noble, wise figure who demonstrates extraordinary physical prowess \u2014 in short, the exemplar of a certain brand of man. in the pioneers, for example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4572487687066408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.350163"} {"text": ", cooper \u2019 s portrayal of his hero is highly idealized. natty bumppo is a noble, wise figure who demonstrates extraordinary physical prowess \u2014 in short, the exemplar of a certain brand of man. in the pioneers, for example, he staunchly stands by his principles of individual liberty, has intimate knowledge of the wilderness, and is a master of both the rifle and the fishing spear. what perhaps makes him most notable among all this is his intimacy with nature. indeed, it is this intimacy that makes bumppo so distinctively an american hero. from the early pioneering efforts by john smith and the puritans at least until the virtual disappearance of the frontier at the end of the nineteenth century, america was in part a mysterious, challenging, and promising wilderness \u2014 in the famous words of pilgrim william bradford, \u201c a hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men \u201d ( 29 ). bumppo, like many literary creations who would follow him, not only occupied this wilderness, but also became a part of it. bumppo \u2019 s difficult relationship with the civilization that was encroaching upon this wilderness is one of cooper \u2019 s most important and influential themes. in the pioneers, for example, bumppo deplores the settlers \u2019 wasteful destruction of nature, their attempts to regulate interactions with it, even what he perceives as their unmanly habit of shooting pigeons with a cannon instead of a rifle ( 249 ). in the american novel and its tradition, richard chase writes : in different terms the contradiction between the values of a traditional society and those of the lone individual in the marginal hinterland is as much a part of faulkner \u2019 s view of things as it was of cooper \u2019 s. with some modification the same contradiction lies behind the works of melville and mark twain, among others. it is clear that crotchety as cooper \u2019 s thinking sometimes was, he exemplified a dilemma, and explored some of the aesthetic uses to which it might be put, that was not peculiar to him but was at the heart of american culture. ( 52 ) cooper may have done more than set a precedent for later american heroes and treatments of civilization and the wilderness, however. several writers, including d. h. lawrence and richard slotkin, have suggested that he helped create an american myth. in studies in classic american literature, lawrence discussed the portrayal of bumppo in cooper \u2019 s the deerslayer in this way : \u201c you have there the myth of the essential white america. all the other stuff,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4758146517230787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.351281"} {"text": "helped create an american myth. in studies in classic american literature, lawrence discussed the portrayal of bumppo in cooper \u2019 s the deerslayer in this way : \u201c you have there the myth of the essential white america. all the other stuff, the love, the democracy, the floundering into lust, is a sort of by - play. the essential american soul is hard, isolate, stoic, and a killer \u201d ( quoted in slotkin 466 ). slotkin writes in regeneration through violence that cooper \u2019 s \u201c vision of the mythic hero became a figure in the popular imagination, to which all subsequent versions of the hero had perforce to refer, whether in emulation or denigration \u201d ( 468 ). indeed, in \u201c james fenimore cooper : myth - maker and christian romancer, \u201d charles a. brady suggests that \u201c cooper \u2019 s genius was mythopoeic rather than comic ;... dealing at its rare purest, in archetypes rather than types \u201d ( 12 ). cooper \u2019 s achievement and influence, in short, was large. \u201c the imaginative debt that such minor nineteenth century novelists as simms and stowe owed to cooper is obvious, \u201d railton notes, \u201c and in general popular fiction remained in the mode that coper had shaped for it until after the civil war. yet it is equally true to say that cooper first established many of the themes with which the major authors of the century would deal \u201d ( 3 ). railton further points out that contemporaries sir walter scott and honore de balzac regarded cooper as one of the finest novelists in the world ( 4 ). neverthless, his reputation has suffered considerably so that scholars are inclined to place him beneath nathaniel hawthorne, herman melville, and others who followed him. railton suggests a number of reasons for this position, noting that cooper did not produce a masterpiece on the level of the scarlet letter or moby - dick and that his work suffers from \u201c contradictions \u201d ( 4 - 6 ). as mark twain pointed out in \u201c fenimore cooper \u2019 s literary offenses, \u201d cooper \u2019 s novels also tend to strain some readers \u2019 expectations of realism in areas such as dialogue. in the pioneers, for instance, a character threatened by a forest fire proclaims : \u201c let us endeavor to retire \u201d ( 411 ). indeed, cooper \u2019 s leather - stocking tales are best read as fancifiul romances and thus do not fit the strict definition of \u201c novel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4876925290734686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.352270"} {"text": "by a forest fire proclaims : \u201c let us endeavor to retire \u201d ( 411 ). indeed, cooper \u2019 s leather - stocking tales are best read as fancifiul romances and thus do not fit the strict definition of \u201c novel \u201d as a highly realistic form. as chase argues in the american novel and its tradition, however, many of america \u2019 s greatest \u201c novels \u201d \u2014 including the scarlet letter and moby - dick \u2014 are actually romances. the chief problem in cooper \u2019 s literature may be simply its lack of polish and originality. all other considerations aside, novels such as moby - dick and adventures of huckleberry finn shine because of their lyrical, highly crafted prose. despite notable digressions, these novels also have a quality of tightness about them. melville used a lot of words, and twain a lot of scenes, but one rarely has the sense that they have wasted them. cooper, on the other hand, appears to have written without the deliberation that one might expect of a great novelist. his daughter, susan fenimore cooper, who had worked for him, provides this glimpse into her father \u2019 s creative process : \u201c on this occasion, as on all others when writing a book, he first adopted some general leading idea, sketched vaguely in his mind a few of the more prominent characters, and then immediately began his work in its final shape, leaving the details to suggest and develop themselves during the progress of the volume. excepting when writing history, he is not known to have ever drawn up a written plan, and in one or two instances only were a few brief notes thrown on paper, regarding some particular chapter. in all the details he depended in a great measure on the thought and feeling of the moment \u201d ( qtd. in railton 25 - 26 ; see \u201c pages and pictures, \u201d from writings of james fenimore cooper, 29 - 30 ). furthermore, railton explains that \u201c he regularly sent manuscript to the publisher without waiting until he had finished the tale \u201d ( 23 ). cooper also paid little attention to revision. in a letter quoted by railton, cooper admits : \u201c i ought in justice to myself to say, that in opposition to a thousand good resolutions, the pioneers, has been more hastily and carelessly written than any of my books \u2014 not a line has been copied, and it has gone from my desk to the printers \u2014 i have not to this moment been able even to read it \u2014 \u201c ( 23 ). finally,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46402691980334504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.353264"} {"text": "more hastily and carelessly written than any of my books \u2014 not a line has been copied, and it has gone from my desk to the printers \u2014 i have not to this moment been able even to read it \u2014 \u201c ( 23 ). finally, as railton notes, cooper was not one to provide readers with highly original conceptions. \u201c no writer was more committed than cooper to contemporary literary conventions, \u201d railton writes. \u201c he was, for example, simply unable to conceive a tale without a love story, without a comic character, without a narrow escape.... in the nineteenth century literary conventions fulfilled the terms of an unwritten, tacit contract that a popular novelist had agreed upon with his audience : readers demanded novelty and suspense, but they also expected to be entertained in a familiar way, and the writer was pledged to satisfy those expectations ( 27 ). cooper may have fulfilled those expectations and thus enjoyed great popular success, but he may have done so at the expense of artistry. in an essay entitled \u201c fenimore cooper \u2019 s literary offenses, \u201d mark twain writes of cooper \u2019 s novel the deerslayer : a work of art? it has no invention ; it has no order, system, sequence, or result ; it has no lifelikeness, no thrill, no stir, no seeming of reality ; its characters are confusedly drawn, and by their acts and words they prove that they are not the sort of people the author claims that they are ; its humor is pathetic ; its pathos is funny ; its conversations are \u2014 oh! indescribable ; its love - scenes odious ; its english a crime against the language. counting these out, what is left is art. i think we must all admit that. ( 1250 ) art or no art, james fenimore cooper created an influential character in natty bumppo and helped launch a literary discussion of the relationship between humanity and nature in america. it is for these contributions he is perhaps best remembered. bradford, william. of plymouth plantation. the american tradition in literature. vol. 1. ed. george perkins, et al. 7th ed. new york : mcgraw - hill, 1990. 26 - 41. brady, charles a. \u201c james fenimore cooper : myth - maker and christian romancer. \u201d american classics revisited. ed. howard c. gardiner. new york : charles scribner \u2019 s sons, 1958. chase, richard. the american novel and its tradition. garden city, n.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43368421379223265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.354240"} {"text": ": myth - maker and christian romancer. \u201d american classics revisited. ed. howard c. gardiner. new york : charles scribner \u2019 s sons, 1958. chase, richard. the american novel and its tradition. garden city, n. y. : doubleday, 1957. cooper, james fenimore. the pioneers. james fenimore cooper : the leather - stocking tales, volume i. new york : library of america, 1985. 1 - 465. - - -. \u201c preface to the leather - stocking tales. \u201d the american tradition in literature. vol. 1. ed. george perkins, et al. 7th ed. new york : mcgraw - hill, 1990. nevius, blake. \u201c chronology. \u201d james fenimore cooper : the leather - stocking tales, volume i. new york : library of america, 1985. 1319 - 1331. railton, stephen. fenimore cooper : a study of his life and imagination. princeton : princeton university press, 1978. ringe, donald. \u201c introduction. \u201d the pioneers. new york : penguin, 1988. vii - xxii. slotkin, richard. regeneration through violence. twain, mark. \u201c fenimore cooper \u2019 s literary offenses. \u201d the unabridged mark twain. philadelphia : running press, 1976.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4264005217286827, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.354731"} {"text": "international pops elimination network ( ipen ) - date submitted : 1 nov 2011 - stakeholder type : major group - name : international pops elimination network ( ipen ) - submission document : download full submissiondraft ipen submission un conference on sustainable development rio + 20 june 2012 thank you for the opportunity to provide input and comment to the uncsd secretariat? s preparation of the zero draft for the outcome document for adoption by governments at rio + 20. ipen the international pops elimination network ( ipen ) was formed in response to the global recognition of the need to eliminate persistent organic pollutants. since its inception in 1998, ipen has grown to a global network of over 700 public interest non - governmental organisations ( ngos ) from more than 100 countries united in support of the common goal of a? toxics - free future.? ipen facilitates the engagement of public interest ngos in efforts to eliminate pops and other persistent toxic substances ( pts ), and works for a world where exposure to chemicals is no longer a significant source of harm to public health and the environment. ipen has emerged as a broad - based international chemical safety network with a global reach. it has the ability to translate chemical policy into concrete action on the ground and provides developing country ngos with a voice at international forums. this submission was prepared on behalf of ipen ( the international pops elimination network ) and its participating organizations by : dr mariann lloyd - smith phd ( law ) senior advisor, ipen senior advisor, national toxics network inc. email @ example. com www. ipen. org www. ntn. org. au skype - mariannls introduction the chemical industry plays a significant role in the global economy with sales in 2007 of more than three trillion u. s. dollars. 1 a steadily increasing share of the world? s chemical production is shifting to developing and transition countries 2 and by 2020 developing countries are expected to lead in highvolume chemicals production. 3 the united nations environment programme ( unep ) has noted rapidly rising import and use of chemicals in developing countries and estimates that by 2020, they could account for one - third of global consumption. 4 almost all developing countries are increasing their use of pesticides and industrial chemicals, including substances contained in consumer and commercial products such as plastics, paints, adhesives, dyes, metals, and so forth. 5 to achieve a sustainable future where individuals and societies can truly have green livelihoods, a sustainable chemical industry is essential. many chemicals still on the market are simply unmanage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46069926681732376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.389498"} {"text": "paints, adhesives, dyes, metals, and so forth. 5 to achieve a sustainable future where individuals and societies can truly have green livelihoods, a sustainable chemical industry is essential. many chemicals still on the market are simply unmanageable and industry can no longer be allowed to outsource its harmful impacts and expect communities to pay the? costs?. achieving a sustainable chemical industry is a significant challenge for rio + 20. this submission will address this challenge and identify expectations and desired outcomes of rio + 20. expectations for the outcome of rio + 20 expectation 1 - taking stock a generation on a prime expectation of rio + 20 is a? taking stock of progress? against the goals and objectives of the previous rio earth summit in 1992 and the outcomes of the world summit on sustainable development ( wssd ). it has been a generation since rio and it is time to both assess progress and reinvigorate the rio principles of intergenerational equity, precaution, right to know, polluter pays and participation. in 1992, governments meeting at the rio earth summit acknowledged that chemical contamination could be a source of? grave damage to human health, genetic structures and reproductive outcomes, and the environment.? 6 the subsequent chapter 19 of agenda 21 focused on environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, and in particular, the needs of developing countries when faced with the chemical hazards of their rapidly industrialising economies. 1 international council of chemical associations, icca review 2007? 2008, 2009, http : / / www. iccachem. org / iccadocs / 01 _ icca _ review2007 _ 2008. pdf 2 oecd, oecd environmental outlook to 2030, 2008. 3 oecd, oecd environmental outlook for the chemical industry, 2001. 4 governing council of the united nations environment programme, financing options for chemicals and wastes ( unep / gcss. xi / inf8 ), december 18, 2009, http : / / www. unep. org / dec / pdf / chemicalfinancing / k0953863 - % 20gcss - xi - inf8. pdf 5 joe digangi, civil society actions for a toxics - free future, new solutions, vol. 21 ( 3 ) 433 - 445, 2011 6 agenda 21, chapter 19, environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, including prevention of illegal international traffic in toxic & dangerous products, section 19. 2 available at http : / / www. un.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4468747509099402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.390520"} {"text": "( 3 ) 433 - 445, 2011 6 agenda 21, chapter 19, environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, including prevention of illegal international traffic in toxic & dangerous products, section 19. 2 available at http : / / www. un. org / esa / dsd / agenda21 / res _ agenda21 _ 19. shtml yet, 20 years on, toxic chemicals contaminate all living things, including vulnerable populations such as children and indigenous peoples. since1992, many more new synthetic chemicals have been manufactured and released into the environment, with estimates of over 1, 500 new chemicals being introduced each year. approximately 80, 000 are currently in use. the vast majority of pesticides and industrial chemicals have still not been adequately tested for their long term health and environmental impacts, particularly in terms of emerging concerns such as endocrine disruption and the impacts of mixtures of chemicals, which is how they occur in the environment. the little information that does exist is often not available to workers and exposed communities, particularly in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. the developing world still faces dirty industries setting up in countries with limited capacity and compliance, as well as the escalating threats of ever increasing waste streams and illegal dumping by developed countries. in particular, the quantity of hazardous electronic waste finding its way to developing countries is still growing exponentially. a generation on, our water, soil, air and food chain are contaminated with toxic persistent chemicals and? toxic trespass? of our bodies and those of wildlife continues unabated! it is essential that rio + 20 reviews its past and takes stock of progress against chapter 19 of agenda 21. it should also assess the lack of progress in regards to the wssd 2020 goal and incorporate activities that would address the systematic failings into its outcomes. to achieve a sustainable future, rio + 20 will need to develop a program to eliminate the toxic legacy faced by countries as a result of unsound chemicals management and provide concrete and measureable deadlines crucial to ensure focus, credibility and public trust. 4. specific elements : a. objectives of the conference : reinvigorate rio principles and wssd objectives pertaining to chemicals and waste rio + 20 provides an appropriate opportunity to reinvigorate the original rio principles and wssd objectives pertaining to chemicals and waste. chapter 19 -? environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals? - focused on the generation, harmonisation and dissemination of chemical data, and strengthening capacity for chemical management. it contained specific reference to the right of communities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48133311738186846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.391674"} {"text": "the rio principles, their implementation by all governments and to the wssd 2020 goal. these are essential to achieving a sustainable future and green livelihoods. rio + 20 must reaffirm the central role of sustainable development in the international agenda and revive public trust in sustainable development as a policy that can finally make a positive breakthrough. it is necessary to acknowledge that certain industries, which cannot fulfill these principles, cannot be part of a sustainable future. clear criteria need to be developed to encourage sustainable investments into chemical industry that will help to phase out unsustainable chemical production. 7 saicm overarching policy strategy, para 15 ( b ) ( i ) 8 strategic approach to international chemicals management ( saicm ), overarching policy strategy, paragraph 13 commitment to the chemical management objectives to ensure intergenerational equity two decades after the rio earth summit, babies are born pre - polluted with hundreds of manmade toxic chemicals present in their small bodies. the developing foetus is contaminated by chemicals bio - accumulated in the mother? s body and that readily cross over the placental barrier. newborns take more in through breast milk or formula, and as they grow are exposed to hazardous chemicals through residues in their food, indoor and outdoor air pollution, and through household products and contaminated house dust. 9 many of the synthetic chemicals they are exposed to are persistent and bio - accumulative, remaining in the human body long after exposure. there are still no regulatory approaches to assess the combined impacts of the chemical soup to which children are exposed. the unique vulnerability of children to hazardous chemicals was recognised by the intergovernmental forum on chemical safety, the word health organisation ( who ), the united nations children? s fund ( unicef ) and unep 10 when they identified a growing number of children? s health impacts from chemical exposure. these include asthma, birth defects, ( eg, hypospadias ), behavioural disorders, learning disabilities, autism, cancer, dysfunctional immune systems, neurological impairments, and reproductive disorders. 11 the who has estimated that three million children under the age of five die every year due to environmental hazards. 12 all children, both in the developing and developed world, are affected by exposure to hazardous chemicals. in 2004, the european union? s ministerial conference on children? s environmental health concluded that reducing exposure to hazardous chemicals could save the lives of many children. for rio + 20, to achieve real sustainability, the impacts of our chemical activities, products, and waste on future generations must be addressed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5009514161166335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.394746"} {"text": "ministerial conference on children? s environmental health concluded that reducing exposure to hazardous chemicals could save the lives of many children. for rio + 20, to achieve real sustainability, the impacts of our chemical activities, products, and waste on future generations must be addressed in the rio + 20 outcomes. all governments and intergovernmental organisations will need to ensure a long term, sustainable, intergenerational commitment to chemical reform. 9 lloyd - smith, mariann ; sheffield - brotherton, bro, ' children ' s environmental health : intergenerational equity in action? a civil society perspective. ' annals of the new york academy of sciences, volume 1140, number 1, october 2008, pp. 190 - 200 ( 11 ) 10 ifcs children and chemical safety working group. 2005. chemical safety and children? s health : protecting the world? s children from harmful chemical exposures - a global guide to resources, october. 11 unep, unicef & who. 2002. children in the new millennium : environmental impact on health. available at www. unep. org, www. unicef. org and www. who. int. 12 world health organization / children? s environmental health. available at http : / / www. who. int / ceh / en / accessed 23 / 3 / 2009 specific elements : sound management of chemicals to achieve sustainable development in february 2006, ministers of over 140 governments endorsed the strategic approach to international chemicals management ( saicm ) high level declaration, which states : the sound management of chemicals is essential if we are to achieve sustainable development, including the eradication of poverty and disease, the improvement of human health and the environment and the elevation and maintenance of the standard of living in countries at all levels of development. 13 many developing and transition countries continue to face bourgeoning industrial growth as industries, many of them hazardous, set up where there are few regulations and little capacity to control effluent, air pollution and waste. while there is a global consensus that sound management of chemicals is an integral part of the sustainable development agenda and that an inability to manage chemicals can negatively affect development and poverty reduction initiatives, sound chemicals management has not been successfully integrated into development assistance. some of the problems stem from limited resources, the multitude of other obligations, and the urgent need to address other global environmental issues such as climate change. however, another obstacle includes the view that chemicals management is an environmental issue not a health and development concern. hence there is not a strong demand by developing countries to include chemical safety in development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4403154329260708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.395784"} {"text": "urgent need to address other global environmental issues such as climate change. however, another obstacle includes the view that chemicals management is an environmental issue not a health and development concern. hence there is not a strong demand by developing countries to include chemical safety in development assistance. while donor countries insist on country driven programs, there remains a disconnect between chemical safety and the development agenda. as sound chemical management is essential to achieve the millennium development goals, rio + 20 outcomes must ensure that chemical safety and chemical policy reform occupies a place at the core of the economic and development policy agenda. rio + 20 must recommend that sound chemical management be taken into account while determining the direction of all international development assistance. in order to achieve this, ipen offers the following model for rio + 20 activities : in 2007, ipen collaborated with unep chemical and the saicm secretariat to initiate and coordinate the global ngo saicm outreach campaign. 14 the purpose of the campaign was to raise awareness about saicm and to secure commitments from ngos in all regions to undertake efforts to elevate the threats posed by toxic chemicals. the campaign targeted not only environmental ngos, but also organisations from other sectors including 13 united nations environment programme, strategic approach to international chemicals management : saicm texts and resolutions of the international conference on chemicals management, 2006, http : / / www. saicm. org / documents / saicm % 20texts / saicm _ publication _ eng. pdf 14 see global saicm outreach campaign. available at http : / / www. ipen. org / campaign health, agriculture and labour. as a result of the campaign, more than one thousand ngos in over 100 15 countries endorsed a civil society statement supporting saicm and its objectives, committing themselves to contribute to the saicm implementation. the campaign spread the message for the need for chemical management to ensure the protection of human health and the environment but also human rights and national development. this model could be utilised as an activity from rio + 20 to assist in achieving greater awareness of the role of chemical management in sustainable development. sound management of chemicals to ensure the protection of human rights the protection of the environment is a vital part of contemporary human rights doctrines. it affects the right to life and the right to health. the international court of justice has found that damage to the environment undermines all human rights spoken of in the universal declaration and other human rights instruments. 16 in 2001, the united nations human rights committee found that? living in a pollution - free world is a basic human right? 17 and those who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4446300393402369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.396938"} {"text": "to the environment undermines all human rights spoken of in the universal declaration and other human rights instruments. 16 in 2001, the united nations human rights committee found that? living in a pollution - free world is a basic human right? 17 and those who pollute violate these rights. it was noted that,? human rights cannot be secured in a degraded or polluted environment? and that? the fundamental right to life is threatened by exposures to toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, and contaminated drinking water.? the rise of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, degenerative diseases and mental health have all shown to have links to pollution of air, water and / or food. who has assessed almost a quarter of all disease is caused by environmental exposure, which can be averted. 18 their report,? preventing disease through healthy environments - towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease,? shows that in one way or another, the environment significantly affects more than 80 % of major diseases. the convention on the rights of the child 19 recognises the dangers of environmental pollution 20 and places an onus on all parties to ensure the 15 see http : / / www. ipen. org / campaign / signed. html 16 case concerning the gabcikovo - nagymaros project ( hungary v slovakia ), 1997 icj rep 7 ; ( 25 september ; sep op., judge weeramantry ), 4. ; also see per c g weeramantry j, in his separate opinion in the international court of justice? s decision in gabcikovo - nagymaros project ( hungary v slovakia ) 1997 icj 97 at 110 ; 37 ilm 162 at 206 ( 1998 ). 17 press release, 27 apr 2001? living in a pollution - free world a basic human right? available at http : / / www. grida. no / news / press / 2150. aspx 18 who media release? almost a quarter of all disease caused by environmental exposure? 16 june 2006 | geneva available at http : / / www. who. int / mediacentre / news / releases / 2006 / pr32 / en / index. html 19 convention on the rights of the child, opened for signature 20 november 1989, 1577 unts 3 ( entered into force 2 september 1990 ). australia ratified the crc on 17 december 1990. 20 article 24 2 ( c ) to combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44937478578624757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.397912"} {"text": "unts 3 ( entered into force 2 september 1990 ). australia ratified the crc on 17 december 1990. 20 article 24 2 ( c ) to combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, iner alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking - water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution ; healthy development of the child, to the maximum extent possible. to achieve this, the epigenetic basis of health and disease must also be considered, for once there is a mutation in a gene, this intergenerational impact cannot easily be remedied. all children have a right to a healthy, toxic - free environment with clean air, clean water and food free from chemical residues, as well as safe and toxic - free toys. the human rights of indigenous people are also badly affected by chemical contamination. under the declaration on the rights of indigenous people 2007, 21 indigenous people have the right to practice and revitalise their cultural practices, customs and institutions ; however, the ongoing contamination of the food chain seriously threatens indigenous peoples? right and need to consume traditional foods. in the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants ( pops ) 2001 preamble, arctic peoples are given special consideration which acknowledges that the arctic ecosystems and indigenous communities are particularly at risk because of the biomagnification of pops in their traditional foods. the blood and breast milk of arctic peoples are contaminated with the full suite of pops chemicals and their metabolites. the level of perfluorooctanoate ( pfoa ), a carcinogen and immunotoxin, is doubling in the arctic environment every 5 years. perfluorooctanesulfonate ( pfos ), a newly listed pops chemical with no known breakdown, already contaminates every aspect of the arctic environment and its inhabitants. despite this, governments permit the continuation of this pollution by allowing a wide range of acceptable uses and exemptions for pfos. rio + 20 outcomes must include active support for activities to reduce chemical contamination to protect basic human rights. they need to facilitate the phase - out of all ongoing uses and exemptions for pops, which are transboundary, intergenerational poisons that cannot be managed. rio + 20 must provide a clear pathway for global phase - out of particularly hazardous chemicals, specifically pbts ( persistent bioaccumulative toxins ), vpvbts, (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49573909385757486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.399964"} {"text": ", intergenerational poisons that cannot be managed. rio + 20 must provide a clear pathway for global phase - out of particularly hazardous chemicals, specifically pbts ( persistent bioaccumulative toxins ), vpvbts, ( very persistent, very bioaccumulative toxins ), genotoxics, carcinogens, chemicals affecting the immune and nervous system, and endocrine disruptors. the saicm emerging policy issue on endocrine disruptors needs to be supported. recommendations for rio + 20 specific chemical safety activities needed to achieve a sustainable future - life cycle analysis and polluter pays - to achieve a sustainable future, rio + 20 outcomes must support a move away from the standard risk assessment paradigm to an assessment of the complete life cycle of a chemical, product or activity. understanding the systems of production, distribution, use, and disposal reveals a more 21 see united nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, ga resolution 61 / 295, un doc a / 61 / l. 67 ( 2007 ) at article 5, 9 and 11 complete view of chemical relationships and where a given chemical may create threats to human health or the environment. 22 through a life cycle approach, the full cost of a product or activity can be properly assessed, ensuring extended producer responsibility for all aspects and impacts of the chemical? s life cycle. a polluter pays approach is essential, as countries can no longer afford to pay the bourgeoning costs of chemical contamination and hazardous waste management in terms of adverse environmental health impacts and the economic imposts on the public purse. currently, much of the cost of chemical production, use and waste management has been externalized as costs to governments and society. these encompass legacy issues such as obsolete stockpiles, contaminated sites and children whose development has been impaired as a result of pre - natal and post - natal chemical exposure ; others whose health has been injured as a result of chemical exposure, eg, workers ; those providing health care services to such people ; property owners or users whose property value decreases as a result of chemical contamination ; fishers, hunters, small farmers, and others whose livelihoods are impaired by chemical contamination ; indigenous peoples whose way of life has been undermined through contamination of their traditional foods ; people whose water supply is contaminated ; and others. externalities of modern industrial agriculture include depletion of water, soil, and biodiversity ; pollution by pesticides and fertilizers ; loss of livelihoods and knowledge, and the resulting economic and social costs to communities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4874351772285219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.401154"} {"text": "is contaminated ; and others. externalities of modern industrial agriculture include depletion of water, soil, and biodiversity ; pollution by pesticides and fertilizers ; loss of livelihoods and knowledge, and the resulting economic and social costs to communities. these externalities retard economic productivity, harm the environment, and impose additional burdens on a country? s health delivery and education systems. while the polluter pays principle and its internalization of costs helps address these impacts, economic instruments that internalize costs of chemicals management have not been widely implemented. rio + 20 outcomes should provide support for cost internalization mechanisms as an effective method to provide the resources needed to establish infrastructure and foster investment in safer practices and in the substitution of less hazardous chemicals and materials. rio + 20 outcomes must support a cradle - to - cradle approach to product design, giving due consideration to the chemical components and an acceptance of what is not recyclable, should be degradable. - substitution and elimination of hazardous substances in consumer products - in most countries, the consumption of products containing hazardous chemicals is increasing, resulting in a growth in emissions from the 22 geiser, k., redesigning chemicals policy : a very different approach, new solutions, vol. 21 ( 3 ) 329 - 344, 2011 manufacture and use of products as well as a massive growth in the waste generated. saicm acknowledged fundamental changes are needed in the way products are manufactured, consumed and managed in their waste or recycling phase. many low quality products are supplied to and also made in developing countries and economies in transition, including cosmetics, household goods, paints, toys and other goods for children that are contaminated with a range of heavy metals and chemicals. in most cases, no information on contents of hazardous chemicals in products is available to governments or civil society and there remains inadequate public awareness of health risks associated with many products. lead content in paint is a pertinent example. lead levels in paint sold in developing countries are significantly higher than those of developed countries. lead is renowned for its toxic effects, particularly on children, and the removal of lead from paint is an iconic intergenerational and equity issue, which needs immediate global attention. while right - to - know about product ingredients will help drive cleaner production, the onus must remain with manufacturers and governments to ensure hazardous substances are eliminated from consumer products and substituted with safer ingredients. rio + 20 outcomes will need to ensure not only a reduction in product obsolescence but chemical management reforms based on green product design, substitution and the elimination of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4988927655307291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.402370"} {"text": "manufacturers and governments to ensure hazardous substances are eliminated from consumer products and substituted with safer ingredients. rio + 20 outcomes will need to ensure not only a reduction in product obsolescence but chemical management reforms based on green product design, substitution and the elimination of toxic substances. a primary outcome of rio + 20 outcomes must be a complete phase - out of toxic substances from all children? s products, including toys, by 2020. - addressing the toxic ewaste trade - many developing countries already facing their own domestic waste pressures are experiencing import of hazardous waste, particularly electronic waste, from other countries, including developed countries. the export of old computers to? bridge the digital divide? is still being used as an excuse for toxic waste dumping on some of the poorest communities and countries in the world. it is estimated that between 50 % and 80 % of ewaste collected for recycling in the developed countries each year is being exported. developed countries have not invested in adequate ewaste recycling / treatment facilities and have not provided adequate legislation, monitoring and compliance to stop the toxic exports. the lack of adequate infrastructure in developing countries to manage ewaste safely results in the burning of ewaste in open air or dumping in sewers, rivers or on the ground, with global impacts. the phenomenal growth in ewaste requires that all countries develop sound capacity to prevent, minimise, re - use or recycle materials from ewaste. active support must be given to green product design to design - out toxic components in electronics, as well as green procurement policies. to achieve sustainability, rio + 20 outcomes need to support countries and help build capacity for the prevention, management and recycling of ewaste. rio + 20 should encourage all governments to ensure prompt ratification and entry into force of the basel ban amendment by 2016 at the latest to assure developing countries are not dumping grounds for external toxic waste. - hazardous stockpiles and destruction technologies - many developing and transition countries have large stockpiles of obsolete pesticides that pose a serious threat to human health and the environment in these countries themselves and in neighbouring countries as well. these legacy stockpiles need an international approach to ensure their destruction using environmentally sound techniques. in the last decade, the availability of non - incineration destruction facilities has been seriously impaired through a lack of institutional support. while these technologies are still available, the market approach has resulted in the preference for what appears to be cheaper incineration options. this is despite emitting air pollutants and producing toxic ash requiring permanent storage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4774489069495766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.403471"} {"text": "impaired through a lack of institutional support. while these technologies are still available, the market approach has resulted in the preference for what appears to be cheaper incineration options. this is despite emitting air pollutants and producing toxic ash requiring permanent storage, as well as ongoing public opposition in all continents. rio + 20 outcomes need to provide support for non - incineration destruction technologies to urgently address the legacy wastes. rio + 20 outcomes must provide awareness - raising and capacity - building for developing countries and countries in transition to help them resist the attempts to push through old incineration technologies. - ban highly hazardous pesticides - the agricultural use of pesticides that are highly hazardous to human health and the environment is long overdue for replacement by sustainable alternatives. as part of its commitment to implementing the objectives of saicm, the food and agriculture organisation ( fao ) has called for the global phase - out of highly hazardous pesticides and has developed criteria to identify them. these include pesticides that are highly acutely toxic ( who classes 1a and 1b ), carcinogenic, mutagenic, reproductive toxins, those listed under the stockholm or rotterdam conventions, or pesticides with active ingredients and formulations that have shown a high incidence of severe or irreversible adverse effects on human health or the environment. 23 fao has also called for the use of these pesticides to be replaced by an ecosystem approach to agriculture based on biological process and the use of 23 http : / / www. fao. org / agriculture / crops / core - themes / theme / pests / pm / code / hhp / en / pesticides only as a last resort. 24 this approach echoes that of the un special rapporteur on the right to food, who found that in order to combat hunger and malnutrition, states should implement policies to adopt agroecological practices, as agroecology raises productivity, reduces rural poverty, improves nutrition and contributes to adapting to climate change. 25 a world bank report on community managed sustainable agriculture in india found that non - pesticide management of the agro - ecosystem significantly increases farmers? net income, improves household food security and reduces environmental damage. 26 the agroecological approach to agriculture in place of the use of highly hazardous pesticides is also supported by the united nations conference on trade and development ( unctad ) ; 27 the united nations environment programme ( unep ) in its report on the green economy ; 28 and the international assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4772555397876145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.404616"} {"text": "pesticides is also supported by the united nations conference on trade and development ( unctad ) ; 27 the united nations environment programme ( unep ) in its report on the green economy ; 28 and the international assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development ( iaastd ), a world bank initiative in partnership with fao, unep, undp, who, governments, civil society, the private sector and scientific institutions. 29 despite this high level support for replacing hazardous pesticides with an agroecological approach to food production, little progress has been made. many governments and others continue to believe, despite abundant evidence to the contrary, that chemical - based agriculture is the only way to feed the world. in ignorance, many farmers continue to use highly hazardous pesticides, poisoning themselves, their families, future generations and the environment, usually also diminishing their potential returns and food security. rio + 20 outcomes must provide a process for the global phase - out of highly hazardous pesticides and endorse and actively support an agroecological approach to agriculture. - achieving mercury phase - out through a global treaty - the impacts on human health from exposure to mercury are well documented, with children most at risk from its neurotoxicity. the current negotiations need to result in a convention text that covers the full life cycle of mercury in all media, including in products and waste streams. bat / bep ( best 24 fao. 2010. report of the twenty - second session of the committee on agriculture, rome, 29 november? 3 december 2010. rome. also see fao, 2011. save and grow : a policymaker? s guide to the sustainable intensification of smallholder crop production. http : / / www. fao. org / ag / save - and - grow 25 report to un human rights council, march 2011, by un special rapporteur on right to food, oliver de schutter : agro - ecology and the right to food ) 26 kumar tv, raidu dv, killi j, pillai m, shah p, kalavadonda v, lakhey s. 2009. ecologically sound, economically viable community managed sustainable agriculture in andra pradesh, india. the world bank, washington dc. 27 united nations conference on trade and development ( unctad ), feb 2011 :? assuring food security in developing countries under the challenges of climate change : key trade and development issues of a fundamental transformation of agriculture? http : / / www. un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42822465925347264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.405815"} {"text": "united nations conference on trade and development ( unctad ), feb 2011 :? assuring food security in developing countries under the challenges of climate change : key trade and development issues of a fundamental transformation of agriculture? http : / / www. unctad. org / en / docs / osgdp20111 _ en. pdf 28 unep green economy report : towards a green economy : pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication, 2011 http : / / www. unep. org / greeneconomy / v2 / greeneconomyreport / tabid / 29846 / default. aspx 29 iaastd : the international assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development, 2008. http : / / www. agassessment. org / available techniques / best environmental practice ) should be required for all new and existing release sources, as well as adequate financial and technical assistance for developing and transition countries to assist them in meeting bat / bep requirements and other aspects of treaty implementation. all parties should be required to develop a national goal consistent with treaty goals for reducing and eliminating its mercury emissions, and implement education, training and awareness - raising with regard to the action plan. the treaty should address both large and small scale mining and refining operations, and in particular address artisanal small scale gold mining ( asgm ). mercury imports and other sources of mercury supply for asgm should be banned and measures to prohibit, restrict, or discourage should include child labour. importantly, all mercury waste must be covered by the treaty. rio + 20 outcomes should support the development of an effective and comprehensive mercury treaty. - interaction of climate change and chemicals - in 2011, unep acknowledged that chemical management reform needs to be undertaken in the context of the growing interaction of climate change on chemical releases, transport, degradation, exposure and toxicity. 30 the report by the united nations environment program ( unep ) and the arctic monitoring and assessment programme ( amap ) expert group,? climate change and pops : predicting the impacts,? concludes that higher temperatures increase primary emissions and releases of pops. temperature also changes rates of mobilisation from materials, products or stockpiles and alters use patterns, eg, increased demand for disease vector control / ddt. it was demonstrated that increased exposure to pops also results from secondary re - volatilisation and re - mobilisation from sinks, eg, melting of ice, glaciers and permafrost, flooding of contaminated lands, waste sites and landfills", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4588752963941901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.406809"} {"text": "was demonstrated that increased exposure to pops also results from secondary re - volatilisation and re - mobilisation from sinks, eg, melting of ice, glaciers and permafrost, flooding of contaminated lands, waste sites and landfills, as well as increase partitioning of pops from water to atmosphere. there is already evidence of increased remobilization of pops and heavy metals from glacial and permafrost melt. while enhanced degradation of pops due to temperature increases is possible, if microorganisms have a higher degradation capacity, this could also lead to increased formation of toxic transformation products. pops exposure has direct impacts on individuals and populations, including endocrine effects on reproduction, immunosuppression and epigenetic effects ( heritable changes ) at cellular level. temperature has been shown to affect pops toxicity, and climate change impacts on salinity, ocean acidification, eutrophication and water oxygen levels could ( either alone or in combination ) enhance the toxic effects of pops. 30 climate change and pops : predicting the impacts, report of the united nations environment program ( unep ) / arctic monitoring and assessment programme ( amap ) expert group, january 2011 available http : / / chm. pops. int rio + 20 outcomes must ensure a coordinated and global response to counteract immediate, medium and long - term effects on human health and ecosystems of concurrent exposure to pops and changing climates. rio + 20 outcomes should endorse the precautionary approach to guide development of policy actions to address combined negative impacts of climate change and pops, including support for mitigation activities with co - benefits. - support for zero waste and recycling and the removal of single use plastics - to achieve sustainability, societies and governments must succeed in implementing zero waste policies, 31 which requires improvement of product design and content to better ensure the ease and safety of recycling. industries and governments have argued that recycling costs are in some cases more than the production of new items, but this fails to assess the full costs of the life cycle impacts including the waste phase and the impact on finite resources. a pertinent example is the cost of plastic marine debris. the plastic? gyres? of the pacific, atlantic and indian oceans are growing as the result of low recycling rates for plastic. either via direct dumping, river transport or unsecured landfill, waste plastics find their way to the ocean vortices. as plastics do not biodegrade easily in the environment, the amount of plastic in the vortices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.495892977428087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.407902"} {"text": "rates for plastic. either via direct dumping, river transport or unsecured landfill, waste plastics find their way to the ocean vortices. as plastics do not biodegrade easily in the environment, the amount of plastic in the vortices is increasing substantially. about 250 billion pounds of plastic raw material are produced annually worldwide with unintentional releases to the environment during manufacturing and transport. plastic pellets are now widely distributed through the world? s ocean along with plastic wastes. 32 the plastic accumulates pollutants including nonylphenols, dde and pcb, which can be up to one million times more concentrated on the surface of the pellets than in the ambient seawater. this high accumulation potential means that plastic resin pellets serve both as a global transport medium and a source of toxic chemicals in the marine environment. mortality due to plastic ingestion is now common in seabirds, marine mammals and sea turtles. the extent to which the ingestion of hazardous chemical components attributes to wildlife deaths is not available. to achieve sustainability, rio + 20 outcomes will need, as a priority, to ensure single use plastics are phased - out and provide a clear path to a global reduction of plastic use and disposal. 31 zero waste is a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life cycles so that all products are reused. saicm agreement refers to? zero waste resource management, waste prevention, substitution and toxics use reduction, to reduce the volume and toxicity of discarded materials? 32 mato, isobe, takada, kahnehiro, ohtake, and kaminuma. plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment environ. sci. technol. 2001, 35, 318 - 324 - ensure precautionary principle and adequate assessment is applied to nanotechnology and nanomaterials - in recent years, a wide variety of nanomaterials ( substances smaller than 100 nanometers in size ) have been added to an increasing numbers of consumer products used in day - to - day life, eg., food packaging, sunscreens, clothing ( odor - resistant textiles ), pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agrochemicals, household appliances, and medical devices. this is despite the lack of adequate toxicity assessment, labeling, government regulation or environmental monitoring ; and despite the saicm requirement for publically available information about all stages of a chemical? s life - cycle, including in products. there is huge uncertainty regarding the health impacts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48912408837056515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.408802"} {"text": "the lack of adequate toxicity assessment, labeling, government regulation or environmental monitoring ; and despite the saicm requirement for publically available information about all stages of a chemical? s life - cycle, including in products. there is huge uncertainty regarding the health impacts and toxicity of nanoparticles. 33 without mandatory labelling and registration of nano - products, no one, not even governments, knows which products contain nanoparticles. surveys show that many companies do not conduct risk assessments. 34 yet both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that manufactured nanoparticles, now in widespread commercial use, pose new toxicity risks 35 including asbestos - like pathogenicity and the onset of mesothelioma in test mice, 36 and granulomas, lesions, cancer or blood clots. 37 there is evidence that some nanoparticles can cross the placenta, posing particular risks to developing embryos. 38 nanoparticles have been shown to have a potential for biomagnification and bioaccumulation in the environment, 39 and a recent study provides clear evidence that nanoparticles 33 nel a, xia t, li n ( 2006 ) toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. science vol 311 : 622 - 627 ; oberdorster g, et al., ( 2005 ).? principles for characterising the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials : elements of a screening strategy?. particle and fibre toxicology 2 : 8. 34 helland a et al., ( 2008 ) risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials : a survey of industrial approaches. environ. sci. technol. 42 : 640? 646 ; helland a. et al., ( 2008 ) precaution in practice : perceptions, procedures, and performance in the nanotech industry. j ind ecol 12 ( 3 ) : 449 - 458. 35 for example see ashwood p, thompson r, powell j. 2007. fine particles that adsorb lipopolysaccharide via bridging calcium cations may mimic bacterial pathogenicity towards cells. exp biol med 232 ( 1 ) : 107 - 117 ; brunner t, et al., ( 2006 ) in vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles : comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. environ sci technol 40 : 4374 - 4381 ; limbach l,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5252381119876421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.409704"} {"text": "in vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles : comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. environ sci technol 40 : 4374 - 4381 ; limbach l, wick p, manser p, grass r, bruinink a, stark w. 2007. exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells : influence of chemical composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress. environ sci technol 41 : 4158 - 4163 ; long t, saleh n, tilton r, lowry g, veronesi b. 2006. titanium dioxide ( p25 ) produces reactive oxygen species in immortalized brain microglia ( bv2 ) : implications for nanoparticle neurotoxicity. environ sci technol 40 ( 14 ) : 4346 - 4352. 36 poland c, duffin r, kinloch i, maynard a, wallace w, seaton a, stone v, brown s, macnee w, donaldson k. 2008. carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity display asbestos - like pathogenic behaviour in a pilot study. nat nanotechnol, published online : 20 may 2008 ( doi : 10. 1038 / nnano. 2008. 111 ) ; takagi a, hirose a, nishimura t, fukumori n, ogata a, ohashi n, kitajima s, kanno j. 2008. induction of mesothelioma in p53 + / - mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi - wall carbon nanotube. j toxicol sci 33 : 105 - 116. 37 ballestri m, baraldi a, gatti a, furci l, bagni a, loria p, rapana r, carulli n, albertazzi a. 2001. liver and kidney foreign bodies granulomatosis in a patient with malocclusion, bruxism, and worn dental prostheses. gastroenterol 121 ( 5 ) : 1234? 8 ; gatti a. 2004. biocompatibility of micro - and nano - particles in the colon. part ii. biomaterials 25 : 385 - 392 ; gatti a, rivasi f. 2002. biocompatibility of micro - and nanoparticles. part i : in liver and kidney. biomaterials 23 : 2381?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5113209199745125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.410729"} {"text": "assist risk assessment for some years. it is likely that nanotechnology will do little to redress the systemic causes of poverty, hunger or pollution, and developing countries may even disproportionately bear nano - risks, by hosting manufacturing that wealthy countries reject, or becoming dumping grounds for waste. rio + 20 outcomes must ensure the precautionary principle is applied throughout the life cycle of manufactured nanomaterials, and that global governance and assessment processes for nanomaterials are transparent, inclusive, equitable and driven by sustainability. rio + 20 outcomes must ensure consumers? and workers? right - to - know and right - to - choose in respect to nanotechnologies and nanomaterials be respected, as well as a country? s right to reject particular applications or uses of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials. in conclusion - in this time of increasing globalisation, there is a growing acceptance of the need for a social license and community consent for industrial activities, including new and emerging technologies, to go forward. this is critical for a sustainable future and for the protection of the environment, intergenerational equity and basic human rights. taking into account agenda 21 requirements, industries must function within these parameters and have no right to operate 40 jonathan d. judy, jason m. unrine, & paul m. bertsch, evidence for biomagnification of gold nanoparticles within a terrestrial food chain, environ. sci. technol., 2011, 45 ( 2 ), pp 776? 781 41 sijie lin, jason reppert, qian hu, joan s. hudson, michelle l. reid, tatsiana a. ratnikova, apparao m. rao, hong luo & pu chun ke, uptake, translocation, and transmission of carbon nanomaterials in rice plants, communciations cellular uptake 2009, 5, no. 10, www. small - journal. com 42 recommendations of the royal society and the royal academy of engineering, uk ( 2004 ). nanoscience and nanotechnologies. available at http : / / www. royalsoc. ac. uk / unless they satisfy social needs and meet the requirements for a safe, toxic - free environment. with the added pressure on the planet posed by climate change and world population, the limits of sustainability in a? business as usual? model have been reached. the urgency has never been greater for sound chemical management, environmental protection and social", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5027667452635309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.413127"} {"text": "- free environment. with the added pressure on the planet posed by climate change and world population, the limits of sustainability in a? business as usual? model have been reached. the urgency has never been greater for sound chemical management, environmental protection and social justice. if a sustainable future is to be possible, the protection of our global commons and, in particular, our shrinking resources of clean air, water and soil, is paramount. while communities and civil society view a social license in terms of a dynamic, ongoing relationship between companies, government, stakeholders and communities, many regulators still see a? social license? in terms of a formal permission linked to the regulator granting the? license.? this is simply not adequate. there are many worrying examples of the failure of this model, for example, in many parts of the world, mining activities and the search for unconventional gas ( shale gas, coal seam gas ) has resulted in companies undertaking activities that contaminate the global commons and the life support systems on which we all depend. regulation has not stopped the intentional release of vast quantities of unassessed industrial chemicals into waterways, aquifers and airsheds. the time when an industrial activity can be undertaken purely for profit or economic growth has gone. sustainable futures depend on access to clean water, soil, air, food and products as well as the right to be protected against toxic trespass. these are basic inalienable human rights for all peoples of the planet and to ensure and protect them is the real challenge for rio + 20.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48386678259253285, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.413914"} {"text": "sheffield, u. k. - - an international team of researchers, led by the university of sheffield, has demonstrated how atlantic cod responded to past natural climate extremes. the new research could help in determining cods vulnerability to future global warming. with fishing pressures high and stock size low, there is already major concern over the current sustainability of cod and other fisheries. the new findings, published in the journal, proceedings of the royal society b, show that natural climate change has previously reduced the range of cod to around a fifth of what it is today, but despite this, cod continued to populate both sides of the north atlantic. the researchers used a computer model and dna techniques to estimate where cod could be found in the ice age, when colder temperatures and lower sea - levels caused the extinction of some populations and the isolation of others. the computer models used to estimate ice - age habitats suitable for cod were developed by professor grant bigg, head of the university of sheffield \u2019 s department of geography. these climatic analyses were combined with genetic studies by us researchers at duke university and the university of california, and ecological information prepared by colleagues at the university of east anglia and the institute of marine research in norway. on land, plants and animals ( including humans ) are known to have moved further south when the northern ice sheets reached their maximum extent around 20, 000 years ago. similar migrations must have happened for plankton and fish in the sea. but there were two added complications : firstly, greatly reduced sea levels meant that many shallow and highly productive marine habitats around europe and north america ceased to exist. secondly, the ice - age circulation patterns in the north atlantic caused the temperature change between tropical and polar conditions to occur over a much shorter north - south distance, reducing the area suitable for temperate species \u2013 such as cod. the new analyses included these effects, together with other environmental and ecological information, in order to estimate where it was possible for atlantic cod to reproduce and survive. the results indicated that the ice - age range of atlantic cod extended as far south as northern spain, but the total area of suitable habitat was much more restricted. nevertheless, populations of cod continued to exist on both sides of the north atlantic. these findings were confirmed by genetic data, based on over a thousand dna analyses of present - day cod populations, from canada, greenland, iceland and around europe. professor bigg said : \u201c this research shows that cod populations have been able to survive in periods of extreme climatic change, demonstrating a considerable resilience. however this does not necessarily mean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46226538036384224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.416777"} {"text": "by tamar hahn unicef \u2019 s flagship report, \u2018 the state of the world \u2019 s children 2012 : children in an urban world \u2019, was launched on 28 february, focusing attention on children in urban areas. one billion children live in urban areas, a number that is growing rapidly. yet disparities within cities reveal that many lack access to schools, health care and sanitation, despite living alongside these services. this story is part of a series highlighting the needs of these children. | \u00a9 unicef video | | unicef reports on unicef ' s efforts to help children in the violence - plagued slums of caracas, venezuela. produced by thomas nybo. watch in realplayer | caracas, venezuela, 20 march 2012 \u2013 every evening, as soon as the sun goes down, young yeremi reyes * and his family lock all the doors to their house, lower the blinds and hunker down for another night of random shootings and violent fights in the street. yet yeremi does not live in a war - torn country ; he lives in a marginalized neighbourhood in the city of caracas. violence is rampant here, the result of deep inequalities, and the effects on children have been devastating. many have seen friends and relatives killed as a result of gang fights, robberies or stray bullets. they live in fear at home and in school, especially those living in the city \u2019 s shantytowns. \u2018 the violence is unbearable \u2019 petare is an enormous slum at the edge of caracas. a massive expanse of ramshackle homes surrounded by luxury buildings, the area is a stark example of the inequality that characterizes much of the region. for the residents of caracas, petare is emblematic of the violence that plagues their city. but for adolescents like enrique hernandez *, petare is simply home. \u201c sometimes the neighbourhood is quiet, but sometimes the violence is unbearable and we have to stay locked in the house for hours, \u201d said enrique, whose house was hit by several bullets during a recent shooting in the street. the violence deprives children and adolescents of their right to protection, their right to play and sometimes even their right to an education. more than once, children at the 24 de marzo school, in the heart of petare, had to be evacuated when shots were heard outside its windows. \u201c sometimes the children are on break, and we hear gunshots and have to rush them back into the classroom or evacuate them, \u201d said janet maraima, a fifth - grade teacher at 24 de mar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3738946444020582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.422167"} {"text": "evacuated when shots were heard outside its windows. \u201c sometimes the children are on break, and we hear gunshots and have to rush them back into the classroom or evacuate them, \u201d said janet maraima, a fifth - grade teacher at 24 de marzo. | \u00a9 unicef video | | a baseball programme teaches children how to play the game and also gives them the skills to prevent violence. | finding safe haven ms. maraima and other teachers in this school have received training, provided by the communication group cisneros foundation, with support from unicef and a local ngo, on how to help children use art to talk about the violence that permeates their lives. \u201c it has been a very powerful experience to see the children reflect on their own realities through art, \u201d ms. maraima said. \u201c i am endlessly inspired by these children. i look at them and at all that they have to face on a daily basis, and i still see hope in each of their little faces. \u201d others are also helping the children of urban communities reclaim their right to play. yeremi has found refuge in a small field close to his neighbourhood. the renowned baseball team leones del caracas, together with the municipality of baruta and the community, cleaned up the field to start a baseball clinic for children in the area. leones de caracas runs the clinic, providing a chance for participants to learn the game and enjoy a safe and fun environment for a few hours a week. but the clinics go beyond just teaching baseball \u2013 they are also designed to teach values and impart life skills to prevent violence. \u201c i love coming here, \u201d said yeremi. \u201c i have fun and forget all my troubles. \u201c i have also learned to share, to help other boys and girls who are still learning the game, to stand up for the smaller kids if a bigger one is mean to them. and i don \u2019 t just do it here in the baseball field but also at school. \u201d these initiatives are supported by unicef in venezuela as part of its work preventing violence against children and promoting adolescents \u2019 healthy development. * names changed to protect childrens \u2019 identities state of the world ' s children 2012 download the full report life in nairobi ' s informal settlements in nigeria, marginalized children face abuse unicef launches flagship report in mexico a second chance at childhood in benin watch all sowc 2012 videos - children in an urban world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4432606744656283, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.423556"} {"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb jason \u2019 s revolt. 1about this time antiochus sent his second expedition * into egypt. a 2b it then happened that all over the city, for nearly forty days, there appeared horsemen, clothed in garments of a golden weave, charging in midair \u2014 companies fully armed with lances and drawn swords ; 3squadrons of cavalry in battle array, charges and countercharges on this side and that, with brandished shields and bristling spears, flights of arrows and flashes of gold ornaments, together with armor of every sort. 4therefore all prayed that this vision might be a good omen. 5but when a false rumor circulated that antiochus was dead, jason * gathered at least a thousand men and suddenly attacked the city. as the defenders on the walls were forced back and the city was finally being taken, menelaus took refuge in the citadel. 6for his part, jason continued the merciless slaughter of his fellow citizens, not realizing that triumph over one \u2019 s own kindred is the greatest calamity ; he thought he was winning a victory over his enemies, not over his own people. 7even so, he did not gain control of the government, but in the end received only disgrace for his treachery, and once again took refuge in the country of the ammonites. 8at length he met a miserable end. called to account before aretas, * ruler of the arabians, he fled from city to city, hunted by all, hated as an apostate from the laws, abhorred as the executioner of his country and his compatriots. driven into egypt, 9he set out by sea for the lacedaemonians, among whom he hoped to find protection because of his relations with them. he who had exiled so many from their country perished in exile ; 10and he who had cast out so many to lie unburied went unmourned and without a funeral of any kind, nor any place in the tomb of his ancestors. revenge by antiochus. 11c when these happenings were reported to the king, he thought that judea was in revolt. raging like a wild animal, he set out from egypt and took jerusalem by storm. 12he ordered his soldiers to cut down without mercy those whom they met and to slay those who took refuge in their houses. 13there was a massacre of young", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42347303955531296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.431183"} {"text": "raging like a wild animal, he set out from egypt and took jerusalem by storm. 12he ordered his soldiers to cut down without mercy those whom they met and to slay those who took refuge in their houses. 13there was a massacre of young and old, a killing of women and children, a slaughter of young women and infants. 14in the space of three days, eighty thousand were lost, forty thousand meeting a violent death, and the same number being sold into slavery. 15not satisfied with this, the king dared to enter the holiest temple in the world ; menelaus, that traitor both to the laws and to his country, served as guide. 16he laid his impure hands on the sacred vessels and swept up with profane hands the votive offerings made by other kings for the advancement, the glory, and the honor of the place. 17antiochus became puffed up in spirit, not realizing that it was because of the sins of the city \u2019 s inhabitants that the sovereign lord was angry for a little while : hence the disregard of the place. d 18if they had not become entangled in so many sins, this man, like that heliodorus sent by king seleucus to inspect the treasury, would have been flogged and turned back from his presumptuous act as soon as he approached. 19the lord, however, had not chosen the nation for the sake of the place, but the place for the sake of the nation. 20therefore, the place itself, having shared in the nation \u2019 s misfortunes, afterward participated in their good fortune ; and what the almighty had forsaken in wrath was restored in all its glory, once the great sovereign lord became reconciled. 21e antiochus carried off eighteen hundred talents from the temple and hurried back to antioch, thinking in his arrogance that he could make the land navigable and the sea passable on foot, so carried away was he with pride. 22he left governors to harass the nation : at jerusalem, philip, a phrygian by birth, * and in character more barbarous than the man who appointed him ; f 23at mount gerizim, * andronicus ; and besides these, menelaus, who lorded it over his fellow citizens more than the others. out of hatred for the jewish citizens, 24g the king sent apollonius, * commander of the mysians, at the head of an army of twenty - two thousand, with orders to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4301790687506473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.432154"} {"text": "##ed it over his fellow citizens more than the others. out of hatred for the jewish citizens, 24g the king sent apollonius, * commander of the mysians, at the head of an army of twenty - two thousand, with orders to kill all the grown men and sell the women and children into slavery. 25when this man arrived in jerusalem, he pretended to be peacefully disposed and waited until the holy day of the sabbath ; then, finding the jews refraining from work, he ordered his men to parade fully armed. 26all those who came out to watch, he massacred, and running through the city with armed men, he cut down a large number of people. 27but judas maccabeus and about nine others withdrew to the wilderness to avoid sharing in defilement ; there he and his companions lived like the animals in the hills, eating what grew wild. h * [ 5 : 1 ] second expedition : the first invasion of egypt by antiochus iv in 169 b. c. ( 1 mc 1 : 16 \u2013 20 ) is not mentioned in 2 maccabees, unless the coming of the syrian army to palestine ( 2 mc 4 : 21 \u2013 22 ) is regarded as the first invasion. the author of 2 maccabees apparently combines the first pillage of jerusalem in 169 b. c. after antiochus \u2019 first invasion of egypt ( 1 mc 1 : 20 \u2013 28 ; cf. 2 mc 5 : 5 \u2013 7 ) with the second pillage of the city two years later ( 167 b. c. ), following the king \u2019 s second invasion of egypt in 168 b. c. ( 1 mc 1 : 29 \u2013 35 ; cf. 2 mc 5 : 24 \u2013 26 ). by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.408223972603798, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.432872"} {"text": "how did this happen? nearly twice as many women die of lung cancer than breast cancer, and three times as many men die of lung cancer than prostate cancer. yet, lung cancer receives little public notice and even less research funding. the lung cancer survival rate for both men and women has remained virtually unchanged for more than three decades and, today, lung cancer remains among the most virulent and deadly diseases. perhaps it is because the prevalent myth about lung cancer is that the only people who get it are smokers. fact : eighty percent of those who suffer and die from lung cancer have never smoked or quit smoking decades ago. years ago, the states sued the tobacco companies and won. yet the resulting revenue from what is called the master settlement agreement did not deliver a single cent to lung cancer research. now in california, proposition 29 will be on the june 5 ballot and, if passed, will increase the cigarette tax by $ 1 per pack. should it pass, 60 percent of its funding is earmarked for grants and loans to support research into the prevention, detection and treatment of cancers and other tobacco - related illnesses, plus smoking prevention among children. while not exclusively tagged for lung cancer, the bill is expected to deliver $ 700 million annually. not surprisingly, it is strongly opposed by the tobacco industry. nationally, the lung cancer mortality reduction act ( h. r. 1394 and s. 754 ) would encourage lawmakers to make lung cancer a national public health priority and calls for a comprehensive plan to address all aspects of the disease. the legislation authorizes multiple government agencies to develop a comprehensive plan of action to coordinate prevention, early detection and treatment research. the national lung cancer screening trial that concluded in november 2010 shows that by using ct screening for early detection, the mortality rate can be reduced by 20 percent, which is greater than psa screening for prostate cancer, mammography for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer. other studies show that the mortality rate can be reduced as much as 90 percent using ct scans for early detection. just this month, news out of the national lung cancer alliance also shows that treating early stages of lung cancer is much cheaper than treating late stages. this issue opens the door for insurance companies to cover early detection screening for those at high risk. while both of california \u2019 s u. s. senators have signed on to s. 754, too many others \u2013 even those who have lost family members to lung cancers \u2013 continue not to join in on the theory, or excuse, that other agenda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43163834252717087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.437586"} {"text": "editors note : this post is a modified version of an article that originally appeared in the virginiana section of virginia memory. the watkins family papers ( accession 42063 ) include certificates, newspaper clippings, photographs, postcards, programs, and yearbooks documenting a prominent african american family in new kent county, virginia. while much of the collection consists of jones and watkins family photographs from richmond and new kent county, the collection is also significant for its connection to the struggle for school desegregation in virginia. dr. george washington watkins ( 1898 - 1972 ) was born in pickens county, south carolina, the son of james and lattie watkins. he received a bachelor of arts degree ( and later an honorary doctorate of divinity ) from virginia union university, and a master of arts degree from hampton institute. watkins is perhaps best known for his work in education, chiefly as principal of the new kent training school ( renamed the george w. watkins school in 1950 ). this school played an important role in the education of african americans in the area and was at the center of one of the most significant school integration rulings to follow brown v. board of education ( 1954 ). he was also a pastor, heading congregations at second liberty baptist church of quinton, and elam baptist church of ruthville. in 1930, there were 15 elementary schools in new kent county, virginia. although \u2026 read more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46472436425549435, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.439171"} {"text": "why is colditz so famous? the current situation description of the castle getting to colditz about this website british declaration of war help to support this website return to main index post - war history and the current situation at colditz. after the end of the second world war, colditz town and castle found themselves located in the eastern zone of germany ; for those readers who are too young to remember the division of germany, it was also known as the german democratic republic or ddr, or simply as east germany. this part of the country was under the rule of what was called the ' eastern bloc ', countries under communist control and effectively overseen by the soviet union. the world - view of the ruling powers at that time [ read : the soviets ] was such that they wanted to demolish both colditz castle and the nearby podelwitz castle, because they were symbols of a more ' decadent ' era or some similar communist excuse ( such excuse probably also including the cliche word ' bourgeoise ' ). however the two castles were saved from this fate, but only because podelwitz castle was being used to house orphans and other homeless children, and colditz castle was being used as a hospital. the castle, although still being used as a hospital, was allowed to fall into a state of general disrepair, and up until recently was actually quite dilapidated. [ this lack of maintenance was not unusual in eastern bloc countries and evidence of this kind of neglect is still visible in parts across the former east germany to this day ]. furthermore, allied prisoners of war [ pows ] had supposedly introduced several forms of slow damage - inducing pests into the castle timbers, such as dry rot and woodworm ; these too would have to be treated in any refurbishment project. nowadays, the castle is owned and maintained by the local government of the state of saxony - sort of like a county council in the uk. under their aegis, part of the former kommandantur buildings have been converted into a modern youth hostel, stripping out all of the former rooms and completely renovating that part of the castle. none of the original character of the rooms has been preserved, if indeed any of the original rooms in the youth hostel area have been preserved at all. however, parts of the kommandantur are still as they were during the war, especially the buildings on the south side of the outer courtyard. the external building that housed the married quarters during the war [ at the eastern end of the dry moat ] has been demolished ; this was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4159260583750068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.448861"} {"text": "the tourist industry could indeed revitalise the economy ; colditz is hardly a ghost town but it does need a bit of a boost in my opinion! there has been, in recent years, an extensive programme of renovation in progress at the castle, which at the time of writing is still in progress. the castle has been re - roofed, many of the old chimneys have been removed, and the most obvious thing is that most of the buildings have been repainted in white with the corner stonework picked out in cream paint. although the castle no longer looks as grim as it did when it was that dirty brown colour in some of the older photos, i do appreciate that if you want a building to stay standing, you do need to repaint it every so often! the big tragedy about the renovations, however, is the eradication of much that is of historical importance. please allow me to explain. most of the tourists that go to colditz castle are british or commonwealth. they are there for the world war two pow history stuff. it ' s almost as if, as has been said elsewhere, a part of britain is ' marooned ' in saxony. it ' s almost as if the british feel that they ' own ' it ; it ' s such a part of our national heritage and of our history. because of this, and in order to maintain greater interest for british visitors, the pow - era features need to be retained in the castle as far as possible. however, the renovation program, if it goes ahead as planned, will eradicate much of the historically important material in the interests of good intentions. i can understand what the saxony authorities want to do, but i [ and many other of my colditz - interested friends ] would like to see the preservation of the historically important areas and the opening up of more areas to controlled public viewing. for more details on the situation, see gavin worrell ' s page about the colditz preservation trust here. recently, the access to ' extra ' [ normally ' off - limits ' ] places to visit during the guided tours has been curtailed by the saxony authorities. interestingly, the castle tour guides are in something of a difficult position ; although they are employed by saxony, they understand as well as we do the sheer passion and interest that the british visitors have. they know that we would like to see more of the castle but they are hamstrung by restrictions placed on them by saxony. i got the distinct impression that the tour guide staff are genuinely proud of their castle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4397648117598795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.451197"} {"text": "interest that the british visitors have. they know that we would like to see more of the castle but they are hamstrung by restrictions placed on them by saxony. i got the distinct impression that the tour guide staff are genuinely proud of their castle and would like nothing better than to show all the areas that we want to see. unfortunately, at the time of my visit, the privilege of visiting the theatre, as an ' extra ' to the usual tour, had been suspended, seemingly in ' reprisal ' for some recent events involving british visitors, although the official line is to deny this. to me, that rings 65 - year - old bells in my mind, since the theatre was available for viewing, before that event, if you asked nicely... anyway, it appears that access to the glider loft has also ceased - and it is clear that it is not the fault of the tour guides at all. however, the guided tour is still a fascinating experience and is really excellent. we got to see the chapel, the wine cellar where the chapel tunnel began, and the west terrace too. certain rooms are always open, such as a good part of the saalhaus [ theatre block ], which is open for general wandering around up to the first floor level, the dentist ' s rooms and ' prominente ' cells [ now with museum - style displays ], and the park is sometimes open too. access to the guard house is also available as that ' s where the escape museum is now housed. however, the awful fact remains that we are in great danger of losing much of the irreplaceable heritage contained in colditz castle, which would be a colossal shame in anyone ' s book. this is one of the reasons i am doing this website - to raise awareness of the plight of colditz castle. i would suggest that if you yourself feel strongly about these issues, then please do take a look at the colditz preservation society at gavin worrell ' s site. the former concentration camp at auschwitz is, quite rightly, designated as a un world heritage site with over 1 million visitors a year ; the grounds and buildings have all been preserved for future generations. even the remains of the gas chambers which the nazis tried to destroy in early 1945 are still there ; whereas colditz is fighting for survival. colditz was a symbol of the struggle against insurmountable odds agains the same evil that created auschwitz ; it is only right that this legacy too is preserved for the future. return to main index", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45662278406207657, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.452172"} {"text": "virus - infested files are capable of causing many different problems for computer users, making it essential to verify that downloads are safe before allowing them to access the system. there are a multitude of different tools available for computer users to help keep valuable machines protected against these malicious threats. use one of the following methods to make certain a virus is not allowed to attack your computer system. 1. use an antivirus package many of the most popular antivirus tools allow specific files to be checked for potential corruptions. this is a valuable resource for computer users who fear a potential virus or malware infection. simply download a file from the internet and use the built - in antivirus scanner to check for problems. this will provide peace of mind in launching the file in question. 2. rely on a firewall firewalls are additional security tools that are programmed to look for suspicious files and keep the user aware of any problems as they arise. these are particularly valuable tools when computer users are visiting sites that may try to download payloads of malware without the user \u2019 s knowledge. firewalls are also valuable when a file is consciously downloaded, as they will look for any problems within such downloads. 3. use an online scanner instead of downloading a file that could potentially wreak havoc on the computer, some users turn to online scanners. these scanners do not require a download to the system itself, but simply ask for the url of the file that is suspected of being infected. the server will download the file in question and peruse the content for any infections. this is an incredibly safe way of looking for viruses, and will not unnecessarily expose the machine to potential problems. 4. find a download manager sophisticated download managers have been created for users who need a way to easily look for files that may be unsafe. in addition to making downloads easier to manage, powerful download managers can scan files for potential issues, alerting the computer user of the presence of any unwanted infections before the file is launched on the machine. 5. set download preferences many computer users are surprised to discover they can control what downloads are allowed to launch on their machine. default file settings should be modified to ensure that files and applications are only allowed to run after they have been given explicit permission by the computer user. these settings can be changed within the control panel, and will allow users to stay on the lookout for nefarious files that could otherwise launch without their knowledge of the issue. keeping a machine running without infections is a serious responsibility that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45456453557888366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.455002"} {"text": "\u201c a report to an academy \u201d ( \u201c ein bericht fur eine akademie \u201d ) is a short story by franz kafka, written and published in 1917. in the story, an ape named red peter, who has learned to behave like a human, presents to an academy the story of how he effected his transformation. the story was first published by martin buber in a german monthly. this english version was translated from german by philip boehm. esteemed gentlemen of the academy! i feel honored by your invitation to present the academy with a report on my former life as an ape. i am afraid, however, that i will be unable to comply with your request. it is now some five years that i have been separated from apedom \u2013 a short time according to the calendar, perhaps, but an eternity when you have to gallop through it the way i did. and even though i was accompanied, at least for parts of the way, by fine human beings, good counsel, orchestral music and applause, my journey was in essence a solitary one, for the accompaniment - to stick with the metaphor - kept far away from the barricade. this achievement would have been impossible if i had desired to cling to my origins, to the memory of my youth. in fact the first rule i set for myself was the renunciation of any and all forms of obstinacy ; i, a free ape, willingly accepted this yoke. but because of that my memories withdrew more and more. and the gateway of return, had the humans willed it, which at first was as great as the heavens that vault the earth, became less and less lofty and more and more constricted as my development proceeded at its spurred - on pace. i felt increasingly at ease, increasingly included in the world of men. the storm that followed me from my past abated, and today it is nothing more than a breeze to cool my heels, and that distant aperture through which it blows, the same opening i once passed through myself, has grown so small that i would have to scrape the fur off my body to make it through - assuming i had the strength and willpower for the journey back. frankly speaking, much as i enjoy finding images to describe all this, frankly speaking, esteemed sirs, your own apedom, insofar as something similar may lie in your own past \u2013 could not be further from you than mine is from me. but every creature that walks the earth has a ticklish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4142606734711992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.472604"} {"text": ", frankly speaking, esteemed sirs, your own apedom, insofar as something similar may lie in your own past \u2013 could not be further from you than mine is from me. but every creature that walks the earth has a ticklish heel : from the small chimpanzee to the great achilles. nonetheless, i may be able to respond to your request after all, at least in the most limited sense, and i \u2019 m very happy to do so. the first thing i learned was how to shake hands. a handshake is a sign of candor, and today, at the pinnacle of my career, i \u2019 d like to expand on that first handshake by adding a few candid words as well. and although what i have to say won \u2019 t teach the academy anything essentially new, and though it \u2019 s far less than what was requested of me - and what i cannot articulate despite my best will - i might nevertheless be able to offer a broad outline of how a former ape managed to penetrate the world of men and continue his existence in that world. nor would i permit myself to say the little that follows unless i was absolutely certain of myself, having secured an unshakable position in the biggest variete shows of the civilized world : i come from the gold coast. as to the method of my capture i have to rely on the accounts of strangers. a hunting party of the firm hagenbeck - incidentally i have since downed many a bottle of good red wine with the leader of that expedition - had set up a blind in the bushes by our watering place along the riverbank, where i went in the evening together with my tribe. shots were fired, i was the only one hit, i took two bullets. one grazed my cheek, and although the wound was superficial, the bullet did shave out a large red scar that led to my being called red peter \u2013 a disgusting name, completely inappropriate, only a monkeybrain would come up with a name like that, as if the red mark on my cheek were all that distinguished me from the circus chimp peter, recently deceased, who was well known in certain parts. all that just as an aside. the second shot hit me just under the hip, and it was serious ; to this day i limp a little as a result. i recently read an article penned by one of the thousands of gossiping gadflies that write about me in the papers, who claims that my apish nature is still not completely repressed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44066795996406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.473743"} {"text": "to this day i limp a little as a result. i recently read an article penned by one of the thousands of gossiping gadflies that write about me in the papers, who claims that my apish nature is still not completely repressed, and cites as proof my predilection for removing my pants whenever i have guests to show the entry point of that bullet. the man who came up with that should have each finger shot off his writing hand, one by one. i may remove my pants in front of whomever i please, the most anyone would find there is an impeccably groomed fur and the scar from a shooting wound that was - and i use this word carefully so as not to mislead anyone \u2013 that was downright criminal. it \u2019 s all plain to see, there \u2019 s nothing to hide, for when it comes to truth, even the highest - minded individual is ready to let his manners drop. on the other hand, if the author of that article were to take off his pants when he had visitors, well, that would be another matter entirely, and i \u2019 ll give him the benefit of any doubt he doesn \u2019 t do this. but he should stop imposing his own delicate sense of propriety on me. when i woke up after being shot \u2013 and this is where my own memory gradually begins \u2013 i found myself in a cage on a hagenbeck company steamships, down in steerage. instead of four walls of bars this cage had only three, and was fastened to a large crate, which comprised the fourth wall. the whole thing was too low to stand up in and too narrow for sitting down. so i just crouched inside, with my knees bent and constantly shaking, and my face turned toward the crate, as i didn \u2019 t want to see anyone and wished only to be left alone in the darkness, the bars cutting into my flesh from the back. this method of confining wild animals is supposed to be particularly advantageous during the first days of captivity, and judging from my own experience i cannot deny that this is indeed the case, from the human point of view. but at that moment i wasn \u2019 t thinking about that. for the first time in my life i was trapped with no way out, at least nowhere i could go directly, since straight ahead of me was the crate, board securely fixed to board. and though i discovered a gap between the boards, which made me howl for joy in all my ignorance, it wasn \u2019 t even big enough to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45477894488309883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.474723"} {"text": "nowhere i could go directly, since straight ahead of me was the crate, board securely fixed to board. and though i discovered a gap between the boards, which made me howl for joy in all my ignorance, it wasn \u2019 t even big enough to stick my tail through, and all my apish strength couldn \u2019 t make it any wider. later i was told i made unusually little noise, which led everyone to believe i would either soon die or else \u2013 assuming i survived the first, critical period - would prove to be very tamable. i survived. dull sobbing, the painful search for fleas, apathetically licking a coconut, banging my head against the wall of the crate, and sticking my tongue out at anyone who came near me - this is how i first behaved in my new life. but my one prevailing feeling was that i had no way out. of course today i have to rely on human words to describe what i felt then as an ape, so my portrayal is bound to be distorted, but even if i can no longer attain my old apish truth, at least my depiction is very much in that spirit, there \u2019 s no doubt about that. i had always had so many ways out, and now there was none. i was trapped. my freedom of movement couldn \u2019 t have been more restricted if they had nailed me down. and why? you can scratch between your toes until you start to bleed and not discover the reason. press yourself so close against the bar of the cage until it nearly slices you in two and you won \u2019 t find the answer. i had no way out, so i had to invent one : otherwise i was doomed. if i had stayed staring at the wall of that crate i would have inevitably died a miserable death. but that \u2019 s where hagenbeck & co think apes should be, and so i stopped being an ape. a beautifully clear train of thought i must have somehow hatched out with my belly, since apes think with their belly. i \u2019 m afraid that you may not understand exactly what i mean by a way out, which i mean in the most ordinary and fullest sense of the phrase. i am deliberately avoiding the word freedom, because i don \u2019 t mean this grand feeling of freedom on all sides. as an ape i may have known it, and i \u2019 ve met humans who yearn for exactly that. but i myself have never asked for freedom, neither then nor now. as an aside : freedom is something people deceive themselves with far", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5109026199439881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.475805"} {"text": "as an ape i may have known it, and i \u2019 ve met humans who yearn for exactly that. but i myself have never asked for freedom, neither then nor now. as an aside : freedom is something people deceive themselves with far too frequently. and just as it counts as one of the most sublime feelings, so, too, can it lead to the sublime disappointment. often, before going on stage as part of a revue, i \u2019 ve watched this or that pair of trapeze artists high in the air by the ceiling. they would swing and sway, floating into each other \u2019 s arms, one would carry the other by her hair in his teeth. \u201c so that \u2019 s another example of human freedom, \u201d i thought, \u201c ego - maniacal and high - handed. \u201d what a mockery of holy nature! there \u2019 s not a building on earth that could withstand the laughter of the apes at such a sight. no, i didn \u2019 t want freedom. all i wanted was some way out \u2013 right, left, wherever it might lead. i kept my demand small, so that if it turned out to be a delusion, the disappointment would be no greater. anything to get on, to get out! and not just stand there with upraised arms pressed against the wall of some crate. today i see clearly that i could never have escaped without the greatest inner tranquility. indeed, i think i owe everything i have become to the calm that came over me after those first few days at sea. and i probably have the crew to thank for that. they \u2019 re good people, despite everything. to this day i enjoy recalling the sound of their heavy steps that echoed through my half - sleep back then. they had the habit of taking everything extremely slowly. if one of them wanted to rub his eyes, he \u2019 d raise his hand as if it were a hanging weight. their jokes were crude, but hearty. their laughter was generally mixed with coughing that sounded dangerous but didn \u2019 t mean anything. they always had something in their mouths to spit out and couldn \u2019 t care less where it landed. they were constantly complaining about the fleas jumping from me to them, but they weren \u2019 t ever really angry at me ; they realized that fleas thrive in my fur and that fleas are jumpers, so they learned to live with that. when they weren \u2019 t on duty they \u2019 d sometimes sit around me in a half circle, more cooing than speaking to one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4871081910007112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.477038"} {"text": "that fleas thrive in my fur and that fleas are jumpers, so they learned to live with that. when they weren \u2019 t on duty they \u2019 d sometimes sit around me in a half circle, more cooing than speaking to one another. they would stretch out on the crates and smoke their pipes, slapping their knees whenever i made the slightest movement, and now and then one of them would take a stick and tickle me where it felt pleasant. i can \u2019 t say i \u2019 d accept an invitation to take another voyage on that ship, but nor could i claim that all the memories i have from that passage are ugly ones. above all, the tranquility i acquired among these people kept me from trying to escape. looking back, i think i must have sensed that if i wanted to live, i needed to find some way out, and i must have understood that fleeing would not accomplish this. i no longer know whether such an escape was possible, but i believe it was \u2013 surely escape is always an option for an ape. today my teeth are such that i have to be careful even with ordinary nutcracking, but back then it would have probably been just a matter of time before i chomped my way through the lock on the door. but i didn \u2019 t do that, for what would it have gained me? as soon as i stuck my head out they would have recaptured me and locked me up in an even worse cage, or else i might have crept off unnoticed, to the other animals \u2013 for instance to the giant boa that was caged across from me, and breathed my last breath in its embrace. i even might have managed to steal onto the upper deck and jump overboard, in which case i would have rocked a while on the water and then drowned. desperate deeds every one. i didn \u2019 t calculate things in such a human fashion, but under the influence of my surroundings i acted as though i had. i didn \u2019 t calculate, but i probably observed things in peace and quiet. i watched the people going back and forth, always the same faces, the same movements, i often had the impression there was only one of them. so this man, or these men, went about with no impediment. a lofty purpose began to dawn on me. no one promised me they would open the bars if i acted like them. after all, promises aren \u2019 t made for seemingly impossible tasks. but when such tasks are accomplished nevertheless, the promises are made after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47402965000504194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.479141"} {"text": "lofty purpose began to dawn on me. no one promised me they would open the bars if i acted like them. after all, promises aren \u2019 t made for seemingly impossible tasks. but when such tasks are accomplished nevertheless, the promises are made after the fact, and exactly where you would have looked for them in vain before. except there wasn \u2019 t much about these men that truly tempted me. had i been a follower of the grand freedom i mentioned earlier, i \u2019 m sure i would have chosen the sea over the way out i saw in the gloomy faces of these people. but in any case i spent a long time observing before i ever had thoughts like that, and it was the only accumulated observations that first pushed me in a specific direction. imitating people was so easy. within a few days i was able to spit. we would spit at each other in the face, with the only difference that i licked my face clean afterward, and they didn \u2019 t. soon i was smoking a pipe like an old salt, and if i pressed my thumb into the bowl to boot, the whole steerage would cheer ; except it took me a long time to understand the difference between an empty pipe and one that had been fully stuffed. the whiskey bottle caused me the most difficulty. the smell was sheer torture, i forced myself with all my strength, but it took weeks to overcome my aversion. strangely, the people took these internal struggles more seriously than anything else about me. while i don \u2019 t distinguish the people in my memory, there was one who kept coming back, alone or with his chums, day or night, at the oddest hours. he \u2019 d stand outside my cage with the bottle and instruct me. he didn \u2019 t understand me, but he wanted to solve the riddle of my being. he would slowly uncork the bottle and look at me, to check whether i had understood ; i confess that i always watched him with wild - eyed attention - all too eager, in fact - no human teacher on earth would find such a student of people. after the bottle was uncorked, he would hold it to his mouth ; i would follow with my eyes, from the bottle to his throat. he would nod, pleased with his pupil, and place the bottle to his lips. delighted with my gradual discovery, i would shriek and scratch myself all over, wherever i felt the urge. he liked that \u2013 then he \u2019 d tilt the bottle back and take a swallow, and i was so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5073218450266128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.480207"} {"text": "and place the bottle to his lips. delighted with my gradual discovery, i would shriek and scratch myself all over, wherever i felt the urge. he liked that \u2013 then he \u2019 d tilt the bottle back and take a swallow, and i was so impatient and desperate to emulate him that i wound up soiling myself in my cage, which would again cause him enormous satisfaction. then, swinging the bottle away from his body and back to his lips, he would drink, exaggeratedly bending over for purposes of instruction, and down the entire bottle in a single gulp. exhausted from so much effort, i could no longer follow him ; i \u2019 d hang limply on the bar, while he ended his theoretical instruction by stroking his belly and grinning. then came the practical instruction. but hadn \u2019 t the theoretical part already worn me out? indeed it had. still, that \u2019 s part of my fate, so despite my exhaustion i reached as best i could for the bottle being held out to me, and, shaking all the while, uncork it. success gradually brought renewed strength, and i managed to lift the bottle in a manner hardly distinguishable from the original. i raised it to my lips, then threw it away in disgust, disgust, even though it was empty, with nothing left but the smell. i was so revolted i tossed it on the ground, to the sadness of my teacher, and the greater sadness of myself, and the fact that i didn \u2019 t forget to stroke my belly and grin after throwing away the bottle didn \u2019 t make either one of us feel better. all too often, that was how my lessons went. and to my teacher \u2019 s credit : he wasn \u2019 t angry with me, though he did on occasion hold his burning pipe against my body in some place i couldn \u2019 t reach, until my fur began to glow, but then he \u2019 d dampen it himself with his huge kind hand \u2013 he wasn \u2019 t angry with me, he realized we were both on the same side, both struggling against my apish nature, and he knew i had the more difficult struggle. so what a victory it was for him as well as me, when one evening in front of many onlookers \u2013 it may have been a party, a gramophone was playing, an officer was carrying on among the crew - at a moment when no one was watching, i grabbed a bottle of whiskey that had been inadvertently left outside my cage, and did a perfect job of uncorking it - to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48933892812725144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.481379"} {"text": "be taken to an institution. fortunately he was released soon thereafter. but i wore out many more teachers, even several at once. when i became surer of my own abilities, and the press began to follow my progress and my future began to shine, i hired my own tutors, had them set up in five adjacent rooms, and learned from all of them at once, constantly jumping from one room to the next. what progress! how the rays of knowledge penetrated my waking brain from all sides! i will not deny it : it made me happy. but i must also confess that i did not overvalue my achievement, neither then nor especially today. through an unprecedented exertion i managed to acquire the education of your average european, which might not mean a thing in itself, but at least it helped me out my cage, at least it provided me with this way out, this human way. i slipped off into the bush, so to speak - the human bush. i had no other choice, assuming that freedom was never an option. looking over my development and its purpose up to this point, i neither complain nor am i fully content. i half - sit, half - lie in my rocker, my hands in my pockets, a bottle of wine on the table, and look out the window. if i have company i show them the proper hospitality. my agent sits in the anteroom ; if i ring then he steps in and listens to what i have to say. i perform nearly every evening, and my success could hardly be greater. if i come home late after a banquet, a scientific society, or a friendly evening at someone \u2019 s house, a small, half - trained chimpanzee is waiting for me and i have my pleasure with her in the manner of apes. i don \u2019 t wish to see her by day, as her eyes have the insanity of the befuddled half - tamed animal, which i alone can recognize, and which i cannot bear. by and large i have accomplished what i set out to accomplish. it cannot be said it wasn \u2019 t worth the effort. nor am i asking for any human judgment ; all i wish to do is disseminate knowledge, i only report, and that is all i have done for you tonight, esteemed members of the academy : i have reported, and nothing more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5107467343806412, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.483282"} {"text": "this is one of our more unusual themes, because only two censuses have ever gathered information on religion in england and wales, and they were 150 years apart! the 1851 census of religion was a separate census carried out at the same time as the main census of population. it assumed that everyone was christian, and tried to find out what kind of christians were most important in each district. it did this by counting how many people attended each church on the census sunday. our information has been considerably simplified from the original returns, which counted 35 different religious groups in england and wales. one result is a large ' other ' category. in 2001, a question about religion was included among the questions in the main census for the first time ever. except in scotland, where there is separate information on the church of scotland, catholics and ' other christian ', the results lump all christians together but also gathered information on buddhists, hindus, jews, muslims and sikhs. people were allowed to write in other religions not included on the census form, but we have no data on the distribution of ' jedi '. our detailed statistics are held in structures called ncubes, which you can think of as tables with one dimension, or with two... or with twenty. their dimensions are defined by the variables each ncube combines, and each variable is made up of categories. these ncubes are available at national level for this theme : | available ncubes | | period covered | | variables ( number of categories ) | 1851 church ' attendances ' | | 1851 | | major christian denominations in 1851 major religious faiths in 2001 | attending all churches | | 1851 | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4471606670516226, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.484939"} {"text": "eng 330 studies in special topics : literature of war | modern literature of war a character in tim o \u2019 brien \u2019 s vietnam novel, going after cacciato, comments that \u201c things may be viewed from many angles. from down below, or from inside out, you often discover entirely new understandings. \u201d this course will examine the age - old theme of conflict in general and war in particular ( wwi and vietnam ) as viewed from various angles and presented in different literary and media forms ( poetry, fiction, nonfiction, and film ). we will also study the biographical, literary, historical and cultural contexts in which the various works are written. through research, panels, readings, critical papers, films, slides, and discussion, our principal goal will be an in - depth assessment of the literary treatment of this major theme across time and genres. writers and texts studied in this class will be joseph conrad, heart of darkness ; erich maria remarque, all quiet on the western front ; ernest hemingway, a farewell to arms ; graham greene, the quiet american ; world war one british poets ; bao ninh, the sorrow of war ; tim o \u2019 brien, going after cacciato ; pat barker, regeneration ; and larry heinemann, paco \u2019 s story. prerequisite : one english literature course, taken at wabash.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44774129117087197, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.486941"} {"text": "aluminum standards and data provides definitions for welding and brazing : welding is the \" joining of two or more pieces of aluminum by applying heat or pressure, or both, with or without filler metal to produce a localized union through fusion or recrystallization across the interface \". brazing is the \" joining of metals by fusion of nonferrous alloys that have melting points above 425 degrees c ( 800 degrees f ) but lower than those of the metals being joined. this may be accomplished by means of a torch ( torch brazing ), in a furnace ( furnace brazing ), or by dipping a molten flux bath ( dip or flux brazing ). \" according to the asm specialty handbook : aluminum and aluminum alloys : \" brazing, by definition, employs filler metal having a liquidus above 450 degrees c ( 840 degrees f ) and below the solidus of the base metal. brazing is distinguished from soldering by the melting point of the filler metal : solders melt below 450 degrees c ( 840 degrees f ). brazing differs from welding in that no substantial amount of the base metal is melted during brazing. thus the temperatures for brazing aluminum are intermediate between those for welding and soldering. also, brazed aluminum assemblies generally are between welded and soldered assemblies in strength and resistance to corrosion \" since soldering is done below 450 degrees c ( 840 degrees f ), aluminum filler alloys are not used in soldering aluminum. instead, solders for aluminum alloys are often zinc, tin, cadmium and lead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5379309891528641, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.489604"} {"text": "meet our supplements stay on the path of good health with nature made\u00ae the benefit of a great night ' s sleep did you know over 60 % of adults have trouble sleeping a few nights a week or more? our busy days can be so intense and thought - provoking that they can lead to sleepless nights. but being productive during the day is dependent on a good night ' s rest. besides feeling exhausted, there are other effects of not getting enough sleep : decreased performance and alertness - sleep deprivation reduces your alertness and leads to poor performance. reducing your sleep by as little as hours for a single night could result in a reduction of daytime alertness by as much as 32 %. memory and cognitive impairment - decreased alertness and excessive daytime sleepiness hinder your memory function along with your ability to think and process information. on the other hand, getting a great night ' s rest has major benefits : - learning and memory - sleep encourages your brain to commit new information to memory. - metabolism and weight - irregular sleep may cause weight gain, by affecting the way our bodies handle carbohydrates and altering hormone levels related to appetite. - mood - sleep loss has been known to result in more than just an inability to concentrate. it also leads to impatience and mood swings. - heart health - several serious sleep disorders are associated with hypertension, higher stress levels and irregular heartbeat. - immune health - lack of sleep weakens your body ' s immune function. these products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4427679795954266, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.491411"} {"text": "the one world vision is the ultimate stage of a conceptual evolution that started decades ago. this evolution produced several paradigm shifts that combine how we comprehend our world, and, as a result, how we try to deal with it. through the 70s and 80s, a technical understanding of impacts like acidification, eutrophication or stratospheric ozone loss prompted command and control approaches at the local and multilateral level, in the form of substance bans and compliance controls. in its 1987 report - our common future - the world commission on environment and developmentproclaimed the interdependency of human development and environmental progress, captured in the notion of sustainable development, and nurtured the elaboration of the 1992 rio summit \u2019 s agenda 21. it encouraged a system and life - cycle understanding of waste, carbon dioxide and other emissions and of overconsumption of water, fuels and other non - renewable resources. environmental progress could be achieved, despite society \u2019 s development and economic growth, through strategies of system redesign for eco - efficiency. economic growth could decouple from its negative environmental impacts thanks to business foresight, voluntary initiatives and covenants. innovation and new behaviors would spread through well - functioning and free markets with only light government interference. this new worldview was summed up in the \u201c three pillars : ecology - society - economy \u201d scheme. because of its complexity, it demands performance indicators that monitor behavior change and progress by businesses and other actors. thus, corporate social responsibility and public - private partnerships became the preferred modes of business action, shaped in dialogues with stakeholders and monitored through schemes like the global reporting initiative, the carbon disclosure project, the dow jones sustainability and other governance and accountability indexes. this ladder of expanding worldviews is embedded in the core of the one world vision. one world weaves together quality of life, equity and enhancement of our human and natural capitals. it relies on interdependent, purposeful, innovative individuals to achieve these ideals through the efficiency of markets. sustainable development, instead of being an \u201c end - of - pipe \u201d or \u201c add - on \u201d, becomes an integral part of the core business strategy. the one world vision is making its way into consumer values. a number of surveys show that concerns about social and environmental issues are on most people \u2019 s minds, in all countries. they express a willingness to take action and select products and suppliers based on their alignment with corporate responsibility principles. they also want products and services that perform and give good value while being rated as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5359844717519322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.497115"} {"text": "issues are on most people \u2019 s minds, in all countries. they express a willingness to take action and select products and suppliers based on their alignment with corporate responsibility principles. they also want products and services that perform and give good value while being rated as more sustainable. nonetheless, only about 1 in 5 people go all the way to adjust lifestyle, behavior and purchasing decisions. most feel they cannot evaluate the sustainability merits on their own or they lack the purchasing power to afford a premium for environmental quality. support from governments to provide practical rules and education is essential to turn this willingness into trust in environmental claims and action. while numerous think tanks and international summits have articulated the ideas around sustainability and green growth, our political systems have difficulty coping with such a holistic, high - level and constantly - evolving notion. they are set to maintain a harmonious society where every individual is able to satisfy its own needs and desires without harming the human rights of others. rooted in the 19th century, this principle is based on an abundance of resources and confidence in education, science and technology to break through limits of scarcity. it relies on commerce and contracts to create and distribute wealth and thus ensure social peace. citizens delegate their power through the election of representatives who are expected to satisfy the interests of their electors through action, legislation and compliance. this vote is both a sanction of the performance of outgoing representatives and a support of the action plans of candidate representatives. this political system is naturally committed to rather personal, local and immediate interests and concerns. endangered species and unborn generations do not vote. even though inaction, now, may increase the probability of remote, irreversible future damage, it is practically impossible to allocate, today, the level of resources that would prevent an uncertain crisis, tomorrow. this requires a sufficient number of concerned citizens to elect representatives committed to such danger prevention and mitigation plans. the climate negotiations show, so far, that national delegates need to operate within the mandate of their domestic legislators and stick to local and near - present strategies rather than accept binding global, long - term emission ceilings based on predictive science. despite a rapid evolution of the concepts and ideal of sustainable development, progress on the ground, for real people and their environment, remains slow and difficult.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5083878129638251, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.498239"} {"text": "- achieving sustainable site design through low impact development practices - balancing security / safety and sustainability objectives - extensive vegetative roofs - life - cycle cost analysis ( lcca ) - low impact development technologies - mold and moisture dynamics - retrofitting existing buildings to improve sustainability and energy performance - sustainable laboratory design - sustainable o & m practices - water conservation extensive vegetative roofs last updated : 11 - 27 - 2012 within this page the intent of this guide is to provide information regarding the state of the art of vegetative roof design and construction. vegetative roofs, also known as green roofs, are thin layers of living vegetation installed on top of conventional flat or sloping roofs. we have chosen to use the word \" vegetative \" rather than the word \" green \" in this guide because a non - vegetative roof could be considered to be environmentally \" green \" without being vegetative. for example, due to it being white and therefore mitigating heat gain within the building and reducing heat island contribution, a white non - vegetative roof might be considered as being \" green \" or environmentally friendly. in other words, \" green \" has too broad of a connotation to be clear for use in this guide, and we recommend that the industry adopt the nomenclature \" vegetative, \" rather than the overly broad \" green. \" vegetative roofs are divided into two categories : 1 ) extensive vegetative roofs, which are 6 inches or shallower and are frequently designed to satisfy specific engineering and performance goals, and 2 ) intensive vegetative roofs, which may become quite deep and merge into more familiar on - structure plaza landscapes with promenades, lawn, large perennial plants, and trees. with respect to the vegetative overburden, this guide addresses only the more shallow extensive vegetative roofs. figure 1. four seasons hotel, boston, ma. designed by roofscapes, installed in 2004. in 2009 apex green roof began maintaining the roof. system depth : 4 inches the challenge in designing extensive vegetative roofs is to replicate many of the benefits of vegetative open space, while keeping them light and affordable. thus, the new generation of vegetative roofs relies on a marriage of the sciences of horticulture, waterproofing, and engineering. the most common 4 extensive vegetative roof cover in temperate climates is a single un - irrigated 3 - to 4 - inch layer of lightweight growth media vegetative with succulent plants and herbs. in most climates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.500851586598548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.547372"} {"text": ", and engineering. the most common 4 extensive vegetative roof cover in temperate climates is a single un - irrigated 3 - to 4 - inch layer of lightweight growth media vegetative with succulent plants and herbs. in most climates, a properly designed 3 - inch deep vegetative roof cover will provide a durable, low maintenance system that can realize the many benefits that vegetative roofs have to offer. some manufacturers consider a landscape up to 8 inches deep to be extensive systems. all well - designed extensive vegetative roofs include subsystems responsible for : figure 2. generic extensive green roof on a concrete deck image courtesy of american hydrotech figure 3. generic extensive green roof on a steel deck image courtesy of american hydrotech a wide range of methods can achieve these functions. for instance, drainage layers may consist of plastic sheets, fabric or synthetic mats, or granular mineral layers. similarly, the physical properties and performance characteristics of growing media ( engineered soils ) and plant materials may vary with the climate, plant community, or engineering requirements. figure 2 shows a generic cut - away of a common type of vegetative roof assembly that utilizes a lower granular drainage layer in combination with an upper growth medium or substrate. the selection of a particular approach may depend on performance - related considerations, such as runoff control, drought - tolerance, biodiversity, appearance, or accessibility to the public. while many pre - engineered systems are currently available, it is frequently necessary to customize these systems to satisfy specific performance objectives. there are many potential benefits associated with extensive vegetative roofs. these include : - controlling storm water runoff - improving water quality - mitigating urban heat - island effects - prolonging the service life of roofing materials - conserving energy - reducing sound reflection and transmission - improving the aesthetic environment in both work and home settings - mitigation of wildlife as a result vegetative roofs may be appropriate as an addition to many types of buildings, including commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential settings. on the other hand, the additional cost, possible water usage to irrigate the plants, and required ongoing maintenance may make them less appropriate. 1. controlling storm water runoff the rapid runoff of storm water from paved areas and roofs contributes to destructive flooding, erosion, pollution, and habitat destruction. the capacity of vegetative roofs to moderate this runoff through both retention ( water holding ) and detention ( flow - slowing ) properties has been well - documented in europe and increasingly in the united states. vegetative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46112461366173263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.548631"} {"text": ", pollution, and habitat destruction. the capacity of vegetative roofs to moderate this runoff through both retention ( water holding ) and detention ( flow - slowing ) properties has been well - documented in europe and increasingly in the united states. vegetative roofs share many engineering features with conventional storm water management basins, and compared to many at - grade storm water management practices, vegetative roof covers are unobtrusive and reliable. vegetative roofs may offer the only practical \" at - source \" technique for controlling runoff in areas that do not have adequate space on the ground to readily accommodate other methods of water retention. vegetative roof covers are particularly effective at controlling runoff on the large roofs typical of commercial and institutional buildings because typically a greater portion of these roofs can be vegetative than on other building types. reducing the volume and rate of runoff is important in urban areas because of flooding and water quality impacts ( see water quality, below ), and also in watersheds that drain to streams and other natural water bodies where uncontrolled urban runoff can lead to stream bank erosion and channel degradation, and decreased baseflow. vegetative roofs provide a means to mitigate some of these impacts from building development projects, particularly when used as part of a suite of low - impact development ( lid ) practices. many jurisdictions ( i. e. seattle, portland, and philadelphia, to name a few ) advocate for a combination of lid practices including vegetative roofs, rainwater harvesting, permeable paving, and bio - retention \" rain gardens \" to mitigate site impacts on water resources while creating \" vegetative storm water infrastructure \". the ultimate storm runoff benefit that can be achieved by a vegetative roof cover is determined primarily by the climate patterns at the site and the design of the system ( thickness, media type, and drainage layer construction ). they can be designed to achieve specified levels of storm water runoff control, including reductions in both total annual runoff volume and peak runoff rates for storms. careful selection of material properties, such as the water holding capacity and permeability rates of the growing media, can enhance annual runoff volume reduction and peak flow reduction capacity of the vegetative roof. many western u. s. states have water rights laws that restrict how rainwater landing on a property may be used, as it is considered to be a water - of - the - state. for vegetative roof systems, particularly systems where runoff may be harvested for re - use or irrigation purposes, designers are advised to check", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49831517876662235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.549684"} {"text": "landing on a property may be used, as it is considered to be a water - of - the - state. for vegetative roof systems, particularly systems where runoff may be harvested for re - use or irrigation purposes, designers are advised to check with local municipalities to verify the acceptance of vegetative roofs, and specific local agency requirements for such systems. in contrast, some municipalities such as chicago have taken the approach of mandating vegetative roofs on new building projects because of the host of benefits it brings to built - out urban areas. other jurisdictions offer substantial tax benefits and subsidies to promulgate vegetative roofs ( portland, oregon, and new york for instance ). reliable techniques for predicting the rate and quantity of runoff from vegetative roof covers have been used successfully to design integrated storm water management measures in germany, where large zero - discharge developments that rely heavily on vegetative roofs are already operating. in the u. s., studies have been performed to monitor the performance of vegetative roofs with regard to storm water runoff. magnusson klemencic associates, a seattle based engineering consulting firm, evaluated and monitored the storm water control performance of five different vegetative roof systems from 2005 to 2007 in the pacific northwest climate. even though this climatic region is characterized by a long rainy season where soils and media are frequently saturated, storm water control capacity was demonstrated for the large storms that can cause urban flooding and sewer overflows. for other climatic regions and smaller storms, vegetative roofs typically have greater capacity for runoff control. water retained by a vegetative roof cover is ultimately returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration processes. in climatic zones where substantial rainfall occurs during summer months, when evapotranspiration rates are highest, the vegetative roof is able to retain substantial amounts of rainfall and reduce annual runoff volumes. however, in climatic zones characterized by summer droughts and extended winter \" wet seasons \", such as the pacific northwest region, the capacity to reduce annual runoff may be limited by the lack of availability of rainfall during the peak evapotranspiration periods. reducing runoff volume is a goal of some sustainability metrics, or may be required to restore the health of aquatic resources ( e. g. fisheries / salmon runs ). how can runoff volume be reduced? through evapotranspiration, infiltration into the ground, or using harvested water. that being said, if you can do at - grade landscaping \u2014 i. e. rain gardens,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49177140876558406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.550723"} {"text": "salmon runs ). how can runoff volume be reduced? through evapotranspiration, infiltration into the ground, or using harvested water. that being said, if you can do at - grade landscaping \u2014 i. e. rain gardens, bio - swales, etc., it will almost always be more economical than a vegetative roof. 2. improving water quality by reducing both the volume and the rate of storm water runoff, vegetative roofs benefit cities with combined sewer overflow ( cso ) impacts. in cities with combined storm and wastewater sewer systems, storm water dilutes the sanitary waste water, rendering treatment less efficient. during heavy rainfalls these systems also overflow, discharging raw sewage mixed with runoff into the receiving streams, harbors, or oceans, resulting in ecological damage and human health hazards. therefore, important water quality benefits ( reducing cso ) are achieved by controlling runoff in those situations. in addition, in urban areas, up to 30 % of total nitrogen and total phosphorus released into receiving waterways is derived from dust that accumulates on rooftops. acting as natural bio - filtration devices, vegetative roofs reduce this water contamination. in the potsdamer platz district of berlin, extensive vegetative roofs have been employed on a large scale in an effort to reduce pollution of the river spree. this is only a factor when an entire community practices storm water reduction, however. this program has demonstrated that extensive vegetative roofs can achieve large reductions in nutrient releases from roofs ; however, the research also shows that the correct choices of growing medium and plant types are essential for success. in some states in the western united states, there are laws that prohibit harvesting of stormwater. however, it appears that some of these laws are being eased. check with your local code authority. 3. mitigating urban heat - island effects covering dark conventional roofs with vegetative roofs can significantly reduce the temperature above the roof. vegetative roofs have been shown in several studies, including the referenced columbia university study, to provide comparable benefits to white or reflective roof surfaces in reducing the ambient air temperature. unlike white roofs, which tend to lose the ability to reduce temperature as they age, vegetative roofs continue to have the ability to mitigate the heat island effect. 4. prolonging the service life of roofing materials forty years of apparently good experience with vegetative roofs in germany suggests that they may have value in protecting waterproofing materials. the multiple layers of the ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46249704999583446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.551755"} {"text": "the heating season. one must take into consideration, however, the added cost of vegetative roofs. the comparison to be made is whether adding more insulation would be a more cost - effective solution. vegetative roofs are potential energy savers, but the degree to which they do so is unclear at this time. the impact is highly dependent upon climate conditions and the insulation level of the underlying roof. for the most part, vegetative roofs have very little impact on building energy consumption for a new building built to modern energy codes ( with high levels of roof insulation ). some retrofit applications, however, can result in non - trivial savings of both air - conditioning and heating. vegetative roofs may provide significant cooling savings in the summer and some heating savings in the winter. but the research to date is not clear on the subject of the quantification of savings in real - world applications. the bottom line on energy might be summed up by this quote from joe lstiburek in footnote 3 to his building science insight 052, \" seeing red over green roofs : \" \" the assumptions are pretty important. green roofs save energy compared to uninsulated roofs or poorly insulated roofs or even better, black poorly insulated roofs. once you have more than r - 20 in a roof assembly, that is, you meet the code, things pretty much don ' t matter. in other words, go above r - 20, and make green roof decisions for other reasons than energy. see ' potential energy savings of various roof technologies ' by s. ray and l. glicksman presented at buildings xi conference, and check out figure 9. note that grass, even when it is green, has a greater solar absorptance than a white membrane. the real effect of the grass comes from the evaporation of water. but that takes water, and you might not always have some. if you want to do the water evaporation thing, you probably could do as good a job by sprinkling the top of a white reflective roof. when the grass goes brown, forget about any energy benefit ; also, be very worried about fire. \" 6. reducing sound reflection and transmission vegetative roofs have important acoustical benefits, especially for higher frequency sounds. the added weight of a vegetative roof results in an increased degree of sound insulation. vegetative roofs can absorb a portion of the sound that otherwise bounces off hard roofing surfaces. see the referenced ghent university study for more information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5180135357149983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.554140"} {"text": ". the added weight of a vegetative roof results in an increased degree of sound insulation. vegetative roofs can absorb a portion of the sound that otherwise bounces off hard roofing surfaces. see the referenced ghent university study for more information. 7. improving the aesthetic environment figure 4. peco main office building, philadlephia. 43, 000 square feet. 3 inches of lightweight green roof media, unirrigated. established from pre - grown sedum mats. installed over sarnafil pvc membrane. green roof design by roofmeadow. roofing by sika sarnafil. competed winter 2008. vegetative roofs offer interesting new opportunities for architectural design. a vegetative roof can allow a structure to merge with the surrounding landscape, provide a dramatic accent, or reinforce the defining aspects of the structure ' s geometry. in germany \u2014 and increasingly in the united states \u2014 vegetative roofs are frequently integrated into the design of hospitals and care facilities in order to provide a more restful and restorative environment for patients. similarly, multi - unit residences and hotels will find that vegetative roof - top views substantially enhance property values. in commercial settings, job satisfaction and effectiveness can be enhanced by providing window views of meadows or flower beds or relaxing garden areas for breaks or meetings. in most cases, restricting public access to extensive vegetative roofs can help to keep the building costs down, and reduce safety risk mitigation measures. when public access is allowed to vegetative roofs or other roof areas, additional building requirements usually apply. accessible roof areas must include additional \" live loads \" in the structural analysis of the building. these areas would also include safety features such as railings and access ways that meet building codes for public areas. in those areas where public access is desired, frequently owners and architects will employ an intensive vegetative roof because the more robust building structure that results from applying the more stringent live loads will support the weight of the deeper growing media, which in turn can accommodate a wider range of uses such as lawn areas, vegetable gardens, or park - like settings that take advantage of the expanded planting palettes that are achievable with increased growing media depth. 8. mitigation of wildlife vegetative roofs will attract wildlife. this is not desirable on an extensive vegetative roof, which is not designed to support these habitats. insects, spiders, snails, birds, and rodents ( rats, mice, squirrels ) all promote damage to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4770289284873378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.555219"} {"text": "systems. - cost of materials and labor. - local fire code restrictions. - wind uplift forces. - design life. - leed considerations. - substrate provided. - building movement. - construction sequencing. - odors generated. - snow loads and overburden loads. - orientation of the building as it relates to surrounding buildings and shading. - security and fall protection. - combined warranty / maintenance period, and follow on warranty - required maintenance. during the design process, several professionals on the design team may need to participate. besides the architect and the structural engineer, participation by a landscape architect and a soils consultant may be required. the compatibility of the vegetative roof assembly, fertilizers, natural pest mitigation and chemical pesticides ( not recommended ) with the waterproofing or membrane roofing is a critical design consideration, and consultation with waterproofing or roofing system manufacturers is usually necessary. origination of the soil medium is very important, to understand the potential risks of transporting destructive or non - native pests to a vegetative roof environment ( example : engineered soils may originate in the southern u. s. native fire ant eggs, larvae, or adults may be transported to other locations where they are not native, but always considered a safety risk and a nuisance. ) standard landscaping work considers plant hardiness ; tolerance for sun and shade ; and preference for wet, dry, rich, poor, alkaline, or acid soils as the major concerns to influence plant selection. vegetative roof assembly design must consider important additional factors such as the loads of saturated growing media and mature plants on building structure, the effect of wind and erosion on lightweight growing media elevated above normal grade, the temperature of the growing media around plant root systems, the depths of the growing media appropriate for plant root systems, and the risk of brush fire posed by seasonal or drought - condition dieback of some plant varieties if they are unattended. the last factor explains why succulents, which retain water in their leaves, are often used in vegetative roofs. b. integration with green design vegetative roofs can be designed in conjunction with solar panels, and also work very well in combination with other ' low - impact ' development measures, such as infiltration beds, rain gardens, bio - retention systems, cisterns and rain barrels. it is commonplace in germany to find large developments that have zero runoff discharge. in these developments, rainfall is captured on the vegetative roofs, returned to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46869669603626063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.557653"} {"text": "infiltration beds, rain gardens, bio - retention systems, cisterns and rain barrels. it is commonplace in germany to find large developments that have zero runoff discharge. in these developments, rainfall is captured on the vegetative roofs, returned to ground water through infiltration, and re - used for irrigation, toilet flushing, etc. c. examples of extensive green roofs in north america forty years of german experience and research indicates that extensive vegetative roofs will succeed in most climates, if properly designed. with appropriate plant selection, sufficient drainage, and adequate structural support for the additional dead weight, vegetative roofs can survive winter ice build - up and potential summer droughts. in north america, examples of extensive vegetative roof projects are present in all climate zones. because the few north american roofs that have been built to date demonstrate such a wide variety of settings and approaches, it is impossible to highlight \" representative \" case studies here. however, many updated case studies of vegetative roof projects, including both extensive and intensive designs, are available at green roofs for healthy cities. d. waterproofing, protection course, leak detection, root barrier, and insulation 1. waterproofing membrane many premium roofing and waterproofing materials have been used in combination with vegetative roof installations. these include, but are not limited to polyvinyl chloride ( pvc ) ethylene propylene diene monomer ( epdm ), modified bituminous sheet roofing membranes with liquid membrane deck prep, hot fluid - applied polymer - modified rubberized - asphalt waterproofing membranes, and other proprietary roof membranes available that the design team may consider with proper investigation. other materials are likely to enter the industry as their suitability is proven in certification testing and prototype installations. however, in general, the membrane or the membrane combined with the root barrier used in all vegetative roof applications should exhibit the following properties : - high puncture resistance. - resistance to chemicals ( e. g. fertilizer ). - low water absorption. - low vapor transmission. - be approved by the manufacturer for use with ponded water. - be certified as passing a rigorous test for root penetration and biological test ( existing recognized procedures are fll and the swiss insurance agency ) if the assembly does not include a root barrier. most epdm and asphaltic membrane manufacturers require a root barrier. it is recommended that a root barrier protect all membranes. - have a track record of use as waterproofing in buried applications. - have manufacturer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4975910121170668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.558747"} {"text": "assembly does not include a root barrier. most epdm and asphaltic membrane manufacturers require a root barrier. it is recommended that a root barrier protect all membranes. - have a track record of use as waterproofing in buried applications. - have manufacturer - approved details suitable for the conditions on the project. - one source warranty from waterproofing through vegetation. worldwide, modified bituminous membranes, pvcs and hot fluid - applied rubberized asphalts are the most common. many of these installations have now been in place for over 30 years. interfacing of different systems is challenging and requires careful thought and attention to detail. where possible, the designer should consider the use of a single manufacturer for the interfacing systems. when joining systems of differing manufacturers, issues arise related to compatibility of products, warranty extents, long - term durability, and detailing concerns that could be avoided with a single manufacturer. selection of membranes for waterproofing would prioritize systems compatible with a fully adhered waterproofing membrane, protection course, root barrier, drainage layer, moisture - resistant insulation, aeration layer, moisture - retention layer, reservoir layer, and filter fabric layer. preferably, these components are installed above the membrane in a protected membrane roof assembly ( pmr ) often referred to as an inverted roof membrane assembly ( irma ) as follows : if the deck is reinforced concrete, use reinforced, minimum 215 mil thick hot fluid - applied rubberized asphalt, applied directly to the deck, in a protected membrane roof assembly ( pmr ) often referred to as an inverted roof membrane assembly ( irma ). many waterproofing experts recommend this membrane as the premiere waterproofing product, especially where there is an overburden ( planting or paving ) that is expensive to remove and where the spaces beneath are of importance. the use of an adhered membrane prevents leaks from migrating laterally from the course of entry. if the deck is a steel deck, appropriate roof substrate sheathing ( i. e., gypsum based boards, plywood ) may be secured to the metal deck and the fully reinforced rubberized asphalt membrane applied to the surface. in many cases, the joints between substrate boards will need to be pre - detailed with rubberized asphalt membrane and appropriate reinforcing prior to the full membrane application ). odor management during installation should be a consideration in the use of this system. a second choice would be two layers of modified bituminous rubberized asphalt cold - applied self adhering ( use low", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5080647005861273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.560178"} {"text": "reinforcing prior to the full membrane application ). odor management during installation should be a consideration in the use of this system. a second choice would be two layers of modified bituminous rubberized asphalt cold - applied self adhering ( use low voc cold adhesive or there could be adverse effect on plants ) membrane, set in liquid rubberized asphalt with aromatic isocyanurate polyol liquid waterproofing membrane. a third choice would be cold liquid - applied polyurethanes. these systems are fully bonded to the deck. a fourth choice would be a composite thermoplastic waterproofing membrane with an active polymer core and sealed seams. note that some asphalt - modified polyurethanes exhibit variable permeance due to thickness variations in installation : too thin can lead to osmotic permeance and blistering. too thick can lead to exotherming. conventional ( non pmr ) configurations are sometimes employed with the insulation below the membrane. in these instances where the designer prefers the conventional configuration, membrane preferences should be either 80 mil reinforced pvc or 90 mil reinforced epdm with all seams sealed and taped. unlike irma roofs these systems have the drawback that they do not position the roof membrane directly over a permanent or semi - permanent substrate and typically do not provide insulating assemblies that are highly resistant to water and physical damage. these roof designs cannot prohibit or highly discourage the entrapment of water within the roof assembly and the membrane and insulation design is not conducive to in - place reuse or recycle in future roof iterations. a conventional configuration may be somewhat more desirable in warmer climates, where the addition of a vapor retarder below the insulation would not be required. see the discussion below, under insulation regarding vapor barriers. note that as of this writing a conventional configuration is required by some insurance underwriters. the first objective is to design to avoid leaks. construction oversight must find constructed leaks. existing roof substrates must be inspected for leaks. the easiest leaks to find are when a membrane is fully bonded to a concrete substrate, as it is nearly impossible for the leak to travel horizontally under the membrane. although some membrane manufacturers assert that their waterproofing membrane products perform simultaneously as root barriers, a root barrier should always be installed over a waterproofing membrane with vegetation above. matrix of waterproofing systems ( in order of preference ) | reinforced hot fluid - applied rubberized asphalt | | modified bitumen set in liquid rubberized asphalt | | composite the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5159693294565948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.562476"} {"text": "should always be installed over a waterproofing membrane with vegetation above. matrix of waterproofing systems ( in order of preference ) | reinforced hot fluid - applied rubberized asphalt | | modified bitumen set in liquid rubberized asphalt | | composite thermoplastic membrane with an active polymer core | | conventional ( non pmr ) single - ply membrane | provide for proper waterproofing terminations and counterflashing at or ( preferably ) above grade, either lapped into through - wall flashing at the backup wall or ( where this is not possible ) tucked into flashed reglets at the face as required by the specific material supplier / manufacture. refer to referenced nrca manuals for guidance. test substrates and adjacent materials for bond and compatibility. the dryness of concrete substrates can be tested with simple poly tests ( astm d4263 ) for moisture content. peel test initial applications for proper bond to the substrate. in certain conditions such as when vapor drive is to the interior or when a concrete deck has been given a smooth finish, the results of the astm d4263 test procedure may not result in condensation being visible on the underside of the plastic sheet even though the concrete slab may be relatively wet. in such cases, a drilled - in moisture probe will give the relative humidity in the concrete, but it is not known at this time what relative humidity is acceptable. the roofing industry is looking into this. there is also a concern in the roofing industry that structural lightweight concrete decks may retain a high relative humidity for an extended period of time and could thus adversely affect the installed waterproofing membrane. caution is urged regarding the use of single ply roof membranes manufactured in the united states in vegetative assemblies. us materials should not be justified based on european precedents. there are substantial differences between the actual products and installation and climate and very different performance results. be sure that the membrane is the exact same in every way to the physical characteristics and manufacturing as in the european precedent. also, the designer should verify that all of the conditions of the climate, adjacent materials, and substrates are the same. finally, is the quality of construction the same? as noted in the draft astm standard standard guide for selection of roofing / waterproofing membrane systems for vegetative ( green ) roof systems, \" exposed surfaces of the roofing / waterproofing membrane system ( e. g. flashings and penetrations ) may become the most important factor in determining the longevity of an installation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4691108876004312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.563846"} {"text": "between a swift release of excess water, which is beneficial, and the risk of damage / degradation of certain materials, which is undesirable, should be sought. steeper slope ( up to 4 % ) may help with drainage and may help reduce ponding, which could be desirable for wood or light steel framed systems susceptible to excessive deflection. in accordance with nrca, verify that deflection allowable under the structural design does not result in ponding. verify that local code, membrane manufacturer or owner ' s standards do not require steeper slope. benefits of steeper slope are offset by excessively thick insulation ( if tapered insulation is used ), increased number of roof drains with increase in associated piping, and potentially higher perimeter walls or parapets. as noted in the draft astm standard standard guide for selection of roofing / waterproofing membrane systems for vegetative ( green ) roof systems, \" vegetative roof systems can be adversely affected by either excessive or insufficient drainage capacity. the first concern of the designer when addressing drainage should be to insure that the system can efficiently percolate and discharge the underflow associated with mandated design storms. unless specifically designed to generate surface runoff, vegetative roof systems should not experience ponding or surface flow when subjected to rainfall events that would be normal for a typical year. all drains and scuppers should be protected from clogging caused by accumulation of foliage or debris. conventional ' beehive ' or ' bonnet ' strainers are not suitable for this purpose. chambers with removable lids are recommended for use at all drains and scuppers. surrounding all drains and scuppers and depressions where underflow concentrates, coarse stone aggregate should be placed to facilitate percolation and horizontal flow toward the drainage facilities. the second concern of the designer should be to avoid excessive drainage of the vegetative roof system which may lead to perennially stressed conditions for the plants and, in extreme conditions, plant mortality. \" in all instances, materials, methods of installation and quality assurance / quality control procedures must be more stringent when vegetative roof installation is involved. waterproofing materials cannot withstand decades of root and biological attack unaided. provide a root barrier, as discussed elsewhere, to protect the membrane. for information and standards pertaining to waterproofing materials, consult the national roofing contractors association ( nrca ) or astm international ( astm ). matrix of extensive roof waterproofing systems x see note 1 x see note", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4771306530454401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.566063"} {"text": "protect the membrane. for information and standards pertaining to waterproofing materials, consult the national roofing contractors association ( nrca ) or astm international ( astm ). matrix of extensive roof waterproofing systems x see note 1 x see note 2 see note 2 note 1 : fm global requires 8 inches of growth media with a pmr configuration ( see section 184. 108. 40. 206. 2 of fm 1 - 35 ). hence, they do not allow an extensive vegetative roof in this configuration, because an extensive vegetative roof is less than 6 inches thick, by definition. fm global is approving vegetative roofs for fire resistance ( mostly sedums ), but not for wind uplift as of this writing. note 2 : fm global allows a vegetated roof over a steel deck with an appropriate fm fire test and suggests ( par. 220. 127. 116. 11 of fm loss prevention data sheet 1 - 35 ) that vegetated roofs be evaluated for interior fire exposure ( as regards a class i or class ii rating ) in the same manner as for conventional roofing systems on metal deck. for more information on waterproofing systems, refer to the below grade systems chapter of the building envelope design guide. 2. protection course a protection course ( pc ) is typically only required for hot fluid applied systems. this is typically a modified bitumen ( mb ) base ply approximately 80 mils thick with a sanded surface. this mb ply gets embedded into the top layer of hot fluid applied membrane while the membrane is still hot and tacky. this pc becomes integral with the membrane forming a very robust monolithic system. other materials, provided they are compatible with system components, may be used for a protection course such as : asphaltic boards, ( 1 / 8 \" or 1 / 4 \" thick, typically 4 by 8 foot sheets ) and extruded polystyrene boards or pvc sheets, as applicable for the waterproofing membrane system ( e. g. do not use asphaltic board with pvc membranes ). 3. leak detection verify the integrity of the waterproofing membrane prior to installing the overburden. leak detection should always be performed prior to the installation of protection boards and non - conductive root barriers to allow more precise location of leaks. inexpensive methods for locating damaged waterproofing are available. these include spray testing, standing water flood testing, flowing water testing and the electric leak detection procedure. the latter can sometimes even locate leaks underneath overbu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4699330989302716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.567172"} {"text": "barriers to allow more precise location of leaks. inexpensive methods for locating damaged waterproofing are available. these include spray testing, standing water flood testing, flowing water testing and the electric leak detection procedure. the latter can sometimes even locate leaks underneath overburden that is not too deep. a standing water test can be conducted by plugging the drains and creating dams to contain water to a depth of 2 \" minimum at the high point for 24 \u2013 48 hours. see astm d 5957 for guidance. for existing roof substrates, verify roof detailing exists to accommodate this test method. also, care must be taken so the weight of water retained does not exceed the load - carrying capacity of the structural deck. a flowing water test is conducted by applying a continuous flow of water across the entire membrane without plugging drains for a period of 24 \u2010 48 hours. electric leak detection is the preferred method of leak detection where scope and funding allow. low and high voltage leak detection methods are available. there is, and probably will continue to be, disagreement as to which method is better. some of the pros and cons are given below. electric leak detection provides the precise location of leaks, but is generally not acceptable for use with black epdm membranes due to the high conductivity of carbon black in the membrane. low voltage ( lv ) testing : with lv testing the surface of the roof membrane is moistened ( not flooded ) to create an electrically conductive medium. a conductive wire loop is laid out on the membrane around a section of the area to be tested. the wire can be left in place, so that the roof can be retested for leaks after installation of overburden. lv testing can be done in the rain. however, elements such as roof drains may need to be inspected and tested separately because they must be isolated from the electric leak detection process. if a vapor retarder is part of the roof system, it may limit the effective use of low voltage testing. also, concrete decks m ay not be able to be tested if a pmr / irma system is used or a conventional configuration that is not mechanically fastened is used, unless a stainless steel grid screen is installed on the deck, below the membrane, to create a conductive field. high voltage ( hv ) testing : hv testing may take less time to perform compared to lv testing. also, areas immediately adjacent to elements such as drains can be tested. the membrane must be dry. laps may be more difficult to test than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4991705692271691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.568188"} {"text": "voltage ( hv ) testing : hv testing may take less time to perform compared to lv testing. also, areas immediately adjacent to elements such as drains can be tested. the membrane must be dry. laps may be more difficult to test than with lv testing. as a result, white epdm may be difficult to test, as well as black epdm. care must be taken not to damage the membrane due to the high voltage. tests must be run and baseline readings taken to calibrate the equipment to prevent damage. for more information on leak detection systems, refer to the wbdg resource page on membrane integrity testing. 4. root barrier typically, root barriers are in the form of hdpe ( high density polyethylene ) or reinforced pvc. depending upon the selection of plants, this membrane is between 10 mils to 30 mils thick. if there are laps they should be thermally fused. in the case of certain highly aggressive plants, a minimum 60 \u2013 mil thick hdpe with welded seams should be utilized. bamboo should not be used on a vegetative roof, due to the rhizomes ( tips ) that can penetrate many root barriers. in some cases, the manufacturer of the mb protection course will infuse this layer with a root - inhibiting chemical, such as copper hydroxide. however, there is some evidence that, over time, these chemicals will breakdown, which reduces effectiveness, and leach off the roofs into the receiving runoff. copper hydroxide root barriers are banned in several european countries and canada. insulation should be located above the membrane, at least in cold climates or with high - humidity occupancies. in cold climates and with high humidity occupancies the need for a vapor retarder below the insulation would thereby create two vapor retarders ( the waterproofing and the vapor retarder below the insulation ). it is recommended to avoid two vapor retarders because any water that might get between them would be trapped and not be able to dry outward or inward. it is suggested that the designer either perform a dew point analysis or refer to the nrca roofing and waterproofing manual for design calculations to determine if a vapor retarder below the insulation is required. the safest route is to locate the insulation above the waterproofing membrane in a protected roof membrane ( prm ) or \" irma \" configuration, thereby avoiding the issues related to double vapor barriers. when necessary, multi - level drains to capture water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5087045435901305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.569249"} {"text": "safest route is to locate the insulation above the waterproofing membrane in a protected roof membrane ( prm ) or \" irma \" configuration, thereby avoiding the issues related to double vapor barriers. when necessary, multi - level drains to capture water from both the surface of the vegetative roof or ballast or paving and from the surface of the waterproofing membrane. use only extruded polystyrene insulation because it does not absorb water, especially if ( when ) the insulation is located above the waterproofing membrane as is recommended above. boards need to be specifically manufactured for this application. to account for the r - value reduction due to the minor water absorption that occurs in pmr roofs, it is recommended that the designer reduce the board ' s initial r - value by 10 %. e. moisture retention / drainage composites and filter fabric 1. moisture retention / drainage composites ( panels ) the primary function of these composites is to retain and store water for future evapo - transpiration for the plants. these composites consist of a high - strength dimpled water - retention polymeric core laminated with a top soil filter fabric and bottom protection fabric. they retain various amounts of water, based on their design and thickness ranging from 0. 06 gal / ft\u00b2 to 0. 16 gal / ft\u00b2. 2. filter fabric a separate filter fabric is not needed when using a moisture retention / drainage composite that integrates a filter fabric. a separate filter fabric must be added for : 1 ) moisture retention / drainage composites that do not include a topside filter fabric, or 2 ) aggregate drainage layers, or 3 ) moisture retention / drainage composites that are designed to be in - filled with drainage aggregate. the primary function is to keep fines from the growing media out of the drainage layer below. this fabric is typically a non - woven polypropylene or polyester geotextile that is non - biodegradable, tear resistant and has high water permeability. fabric should also be used to protect flashing membranes from direct contact with media at perimeters and penetrations. non - woven filter fabrics should not be used where the growing media has a high clay content, as the non - woven material can get clogged, thus impeding water flow. where the growing media has a clay content greater than 15 %, a woven filter should be utilized, due to its superior capability to filter fine materials without clogging. to quote edmund and lucie snodgrass from their book, \" green", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4639629121332471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.571273"} {"text": ". where the growing media has a clay content greater than 15 %, a woven filter should be utilized, due to its superior capability to filter fine materials without clogging. to quote edmund and lucie snodgrass from their book, \" green roof plants, \" \" their benefits notwithstanding, vegetative roofs present a number of challenges that must be understood and addressed if they are to succeed in north america as more than high - end amenities or environmental anomalies. first, the paradigm must shift away from thinking of vegetative roofs as ' regular ' gardens, only elevated. they are not like regular gardens ; unlike natural landscapes, vegetative roofs have no equivalent in nature. they are engineered, fabricated systems and thus present unknowns for most landscape designers, architects and installers. \" 2. growing media the growing media should be a well - drained engineered mineral soil and must be carefully designed for grain - size distribution, void ratio, moisture retention, etc. aged compost should have been covered to protect it from weed seeds. in cold climates the media should also be resistant to breakdown from freeze / thaw. the organic matter content should be based on the manufacturer ' s recommendations for the climate conditions, plantings and specific application. variation can exist from project to project. no two manufacturers or installers will recommend exactly the same system for the same project. due diligence is highly recommended. in many areas of the united states it is possible to design vegetative roofs without irrigation. that being said, it is essential to provide hose bibs where an irrigation system has not been used in case irrigation should become necessary. even in arid climates, the demand for irrigation water can be greatly reduced by introducing water at the bottom of the vegetative roof profile. however, during the 2 - 3 year establishment period, most plants will require water to be introduced at the top or near the top of the profile until the root system becomes more fully extended. spray irrigation should be avoided, except as a temporary means of irrigation during establishment or during emergency drought conditions. the design of the vegetative roof profile should encourage plant roots to grow to the base of the profile. filter fabrics should be ' root permeable. ' the total thickness of the profile should not exceed the natural root depth of the plants selected for the plant community. also from snodgrass, \" since extensive vegetative roofs are traditionally non - irrigated and consist mostly of lightweight, inorganic medium, a plant specification list for a vegetative roof", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42938000091363693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.572426"} {"text": "depth of the plants selected for the plant community. also from snodgrass, \" since extensive vegetative roofs are traditionally non - irrigated and consist mostly of lightweight, inorganic medium, a plant specification list for a vegetative roof is quite different from one for a ground - level garden. this point cannot be overstated ; most herbaceous perennials, including natives, that otherwise might work well for the hardiness zone of a given roof still will not be suitable for a vegetative roof microclimate. in addition, the average inorganic vegetative roof medium will not support most large root systems or their nutritional requirements, further limiting plant choices to those with shallow root systems and an ability to store water. \" all vegetative roof planting plans should include drought - tolerant ever ground - covering plants. varieties should be selected that are adapted to the particular climate, keeping in mind that conditions on roofs are more severe than on the ground. in general, initial plant densities should be greater than recommended for similar ground plantings. in temperate climates, varieties of sedum are particularly well adapted for this purpose. different ground - covering plants that may appropriate in other climates include species of : potentilla, carex, phlox, delosperma, crassula, portulaca, and aloe. in some instances it will make sense to establish a stable ground cover before introducing other plants. to provide a vigorous multi - seasonal ground cover and to minimize problems associated with disease, insects, or climatic stresses, it is best to avoid large drifts of a single species. there are four methods for establishing plants : direct seeding, plug planting, pre - grown mats, and modular systems. g. ancillary aspects the minimum slope required by the international building code is 1 / 4 inch per foot. an ideal slope would be somewhere around one inch per foot. on a roof that is too flat, inadequate drainage can lead to damage to the membrane and plants. on the other hand, a steep slope will provide better drainage, but can lead to slippage of materials. 2. steep slope roof installations figure 5. amcol international building, hoffman estates, il to install extensive vegetative roof covers on pitches steeper than 2. 5 : 12 ( 12 degrees ) supplemental measures will be required to prevent sliding instability. varied building systems have been developed to support vegetative covers on steeply pitched roofs. pitched roof systems sometimes merge into vertical facade vegetative techniques. the systems used to stabilize pitched", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4416260430556116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.573419"} {"text": "12 degrees ) supplemental measures will be required to prevent sliding instability. varied building systems have been developed to support vegetative covers on steeply pitched roofs. pitched roof systems sometimes merge into vertical facade vegetative techniques. the systems used to stabilize pitched roof installations depend on the underlying structural capacity and design, and the steepness of the roof. these systems are typically placed above the waterproofing and are designed to accommodate movement of water through the vegetative roof components. the first level of intervention is to employ a geotechnical matting system ( for example, \" enkamat\u00ae \" ) that physically ties together the growing media and vegetation roots so the any localized slipping of material is held in check by the mass and friction of the overall assembly. as roof pitch increases above 4 : 12, a higher level of intervention is required to transfer the weight of the vegetative roof system to the structural framing system for the building. a professional specializing in sloped roof designs should be consulted for vegetative roofs on pitches steeper than 2 : 12. these systems are typically \" cellular \" ; a framing or geo - composite material creates void cells when placed, which are then filled with the growing media and planted, creating a \" matrix \" of reinforcing material and vegetative roof components. cables or tendons ( in tension ) within the matrix transfer the pull of gravity on the system upward to the ridge of the roof, where it can be physically tied to the structural frame for the buildings. several manufacturers also provide rigid cribbing style framing systems that transfer the load downward, and the weight of the vegetative roof \" matrix \" becomes a compressive load on the eave or parapet of the building. other methods such as adhered or fastened edging, composite nailers, \" stepped \" eps, etc. may also be employed. consult a structural engineer familiar with this type of construction. 3. wind resistance systems and structural loading comply with applicable code requirements for loading criteria, typically asce 7 and ansi / spri rp - 14 wind design standard for vegetative roofing systems. it is recommended to at least follow rp - 14, even if not required by code, to establish a minimum level of performance. follow the project ' s structural engineer ' s advice regarding allowable loads. as noted in the draft astm standard standard guide for selection of roofing / waterproofing membrane systems for vegetative ( green ) roof systems, \" the introduction of a vegetative roof system to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4897861142438132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.575071"} {"text": "s advice regarding allowable loads. as noted in the draft astm standard standard guide for selection of roofing / waterproofing membrane systems for vegetative ( green ) roof systems, \" the introduction of a vegetative roof system to a new or existing structure has an effect on both the live and dead loads. the addition of materials over the roofing / waterproofing membrane system associated with vegetative roof systems usually increases the dead load in varying amounts, based on the number, composition, and thickness of the layers of the system. because of the transient water retention capacity of vegetative roof systems, the live loads may increase as well. in accessible roofs, the live loads created by human occupants should be taken into account. minimum live load allowances for access by pedestrians, as well as by maintenance personnel apply in most jurisdictions... consideration of appropriate design loads is the responsibility of the project engineer and should be addressed before the vegetative roof system is designed. \" if the project is insured under fm global, then also comply with fm data sheet 1 - 28. note that fm tends to assume the most conservative situation, such as requiring that the designer assume that the vegetative cover may have blown off due to lack of moisture content. given the paucity of reliable data, some designers may wish to also make this assumption based on criticality of performance, expected maintenance and other criteria. fm global calls for a minimum of eight inches of vegetative roof media if it is to be used as ballast ( fm data sheet 1 - 35, par. 18. 104. 22. 168. 2 ). in addition, the design should use a safety factor of 1. 7 for wind uplift calculations based on data sheet 1 - 28. these requirements may be in excess of what would be required if the project is not fm insured. where a project requires compliance with fm loss prevention data sheets, those requirements govern where they are more stringent than those noted herein. calculations are required to prove that the ballast is adequate in preventing uplift on a project - by - project basis. if the project does not require compliance with fm loss prevention data sheets, then going less than that noted in data sheet 1 - 35 should be backed up by calculations. once plant material is gone and bare media is exposed, perhaps due to drought or lack of maintenance, there is an immediate threat that the soil may begin to blow away and the entire roof can ' unravel. ' it is prudent to include netting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4693776629515555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.576210"} {"text": "material is gone and bare media is exposed, perhaps due to drought or lack of maintenance, there is an immediate threat that the soil may begin to blow away and the entire roof can ' unravel. ' it is prudent to include netting, or a wind blanket, at least until the plants have established themselves. the plants can grow through the netting, but will hold the soil together. the key to achieve a successful wind protection is devising a way to secure the netting without using staples, stakes, etc., that can pose a risk to the waterproofing. the materials should be resistant to uv ( although they do tend to become rapidly concealed by soil and plants ). there is usually a vegetation - free zone ( often stone ballast or pavers ) at the perimeter of the roof, to prevent scouring, or soil loss and damage. stone ballast or pavers are also used around roof access and rooftop equipment. ansi / spri rp - 14 ( wind design standard for vegetative roofing systems ) can be consulted for guidance with respect to the design of these zones. certain high - wind, hurricane, and typhoon locations should not use vegetative systems without serious consideration of these forces. 4. wind and fire resistance the wind and fire resistance standards are still under development by the vegetative roof industry and codes / standards organizations. fire properties of protection boards and thermal barriers over a steel deck or underlayment over a steel deck with a pmr are of particular importance, given the presence of combustible material associated with typical vegetative roof assemblies. specify that the membranes meet ul or fm global requirements, and add the vegetative system. the available criteria should be conservatively assessed, and vegetative systems should be reviewed carefully by local building officials. 5. modular systems modular systems involve installing the vegetative roof system inside plastic trays. use of these systems does not relieve the designer from responsibility for considering the integrity of the underlying waterproofing system, nor does it make location of damaged waterproofing easier, it does provide cleaner and simplified access and vegetative roof replacement in the case of potential leak repairs. however, these systems can be useful when designing small gardens on residential property or terraced commercial roofs. they also preserve flexibility to re - arrange landscape designs in the future. owners who wish to engage in active gardening will find modules a convenient way to do this without damage to their homes ' waterproofing. 6. solar reflectance review project requirements for solar reflectance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46230587774110066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.579838"} {"text": "flexibility to re - arrange landscape designs in the future. owners who wish to engage in active gardening will find modules a convenient way to do this without damage to their homes ' waterproofing. 6. solar reflectance review project requirements for solar reflectance from adjacent buildings, mechanical equipment, photovoltaic panels, etc., that may reflect sunlight onto the vegetative roof. reflected sunlight may burn localized areas. ( example : localize burning of plants has been documented as late as september in new england. ) 7. public access public access is not recommended on extensive vegetated roofs, since this roof system is not designed for the live load or disturbance. limit public access volume and accessible areas. in the accessible areas, provide guardrails to prevent falling and measures to protect the plants from damage. h. maintenance and warranties specify a maintenance period long enough to ensure the initial establishment of healthy plants. a minimum two - year maintenance / warranty period should be included in the initial construction contract, to ensure plant establishment, training of maintenance personnel, and thorough remediation of local pest issues. vegetative roof should thereafter be maintained by trained personnel at least twice a year. many vegetative installers will only warranty roof with this type of maintenance policy. take time to understand the installers ' warranty. provide easily accessible inspection chambers in drainage outlets to ensure that the drainage system can be cleaned of roots, displaced growth media and ballast, dead foliage, and other debris, and otherwise be maintained. in general, warranties insure the owner against defective products and / or inadequate installation by the contractor. they can cover all products of the vegetative roof installation including the waterproof membrane, root barriers, filter fabrics, growth medium, drainage layers, etc. as well as the workmanship of the installation subcontractors. there are several waterproofing manufacturers that will warrant the entire vegetative roof system, including removal and restoration of the overburden, if they provide all of the materials in the original construction. some items to consider regarding warranties on a project - by - project basis : relevant codes and standards in the united states, vegetative roof designs are generally regulated using existing standards for ballasted roofs. the international code council ( icc ) code, used for guidance by many municipal authorities and referenced by many state codes, recognizes roof gardens and landscaped roofs. it requires that the ' wet weight ' of the vegetative roof be treated as an additional dead load. it also supplies live", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4796669793245357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.581208"} {"text": "code, used for guidance by many municipal authorities and referenced by many state codes, recognizes roof gardens and landscaped roofs. it requires that the ' wet weight ' of the vegetative roof be treated as an additional dead load. it also supplies live load requirements for maintenance - related foot traffic and for regulated pedestrian access. icc also provides standards for parapet heights and requirements for railings. check with your local code official regarding the local code requirements for vegetative roofs. also consider compliance with the standards listed at the end of this page. trade organizations such as national roofing contractors association ( nrca ) are developing guidelines for waterproofing with vegetative roof installations in mind. in addition, astm international ( astm ), through the green roof task group e06. 71, is in the process of developing guidelines and testing procedures specifically for vegetative roof products. for more information, see the astm ' s work group web site. at present, the most comprehensive guidelines for vegetative roof construction, especially for growth media, are those developed by forschungsgesellschaft landschaftentwicklung landschaftsbau. e. v. ( fll ) in germany guideline for the planning, execution and upkeep of green - roof sites ( richlinien fur die planung, ausfuhrung and plege von dachbegrunung ). these standards and guidelines include industry standard tests for growing medium weight, moisture, nutrient content, grain - size distribution, etc. for 90 % of the climate zones in the united states. but they do not include plant recommendations. the 2008 edition of the guide is available in english. fll also certifies laboratories to conduct critical tests such as the root penetration resistance of waterproofing membranes. many vegetative roof products available in the united states have fll certification. although its principles apply to vegetative roofs in the united states, its specific recommendations apply to a central european climate. - ansi / spri rp - 14 wind design standard for vegetative roofing systems ( pdf 1. 5 mb ) - ansi / spri vf - 1 external fire design standard for vegetative roofs ( pdf 125 kb ) - e2396 standard test method for saturated water permeability of granular drainage media [ falling - head method ] for green roof systems. - e2397 standard practice for determination of dead loads and live loads associated with green roof systems. - e2398 standard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4668747819930484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.582544"} {"text": "method for saturated water permeability of granular drainage media [ falling - head method ] for green roof systems. - e2397 standard practice for determination of dead loads and live loads associated with green roof systems. - e2398 standard test method for water capture and media retention of geocomposite drain layers for green roof systems. - e2399 standard test method for maximum media density for dead load analysis of green roof systems. - e2432 standard guide for general principles of sustainability relative to buildings. - future astm e2777 draft by work group 25385 with a working title of, wk 25385 \u2014 standard guide for vegetative ( green ) roof systems. - future astm standard by work group 29304 with a working title of, wk 29304 \u2014 standard guide for selection of roofing / waterproofing membrane systems for vegetative ( green ) roof systems. this is a draft standard and subject to change. fm global standards - approval standard # 4477 for vegetative roof systems ( pdf 122 kb ) - approval standard # 4470 for single - ply, polymer - modified bitumen sheet, built - up roof ( bur ) and liquid - applied roof assemblies for use in class 1 and non - combustible roof deck construction ( pdf 171 kb ) - loss prevention data sheet 1 - 28 wind design - loss prevention data sheet 1 - 28r roofing systems - loss prevention data sheet 1 - 29 roof deck securement and above deck roof components - loss prevention data sheet 1 - 34 hail damage - loss prevention data sheet 1 - 35 green roof systems ( pdf 1. 19 mb ) - loss prevention data sheet 1 - 54 roof loads for new construction ( pdf 3. 28 mb ) products and systems building envelop design guide : roofing systems federal green construction guide for specifiers : - 07 10 00 ( 07100 ) dampproofing & waterproofing - 07 33 63 ( 02930 ) vegetated roof covering - 07 50 00 ( 07500 ) membrane roofing - 07 55 63 ( 07530 ) vegetated protected membrane roofing masterspec\u00ae section 32 95 00 ( 02940 ) vegetated roof assemblies note that the evaluations sheets make for a good manual, except that it has a major flaw ; it refers only to conventional roofing systems, not to waterproofing systems. non - commercial organizations that can provide current lists of vegetated roof service providers and are a useful source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5009104590461216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.583548"} {"text": "for a good manual, except that it has a major flaw ; it refers only to conventional roofing systems, not to waterproofing systems. non - commercial organizations that can provide current lists of vegetated roof service providers and are a useful source of up - to - date information, include : | national agencies and nonprofit organizations | | headquarters | | u. s. environmental protection agency | | washington, dc | | u. s. green building council | | washington, dc | | green roofs for healthy cities coalition | | toronto, on, canada | in addition, some regional groups and agencies have distinguished themselves in the promotion of vegetated roofs. these include the earthpledge foundation in new york city, northwest eco - builders guild, green roof advisory group ( grag ) in austin, tx, green roof info think - tank ( grit ) in portland, ore. and cleveland green building coalition. design and analysis tools the following table provides links to key analysis, simulation, and research evaluating and predicting the performance of vegetated roofs. | storm water management | | analysis & simulation | | roofscapes, inc. & optigrun intl. ag | | charlie miller | | storm water management | | research | | michigan state university | | bradley rowe | research | | north carolina state univ., water resource institute | | greg jennings | research | | pennsylvania state univ., center for green roof research | | rob berghage | | research | | portland bureau of environmental services | | tom liptan | | water quality | | research | | university of applied sciences neubrandenburg | | manfred kohler | research | | pennsylvania state univ., center for green roof research | | rob berghage | | research | | canadian national research council, inst. for research and construction | | karen liu | | research | | british columbia institute of technology | | maureen connelly | | habitat creation | | research | | university of applied science wadenswil | | stephan brenneisen | | research | | optigruen international ag | | gunter mann | german universities with significant on - going research in the science and engineering of vegetated roofs include ( note that all websites are in german ) : - weihenstephan fachhochschule - bayerische landesanstalt fur weinbau und gartenbau ( lwg ), veithochstheim - universitat hannover - techniche universitat neub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43010874789560016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.584620"} {"text": "the green roof manual, ed snodgrass & linda mcintyre, 2010, timber press [ isbn : 978 - 1 - 60469 - 049 - 1 ] - vegetative roof systems manual, 2009, national roofing contractors associations, national roofing contractors association - vegetative roof systems manual, national roofing contractors association ( nrca ). the \" bible \" for waterproofing under vegetated roofs. - roofing manual : membrane roof systems, national roofing contractors association ( nrca ) - roofing manual : architectural metal flashing, condensation control and reroofing, national roofing contractors association ( nrca ) - roofing manual : steep - slope roof systems, national roofing contractors association ( nrca ) - nrca waterproofing manual - the green roof manual : a professional guide to design, installation, and maintenance by edmund c. snodgrass and linda mcintyre. - guideline for the planning, execution and upkeep of green - roof sites ( richtlinien fur die planung, ausfuhrung and plege von dachbegrunung ). forschungsgesellschaft landschaftsentwicklung landschaftsbau e. v. ( fll ). - the green roofs for healthy cities website has an extensive database of papers, searchable by topic. - columbia university study, \" a temperature and seasonal energy analysis of green, white, and black roofs, \" ( pdf 1. 07 mb ) s. r. gaffin et. al. - ghent university study, \" green roofs for quietness, \" dr. ir. timothy van renterghem and prof. dr. ir. dick botteldooren. - \" the stormwater control potential of green roofs in seattle, \" taylor, b. l., asce conf. proc. 333, 11 ( 2008 ), doi : 10. 1061 / 41009 ( 333 ) 11. this paper summarizes findings from pacific northwest monitoring efforts and hydrologic modeling of vegetated roofs in the pacific maritime climatic region. - \" conference proceedings from green roofs for healthy cities \u2014 greening rooftops for sustainable communities, \" ( annual conference and trade show 2004 \u2013 2009 ), covering a wide range of research and case studies. available from www. greenroofs. org - \" green roofs for stormwater runoff control, \" ( pdf 2. 8 mb ) us epa february 2009, epa / 600 / r - 09", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48813442049780803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.586796"} {"text": "covering a wide range of research and case studies. available from www. greenroofs. org - \" green roofs for stormwater runoff control, \" ( pdf 2. 8 mb ) us epa february 2009, epa / 600 / r - 09 / 026 - \" structural considerations for green roof retrofits \", technical memorandum prepared by magnusson klemencic associates, inc. for city of seattle public utilities department, 2007. - \" green roof in the desert \u2014 tempe transportation center roof garden, \" ( pdf 1. 2 mb ) dr. vidar lerum, college of design, arizona state university lab report, april 7, 2006. - on water retention : liescke, 1998 ; moran e. al., 2004 ; denardo et. al., 2005 ; vanwoert et. al., 2005. - carbon sequestration potential of extensive green roofs, getter et. al., 2009, environment science & technology vol. 43, no. 19. - green roofs are not created equal : the hydrologic and thermal performance of six different extensive green roofs and reflective and non - reflective roofs in a sub - tropical climate, simmons et. al., 2008, urban ecosystems vol. 11, no. 4 doi : 10. 1007 / s11252 - 008 - 0069 - 4. - american hydrotech, inc. \u2014 garden roof assembly - columbia green - greengrid green roof systems \u2014 weston / abc supply - green roofs for healthy cities - greentech systems - international green roof association - live roof\u00ae hybrid green roof system - oak ridge national laboratories doe cool roof calculator - plant connection, inc. \u2014 list of local ordinances - roofmeadow ( formerly roofscapes ) - tremco ( formerly biotray ) vegetated roof covers may now be purchased in conjunction with most conventional waterproofing systems, some of which have been tested by fll for compatibility with vegetated roofs. there are no known north american tests. at least ten north american roofing companies offer vegetated roof assemblies as standard auxiliary products, and more companies are entering the field all the time. - roofnav \u2014 roofnav is a free web - based tool developed by fm approvals\u2122 that provides fast access to the most up - to - date fm approved roofing products and assemblies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46236242850510356, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.587884"} {"text": "information on global society, current affairs and commentary is right at your fingertips through the following databases : this shows the latest newspapers from around the world with the same layout on the screen as they have in print. pages are complete with photographs, graphics and even advertisements. it has hundreds of newspapers from 80 countries in 40 languages. it is very up to date, with some newspapers appearing on the database before they are published in their home country. pages can be printed or emailed. you can browse one newspaper on a particular day or search across many titles going back 60 days. start search | pressdisplay tutorial proquest anz newsstand this database offers full text, searchable access to national and provincial newspapers in australia and new zealand. new zealand titles include the dominion post, the new zealand herald, sunday star - times, the press ( christchurch ), truth, and past issues of the evening post and the dominion. australian newspapers include the sydney morning herald, the age ( melbourne ), the australian and abc news sources. many titles can be searched going back several years. gale opposing viewpoints in context search across the database or select from a wide range of contemporary topics such as cloning, race relations, chemical weapons and narcotics legalization. opposing viewpoints draws on the acclaimed social issues series published by greenhaven press, as well as core reference content from other gale and macmillan reference usa sources, to provide a complete one - stop source for information on social issues. access viewpoint articles, topic overviews, statistics, primary documents, links to websites, and full - text magazine and newspaper articles. contemporary women ' s issues this multidisciplinary, full - text database brings together relevant content from mainstream periodicals, often overlooked and hard - to - find newsletters and ngo research, plus ephemeral literature from leading research institutes and grass roots organizations that is rarely indexed or catalogued - with a focus on the critical issues and events that influence women ' s lives in more than 190 countries. contemporary women ' s issues covers a spectrum of women ' s concerns ranging from domestic violence, employment and the workplace, and gender equity to family, reproductive health and human rights. a one - stop source for news and periodical articles on a wide range of topics : business, computers, current events, economics, education, environmental issues, health care, hobbies, humanities, law, literature and art, politics, science, social science, sports, technology, and many general interest topics. millions of full - text articles, many with images. updated daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49139824876470717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.598457"} {"text": ", education, environmental issues, health care, hobbies, humanities, law, literature and art, politics, science, social science, sports, technology, and many general interest topics. millions of full - text articles, many with images. updated daily. australia / new zealand reference centre the australia / nz reference centre combines australia and new zealand specific magazines, newspapers & newswires, reference books, and company information to create the largest collection of regional full text content available. this database provides local perspectives on current events, business, sports, and many other subjects. titles include australian house & garden, australian geographic, nz business, new zealand management, metro, australia country report, new zealand country report, new zealand herald, etc. click here for a full list of titles. designed specifically for public libraries, this huge database provides full text for nearly 1, 950 general periodicals covering a range of subjects including current affairs, business, entertainment, education, health, general science, multi - cultural issues and much more. in addition to the full text, it provides indexing and abstracts for nearly 2, 600 other titles. this database also features : 5, 000 full text magill book reviews, 316 reference and travel books including the world almanac & book of facts 2001 ; full text from 88, 000 biographies, 83, 500 full text primary source documents, and an image collection of 107, 000 photos, maps and flags. proquest research library ( previously known as academic research library ) search for coverage from 1971 onwards on a broad range of subjects including arts, business, children, education, general interest, health, humanities, international, law, military, multicultural, psychology, sciences, social sciences, and women ' s interests. features a diversified mix of scholarly journals, trade publications, magazines, and newspapers. nearly 4, 000 titles, over 2, 800 in full text.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4828819003470161, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.599772"} {"text": "we ' ve heard a lot about the benefits of breastfeeding, and the idea that it reduces the risk of a child becoming overweight or obese has been around for decades. but a new study in the journal of the american medical association contradicts that idea. it suggests that though breastfeeding has many benefits, reducing the likelihood that a child becomes obese or overweight may not be one of them. the evidence to support this conclusion is strong as the study was based on a large randomized controlled trial. this study was conducted in belarus at maternity hospitals and the clinics affiliated with them. researchers initially looked at information about more than 17, 000 pairs of mothers and infants who were breastfeeding. of them, about 14, 000 participated in the follow - up period between january 2008 and december 2010 ; the children by that time were around 11 years old. only healthy, singleton babies who were born weighing at least 2, 500 grams ( 5. 5 pounds ) were included in the research. their mothers had initiated breastfeeding and didn ' t have any conditions that could impact their ability to breastfeed. this was a randomized controlled study, meaning it is unlikely that other factors besides the breastfeeding intervention influenced the outcomes, said richard m. martin, lead study author based at the university of bristol ' s school of social and community medicine. sixteen of the health facilities were randomly chosen to receive a breastfeeding intervention based on the baby - friendly hospital initiative, which the world health organization and united nations children ' s fund developed. this initiative helps mothers to start breastfeeding soon after birth and demonstrates breastfeeding to new mothers. the other 15 clinics did not receive the intervention. instead, they proceeded with their standard practices, which included early introduction of non - breast liquids and promoting scheduled breastfeeding rather than breastfeeding on demand. \" the mothers weren ' t encouraged to breastfeed early on, \" martin said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41893436447276333, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.601857"} {"text": "what if everything you thought you knew about education was wrong? what if students learn more quickly on their own, working in teams, than in a classroom with a teacher? what if tests and discipline get in the way of the learning process rather than accelerate it? those are the questions sugata mitra has been asking since the late 1990s, and for which he was awarded the $ 1 million ted prize on tuesday, the first day of the ted2013 conference. mitra, professor of educational technology at newcastle university, won the prize for his concept of \" self organizing learning environments, \" an alternative to traditional schooling that relies on empowering students to work together on computers with broadband access to solve their own problems, with adults intervening to provide encouragement and admiration, rather than top - down instruction. mitra ' s work with students in india has gained wide attention and was the focus of a 2010 ted talk on his \" hole in the wall \" experiment, showing the potential of computers to jump - start learning without any adult intervention. coming to education trained as a physicist, mitra said he was encouraged by his boss to start teaching people how to write computer programs. when he bought his first personal computer, he was surprised to find that his 6 - year - old son was able to tell him how to fix problems he had operating the machine. he thought his son was a genius, but then heard his friends saying the same thing about their children. thinking about children living in slums in new delhi, he said, \" it can ' t be possible that our sons are geniuses and they are not. \" mitra set up a publicly accessible computer along the lines of a bank atm, behind a glass barrier, and told children they could use it, with no further guidance. they soon learned to browse the web in english, even though they lacked facility in the language. to prove the experiment would work in an isolated environment, he set up another \" hole in the wall \" computer in a village 300 miles away. after a while, \" one of the kids was saying we need a faster processor and a better mouse. \" when the head of the world bank came to see the experiment, mitra said he encouraged him to go to the new delhi slum and see for himself. after spending time with the children, bank president james wolfensohn \" came back and put his hand on my shoulder and said, ' how much? ' \" mitra said he received $ 1. 5 million, which allowed him to press on with experiments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5060141150631361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.606257"} {"text": "the aorta is the largest artery in the body. the aorta begins at the top of the left ventricle, the heart ' s muscular pumping chamber. the heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve. three leaflets on the aortic valve open and close with each heartbeat to allow one - way flow of the aorta is a tube about a foot long and just over an inch in diameter. the aorta is divided into four sections : \u2022 the ascending aorta rises up from the heart and is about 2 inches long. the coronary arteries branch off the ascending aorta to supply the heart with \u2022 the aortic arch curves over the heart, giving rise to branches that bring blood to the head, neck, and arms. \u2022 the descending thoracic aorta travels down through the chest. its small branches supply blood to the ribs and some chest structures. \u2022 the abdominal aorta begins at the diaphragm, splitting to become the paired iliac arteries in the lower abdomen. most of the major organs receive blood from branches of the abdominal aorta. like all arteries, the aorta ' s wall has several layers : \u2022 the intima, the innermost layer, provides a smooth surface for blood to flow \u2022 the media, the middle layer with muscle and elastic fibers, allows the aorta to expand and contract with each heartbeat. \u2022 the adventitia, the outer layer, provides additional support and structure to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4582466854707928, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.607908"} {"text": "calories can be difficult to understand because you hear so many different things from different sources. but here is the basic idea : your body needs a certain amount of energy per day to function properly. i. e. to digest food, walk, talk, exercise, etc. the amount of energy your body needs depends on your weight, age, gender, and how active you are. we get calories from food, and through metabolism, these calories are converted into energy. so the amount of energy your body needs is directly proportionate to how many calories you need. if you consume more calories than your body needs, your body stores the excess as fat. when you work out, you burn the excess calories ; which means you are essentially burning off the fat. this is how you maintain your body fat ratio. this is why it \u2019 s important to understand that there ' s no magical way to lose weight. it comes down to two things : exercise and diet. to lose weight, you have to burn more calories than you take in every day. visit http : / / caloriecount. about. com / cc / calories - burned. php for a tool to help estimate how many calories you burn per day based on your age, weight, gender, and level of activity. note : it \u2019 s just an estimate. the amount of time it \u2019 ll take you to lose weight just depends on how many calories you eat minus how many calories you burn daily. when this value - i. e. amount you take in minus amount you burn - gets to about 3, 500 calories, you have effectively lost about 1 pound or 0. 45 kilograms ( since 3, 500 calories equals about 1 pound of fat ). different levels of physical activity burn different number of calories depending on intensity. please visit http : / / www. mayoclinic. com / health / exercise / sm00109 for a summary of about how many calories are burned with different types of exercises. if you have more questions, please leave a comment or start a discussion on the eights and weights facebook page here. also, if there are individual fitness topics you ' d like to hear more about, please leave a note on the facebook page. my motto for the week : to truly live better, strive to understand what your body needs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48789822999379584, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.614514"} {"text": "canadian hemlock, tsuga canadensis, also called hemlock spruce and eastern hemlock is another of the east \u2019 s mighty evergreens. it is the state tree of pennsylvania. trees can live 500 years, grow from 100 to 170 feet tall and be five to six feet in diameter. rickett \u2019 s glen state park in pennsylvania has many of these behemoths of the forest. they are shade tolerant and if the canopy is closed will bide their time until an opening occurs and then they will have a growth spurt. my fifty year hemlocks are only about 12 feet tall. in one section of woodland park there are some tall old hemlocks ; magnificent specimens as well as a small grove up the hill from me. hemlock does not make a good christmas tree because it does not retain its needles. oh that it would! hemlock bark contains a lot of tannin useful in converting the hides and pelts to leather. there were so many trees that many hemlocks were cut down, stripped of their bark and the logs left to rot. after all, the supply seemed inexhaustible. unlike pine, hemlock is easy to prune and can make a dense hedge. on one of my garden visits i saw such a hedge that was probably 12 feet high. a neighbor maintained such a hedge for years albeit only 5 - 6 feet tall. i had a hedge, but in such dense shade that the lower branches died and i finally removed all but two of them... early on i became interested in dwarf conifers, especially dwarf hemlocks and acquired a few nice specimens. they were doing great bf ( before the fence ) until the deer discovered and wiped them out one winter. since i erected the fence i have added a few more. dwarf only means slow growing and some can eventually overpower their allotted space. but as i remarked earlier they are easy to prune and therefore can be maintained at a comfortable size. my favorite dwarf is \u2018 cole \u2019 s prostrate \u2019 which i was able to buy a few years ago. when i bought it, i had a special spot for it ; at the corner of the wall leading off the patio. here it can spread in all directions lying low and draping over the wall. each year it will drape another inch or two adding more interest. one plant after 25 years was but 6 inches tall and 40 inches wide. in contrast \u2018 sargentii \u2019 is a pendulous form which grows upright before drap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4724317084658007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.617356"} {"text": "most active stories - unification of ypsilanti and willow run school districts fast approaching - roundabout construction near costco will soon be underway - issues of the environment : prescribed ecological burns - controversial 413 east huron development project wins ann arbor city council approval - local cyclists organize ' ride of silence ' in ann arbor, ypsilani fri december 21, 2012 why some kids have an inflated sense of their science skills originally published on fri december 21, 2012 8 : 49 pm if you ' re a student at the halfway point of the academic year, and you ' ve just taken stock of your performance, perhaps you have reason to feel proud of yourself. but a recent study suggests some of the pride you feel at having done well \u2014 especially in science \u2014 may be unfounded. or at least your sense of your performance may not be a very accurate picture of how good you actually are. a massive analysis of some 350, 000 students at nearly 14, 000 schools in 53 countries has uncovered a paradox : students in many countries that are mediocre at science have an inflated sense of how good they are. first the good news : the united states isn ' t among the worst offenders. students in countries such as thailand, jordan, mexico and brazil seem to be worse than u. s. students when it comes to science knowledge, but they have even higher levels of self - esteem when it comes to their beliefs about how good they are at science. but compared to countries such as new zealand, australia, sweden, japan, south korea and great britain, american students appeared to have an inflated sense of their science abilities. students in those other countries were better when it came to scientific knowledge than american students, but it was the americans who had the higher opinion of themselves as students of science. the study, published in the journal of cross - cultural psychology, focused on the academic performance of 15 year - old students. it was conducted by eva van de gaer, aletta grisay, wolfram schulz and eveline gebhardt. the paradox between performance and students ' impression of their performance has been noted before. the paper proposes an explanation for it : the reference group effect. the study argues that countries have very different standards when it comes to science education. in countries with elite science education standards, you can be a very good science student but, since you measure yourself against an elite standard of performance, you think of yourself as mediocre. on the other hand, if you live in a country with average (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5218536150511279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.626011"} {"text": "with elite science education standards, you can be a very good science student but, since you measure yourself against an elite standard of performance, you think of yourself as mediocre. on the other hand, if you live in a country with average ( or mediocre ) science standards, you might be just a decent student, but compared to general expectations of how good students are supposed to be, you feel like a genius. in an interview, schulz offered me an analogy. he asked me to think about a person who was 5 - foot - 10 in china and a person who was the same height in the netherlands. the dutch, on average, are taller than the chinese. \" the person would in china probably think of themselves as a tall person, \" schulz said. \" if you go to the netherlands, such a person would rather say, ' ah, i ' m a short person, ' because you compare yourself to those who surround you. \" the same thing happens with science education, he said. students in countries with elite science standards are much more likely to think of themselves as mediocre, whereas students in countries with mediocre standards are much more likely to think of themselves as elite. schulz works at the australian council for educational research, which studies educational issues in science, mathematics and reading. schulz told me the reference group effect could potentially be a double - edged sword : in terms of preparing students for competition with one another, it makes good sense to get a realistic sense of how good you actually are compared to, say, your peers in south korea. on the other hand, schulz said, there was also something to be said for having an inflated sense of your own abilities. \" for motivating students to take up science studies, how you perceive yourself is actually more important than how much you know, \" he said. \" if your general belief ( is ) you ' re not that good at science, that might have this powerful effect of saying, ' ah, i ' d better stay away from it in the future. ' \" steven inskeep, host : next, let ' s talk about the power of positive, or not - so - positive, thinking. not long ago on this program, we heard some research suggesting that student performance in class may be affected by what their teachers think of them. if the teacher gives off signals that the student is not a great student, the student will do worse. if the teacher gives off signals that the student", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5367700356399261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.627240"} {"text": "heard some research suggesting that student performance in class may be affected by what their teachers think of them. if the teacher gives off signals that the student is not a great student, the student will do worse. if the teacher gives off signals that the student is good, the student may well do better. npr ' s shankar vedantam joins us regularly to talk about social science research. he ' s been looking into a related finding. hi, shankar. shankar vedantam, byline : hi, steve. inskeep : you ' re also looking into what students think about themselves. what did you find? vedantam : well, i ' m looking at something that looks like a paradox. so if you went to any school and you generally asked students, what subjects are you good at? the students who say they ' re good at science are generally, going to be the students who actually are good at science. the students who say they ' re good at math are generally, going to be good at math. vedantam : right? and educators have known for a long time that if you ask students what they ' re good at, it ' s a usually reliable predictor to what they ' re actually good at. inskeep : sure. they ' re getting grades, and they know what they ' re comfortable with, right. vedantam : now, it turns out, however, that this relationship between beliefs and performance breaks down at an international level. inskeep : what do you mean, it breaks down at an international level? vedantam : well, researchers recently tracked about 350, 000 students in about 14, 000 schools, across 53 countries - massive, massive study. and it turned out that if you looked at individual countries and individual schools, this link between belief and performance held in each school, and in each country. however, when you compared students between countries, the relationship didn ' t hold. so let me give you an example. students in the united states, for example, performed less well in science than students in new zealand or australia or sweden or japan or korea or great britain. but when you asked the students, how good do you think you are at science? students in the united states say they are better at science than students in those other countries. inskeep : ok, so why would that be? vedantam : so i spoke with wolfram schulz ; he ' s a researcher at the australian council for educational research. and he told me this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5398884039865329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.628833"} {"text": "students in those other countries. inskeep : ok, so why would that be? vedantam : so i spoke with wolfram schulz ; he ' s a researcher at the australian council for educational research. and he told me this is the result of a psychological illusion ; which is, when you ask someone to judge themselves, the way they do it is they compare themselves with those who are immediately around them, right? the problem is, people have different reference groups in different countries. vedantam : so if you look at somebody who is 5 foot, 10 inches tall, in china ; and somebody who is 5 foot, 10 inches tall, in the netherlands ; they ' re the same height. but if you ask them, are you tall or short? they ' re probably going to give you very different answers in those two countries. wolfram schulz : the person would, in china, probably think of themselves as a tall person. so you go to the netherlands ; such a person would, rather, say ah, i ' m actually a short person - because you compare yourself to those who surround you. vedantam : so it ' s, you know, the little pond, big pond effect. and when you apply that to educational systems, it looks like some countries have more elite standards when it comes, for example, to science education. if you ' re a very good student in one of those countries, you ' re surrounded by lots of students who are really, really good. so you feel average. on the other hand, if you ' re in a country with lower standards, you could be decent. but when you compare yourself to those around you, you feel like a genius. inskeep : so does that mean we should change our expectations? vedantam : well, you know, like many of the findings of the social scientists, steve, this one ' s complicated. and it ' s complicated because if students want to compete in a global marketplace, then yes, you actually want to have a very clear picture of how good you actually are. but there ' s a catch - 22 here. it isn ' t always helpful to have a perfectly accurate picture of how well you can do. and this is especially true, schulz told me, when it comes to the subject of motivation. schulz : how you perceive yourself is actually more important than how much you know. if your general belief - you ' re not that good at science - that might have this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5370929610502634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.630355"} {"text": "##hulz told me, when it comes to the subject of motivation. schulz : how you perceive yourself is actually more important than how much you know. if your general belief - you ' re not that good at science - that might have this powerful effect of saying, i ' ll better stay away from it in the future. you know? inskeep : so being more brutally realistic about how good we are at science, might actually make us worse at science. vedantam : well, the catch - 22, steve, is that believing you are better than you actually are, can lull you into a sense of overconfidence when it comes to actual performance. but at the same time, believing that you ' re actually very good can motivate you to try a difficult subject that you might not have tried otherwise. and so what i take away from the study is that false beliefs are neither always a good thing, or always a bad thing. they ' re a tool. and what educators and parents need to do is to use the tool depending on the context - because false beliefs might help you when it comes to preparation ; they might not be helpful when it comes to performance. inskeep : shankar, thanks very much. vedantam : thanks, steve. inskeep : npr ' s shankar vedantam. he ' s on twitter @ hiddenbrain. you can also follow this program @ nprgreene, @ nprinskeep and @ morningedition. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.538490895256859, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.631098"} {"text": "with the \u201c new \u201d tv season just launching what an appropriate time for the american academy of pediatrics to release an article ( to be published in november pediatrics ) which looks at kids and their exposure to \u201c background tv \u201d. in the study researchers conducted a survey to track children \u2019 s exposure to background television. they found that children between 8 months and 8 years of age are exposed to an average of 4 hours of background tv in a 24 - hour period. children who were younger or those from poorer homes were exposed to up to 6 hours per day. having the television on when no one was watching or having a tv in a child \u2019 s room were other factors that contributed to even more background tv time. i have watched a few of the new shows and i am continually amazed at the language that is on during prime time major network television, and forget about the cable channels, i think they can use any language they please. it certainly grabs my attention and i am sure that hearing that language for hours every day does not help a young child \u2019 s vocabulary. at least with appropriate new words! little kids are parrots, remember. just recently i was seeing a cute 2 year old for his check up and on the list of the parent \u2019 s questions was, \u201c talk about child \u2019 s swearing \u201d. now this is a lovely young couple, their only child ( mom also told me that day that she is expecting again ) and they really did not know what to do about a few of the words that their son had picked up. they did not think that he heard the words from them but were concerned about his day care or his older cousins. maybe background tv?? if you are have the tv on all day, think about who is around and if you are even listening or watching. i would encourage parents to have less tv time and more talk time with their children. too much tv and even background tv can harm a child \u2019 s learning as well as their social play. and if you are thinking about letting your child have a tv in their rooms, i would discourage this for a number of reasons including the language on tv. tell your children they can have a tv when they have their own dorm room in college! something to look forward to.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44870471092926917, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.633350"} {"text": "by : doris hausleitner date : september 2005 teetering, the downy juvenile owl hops onto the edge of the cavity, wobbles its head around in a dizzying circle and furiously flaps its wings. the mother, perched on a nearby branch, keeps a watchful eye on her chick \u2019 s progress. this fledgling northern spotted owl ( strix occidentalis ) is her hope for the future and the only addition to the dwindling population of canada \u2019 s northern spotted owls in 2005. a precipitous population decline has sparked concern among biologists and environmentalists alike. habitat modeling and population analysis suggests the historical population of northern spotted owls in bc was around 500 pairs. with only 6 pairs and 9 individual birds, the northern spotted owl is the most endangered bird in canada. what the northern spotted owl has in common with the western screech ( otus kennicottii macfarlanei ) and flammulated owl ( otus flammeolus ), listed as endangered and threatened, respectively, is a requirement for old - growth habitat. the northern spotted owl is resident in coastal and interior douglas - fir forests and requires a home - range size of approximately 3, 400 ha. scientists believe the northern spotted owl \u2019 s need for old - growth habitat is related to reproduction, thermoregulation, and availability of prey. their nests are in hollow chimneys, large cavities, branches, or are made from sticks. spotted owls prey primarily on flying squirrels, pack rats, and other small mammals which can be readily found and captured in an old - growth forest. additionally these owls have a tendency to overheat. in old - growth they can move vertically along temperature gradients to regulate their body temperature. flammulated owls tend to be found in drier douglas - fir and ponderosa pine forests in bc \u2019 s interior. they nest in old - growth habitat with a selection of available cavities and little undergrowth. their breeding home - range size is 16 ha. flammulated owls are strictly nocturnal and prey upon moths and other insects. due to the nature of their diet, they are migratory. they nest in british columbia and winter in the southern usa and mexico. western - screech owl habitat is associated with riparian areas and mature deciduous trees. in interior british columbia, these owls occur in riparian forests containing black cottonwood, trembling aspen or water birch. the coastal sub - species is found in mixed forests of broadleaf maple, red", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43012498600667093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.636665"} {"text": "is associated with riparian areas and mature deciduous trees. in interior british columbia, these owls occur in riparian forests containing black cottonwood, trembling aspen or water birch. the coastal sub - species is found in mixed forests of broadleaf maple, red alder, douglas - fir and western hemlock. they are cavity - nesting individuals and their diet varies from insects to small mammals. bc hydro \u2019 s bridge - coastal fish and wildlife restoration program, bc conservation foundation, ministry of environment and the st \u2019 at \u2019 imc first nations have contributed to a study conducted by doris hausleitner and vicky young. their objective was to inventory these three threatened and endangered owls within the bc hydro footprint \u2013 \u2013 land affected by dams. their research emphasizes the decline in the northern spotted owl population in canada and expands knowledge of the distribution of western screech and flammulated owls in british columbia. to learn more about the ecology and conservation of threatened and endangered local owls you are welcome to attend free presentations in : squamish : monday, sept. 26, 8 : 00 pm, brackendale art gallery. ( hosted by the squamish environmental society. ) whistler - : tuesday, sept. 27th, 7 : 30 pm, myrtle philip community school. ( hosted by the whistler naturalists. ) pemberton : wednesday, sept. 28th, 6 : 30 pm, room 111, pemberton community center.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4120256334058976, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.637205"} {"text": "nuclear waste disposal : the definitive report condensed last updated at 12 : 58, friday, 24 august 2012 the experts call it a \u201c geological disposal facility \u201d. opponents call it a \u201c nuke dump \u201d. they all agree it \u2019 ll contain \u201c high level and intermediate nuclear waste \u201d. a history - making vote takes place on october 11 which represents one of cumbria \u2019 s most important ever nuclear decisions. a trio of councils, involving hundreds of community leaders, decides on whether west cumbria takes part in a search to site a massive underground bunker containing the uk \u2019 s most toxic nuclear waste. business editor ellis butcher looks at the definitive report facing them. this is the skull and crossbones stuff. the worst from the nuclear process, the residue from the bowels of nuclear reactors which lasts for thousands and thousands of years. some argue a repository will create hundreds of jobs year - after - year and lever a multi - million government pay day for west cumbria to sweeten the pill. others argue it will cost jobs, wreck tourism and daub one of england \u2019 s finest landscapes with a big dirty nuke brush. few issues polarise opinion like the nuclear legacy conundrum. we all know nuclear waste is produced. less well known is that it is currently stored above ground at 36 sites in the uk \u2013 the vast bulk at sellafield. it \u2019 s a historical arrangement that needs to be modernised. the current storage arrangements also unnerves ministers and unsettles government spooks forever scanning the horizon for the next terror threat. the pressing question facing the uk is : \u201c where can we find a place to store all the bad stuff in the future, putting it out of harm \u2019 s way? underground was the last and the current government \u2019 s thinking. storing it in an engineered facility with the idea that the radioactivity reduces \u201c over time \u201d. in short, cumbria county council, allerdale and copeland councils volunteered to try to help find the answer to this most urgent 21st century industrial question. who \u2019 s behind this? this issue has occupied the 17 - member west cumbria managing radioactive waste safely partnership ( wcmrwsp ) for three years. it has been chaired by councillor elaine woodburn, of copeland council. round the table, the partnership consists of representatives and mouthpieces from a vast range of organisations \u2013 private and public, from nuclear experts to farming representatives and all of cumbria \u2019 s councils. the final report the partnership \u2019 s final report \u2013 a hefty 270 - page plus document neither proposes a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44812919928219985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.643562"} {"text": "mouthpieces from a vast range of organisations \u2013 private and public, from nuclear experts to farming representatives and all of cumbria \u2019 s councils. the final report the partnership \u2019 s final report \u2013 a hefty 270 - page plus document neither proposes a recommendation for councils to follow, nor suggests an intended site. that was never its brief. instead it has overseen the complex evidence - gathering process. it was shared with about 2, 300 people and organisations. the final was signed off and is now the reference point for the issue. recently, it was released into the custody of decision - makers at cumbria county council, allerdale and copeland. between now and october, staff at these authorities and elected - representatives will be pouring over every single line with highlighter pens to inform what they stand up and say in a few weeks. the report is available to download from the west cumbria managing radioactive waste safely website. the green corner naturally, the most vocal critics of the plan, the partnership and the report are the green lobby. when the proposals surfaced, so did the opposition. long - standing cumbria - based anti - nuclear campaigner marianne birkby, a wildlife artist based in south cumbria, has been a critical opponent. ironically, her father worked at sellafield as a young man. marianne established campaign group radiation free lakeland. it has seen welcome to the nuke district headlines in national newspapers, gained support from some scientists and found influential allies across the patchwork of parish councils which make up west cumbria and its district seats of copeland and allerdale. radiation free lakeland was invited to formally join the 17 member partnership but declined. instead, it has maintained a distance on the sidelines \u2013 protesting, demonstrating, and issuing counter - challenges through the media. so too has academic dr ruth balogh, of save our lake district don \u2019 t dump cumbria!. it developed an associated website and blog and contributed a critical challenge to the partnership. its opposition is clear. it understands something needs to be done about nuclear waste but believes the government of today and in the past has acted too hastily, deciding \u201c without full research and ignoring scientific uncertainties, that deep underground disposal is the answer \u201d. dr david smythe, a professor in geology, is also a significant critic of the approach. in the simplest terms, the issue facing councillors on october 11 is this : does west cumbria want to put out its thumb now and embark on a journey \u2013 the final destination of which is 17 years away at least and would see a fully operational underground nuclear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42324697913081194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.644840"} {"text": "in the simplest terms, the issue facing councillors on october 11 is this : does west cumbria want to put out its thumb now and embark on a journey \u2013 the final destination of which is 17 years away at least and would see a fully operational underground nuclear waste bunker being built in an as yet unidentified part of west cumbria around 2040? a bunker that at its shallowest could be deeper than the eiffel tower, and at its deepest longer than scafell pike? how the vote goes remains to be seen. but many county and district councillors also have seats in the parishes \u2013 that means local residents to answer too. many local parish councils have already taken preliminary votes on this issue \u2013 the overwhelming majority against it being built on their patch. how much real influence these initial grassroots expressions will carry in the conclusive vote in october awaits, but is likely to lead to some explosive future parish council meetings. west cumbria \u2019 s long - standing position as a uk and world nuclear centre means the proposal cannot be easily politically disregarded. if not here, where? if not us, who? the economic arguments in a depressed economy will weigh heavily towards a yes vote, while the tantalising prospect of more multi - million pound government funding being funnelled directly into west cumbria could prove hard to turn down. get out clauses irrespective of a yes or no, the authorities can still walk away from the whole idea at any of the next three stages still to go. a yes doesn \u2019 t mean commitment to build. diggers will not be breaking ground the next day. it simply commits the area to the next stage. eventually, this stage will focus on more comprehensive testing of the \u201c geological suitability \u201d of west cumbria to house such a facility and radioactive materials underground. essentially, testing the ground for compatibility. opponents say the proof already exists \u2013 the soil in these parts isn \u2019 t right. counter evidence argues that is not the case. even one nuclear insider, who refused to go on record, questioned the chronology of the whole process. \u201c why didn \u2019 t they just check the soil first at the start and save three years of work? \u201d the answer is cost. tests of this nature are so expensive you \u2019 d have to be sure you weren \u2019 t wasting money before putting pipes in the ground. allerdale borough council, barrow borough council, carlisle city council, copeland borough council, cumbria chamber of commerce, churches together in cumbria, cumbria association of local councils ( calc ), cumbria county council, cumbria tourism, eden district", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4323050916888336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.645864"} {"text": "the ground. allerdale borough council, barrow borough council, carlisle city council, copeland borough council, cumbria chamber of commerce, churches together in cumbria, cumbria association of local councils ( calc ), cumbria county council, cumbria tourism, eden district council, gmb union, lake district national park authority, national farmers union, nuclear legacy advisory forum, prospect union, south lakeland district council, unite union first published at 12 : 57, friday, 24 august 2012 published by http : / / www. whitehavennews. co. uk have your say one of the big not - so - secret issues of nuclear waste containment industry is that nuclear waste can be disposed of instead of stored. according to nuclear physicists and engineers at pace ( planetary association for clean energy ), there are at least 12 technologies which work in different situations to eliminate radioactive wastea\u00a6 and more are being discovered. you can watch a video of mark porringa, former chief engineer at chalk river, worldas largest nuclear research reactor, neutralize americium 241, a radioactive waste in about 11 seconds. the entire video is under 4 minutes. http : / / zapnuclearwaste. com / the - nuclear - disaster - choice / the nuclear waste industry thrives on our risks and our dollars. itas time to eliminate radioactive waste instead of storing it like a precious substance at great costs. radioactivity does not like to stay contained and itas an unnecessary target for terrorists. take a look and decide for yourself. well d you shouldn ' t want it buried in your area either - humans and human technology is not perfect. history has a habit of reminding us that we are not as clever as we think we are ( space shuttle tragedies etc ) - that is why we should write it off - so take it to the middle of afghanistan or somewhere similar ) view all 22 comments on this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45796178689102723, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.646832"} {"text": "hacked wiimote used as water level sensor. we ' ve all been entertained by wiimote hackery in the past, but i for one can never tire of the new inventions constantly being cooked up by clever sausages like this guy. using the wiimote and an led light, william luxemburg from the delft university of technology in the netherlands knocked together a water - level sensor, measuring evaporation. as you can see from the picture, a tub of water with a wiimote pointing at a plastic boat is a simple and cost - effective way to achieve the same \u2014 or even better \u2014 results that pressure sensors costing $ 500 or more can produce. of course, it wasn ' t merely a wiimote trained at a boat in a tub of water, which solved luxemburg ' s dilemma. he re - programmed the wiimote ' s output, and as it can sense movement better than a lot of other devices out there ( closer than 1mm accuracy, as wired points out ), when it was connected wirelessly to a laptop he was able to receive real - time information on what the water level was doing in the tub. luxemburg doesn ' t sound like he ' s going to stop there however. he ' s intrigued by what else a wiimote could be used on, if programmed the right way. \" if you have a structure that collapses and you have wiimotes on the building, you could see how fast it falls \" that sort of information is priceless to the right party, and considering wiimotes cost just $ 40, don ' t be surprised if you hear of plenty more innovative uses for nintendo ' s little remote. source - gizmodo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5412302370152512, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.648711"} {"text": "search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. if you are not sure what you are looking for, try the combination search or our recommended species lists. search native plant database : san antonio river authority melilotus officinalis ( l. ) lam. yellow sweetclover, white sweet clover usda symbol : meof usda native status : cultivated, or not in the u. s. small, somewhat pea - like flowers, fragrant when crushed, are in long, slender, cylindrical, spike - like clusters rising in the leaf axils on a bushy plant. unpublished. non - native. this tall, introduced legume has the fragrance of new - mown hay when crushed. both this plant and yellow sweet clover ( m. indicus ) are widely used as pasture crops for nitrogen enrichment of the soil. they are also highly valued as honey plants as suggested by the genus name from meli, a greek word meaning honey. bloom informationbloom color : white, yellow bloom time : may, jun, jul, aug, sep, oct dc, in, or canada : ab, sk native habitat : roadsides and fields. usda native status : l48 ( i ), ak ( i ), hi ( i ), pr ( i ), can ( i ), growing conditionswater use : medium light requirement : sun, part shade, shade caco3 tolerance : high benefitconspicuous flowers : yes fragrant flowers : yes fragrant foliage : yes butterflies and moths of north america ( bamona ) is a larval host and / or nectar source for : herbarium specimen ( s ) npsot 0455 collected jun 5, 1987 in bexar county by harry cliffe recommended species lists find native plant species by state. each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. view recommended species page record modified : 2012 - 08 - 01 research by : twc staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4586782992141892, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.650759"} {"text": "wind energy guide for county commissioners one of the key stakeholders associated with economic development are local government officials, who are often required to evaluate and vote on commercial wind energy project permits, as well as to determine and articulate what wind energy benefits accrue to their counties. often these local officials lack experience with large - scale wind energy and need to make important decisions concerning what may be a complicated and controversial issue. these decisions can be confounded with diverse perspectives from various stakeholders. this project is designed to provide county commissioners, planners, and other local county government officials with a practical overview of information required to successfully implement commercial wind energy projects in their county. the guidebook provides readers with information on the following 13 topics : brief wind energy overview ; environmental benefits ; wind energy myths and facts ; economic development benefits ; wind economics ; the development process ; public outreach ; siting issues ; property tax incentives ; power system impacts ; permitting, zoning, and siting processes ; case studies ; and further information. for each of the topics listed, the guidebook provides an introduction that identifies the topic, why local government should care, a topic snapshot, how the topic will arise, and a list of resources that define and assess the topic. this information was last updated on 10 / 31 / 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4529053633866681, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.652137"} {"text": "feline asthma has been called by many other names, including chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and allergic bronchitis. regardless of the name, it is a common feline ailment. inhaled allergens cause sudden contraction of the smooth muscles around airways, leading to typical clinical symptoms. it is usually impossible to determine which allergens cause asthma in individual cats, but common ones include grass and tree pollens, cigarette or fireplace smoke, various sprays ( hair sprays, deodorants, flea sprays, deodorizers ), and dust from cat litter. feline asthma is found in all areas of the world and in cats of all ages. the prevalence in the general adult cat population is about 1 %. the most common symptoms in cats with asthma are wheezing and coughing. the coughing has been described as a dry, hacking cough that could be confused with gagging or retching. many cats are misdiagnosed as having hairballs! paroxysms of coughing occur frequently. in mildly affected cats, coughing and wheezing may occur only occasionally. a few cats with asthma are asymptomatic in between acute and severe bouts of airway constriction. the most severely affected cats have daily coughing and wheezing and many bouts of airway constriction, leading to open - mouth breathing and panting that can be life threatening. the symptoms of asthma can mimic other diseases, such as heartworm, pneumonia and congestive heart failure. a diagnosis is reached by using chest x - rays, a complete blood count, a feline heartworm test, and a technique to sample cells from the lower airways ( transtracheal wash, bronchial wash, or bronchoalveolar lavage ). chest x - rays may be normal in some cats with asthma, while others will have signs of bronchial inflammation, collapse of the right middle lung lobe, and over inflation of the lungs. unfortunately, feline asthma is a chronic progressive disease that cannot be fully cured. medications can reduce the symptoms of asthma a great deal, but may not be able to eliminate coughing fully. in recent years, veterinarians have found that the most effective therapy for feline asthma may be to use inhalers such as human asthmatics use. a mask and spacer system, called aerokat\u00ae, has been invented to enable cats to use inhalers or puffers. this system is similar to the mask and space", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40972335190518766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.654588"} {"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email information traveling across a computer network or another type of telecommunications network typically comes in packets. packets are smaller, \" bite - sized \" pieces of a larger chunk of information. although telecommunication technology is generally reliable and seamless from the end - user ' s point of view, that is only because the computer does the dirty work. it constantly sifts through the packets, looking for fraudulent and corrupt data, discarding it when found. a burst error is a string of corrupt data, measured as the length between \u2014 and including \u2014 the first and last error signals. for example, imagine sending a packet containing all of the letters of the alphabet, a through z. if the recipient ' s computer \" opens \" the packet and finds that the first letter in the sequence is \" q \" and the last letter in the sequence is \" r, \" that is a burst error. the \" burst \" of data in the packet is corrupt. although in the example the first and last letters are defined as corrupt, that does not mean that every letter within the packet is damaged. imagine that every other letter is as it should be ; only position one, \" a, \" and position 26, \" z, \" have been damaged. the number of correct bits of information between the damaged ends is called the guard band. in this case, the guard band would be 24, because there are 24 correct letters separating the two damaged ones. measuring the length of a burst error is simple. it is defined as the number of individual bits separating the very first occurrence of the error from the last occurrence, including the initial and final incorrect bits. in the previous example, the length of the burst error would be 26. the causes of a burst error can vary widely. it is not always possible to measure them accurately. generally, this corruption can occur through any number of sources, including signal degradation, packet loss, other types of network failure, or sending failure on the part of the computer. in networking, as in the real world, sometimes things go wrong. fortunately, most forms of networking provide built in error - checking mechanisms, allowing a receiving computer to compare the actual received data against an impression of the data that was sent, allowing it to recognize whether something has gone wrong along the way.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6127663857268075, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.656817"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a brownish - gray deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) of western north america, having long mulelike ears, large branching antlers in the male, and a black - tipped tail. also called black - tailed deer. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the blacktail or black - tailed deer, cariacus macrotis : so called from the large ears. it is decidedly larger and more stately than the virginia or white - tailed deer, and is next in size to the wapiti and caribou among the north american cervid\u0153. the tail is very short and slim, and mostly white, but with a black brush at the end. the antlers are characteristic, being doubly dichotomous \u2014 that is, the beam forks, and each tine forks again ; whereas in c. virginianusthe beam is curved and all the tines spring from it. the animal is the commonest deer in many wooded and mountainous parts of western north america, but is not found east of the great plains. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( zool. ) a large deer ( cervus macrotis syn. cariacus macrotis ) of the western united states. the name refers to its long ears. - n. long - eared deer of western north america with two - pronged antlers \u201c there were no cattle in sight, nothing larger than a mule deer disturbed into flight by sharon \u2019 s approach. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 mule deer \u2019. macaw shipment, macerate sewage s..., macerate sewage s..., machine code, machine cycle, machine language, machine making, machine manufacture, machine rate, machine time, macroeconomic goal, macroeconomic policy and 5152 more... the collocations below consist of nouns only. noun - noun collocations are extremely frequent in science ( just think of the names of species, chemical compounds or \" scientist + invention \" type collocat... animals that are described or defined by other animals looking for tweets for mule deer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46210218310574525, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.658894"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - not : noncombatant. - prevocalic form of nona - - used in the sense of not, to negate the meaning of the word to which it is prefixed. gnu webster ' s 1913 - a prefix used in the sense of not ; un - ; in - ; as in nonattention, or non - attention, nonconformity, nonmetallic, nonsuit. - from latin nona ( \" nine \" ). ( wiktionary ) - middle english, from old french, from latin non, not ; see ne in indo - european roots. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c small change breakfast tips 1. make oatmeal with milk non - or low - fat for more protein. \u201d \u201c the role of non - nuclear means of deterrence to effectively prevent conflict and increase stability in troubled regions is a vital issue. \u201d \u201c if a teacher can show, by presenting months of collected evidence, that a student has earned less than an \" a, \" then a non - \" a \" grade should certainly happen. \u201d \u201c rape and sexual violence are used not just as weapons of war around the world but as forms of coercion and a way to instill fear and used as bribes for female students in classrooms, a way to severely marginalize and control women, even in non - conflict areas. \u201d \u201c something larger that truly is a \" happening \" at all, simply that, and no less remarkable for it \u2014 the mass effort to throw off the non - \" happenings \" that circumscribe all our lives to unambitious, repetitive cycles. \u201d \u201c here are a few \" non - \" categories with suggestions for each to get you started : \u201d \u201c still, fitch classified the use of asbe standards and non - \" big four \" auditors as \" key weakness indicators \" for several companies. \u201d \u201c to hear more from scaling green ' s communicating energy lecture series at solar power international 2011 spi, please listen what these solar energy leaders had to say on the national solar jobs census 2011 and the solyndra non - \" scandal \" at scaling green. \u201d \u201c late last week, news broke that 75 probationary non - \" tenured \" teachers who were improperly fired under then - dcps chancellor michelle rhee would be re - instated. \u201d \u201c repeatedly claiming his abject non - success to be their number one priority", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5470930960965918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.662376"} {"text": "halloween : its roots and traditions around the world halloween is a holiday celebrated on the night of october 31st. traditional activities include trick - or - treating, bonfires, costume parties, visiting \" haunted houses \" and carving jack - o - lanterns. irish and scottish immigrants carried versions of the tradition to north america in the nineteenth century. other western countries embraced the holiday in the late 20th century including ireland, the united states, canada, puerto rico and the united kingdom as well as australia and new zealand. halloween has its origins in the ancient celtic festival known as samhain ( pronounced \" sah - win \" ). the festival of samhain is a celebration of the end of the harvest season in gaelic culture. samhain was a time used by the ancient pagans to take stock of supplies and prepare for winter. the ancient gaels believed that on october 31st, the boundaries between the worlds of the living and the dead overlapped and the deceased would come back to life and cause havoc such as sickness or damaged crops. the festival would frequently involve bonfires. it is believed that the fires attracted insects to the area, which attracted bats to the area. these are additional attributes of the history of halloween. masks and costumes were worn in an attempt to mimic the evil spirits or appease them. trick - or - treating, is an activity for children on or around halloween in which they proceed from house to house in costumes, asking for treats such as confectionery with the question, \" trick or treat? \" the \" trick \" part of \" trick or treat \" is a threat to play a trick on the homeowner or his property if no treat is given. trick - or - treating is one of the main traditions of halloween. it has become socially expected that if one lives in a neighborhood with children one should purchase treats in preparation for trick - or - treaters. the history of halloween has evolved. the activity is popular in the united states, the united kingdom, ireland, canada, and due to increased american cultural influence in recent years, imported through exposure to us television and other media, trick - or - treating has started to occur among children in many parts of europe, and in the saudi aramco camps of dhahran, akaria compounds and ras tanura in saudi arabia. the most significant growth, and resistance is in the united kingdom, where the police have threatened to prosecute parents who allow their children to carry out the \" trick \" element. in continental europe, where the commerce - driven import", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4929795828170038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.673853"} {"text": "ruth edna kelley, in her 1919 history of the holiday, the book of hallowe ' en, makes no mention of such a custom in the chapter \" hallowe ' en in america. \" it does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the earliest known uses in print of the term \" trick or treat \" appearing in 1934, and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939. thus, although a quarter million scots - irish immigrated to america between 1717 and 1770, the irish potato famine brought almost a million immigrants in 1845 \u2013 1849. british and irish immigration to america peaked in the 1880s ; ritualized begging on halloween was virtually unknown in america until generations later. trick - or - treating spread from the western united states eastward, stalled by sugar rationing that began in april 1942 during world war ii and did not end until june 1947. early national attention to trick - or - treating was given in october 1947 issues of the children ' s magazines jack and jill and children ' s activities, and by halloween episodes of the network radio programs the baby snooks show in 1946 and the jack benny show and the adventures of ozzie and harriet in 1948. the custom had become firmly established in popular culture by 1952, when walt disney portrayed it in the cartoon trick or treat ; ozzie and harriet were besieged by trick - or - treaters on an episode of their television show, and unicef first conducted a national campaign for children to raise funds for the charity while trick - or - treating. although some popular histories of halloween have characterized trick - or - treating as an adult invention to re - channel halloween activities away from vandalism, nothing in the historical record supports this theory. to the contrary, adults, as reported in newspapers from the mid - 1930s to the mid - 1950s, typically saw it as a form of extortion, with reactions ranging from bemused indulgence to anger. likewise, as portrayed on radio shows, children would have to explain what trick - or - treating was to puzzled adults, and not the other way around. sometimes even the children protested : for halloween 1948, members of the madison square boys club in new york city carried a parade banner that read \" american boys don ' t beg. \" a jack - o ' - lantern ( sometimes also spelled jack o ' lantern ) is typically a carved pumpkin. it is associated chiefly with halloween. typically, the top is cut off, and the inside flesh then scooped out ; an image, usually a monstrous face, is carved onto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4138987498989056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.675810"} {"text": "lantern ( sometimes also spelled jack o ' lantern ) is typically a carved pumpkin. it is associated chiefly with halloween. typically, the top is cut off, and the inside flesh then scooped out ; an image, usually a monstrous face, is carved onto the outside surface, and the lid replaced. during the night, a candle is placed inside to illuminate the effect. the term is not particularly common outside north america, although the practice of carving lanterns for halloween is. in folklore, an old irish folk tale tells of jack, a lazy yet shrewd farmer who uses a cross to trap the devil. one story says that jack tricked the devil into climbing an apple tree, and once he was up there, jack quickly placed crosses around the trunk or carved a cross into the bark, so that the devil couldn ' t get down. another myth says that jack put a key in the devil ' s pocket while he was suspended upside - down. another version of the myth says that jack was getting chased by some villagers from whom he had stolen from, when he met the devil, who claimed it was time for him to die. however, the thief stalled his death by tempting the devil with a chance to bedevil the church - going villagers chasing him. jack told the devil to turn into a coin with which he would pay for the stolen goods ( the devil could take on any shape he wanted ) ; later, when the coin / devil disappeared, the christian villagers would fight over who had stolen it. the devil agreed to this plan. he turned himself into a silver coin and jumped into jack ' s wallet, only to find himself next to a cross jack had also picked up in the village. jack had closed the wallet tight, and the cross stripped the devil of his powers ; and so he was trapped. in both myths, jack only lets the devil go when he agrees never to take his soul. after some time, the thief died, as all living things do. of course, his life had been too sinful for jack to go to heaven ; however, the devil had promised not to take his soul, and so he was barred from hell as well. jack now had nowhere to go. he asked how he would see where to go, as he had no light, and the devil mockingly tossed him an ember that would never burn out from the flames of hell. jack carved out one of his turnips ( which was his favorite food ), put the ember inside it, and began endlessly wandering the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5087448361408854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.676761"} {"text": "the devil mockingly tossed him an ember that would never burn out from the flames of hell. jack carved out one of his turnips ( which was his favorite food ), put the ember inside it, and began endlessly wandering the earth for a resting place. he became known as \" jack of the lantern \", or jack - o ' - lantern. there are variations on the legend : some versions include a \" wise and good man \", or even god helping jack to prevail over the devil. there are different versions of jack ' s bargain with the devil. some variations say the deal was only temporary but the devil, embarrassed and vengeful, refuses jack ' s entry to hell after jack dies. jack is considered a greedy man and is not allowed into either heaven or hell, without any mention of the devil. despite the colorful legends, the term jack - o ' - lantern originally meant a night watchman, or man with a lantern, with the earliest known use in the mid - 17th century ; and later, meaning an ignis fatuus or will - o ' - the - wisp. in labrador and newfoundland, both names \" jacky lantern \" and \" jack the lantern \" refer to the will - o ' - the - wisp concept rather than the pumpkin carving aspect. halloween costumes are outfits worn on or around halloween. costuming became popular for halloween parties in america in the early 1900s, as often for adults as for children. the first mass - produced halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick - or - treating was becoming popular in the united states. what sets halloween costumes apart from costumes for other celebrations or days of dressing up is that they are often designed to imitate supernatural and scary beings. costumes are traditionally those of monsters such as vampires, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. there are also costumes of pop culture figures like presidents, or film, television, and cartoon characters. another popular trend is for women ( and in some cases, men ) to use halloween as an excuse to wear particularly revealing costumes, showing off more skin than would be socially acceptable otherwise. halloween originated in ireland ireland is said to be the birthplace of halloween. much like the united states, the irish celebrate the holiday with costumes, trick - or - treating, and community gatherings. at those gatherings, typically after trick - or - treating, games are played, including a game called \u2018 snap - apple \u2019. the game begins with an apple being tied to a doorframe or tree and players", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.448266129348101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.678648"} {"text": "or - treating, and community gatherings. at those gatherings, typically after trick - or - treating, games are played, including a game called \u2018 snap - apple \u2019. the game begins with an apple being tied to a doorframe or tree and players then attempt to bite the hanging apple. the game is much like \u2018 bobbing for apples \u2019 here in the united states. want to know more? click here for more information on how the irish celebrate halloween! a halloween tradition in austria involves bread, water and a lighted lamp. some of the locals will leave bread, water and a lighted lamp on the table before retiring on halloween night. considered a magical night, halloween to austrians was a way to welcome the dead souls back to earth. in belgium, some believe it is unlucky if a black cat enters a home or travels on a ship. also, much like in the united states, belgium citizens believe that it is unlucky for a black cat to cross one ' s path. on halloween night, a custom there is to light candles in memory of dead relatives. with the arrival of scottish and irish immigrants in the 1800s, modern halloween celebrations in canada began. festivities include parties, trick - or - treating and the decorating of homes with pumpkins and corn stalks, as well as the carving of jack o ' lanterns. in china, the halloween festival is known as teng chieh. food and water are placed in front of photographs of family members who have departed while bonfires and lanterns are lit in order to light the paths of the spirits as they travel the earth on halloween night. worshippers in buddhist temples fashion \" boats of the law \" from paper, which are then burned in the evening hours. there are two purposes to this custom : as a remembrance of the dead and in order to free the spirits of the \" pretas \" in order that they might ascend to heaven. \" pretas \" are the spirits of those who died as a result of an accident or drowning and whose bodies were consequently never buried. want to know more? click here for more information on chinese halloween traditions. on halloween night in czechoslovakia, chairs are placed by the fireside. one chair is placed to commemorate each living family member and one for each family member ' s spirit. while the irish and scots preferred turnips, english children made \" punkies \" out of large beets, upon which they carved a design of their choice. then, they would carry their \" punkies \" through the streets while singing the \" punkie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46700978917248626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.680028"} {"text": "irish and scots preferred turnips, english children made \" punkies \" out of large beets, upon which they carved a design of their choice. then, they would carry their \" punkies \" through the streets while singing the \" punkie night song \" as they knocked on doors and asked for money. halloween became guy fawkes night and moved a few days later. recently, it has been celebrated on october 31st, in addition to guy fawkes night. want to know more? click here for more information on how the men, women and children of england celebrate halloween! britain - guy fawkes day on the evening of november 5th, bonfires are lit throughout england. effigies are burned and fireworks are set off. although the day is around the same time and has some similar traditions, this celebration has little to do with halloween. as martin luther ' s protestant reformation began to spread, the celebration of halloween ended. in 1517, on halloween, martin luther attempted to begin reformation of the catholic church. the formation of the protestant church was the result instead. they didn ' t believe in saints ; therefore, they had no reason to celebrate the eve of all saints ' day. however, a new autumn ritual did materialize. guy fawkes day festivities were designed to commemorate the execution of a notorious english traitor, guy fawkes. want to know more about guy fawkes? click here to learn more about why britain commemorates guy fawkes day. france - la fete d ' halloween in france, halloween is not celebrated to honor the dead. it is considered an \u2018 american holiday \u2019 and until 1996, it was virtually unknown in the country. however, because of the love of parties, fetes \u2019 and costume events in france, a rapid rise of the holiday has been noticed in recent years. foreign residents brought details of halloween to the country for years before remnants of the day began to stick in french culture. in 1982, the american dream bar / restaurant in paris began celebrating halloween. the village of saint germain - en - laye held a halloween party on october 24th, 1996, in the middle of the day, to give locals an idea of what the holiday was all about. so, do you want to know more about how the french celebrate halloween? click here to learn more about the revolution of halloween in france! to not risk harm to, or from the returning spirits, in germany, people put away their knives on halloween night. hong kong calls their halloween festivities, \" yue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3946601309188241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.682024"} {"text": "\" i am not saying they are not well - intentioned, \" said zak smith, staff attorney with the natural resources defense council. \" but i am not sure their choices make them the best environmental stewards they could be. \" the debate over sonars and whales has gone on for years. it centers on balancing the need to defend the united states, while safeguarding its natural resources. it has also played out in court. in 2008, for example, the u. s. supreme court lifted sanctions placed on the navy over its underwater sonar testing. environmental interests, said chief justice john roberts for the majority, \" are plainly outweighed by the navy ' s need to conduct realistic training exercises to ensure that it is able to neutralize the threat posed by enemy submarines. \" smith argued that the use of lookouts aboard navy ships is not fully effective. \" most marine mammals don ' t spend much time at the surface, \" he said. \" when they do, you better have good weather conditions to see them. \" smith points to other consequences from the use of sonar and other acoustic sources off california and hawaii. government estimates for 2014 to 2019 indicate there may be about 2 million cases of temporary hearing loss among marine animals, smith told cnn. \" marine mammals use hearing the same way we use sight \" to find food, he said. \" this kind of constant barrage and harassment is not a recipe for healthy populations, \" smith added. van name challenged smith ' s assessment, saying the 2 million number includes all behavioral and \" temporary \" responses, such as an animal turning its head, stopping feeding or moving out of the area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4469495102652138, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.683790"} {"text": "functional behavioral assessments : what, why, when, where, and who? stephen starin, ph. d. the recent amendments to idea are final. school districts are now required to conduct functional behavioral analyses of problem behaviors, under certain circumstances. idea does not provide specific guidelines regarding the conduct of a functional behavioral assessment. each school district is left to its own devices when interpreting the guidelines and may opt for lower quality standards. what is a \" functional behavioral assessment \"? the term \" functional behavioral assessment \" comes from what is called a \" functional assessment \" or \" functional analysis \" in the field of applied behavior analysis. this is the process of determining the cause ( or \" function \" ) of behavior before developing an intervention. the intervention must be based on the hypothesized cause ( function ) of behavior. why do functional behavioral assessments? failure to base the intervention on the specific cause ( function ) very often results in ineffective and unnecessarily restrictive procedures. for example, consider the case of a young child who has learned that screaming is an effective way of avoiding or escaping unpleasant tasks. using timeout in this situation would provide the child with exactly what he wants ( avoiding the task ) and is likely to make the problem worse, not better. without an adequate functional behavioral assessment, we would not know the true function of the young childis screaming and therefore may select an inappropriate intervention. how do you determine the cause or function of behavior? there are three ways of getting at the function ( cause ) of the behavior : ( a ) interviews and rating scales, several different interviews and rating scales have been developed to try to get at the function ( cause ) of behavior. however, reliability is usually poor and these should be used only as a starting point for systematic and direct observation of the personis behavior. relying exclusively on interviews and rating scales should neverbe considered a functional assessment. besides having poor reliability, it would never hold up in court with an expert witness. a more reliable method involves directly observing the person ' s behavior in his or her natural environment and analyzing the behavioris antecedents ( environmental events that immediately precede the problem behavior ) and consequences ( environmental events that immediately follow the problem behavior ). types of problem behavior problem behavior typically falls into one or more of three general categories : ( a ) behavior that produces attention and other desired events ( e. g., access to toys, desired activities ), systematic manipulation of environment in some cases, however, direct observation does not give a clear picture of the behavioris", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4795453208785312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.687900"} {"text": "general categories : ( a ) behavior that produces attention and other desired events ( e. g., access to toys, desired activities ), systematic manipulation of environment in some cases, however, direct observation does not give a clear picture of the behavioris functions and systematically manipulating various environmental events becomes necessary. the most common way of systematically manipulating the environment is to put the person in several different situations and carefully observe how the behavior changes. for example, to determine the function of screaming, we could arrange for attention to be given to the child each time she screams and measure how frequently screaming occurs. we could also make demands on the child, terminating them each time she screams and measure how frequently it occurs. in addition, we could leave the child alone and measure how often screaming occurs. if screaming is more frequent when attention is given, we hypothesize that it occurs to get attention. if screaming is more frequent when demands are made, we can assume that screaming has served to let the person escape or avoid demands. finally, if screaming is more frequent when left alone, we can assume that it is occurring because of its sensory consequences. this third method should be reserved only for situations in which the functions of behavior are not clear through systematic and direct observation. what about qualifications and training? an important question is \" who should be involved in the functional behavioral assessment? \" the interview is important in gathering preliminary information that will guide later direct observation. as such, it is important to talk to the people who know the child the best : parents, teachers and significant others. direct observation should be carried out only by a person who has been thoroughly trained on collecting and analyzing this type of information. directly manipulating environment events should be conducted only by a well - trained behavior analyst or someone else with a high degree of training and experience conducting these manipulations for they can pose danger to the person if not done correctly. as can be seen, a functional behavioral assessment is more than a group of people sitting around a table trying to determine the cause. although it is important to gather information from significant people in the personis life, it is not enough. someone knowledgeable about behavior must be in the classroom and / or family home directly observing and measuring the behavior. although this takes time, it is usually time well spent because the intervention is more likely to be effective than one developed without careful consideration of the behavioris function ( s ). donit waste valuable time! time is precious. time should not be wasted on interventions ( behavioral or otherwise ) when there is no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49241212090995157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.689045"} {"text": "someone saying negative things about the harry potter series practically elicits the same reaction as cursing motherhood, apple pie, and baseball - - how dare anyone question something, anything, that motivates children to read? reading is a wholesome activity. reading is good. reading is fundamental. reading is the foundation for a literate, democratic society. reading is the cornerstone of learning. reading is all that and more. the act of reading, as well as what we have access to read, is largely bound to cultural expectations and tastes. intrinsic, dominant social values - - generally class - based ideals - - permeate the literature we consume as readers and as buyers. moreover, these same values and ideals link to the place of the book and of literacy in a society. with the current dominance of television, film / video, and the internet in our students \u2019 lives, some suggest that the power of the mass media \u2019 s influence in north america bodes poorly for the printed word. rather than lament the death of the book or the demise of young people \u2019 s reading skills in the mass media age as many do, i want to argue here that educators need to examine our own and our students \u2019 reading practices and preferences with the hope of discovering how literacy can straddle the real and the presumed divides between elite and mass cultural aesthetics that exist in society. in this context, then, harry potter \u2019 s real magic - - both as a literary figure and as a media icon - - is that the character bridges the loftier reaches of fiction and the lower realms of commercial enterprise. because of his ability to span literature and consumerism, harry is both delightful and disturbing in the messages he sends to youngsters. consequently, the boy wizard becomes a pivotal element for showing students how contemporary reading and writing practices must include print and electronic forms. a tale of two harrys to truly comprehend the complexity in media literacy, we have to take an interdisciplinary approach that embraces the fields of cognition, education, media theory, and literacy studies. this is because the act of reading makes certain demands upon the individual, especially in the mass media age. as media theorist joshua meyrowitz writes in no sense of place, \" a medium that is in short supply or that requires a very special encoding or decoding skill is more likely to be exploited by an elite class that has the time and the resources to gain access to it \" ( 16 ). in this passage, meyrowitz quintessentially describes the current state of reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.528955455874437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.718835"} {"text": "or decoding skill is more likely to be exploited by an elite class that has the time and the resources to gain access to it \" ( 16 ). in this passage, meyrowitz quintessentially describes the current state of reading. given the heavy influence of electronic media in our society, book reading is a channel that is often given short shrift. reading is a medium that depends upon finely developed encoding and decoding skills. as for reading being a codified skill made the most of by an elite class, the 1996 and 1998 naep reading and writing scores show an increasing gap between students in wealthier districts and those in poorer districts. likewise, meyrowitz \u2019 s question of the access to reading material directly connects to the intersection of mass media and social class. educators cannot overlook that book publishing is a multi - billion - dollar medium that generally depends upon short runs and big hits in the marketplace. this means book selections are resource driven, particularly in the young adult fiction market. if publishers can \u2019 t make a profit on a manuscript, then even the best ideas rarely go forward. while books are often elevated to a higher status than is television or movies, many teachers tend to forget that what we all read depends greatly upon publishing concerns. what teachers and students have access to in print is usually decided upon by large publishing houses that market books and by agents who frequently develop ancillary marketing deals for popular authors. all of this leads to the trouble with that popular boy magician, harry potter. if teachers are astute, the trouble with harry can be seen in any bookstore. the problem is not with the harry potter book series. harry potter the literary figure is a terrific motivator for children ( and adults ) to read, regardless of their socioeconomic class. the potter story line mixes elements of high and low cultural tastes into an appealing blend that crosses class lines. author j. k. rowlings deftly blends the qualities of highbrow literary fiction - - strong character development, emphasis on basic philosophical, psychological or social issues, and heroic figures - - with the social stratification and action - drama sequences that reflect lower class entertainment. the collapsing of high and low cultural taste is not the trouble with harry, though. the trouble is with harry potter the commercialized figure. this harry potter is an incredible temptation for children ( and for well - intentioned adults ) to purchase cheap plastic \" harry \" eyeglasses, halloween costumes, mouse pads, key chains, telephone calling cards, posters, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5474551882123182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.720045"} {"text": "the commercialized figure. this harry potter is an incredible temptation for children ( and for well - intentioned adults ) to purchase cheap plastic \" harry \" eyeglasses, halloween costumes, mouse pads, key chains, telephone calling cards, posters, and other sundry items placed around bookstore end caps and center aisle kiosks. instructors should not forget the tons of harryphernalia soon to follow once the upcoming movie is released. harry potter lunch boxes, thermos containers, and book bags loom on the horizon. a recent trip to the local drugstore showed me that even reach toothpaste is game for harry \u2019 s image. in short, more harry, more harryphernalia, more money. in these instances, harry potter the boy wizard of mass marketing becomes a much more ambiguous representative for the benefits of reading. consequently, educators must ask the question, does the rise of this harry potter mean more children will be reading, more adolescents will be developing the love of language, and more students will be learning literacy skills? the trouble with harry, then, is there are actually two harrys - - one who promotes children ' s literacy skills and one who shills for any number of cheap consumer products. frequently these two harrys are conflated in the real world, and their conflicting purposes are sometimes overlooked by well - intentioned teachers. while many educators push to motivate their students to read and figure that if harry motivates kids toward stronger literacy skills, then they are all for harry. yet, some forget that the hows and whys behind a person ' s reading sometimes are equally as important as the act of reading itself. how carefully and how critically a reader interprets the information presented to him or her in a given context is frequently as important as being able to read. moreover, why someone chooses a particular selection to read or why someone finds a book appealing regularly reflects back to how a text is presented in the marketplace. these points are especially salient when acts of reading connect to media literacy. how and why we read information presented to us through the mass media can make the difference between naive and critical decision - making. understanding media literacy in educational contexts teachers and administrators sometimes forget that reading is not necessarily a transferable act - - the reading strategies used in language arts or english will not always cross disciplinary boundaries, for instance. likewise, reading a book for pleasure is not quite the same process as reading for course work. readers select information quite differently depending upon the situation in which they are reading.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5117861527625673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.721140"} {"text": "used in language arts or english will not always cross disciplinary boundaries, for instance. likewise, reading a book for pleasure is not quite the same process as reading for course work. readers select information quite differently depending upon the situation in which they are reading. more importantly for this discussion, the act of reading print - based texts differs in varying degrees from reading other media texts. literacy theorists sherry macaul, jackie giles, and rita rodenberg note the technological shift in literacy reflects a range of innovations \" from the ways in which information is accessed and viewed to the processes and mediums by which messages are constructed and represented \" ( 53 ). therefore, in our media - affected culture, literacy is not a one - size for all situation ; as we have directly seen with the rise of computer technology, literacy is protean. a child can be highly literate in one subject area, yet nearly illiterate in another. clearly with respect to the degree of mass media influence and the volume of information bits streaming into their homes, most north american children and teenagers are woefully media illiterate. for all the viewing and message receiving these young adults do, a large number of them possess rudimentary levels of media literacy. what does it mean to be media literate? being media literate means we have created knowledge structures - - schema - - to interpret or provide a perspective on the media messages that surround us. we cannot compare the cognitive processes involved in reading versus watching television or film, as they are not equivalent skills. more than the cognitive domain that dominates the traditional, academic \" reading / writing \" notions of literacy, though, media literacy spans emotional, aesthetic, and moral domains as well. consequently, the schema media literate people generate function more like a multi - dimensional scale than the hierarchical scaffolding model generally associated with literacy studies. these media knowledge structures emerge when we actively engage in various media experiences and test those new media experiences against the skills and information we have gleaned elsewhere, such as from parents or family members, schools, religious institutions, or other authority figures. prior media experiences can even provide the skills and information one needs to analyze current situations. so, regardless of how old we are, people continually generate new mental representations to accommodate changes in our media use. therefore, our worldviews as well as children ' s and teenagers ' worldviews are constructed and reconstructed through media use. that is why media literacy has become equally important as academic literacy in north american classrooms. great numbers of educators", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5586593161349851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.722322"} {"text": "media use. therefore, our worldviews as well as children ' s and teenagers ' worldviews are constructed and reconstructed through media use. that is why media literacy has become equally important as academic literacy in north american classrooms. great numbers of educators believe the myth that students are highly media literate because of their large amounts of media consumption. media educators ladislaus semali and ann watts pailliotet suggest otherwise ; instead of children becoming increasingly more literate, these media - distorted boundaries \" between school and home, fact and fiction, narrative and live reporting are confusing \" ( 14 ). this is because youngsters, even the most media - savvy adolescents, are still building the multi - dimensional schema they need to develop the broad overall perspective people use to separate the superficial from the meaningful. usually, children and teenagers operate with very limited knowledge structures about the media ; they tend to focus on the recognition of surface information like song lyrics, television characters, actors ' or characters ' names, and so on. this surface information pattern closely models the basic sets of facts we find in reading textbooks or newspapers. that means children and others who can recite the entire harry potter ensemble or who can recall a book passage from memory may be strong readers or recallers of general information, and may be considered highly literate in the conventional sense. yet their media literacy functions at a very low level, perhaps bordering on media aliteracy in that the surface knowledge is apparent but deeper levels of knowledge are missing. educators must note that well - developed cognitive domains alone do not best serve a truly media literate person. many juveniles do not yet display an adequate degree of reflexivity about their role as interpreters of media information to demonstrate they understand the full range of emotional, visual, and moral value manipulation that occurs through the crafting and editing of messages ( potter 5 - 9 ). as such, it is conceivable that the harry potter many adolescent readers fell in love with in the literary series can, and most likely will, change dramatically as the young wizard ' s image moves to film and to a local fast - food restaurant near them in the future. however, inexpert student media users do not always see the changes one media representation has over another, particularly if the shifts involve a beloved character. they often miss the multiple layers of meaning that exist in media messages. this is because the youngsters ' analytical, evaluative, synthesizing, abstracting, and inferencing abilities are not as finely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5461833801509751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.723430"} {"text": "shifts involve a beloved character. they often miss the multiple layers of meaning that exist in media messages. this is because the youngsters ' analytical, evaluative, synthesizing, abstracting, and inferencing abilities are not as finely honed as they need to be. therefore, scores of young media consumers tend to be more susceptible in automatically accepting the prevailing ideas, morals, attitudes, and explanations presented by the media. in all probability, the harry potter found in movies and commercials will correspond to recognized or desired personal characteristics familiar to children and teens, which in turn will establish an opening for advertisers and others to shape youngsters ' attitudes about new film stars and products. this process, known as canalization, subtly influences people ' s attitudes by making them more receptive to a product through linking that product to our emotional needs ( potter 271 ). hence it is highly plausible that through the media push caused by the film and its subsequent commercialization of all things potter, the clever boy wizard will become a pitchman for any number of products directed at young consumers. without more finely attuned media literacy practices, in all likelihood, scores of young adults will conflate the harry potter of literature with the harry potter of commercialism without developing the awareness needed to separate the types of media exposure the two harrys offer them. harry works his magic again : transforming the boy wizard into a study in media literacy this leads us to how harry potter the literary character can teach educators ways to introduce media literacy to our students, regardless of their ages. teachers know harry potter has the power to reach children and stimulate their conventional literacy skills. students reading the harry potter book series engage in a wide range of sensory stimulation, as they layer their own images upon the sentences j. k. rowlings produced. writing and reading teachers clearly see how rowlings ' s characters and stories can train young readers in the left - brain linguistic and analytical patterns they need to develop strong, sustained reading and writing abilities. working through various scenes in the tomes, students develop creativity and analytic thinking as they interact with the storyline. moreover, while reading these books, students who are active in the reading process internalize sequential speech or syntactic structures, all of which become important foundations for future learning. then, too, through rowlings ' s series young readers learn the conventions of the written texts, such as punctuation, capitalization, pagination, and paragraphing. these elements are not necessarily found in broadcast media, and items like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5569235541679755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.724548"} {"text": "then, too, through rowlings ' s series young readers learn the conventions of the written texts, such as punctuation, capitalization, pagination, and paragraphing. these elements are not necessarily found in broadcast media, and items like punctuation and capitalization take on new forms in cybermedia. from a cognitive perspective, one of the greatest concerns teachers should have with harry potter becoming a media icon connects to students developing stronger right - brain patterns, such as relying more upon holistic visual or verbal cues like color, motion, and sound effects instead of text - based cues to determine required information from a storyline ( healy 210 - 11 ). as a movie or commercial image, harry potter feeds upon the right hemisphere of the brain ' s need for novelty and for understanding the story ' s global context ( healy 124 - 25 ). therefore, children and teenagers who become dependent solely upon the film or commercial versions of harry potter without the connection to rowlings ' s books will most likely capture the narrative ' s gist, but they may miss the more interesting or important details connected to really understanding the tale. the danger in this is some students become untrained in the art of pursuing meaning and reflection in their reading and writing. in these instances, students will not grasp foreshadowing techniques like asking questions of what will happen next in the plot nor will they make mental connections to prior learned information. these are critical reading skills that do transfer to written communication, and educators need to discover ways to enhance these abilities in students whose primary leisure activity is television or film viewing. secondary areas to consider as harry potter moves toward film, video, advertising, and television are the types of effects the change from literary figure to media icon will elicit in young or adolescent viewers. media influence is a two - stage process, displaying immediate and long - term effects. immediate effects occur during exposure to a message or directly thereafter. some of these outcomes temporarily tend to reinforce or extend an individual ' s schema. for instance, after seeing the harry potter movie, young viewers may adopt attitudes or behaviors that correspond to the hero or heroine. alternatively, children may have heightened emotions connected to what happens to harry or his friends for a short period during or slightly after the film. in these situations, youngsters may want to dress like or act like harry or one of the characters for a period of time. other outcomes, though, depend upon long term exposure to messages that people internalize as cultural or personal beliefs. for the sake of argument, let", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5290293468755571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.725609"} {"text": "image. especially in advertising contexts, this ready - made trust between young reader and character can be exploited in ad copy to make suspect claims. a second faulty reasoning method, the ecological fallacy, can also emerge. in this setting, a message would show a viewer that there is a causal relationship between two items merely because they occur simultaneously. for instance, the successful release of another harry potter book coincides with a blockbuster opening for the harry potter film. there may be a number of reasons for the book and the movie doing well that do not account for the simultaneous release, such as the time of year both are released or the amount of advertising dollars spent to create a pent - up desire for youngsters to purchase the new book or to see the movie. sophisticated media users can detect the ecological fallacy ; unsophisticated users generally do not. many children and adolescents may not recognize all the underlying reasons as to why the book and film are huge successes and may want to see coincidences where there may not be any. similarly, in these situations, inexperienced thinkers also may fall prey to post hoc fallacies. they may assume just because something preceded an event - - such as the movie being released before the book - - it is the cause of whatever transpired. certainly the \" bandwagon \" fallacy also can come to the fore in this context. if news reports, advertisements, and word - of - mouth reflects that everyone - - or seemingly everyone - - is watching, reading or buying harry potter, then inexperienced media consumers become easy targets for these powerful messages. children and teens are particularly susceptible to bandwagon fallacies because their range of experiences with media messages and real life interactions are limited. the bandwagon effect is particularly successful with those who have a lack of self - esteem and want to be like others. to many young minds, if everyone is seeing the movie, purchasing the book, or buying harryphernalia, the possibility of being left out of this consuming frenzy may play upon his or her self - worth. without solid media literacy skills to dismantle bandwagon messaging techniques, adolescents remain especially susceptible to feeling like the odd one out if they do not purchase the latest item or see the hottest movie or buy the latest fashion. lastly, the distinct variations between the two harrys may create intentional fallacies, which is the idea that what the message maker ' s intended meaning is what the viewers take it to be. many times the media will construct intentional fallacies to shape our ideas about a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.560719654063107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.727840"} {"text": "distinct variations between the two harrys may create intentional fallacies, which is the idea that what the message maker ' s intended meaning is what the viewers take it to be. many times the media will construct intentional fallacies to shape our ideas about a product or a program. usually, though, there is some degree of separation between the message ' s encoded meaning and how the audience decodes it. for instance, with the harry potter book series, the author intends the message to be a child ' s fantasy and the publisher intends for the book to be a huge seller. however, the readers may have a variety of different and unexpected uses for the book. for instance, readers may share or exchange copies of their books with others, thus reducing the numbers of copies sold. or, adults might hold harry potter costume parties, where parents and their friends dress up like the characters of the book. some parents might read the book aloud and tape their readings for younger children who cannot yet read. these uses subvert the original intentions of the book. children, too, can be shown how they might challenge media - generated intentional fallacies with their own multiple uses of the harry potter movie. with the film, the producers intend viewers to visit a theater, rent, or purchase the movie. they do not expect the audience to share or dub the vcr tapes or dvd discs for friends. nor are the film ' s creators interested in how children and teenagers appropriate new meanings for the scenes, such as using the movie ' s language, characters or situations as a secret code to describe school, family or neighborhood relationships. however, there is much more for us to consider with the two harrys than the types of logical traps they can set for students. the shift from harry potter the literary character to harry potter the media icon should also have educators questioning how the change will further desensitize young readers ' relationships with the printed word. j. k. rowlings ' books instill a sense of wonderment and surprise in young adults, as many teachers and parents can attest. like the numerous media studies that repeatedly show watching even a single television program - - especially if violence and aggression are featured - - lowers children ' s sensitivity toward these actions, highly entertaining television shows, videos or movies filled with spectacular special effects also reduce viewers ' impressions toward low impact programming. reading and writing are very low impact programming forms. both depend upon great skill in encoding and decoding messages in a particular context and the entertainment level is rooted much more deeply in one ' s special", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5882318423407098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.728974"} {"text": "effects also reduce viewers ' impressions toward low impact programming. reading and writing are very low impact programming forms. both depend upon great skill in encoding and decoding messages in a particular context and the entertainment level is rooted much more deeply in one ' s special interests. therefore, it is entirely plausible that for many youngsters a harry potter movie filled with incredible computer generated graphics or fantastic special effects will be far more entertaining and impressive than reading the series or writing about what they have read or seen. rather than believe children and teenagers will turn to the movie version of harry potter because the story is easier to consume, though, educators need to realize that the amazing technological effects connected to the portrayal of a boy wizard will desensitize these viewers to the acts of reading and writing. this is a far more subtle use of the media desensitizing viewers than perhaps many are accustomed to, and one that directly affects how youngsters connect to the printed word. more than what the hogwarts academy expected : using the magic of harry potter to teach media literacy in grades 6 - 12 the standard approach to instilling media literacy in children or teenage consumers is to inoculate them. inoculation simply refers to the repeated exposure of audience ' s attitudes to various messages and claims with the purpose of making media claims less effective. however, inoculation is generally an unsophisticated approach to developing media literacy. media outlets spend millions on psychographic and demographic information to subvert most inoculation techniques, and advertisers and programmers use inoculation to sway consumers and viewers toward specific products. so the activities educators would most likely line up to combat media messages more than likely pale in comparison to what skilled corporate manipulators do on a daily basis. instead of inoculating students to create media literacy, teachers might achieve more by using media commercialization as a significant learning experience for their classes. this is where the two harry potters emerge as central figures. students can use their prior experience with the harry potter of literary fame to shape their current media knowledge structures. with the flood of harryphernalia in bookstores and shopping malls, teachers can ask students to become critical thinkers about their own media consumption using the following writing exercise. using excerpts of the film, commercials featuring the harry potter characters, or news stories related to the movie, have students analyze their potential for consumerism. the teacher writes ten ideas on the board related to media influence - - for instance, opinion creation, opinion change, reinforcement, emotional reactions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.529323904567927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.730092"} {"text": "the harry potter characters, or news stories related to the movie, have students analyze their potential for consumerism. the teacher writes ten ideas on the board related to media influence - - for instance, opinion creation, opinion change, reinforcement, emotional reactions, imitation, nutrition, instant gratification, materialism, and blame. students then determine what characteristics would need to be present in the film, commercial, or news story to influence them to see the movie, buy the product, or pay attention to the television story. this is akin to developing foreshadowing techniques in conventional literacy. to facilitate the next phase in the assignment, teachers fill the board with the class ' s responses. stepping back to examine what students generated is an important stage in encouraging students to develop reflexivity. teachers should ask students to rank which attributes would influence them the most. once this activity is finished, students write a short profile explaining how they might lower the probability of these attributes influencing children and teenagers to overconsume. to extend the reflection, teachers can have students probe their own reactions to harry potter that put them at risk for indiscriminate spending on harryphernalia. in journals or in class discussion, students can question more deeply into those effects that play upon youngsters ' self - esteem and how those influences shape a person ' s reasons for succumbing to media messages. beyond having students study their own habits as media consumers, teachers can motivate their classes to think about the indirect media effects on others using harry potter. in this instance, students generate examples where their friends formed an opinion based on media messages about harry potter without ever being exposed to the original event ( book or film, for instance ). then after sharing these student - produced situations related to others, the instructor asks the class what their opinion is on harry potter found in the book, the movie, and the commercial. using the chalkboard, the teacher puts forward all the student opinions. once the class has finished airing its opinions, the teacher should ask whether the class ' s opinions are based on overheard media messages or from them being directly exposed to the book, the film, or the commercials. students are then asked to write about what conditions changed their opinions about harry potter. afterward, students should classify whether these conditions are connected to direct or indirect exposure to the media event. the point of this exercise is to show how discussing whether people are most affected by direct or indirect exposure to the media, which helps students discover the complexity of the media effects process. using media", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5509456417118774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.731289"} {"text": "are connected to direct or indirect exposure to the media event. the point of this exercise is to show how discussing whether people are most affected by direct or indirect exposure to the media, which helps students discover the complexity of the media effects process. using media commercialization as a significant learning experience for reading, writing, and thinking suggests teachers need to show students how to adapt to new learning frameworks. far too frequently, inexperienced users misinterpret media schemas as real world schemas, and the consequences generally run from the embarrassing to the dangerous. with children and teenagers, a lack of awareness connected to their misinterpreting media schema for real world schema can create anything from social faux pas to poor decision - making. again, most students ' familiarity with the harry potter book series allows instructors to work with their classes to enhance the students ' sensitivity to media schemas. as a class, teachers should have students select a chapter of one harry potter book to read as a group. students take turns reading the passages, and while one student is reading, the others should take notes about the schemas. for character schemas, students would list the central figures and briefly describe them. to explain the narrative schema present in the chapter, students need to jot down the important events that occur. likewise, to determine setting schema, students write two or three things that take place in the setting and two or three items that would never occur in the setting. students identify thematic schema in the chapter by briefly summarizing what was the chapter ' s moral or intended moral. finally, to discover the chapter ' s rhetorical schema, students list the author ' s purpose for writing this chapter. was rowling trying to entertain, to inform, to persuade, to fantasize, or to achieve a number of purposes? students repeat this schema identification activity again, this time while watching a ten to fifteen minute portion of the harry potter movie. lastly, the teacher should show about ten to fifteen minutes of television advertisements for harryphernalia, and students once more categorize the schema. upon completing the three exercises, the class discusses its findings. students should be asked what, if any, schematic elements stayed the same across the examples. what schematic elements differed? students need to consider whether a change in media generated a change in the schematic elements. students also should talk about whether the media schemas and genres affect how people receive messages ( adapted from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5779444613089693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.732387"} {"text": "the examples. what schematic elements differed? students need to consider whether a change in media generated a change in the schematic elements. students also should talk about whether the media schemas and genres affect how people receive messages ( adapted from potter 89 ). these activities illustrate how teachers can work with students to reduce their levels of mindless exposure to any media material, whether print or electronic. students discover ways to hone their media reading skills, and they learn that their passive reading of the media leads to media effects clouding their thinking far more pervasively than usual. instead of making claims in their argument - - e. g., that parents or some other authority should control media messages directed toward children, a common byproduct of inoculation - - youngsters who become active readers of the media determine how to negotiate the information presented to them. this is an especially important ability for those young people who form parasocial relationships with media characters based on the character ' s attractiveness or sociability. passive media readers rarely consider how storylines and contexts shape a character ' s likability or personality ; therefore, these viewers are regularly affected by hypermnesia. active media readers, however, question storylines and contexts as well as external media messages sent by advertisers and news reports about these characters. consequently, these children and teenagers develop the analytical skills that allow them to separate the entertainment qualities from whatever informational content exists. as they increase their analytical skills through repeated media literacy exercises, students expand their abilities to recognize how a change in medium can make a difference in how a message is constructed and received. in other words, students discover how to be \" situationally sensitive \" ( simons, morreale, and gronbeck 76 ) toward mass media messages. teachers who draw upon cross - media comparisons in their assignments do well in showing students how the same information is presented differently through various genres. using the activities presented earlier in this paper, instructors help students understand the ways in which a message affects viewers. to extend this idea into students ' writing, teachers can have the class keep a journal related to all the harry potter news stories, radio jingles, internet ads, and television commercials they see for two weeks. students write down what elements of the messages appeal to them - - colors, sounds, melodies, graphics, and so on. at the end of the two week period, have students write harry potter messages for different media - - a newspaper article, a radio or television ad, a billboard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5561136635933445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.734421"} {"text": "messages appeal to them - - colors, sounds, melodies, graphics, and so on. at the end of the two week period, have students write harry potter messages for different media - - a newspaper article, a radio or television ad, a billboard, a short scene from the next movie, or a news report for a local station on the harry potter phenomenon. the process teaches students that writing effective media messages is sometimes difficult. since successful media messages depend upon a number of artistic qualities to appeal to viewers, students learn about the aesthetic dimension of the media ( adapted from potter 381 ). the class quickly discovers that those elements that work best in one medium often will not transfer. consequently, students must learn how to work with various linguistic, aural, and visual aspects to create expert sounding media messages. developing media literacy frameworks for young adults requires educators to move beyond the usual inoculation or academic literacy approaches. instructors must think of literacy with a much wider goal in mind, as reading and writing have become far more complex in the information age. just as instructors present critical thinking skills in reading and writing, they must also now include critical viewing to the literacy mix. since youngsters have constructed basic media literacy frameworks by the time they enter school, teachers need to help them move toward advanced abilities so children learn not to take media information at face value. this suggests that literacy is, indeed, rooted in both social and technological practices, as educational theorist b. c. bruce notes ( 303 ). students ' early learning experiences are grounded in commingled forms and representations of sound, animation, moving images, and electronically generated meanings ( macaul et al. 55 ). these practices affect how students react to the printed word in academic settings. therefore, teachers must come to terms with an expanded view of literacy that encompasses these influences upon reading and writing. mass media and media commercialization do not have to destroy traditional notions of literacy. students who understand that informational flow patterns shift with a change in medium may better understand a society that is becoming increasingly media - saturated. even though teachers are incorporating media literacy activities in their classes, academic literacy skills should not suffer, as students still are able to use reading and writing to test new ideas and propose new knowledge structures even though the characters or images they use for inquiry are different. the result of merging print and electronic literacy abilities may be that students move toward developing an integrated notion of reading and writing across multiple media genres as well as becoming more media savvy. pleasure and literacy before concluding, let me", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5323348411045061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.735973"} {"text": "for inquiry are different. the result of merging print and electronic literacy abilities may be that students move toward developing an integrated notion of reading and writing across multiple media genres as well as becoming more media savvy. pleasure and literacy before concluding, let me suggest that harry potter stories do bring many people who are young and old a great sense of pleasure. but, as media scholars lawrence grossberg, ellen wartella, and d. charles whitney suggest, \" [ p ] leasure is a deceptively simple notion [... ] it is in fact a very complex phenomenon, and we actually know very little about the mechanisms of the production of pleasure \" ( 253 ). so much of what defines pleasure is emotionally generated. yet we should not forget that pleasure is also economically and culturally situated. whether one reads to escape the mundane, to reinforce one ' s self through identification with a character, to live vicariously through another ' s experiences, to feel catharsis, or for any number of other reasons, all bear some connection to a media product - - the book. if pleasure relates to traditional literacy, then why not have pleasure link up with media literacy to interrogate what we see on television, through an advertisement, or in a film? harry potter can teach reading and writing instructors how to bring media literacy into their classrooms through the introduction of pleasure. educators recognize the young magician ' s power to charm children and teenagers into developing a love of words. schoolteachers and others, however, must also realize the boy wizard can cast many unwanted spells upon young audiences as a media pitchman. ultimately, the trouble with harry is that until teachers and students recognize that he sends a number of messages beyond his literary self - - and we all must learn how to address these messages to function in various situations - - in most writing classes literacy will remain segregated between a privileged print and a mass electronic form. a parallel example of hypermnesia would be how late - twentysomethings bond around the values and images linked to the brady bunch. for a short period in the late 1980s - early 1990s, there was brady material across all media. my college students during that time could not only recite the entire brady bunch theme song, but could reel off lengthy passages from episodes and arcane facts about the program. similarly, i see my current group of college students display hypermnesia over the simpsons television program. based on these two phenonmena, a similar occurrence with harry potter should be expected. the classroom exercises are designed for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5462466052463886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.737168"} {"text": "about the program. similarly, i see my current group of college students display hypermnesia over the simpsons television program. based on these two phenonmena, a similar occurrence with harry potter should be expected. the classroom exercises are designed for grades 6 - 12. all activities can be adjusted to meet the demands of class size, student demographics, and teacher or departmental expectations for grade level performance. my purpose is not to create a one - size - fits - all approach to introducing media literacy. rather, i hope to generate a context in which teachers adapt the ideas here for their own classroom activities. since there is little advertising done in advance of the harry potter movie, i suggest interested teachers look in local pharmacies, grocery stores, and bookstores to note the wide array of items carrying the harry potter image that are available for purchase. a recent issue of vanity fair magazine ( http : / / www. epicurious. com ) devoted its main story to the upcoming harry potter phenomenon. these conditions can be explained as parental comments, friends ' comments, newscasters ' comments, or other attitudes displayed by institutions such as church, school, government, sports, and so on. w. james potter defines various media schema as character schema ( stereotypical images that viewers instantly recognize ), narrative schema ( storytelling formulas that cue viewers to the genre ), setting schema ( places that influence viewer expectations ), thematic schema ( character behaviors that interact with the first three schemas to provide viewers with a moral to the story ), and rhetorical schema ( the primary contribution of the story - - whether to inform, entertain, persuade, create a fantasy, and so on ) ( 74 ). bruce, b. c. \" literacy technologies : what stance should we take? \" journal of literacy research ( 29 ) 1997 : 289 - 309. healy, jane m. endangered minds : why children don ' t think - - and what we can do about it. new york : touchstone, 1990. grossberg, lawrence, ellen wartella, and d. charles whitney. mediamaking : mass media in a popular culture. thousand oaks, ca : sage, 1998. macaul, sherry l., jackie k. giles, and rita k. rodenberg. \" intermediality in the classroom : learners constructing meaning through deep viewing. \" intermediality : the teacher ' s handbook of critical media literacy. ed. ladislaus semali and ann watts pailliotet. boulder, co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5449972241709891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.738155"} {"text": "##nberg. \" intermediality in the classroom : learners constructing meaning through deep viewing. \" intermediality : the teacher ' s handbook of critical media literacy. ed. ladislaus semali and ann watts pailliotet. boulder, co : westview, 1999. meyrowitz, joshua. no sense of place : the impact of electronic media on social behavior. new york : oxford up, 1985. potter, w. james. media literacy. 2nd ed. thousand oaks, ca : sage, 2001. semali, ladislaus m, and ann watts pailliotet. intermediality : the teacher ' s handbook of critical media literacy. boulder, co : westview, 1999. simons, herbert, joanne morreale, and bruce gronbeck. persuasion in society. thousand oaks, ca : sage, 2001. u. s. department of education. naep 1996 : trends in writing. office of educational research and improvement. national center for educational statistics. washington, dc : 1999. \u2014. naep 1998 : trends in writing. washington, dc : 2000. citation format : penrod, dane. \" the trouble with harry : a reason for teaching media literacy to young adults. \" the writing instructor. 2001. http : / / www. writinginstructor. com / penrod. html ( date accessed ). review process : diane penrod ' s essay was accepted for publication following blind, peer review.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5304020782767538, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.738684"} {"text": "webmd medical news louise chang, md jan. 15, 2009 - - the largest study ever to track bipolar disorder and schizophrenia within families offers evidence that the two psychiatric disorders share a common genetic cause. for more than a century the psychiatric community has debated whether schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were two distinct disorders or were more over the course of their illnesses, many patients experience similarities in certain symptoms characteristic of both, such as manic mood swings in bipolar disorder and psychosis in schizophrenia. recent genetic studies suggest a common genetic cause for the two conditions. but earlier studies in families have not supported this conclusion, finding no increase in bipolar disorder in family members of schizophrenics and in an effort to help settle the question, researchers in sweden linked a comprehensive national health registry to equally comprehensive hospital three decades of registry and hospital data ( 1973 to 2004 ) involving 9 million swedes from 2 million families were analyzed to determine risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder among biological and nonbiological relatives of patients with one or both of the disorders. close to 36, 000 people with schizophrenia and 40, 500 people with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder were identified. the analysis revealed that : shared and non - shared environmental factors also contributed to risk, but they were less important influences than genetics. the findings appear in the jan. 17 issue of the journal the \" it is time that we rethink the way we view these disorders, \" study co - author christina hultman, phd, tells webmd. \" and it is clear that we need more genetic studies to help us better understand this shared in an editorial accompanying the study, cardiff university dean of medicine michael owen, md, phd, suggested that the earlier family studies were far too small to show the genetic link between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. in an interview with webmd, owen called the latest research very strong, with major implications for how patients are managed. \" when someone receives a diagnosis of schizophrenia it is easy for clinicians to overlook mood disorder and other symptoms that don ' t fit with that diagnosis, \" he says. \" the same is true for psychotic symptoms that may occur in people labeled with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. \" he adds that it is important for clinicians to recognize that symptoms can, and often do, change over time. \" most patients don ' t fit neatly into categories, and the more questions you ask the more likely you are to find a combination of psychotic and mood symptoms, \" he says. john h. krystal, md, of yale university medical center and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46582207360359346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.741921"} {"text": "the term sexually transmitted disease is used to cover the more than 25 - 30 infectious organisms that are spread through sexual activity. sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) are almost always spread from person to person by sexual activity. these infections are most easily spread by vaginal or anal intercourse, and sometimes by oral sex. some stis can also be spread through blood, particularly among intravenous ( iv ) drug users who may be sharing drug equipment ( needles, syringes, or \u201c works \u201d ). in addition, pregnant women with stis may pass their infection to infants in the uterus ( womb ), during birth, or through breast - feeding. most people with stis have no symptoms. without treatment these diseases can lead to major health problems such as not being able to get pregnant ( infertility ), permanent brain damage, heart disease, cancer, and even death. if you think you have been exposed to a sexually transmitted disease, you and your sex partner ( s ) should visit a health clinic, hospital or doctor for testing and treatment. most stis affect both men and women, but in many cases the health problems they cause can be more severe for women. if a pregnant woman has an sti, it can cause serious health problems for the baby. if you have an sti caused by bacteria or parasites, your health care provider can treat it with antibiotics or other medicines. if you have an sti caused by a virus, there is no cure. sometimes medicines can keep the disease under control. correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading stis. sexually transmitted infections : sexually transmitted disease information prescott : ( 928 ) 583 - 1000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4604685258708531, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.744080"} {"text": "origin : modl : so named ( 1789 ) by m. h. klaproth ( see tellurium ), its discoverer, after uranus, recently ( 1781 ) discovered planet + - ium see uranium in american heritage dictionary 4 noun symbol u origin : new latin uranium origin :, after uranus, uranus ; see uranus. word history : some chemical elements, such as ytterbium and berkelium, derive their names from the places they were discovered, but the element uranium owes its name to an earlier scientific discovery, that of the planet uranus. sir william herschel, who discovered uranus in 1781, wanted to name the planet georgium sidus, \u201c the georgian planet, \u201d in honor of george iii ; others called it herschel. eventually convention prevailed and the planet came to be called uranus, like mercury and pluto the name of a heavenly deity in classical mythology. this god, called ouranos in greek ( latinized as uranus ), was chosen because he was the father of saturn ( greek kronos ), the deity of the planet next in line, who himself was the father of jupiter ( greek zeus ), the deity of the next planet. the name of this new planet uranus was then used in the name of a new chemical element discovered eight years later by m. h. klaproth. klaproth, a german scientist, gave it the latin name uranium in honor of the discovery of uranus. uranium passed into english shortly thereafter, being first recorded in the third edition of the encyclopedia britannica, published in 1797. learn more about uranium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5147833213065275, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.745748"} {"text": "cdc finds dramatic rise in drug deathsfeb 9, 2007 | ap the number of accidental drug overdose deaths rose from 11, 155 in 1999 to 19, 838 in 2004, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. the report was based on death certificates, which do not clearly detail which drugs played the greatest role. but cdc researchers said they believe sedatives and prescription painkillers like vicodin and oxycontin were the chief cause of the increase. oxycontin has been blamed for hundreds of deaths across the country in recent years, becoming such a scourge in appalachia that it is known as \" hillbilly heroin. \" deaths from falls climbed between 1999 and 2004 at a more modest rate, from 13, 162 to 18, 807, the cdc said. motor vehicle crashes accounted for 40, 965 fatalities in 1999 and 43, 432 in 2004. the south had one of the lowest fatal drug overdose rates in the nation in 1999, but it doubled by 2004. the south now ties the west for having the highest rate about 8 per 100, 000 population. \" this is the first study really to describe the large relative increases in poisoning mortality rates in rural states. historically, the drug issue has been seen as an urban problem, \" said dr. len paulozzi, a cdc epidemiologist. the federal report, issued this week, noted that accidental drug overdoses remain most common in men and in people 35 to 54. but the most dramatic increases in death rates were for white females, young adults and southerners - the death rates for men remained roughly twice the rate for women, but the female rate doubled from 1999 to 2004 while the male rate increased by 47 percent. - the rate for white women rose more dramatically than for any other gender group, to 5 deaths per 100, 000 population. - the rate of overdose deaths among teens and young adults, ages 15 to 24, is less than half that of the 35 - to - 54 group. but it rose much more dramatically, climbing 113 percent in the study years, to 5. 3 deaths per 100, 000 population. earlier research suggests that deaths from illegal drugs appear to be holding steady. \" there is a misperception that because a drug is a prescription medicine, it ' s safe to use for non - medical reasons. and clearly that is not true, \" said dr. anne marie mckenzie - brown, a pain medicine expert at atlanta ' s emory crawford long hospital.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3869098280451432, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.748122"} {"text": "criticism of pow treatment criticism of pow treatment news release issued by the international secretariat of amnesty international amnesty international urged the united states to ensure respect for the human rights of all people who have been or may be transferred from afghanistan to a us military base in guantanamo bay, cuba. \" the us is placing these people in a legal limbo. they deny that they are prisoners of war ( pows ), while at the same time failing to provide them with the most basic protections of any person deprived of their liberty, \" amnesty international said. \" the us has obligations under international law to ensure respect for the human rights of all persons in their custody - - including the duty to treat them humanely and ensure that they have recourse to fair proceedings, regardless of the nature of the crimes they are suspected of having committed. \" amnesty international considers that those who are held in guantanamo, who are said to have been captured during the war in afghanistan, are presumed to be pows. if there is any dispute about their status, the us must allow a \" competent tribunal \" to decide, as required by article 5 of the third geneva convention. this is also the position held by the international committee of the red cross ( icrc ), the most authoratitive interpreter of the geneva conventions. \" it is not the prerogative of the secretary of defense or any other us administration official to determine whether those held in guantanamo are pows \", amnesty international said. \" an independent us court, following due process, is the appropriate organ to make this determination. \" pows are afforded specific rights. for example, they should be held in conditions \" as favourable \" as those of us soldiers ; they are not required to divulge information beyond their name, rank, serial number and date - of - birth ; they cannot be tried merely for having taken up arms against enemy combatants in the context of the conflict and they should be granted access to delegates of the icrc. pows, unless they are to be tried for war crimes or other criminal offences, must be repatriated at the end of \" active hostilities \". any detainee who is suspected of a crime, whether or not they are pows, must be charged with a criminal offense and tried fairly or released. denying pows or other people protected by the geneva conventions a fair trial is a war crime. amnesty international is opposed to the death penalty in all circumstances. the international safeguards governing the treatment of all detainees facing criminal charges include those of the international covenant on civil and political", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4928266815717841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.751112"} {"text": "quakes : call on turks and on greeks the \" art \" of photography was invented in 1826. the use of steel - reinforced concrete started around 1876. so, for 135 years, from 1876 to this day ( 2011 ), it has been possible to have photos of steel - reinforced concrete buildings destroyed by quakes. newspaper archives, worldwide, are full of innumerable photos of multistory steel - reinforced concrete buildings in which their occupants were crashed to death, in the most agonizing way, when the buildings collapsed, during an earthquake. if observers from another planet could view the material and social changes that appeared on the face of the earth during the last one hundred years, they would conclude that one of the most important factors for the existing material and social reality on the planet has been the use of steel - reinforced concrete. the ease and speed with which humans can make a concrete building frame has enabled them to construct multi - story buildings in infinite numbers. from the moment of the arrival of this type of building, life changed for the mass of twentieth century men and women. this kind of building allowed the state to cram a great part of the population into miserable apartments in multi - story concrete buildings. the social, political, psychopathological, and even anthropological aspects of the problem of cramming millions in these \" buildings - machines \" has yet to be seriously addressed. this social problem of the multi - story apartment building is magnified to a fatal degree at those parts of the earth which are earthquake - prone. concrete is an intrinsically brittle material, even when reinforced with steel. ( chalk is another brittle material ). a multistory concrete building cannot survive a big earthquake, if hit directly by the earthquake. the damage from a quake to a building is site specific. a building can remain intact, while another one, even a few feet away, can be destroyed completely. naturally, it is reasonable to ask : who is responsible for the proliferation of the concrete multi - story apartment building? as already mentioned, it is the state. not only because it crams the masses, like sardines, in these \" buildings - machines \", but because, with the help of its technical \" commissars \", the engineers, it permits and promotes the construction of these \" death - traps \", in earthquake - prone areas. so, we reach to the, rather, strange conclusion that the thousands of deaths caused by quakes is a political problem! among the people that helped the state to propagate or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47953235902467095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.770270"} {"text": "these \" death - traps \", in earthquake - prone areas. so, we reach to the, rather, strange conclusion that the thousands of deaths caused by quakes is a political problem! among the people that helped the state to propagate or use this multi - story - building \" solution \" to the problem of housing ordinary people, a prominent place is held by le corbusier ( 1887 - 1965 ). le corbusier was born in switzerland and at the age of 43 he became a french citizen. he was quite \" enamored \" to the nazis, and he was an admirer of henry ford and the... general motors! his contribution to humanity : part of the misery that the extraterrestrial man observed during his trip on the surface of the earth. unfortunately, this contribution to misery and quake - induced deaths has not been adequately recognized, if at all, by historians, engineers, and intellectuals. how could, a rather not very competent architect, create such \" havoc \", almost single - handed? my estimate : the cause is a strange tendency of humans, especially of ladies, to feel that it is de rigueur to be modern, to follow the fashion, etc. [ whether this tendency is innate or acquired, does not matter. what matters, is that it is so prevalent ]. le corbusier and his creations were the epitome of... modernity. maybe, that was why le corbusier became a french citizen ; to be at the center of modernity, fashion, etc. aside from this rather droll, yet valid, explanation, there is a more sinister one : the greed of the portland cement industry and the automobile industry in the \" democratic \" nations and authoritarianism in the non - democratic nations ( the soviets, hitler, etc ). let us take the case of greece : around 79 years ago, between 1932 and 1933, what happened at the \" exarchia square \" in athens helped decide the fate of the city concerning its buildings and consequently helped decide the way of the life of its inhabitants. in 1932 the construction of one of the first steel - reinforced concrete multi - story buildings, designed by a young greek architect, started to take place at the north - eastern corner of the \" exarchia square \". [ parenthesis : \" the athens neighborhood of ' exarchia ' is considered the scene of the anarchic scene in greece ( today ). the core of the neighborhood is a tiny triangular park (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5030027268352613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.771457"} {"text": "of the \" exarchia square \". [ parenthesis : \" the athens neighborhood of ' exarchia ' is considered the scene of the anarchic scene in greece ( today ). the core of the neighborhood is a tiny triangular park ( the ' exarchia square ' ) with its longest side measuring around 150 feet. the police raid exarchia regularly. \" ( this from my znet commentary, of january 30, 2009 ). in 1932, the exarchia area was an upper middle - class place with only one - story or at most two - storey houses, as was all of athens. therefore, the multi - story building at the square was quite a sensation. end of the parenthesis. ] before the new multi - story building at exarchia was completed le corbusier visited the place and after congratulating the greek architect, he scrawled the words \" c ' est tres beau \" ( it is very beautiful ) on a wall at the entrance of the unfinished building. the words stayed there on the wall for decades, to commemorate the approval of the \" great \" man. le corbusier was 45 years old at the time and already a french citizen. then to crown this \" artistic \" masterpiece the architect invited a friend of his, a painter, to choose the color of the outer surface of the building. the painter chose a very dark blue color, which turned the edifice into a legendary \" monument \" for modern athens : the \" blue apartment building \", as it is called to this day. unfortunately, the dark color turned the building into an \" oven \" during the scorching athenian summers, so it was painted with a lighter blue color, in later years. the greek \" blue apartment building \" was not a blessed event for the greeks only, similar happy events took place all over the planet. hitler, stalin, et al, were in line waiting to cram their lucky citizens into the \" machines \". so, the \" blue apartment building \" has been replicated in athens and the rest of greece, ad nauseam, to this day, resulting in a monstrous and, more importantly, a dangerous city, quakewise. unfortunately for the greek people, it so happened that the \" gift \" of le corbusier to the state, the multi - story concrete buildings ( the \" buildings - machines \" ) was also a \" gift \" to the us empire as an instrument of domination. during the last half of the 1940s in greece, the us \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.491110043590244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.772499"} {"text": "of quakes in alaska ( out of the 239 ) : 53 - number of quakes in the states of america ( other than alaska ) : 50 - number of quakes in the world ( excluding the us and alaska ) : 136 - number of different countries that were hit by a quake : 31 looking at the above recorded data, one could conclude, for example, that alaska is an intensely quake - prone area. also, we \" know \" that according to science, quakes are crowded at the places where the continental plates meet one another, that quakes do not happen in the middle of the plates ( continents ), etc, and that when the latter happens, as in new madrid, then we discover \" ancient \" faults and so on. if quakes are a very serious matter, that is if an agonizing death is a serious matter, then we are obliged to see the quake - prone factor in a more conservative way. for example, what if there are unknown \" ancient faults \" under berlin, or dresden, or moscow, etc? also, should we not take into account that the historical data that we have for quakes are minuscule? therefore, should we accept the axiom that any place on earth is quake - prone? the answer should be : yes! furthermore, that there are more than 200 quakes per week all over the earth in more than 30 countries cannot be ignored. also, the fact that the majority of those quakes have a magnitude between 4 and 5 richter, is deadly significant. such quakes affect the structural integrity of buildings, even mildly, and the harm is cumulative. all materials have \" memory \", in relation to their strength. so, having a planet \" vibrating \" with quakes and covered with concrete death - traps, what do we do? a call for a solution what follows is addressed mainly to the turkish people, the greek people, and the engineers and the technical universities of both countries : after the collapse of a concrete building the \" lucky \" ones are those who die on the spot. an unknown number of trapped survivors, under hundreds of tons of concrete, are killed in a terrible manner by their... rescuers. at some point, a few days after the quake, the state ( the politicians ) orders the removal of the concrete mass with the use of heavy construction equipment, thus dismembering any survivors who are still alive. a couple of decades ago in salonika, an engineering colleague of mine pleaded with the politicians not to use the construction equipment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4771129463690704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.774696"} {"text": "removal of the concrete mass with the use of heavy construction equipment, thus dismembering any survivors who are still alive. a couple of decades ago in salonika, an engineering colleague of mine pleaded with the politicians not to use the construction equipment, as there might still be survivors under the mass of the concrete. they refused, and used the equipment only 48 hours after the quake. all my friend could do was to burst to tears. the same thing is happening this very minute ( nov. 11, 2011 ) in turkey. is there a solution? did the technical universities of the world try seriously to find a solution, for more than a century? during this period of time, what the universities did was to try to find out how to \" strengthen \" the concrete buildings by devising scale models of buildings and experimenting on them. the japanese, once, tried to be \" realistic \", by avoiding the scale models, and fixed a... rocket on the top of a multi - story building! all the benefit these \" toys \" offered to humanity, was more and more dead in collapsed concrete buildings. if the extremely heavy and weak concrete of a tall building kills, what then could be the solution? evidently, a low building made of light materials. such a building should meet three criteria : 1. it should be a low one - story structure. 2. it should be of light, but sturdy material. 3. it should be inexpensive there has never been a serious effort by the technical universities of the world to design such a building for the benefit of ordinary people, to protect them from death when a quake hits. the argument that is usually raised against this proposal is that if you eliminate the tall buildings then you are apt to cover the surface of the earth with one - story houses for the billions of its inhabitants ; an ecological catastrophe. let us be honest. where did all these humans use to live before they inundated the few big cities in all countries, from greece to china? was the surface of the earth covered to capacity with their home villages? the \" brutal \" motive for people to move to the cities was and is poverty. actually, it is a \" benign \" phoenix program initiated by the world economic elite ; a sequel to the original greek and vietnamese murderous programs. also, there is another, rather \" vulgar \" development that refutes the above argument. for example, there are greek immigrants, admittedly not very numerous, who after having been \" successful \" by climbing the social ladder from dishwashers in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4961724088557682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.775698"} {"text": "also, there is another, rather \" vulgar \" development that refutes the above argument. for example, there are greek immigrants, admittedly not very numerous, who after having been \" successful \" by climbing the social ladder from dishwashers in new york or frankfurt to restaurateurs, they then build summer - houses back in their home villages, usually mimicking, architecturally, swiss chalets, thus occupying two times their... allotted domicile space on the face of the earth. an additional objection to the proliferation of the one - story home, possibly by ecologists this time, might be that this is a boon for the proliferation of the automobile, le corbusier ' s fervent vision. wrong! this problem had been solved around the turn of the 20th century. the solution : the steel wheel on a steel rail. that is : mass transportation by trains, light - rail and the streetcar. a solution, which was \" erased \" by the general motors et al in the 1930s and 1940s. finally, for some people, storing humans vertically towards heaven in tall buildings in mega - cities, is a way to make humanity \" more productive and efficient \". in the \" special issue \" on \" better cities \" of the \" scientific american \" magazine, for september 2011, ( page 38 ), luis m. a. bettencourt and geoffrey b. west write : \" what we can say with certainty,..., is that increased population [ in cities ] promotes more intense and frequent social interactions... as well as economic pressures that weed out inefficiencies. in a city with high rents, only activities that add substantial value can be profitable. these economic pressures push urbanites to come up with new forms of organizations, products and services that carry more value added. in turn, higher profitability, excellence and choice tend to attract more talent to the city, pushing rents higher still, fuelling the need to find yet more productive activities... \" about \" weed out inefficiencies \", \" rents \", \" economic pressures \", \" value added \", and \" profitability \", no comment is necessary. however, given that the majority of \" educated \" people in the west, and probably the writers of the above excerpt, consider the foundation of their culture and of their social thought to be the product of the city of athens around 2, 500 years ago ( see martin bernal ' s \" black athena \" ), it is a bit of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5083126964414342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.777226"} {"text": "writers of the above excerpt, consider the foundation of their culture and of their social thought to be the product of the city of athens around 2, 500 years ago ( see martin bernal ' s \" black athena \" ), it is a bit of a contradiction to ignore the fact that the area covered by the city of athens, at that time, around the acropolis, is the same area covered today by a few dozen taverns, peddling \" moussaka \" to the tourists. how come such \" wisdom \" came out of a postage - stamp city, not a mega - city? furthermore, to invent the wheel or the transistor is the easy part. to understand the human nature is the hard one. also, it is even harder to survive in a concrete multi - story building that was hit by an earthquake. a possible outline of action by the ordinary people of turkey and greece to solve the deadly problem of the quake could be as follows : - both peoples should ignore their respective governing elites. any action by both peoples should be at the grassroots level, in a pareconish way. - dialogue and cooperation between the two peoples should be the cardinal basis for finding a solution. - immediate and very close contact among the civil engineers and the civil engineering schools of both countries. - honest evaluation of the history of concrete in relation to quakes. - if the ordinary men and women of turkey and greece, with the help of the universities and of the engineers of both countries, decide that the solution rests on the design of a one - story house of lightweight materials, then a long - range program should be made for the initiation of a process of replacing the existing tall structures with the new low lightweight ones, recycling almost all of the materials of the existing buildings. obviously, this will take many decades, maybe about a half century. as already mentioned, this is only an outline by a single individual. there are more than 80 million turks and greeks capable to start thinking about the problem. one additional benefit of such a program could be that it will evolve into a political and social contact between the two peoples that will allow them to live in peace and dignity. also, it is possible that in the future this program could involve and the peoples at the rim of the mediterranean basin ; syria, lebanon, palestine, egypt, libya, algeria, tunisia, morocco, etc. the turks and the greeks can, of course, appeal to the rest of the world for cooperation and involvement in such a project. however, the massachusetts institute of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5385025891735338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.778668"} {"text": "syria, lebanon, palestine, egypt, libya, algeria, tunisia, morocco, etc. the turks and the greeks can, of course, appeal to the rest of the world for cooperation and involvement in such a project. however, the massachusetts institute of technology and the university of illinois should definitely be involved in this turko - greek project. especially, the university of illinois, which has the best school of civil engineering in the world. the history of the university of illinois in relation to quakes is quite interesting. part of this history are nathan m. newmark, hardy cross, and fazlur r. khan. all three were among the most brilliant minds of the contemporary science of the world. - newmark ( 1910 - 1981 ) was the head of the civil engineering department of the u of illinois, at urbana, for 17 years. his work had a lot to do with earthquakes. all his life he tackled the most difficult engineering problems, even the design of structures to withstand a nuclear explosion, and gave brilliant solutions. he is famous for the quake - resistant design of the skyscraper \" torre latinoamericana \" in mexico city. he was awarded the national medal of science and numerous other awards. - cross ( 1885 - 1959 ) was the originator, in 1936 at the u. of illinois, of what is known to all the civil engineers of the world as the \" cross method \", a tool that helped them tremendously in the design of structures, especially of multi - story concrete structures. - khan ( 1929 - 1982 ) \" was a native of bangladesh... [ he ] is considered as one of the greatest geniuses in the history of civil engineering... khan ' s revolutionary design of a skyscraper is that the most economical way to build a skyscraper is the one in which it is built with thin solid walls as a tube... \" [ this from my znet commentary, \" of pyramids and skyscrapers \", of september 30, 2001 ]. the wtc twin towers were designed on the basis of khan ' s revolutionary method. all these three great engineers devoted their life to solve technical problems for the erection of multi - story buildings. the opposite of what is proposed here. yet, what could their reaction be to such a proposal for a low light - weight building? i would like to think that, ultimately, they would agree that losing the lives of the hundreds of thousands of ordinary people in multi - story concrete buildings has not been seriously examined by the engineering profession and that something should be done.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5319328394299354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.780852"} {"text": "- weight building? i would like to think that, ultimately, they would agree that losing the lives of the hundreds of thousands of ordinary people in multi - story concrete buildings has not been seriously examined by the engineering profession and that something should be done. all three were serious and extremely rational individuals. of these three, i had the chance to meet only newmark, a polite, gentle, and honest person. about khan it was written that he was a \" technical genius with a sensitivity for people and the places in which they must live and work \". khan himself said : \" i like to think myself a citizen of the world. if we don ' t have a sense of compassion on a world basis and on a man - to - man basis, we ' re never going to get out of the wars we ' re in \". about cross i do not know much. yet, i am apt to think that he was not different from the other two. it seems that these three exceptional individuals, in relation to quakes, had fallen to what might be called the \" robert oppenheimer trap \". after oppenheimer tried to rationalize his involvement with the nukes, he said that he could not resist the feeling of \" a technically sweet solution \"! my guess is that, today, all three would agree to the solution presented here. [ parenthesis : here is a rough outline of a possible solution for an one - story light - weight building : 1. construction of a concrete wall as a \" base \" of the building. concrete?! yes, concrete. even of plain concrete, without steel reinforcement. however, the height of the wall should not exceed 4 feet ( 1. 20 meters ). this low wall will give the building a solid base, as a quasi \" ballast \", which can withstand mainly wind forces. this 4 - feet high ballast - wall, even if it fails ( which is improbable ), will not trap people under it, because of its small height. 2. the floor should be a concrete slab ( plain or with minimal steel reinforcement ) that is monolithically connected to the low wall, forming thus a box - like lower part of the building. this will be beneficial to the building even if there is liquefaction. ( transformation of the soil into a liquid, for a fraction of the duration of the quake. ) 3. the remaining 6 feet, to gain the total height of 10 feet of the building, should be a lightweight construction, resembling a cage, made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5189007014965319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.782106"} {"text": "( transformation of the soil into a liquid, for a fraction of the duration of the quake. ) 3. the remaining 6 feet, to gain the total height of 10 feet of the building, should be a lightweight construction, resembling a cage, made of steel members, thus securing that the upper part of the walls and the roof will not kill people by falling on them. the steel to be used, mostly by recycling, is already used today as reinforcement in the slabs and columns of the traditional concrete structures, which are going to be demolished. 4. the steel cage, of the upper part of the structure, should be covered on the outside and the inside with a thin \" skin \" of fiber - reinforced concrete of a thickness of only half inch. strange as it sounds, there has been experience with such \" thin \" fiber - reinforced materials for decades. students in most civil engineering schools in the us take part in an annual competition of building... canoes out of such a \" skin \". 5. the low concrete wall of 4 feet and the space between the outer \" skin \" and the inner \" skin \" should be thermally insulated ( preferably with local, or recycled, or newly invented material ). this is only an outline of a solution by a single person. there could be hundreds of better ones from thousands of others ; turks, greeks, mit, the u. of illinois, and so on. end of the parenthesis. ] it should be pointed out that no architects should be involved in this project. my experience with greek architects, in relation to quakes is... terrifying. i feel that prof. christopher alexander, already mentioned above, has been saying similar things for years, if not about quakes, at least about the \" offerings \" of architacts to humanity. here is a deadly exercise in aesthetics by le corbusier. to make buildings more beautiful he introduced the notion of the \" pilotis \". that is, he let the building stand on stilts, by eliminating the walls of the ground floor and left only the concrete columns. also, he said the less numerous columns the better. there are two multi - story apartment buildings on le corbusier stilts, not far from my place. during the big quake of 1981 in athens they were hit severely and all the concrete stilts were almost destroyed. the state with the help of its engineering \" commissars \" allowed the \" repair \" of the damage. today, more than 40 families ( about 160", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5079326729778977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.783176"} {"text": "of 1981 in athens they were hit severely and all the concrete stilts were almost destroyed. the state with the help of its engineering \" commissars \" allowed the \" repair \" of the damage. today, more than 40 families ( about 160 humans ) are living in a terrible death - trap. this commentary is addressed to the turks and to the greeks in general, and specifically to the inhabitants of istanbul, of athens, and of lisbon. finally, to close this rather painful znet commentary : there is no need to include here a list of the dead from quakes through the ages. the list can be found even in the yearly \" almanacs \". i feel that i have to justify why, while living in athens with all the social and the political tempest around me, i chose to write once more a \" commentary \" on quakes. 1. i know that this very minute tens of thousands of turks are suffering extremely, because of the latest quake that hit them. 2. the turks did not have a choice. during the 10 seconds of the duration of the quake the only choice you have is to try to avoid thinking about the way the concrete slabs will crash you to a pulp. the people of athens have a choice : they can revolt. which they do! given this chance to communicate with this commentary, here is a very brief report on the situation in athens : i. lately, there are numerous classified ads in the papers by young greeks, who seek to exchange the family apartments in athens with a small farm or a piece of farm - land in rural areas, so that they can escape from the city and survive economically. ii. months ago the greek government decided to add an extra tax to the property of the greeks. to extract the money from the people, the government decided to send the extra tax bill through the regular electricity bill and in case the family did not pay the extra tax to disconnect the family house from the electric grid. result : the labor union of the electricity workers decided to not disconnect the houses, in solidarity with the populace. the government hired private companies to do the dirty work. the unions threaten to use violence to protect the populace, against the private ( enterprise ) \" thugs \". iii. this is 11 a. m., in athens. four hours from now the huge annual march from the polytechnic to the us embassy to commemorate the 1973 uprising of the students against the us instigated military dictatorship will start on 3 p. m. there are 7, 000 policemen on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44440535645156776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.784226"} {"text": "unfortunately, the modern buildings we live and work in rival cars and factories as sources of harm to the environment, contributing to deforestation, global warming, overuse of water and energy and carbon dioxide emissions. sustainable building refers to those buildings that are built to have the least impact on the natural environment, both in terms of the building itself, its immediate surroundings and the broader global setting. to construct in a sustainable way, some basic rules need to be followed : ( a ) minimization of non - renewable resource consumption ; ( b ) enhancement of the natural environment ; and ( c ) elimination or minimization of toxic emissions. almost every step of the green building process is heavily focused on how building elements fit together to optimize efficiency and sustainability. sustainable development marries two important themes : 1. environmental protection does not preclude economic development. 2. economic development must be ecologically viable now and in the long term. \u201c sustainable design \u201d involves the planning and development of projects in a manner that minimizes impact on natural resources, such as water and energy. there are many aspects to the sustainable process, one of which involves \u201c leed \u201d principles \u2013 leadership in engineering and environmental design, with standards for selecting materials and designing facilities established by the u. s. green building council. zurn strongly encourages organizations to consider including cost - effective and environmentally friendly practices in the design, construction and retrofit of buildings and facilities. in this way, your buildings and facilities not only exemplify your care for the environment and the well - being of the community that you serve, but they also decrease facility operating and maintenance costs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49678125918710264, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.787443"} {"text": "the neem tree, environment, culture and intellectual property | ted case studies number 665, 2002 by sara hasan the neem tree, environment, culture and intellectual property | mandala home | | trade environment database | | inventory of conflict and environment | | global classroom | | etown | | environment, statistics and policy | | site map | 1. the issue the united states and india are currently involved in a biopiracy dispute over the rights to a tree indigenous to the indian subcontinent, the neem tree. while the neem tree has been used in india for over 2000 years for various purposes such as pesticides, spermicides and toothbrushes, a us company has been suing indian companies for producing the emulsion because they have a patent on the process. the dispute is over the rights of companies to conduct research and development by using patents against the interest of the people who live at the source of the resource. to what extent can multinational companies claim and patent resources from the develping countries, like india? the movement around the issue of the neem tree and trade - related aspects of intellectual property rights ( trips ) represents a challenge to the developing countries.. there are approximately 14 million neem trees ( azadirachta indica ) in india. access to neem products was very cheap ( if not free ) and easy to get. it is a tropical evergreen, related to the mahogany, that mainly grows in arid regions of india and burma and southwest asia and west africa. when temperatures do not drop below freezing, it may grow up to 50 feet tall. they are estimated to live up to 200 years. the neem tree has many versatile traits that can be traced back to the upavanavinod, an ancient sanskrit treatise dealing with agriculture. this treatise cites the neem tree as a cure for ailing soil, plants and livestock. the tree has been referred to as the ' curer of all ailments ' and the ' blessed tree ' by both the hindu and muslim population in india. the leaves and the bark have been used to treat illnesses such as leprosy, ulcers, diabetes and skin disorder. it has also been used to make spermicides and pesticides. the neem tree is known as the tree for all seasons because of its versatility. here is a list of its many uses : : 1 ) medicine - many ancient and traditional medical authorities indian texts place neem as a vital resource for pharmacy. they mention the usefulness of the leaves, bark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4351143096552459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.807302"} {"text": "all seasons because of its versatility. here is a list of its many uses : : 1 ) medicine - many ancient and traditional medical authorities indian texts place neem as a vital resource for pharmacy. they mention the usefulness of the leaves, bark, flowers, seeds and fruit for treating several diseases such as diabetes, ulcers and skin disorders. for example, some people chew neem leaves in the morning for 24 days to protect the body from diseases like hypertension and diabetes. the juice of the neem tree ( 5ml ) mixed with equal amounts of honey reduces oozing from ears and also removes inflammation. the ash of the dry neem leaves is used to remove urinary stones. ( www. healthlibrary. com / ready / neem / chap3. htm ). 2 ) timber - the chemical in neem makes it resistant to termites, which is an extremely useful quality to have in construction. it is interesting to note that there is a new epa regulation that bans certain chemically treated wood. 3 ) toiletries - neem twigs have been used by millions of indians ( including my parents ) as an antiseptic tooth brush. its oil is used for preparing soap and toothpaste. 4 ) contraception - the oil of neem is a potent spermicide. 5 ) fuel - the oil can also be used as lamp fuel. 6 ) agriculture - even dating back to the ancient sanskrit treatise dating about 600 bc dealing with forestry and agricultural, the upavanavinod, neem was seen as a cure for ailing plants and livestock. the cake, or residue, is fed to livestock and its leaves increase the fertility of soil. the most important, and controversial, is its use as a potent insecticide. it is effective against approximately 200 insects. making pesticides emulsion does not take highly sophisticated equipment, as native peoples have been making it for over 2000 years. indians have developed their own process of cracking off the top that would then be used on plants as a pesticide. neem based pesticides, medicines and cosmetics have been produced by some laboratories in india, but there has not been an attempt to make ownership of the formula legal because indian law does not allow agricultural and medicinal products to be patented. in 1971, a timber company in the united states figured out that the neem tree ' s usefulness in acting as a pesticide and began planting neem tree seeds. he received a patent on it and, in 1988, sold the patent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44663660435722374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.808309"} {"text": ". in 1971, a timber company in the united states figured out that the neem tree ' s usefulness in acting as a pesticide and began planting neem tree seeds. he received a patent on it and, in 1988, sold the patent to the us based company w. r. grace. in 1992, w. r. grace secured its rights to the formula that used the emulsion from the neem tree ' s seeds to make a powerful pesticide. it also began suing indian companies for making the emulsion. the controversy over who has the rights to the neem tree raised many questions. india claims that what the us companies are calling discoveries are the actual stealing and pirating of the indigenous practices and knowledge of its people. the indians and members of the green party in the european union oppose big businesses owning the rights to living organisms, otherwise known as biopiracy, because they believe that the rights of poor farmers in developing countries will be harmed. the villager supplier of neem products ranging from pesticides to formulations for creams to cure skin disorders, raju, was not the first in his family to use the \" blessed tree \" for as many purposes as possible. his family revered and know all of the tree ' s sacred qualities. while raju did not know the exact word for the extract of the neem seed, azadirachtin, he did know that it helped all the people in his village in one way or another. one day his life changed drastically. an american company called w. r. grace patented the natural insecticide that had been used for generations by indian farmers. the company was allowed to patent the process of making the insecticide because the indian government did not patent agricultural or pharmeceutical products. this patent caused many problems for raju because he could no longer use the traditional method of smashing the neem seeds, scooping the emulsion from the top, and selling it to local farmers as pesticide. this was the method he and his family had used for generations. he was told that he had to pay the company royalties for using their innovation because farmers in india did not hold a patent for the process. it just did not make any sense. the economy seemed to be overtaking his society. the worst part about it was that the community, his people, did not get any benefits from the patents. raju often asks, how is it possible for american companies to come into our country, steal our knowledge and make money off of it? he was also con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47803841387055057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.809503"} {"text": "about it was that the community, his people, did not get any benefits from the patents. raju often asks, how is it possible for american companies to come into our country, steal our knowledge and make money off of it? he was also concerend why the indian government did not protect the neem emulsion through patents themselves. this is a question that many intellectual property disputes have to answer. there is an increasing awareness in india of the commodification of neem will lead to the expropriation by multinational corporations, like w. r. grace ( shiva, vandana \" piracy by patent : the case of the neem tree, \" in the case of the global economy : and for a turn toward the local, edited by jerry mander and edward goldsmith, sierra club : san francisco, 1996, p. 154 ). on indian independence day in 1995, farmers in from karnataka rallied outside the district office to challenge the demands for made by multinational corporations for intellectual property rights. as part of their protest, the farmers carried twigs and branches from the neem tree as a symbol of their collective indigenous knowledge of the properties of the neem ( shiva : 154 ). the united states, on the other hand, states that what they are doing will help the indian economy. india is not against sharing its information about the neem tree ' s virtues, but it is against countries and corporations that intend to stop india ' s present use of it. another issue is whether the neem tree is patenable, since it is a product of nature, which shows that it is not a result of innovation and discovery. the problem is that w. r. grace does not have a patent on the tree itself, but rather on the process of making the emulsion. they believe that this process is a discovery because it entails manipulation yielding greater and better results. in other words, discovery seems to have both old and new definitions. the problem is over the use of novel scientific advances on traditional indian techniques. according to vandana shiva, the director of the research foundation for science, technology and natural resource policy in india, \" corporate processes are supposedly novel advances on indian techniques \" ( shiva : 152 ). she goes on to state that the reluctance of scientists in india to patent agricultural and pharmaceutical inventions may be a result of their recognition that the bulk of work had already been accomplished by generations of anonymous, indian experimenters ( shiva : 153 ). for example, \" dr. r p singh of the indian agricutural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5220485776092441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.810635"} {"text": "agricultural and pharmaceutical inventions may be a result of their recognition that the bulk of work had already been accomplished by generations of anonymous, indian experimenters ( shiva : 153 ). for example, \" dr. r p singh of the indian agricutural research institute asserts : ` margosan - o is a simple ethanolic extract of neem seed kernel. in the late sixties we discovered the potency of not only ethanolic extract, but also other extracts of neem...... work on the neem as pesticide originated from this division as early as 1962. extraction techniques were also developed in a couple of years. the azadirachtin - rich dust was developed by me \u2019 \" ( http : / / www. healthlibrary. com / reading / neem / chap10. htm ). shiva also states that the discovery of the neem ' s properties and the means of processing the extract was not \" obvious \" but rather evolved through extended systematic development in non - western cultures ( shiva : 153 ). the world trade organization ( wto ) is asking developing countries to open up to foreign direct investment from abroad and to liberalize their trade policies. there has been a restructuring of general agreement on tariffs and trade ( gatt ) into the wto. this resulted in agreements on trade - related aspects of intellectual property rights ( trips ) made during the uruguay round. these agreements created a trend towards a legal framework for intellectual property rights including a consensus to follow and establish patent laws in conjunction with those of the developed world. while this can be seen as a good sign for india, it still causes a problem because of the indian government ' s reluctancy to issue patents on agricultural and pharmaceutical product. also, there is a lack of knowledge of the legal process that surrounds intellectual property rights. indian business owners argue that the lack of patents leads their technology to move to the developed world. india feels that by letting foreign companies control resources, they become more vulnerable to them. as a result, there has been a backlash on foreign investment and less joint ventures between india and the united states. 3. related cases basmati - trade dispute between an american company, ricetec inc., and india. sandalwd - india ' s attempt to limit the exportation of sandalwood because of its current trend towards extinction. chipko - problem of deforestation in india. beede - beedi cigarettes, popular for teenagers in america, are often rolled by indian children who were forced in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4628888704278423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.813165"} {"text": "to limit the exportation of sandalwood because of its current trend towards extinction. chipko - problem of deforestation in india. beede - beedi cigarettes, popular for teenagers in america, are often rolled by indian children who were forced in bondage. bhopal - example of how developing countries are vulnerable to industrial crises. banana2 - trade dispute settlement between the united states and the european union regarding the sale of bananas by american companies. budweis - issue between the united states and the czech republic. canola - dispute between saskatchewan farmers and an american company called monsanto co. tequila - in light of nafta, mexico has demanded protection tequila \" as a geographically indicated product \" under intellectual property law. ginseng - ginseng acquiring a new niche in the international market had led to it possible extinction. mussel - mussel harvesting is a new cause of concern for the sustainability of mussel populations. 4. author and date : april 30, 2002 the world trade organization ( wto ) is encouraging developing countries to expand their legal protection of intellectual property rights in order to be on a similar \" playing field \" with the developed countries. in an effort to standardize trade rule, the wto is also asking developing countries to open up to foreign direct investment from abroad and to liberalize their trade policies. the wto believes that the restructuring will lead to a development of more modern economies. there has been a restructuring of the general agreement on tariffs and trade ( gatt ) into the wto. this resulted in agreements on trade - related aspects of intellectual property rights ( trips ) made during the uruguay round. trips, the forum for dispute, created a trend towards a legal framework for intellectual property rights. it also forced countries to honor the northern / western interpretation of patent rights ( shiva : 147 ). according to shiva, \" the northern countries argued that when southern farmer ' s attempted to retain free use of their own seeds, developed by them over thousands of years, it was a form of piracy, but the pirate ' s hat clearly belongs on the other head \" ( shiva : 147 ). one of the major parties involved is obviously the indian government who has signed onto the trips agreement. india ' s laws still do not allow patents on agricultural and pharmaceutical products. another party involved is the business community ( like w. r. grace ) that needs intellectual property rights to encourage development in foreign countries because it gives more incentive to the business owners that their property or \" inventions \" will be protected. they believe that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48621701995982197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.814463"} {"text": ". another party involved is the business community ( like w. r. grace ) that needs intellectual property rights to encourage development in foreign countries because it gives more incentive to the business owners that their property or \" inventions \" will be protected. they believe that the result of researching and development in foreign countries can lead to a greater public good because of the new discoveries of medicines and other innovations that will result. another forum for dispute surrounding the neem tree is the convention on biological diversity ( cbd ) that took place in 1992 at the united nations conference on environment and development. article 15 of the convention states bio - assets are the property of the sovereign states in which they are from. in other words, they are not the property of the world at large. india ' s claim is that what the western world is calling discoveries is actually an indigenous method that they have been suing for years. they say that it is a bio - asset that is protected under article 15 of the convention. while cbd emphasizes the rights of sovereign nations over biological resources, such as the neem tree, it still calls for the acceptance of intellectual property rights. what this means is the cbd calls for governments, such as india, to provide the proper patents or other forms of protection on the life forms and include pharmaceutical products. another wto dispute that relates to the trips agreement is a case that involves india, as well. this case is regarding basmati rice. india feels that because the united states has granted a patent for basmati rice, that it is violating the trips agreement. they say that basmati rice is exclusively associated with india and pakistan. they want the united states to take away their patent on the rice because they felt it is an indigenous product of their country. india ' s problem with the neem tree is similar to the basmati case because they have realized the importance for creating laws that conserve bio - assets and control piracy. they feel that protecting their assets through patents may protect them from other companies like rice tec that took advantage of the nonexistent indian laws. indian farmers want to protect their cultural heritage. it seems the best way to do it is to change their philosophical attitude that natural resources should not be patented in order to protect and preserve india ' s biodiversity and also to conform to international laws and agreements like the trips agreement. according to shiva, there has been a new alliance of farmers and scientists to formulate an alternative form of intellectual property rights - what they term collective intellectual property rights ( cipr ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5170183595011505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.815631"} {"text": "also to conform to international laws and agreements like the trips agreement. according to shiva, there has been a new alliance of farmers and scientists to formulate an alternative form of intellectual property rights - what they term collective intellectual property rights ( cipr ' s ) ( shiva : 157 ). it allows people to have the right to benefit commercially from traditional knowledge. in other words, the farmers want to solve their disputes at the local level or village organizations rather than through gatt panels. 5. discourse and status : disagreement and in progress 6. forum and scope : wto, gatt, trips and bilateral 7. decision breadth : the united states and india 8. legal standing : treaty 9. geographic locations a. geographic domain : asia b. geographic site : south asia c. geographic impact : india 10. sub - national factors : no 11. type of habitat : temperate 12. type of measure : intellectual property the trade measures that are most relevant to the neem tree case are intellectual property and patents. united states patents on neem tree products are seen as forms of \" biopiracy \" by the country of india, the green party and the european patent office. there are three main issues surrounding the patenting of local products used for medicinal or agricultural purposes by the united states. first, the farmers will no longer be able to use these products without paying royalties to the company that has a patent on it. secondly, consumers will be deprived of cheap medicines and agricultural products. last, local communities should receive a share of the profits because the companies learned the value of the species from local knowledge. ( source : trade and development center : a joint venture of the world bank and the world trade organization www. itd. org / isues / india6. htm ) since 1985, over a dozen of the u. s. patents by the united states and japanese firms are for the neem - based solutions and emulsions. there are a total of four patents are owned by w. r. grace. three patents are owned by another u. s. company, the native plant institute. two others are owned by the japanese company, terumo corporation ( source : vanadan shiva ' s article \" piracy by patent : the case of the neem tree \" in the case against the global economy ). remember that these patents are used for the process of making the emulsion from the neem tree, not on the neem tree itself. the us company had in fact created a new invention from the neem extraction process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4743919933382229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.816704"} {"text": "against the global economy ). remember that these patents are used for the process of making the emulsion from the neem tree, not on the neem tree itself. the us company had in fact created a new invention from the neem extraction process. the local population, however, has been extracting the substances from the seeds for years, too, using a more traditional method of \" smashing the seeds \" and \" scooping the emulsion. \" the neem is not the only living organism that has become a subject of \" patent \" debate. there are scientists and farmers around the world that are trying to gain rights to protect their organisms. for example the africa soapberry has properties for insecticidal soap, fish intoxicant and a spermicidal contraceptive that african have used for a very long time. in 1964, though, things changed due to dr. akililu lemma ' s report to the tropical products institute in britain that it killed water snails ( which are used to fight the disease, bilharzia ).. at the time of his report, he was stunned to find out that the institute placed a patent on the extraction process without consulting or crediting him ( shiva : 157 ). 13. direct v. indirect impacts : direct and indirect 14. relation of trade measure to environmental impact a. directly related to product : yes - wood b. indirectly related to product : yes - manufacturing c. not related to product : no d. related to process : yes - deforestation 15. trade product identification : neem tree extract and seeds neem facial moisturiser neem hand & body lotion neem moisturizing cream neem organic shampoo neem organic conditioner neem eye gel neem lip balm dragon repellent candle pet flea powder head lice attack packs neem incense sticks bath fizz bombs powdered neem leaf pure powdered neem tree neem leaf capsules 16. economic data 17. impact of trade restriction : high 18. industry sector : agricultural and chemical ( use in pesticides ) 19. exporters and importers : united states and india patents on neem u. s. companies patents : the patents granted to w. r. grace for extraction and storage processes are the most controversial. recent indian patents : * information from neem tree foundation website : www. neemfoundation. org 20. environmental problem type : habitat loss and deforestation 21. name, type, and diversity of species name : neem tree ( azadi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4878756721415932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.818077"} {"text": "indian patents : * information from neem tree foundation website : www. neemfoundation. org 20. environmental problem type : habitat loss and deforestation 21. name, type, and diversity of species name : neem tree ( azadirachta indica ) type : tropical evergreen related to the mahogany 22. resource impact and effect : low and production 23. urgency and lifetime : low and 200 years 24. substitutes : like products 25. culture : yes the controversy over the patents on the neem tree relates to environment and culture most importantly because the properties and utilities of the tree have been known to indians for millennia in both the muslim and hindu traditions. in sanskrit it is known as the \" curer of all ailments \" and in the muslim tradition it is known as the ' blessed tree. ' neem trees are everywhere in india. the extraction of the seed oil and emulsions is not difficult, the process has been used for ages in india ( third world network : http : / / www. twnside. org. sg / title / pir - ch. htm ). the village neem tree is a symbol of indian indigenous knowledge. it has also become a symbol of resistance against corporations that are trying to take the indian ' s knowledge for their own profit. the wto ' s goal is to promote market competition throughout the world. it is not the just the neem tree, as a product, that is being affected by the patents. culture, biodiversity, livelihoods, needs and rights are all reduced to the market the destruction of their livelihoods becomes reduced to the level of competition. many indians view fundamental life processes as sacred, not as commodities that should be bought and sold in the market. the idea of a disembedded economy, that karl polanyi discusses, is not applicable to the average poor indian farmer. in other words, indian farmers are not comfortable with having the economy be above society. they seek to protect themselves from the rise of the global economy and agreements, such as the trips agreement, that will affect their lives for days to come. the problem with the farmers view is that due to the logic of patenting, they cannot keep resisting, instead they are going to have to join in. ( http : / / www. thirdworldtraveler. com / globalization / war _ against _ nature _ vfts. html. ). the issue of nationalism, in the wake of colonialism plays a vital role in the case of the neem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.459601848124653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.819190"} {"text": "/ / www. thirdworldtraveler. com / globalization / war _ against _ nature _ vfts. html. ). the issue of nationalism, in the wake of colonialism plays a vital role in the case of the neem tree. indians do not want to lose their rights to their own indigenous resources to a western power. they will do everything to protect their rights. they are now an independent nation, or are they? in the new global village, it is hard to say. they see american companies and the wto dictating what they can and cannot do with the neem tree. the trips agreement is essentially the globalization of western patent laws as instruments to conquest. it can be seen as a different form of colonialism. an interesting story is that the word \" patents \" is derived from \" letter patents. \" according to vandana shiva, one of india ' s leading activists and founder of the research foundation for science, technology and ecology, letter patents were the open letter granted by the european sovereigns to conquer lands or to obtain monopolies on imports. for example, christopher columbus used a letter patent issued by queen isabel and king ferdinand, for his right to conquest the america ' s ( vandana shiva : war against nature and the people of the south ). 26. trans - boundary issues : no 27. rights : yes 28. relevant literature mander, jerry, and edward goldsmith eds., the case against the global economy : a turn towards the local, san francisco : sierra club books, 1996. national research council, neem : a tree for solving global problems : report of an ad hoc panel of the board of science and technology for international devlopment, washington d. c. : national academy press, 1992. shiva, vandana, biodiversity : social and ecological perspectives, london : zed books, 1991. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -, biopiracy : the plunder of nature and knolwedge, massacusetts : south end press, 1997. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -, ecology and the politics of survival : conflicts over natural resources in india, in association with j. bandyopadhyay, japan : united nations university press, 1991. graphics : from www. neemfoundation. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.509694922708723, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.820111"} {"text": "incidents and offenses the uniform crime reporting program collects data about both single - bias and multiple - bias hate crimes. for each offense type reported, law enforcement must indicate at least one bias motivation. a single - bias incident is defined as an incident in which one or more offense types are motivated by the same bias. a multiple - bias incident is defined as an incident in which more than one offense type occurs and at least two offense types are motivated by different biases. - in 2007, 2, 025 law enforcement agencies reported 7, 624 hate crime incidents involving 9, 006 offenses. - there were 7, 621 single - bias incidents that involved 8, 999 offenses, 9, 527 victims, and 6, 962 offenders. - the 3 multiple - bias incidents reported in 2007 involved 7 offenses, 8 victims, and 3 known offenders. ( see tables 1 and 12. ) an analysis of the 7, 621 single - bias incidents reported in 2007 revealed the following : - 50. 8 percent were racially motivated. - 18. 4 percent were motivated by religious bias. - 16. 6 percent resulted from sexual - orientation bias. - 13. 2 percent stemmed from ethnicity / national origin bias. - 1. 0 percent were prompted by disability bias. ( based on table 1. ) offenses by bias motivation within incidents of the 8, 999 single - bias hate crime offenses reported in the above incidents : - 52. 5 percent stemmed from racial bias. - 16. 4 percent resulted from religious bias. - 16. 2 percent were motivated by sexual - orientation bias. - 14. 0 percent were prompted by ethnicity / national origin bias. - 0. 9 percent resulted from biases against disabilities. ( based on table 1. ) in 2007, law enforcement agencies reported that 4, 724 single - bias hate crime offenses were racially motivated. of these offenses : - 69. 3 percent were motivated by anti - black bias. - 18. 4 percent stemmed from anti - white bias. - 6. 0 percent were a result of bias against groups of individuals consisting of more than one race ( anti - multiple races, group ). - 4. 6 percent resulted from anti - asian / pacific islander bias. - 1. 6 percent were motivated by anti - american indian / alaskan native bias. ( based on table 1. ) hate crimes motivated by religious bias accounted for 1, 477 offenses reported by law enforcement. a breakdown of the bias motivation of religious - biased offenses showed : - 68. 4 percent were anti -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5178573075459816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.825385"} {"text": "were crimes against society. ( based on table 2. ) ( see data collection in methodology. ) crimes against persons law enforcement reported 5, 408 hate crime offenses as crimes against persons. by offense type : - 47. 4 percent were intimidation. - 31. 1 percent were simple assault. - 20. 6 percent were aggravated assault. - 0. 2 percent consisted of 9 murders and 2 forcible rapes. - 0. 6 percent involved the offense category other, which is collected only in the national incident - based reporting system. ( based on table 2. ) crimes against property - the majority of the 3, 579 hate crime offenses that were crimes against property ( 81. 4 percent ) were acts of destruction / damage / vandalism. - the remaining 18. 6 percent of crimes against property consisted of robbery, burglary, larceny - theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, and other crimes. ( based on table 2. ) crimes against society nineteen offenses were crimes against society ( e. g., drug or narcotic offenses or prostitution ). by victim type when considering the type of victims among property crimes : - 53. 7 percent were directed at individuals. - 11. 5 percent were against businesses or financial institutions. - 7. 4 percent were against government. - 6. 8 percent were against religious organizations. - the remaining 20. 6 percent were directed at other, multiple, or unknown victim types. ( based on table 6. ) if you have questions about this information contact the fbi \u2019 s criminal justice information services division via e - mail at firstname. lastname @ example. org or by telephone at ( 304 ) 625 - 4995.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41806221795464427, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.828064"} {"text": "in accordance with the mps administrative policy 2. 16, district accountability system, the administration presents the board and the community with its annual report card for the 2010 - 2011 school year. requirements of the elementary and secondary education act, otherwise known as no child left behind ( nclb ), stipulate that school districts report two year performance trends of students on statewide assessments in reading and mathematics, disaggregated by ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, migrant status, disability status, and english proficiency status. according to nclb, the graduation rate must be reported for high schools, and another indicator ( attendance ) must be reported for elementary and middle schools. additionally, each school \u2019 s performance is to be compared with the state \u2019 s adequate yearly progress target, and professional qualifications of teachers must be reported. the 2010 - 2011 report card presents three to five year trends in performance for state and district assessments, disaggregated by ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, english proficiency status, and disability status. graduation, promotion, and attendance rates are reported for applicable grades. recent guidance from the department of education requires districts to present state results from the national assessment of educational progress ( naep ). naep results for the state of wisconsin ( 2010 - 2011 ) are also presented. other data of interest to the community, including gpa, mobility and stability rates, suspension rates, and enrollment information is reported. results are reported in terms of all students enrolled ( instead of only those enrolled for a full academic year ) and for all schools serving mps students. the report card also presents the tenth year of value - added analyses of student achievement information to complement the attainment results required under nclb. these measures level the playing field between schools serving diverse populations of students and help to improve our understanding of schools \u2019 achievement gains over time. as noted above, nclb requires that report cards also contain information regarding the percent of classes taught by \u201c highly qualified \u201d teachers. the district relies on the department of public instruction \u2019 s annual reports to provide this information to the community. please go to http : / / www. dpi. state. wi. us for these data. the milwaukee public schools is in the third year of working together, achieving more, an action plan to improve milwaukee public schools, 2007 - 2012. a brief explanation of the strategic plan as well as three pages detailing the key measurable statistics as to progress, are included.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4654860634169363, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.831290"} {"text": "while all curriculum areas share some of the same issues and concerns, individual curriculum areas seem to also have concerns specific to them and their courses. this list looks at the top ten concerns for social studies teachers. 1. breadth vs. depth social studies standards are often written so that it is virtually impossible to cover all the required material in the school year. for example, in world history, the national standards require such breadth of material that it is impossible to do more than just touch on each topic. 2. dealing with controversial topics many social studies courses deal with sensitive and at times controversial issues. for example, in world history teachers are required to teach about religion. in american government, topics like abortion and the death penalty can sometimes lead to heated debates. in these instances, it is important for the teacher to maintain control of the situation. 3. making connections to students ' lives while some social studies courses like economics and american government lend themselves well to making connections to students and their lives, others do not. it can be tough to connect what was going on in ancient china to a 14 year old ' s daily life. social studies teachers have to work very hard to make these topics interesting. 4. need to vary instruction it can be very easy for social studies teachers to stick to one method of instruction. there is a tendency to give a great deal of lectures. it can be very tough to cover the depth of material without relying on lectures and whole group discussions. of course, there are some teachers who go to the other extreme and have mainly projects and role playing experiences. the key is to balance the activities. 5. staying at the lower level of bloom ' s taxonomy because much of teaching social studies revolves around names, places, and dates, it is very easy to create assignments and tests that do not move beyond the recall level of bloom ' s taxonomy 6. history is interpretationthere is no such thing as \" history \" because it is truly in the eye of the beholder. social studies texts were written by humans and therefore are biased. a perfect example is two american government texts that my school was considering adopting. it was obvious throughout that one was written by a conservative and the other by a liberal political scientist. further, history texts might describe the same event in a different way based on who wrote them. this can be a tough one for teachers to deal with at times. 7. multiple prepssocial studies teachers are often faced with having to teach multiple preps. this can be especially tough for the newer teachers who have to prepare so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46392435545164673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.837432"} {"text": "previous | session 117 | next | author index | block schedule s. j. edberg ( jpl / caltech ) this poster serves to introduce a series of posters discussing space interferometry mission planetquest ( sim planetquest ) science prospects and plans across a wide range of astrophysics. sim is being designed and built for nasa ' s navigator program, an element of the astronomical search for origins and planetary systems theme in the science mission directorate. it will be the first optical interferometer in space dedicated to precision astrometry. even though sim planetquest has undergone a significant redesign since last year, the principle parameters of the instrument and anticipated results from its flight have changed little. with astrometric modes yielding 1 microarcsecond and 4 microarcsecond measurements, sim offers the opportunity to investigate a wide variety of phenomena. from effects due to planetary gravitation within the solar system to investigating the emission phenomena of quasars and agns, sim will provide breakthrough science. sim astrometry will provide positions, parallaxes ( distances ), and proper motions with unprecedented accuracies for thousands of stars. searches for earth - like planets will be made. investigations of other planetary systems are possible, including the masses and orbits of their planets. characterizations of stellar masses, from brown dwarfs to stellar - mass black holes and across the h - r diagram are planned. combined with ground - based observations, sim observations of machos should yield the masses of the microlensing objects for the first time. the ages of globular clusters will be determined and the milky way ' s mass and its distribution will benefit from the study of halo and tidal tail stars. sim measurements of the motions of local group galaxies will enable tests of models of this system. quasar jets will be investigated and quasars themselves can be used to tie down a significantly improved celestial reference frame. this work was performed for the jet propulsion laboratory, california institute of technology, sponsored by the national aeronautics and space administration. if you would like more information about this abstract, please follow the link to http : / / planetquest. jpl. nasa. gov / sim / sim \\ _ index. cfm. this link was provided by the author. when you follow it, you will leave the web site for this meeting ; to return, you should use the back comand on your browser. previous | session 117 | next bulletin of the american astronomical society, 37 # 4 \u00a9 2005. the american astronomical soceity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.528124689965862, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.840529"} {"text": "\u2014 although they were established just 40 years ago, presidential debates are now a major feature of the election season. take a look back at the highlights ( and lowlights ) of every presidential and vice - presidential debate since 1960. democratic candidate john f. kennedy challenged republican vice president richard nixon, who was leading the polls, to a series of debates. the four, one - hour debates were the first ever presidential debates. the famed 1858 debates between abraham lincoln and stephen a. douglas occurred during the illinois senatorial campaign. in an echo of this year \u2019 s rhetoric, in one of the debates against kennedy, nixon said he was \u201c very proud that president eisenhower restored dignity and decency and frankly good language to the conduct of the presidency of the united states. \u201d september 26, 1960 who : sen. john f. kennedy, democrat and vice president richard m. nixon, republican where : chicago, ill. moderator : howard smith as moderator, plus a panel including sander vanocur, charles warren, stuart novins and bob fleming. format : 8 - minute opening statements ; 2 \u00bd - minute responses ; optional rebuttal ; 3 - minute closing statements. broadcaster : networks rating : 77 million viewers ( 60 percent of all households ) in the first debate, nixon learned the hard way about the importance of how one looks on television. his haggard appearance, compared to the telegenic kennedy \u2019 s, caused some callers \u2014 including his own mother \u2014 to inquire about his health. however, the oft - cited \u201c fact \u201d that those who listened to the debate over radio rated nixon the winner, while tv viewers rated kennedy the winner, is based on \u201c thin \u201d evidence that \u2019 s still debated by scholars. october 7, 1960 who : kennedy and nixon where : washington, d. c. moderator : frank mcgee as moderator, plus a panel including paul niven, edward morgan, alvin spivak and harold levy. format : no opening statements ; each candidate questioned ; optional rebuttal broadcaster : networks rating : 61. 9 million viewers october 13, 1960 who : kennedy and nixon where : nixon in hollywood, calif., and kennedy in new york city moderator : bill shadel as moderator, plus a panel including frank mcgee, charles van fremd, douglass carter and roscoe drummond. format : no opening statements ; 2 \u00bd - minute responses ; 1 \u00bd - minute rebuttals ; no closing statements. broadcaster : networks ratings : 63. 7 million viewers october 21, 1960 who : kennedy and nixon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43029262839846943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.847598"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia madame de pompadour she was born jeanne - antoinette poisson in 1721. it is suspected that her biological father was the rich financier le normant de tournehem, who became her legal guardian when her official father was forced to leave the country in 1725 after a scandal and she lived with her mother and sister. she was intelligent and educated ; she also learned to dance, engrave and to play guitar. she was married in 1741 ( at the age of 19 ) to charles - guilaume le normant d ' etiolles, nephew of her guardian. contemporary opinion considered her quite beautiful, with her small mouth and oval face enlivened by her wit. her young husband was soon mad about her and she reigned in the fashionable world of paris. she caught the eye of the monarch in 1745. a group of courtiers, including her father - in - law, endorsed her to louis xv, who was still mourning the death of his second mistress, the duchess of chateauroux. jeanne - antoinette was invited to a royal masquerade ball in february 1745 that celebrated the marriage of the king ' s son. by march she had become a regular visitor, and the king installed her at versailles. he also bought her pompadour, the first of six residences. in july, louis made her a marquise, had her legally separated from her husband, and on september 14 she was formally presented at court. she kept to louis ' bed only a few years, but she was such a level - headed courtier that she was able to find him younger, prettier girls while she also retained a cordial relationship with the queen, marie leszczynska. louis was lazy, and mme de pompadour prepared all business for the king ' s eye beforehand with the ministers, who met in her rooms at versailles madame de pompadour was an accomplished woman, with a good eye for rococo interiors. she had a keen interest in literature. she had known voltaire before her ascendancy, and the playwright apparently advised her in her courtly role. contrary to popular belief - and contemporary opinion - she never had much direct political influence, but she supported belle - isle and endorsed the duke of choiseul to the king. choiseul, it should be noted, encouraged the basic shift in french foreign policy away from prussia and towards france ' s hereditary rival, the austrian habsburgs. this alliance eventually brought on the seven years war, with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4366619702753023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.854357"} {"text": "##seul to the king. choiseul, it should be noted, encouraged the basic shift in french foreign policy away from prussia and towards france ' s hereditary rival, the austrian habsburgs. this alliance eventually brought on the seven years war, with all its disasters, the battle of rosbach and the loss of canada ; but mme de pompadour persisted in her support of these policies, and, when bernis failed her, brought choiseul into office and supported him in all his great plans, the pacte de famille, the suppression of the jesuits, and the peace of versailles that lost canada. she also discreetly endorsed diderot ' s encyclopedie project. pompadour was a woman of verve and intelligence. she planned buildings like the place de la concorde and the petit trianon with her brother, the marquis de marigny. she employed the stylish marchands - merciers who were turning chinese vases into ewers with gilt - bronze rococo handles and were mounting writing tables with the new sevres porcelain plaques. numerous other artisans, sculptors and portrait painters were employed, the court artist jean - marc nattier, in the 1750s francois boucher, and later francois - hubert drouais ( illustration, left ). drouais has rendered her demurely at traditional lady ' s work with her tambour and embroidery silks, among luxurious fittings that include a sevres - mounted table with a goat ' s mask in the latest gout grec. she is not young, but there is freshness and sparkle to everything about her. there is no sign that she is sick and about to die. pompadour suffered two miscarriages in the 1740s and later in life arranged lesser mistresses for the king ' s pleasure. although they did not sleep together after 1750, louis xv remained devoted to her until her death in 1764 at the age of 43. at the time she was publicly blamed for the seven years ' war. the classic pink of sevres porcelain is rose de pompadour. the pompadour haircut is also named after her. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42136040876810926, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.855414"} {"text": "contents - previous - next this is the old united nations university website. visit the new site at http : / / unu. edu letters to the editor vitamin a nutrition status in costa rica : was fortification necessary? a national survey in costa rica in 1966 by the institute of nutrition of central america and panama ( incap ) in costa rica showed a high prevalence of low and deficient levels of serum vitamin a in 32 per cent of preschool children in rural areas. only 12 per cent of the families in the same communities had an intake equal to or higher than that recommended for this vitamin. clinical signs, however, were virtually absent, with not one case showing xerophthalmia or keratomalacia, and bitot spots were present in only two children in urban areas, levels of serum retinol were higher, with low and deficient levels accounting for only 3 per cent of all cases. in general, the intake of vitamin a was much higher in the urban comunities studied than in the rural ones 11 ). after that survey, vitamin a deficiency was considered to be a major nutritional problem in costa rica, together with protein - energy malnutrition, iron deficiency anaemia, and endemic goitre ( 1 ). afterwards, and following the technical recommendation of incap, the government issued a decree in 1974 making mandatory the fortification of white table sugar ( 2 ). fortification of this supposedly widely consumed food began with the sugar refined in 1975 - 1976. the process was followed through four consecutive years. however, supervision and control of the programme was practically non - existent, and basal information just prior to the beginning of this intervention was not obtained. a national dietary survey made by the ministry of health two years later showed a striking improvement in the intake of vitamin a from food sources by preschool children, being well above the recommendations for their age group. clinicians insisted that vitamin a deficiency was no longer a problem. a retrospective study was done on children admitted from 1964 to 1975 to the national children ' s hospital in san jose with ocular manifestations suspected to have been caused by vitamin a deficiency. this study showed that only 17 cases among 909 had ocular signs compatible with vitamin a deficiency, 10 of them with unilateral or bilateral blindness. most were found before 1970, all in children from rural areas 13 ). at the end of 1978 and the beginning of 1979, in a joint effort undertaken by the ministry of health and the recently founded inciensa, with the advice of incap, serum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4795436674982586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.898983"} {"text": "found before 1970, all in children from rural areas 13 ). at the end of 1978 and the beginning of 1979, in a joint effort undertaken by the ministry of health and the recently founded inciensa, with the advice of incap, serum retinol was measured in a representative sample of preschool children from the same rural and urban areas in which adequate intake had been found in the national survey. only 2. 5 per cent of 396 children studied showed low or deficient levels. in fact, only one child had a serum level below 10 mg / dl, and in all those with low levels, serum retinol was higher than 15mg / dl ( 4 ). in a limited study done by inciensa on 123 pregnant women in a semi - urban area in the outskirts of san jose, all had serum retinol levels higher than 50, m g / dl. a random sample of 50 lactating women contributing to a breast milk bank showed levels higher than 20 m g / dl in all individual samples. although these data on the women are incomplete, the findings in preschool children allow us to conclude reasonably that hypovitaminosis - a is no longer a public health problem in costa rica. the obvious, immediate question is whether sugar fortification per se was largely responsible for the improvement. to answer that question, the minister of health suspended the program of fortification in the second semester of 1980. during the second semester of 1981, a new survey for serum retinol levels was done by the ministry of health in the same population of preschool children, showing that of 561 children, none had deficient levels, and only 1. 8 per cent had low levels in spite of about one year without vitamin a fortification of sugar ( minister of health, personal communication, 1981 ). a new evaulation is to take place in two years. it is important to note that the improvement in vitamin a nutritional status was not an isolated finding. other positive changes in nutritional and health indicators in costa rica appeared in the 1970s, changing the disease profile from one classical for underdeveloped countries to one similar to that in the developed nations ( 5 ). by that time, vigorous health programmes, such as community and rural medical care based mainly on auxiliary health care personnel, had gone into effect. these programmes facilitated not only health care but also massive programmes of vaccination and health education. installation of facilities for proper disposal of excrete was another important undertaking, together with the development of an extended network of lines to supply pot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4804441448922322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:53.901939"} {"text": "into effect. these programmes facilitated not only health care but also massive programmes of vaccination and health education. installation of facilities for proper disposal of excrete was another important undertaking, together with the development of an extended network of lines to supply potable water to most of the country ' s population. complementary nutrition programmes for children and pregnant women were reinforced through the so - called centres of education and nutrition and through meals at schools ( 5 ). we tend to believe that the improvement in vitamin a nutrition status in costa rica was largely the result of a combination of indirect strategies aimed at improving public health, socio - economic, and educational levels. at the time of the survey in 1966, it was reasonable to recommend fortification. the problem was important, and in fact nobody would have predicted any significant improvement in health problems at that time. however, fortification of sugar was started about nine years after the problem had been identified, at a time when a general improvement in health was beginning to be apparent. perhaps fortification came too late, and the expense and troubles inherent in the programme could have been avoided. in principle, a fertile country like costa rica should not have to buy premixes of vitamin a at disproportionately high prices, especially at this time of severe economic problems. in spite of the well - known paradox of a higher prevalence of vitamin a deficiency in \" ever green countries \" ( 6 ), in costa rica the long - run public health strategy has apparently already succeeded in eradicating vitamin a deficiency ( 7 ). by maintaining the programmes that led to this overall improvement, we believe that our population will be protected from vitamin a deficiency, and perhaps fortification will no longer be necessary. 1. institute of nutrition of central america and panama and the inter departmental committee on nutrition for national development, nutritional evaluation of the population of central / america and panama. regional summary 19651967, dhew publication no. ( hsm ) 72 - 8120 ( department of health, education and welfare, washington. d. c., usa, 19721. 2. g. arroyave, j. r. aguilar, m. flores, and m. a. guzman, evaluation of sugar fortification with vitamin a at the national level, paho scientific publication no. 38411979 ). 3. c. fuscaldo, e. mohs, and l. mata, \" lesiones oculares por hipovitaminosis - a y otras causes en ninos hospitalizados", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48374725167573196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.024483"} {"text": "some two years later by a new dietary and blood serum survey in order to determine whether the higher vitamin a nutritional status attained could be maintained without fortified sugar. for this purpose a special meeting was called by the minister of health, requesting incap to act as specific adviser. it is evident from the follow - up surveys that the vitamin a nutritional level in preschool children, and possibly pregnant women, is still adequate. what is risky is to accept this as evidence that sugar fortification did not have any benefit, and that it probably was implemented \" too late, \" resulting in \" expense and troubles inherent in the programme \" that \" could have been avoided. \" as a scientist, i would consider it just as reasonable, on the basis of the circumstantial evidence available, to suggest that, even in the light of the long - run integrated nutritional programme in costa rica, the sugar fortification programme implemented in 1975 - 1976 served as the determining critical booster to bring the population rapidly to a new, adequate vitamin a status, a status that can now more easily be maintained with diet alone. strengthening this probability is the fact that in guatemala, where the vitamin a sugar fortification programme also began in 1975 - 1976, but where the dietary and health status of the population at large had not changed for the better, a dramatic improvement in vitamin a nutritional status was shown after only six months to a year of the effective national sugar fortification programme. this was demonstrated by highly significant increases in serum retinol levels in preschool children, retinol in breast - milk, and liver retinol reserves. in my opinion, the cost of the fortification programme at that time in costa rica of about us $ 300, 000 per year was not a disproportionately large expense, and the operation of the programme was so simple that it could hardly have been considered troublesome. to me, both the expenditure and the \" trouble \" were well justified because : ( a } the vitamin a that the population consumed during the years of fortification unquestionably contributed to the adequate vitamin a status now evident ; ( b ) the vitamin a in the sugar went to essentially all of the population regardless of sex or age, while the integrated nutrition plan for dietary improvement in costa rica had small children as its principal target. the same dietary survey cited by dr. de cespedes showed, in fact, that the children had attained adequate vitamin a dietary status, but the adults within the same families still had clearly inadequate intakes in many instances ; ( c ) if the above were not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.486290595430791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.034589"} {"text": "\" clearly, that would be a very logical assumption that someone is out there protecting us, somebody is making sure the chemicals that would harm our bodies or our environment wouldn ' t be in common products, \" says debbie raphael, director of california ' s department of toxic substances control. as a result, about 83, 000 chemicals are not routinely tested for safety. raphael says california ' s new law affects every consumer product that may have any of more than 12 - hundred \" chemicals of concern. \" \" these are chemicals widely understood throughout the world to cause problems like cancer, like reproductive harm, polluting our waters, polluting our air, those kinds of chemicals becomes our list of chemicals of concern, \" says raphael. the prospect of regulating so many chemicals is daunting, so the department will target five chemicals in five products to begin with. the list could include could formaldehyde in carpet, cadmium in jewelry, ammonia in cleaning products ; the department hasn ' t decided. \" basically the department is in a position to choose any product that it wants, at any time, and in the first year, two years, three years, five years, ten years down the road, \" says gene livingston, an attorney for the green chemistry alliance. it ' s a coalition that represents automobile, toy, plastics, paint, and detergent manufacturers among others. he says the new law may sound reasonable \u2026 but its results are totally unpredictable. \" and that ' s how business is looking at this \u2026 what ' s going to happen in the future, \" says livingston. \" the way they ' ve organized the regulation could cause very serious economic impacts, \" says loren kaye is with the california chamber of commerce. \" initially it ' s going to affect manufacturers, but then manufacturers make products that get incorporated into further products, and then eventually it gets into distribution and retail, so it affects the whole stream of commerce. \" ultimately, he says the new chemical regulations will force consumers to pay more for products, or make some products unavailable. phillips says she thinks the regulations could have gone even further to include more chemicals that degrade water quality. but she says the pending regulations are designed to protect consumers. \" it won ' t reduce the availability of household cleaners for instance it will just make sure that household cleaners are safer, children aren ' t exposed to toxic chemicals, mothers aren ' t exposed to toxic chemicals, \" says phillips. manufacturers contend product reformulation can cost millions of dollars and they say alternatives to some chemicals can be more expensive or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4495252406916496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.069999"} {"text": "archaeologists have recovered six cannons from the ships of welsh privateer henry morgan, the first artifacts found in panama to be linked to the man who remains a legend there, the team said monday. in the late 1600s, morgan sent three ships and a crew of 470 men to capture the castillo de san lorenzo el real de chagres, a fort that guarded the approach to panama city, the capital. morgan and his men were sailing up the chagres river to join them when his flagship, the satisfaction, and at least three other vessels crashed on lajas reef, sinking in shallow water. members of morgan ' s force paddled upriver and traveled overland to reach panama city, which they successfully sacked. but their wrecked ships were abandoned and left to amateur archaeologists and looters. \" every school kid learns about morgan ' s activities, but we have never seen any of his materials, \" said archaeologist tomas mendizibal, a research associate at patronato panama viejo, a government agency that is overseeing excavation of the original site of panama city. \" if these are indeed his cannons, it would be a first. \" mendizibal was not involved in the discovery. morgan is generally thought of as a pirate, but he was commissioned as a privateer by the english crown to attack enemy vessels and protect the british colonies of barbados and jamaica because the royal navy was unable to do so. he became the scourge of the spanish in the caribbean and was eventually knighted and made governor of jamaica. an american - panamanian team has been exploring the mouth of the chagres river since 2008, documenting its rich history. christopher columbus came across it in 1502 on his fourth voyage to the new world and it became the gateway to panama city, spain ' s main port in the pacific. after the decline of the spanish empire in the late 18th century, the city became a backwater port and an entree for smuggling and illicit trade. with the california gold rush, the chagres river again saw a flurry of activity, but the construction of the panama railroad shifted transit traffic to the port of colon and by 1855 the river was again a backwater. at the edge of the lajas reef, the team found what appeared to be a field of six cannons, all covered with layers of sedimentary rock that had built up over the centuries, said archaeologist james p. delgado, director of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s maritime heritage program in silver spring, md., and a co - leader of the team. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.35888421727284514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.182349"} {"text": "with layers of sedimentary rock that had built up over the centuries, said archaeologist james p. delgado, director of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s maritime heritage program in silver spring, md., and a co - leader of the team. the cannons seem to be from the 17th century and five are probably french. morgan ' s flagship \" was a captured french vessel, and the mix [ of cannons ] is the type of thing one would expect for a privateer, \" delgado said. \" these guys grabbed whatever they could get a hold of. \" at least two more guns are buried in the sand, along with an anchor, ceramics, bottles and other artifacts, he said. magnetometers indicate that other metal objects are buried more deeply. \" the only wrecks that we know of that happened on that reef are his, \" said delgado, who worked with colleagues from texas state university - san marcos, the waitt institute in la jolla and panama ' s national institute of culture. moreover, an old map found in local archives indicates the site of the wreck is the location where the team found the cannons. the archaeologists had not intended to bring the cannons to the surface, but treasure hunters have apparently been working at the site. \" there is evidence of explosions, heavy gouging and digging and massive scooped - out areas, \" delgado said. \" the reef has really been hit hard, \" forcing their hand.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.35070714662083796, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.212233"} {"text": "it is said that \u201c binoculars are halfway to a telescope \u201d for observing the night sky. not only this, but they are easier to use than a telescope and far less than half the cost. so, binoculars make the ideal \u201c first scope \u201d for someone newly interested in amateur so, which binoculars should you buy? first of all, if you already have a pair, go ahead and use them! very few pairs of binoculars are so bad as to be useless, and this way you can start tonight ( if it \u2019 s clear ). if you have a starmap ( you can see one online at sky and telescope or download a 55 - page. pdf of a full sky atlas for free at guide to backyard astronomy ) take it outside and start finding things. depending on the time of year, good objects to look at are m42 ( the great orion nebula ) in orion, the double cluster in perseus, the coathanger cluster in vulpecula ( between altair and vega ), m13 ( the great hercules cluster ) in hercules, m31 ( the andromeda galaxy ) in andromeda, m44 ( the beehive cluster ) in cancer ( between leo and gemini ), mel 111 ( the coma star cluster ) in coma berenices at leo \u2019 s tail, or if you can see the milky way, just scan that for lots of good if you wish to purchase a pair of binoculars, there are several things to consider. holding them steady can be a challenge, particularly if they are heavy. high magnification amplifies the shaking, so that is a consideration. to start with ( especially a child ) one would want to limit himself to about 10x magnification and about 50mm for lens diameter ( written 10\u00d750 in a binocular \u2019 s specs ). in fact, 7\u00d745 or 10\u00d750 is an ideal place to start for most people. if you can handle it, 11\u00d770 is a good size that lets you see a bit more. ( i most often observe with my oberwerk 11\u00d770 binoculars ). if possible, borrow a pair of binoculars and try them to see what you can handle. if you wear eyeglasses, you need at least 10mm, and preferably 15mm, of eye relief ( sometimes called \u201c exit pupil distance \u201d ). this is how far you hold your eye from the eyepiece lens to see the best image. if you wear glasses, you need that extra distance. many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4575646350333209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.218805"} {"text": "and preferably 15mm, of eye relief ( sometimes called \u201c exit pupil distance \u201d ). this is how far you hold your eye from the eyepiece lens to see the best image. if you wear glasses, you need that extra distance. many binoculars have foldable eyecups \u2013 leave them unfolded if you do not wear glasses, or fold them in if you do, to properly place your eyes. any type prism would work, but bak4 is the best for astronomy. there are differences of opinion on whether porro prisms is better than roof prisms, but the difference seems slight to me. roof prisms mean more compact binoculars, while porro prisms cost less. you will want a pair with a focusing control. fixed - focus or focus - free binoculars are usually a little out of focus for either separate focusing knobs for each eyepiece, or a single focusing knob and a diopter adjustment knob are helpful if one eye focuses differently from the other. also, \u201c zoom binoculars \u201d often leave something to be desired in performance, and add to the price. now, you generally want bright, high - contrast images, subject to constraints above and to what you are willing to pay. higher magnification for a given lens size means better contrast for stars ( but not for extended objects like galaxies or nebulae \u2013 they get larger but dimmer with higher magnification ). larger lens size for a given magnification means brighter images. you can get a feel for the brightness of an image through \u201c exit pupil diameter \u201d. if not printed in the specs, you can compute this by dividing the lens diameter, in millimeters, by the magnifcation. so for 10\u00d750 binoculars, the exit pupil diameter is 5mm. a child \u2019 s pupils dilate to about 9mm, and an adults to 7mm, or maybe only 5mm with old age. generally, larger exit pupil means brighter images \u2026 until the exit pupil is the size of your pupils. after that, more exit pupil diameter doesn \u2019 t help. if you do get big binoculars, you may want a tripod. many find they need a tripod for 11\u00d770 binoculars. most people would want one for 20\u00d780 binoculars, and everybody would want one for 25\u00d7100 binoculars. make sure the tripod is sturdy enough for the weight of the binoculars. a tripod made for a tiny video camera would probably be insufficient. also, check that the binoculars have a standard mounting thread. you might have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4628819481239796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.220110"} {"text": "portrait of juana ines de la cruz at age 15 juana ines de la cruz de asuaje y ramirez was born in san miguel nepantla, near mexico city. she was the illegitimate child of a spanish captain, pedro manuel de asuaje, and a criollo woman, isabel ramirez. her illegitimacy was due to her mother \u2019 s refusal to marry. she learned how to read and write at the age of three. by age five, she could do accounts, and at age eight she composed a poem on the eucharist. by adolescence, she had mastered greek logic, and at age thirteen she was teaching latin to young children. she also learned the aztec language of nahuatl, and wrote some short poems in that language. in 1664, at age sixteen, juana was sent to live in mexico city. she asked her mother \u2019 s permission to disguise herself as a male student so that she could enter the university. not being allowed to do this, she continued her studies privately. she came under the tutelage of the vicereine leonor carreto, wife of viceroy antonio sebastian de toledo. the viceroy, wishing to test her learning and intelligence ( she being then seventeen years old ), invited several theologians, jurists, philosophers, and poets to a meeting, during which she had to answer, unprepared, many questions, and explain several difficult points on various scientific and literary subjects. the manner in which she acquitted herself astonished all present, and greatly increased her reputation. her literary accomplishments soon made her famous throughout new spain. she was much admired in the vice - royal court, and declined several proposals of marriage, for in the spirit of her mother, she refused to marry. in 1667, she entered the convent of the discalced carmelites of st. joseph as a postulant. in 1669, she entered the convent of the order of st. jerome. in juana \u2019 s time, the convent was often seen as the only refuge in which a female could properly attend to the education of her mind, spirit, body and soul. it was juana \u2019 s only refuge from marriage. nonetheless, she wrote literature centered on freedom. in her poem redondillas, she defends a woman \u2019 s right to be respected as a human being. therein, she also criticizes the sexism of the society of her time, poking fun at and revealing the hypocrisy of men who publicly condemn prostitutes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38366036086428634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.231113"} {"text": "defends a woman \u2019 s right to be respected as a human being. therein, she also criticizes the sexism of the society of her time, poking fun at and revealing the hypocrisy of men who publicly condemn prostitutes, yet privately pay women to perform on them what they have just said is an abomination to god. sor juana asks the sharp question in this age - old matter of the purity / whoredom split found in base male mentality : \u201c who sins more, she who sins for pay? or he who pays for sin? \u201d for these works, she is regarded as one of the first feminists. foolish men who wrongly accuse women, without seeing that you are the cause of what you fault them for ; you want with unthinking presumption to find in the woman you seek \u2026 either love women for what you force them to be, or fashion them according to what you want them to be. marvellous portrait and person. - spanishskulduggery likes this - jabba - da - butt reblogged this from little - hiding - owl - sabbatine reblogged this from anthrocentric and added : - othersidhe likes this - be - diff3rent likes this - jenninova likes this - jenninova reblogged this from angie - laughing - alone - with - salad - angie - laughing - alone - with - salad reblogged this from anthrocentric - josiegem likes this - kinvoya reblogged this from anthrocentric and added : - kinvoya likes this - kiranirvanna reblogged this from anthrocentric - kiranirvanna likes this - balancingknives likes this - tooprettyforthis - shit reblogged this from learn - to - leave - well - iamgbtm reblogged this from anthrocentric - iamgbtm likes this - learn - to - leave - well reblogged this from anthrocentric and added : - annearachne reblogged this from anthrocentric - angie - laughing - alone - with - salad likes this - xchelsemilyy likes this - anthrocentric reblogged this from elgin - marbles - portmanteauverload reblogged this from filipino - burrito - dudevstheworld likes this -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42789234127907183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.232119"} {"text": "xchelsemilyy likes this - anthrocentric reblogged this from elgin - marbles - portmanteauverload reblogged this from filipino - burrito - dudevstheworld likes this - heyawakaradesu reblogged this from elgin - marbles - jenivereblack likes this - mar - goooo likes this - sidewayscity likes this - fade31415 likes this - brothercaptainking reblogged this from elgin - marbles - darlingmacabre reblogged this from loveinalderaanplaces - sorau reblogged this from elgin - marbles - liccy likes this - alphabetsouppredictsyourdoom reblogged this from minato - rise - up - apapap likes this - caffeineevening likes this - sacrecoeur reblogged this from feministdisney and added : - sacrecoeur likes this - asdfghjklhtn likes this - leighindigo reblogged this from octarina - thestrongones reblogged this from khaleesiboadicea - muffinavashti19 reblogged this from feministdisney - princecinderella likes this - palemagnolia likes this - kittylien likes this - thediaryofmagnalucius likes this - pictishking likes this - teatimeatwinterpalace likes this - alessandrahautumn reblogged this from jasminecalver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48720196850237174, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.232929"} {"text": "fact check : uk report criticizing wind is off base a recent report being circulated in the united kingdom casts some doubt on wind ' s ability to serve as a reliable source of electricity generation. not surprisingly, its assertions seem largely questionable or off the mark. stated in general terms, they are as follows : allegation : wind turbines will generate on average 30 % of their rated capacity over a year. fact : first, a conventional utility power plant uses fuel, so it will normally run much of the time unless it is idled by equipment problems or for maintenance. an average capacity of 40 % to 80 % is typical for conventional plants. a wind plant is \" fueled \" by the wind, which blows steadily at times and not at all at other times. although modern utility - scale wind turbines typically operate 65 % to 90 % of the time, they often run at less than full capacity. therefore, an average capacity of 25 % to 40 % is common, although they may achieve higher average capacities during windy weeks or months. while average capacity is almost entirely a matter of equipment reliability for a fueled power plant, it is not for a wind plant \u2014 for a wind plant, it is a matter of economical turbine design. with a very large rotor and a very small generator, a wind turbine would run at full capacity whenever the wind blew and would have a 60 - 80 % average capacity \u2014 but it would produce very little electricity. the most electricity per dollar of investment is gained by using a larger generator and accepting the fact that the average capacity will be lower as a result. wind turbines are fundamentally different from fueled power plants in this respect. second, the average capacity for wind turbines in the u. s. has improved consistently ( 15 % every two years on average ) and is in the 30 % + range - - see analysis by utility consulting firm black & veatch here ( see specifically figures 5 - 4 and 5 - 5 ). allegation : while wind proponents say \" the wind is always blowing somewhere, \" sometimes it is calm throughout the united kingdom. fact : first, the statement \" the wind is always blowing somewhere \" applies to geographic areas quite a bit larger than the united kingdom. the area covered by the midwest independent system operator, which runs the utility system throughout several states in the upper midwest, for example, is five times the size of the u. k. a number of studies by the government, system operators, and utilities in the united states indicate that when wind resources are aggregated over a large geographic area,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5215266360186134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.253544"} {"text": "in the upper midwest, for example, is five times the size of the u. k. a number of studies by the government, system operators, and utilities in the united states indicate that when wind resources are aggregated over a large geographic area, nearly the entire energy output of the wind plants can be counted on for meeting power system capacity needs. second, no individual power plant operates 100 % of the time. predictability is what is needed for the utility system as a whole to deliver electricity reliably, and wind farms are generally quite predictable, because their output can be forecast and because that output changes slowly over time compared with conventional power plants that can suffer instantaneous outages. a noteworthy example of this advantage of wind ' s predictability occurred in february 2011, when millions of electricity consumers in the state of texas experienced rolling blackouts because of the sudden loss of over 50 fossil - fired power plants totaling over 7, 000 megawatts ( mw ). at the same time, wind plants continued to produce the approximately 3, 500 mw they had been forecast and scheduled to produce, enough to power millions of typical homes. large coal and nuclear power plants frequently break down with no warning, taking 1, 000 mw or more offline instantaneously. that is very difficult for grid operators to deal with - - they must maintain expensive, fast - acting reserves 24 / 7 / 365, as such an outage can occur at any time. in contrast, changes in wind output occur gradually and are usually predictable, allowing grid operators to use slow - acting, non - spinning reserves that typically cost 40 times less than the fast - acting reserves needed for other power plants. additionally, because the variability of wind energy is smaller than other sources of variability on the power system, particularly the large variability of electric demand, most of wind \u2019 s variability is canceled out so that adding wind to the grid only slightly increases aggregate power system variability. allegation : periods of low wind are frequent in the united kingdom, occurring on average every six days and lasting for an average of five hours at a time. fact : that data indicates that low winds occur about 3 % of the time. that \u2019 s amazingly low \u2013 certainly not worth complaints! the 3 % low wind time is considerably less than expected from a wind plant in a high - performing project in a great wind resource area, which is estimated to be at least 10 % of the time. allegation : during periods of peak demand in the u. k., wind farms were producing only 6 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5233593567162503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.256024"} {"text": "plant in a high - performing project in a great wind resource area, which is estimated to be at least 10 % of the time. allegation : during periods of peak demand in the u. k., wind farms were producing only 6 % of their rated capacity ( due to low winds ). fact : this may be true - - in the u. s., wind farms normally generate somewhere between 10 % and 40 % of their rated capacity during periods of peak electricity demand. as mentioned earlier, though, the power system is designed to draw on a variety of different types of power plants, and no power plant operates 100 % of the time. allegation : the u. k. ' s pumped hydro storage capacity is not enough to rely on during periods when the winds are low. fact : this is essentially irrelevant. european countries like denmark, spain, ireland, and germany have successfully integrated very large amounts of wind energy without having to install new energy storage resources. in the u. s., numerous peer - reviewed studies have concluded that wind energy can provide 20 % or more of our electricity without any need for energy storage. how is this possible? the secret lies in using the sources of flexibility that are already present on the electric grid. every day, grid operators constantly accommodate variability in electricity demand and supply by increasing and decreasing the output of flexible generators \u2013 power plants like hydroelectric dams or natural gas plants that can rapidly change their level of generation. thus, the water kept behind a dam or the natural gas held in a pipeline may be thought of as a form of energy storage, with operators using this energy when it is needed and \" storing \" it when it is not. grid operators use these same flexible resources to accommodate any variability introduced by wind energy. a tremendous amount of flexibility is already built into the power system. demand for electricity can vary by a factor of three or more depending on the time of day and year, which nationwide translates into hundreds of thousands of megawatts of flexibility that are already built into the power system. because these power plants and other sources of flexibility have already been built, it is almost always much cheaper to use this flexibility than to build new sources of flexibility like energy storage facilities. while continuing advances in energy storage technology can make it more economically competitive as a provider of utility system flexibility, it is important to remember that resources like wind energy can already be cost - effectively and reliably integrated with the electric utility system without energy storage. fact sheet : wind energy and energy storage fact sheet : wind power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5346908434178163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.257395"} {"text": "henry gray ( 18251861 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. cone - fibers of which are almost horizontal in direction ; ( 3 ) an exceedingly thin inner plexiform layer. the pigmented layer is thicker and its pigment more pronounced than elsewhere. the color of the macula seems to imbue all the layers except that of the rods and cones ; it is of a rich yellow, deepest toward the center of the macula, and does not appear to be due to pigment cells, but simply to a staining of the constituent parts. at the ora serrata the nervous layers of the retina end abruptly, and the retina is continued onward as a single layer of columnar cells covered by the pigmented layer. this double layer is known as the pars ciliaris retin\u00e6, and can be traced forward from the ciliary processes on to the back of the iris, where it is termed the pars iridica retin\u00e6 or uvea. the arteria centralis retin\u00e6 ( fig. 879 ) and its accompanying vein pierce the optic nerve, and enter the bulb of the eye through the porus opticus. the artery immediately bifurcates into an upper and a lower branch, and each of these again divides into a medial or nasal and a lateral or temporal branch, which at first run between the hyaloid membrane and the nervous layer ; but they soon enter the latter, and pass forward, dividing dichotomously. from these branches a minute capillary plexus is given off, which does not extend beyond the inner nuclear layer. the macula receives two small branches ( superior and inferior macular arteries ) from the temporal branches and small twigs directly from the central artery ; these do not, however, reach as far as the fovea centralis, which has no bloodvessels. the branches of the arteria centralis retin\u00e6 do not anastomose with each otherin other words they are terminal arteries. in the fetus, a small vessel, the arteria hyaloidea, passes forward as a continuation of the arteria centralis retin\u00e6 through the vitreous humor to the posterior surface of the capsule of the lens. 1c. 2. the refracting media the refracting media are three, viz. : the aqueous humor ( humor aqueus ). the aqueous humor fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball. it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4980829417501534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.264927"} {"text": "now, with the release of the south carolina non - population census records on ancestry. com, i can get an even more in - depth look at the war ' s impact. i found john peter quattlebaum on the 1860 and 1870 non - population census records. i don ' t know if john fought in the war, but i do know that his sons did. the first thing i notice is that the family is not in the same location - edgefield distrist in 1860 and hibler in 1870. in 1860, edgefield county was organized into only three townships. by 1870, edgefield county was organized into twenty different townships. on the populations census records, he neighbors are the same, so i assume that he did not move, but that county organization became more sophisticated. i see that in 1860 and 1870 he had 308 acres of land, which helps to confirm that he is on the same property. in 1860, the cash value of his land is $ 2, 250, but in 1870 his land is worth only $ 930. the value of his farming equipment has also plummeted. it would seem that physical equipment might be worth more and harder to find after the war, so perhaps he lost some of his equipment during the war. the non - population census also records livestock holdings. from 1860 to 1870 john lost : two horses, a mule, four milk cows, two cattle, three sheep, and 37 swine. he gained two oxen. the total value of his livestock plummeted by $ 363. his farming production has changed a lot ( on second page not shown ). in 1860, john made most of his money potato farming, producing over 100 bushels. by 1870 he ' s produced less than 20 bushels. he ' s made up for the difference with a slight increase in dairy production. the family has also lost all production of honey and homemade merchandise and their value of slaughtered animals has decreased dramatically. overall, it seems that john and his family suffered during the war. the value of their land decreased and they lost the means to earn money. without the non - population census records, we wouldn ' t be able to see the detail of the changes in this family ' s life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4622296952892142, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.270707"} {"text": "moses ' father - in - law, jethro, sheik of midian, heard about all that god had done for moses and his people israel when he brought israel out of egypt. vayishma yitro chohen midyan choten moshe et kol - asher asah elohim le - moshe ule - yisra ' el amo ki - hotsi adonay et - yisra ' el mimitsrayim. | | jethro brought along moses ' wife, tzipporah, who had been sent home earlier, vayikach yitro choten moshe et - tsiporah eshet moshe achar shilucheyha. see notes on exodus 2 : 18, 3 : 1. according to some authorities, jethro was moses ' brother - in - law ( ibn ezra on numbers 10 : 29 ). there is a question as to whether or not the torah is in chronological order here. according to some, jethro came before the giving of the ten commandments, while according to others, he came afterward ( zevachim 116a ; ramban ). actually, ' jethro, father - in - law of moses. ' the same is true in exodus 18 : 5 and 18 : 12, but for the sake of simplicity, it is abbreviated. see exodus 2 : 21. | sent home earlier | at aaron ' s advice ( mekhilta ; rashi ), soon after the episode of the circumcision ( exodus 4 : 25 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40221050232324806, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.279060"} {"text": "in the aftermath of the civil war, americans of union and confederate persuasions had to effect reconciliation. they did so by seeking out that which they had in common rather than dwelling on their differences. families on both sides shared the same revolutionary war heritage, and that heritage became a subject which could reunite the country. former union army general u. s. grant occupied the white house after the war, and he presided over the centenary of the nation in 1876. by the end of the civil war, the revolutionary war generation had become extinct. there were few americans left alive who had personally looked upon such figures as george washington and nathaniel greene. there was no one who could describe how they spoke. americans had to face the fact that the united states had a history, and it was incumbent upon them to record it or lose it. as the nation approached 1876, each county was urged to write its history. because most counties lacked someone with the skills of preparing their histories, private companies such as goodspeed \u2019 s of boston and lewis publishing company of chicago assembled staffs to write the county histories of the nation for a fee. they were meeting a need, providing a service, and hoping to earn a profit. they took as their motto the great historian macaulay \u2019 s quotation, \u201c the history of a country is best told in a record of the lives of its people. \u201d the publishers prepared mini - biographical sketches of the inhabitants of counties. if a prospective biographee agreed to purchase a copy, he would be included. if he were an avid supporter of the venture, the publishers would also include a copper plate engraving of his likeness for an additional fee. for even more money, his wife could be likewise featured. these images caused the publications to be dubbed \u201c mug \u201d books. the remainder of this article is for plus edition subscribers only. if you have a plus edition user id and password, you can read the article right now at no additional charge in this web site ' s plus edition at http : / / plus. eogn. com. this article will remain online for several weeks. if you do not remember your plus edition user id or password, you can retrieve them at the same place : http : / / plus. eogn. com. if you decide to subscribe to the plus edition right now, you will be able to immediately read this article online. for more information about subscribing to the plus edition of eastman ' s online genealogy newsletter, visit http : / / blog. eogn. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4373891594360909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.283002"} {"text": "the bickersons battle over alpha meet betty and bart bickerson, husband and wife quality analysts who work at different companies. betty and bart argue about everything. they argue whether grey is a color. they argue whether tomato is a fruit. they argue whether the chicken came before the egg, and whether the egg tastes better fried, scrambled, or poached. but their relationship didn \u2019 t get really rocky until they started to argue about what alpha level, also called the significance level, to use for a hypothesis test. note : the alpha level is the criterion against which you compare the p - value to determine whether a difference is statistically significant. the alpha level option for the 2 - sample t test in the minitab assistant is shown below : the alpha level : how low do you go? listen in as betty and bart squabble over what alpha level to use when comparing the mean before and after a process change. bart : \" well, betty, i think i \u2019 m going to raise the alpha level for the test. kick it up a notch from 0. 05 to 0. 10. \" betty : \" that \u2019 s funny, bart. if anything, i was going to lower it a notch - - down to 0. 01. why would you ever want to raise the level of risk? \" bart : \" i want to boost the power of the test to detect a difference. if i use a higher alpha, i can be more certain i \u2019 m going to find a significant difference between the process means, if it \u2019 s really there. \" betty : \" but if you raise alpha, you \u2019 re also going to be less certain that any significant shift in the process mean that you find is really true \u2014 and not just a statistical fluke \u2014 a random error. you ' ll increase the risk of ' false - positives. ' \" bart : \" but betty, by lowering alpha, you \u2019 ll increase the risk of ' false - negatives. ' the last thing i want is to miss a possible effect on the process mean. even after i raise alpha to 0. 1, the risk of falsely finding a significant result will only be 10 %. \" betty : \u201c well, bart, i don \u2019 t want to mistakenly conclude there \u2019 s a significant process change when there \u2019 s really not. that \u2019 s worse in my book. \" betty straightened her posture and adjusted the \u201c quality counts \u201d button on her lapel. betty : \u201c and if i find a significant difference, i \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.532828710209999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.295074"} {"text": "a significant process change when there \u2019 s really not. that \u2019 s worse in my book. \" betty straightened her posture and adjusted the \u201c quality counts \u201d button on her lapel. betty : \u201c and if i find a significant difference, i \u2019 ll be 99 % confident in my results \u2014 you \u2019 ll only be 90 % confident. \u201d bart : \u201c you don \u2019 t need to be sooo worried about reporting a significant effect that \u2019 s not there. \u201d betty : \u201c and you don \u2019 t need to be sooooooo paranoid about missing a significant effect. \u201d bart : \u201c i \u2019 m not paranoid, you \u2019 re paranoid. \u201d betty : \u201c well at least i don \u2019 t snore like a leaf blower stuck in full throttle. \u201d bart : \u201c and at least i don \u2019 t crack my toes in bed. \u201d can statistical therapy save this relationship? it was time for betty and bart to see a statistical therapist. after years of data analysis, dr. sigma freud fully understood what constituted normality - - and what didn ' t. dr. freud listened patiently to betty and bart spar over the alpha level. after they had temporarily run out of lung capacity, she turned to betty. dr. freud : \" your fear of incorrectly concluding that a result is significant, when it \u2019 s really not, is completely justified. in fact, we have a special name for that faux pas in statistics, it \u2019 s called a type 1 error. \" betty smiled and tried not to look too smug. dr. freud : \" and just as you say, betty, you can reduce the chance of making a type i error by lowering the alpha level for a hypothesis test. \" dr. freud turned to bart. dr. freud : \" and bart, your concern is completely valid as well. if a hypothesis test does not reveal a significant difference, but a difference does indeed exist, we call that a type ii error. and one way to help guard against it is to raise the alpha level. \" was it betty \u2019 s imagination, or was bart \u2019 s normally concave chest starting to puff up a bit? dr. freud : \" so both of your concerns are valid. this push - pull dynamic of risk is a natural part of any healthy statistical relationship. what we need do is to find a way to balance those competing risks. \" betty : \" how can do we do that? \" dr. freud : \u201c you know, what about just going with the default alpha level of 0. 05?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5466488870099919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.296634"} {"text": ". what we need do is to find a way to balance those competing risks. \" betty : \" how can do we do that? \" dr. freud : \u201c you know, what about just going with the default alpha level of 0. 05? that \u2019 s what most couples would do. you ' d be 95 % confident that any shift in the process mean that you find is real. \u201d betty : \u201c hmmm. sometimes i do wish we \u2019 d never clicked the arrow to see the options for alpha. life was simpler. \u201d bart shook his head. bart : \u201c too many things have been said. we can \u2019 t go back now. \u201d why two rights don ' t make a wrong dr. freud : \u201c ok. let \u2019 s take a step back and delve a little deeper. why don \u2019 t you both tell me more about the projects you \u2019 re working on. betty, let ' s start with you. \u201d betty : \" i work for a medical device company. we ' ve developed a new implant device for patients. we ' re excited because it might really improve patient outcomes. but it ' s more costly than the current device. before we put it into production, we want to be doubly sure that the difference in patient outcomes is really there. \" dr. freud : \" so if you find a difference in outcomes - - specifically, an improved outcome with the new device - - and that difference really doesn ' t exist, the consequences could be very severe. \" betty : \" absolutely. if the new device doesn ' t improve outcomes, and we don ' t realize it, we ' d waste a lot of money producing it. patients would also have to pay more for something that didn ' t really offer a real improvement over the current implant device. \" dr. freud : \" well betty, in your case, the consequences of a type i error are more severe than a type ii error. so you ' re doing exactly what you should be by lowering the alpha level. now, bart, what about you? \" bart : \" i work in an automotive plant. one of our parts suppliers has been raising prices. we want to switch to another supplier that offers the same part at a lower price. but before we do that we need to compare key dimensions of the part to make sure there ' s no difference. we don ' t want to sacrifice quality for reduced cost. \" dr. freud : \" so if you don ' t find a difference in the dimensions in the part between the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5179215635152257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.297759"} {"text": "compare key dimensions of the part to make sure there ' s no difference. we don ' t want to sacrifice quality for reduced cost. \" dr. freud : \" so if you don ' t find a difference in the dimensions in the part between the two suppliers, and a difference really does exist, the consequences could be very severe. \" bart : \" absolutely. if the dimensions are off, and we don ' t realize it, we could lose a lot of money with increased scrap rates. overall product quality could also drop, and we might lose customers. \" dr. freud : \" well bart, in your case, the consequences of a type ii error seem to be more severe than a type i error. so you ' re doing exactly what you should be by raising the alpha level. \" betty / bart ( together ) : \" you mean we ' re both right?! \" dr. freud : \" absolutely! now how about a little hug? \" the bickersons embraced, overjoyed at finally understanding the alpha level. betty : \u201c i \u2019 m so glad i suggested coming here! \u201d bart : \u201c me, too! but, actually, didn ' t i suggest coming here? \u201d betty : \u201c no, bart, i \u2019 m sure it was my idea. \u201d bart : \u201c au contraire, betty... \" moral of the story most of the time, you can leave the default alpha level ( 0. 05 ) alone. unless you \u2019 re in a situation like betty or bart. if you need statistical therapy, check out the minitab assistant ( open minitab and choose assistant ). it \u2019 s like having a statistical therapist built right into the analysis itself. if you ' d prefer a real, live statistical therapist to personally help you design or analyze your quality improvement project, check out mentoring by minitab trainers. kangaroo photo by pascal vuylskeker and dedicated to greg fox, our blogger at - large in sydney.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5256880558757653, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.298511"} {"text": "model t car by henry ford was a revolution, often called the tin lizzie it put america on wheels in 1908. the model t car was the first affordable car ever made and it democratized automobile ownership around the world. the model t car creation led to the invention of suburbs, motels, drive - throughs, drive - ins and a long list of other model t car pop culture phenomena. model t car the model t car painting dawn of a new day by artist james lumbers was inspired while he was walking through the grassy wooded field and found an abandoned old model t car. the evolution of the model t painting model t car sketches back at the studio, james lumbers was feeling passionately inspired by the abandoned decaying model t car. james lumbers penciled an idea of the model t car on paper and then proceeded to paint some colour into the model t car image. the first model t car sketch and the first model t car color sketch can be seen below. the model t car \u2013 12 steps to the dawn of a new day model t painting the model t car painting took several months to develop the idea of the abandoned model t with the past & present concept that canadian artist james lumbers is renowed for all over the world. this past & present concept is known by james lumbers \u2019 enthusiasts & art collectors as \u201c moments in time painting collections \u201d. james lumbers worked on this concept for the old model t car found in an overgrown trail in the woods in his studio in florida. armed with his model t car pencil sketch & model t automobile colored image he further developed the dawn of a new day model t car painting. below his a 12 step process showing the evolution and a detailed progression of the model t car painting. model t car painting \u2013 dawn of a new day original painting this original model t car painting dawn of a new day by james lumbers along with the original model t car pencil sketch & model t car color sketch is part of a privately held collection that his valued at over $ 30, 000. for those model t car enthusiasts & james lumbers art collectors the ford model t car original painting has been made available as limited collector edition giclee prints for an affordable price ranging from $ 285, $ 342 & $ 1200 depending if you would like a paper giclee print, or artist proofs ( aps ) paper giclee print or canvas giclee print. once the limited edition collection is sold out the only place you will be able to attain this model t car painting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4752061244043719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.305313"} {"text": "like a paper giclee print, or artist proofs ( aps ) paper giclee print or canvas giclee print. once the limited edition collection is sold out the only place you will be able to attain this model t car painting ( dawn of a new day ) will be in the secondary art market. the price in the secondary art market may be higher depending on the popularity and demand of the model t automobile painting. traditionally, james lumbers artwork are highly sought after in the secondary art market and are sold at a high premium. model t car giclee prints \u2013 about the publisher \u2013 miroarts publishing inc. miroarts publishing inc whom is the exclusive publisher & distributor of james lumbers artwork has reproduced the original ford model t car painting ( dawn of a new day ) into limited editions of high quality model t car paper giclee prints & model t automobile canvas giclee prints. the limited edition collections are small \u2013 350 signed & numbered model t car paper giclee prints, 35 signed & numbered artist proofs ( aps ) model t automobile paper giclee prints and 50 signed & numbered model t car canvas giclee prints. all ford model t automobile paper & canvas giclees are signed & numbered by james lumbers. a certificate of authenticity is supplied with each reproduction by miroarts publishing inc. to assure the authenticity of the ford model t car giclee print. model t car enthusiasts & james lumbers art collectors can purchase the ford model t painting ( dawn of a new day ) online at www. miroarts. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40145143535354927, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.306430"} {"text": "walk through the streets of the average portuguese village during the day and you may wonder if the place has been abandoned. in the intense summer heat it seems most people shelter away from the sun inside the white - washed walls of their homes until the early evening, when the main square becomes a hive of social activity. wander into the tiny village of luz on the banks of the alqueva lake in the alentejo region of portugal and the daytime emptiness hides a rather unique story. the modern houses give a clue that there \u2019 s something different about this village, but its real secrets ( and many generations of history ) can never again be discovered by taking a simple stroll. the reason for this eternal mystery is found in the lake ; it is here that the old village lies submerged, flooded by the waters of europe \u2019 s largest man - made lake less than 10 years ago. when the reservoir was planned the government faced a tough decision. the old village of luz was below the proposed water - line of the planned reservoir, but the benefits that the project would bring were such that the village could not be spared. would they relocate people to the nearest town? perhaps disperse the 300 - odd residents around the local villages? after consultation with the villagers the authorities undertook what is considered to be a unique resettlement plan : they rebuilt luz a couple of kilometres away on higher ground. those who had a house would get another, with the same amount of land. people would live next to their old neighbours where possible, although the road layout was modernised. and the church, the social hub of the village for generations, would be rebuilt with the important relics moved across to the new structure. even the cemetery would be relocated, a traumatic process for many people and one that needed to be carried out with the utmost sensitivity. people moved into the new luz in november 2002 and the old buildings were destroyed before the waters of the lake claimed them forever. you can follow the line of a road to the south of the village as it drops into lake, emerging in the distance \u2013 a visible sign that things were not always as they now appear. thankfully the memories of old luz, and of the whole process of moving a village, were captured on film and can be seen at the excellent museum at the edge of the village. the museum contains ethnographic exhibits from traditional life in luz, but without doubt the highlight is the film that follows a dozen or so villagers as they prepare for the move, say goodbye to their old homes and move reluctantly to the new village. it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4243512540170667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.313572"} {"text": "on may 7 - 9, the cdc division of nutrition, physical activity, and obesity, hosted a conference on weight of the nation\u2122 in washington, d. c. the conference served to highlight progress in the prevention and control of obesity through policy and environmental strategies. the weight of the nation is also the title of an hbo documentary films and institute of medicine ( iom ) film series that premieres may 14 and 15. hbo \u2019 s the weight of the nation website explains that each of the four films in the series will feature \u201c case studies, interviews with our nation \u2019 s leading experts, and individuals and their families struggling with obesity. \u201d the first film examines the scope of the obesity epidemic and explores the serious health consequences of being overweight or obese. the second discusses what science has shown about how to lose weight, maintain weight loss and prevent weight gain ; the third focuses on obesity in children. the fourth film, titled challenges, offers a systems perspective on the combined effects of the major driving forces causing the obesity epidemic. these include complex social and environmental factors \u2014 such as agriculture, economics, and food marketing ; cultural and behavioral factors \u2014 such as american food culture and physical inactivity ; and evolutionary biology. any explanation of the obesity epidemic has to consider both genetics and the environment. one explanation that is often cited is the mismatch between today \u2019 s environment and \u201c energy - thrifty genes \u201d that emerged in the distant past, when food sources were unpredictable. current research on genetic variation that affects response to changes in diet and physical activity is still at an early stage. an updated feature on obesity and genetics is available from cdc \u2019 s office of public health genomics, along with a new page summarizing some genetic research findings related to obesity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48645942694856403, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.317876"} {"text": "on this day in 1836, the city of davenport was platted and named. in order to understand the weight of history behind that simple sentence, one would have to look back at least to the treaty, signed on september 21, 1832, that ended the black hawk war and sold the land west of the mississippi river to the united states government. chief keokuk, considered by the united states to be the official leader of the sac - fox tribes, presented several acres on the bank of the mississippi to marguerite leclaire, who was the granddaughter of acoqua, a sac chief, and wife to antoine leclaire, a government translator who assisted with the treaty. a condition of this gift was that the leclaires build their home on the exact spot where general scott signed the treaty. in the spring of 1833, antoine built a log cabin on the site, later replacing it with a small clapboard house. according to historian franc wilkie, * two other men had a prior claim to the gifted land. forestalling a challenge, antoine bought this quarter section from \u201c dr. spencer and mr. mccloud \u201d for the boggling price ( at the time ) of \u201c one hundred and fifty dollars! \u201c mr. wilkie went on to comment that \u201c a splendid illustration is the sale of the immense fortunes made in the west by... judicious investment. \u201d but antoine had plans. in the fall of 1835, he formed a company to organize the establishment of a town near what had come to be called the treaty house. among these gentlemen were col. george davenport, major thomas smith, alexander mcgregor, levi s. colton, philip hambaugh, and captain james may. the company decided on the specific location of the new town with an eye to drainage, water power, and freedom from mosquito - laden marshes. they paid antoine $ 1, 750 for this perfect site, in which he retained an eighth interest. it was decided to name the town after col. george davenport. * * and on may 14 of the following year, major gordon, a stockholder in the company, surveyed and laid the town out in a pattern of 7 blocks by 6 blocks - between front street ( now river drive ) to 6th street, and from warren street on the east side to harrison on the west. davenport has grown just a little since then, beginning with antoine leclaire \u2019 s first addition in 1841, which added main and brady streets to the west side. from 42 blocks to 62 square miles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4158238515929792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.324732"} {"text": "manoj nair of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration has devised a new possible method of detecting a deadly tsuami long before the wave crests to dangerous heights. and, in a bit of good news, much of it is already in place. in a new study in next month \u2019 s earth, planets, and space, nair modeled the massive 2004 tsunami in the indian ocean and found that a tsunami picking up steam as it moves across the ocean emits a tiny electromagnetic signature of of about 500 millivolts. that \u2019 s enough to have an effect on the communication cables that stretch across the ocean floor, carrying internet messages and phone calls. the electromagnetic signal \u201c is very small compared to a 9 - volt battery, but still large enough to be distinguished from background noise on a magnetically quiet day, \u201d said nair [ daily camera ]. nair says this kind of system could be a lower - cost alternative to the bottom pressure arrays that directly measure large movements of water. \u201c what we argue is that this is such a simple system to set up and start measuring, \u201d nair says. \u201c we have a system of submarine cables already existing. the only thing we probably need is a voltmeter, in theory \u201d [ wired. com ]. oleg godin, one of nair \u2019 s research partners, said any small improvement could make a huge difference. \u201c if you detect tsunamis in the deep ocean \u2014 and that \u2019 s what we \u2019 re working on \u2014 meaning far from shore, you have hours, certainly tens of minutes, to warn people, \u201d he said. \u201c if people are well educated, a 15 - minute warning is enough to save everybody \u201d [ daily camera ]. 80beats : south pacific tsunami kills more than 100 people 80beats : geologists find one cataclysmic tsunami in every 600 years of thai dirt 80beats : haiti earthquake may have released 250 years of seismic stress image : flickr / epugachev", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5248805423848224, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.330477"} {"text": "the lake tahoe area on the california - nevada border can be appreciated from a variety of perspectives : some people focus on the stunningly beautiful alpine lake nestled in the sierra nevada range, while others see it as a mecca for skiers and winter sports enthusiasts. when climate scientists look around, though, they see change. two recent studies suggest that global warming is already altering that beloved ecosystem. the first report ( pdf ), produced by researchers at the uc davis tahoe environmental research center, predicts that snowpack melts over the next century will have a drastic impact on both winter tourism and the water supply. the average snowpack in the northern sierra nevada mountains that ring the lake on the california - nevada border will decline by 40 to 60 percent by 2100 \u201c under the most optimistic projections, \u201d says the report from three researchers at the university of california, davis. under less optimistic models, the melt - off could be accelerated. by the end of the century, precipitation in the region \u201c could be all rain and no snow, \u201d and peak snowmelt in the upper truckee river \u2014 which is the largest tributary flowing into lake tahoe \u2014 could occur four to six weeks earlier by 2100, the report says. [ new york times ] the changes to the region \u2019 s hydrology could lead to new problems with runoff, erosion, and overflowing stormwater basins. while the researchers note that there is always some uncertainty when predicting far into the future, they also point out that the computer models they used are based on 100 years of data describing the changes in temperature and precipitation that have already occurred in the tahoe area. the second study, published in the journal geophysical research letters, used infrared ( heat ) measurements from satellites to examine the changes to the planet \u2019 s lakes. two nasa scientists used satellite data to look at 104 large inland lakes around the world. they found that on average they have warmed 2 degrees [ celsius ] since 1985. that \u2019 s about two - and - a - half times the increase in global temperatures in the same time period. [ ap ] lakes in the the northern hemisphere \u2019 s mid and upper latitudes showed the most warming. that includes lake tahoe, which has heated up by 3 degrees celsius since 1985, putting it behind only russia \u2019 s lake ladoga. 80beats : water maps show stress spread out across the planet 80beats : water woes : the southwest \u2019 s supply dwindles ; china \u2019 s behemoth plumbing project goes on 80", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4782123103333325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.338523"} {"text": "remixing melville : moby dick meets the digital generation in a traditional english class, a teacher might assign herman melville \u2019 s famous novel moby dick in small chunks. students might complete their reading ( or not ), discuss major themes and perhaps write an essay at the end of the unit. but if a student never gets past the first few pages, the rest of that unit is lost. it \u2019 s become a common refrain that traditional education isn \u2019 t serving a generation of students whose lives outside of school are completely disconnected from what happens inside. but there are plenty of teachers working hard to make reading material relevant to students, including a team of researchers from university of southern california annenberg \u2019 s innovation lab that includes henry jenkins and erin reilly. they \u2019 ve created a model of what they call participatory learning that engages students with materials on a personal level, often by incorporating different types of media into the classroom and offering varying points of entry to a text. most recently, the team has put together a teacher \u2019 s strategy guide, reading in a participatory culture : remixing moby - dick in the english, classroom and an interactive digital book, flows of reading, to provide models of their approach. moby dick is a notoriously difficult book. \u201c this book defeated me as an advanced placement kid, \u201d henry jenkins said. he remembers hating the book, gritting his teeth to get through it and writing the worst essay of his high school career. that \u2019 s why he was so impressed by the work of the playwright ricardo pitts - wiley who was teaching moby dick to incarcerated youth in rhode island, many of whom read below grade level. pitts - wiley asked his students to reinterpret the novel in the context of their own lives. in their retelling captain ahab became a powerful drug dealer trying to avenge the death of his loved ones. his drug crew is forced to decide how far they \u2019 ll go for their charismatic leader. together with his students pitts - wiley turned their re - interpretation into a play : moby dick : then and now. the students understood the themes when placed into familiar context and related to the character \u2019 s struggles when the story was no longer placed in an era and industry unfamiliar to them. [ related reading : how can teachers prepare kids for a connected world? ] pitts - wiley \u2019 s work correlates strongly to the research jenkins has been doing on weaving more varieties of media into the classroom in order to make the learning experience more partici", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4492192022256651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.352567"} {"text": "reading : how can teachers prepare kids for a connected world? ] pitts - wiley \u2019 s work correlates strongly to the research jenkins has been doing on weaving more varieties of media into the classroom in order to make the learning experience more participatory, creative, multidisciplinary, and therefore meaningful to students. he teamed up with wyn kelley a melville scholar from mit, and a team of educational experts to design a curriculum around moby dick that would build in remixing, reinterpretation, and multimedia elements. they tested their new curriculum in six different schools. \u201c we want to raise a generation of kids who have a mouse in one hand and a book in the other, \u201d said jenkins. to do that the curriculum focuses on melville as a master mash - up artist of 19th century culture ; his book includes shakespeare plays, the bible, whaling culture and more. from there, the door is open for classes to discuss how remixed elements are allusions and what happens to a text when an author incorporates the work of others. \u201c culture matters, history matters, the goal is to foster old fashioned close reading, \u201d jenkins said. a typical assignment might ask students to take one page of moby dick, highlight words they don \u2019 t know, define terms, draw pictures and share with one another. the idea is to focus closely in order to incite curiosity about the whole. and to let students creatively express their opinions and thoughts about the book, hopefully with a better understanding of what their own remixing might add to the broader cultural body of work around moby dick. if this sounds a little messy and confusing \u2013 it is. that was the feedback teachers gave jenkins \u2019 team when they piloted these participatory learning strategies in the classroom. teacher \u2019 s felt uncertain whether learning was taking place in this non - linear style. one teacher came to realize that if a student could get a purchase on the text anywhere, they understood how much more there is to learn about the book. \u201c that \u2019 s a different kind of learning outcome than we usually get when we convince people they \u2019 ve exhausted a book, that they \u2019 ve gotten it, when they \u2019 ve only touched it superficially, \u201d jenkins said. he sees the goal as both teaching something about moby dick in the moment as well as fostering a community of readers who know that reading melville in high school english doesn \u2019 t mean they \u2019 ve conquered it. [ related reading : how do we define and measure ' deeper learning '?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5046335767340681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.354623"} {"text": "about moby dick in the moment as well as fostering a community of readers who know that reading melville in high school english doesn \u2019 t mean they \u2019 ve conquered it. [ related reading : how do we define and measure ' deeper learning '? ] \u201c we may be romanticizing what people got out of moby dick in the traditional classroom, \u201d jenkins said. \u201c this is just taking ownership over that and allowing students to pursue their passion and interests. \u201d piloting this curriculum jenkins \u2019 team found that it worked less effectively when teachers used it more traditionally. \u201c the closer we got to traditional school, the more they shut down, \u201d jenkins said. \u201c no curriculum is idiot proof. you have to get teachers who understand the participatory mindset. \u201d the other part of the project, flows of reading, helps encourage participation around literature and models an expanded approach to literacy and the reading and writing that make up the discipline. the digital book allows readers to follow hyperlinks, enjoy embedded video content, and add to an online space for related work. it broadens the model beyond moby dick and applies it to reading at all age levels from a wordless picture book to the hunger games and lord of the rings. it offers four pathways or ways to view a text. motives for reading this pathway and assorted material address the idea that people read various kinds of textual content for all kinds of reasons. reading a website may be different from reading a book, but they both require literacy and are appropriate at different points. this pathway explores how seemingly different kinds of reading might be more akin than they seem. adaptation and remixing while the book encourages students to elaborate and create material based on parts of a text that speak to them, this section also discusses appropriate and respectful adaptation and remixing. it brings in the ethics of attribution and fair use. negotiating cultural spaces this pathway discusses the various identities that each person brings to reading whether it is gender, ethnicity, specific experiences or anything else that shapes the reading process. continuities and spaces these are \u201c the spaces where your imagination can go wild, \u201d said erin reilly, who led the effort to create flows. this pathway explores how to creatively share stories and layer upon the original. throughout the research and implementation of this project jenkins and reilly knew they \u2019 d need to think about assessment. they brought in dan hickey from indiana university to help develop assessments that are immediate and happen as part of the learning process. the state standards are a minimum, reilly and jenkins maintain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5201571777051405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.356631"} {"text": "last wednesday the national academy of sciences held a press conference in washington, dc, to introduce its newly completed report on priorities for the coming decade in solar and space physics. daniel baker of the university of colorado chaired the committee that wrote the report. thomas zurbuchen of the university of michigan was the vice chair. together, they summarized the report \u2019 s highlights for the assembled reporters, scientists, and bureaucrats. like its counterparts in astronomy and planetary science, the latest solar and space physics decadal survey is more than just a shopping list of missions and facilities. its authors begin by defining their field in a broad and inspiring way : we live on a planet whose orbit traverses the tenuous outer atmosphere of a variable magnetic star, the sun. this stellar atmosphere is a rapidly flowing plasma \u2014 the solar wind \u2014 that envelops earth as it rushes outward, creating a cavity in the galaxy that extends to some 140 astronomical units ( au ). there, the inward pressure from the interstellar medium balances the outward pressure of the solar plasma forming the heliopause, the boundary of our home in the universe. earth and the other planets of our solar system are embedded deep in this extended stellar atmosphere or \u201c heliosphere, \u201d the domain of solar and space physics. the report goes on to review past and present accomplishments in solar and space physics before defining the four overarching goals that guided the committee members as they drew up their final recommendations : - determine the origins of the sun \u2019 s activity and predict the variations in the space environment. - determine the dynamics and coupling of earth \u2019 s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and atmosphere and their response to solar and terrestrial inputs. - determine the interaction of the sun with the solar system and the interstellar medium. - discover and characterize fundamental processes that occur both within the heliosphere and throughout the universe. as i listened to baker and zurbuchen \u2019 s presentation, it became clear that two other overarching considerations informed the report. the first is a conceptual emphasis on viewing earth \u2019 s aurorae, the solar wind, coronal mass ejections, and other heliospheric phenomena as part of a single system. it will be interesting to see whether this systemic view becomes manifest in journals, conferences, and courses. i, for one, have tended to think of solar physics as belonging more to astronomy than to heliospheric physics. the second consideration is a realistic and \u2014 to use baker \u2019 s word \u2014 responsible approach to costs. the committee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.557485944376937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.370507"} {"text": "courses. i, for one, have tended to think of solar physics as belonging more to astronomy than to heliospheric physics. the second consideration is a realistic and \u2014 to use baker \u2019 s word \u2014 responsible approach to costs. the committee retained aerospace corp, a nonprofit consultancy based in el segundo, california, to carry out an independent cost appraisal and technical evaluation ( cate ) of potential missions. for the most part, the total cost of the committee \u2019 s recommended suite of programs lies within the budget envelope that nasa provided the committee for the years 2013 \u2013 22. physicists who remember chuckling when they first encountered the zeroth law of thermodynamics might be amused to learn that the committee \u2019 s first recommendation is also numbered zero \u2014 for good reason. as nasa and nsf, the other principal sponsor of heliospheric research, look to future missions and facilities, the committee recommends that they first complete their current program. among the lineup is solar probe plus ( shown here in an artist \u2019 s impression ). the ambitious mission, whose price tag is $ 1. 4 billion, aims to fly as close as possible to the sun to determine how the solar corona is heated and how the solar wind is accelerated. diversify, realize, integrate, venture, educate the committee \u2019 s second recommendation, numbered 1. 0, is to implement an initiative that goes by the acronym drive ( for \u201c diversify, realize, integrate, venture, educate \u201d ). as far as i can tell, drive aims to reorganize and reinvigorate the way researchers and their students practice heliospheric science. surprisingly, given its high priority, drive is not expensive. the committee projects that the initiative will cost at most about $ 50 million a year. to fulfill the goals embodied by its name, drive seeks to make research opportunities more accessible to universities through small and mid - sized missions, including the shoebox - sized spacecraft called cubesats. funding the analysis and interpretation of data adequately is a key element of drive, as is fostering interdisciplinary approaches to heliospheric research. indeed, the committee urges nasa and nsf to establish heliospheric science centers, where observers, theorists, and modelers can work together to solve the grand challenges of solar and space physics. when baker and zurbuchen introduced drive, it sounded somewhat woolly to me. now, having read the drive section of the report, i think it \u2019 s a bold and worth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5419926811108418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.372738"} {"text": "work together to solve the grand challenges of solar and space physics. when baker and zurbuchen introduced drive, it sounded somewhat woolly to me. now, having read the drive section of the report, i think it \u2019 s a bold and worthwhile model that could be profitably emulated in other fields, such as green energy or neuroscience. but to be effective, drive will probably need a light administrative structure. accelerate and expand the heliophysics explorer program! recommendation 2. 0 seeks to revitalize nasa \u2019 s explorer program of modestly sized and priced spacecraft. begun in 1958, the program, according to the committee, is \u201c arguably the most storied scientific spaceflight program in nasa \u2019 s history. \u201d despite its success, which includes three nobel prizes, funding for the explorer program fell in 2004 and has languished since. to quote the report : the medium - class ( midex ) and small - class ( smex ) missions of the explorer program are ideally suited to advancing heliophysics science and have a superb track record for cost - effectiveness. since 2001, 15 heliophysics explorer mission proposals have received the highest category of ranking in competition selection reviews, but only 5 have been selected for flight. thus there is an extensive reservoir of excellent heliophysics science to be accomplished by explorers. because midex and smex missions are comparatively cheap, developing and launching more of them would not require a big outlay. the committee recommends that nasa augment the current explorer program for solar and space physics by $ 70 million per year. in addition to more money for the explorer program, the committee also recommends establishing a faster, more nimble way of accommodating missions of opportunity \u2014 that is, missions that are conceived in response to new technologies, new scientific knowledge, or new partnership opportunities with other space agencies. nasa : let academia lead space science perhaps by coincidence, a commentary by baker appeared in nature two weeks before his committee released its report. entitled \u201c nasa : let academia lead space science, \u201d the commentary urged the space agency to fund more missions that are small enough in scope that university - based principal investigators ( pis ) can develop and lead them. whether baker \u2019 s fellow committee members endorsed his commentary is not clear. they do, however, evidently share his belief in the merits of pi - led missions. recommendation 3. 0 calls for nasa to transform its solar terrestrial probes program from a large, centrally directed program to \u201c a moderate - sized, competed, pi - led mission line that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.502448942967741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.374911"} {"text": "share his belief in the merits of pi - led missions. recommendation 3. 0 calls for nasa to transform its solar terrestrial probes program from a large, centrally directed program to \u201c a moderate - sized, competed, pi - led mission line that is cost - capped at approximately $ 520 - million per mission. \u201d the stp program aims to elucidate the physics of the sun \u2019 s influence on earth, on the other bodies in the solar system, and on the interstellar medium. to avoid the risk that a competitive free - for - all would omit important aspects of stp science, the committee outlined three kinds of missions that it would like to see fly : - imap ( interstellar mapping and acceleration probe ) to characterize the zone where the sun \u2019 s magnetohydrodynamic influence ceases to prevail in the solar neighborhood. - dynamic ( dynamical neutral atmosphere ) to study how earth \u2019 s ionosphere and thermosphere influence, and are influenced by, processes that occur at lower and higher altitudes. - medici ( magnetosphere energetics, dynamics, and ionospheric coupling ) to determine how the magnetosphere - ionosphere - thermosphere system responds to solar and magnetospheric forcing. the committee \u2019 s enthusiasm for modest missions is not unbridled, however. in the committee \u2019 s view, tackling the problem of how and why the sun varies is a job for large, integrated missions. nasa \u2019 s living with a star program already includes the solar probe plus and the radiation belt storm probes missions. recommendation 4. 0 is for geospace dynamics constellation, a set of six formation - flying spacecraft that will characterize how the energy of geomagnetic storms is deposited and transformed in earth \u2019 s atmosphere. recharter the national space weather program in march 1989 a geomagnetic storm caused the collapse of hydro - quebec \u2019 s electricity grid. five months later another geomagnetic storm shut down electronic trading on toronto \u2019 s stock exchange. anticipating such storms \u2014 or space weather \u2014 and predicting their effects is more important, now that the world \u2019 s electrical infrastructure has expanded, the number of earth - orbiting satellites has increased, and telecommunications have become economically and socially more important. the current solar cycle, the 24th since records began in 1755, is set to peak next year. to monitor the cycle \u2019 s activity, the us relies on a set of spacecraft, such as the solar and heliospheric observatory, whose principal purpose is basic research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5122486628189389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.376924"} {"text": "the 24th since records began in 1755, is set to peak next year. to monitor the cycle \u2019 s activity, the us relies on a set of spacecraft, such as the solar and heliospheric observatory, whose principal purpose is basic research and whose engineering lifetimes are coming to an end. to avoid gaps in coverage, the committee recommends that nasa, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, and the department of defense should plan ahead and plan together. of particular importance, the committee says, is maintaining a permanent monitoring capability at l1, the first lagrange point of the sun \u2013 earth system. lying between the two bodies 1. 5 million km from earth, l1 is an ideal vantage for tracking solar activity. the us has a comprehensive plan, the national space weather program, for dealing with space weather. the trouble is, as the committee puts it, \u201c implementation of such a program would require funding well above what the survey committee assumes to be currently available. \u201d accordingly, the committee recommends that the nswp should be rechartered under the auspices of the national science and technology council and should include the active participation of the office of science and technology policy and the office of management and budget. the plan should build on current agency efforts, leverage the new capabilities and knowledge that will arise from implementation of the programs recommended in this report, and develop additional capabilities, on the ground and in space, that are specifically tailored to space weather monitoring and prediction. i haven \u2019 t read all 455 pages of the committee \u2019 s report. in venturing to summarize it, i have no doubt missed some important points and emphases. but what i have read has impressed me. here is a plan to study the heliosphere as a system in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and cost - effective way. i hope its recommendations are heeded.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4833323977063534, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.379004"} {"text": "ancient roman proverbs can certaintly be confusing, but they are certainly rich in meaning. here are some of my favorite proverbs : adversus solem ne loquitor literally means, \u201c do not speak against the sun. it \u2019 s used when someone is arguing or advocating something that is obviously and blatantly wrong. since the sun is guaranteed to exist forever ( assuming that a geologic catastrophe doesn \u2019 t occur ), the proverb is saying that one shouldn \u2019 t argue against something that is so likely as the sun \u2019 s existence. ignis aurum probat literally means, \u201c the fire tests the gold \u201d. when ancient roman blacksmiths refined gold, they would do so in a hot fire. therefore this phrase is used when someone \u2019 s character is being \u201c refined \u201d by adversity. aquila non capit muscas means the eagle does not catch flies. in ancient rome, eagles were considered majestic animals. conversely, flies were considered insignificant and a nuisance. therefore this proverb was used to imply that people of high rank ( the eagle ) won \u2019 t have the time or patience to deal with trifling matters ( flies ). hic abundant leones means \u201c here the lions abound \u201d. the lions are a metaphor for the unknown, like uncharted territory. when the ancient romans were first starting to conquer other nations, some of the territories on their maps were labeled with this phrase. auribus teneo lupum literally means, \u201c i grasp a wolf by the ears \u201d. it \u2019 s supposed to convey a situation where you are damned if you do and damned if you don \u2019 t. in other words, grabbing on to the wolf \u2019 s ears or letting go could both end in disaster. in cauda venenum which means, \u201c poison in the tail \u201d is a metaphor of a scorpion sting. this phrase is used when a situation starts without a hitch and becomes deadly in the end. una hirundo non facit ver means, \u201c one swallow does not make a summer \u201d. in ancient rome, swallows were considered good fortune. therefore it means that one good outcome ( or swallow ) doesn \u2019 t guarantee that a situation will be successful in every single instance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47833483453253045, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.382022"} {"text": "an epic spanning more than half a century of taiwan ' s history, this breathtaking historical novel traces the fortunes of the pengs, a family of hakka chinese settlers, across three generations from the 1890s, just before taiwan was ceded to japan as a result of the sino - japanese war, through world war ii. li qiao brilliantly re - creates the dramatic world of these pioneers - - and the colonization of taiwan itself - - exploring their relationships with the aboriginal peoples of taiwan and their struggle to establish their own ethnic and political identities. this carefully researched work of fiction draws upon li ' s own experiences and family history, as well as oral and written histories of the era. originally published in chinese as a trilogy, this newly translated edition is an abridgement for english - speaking readers and marks the work ' s first appearance in the english - speaking world. it was well - received in taiwan as an honest - - and influential - - recreation of taiwan ' s history before the relocation of the republic of china from the mainland to taiwan. because li ' s saga is so deeply imbued with the unique culture and complex history of taiwan, an introduction explaining the cultural and historical background of the novel is included to help orient the reader to this amazingly rich cultural context. this informative introduction and the sweeping saga of the novel itself together provide an important view of taiwan ' s little known colonial experience.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4767834772769739, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.383908"} {"text": "climate action for nature \" it is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. it is the one that is the most adaptable to change. \" - charles darwin ecco scientists recognize that climate change has the potential to jeopardize much of the regional conservation and restoration work that has been done over the past 30 years. as a member of chicago wilderness ( cw ), an alliance of over 250 organizations dedicated to restoring biodiversity in the region, the team helped to develop and launch the cw climate action plan for nature ( capn ) in 2010. this plan specifically addresses climate change impacts to the natural communities spanning across a four - state region and represents an ecosystem - based approach to responding to climate change. the capn complements the chicago climate action plan, focused on human health and the built and natural environments within the city of chicago, and ecco ecologists work collaboratively with chicago ' s department of environment on urban ecosystem adaptation strategies. the team serves on the cw climate change task force and is leading several of the efforts to implement the capn, including developing climate clinics aimed at building the capacity of cw members to put the plan ' s actions into practice. in spring 2011 ecco ecologists completed a revision of cw ' s biodiversity recovery plan, a road map to restoration and management in the region, that incorporates climate change impacts to biodiversity. these \u201c climate - smart \u201d management practices are intended to not only protect current conservation investments, but also increase the likelihood natural resources can continue to provide the ecological services both human and natural communities rely upon as the environment continues to shift. to subscribe to the bi - monthly chicago wilderness learn more about ecco ' s work engaging chicago communities in climate action", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4960402993169506, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.386151"} {"text": "should you choose to learn bsl using makaton principles, the vocabulary stages are as follows : mum, dad, brother, sister, drink, drink of water, biscuit, dinner x2, food, toilet, bed, chair, table, washbasin, bath, shower, house, home, car, bus, i, me, you, where, what, here, there, to sleep, to drink, to eat x2, to look, to see, to stand, to get up, to sit, to wash x2, to bath, to shower, to go, to come x2, to give x2, more, good x2, ok, bad, please, thank you, hello, good morning, goodbye. man, lady, boy, girl, baby, bread, butter, egg, chapatti, dal, rice, yoghurt, noodles, milk, tea, coffee, juice, sugar, cake, jam, ice cream, knife, to cut with knife, fork, spoon, plate, cup, door, window x2, fire, radiator, tv, lamp, phone, to phone, dog, cat, bird, tree, flower, book, teddy, doll, bricks, ball, and, hot x2, cold, clean, dirty. chocolate, crisps, sweet, cigarette, banana, orange, apple, fish, rabbit, chicken, horse, cow, pig, sheep, butterfly, boat, train, plane, bike, to have, to run, to walk, to kick, to dig, to ride, to ride a horse, to ride a bike, to swim, to jump, to jump off, to jump on, to jump over, to climb x2, to fall off, to fall over, to smoke, big, small, little, up, down, my, your, mine, yours, sorry, now. teacher, boss, friend, children, name, school, work, outside, cupboard, pen, pencil, paper, scissors, picture, sand, water, string, paint, key, box x2, to put, to create, to do, to sew x2, to cook x2, to sing, to play, to know, to think, to work, to read, to write, to draw, to paint, to colour, to cut, to teach, to build x2, to create, to break, we x2, us x2, they x2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5232855135053615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.392323"} {"text": ", to think, to work, to read, to write, to draw, to paint, to colour, to cut, to teach, to build x2, to create, to break, we x2, us x2, they x2, them x2, in x2, on, under. nurse, doctor, milkman, milkwoman, postman, postwoman, policeman, policewoman, police officer, firefighter, ambulanceman, ambulancewoman, shop, supermarket, road, garden, blaze, postbox, money, bag, letter, stamp, time, watch, to carry, to throw, to catch, to stop, to help x2, to like, to want, to love, to quarrel, quick, fast, slow, happy, sad, difficult, easy, hard, soft, strong, heavy, clever, angry, frightened, to be patient, trouble, mistake, but. country, town, sea, cinema, disco, holiday, to start, to end x2, to bring, to ask, to talk, to listen, to hear, can, to forget, to grow x2, same, different, new, old, beautiful, smart, nice, kind, our x2, ours x2, their x2, theirs x2, another, with, who, which, colour, black, blue, brown, green, orange, red, white, yellow. 1 - 10, how, how much, how many, how old, many, a lot, some, few, time, hour, today, tomorrow, yesterday, next week, last week, next year, last year, long time ago, saturday, sunday, night, day, when, always, again, late, early, before, after, wages, to buy, to save, careful, expensive, sun, rain, wind, snow, stars, moon, sky, snowman. to choose, to win, to dance, to find, to understand, to remember, birthday, party, present, balloon, photo, camera, mirror, radio, newspaper, video camera, video tape, video recorder, music, stereo x2, audio tape, cassette player, cd, computer, first, last, next, over, through, near x2, between, lucky, hungry, thirsty, worried, true, why, because. deaf, blind, communication problem, medicine, tablet, injection, operation, sick, ill, pain, dead x2, hearing aid x2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5780619708006218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.394569"} {"text": "what is christian ethics? the article tries to define \u201c what is precisely christian ethics \u201d by systematically drawing the general question, \u201c what is ethics to conclude with a specific definition of a christian ethics from a jungle of definitions. christian ethics is one of many ways of reflecting ethical values but is a very distinctive one, as it is determined by theological premises of christian faith about a loving god. outline of christian ethics a rough outline of christian ethics is : \u201c discipline of reflection and analysis that lies between christian theology on one side and social science on the other, or simply put, between faith and the facts. christian theology transmits faith \u2013 premises that validate its moral norms while sciences that study empirical human behaviour bring understanding of complex factors involving reasons of human nature and cultural situations surrounding the problem of choice and decision. without sciences, christian ethics become moralistic, unrealistic and irrelevant to problems in decision a person must make. vise versa, without christian ethics, any decision based on data of social sciences, the choices in actions become unprincipled, normless and anomic. when a problem is encountered with above sketch it \u201c is - ought \u201d problem. \u201c what is called the naturalistic fallacy is the flaw of believing that moral is \u201c ought \u201d is derived only from empirical \u201c is. \u201d for instance, a news poll of how women should dress is not a sole criterion for deciding how the women should behave in public. in christian ethics moral \u201c ought \u201d should come from the theological faith \u2013 premises affirm the transcendental will of god. how the will is understood is now subject of enquiry by the author. the main types of ethical theories are between teleological and deontological ethics. roman catholics ethics are more teleological as it is based more on aristotle \u2019 s eudaimonia ( or \u201c well being ). it translates that telos into viseo dei, the vision of god, to be attained by diligent cultivation of good habits of virtues, which leads one to beatific vision. another example is the protestant ethics of the social gospel movement, whose goal is the kingdom on earth, toward which we will progress by systematic changes in the economic order. roman catholics also have deontological ethics in the form of papacy encyclicals, which lay down rules for her members in matters regarding divorce, contraception etc which protestants refer to bible as the authority in which they found god \u2019 s commands toward such actions. roman catholic ethics another way of looking at the difference among the christian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4680537790715147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.404848"} {"text": "of looking at christian ethics is christ and culture issue. these are ways of explaining norms of christian life that exists between demands of god in christ and demands of secular culture in which christians live and work. troelttsch developed three typologies. 1. a compromise between church and world where worldly things are renewed, accepted and blessed as christian. 2. a sect - type where total withdrawal of worldly things and live in obedience to god, like the quakers. 3. christian mysticism, similar to the sect - type but is more individualistic. richard niebuhr \u2019 s expanded on troeltsch \u2019 s typology and came up with five different ways to show how christians have tired to live within the tension between their culture and the moral demands of god in christ. christ against culture on one extreme, the ideal that denounces the world, the flesh and the devil and tries to preserve its ethical pristine. on other extreme, the \u2018 christ of culture, \u2019 accommodates christ to various moral norms of secular culture, making him hero of secular values and thus resolving the tension. between these two poles, lies three more types : christ above culture, \u2019 is a more catholic approach, \u2018 christ and culture in paradox, \u2019 is a type of luther \u2019 s ethics, and lastly \u201c christ transforming the culture. example of the last type is the aim of the calvinists and puritans that seeks to mould the political order after the model of the kingdom of god of righteousness. the protestant social gospel movement is another group, which fought to transform the capitalistic economy from competitiveness to communal type of compassionate justice. what do we make of christian ethics after divergence and convergence of these traditions? what does it mean to be a christian in these jungles of ethical backgrounds? what do we have in common? since an issue can be approached from different angles, one can hear conflicting answers and can be confusing at times. yet within this seemly chaotic ethical situation, remains integrity of christian ethics. within this difference is a shared faith premises, a trust in the loving god who is the sovereign power of all. his will for mankind is made known through jesus christ. christian ethics, despite its diversity, consists in faithful and obedient response to that will by actions that seek the well - being of neighbours near and far. this is the \u2018 one \u2019 shared though many varied historical and contemporary answers to the question, \u201c what is christian ethics? god is the final authority of the human reason and decisions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4962483183529581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.407093"} {"text": "morphology : megaladapis edwardsi had molars that were narrow with well - developed shearing crests ( fleagle, 1988 ). this species lacked upper incisors ( fleagle, 1988 ). the dental formula of this species was 0 : 1 : 3 : 3 on the upper jaw and 2 : 1 : 3 : 3 on the lower jaw ( martin, 1990 ). this species had a mandibular condyle which resembled that found in members of the extant genus lepilemur ( martin, 1990 ). the nasal region of this species was pronounced ( fleagle, 1988 ). this species had a fused mandibular symphysis ( fleagle, 1988 ). the snout was long and the cranium was long and flat with a small braincase ( fleagle, 1988 ). the forelimbs of this species were long relative to the hindlimbs ( fleagle, 1988 ). the phalanges of this species were long and curved and the trunk was also long ( fleagle, 1988 ). the limbs of this species were relatively robust ( fleagle, 1988 ). this species had an average body mass of around 140. 0 kilograms ( fleagle, 1988 ). the intermembral index of this species was 120 ( fleagle, 1988 ). range : megaladapis edwardsi was found on the island of madagascar ( fleagle, 1988 ). based upon dental morphology this was a folivorous species ( fleagle, 1988 ). based upon postcranial remains this species was most likely a terrestrial quadruped ( fleagle, 1988 ). this species probably also climbed vertical trunks and fed on leaves from a clinging position ( fleagle, 1988 ). fleagle, j. g. 1988. primate adaptation and evolution. academic press : new york. martin, r. d. 1990. primate origins and evolution : a phylogenetic reconstruction. princeton university press : princeton, new jersey.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42128100854253003, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.408832"} {"text": "eleven years ago today, al gore, for one important moment, was the most powerful man in our republic. the day before, the supreme court, in a 5 - 4 vote, halted the partial recount of presidential ballots in florida that gore had requested. but that did not mean the 2000 presidential election was over. george w. bush could not declare victory until gore conceded defeat. this is our protocol in every presidential election, whether the results are clear on election night or weeks later. our democratic political system works only when the losers give their consent to be governed by the winners. the first signal that this consent is granted comes with the losing candidate \u2019 s concession. at this moment, following a hard - fought election where passions have run high, the concession begins the process of reuniting an intensely divided country. yet this vital service to the nation provided by losing presidential candidates is seldom appreciated. it may seem unthinkable that gore would not have conceded, particularly in the wake of the supreme court \u2019 s decision, yet he had supporters who urged him to push on and further challenge the legitimacy of the results. he had, after all, won the national popular vote. in many countries, losing candidates do not peacefully accept defeat, and their obstinacy leads to political chaos, riots and sometimes civil war. gore understood the risks to america from a prolonged dispute over an unresolved election. our democratic political system works only when the losers give their consent to be governed by the winners. so, on dec. 13, 2000, gore choose to begin a process of healing. he did not merely concede, he gave a remarkably upbeat and friendly concession speech and quoted an earlier losing candidate, stephen douglas, who pledged to abraham lincoln upon losing the 1860 presidential election, \u201c partisan feeling must yield to patriotism. i \u2019 m with you, mr. president, and god bless you. \u201d most presidential elections are close, with roughly half having been won with 51 percent or less of the popular vote. this even division in our partisan alignment means supporters of either party have a reasonable expectation of victory, so defeat can come as a shock. despite this, from our first losing presidential candidate, thomas jefferson in 1796 ( george washington won the first two presidential elections unopposed ), to our most recent, john mccain, america has been blessed with men who have set aside crushing personal disappointment and embraced their responsibility to help maintain national unity. in a society that worships winners, unsuccessful presidential candidates are considered losers, no matter how successful they were before and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46742522954965127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.416416"} {"text": ", john mccain, america has been blessed with men who have set aside crushing personal disappointment and embraced their responsibility to help maintain national unity. in a society that worships winners, unsuccessful presidential candidates are considered losers, no matter how successful they were before and after the election. as john w. davis, the democratic nominee in 1924 and a brilliant constitutional lawyer, put it after his losing candidacy was vilified, \u201c i believe i have been a fair success in life except as a candidate for president. \u201d it is often the losing candidate who is prophetic, while time proves that it was the winning candidate who was stuck in the past. winning the presidency does not guarantee the winner will leave a great mark upon history ; the office has certainly had its share of non - entities. many losing candidates, though, helped bring into being political dynamics that still define our politics. men like henry clay, william jennings bryan, thomas dewey, barry goldwater and george mcgovern have created, transformed and realigned our political parties. losing campaigns typically are the first to break barriers and expand participation. these include the first catholic to be nominated for president, as well as the first woman and the first jew to be named as vice presidential nominees. whether breaking barriers or introducing new policies, it is often the losing candidate who is prophetic, while time proves that it was the winning candidate who was stuck in the past. andrew jackson is an american icon, yet it was his nemesis clay who more clearly understood that america \u2019 s future was as an industrial power, not a bucolic republic of yeoman farmers. the democrat bryan was considered a radical, yet the reforms he advocated \u2014 creating the federal reserve, enacting pure food and drug laws, granting women the right to vote and enacting a federal income tax \u2014 all became law within years of his candidacies. adlai stevenson first raised the idea of a nuclear test ban during his 1956 campaign, while goldwater \u2019 s 1964 campaign, which analysts at the time thought had \u201c discredited conservatism, \u201d famously laid the groundwork for ronald reagan to be elected 16 years later. despite their belief that voters made the wrong choice, our losing presidential candidates have been almost unfailingly gracious, and suffered the wounds of defeat with good humor. sometimes that humor is self - effacing, as when goldwater lamented that america \u201c is a great country where anybody can grow up to become president \u2014 except me. \u201d and sometimes the humor is pointed, as when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4807081171885697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.417411"} {"text": "grief is a natural process, an intense fundamental emotion, a universal experience which makes us human. it is a process that entails extremely hard work over a period of many painful months or years. people grieve because they are deprived of a loved one ; the sense of loss is profound. the loss of a spouse, child or parent affects our very identities \u2014 the way we define ourselves as a husband, wife, parent or offspring. moreover, grief can arise from the survivor ' s sudden change in circumstances after a death and the fear of not knowing what lies ahead. the death of someone close can be a life - changing experience. if you are the primary caregiver of someone you love, this experience can affect every aspect of your life for some time. it is natural to grieve the death of a loved one before, during and after the actual time of their passing. the process of accepting the unacceptable is what grieving is all about. if someone has had a prolonged illness or serious memory impairment, family members may begin grieving the loss of the person ' s \" former self \" long before the time of death. this is sometimes referred to as \" anticipatory grief. \" anticipating the loss, knowing what is coming, can be just as painful as losing a life. family members may experience guilt or shame for \" wishing it were over \" or seeing their loved one as already \" gone \" intellectually. it is important to recognize these feelings as normal. ultimately, anticipatory grief is a way of allowing us to prepare emotionally for the inevitable. preparing for the death of a loved one can allow family members to contemplate and clear unresolved issues and seek out the support of spiritual advisors, family and friends. and, depending on the impaired person ' s intellectual capacity, this can be a time to identify your loved one ' s wishes for burial and funeral arrangements. a death that happens suddenly, unexpectedly, is an immeasurable tragedy. this type of loss often generates shock and confusion for loved ones left behind. incidents such as a fatal accident, heart attack, or suicide can leave family members perplexed and searching for answers. in these cases, family members may be left with unresolved issues, such as feelings of guilt that can haunt and overwhelm a grieving person. these feelings may seem to take over your life at first. but over time it is possible to get past these thoughts and forgive yourself and your loved one. give yourself plenty of time ; it ' s virtually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.54654802760707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.426651"} {"text": "and overwhelm a grieving person. these feelings may seem to take over your life at first. but over time it is possible to get past these thoughts and forgive yourself and your loved one. give yourself plenty of time ; it ' s virtually impossible to makeyourself \" move on \" before you ' re ready. people experiencing the sudden loss of a loved one have a particular need for support to get through the initial devastating shock, pain and anger. family members, close friends, and clergy can be vital lifelines for the griever. how long does grieving last? grief impacts each individual differently. recent research has shown that intense grieving lasts from three months to a year and many people continue experiencing profound grief for two years or more. others ' response to this extended grieving process may sometimes cause people to feel there is something wrong with them or they are behaving abnormally. this is not the case. the grieving process depends on the individual ' s belief system, religion, life experiences, and the type of loss suffered. prolonged bereavement is not unusual. many people find solace in seeking out other grievers or trusted friends. however, if feelings of being overwhelmed continue over time, professional support should be sought. symptoms of grief grief can provoke both physical and emotional symptoms, as well as spiritual insights and turmoil. physical symptoms include low energy or exhaustion, headaches or upset stomach. some people will sleep excessively, others may find they are pushing themselves to extremes at work. these activity changes may make an individual more prone to illness. it is important to take care of yourself during this period of bereavement by maintaining a proper diet, exercise and rest. taking care of your body can help heal the rest of you, even if you do not feel inclined to do so. emotional symptoms include memory gaps, distraction or preoccupation, irritability, depression, euphoria, wailing rages and passive resignation. some people identify strongly with the person who died and his / her feelings. if you have experienced a loss and are hurting it is reasonable that your responses may seem \" unreasonable. \" nonetheless, it is important not to judge yourself too harshly as you experience conflicting and overwhelming emotions. like grief itself, people ' s coping strategies vary. some people cope best through quiet reflection, others seek exercise or other distractions. some have a tendency to engage in reckless or self - destructive activities ( e. g., excessive drinking ). it is vital to obtain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46792903574329225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.429059"} {"text": "' s coping strategies vary. some people cope best through quiet reflection, others seek exercise or other distractions. some have a tendency to engage in reckless or self - destructive activities ( e. g., excessive drinking ). it is vital to obtain support in order to regain some sense of control and to work through your feelings. a trained counselor, support group, or trusted friend can help you sort through feelings such as anxiety, loss, anger, guilt, and sadness. if depression or anxiety persist, a doctor or psychiatrist may prescribe antidepressant drugs to help alleviate feelings of hopelessness. spirituality : you may feel closer to god and more open to religious experiences than ever before. conversely, many people express anger or outrage at god. you may feel cut off from god or from your own soul altogether \u2014 a temporary paralysis of the spirit. if you are a person of faith, you may question your faith in god, in yourself, in others or in life. a member of the clergy or spiritual advisor can help you examine the feelings you are experiencing. learning to deal with grief is learning to live again. stages of grief often portrayed as a grief \" wheel, \" these stages do not necessarily follow a set order. some stages may be revisited many times as an individual goes through a grieving period. - emotional release. - depression, loneliness and a sense of isolation. - physical symptoms of distress. - feelings of panic. - a sense of guilt. - anger or rage. - inability to return to usual activities. - the gradual regaining of hope. - acceptance as we adjust our lives to reality. most people who have lost someone close go through all or some of these stages, although not necessarily in this specific order. this kind of healthy grieving can help a person move through a significant loss with minimal harm to self, either physical or mental. often family members and caregivers are faced with the decision to allow someone to die naturally or to prolong their death and maintain life through artificial means. physician training, hospital and nursing home policies often dictate the use of \" heroic means \" to sustain life. \" reviving \" a very ill person after a stroke or using a respirator for someone deemed medically \" brain dead \" are standard procedures used in many hospitals. if at all possible, it is important to learn and document a person ' s wishes about using artificial life support beforeany crisis arises. a living will or durable power of attorney for health care ( dpahc ) expresses a person ' s wishes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49820121673542184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.430357"} {"text": ". if at all possible, it is important to learn and document a person ' s wishes about using artificial life support beforeany crisis arises. a living will or durable power of attorney for health care ( dpahc ) expresses a person ' s wishes when he or she can no longer speak for him / herself. these documents can help instruct hospitals or nursing homes on an appropriate course of action to be taken at a critical moment. by law, all hospitals must now inform patients about their right to fill out these documents. when a person is confused, or otherwise unable to express preferences, family members are often put in the position of becoming surrogate decision makers. such decisions present a thorny array of medical, legal, and moral questions. decisions to provide or withhold life support are based on personal values, beliefs, and consideration for what the person might have wanted. such decisions are painful. family members should give themselves ample time to cope with these life and death decisions and to process feelings of doubt or blame which may surface. tips for helping the bereaved - be available. offer support in an unobtrusive but persistent manner. - listen without giving advice. - do not offer stories of your own. this can have the effect of dismissing the grieving person ' s pain. - allow the grieving person to use expressions of anger or bitterness, including such expressions against god. this may be normal behavior in an attempt to find meaning in what has happened. - realize that no one can replace or undo the loss. to heal, the individual must endure the grief process. allow him / her to feel the pain. - be patient, kind and understanding without being patronizing. don ' t claim to \" know \" what the other person is feeling. - don ' t force the individual to share feelings if he / she doesn ' t want to. - physical and emotional touch can bring great comfort to the bereaved. don ' t hesitate to share a hug or handclasp when appropriate. - be there later, when friends and family have all gone back to their routines. - remember holidays, birthdays, and anniversaries which have important meaning for the bereaved. offer support during this time. don ' t be afraid of reminding the person of the loss ; he / she is already thinking about it. practical assistance for the bereaved things a person can do without asking : - send a card or flowers. - bring food. - water or mow their lawn. - donate blood. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4752069916375858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.431660"} {"text": "loss ; he / she is already thinking about it. practical assistance for the bereaved things a person can do without asking : - send a card or flowers. - bring food. - water or mow their lawn. - donate blood. - contribute to a cause which is meaningful to your friend or family member. things a person can do to help but should ask first : - offer to stay in the home to take phone calls, receive food and guests. - offer child care on a specific date. - offer to care for pets. - offer transportation. ballard, e. l., managing grief and bereavement : a guide for families and professionals caring for memory impaired adults and other chronically ill persons, duke family support program, durham, nc. bozarth - campbell, a., 1982, life is goodbye, life is hello, compcare publications, minneapolis, mn. harris lord, j., 1990, beyond sympathy, pathfinder publishing, ventura, ca. sankar, andrea, 1991, dying at home : a family guide for caregiving, johns hopkins university press, baltimore, md. westberg, granger e., 1976, good grief, philadelphia : fortress press. caring for a dying relative : a guide for families, d. doyle, 1994, 2001 evans road, cary, nc 27513, oxford university press. ( 919 ) 677 - 0977. on death and dying, elisabeth kubler - ross, 1969, the macmillan co., new york, ny. available at bookstores or p. o. box 1387, bryan, tx 77806. ( 800 ) 364 - 2665. don ' t take my grief away, doug manning, 1979, p. o. box 42467 n. w. expressway, suite 100, oklahoma city, ok 73116, in - sight books. ( 800 ) 658 - 9262. dying at home : a guide for caregiving, andrea sankar, 1991, the johns hopkins university press, 701 w. 40th st., baltimore, md 21211 - 2190. < < span class = \" bodycopy \" / > how can i help? / what will help me?, james e. miller, 1994, willowgreen publishing, 509 w. washington blvd., p. o. box 25180, fort wayne, in. ( 219 ) 424 - 7916. managing grief and bereavement : a guide for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4405330278196201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.432547"} {"text": "1994, willowgreen publishing, 509 w. washington blvd., p. o. box 25180, fort wayne, in. ( 219 ) 424 - 7916. managing grief and bereavement : a guide for families and professionals caring for memory impaired adults and other chronically ill persons ( booklet ), 1993, duke family support program, duke university medical center, durham, nc 27710. ( 919 ) 660 - 7510. family caregiver alliance 785 market street, suite 750 san francisco, ca 94103 web site : www. caregiver. org family caregiver alliance ( fca ) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through education, services, research and advocacy. through its national center on caregiving, fca offers information on current social, public policy and caregiving issues and provides assistance in the development of public and private programs for caregivers. for residents of the greater san francisco bay area, fca provides direct family support services for caregivers of those with alzheimer ' s disease, stroke, head injury, parkinson ' s and other debilitating disorders that strike adults. center for loss and life transition 3735 broken bow road fort collins, co 80526 foundation for hospice and home care 513 c street, ne washington, dc 20002 - 5809 national hospice organization 1901 n. moore st., suite 901 arlington, va 22209 national research and information center ( death, grief and funerals ) 2250 east devon ave., suite 250 des plaines, il 60018 reviewed by patrick arbore, ed. d., center for elderly suicide prevention & grief related services, and andrew scharlach, ph. d., professor, school of social welfare, university of california, berkeley. prepared by family caregiver alliance in cooperation with california ' s caregiver resource centers, a statewide system of resource centers serving families and caregivers of brain - impaired adults. funded by the california department of mental health. printed december 1996. \u00a9 all rights reserved. e - mail to a friend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4581382732892719, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.433405"} {"text": "caring for a loved one with dementia poses many challenges for families and caregivers. people with dementia from conditions such as alzheimer \u2019 s and related diseases have a progressive brain disorder that makes it more and more difficult for them to remember things, think clearly, communicate with others, or take care of themselves. in addition, dementia can cause mood swings and even change a person \u2019 s personality and behavior. this fact sheet provides some practical strategies for dealing with the troubling behavior problems and communication difficulties often encountered when caring for a person with dementia. ten tips for communicating with a person with dementia we aren \u2019 t born knowing how to communicate with a person with dementia \u2014 but we can learn. improving your communication skills will help make caregiv - ing less stressful and will likely improve the quality of your relationship with your loved one. good communication skills will also enhance your ability to handle the difficult behavior you may encounter as you care for a person with a dementing illness. 1. set a positive mood for interaction. your attitude and body language communicate your feelings and thoughts stronger than your words. set a positive mood by speaking to your loved one in a pleasant and respectful manner. use facial expressions, tone of voice and physical touch to help convey your message and show your feelings of affection. 2. get the person \u2019 s attention. limit distractions and noise \u2014 turn off the radio or tv, close the curtains or shut the door, or move to quieter sur - roundings. before speaking, make sure you have her attention ; address her by name, identify yourself by name and relation, and use nonver - bal cues and touch to help keep her focused. if she is seated, get down to her level and maintain eye contact. 3. state your message clearly. use simple words and sentences. speak slowly, distinctly and in a reassuring tone. refrain from raising your voice higher or louder ; instead, pitch your voice lower. if she doesn \u2019 t understand the first time, use the same wording to repeat your message or ques - tion. if she still doesn \u2019 t understand, wait a few minutes and rephrase the question. use the names of people and places instead of pronouns or abbreviations. 4. ask simple, answerable questions. ask one question at a time ; those with yes or no answers work best. refrain from asking open - ended ques - tions or giving too many choices. for example, ask, \u201c would you like to wear your white shirt or your blue shirt? \u201d better still,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46667843445242885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.452744"} {"text": "; those with yes or no answers work best. refrain from asking open - ended ques - tions or giving too many choices. for example, ask, \u201c would you like to wear your white shirt or your blue shirt? \u201d better still, show her the choices \u2014 visual prompts and cues also help clar - ify your question and can guide her response. 5. listen with your ears, eyes and heart. be patient in waiting for your loved one \u2019 s reply. if she is struggling for an answer, it \u2019 s okay to suggest words. watch for nonverbal cues and body language, and respond appropriately. always strive to listen for the meaning and feelings that underlie the words. 6. break down activities into a series of steps. this makes many tasks much more manageable. you can encourage your loved one to do what he can, gently remind him of steps he tends to forget, and assist with steps he \u2019 s no longer able to accomplish on his own. using visual cues, such as showing him with your hand where to place the dinner plate, can be very helpful. 7. when the going gets tough, distract and redirect. when your loved one becomes upset, try changing the subject or the environment. for example, ask him for help or suggest going for a walk. it is important to connect with the person on a feeling level, before you redirect. you might say, \u201c i see you \u2019 re feeling sad \u2014 i \u2019 m sorry you \u2019 re upset. let \u2019 s go get something to eat. \u201d 8. respond with affection and reassurance. people with dementia often feel confused, anxious and unsure of themselves. further, they often get reality confused and may recall things that never really occurred. avoid trying to convince them they are wrong. stay focused on the feelings they are demonstrating ( which are real ) and respond with verbal and physical expressions of comfort, support and reassurance. sometimes holding hands, touching, hugging and praise will get the person to respond when all else fails. 9. remember the good old days. remembering the past is often a soothing and affirming activity. many people with dementia may not remember what happened 45 minutes ago, but they can clearly recall their lives 45 years earlier. therefore, avoid asking questions that rely on short - term memory, such as asking the person what they had for lunch. instead, try asking general questions about the person \u2019 s distant past \u2014 this information is more likely to be retained. 10. maintain your sense", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4769570660043083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.453714"} {"text": "avoid asking questions that rely on short - term memory, such as asking the person what they had for lunch. instead, try asking general questions about the person \u2019 s distant past \u2014 this information is more likely to be retained. 10. maintain your sense of humor. use humor whenever possible, though not at the person ' s expense. people with dementia tend to retain their social skills and are usually delighted to laugh along with you. handling troubling behavior some of the greatest challenges of caring for a loved one with dementia are the personality and behavior changes that often occur. you can best meet these challenges by using creativity, flexibility, patience and compassion. it also helps to not take things personally and maintain your sense of humor. to start, consider these ground rules : we cannot change the person. the person you are caring for has a brain disorder that shapes who he has become. when you try to control or change his behavior, you \u2019 ll most likely be unsuccessful or be met with resistance. it \u2019 s important to : try to accommodate the behavior, not control the behavior. for example, if the person insists on sleeping on the floor, place a mattress on the floor to make him more comfortable. remember that we can change our behavior or the physical environment. changing our own behavior will often result in a change in our loved one \u2019 s behavior. check with the doctor first. behavioral problems may have an underlying medical reason : perhaps the person is in pain or experiencing an adverse side effect from medications. in some cases, like incontinence or hallucinations, there may be some medication or treatment that can assist in managing the problem. behavior has a purpose. people with dementia typically cannot tell us what they want or need. they might do something, like take all the clothes out of the closet on a daily basis, and we wonder why. it is very likely that the person is fulfilling a need to be busy and productive. always consider what need the person might be trying to meet with their behavior \u2014 and, when possible, try to accommodate them. behavior is triggered. it is important to understand that all behavior is triggered \u2014 it doesn \u2019 t occur out of the blue. it might be something a person did or said that triggered a behavior or it could be a change in the physical environment. the root to changing be - havior is disrupting the patterns that we create. try a different approach, or try a different consequence. what works today, may not tomorrow. the multiple factors that influence troubling behaviors and the natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48255297095675226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.454744"} {"text": ". the root to changing be - havior is disrupting the patterns that we create. try a different approach, or try a different consequence. what works today, may not tomorrow. the multiple factors that influence troubling behaviors and the natural progression of the disease process means that solutions that are effective today may need to be modified tomorrow \u2014 or may no longer work at all. the key to managing difficult behaviors is being creative and flexible in your strategies to address a given issue. get support from others. you are not alone \u2014 there are many others caring for someone with dementia. call your local area agency on aging, the local chapter of the alzheimer \u2019 s association, a caregiver resource center or one of the groups listed below in resources to find support groups, organizations and services that can help you. expect that, like the loved one you are caring for, you will have good days and bad days. develop strategies for coping with the bad days ( see the fca fact sheet, dementia, caregiving and controlling frustration ). the following is an overview of the most common dementia - associated behaviors with suggestions that may be useful in handling them. you \u2019 ll find additional resources listed at the end of this fact sheet. people with dementia walk, seemingly aimlessly, for a variety of reasons, such as boredom, medication side effects or to look for \u201c something \u201d or someone. they also may be trying to fulfill a physical need \u2014 thirst, hunger, a need to use the toilet or exercise. discovering the triggers for wandering are not always easy, but they can provide insights to dealing with the behavior. make time for regular exercise to minimize restlessness. consider installing new locks that require a key. position locks high or low on the door ; many people with dementia will not think to look beyond eye level. keep in mind fire and safety concerns for all family members ; the lock ( s ) must be accessible to others and not take more than a few seconds to open. try a barrier like a curtain or colored streamer to mask the door. a \u201c stop \u201d sign or \u201c do not enter \u201d sign also may help. place a black mat or paint a black space on your front porch ; this may appear to be an impassable hole to the person with dementia. add \u201c child - safe \u201d plastic covers to doorknobs. consider installing a home security system or monitoring system designed to keep watch over someone with dementia. also available are new digital devices that can be worn like a watch or clipped on a belt that use global", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.484644340554017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.455926"} {"text": "- safe \u201d plastic covers to doorknobs. consider installing a home security system or monitoring system designed to keep watch over someone with dementia. also available are new digital devices that can be worn like a watch or clipped on a belt that use global positioning systems ( gps ) or other technology to track a person \u2019 s whereabouts or locate him if he wanders off.. put away essential items such as the confused person \u2019 s coat, purse or glasses. some individuals will not go out without certain articles. have your relative wear an id bracelet and sew id labels in their clothes. always have a current photo available should you need to report your loved one missing. consider leaving a copy on file at the police department or registering the person with the alzheimer \u2019 s association safe return program ( see resources ). tell neighbors about your relative \u2019 s wandering behavior and make sure they have your phone number. the loss of bladder or bowel control often occurs as dementia progresses. sometimes accidents result from environmental factors ; for example, someone can \u2019 t remember where the bathroom is located or can \u2019 t get to it in time. if an accident occurs, your understanding and reassurance will help the person maintain dignity and minimize embarrassment. establish a routine for using the toilet. try reminding the person or assisting her to the bathroom every two hours. schedule fluid intake to ensure the confused person does not become dehydrated. however, avoid drinks with a diuretic effect like coffee, tea, cola, or beer. limit fluid intake in the evening before bedtime. use signs ( with illustrations ) to indicate which door leads to the bathroom. a commode, obtained at any medical supply store, can be left in the bedroom at night for easy access. incontinence pads and products can be purchased at the pharmacy or supermarket. a urologist may be able to prescribe a special product or treatment. use easy - to - remove clothing with elastic waistbands or velcroo closures, and provide clothes that are easily washable. agitation refers to a range of behaviors associated with dementia, including irritability, sleeplessness, and verbal or physical aggression. often these types of behavior problems progress with the stages of dementia, from mild to more severe. agitation may be triggered by a variety of things, including environmental factors, fear and fatigue. most often, agitation is triggered when the person experiences \u201c control \u201d being taken from him. reduce caffeine intake, sugar and junk food. reduce noise, clutter or the number of persons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5150879967298584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.457230"} {"text": "of things, including environmental factors, fear and fatigue. most often, agitation is triggered when the person experiences \u201c control \u201d being taken from him. reduce caffeine intake, sugar and junk food. reduce noise, clutter or the number of persons in the room. maintain structure by keeping the same routines. keep household objects and furniture in the same places. familiar objects and photographs offer a sense of security and can suggest pleasant memories. try gentle touch, soothing music, reading or walks to quell agitation. speak in a reassuring voice. do not try to restrain the person during a period of agitation. keep dangerous objects out of reach. allow the person to do as much for himself as possible \u2014 support his independence and ability to care for himself. acknowledge the confused person \u2019 s anger over the loss of control in his life. tell him you understand his frustration. distract the person with a snack or an activity. allow him to forget the troubling incident. confronting a confused person may increase anxiety. repetitive speech or actions ( perseveration ) people with dementia will often repeat a word, state - ment, question or activity over and over. while this type of behavior is usually harmless for the person with dementia, it can be annoying and stressful to caregivers. sometimes the behavior is triggered by anxiety, boredom, fear or environmental factors. provide plenty of reassurance and comfort, both in words and in touch. try distracting with a snack or activity. avoid reminding them that they just asked the same question. try ignoring the behavior or question and distract the person into an activity. don \u2019 t discuss plans with a confused person until immediately prior to an event. you may want to try placing a sign on the kitchen table, such as, \u201c dinner is at 6 : 30 \u201d or \u201c lois comes home at 5 : 00 \u201d to remove anxiety and uncertainty about anticipated events. learn to recognize certain behaviors. an agitated state or pulling at clothing, for example, could indicate a need to use the bathroom. seeing a loved one suddenly become suspicious, jealous or accusatory is unsettling. remember, what the person is experiencing is very real to them. it is best not to argue or disagree. this, too, is part of the dementia \u2014 try not to take it personally. if the confused person suspects money is \u201c missing, \u201d allow her to keep small amounts of money in a pocket or handbag for easy inspection. help them look for the object and then distract them into another activity. try to learn where the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5118745670047393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.458322"} {"text": "personally. if the confused person suspects money is \u201c missing, \u201d allow her to keep small amounts of money in a pocket or handbag for easy inspection. help them look for the object and then distract them into another activity. try to learn where the confused person \u2019 s favorite hiding places are for storing objects, which are frequently assumed to be \u201c lost. \u201d avoid arguing. take time to explain to other family members and home - helpers that suspicious accusations are a part of the dementing illness. try nonverbal reassurances like a gentle touch or hug. respond to the feeling behind the accusation and then reassure the person. you might try saying, \u201c i see this frightens you ; stay with me, i won \u2019 t let anything happen to you. \u201d restlessness, agitation, disorientation and other troubling behavior in people with dementia often get worse at the end of the day and sometimes continue throughout the night. experts believe this behavior, commonly called sundowning, is caused by a combination of factors, such as exhaustion from the day \u2019 s events and changes in the person \u2019 s biological clock that confuse day and night. increase daytime activities, particularly physical exercise. discourage inactivity and napping during the day. watch out for dietary culprits, such as sugar, caffeine and some types of junk food. eliminate or restrict these types of foods and beverages to early in the day. plan smaller meals throughout the day, including a light meal, such as half a sandwich, before bedtime. plan for the afternoon and evening hours to be quiet and calm ; however, structured, quiet activity is important. perhaps take a stroll outdoors, play a simple card game or listen to soothing music together. turning on lights well before sunset and closing the curtains at dusk will minimize shadows and may help diminish confusion. at minimum, keep a nightlight in the person \u2019 s room, hallway and bathroom. make sure the house is safe : block off stairs with gates, lock the kitchen door and / or put away dangerous items. as a last resort, consider talking to the doctor about medication to help the agitated person relax and sleep. be aware that sleeping pills and tranquilizers may solve one problem and create another, such as sleeping at night but being more confused the next day. it \u2019 s essential that you, the caregiver, get enough sleep. if your loved one \u2019 s nighttime activity keeps you awake, consider asking a friend or relative, or hiring someone, to take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5031042216890833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.459463"} {"text": "night but being more confused the next day. it \u2019 s essential that you, the caregiver, get enough sleep. if your loved one \u2019 s nighttime activity keeps you awake, consider asking a friend or relative, or hiring someone, to take a turn so that you can get a good night \u2019 s sleep. catnaps during the day also might help. ensuring that your loved one is eating enough nutritious foods and drinking enough fluids is a challenge. people with dementia literally begin to forget that they need to eat and drink. complicating the issue may be dental problems or medications that decrease appetite or make food taste \u201c funny. \u201d the consequences of poor nutrition are many, including weight loss, irritability, sleeplessness, bladder or bowel problems and disorientation. make meal and snack times part of the daily routine and schedule them around the same time every day. instead of three big meals, try five or six smaller ones. make mealtimes a special time. try flowers or soft music. turn off loud radio programs and the tv. eating independently should take precedence over eating neatly or with \u201c proper \u201d table manners. finger foods support independence. pre - cut and season the food. try using a straw or a child \u2019 s \u201c sippy cup \u201d if holding a glass has become difficult. provide assistance only when necessary and allow plenty of time for meals. sit down and eat with your loved one. often they will mimic your actions and it makes the meal more pleasant to share it with someone. prepare foods with your loved one in mind. if they have dentures or trouble chewing or swallowing, use soft foods or cut food into bite - size pieces. if chewing and swallowing are an issue, try gently moving the person \u2019 s chin in a chewing motion or lightly stroking their throat to encourage them to swallow. if loss of weight is a problem, offer nutritious high - calorie snacks between meals. breakfast foods high in carbohydrates are often preferred. on the other hand, if the problem is weight gain, keep high - calorie foods out of sight. instead, keep handy fresh fruits, veggie trays and other healthy low - calorie snacks. people with dementia often have difficulty remembering \u201c good \u201d hygiene, such as brushing teeth, toileting, bathing and regularly changing their clothes. from childhood we are taught these are highly private and personal activities ; to be undressed and cleaned by another can feel frightening, humiliating and embarrassing. as a result,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49361955229554816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.461288"} {"text": "hygiene, such as brushing teeth, toileting, bathing and regularly changing their clothes. from childhood we are taught these are highly private and personal activities ; to be undressed and cleaned by another can feel frightening, humiliating and embarrassing. as a result, bathing often causes distress for both caregivers and their loved ones. think historically of your loved one \u2019 s hygiene routine \u2013 did she prefer baths or showers? mornings or nights? did she have her hair washed at the salon or do it herself? was there a favorite scent, lotion or talcum powder she always used? adopting \u2014 as much as possible \u2014 her past bathing routine may provide some comfort. remember that it may not be necessary to bathe every day \u2014 sometimes twice a week is sufficient. if your loved one has always been modest, enhance that feeling by making sure doors and curtains are closed. whether in the shower or the bath, keep a towel over her front, lifting to wash as needed. have towels and a robe or her clothes ready when she gets out. be mindful of the environment, such as the temperature of the room and water ( older adults are more sensitive to heat and cold ) and the adequacy of lighting. it \u2019 s a good idea to use safety features such as non - slip floor bath mats, grab - bars, and bath or shower seats. a hand - held shower might also be a good feature to install. remember \u2014 people are often afraid of falling. help them feel secure in the shower or tub. never leave a person with dementia unattended in the bath or shower. have all the bath things you need laid out beforehand. if giving a bath, draw the bath water first. reassure the person that the water is warm \u2014 perhaps pour a cup of water over her hands before she steps in. if hair washing is a struggle, make it a separate activity. or, use a dry shampoo. if bathing in the tub or shower is consistently traumatic, a towel bath provides a soothing alter - native. a bed bath has traditionally been done with only the most frail and bed - ridden patients, soaping up a bit at a time in their beds, rinsing off with a basin of water and drying with towels. a growing number of nurses in and out of facilities, however, are beginning to recognize its value and a variation \u2014 the \u201c towel bath \u201d \u2014 for others as well, including people with dementia who find bathing in the tub or shower uncomfortable or unpleasant. the towel bath uses a large bath towel and wash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4845533314561948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.462654"} {"text": ", however, are beginning to recognize its value and a variation \u2014 the \u201c towel bath \u201d \u2014 for others as well, including people with dementia who find bathing in the tub or shower uncomfortable or unpleasant. the towel bath uses a large bath towel and washcloths dampened in a plastic bag of warm water and no - rinse soap. large bath - blankets are used to keep the patient covered, dry and warm while the dampened towel and washcloths are massaged over the body. for more information, see the book bathing without a battle, ( details in the recommended reading section below ), or visit www. bathingwithoutabattle. unc. edu /. additional problem areas dressing is difficult for most dementia patients. choose loose - fitting, comfortable clothes with easy zippers or snaps and minimal buttons. reduce the person \u2019 s choices by removing seldom - worn clothes from the closet. to facilitate dressing and support independence, lay out one article of clothing at a time, in the order it is to be worn. remove soiled clothes from the room. don \u2019 t argue if the person insists on wearing the same thing again. hallucinations ( seeing or hearing things that others don \u2019 t ) and delusions ( false beliefs, such as someone is trying to hurt or kill another ) may occur as the dementia progresses. state simply and calmly your perception of the situation, but avoid arguing or trying to convince the person their perceptions are wrong. keep rooms well - lit to decrease shadows, and offer reassurance and a simple explanation if the curtains move from circulating air or a loud noise such as a plane or siren is heard. distractions may help. depending on the severity of symptoms, you might consider medication. sexually inappropriate behavior, such as masturbating or undressing in public, lewd remarks, unreasonable sexual demands, even sexually aggressive or violent behavior, may occur during the course of the illness. remember, this behavior is caused by the disease. talk to the doctor about possible treatment plans. develop an action plan to follow before the behavior occurs, i. e., what you will say and do if the behavior happens at home, around other adults or children. if you can, identify what triggers the behavior. verbal outbursts such as cursing, arguing and threatening often are expressions of anger or stress. react by staying calm and reassuring. validate your loved one \u2019 s feelings and then try to distract or redirect his attention to something else. \u201c shadowing \u201d is when a person with dementia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4710513992395205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.463700"} {"text": "and threatening often are expressions of anger or stress. react by staying calm and reassuring. validate your loved one \u2019 s feelings and then try to distract or redirect his attention to something else. \u201c shadowing \u201d is when a person with dementia imitates and follows the caregiver, or constantly talks, asks questions and interrupts. like sundowning, this behavior often occurs late in the day and can be irritating for caregivers. comfort the person with verbal and physical reassurance. distraction or redirection might also help. giving your loved one a job such as folding laundry might help to make her feel needed and useful. people with dementia may become uncooperative and resistant to daily activities such as bathing, dressing and eating. often this is a response to feeling out of control, rushed, afraid or confused by what you are asking of them. break each task into steps and, in a reassuring voice, explain each step before you do it. allow plenty of time. find ways to have them assist to their ability in the process, or follow with an activity that they can perform. credits and recommended reading bathing without a battle, by ann louise barrick, joanne rader, beverly hoeffer and philip sloane, ( 2002 ), springer publishing, ( 877 ) 687 - 7476. caring for a person with memory loss and confusion : an easy guide for caregivers, ( 2002 ), journeyworks publishing, santa cruz, ca, ( 800 ) 775 - 1998. communicating effectively with a person who has alzheimer ' s, ( 2002 ), mayo clinic staff, www. mayoclinic. com / invoke. cfm? id = az00004 steps to enhancing communications : interacting with persons with alzheimer ' s disease. chicago, il : alzheimer ' s association, 1997. ( brochure ) order no. ed310z cost : single copy free, call 800 / 272 - 3900 steps to understanding challenging behaviors : responding to persons with alzheimer \u2019 s disease, ( 1996 ), alzheimer \u2019 s association, chicago, il. ( 800 ) 272 - 3900. the validation breakthrough : simple techniques for communicating with people with \u201c alzheimer ' s - type dementia, \u201d naomi feil, 2nd edition 2002, health professions press, baltimore, md, ( 410 ) 337 - 8539. understanding difficult behaviors : some practical suggestions for coping with alzheimer ' s disease and related illnesses, a. robinson, b. spencer, and l. white, (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4759298526180195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.464808"} {"text": "2002, health professions press, baltimore, md, ( 410 ) 337 - 8539. understanding difficult behaviors : some practical suggestions for coping with alzheimer ' s disease and related illnesses, a. robinson, b. spencer, and l. white, ( 2001 ), eastern michigan university, ypsilanti, mi, ( 734 ) 487 - 2335. family caregiver alliance 785 market street, suite 750 san francisco, ca 94103 family caregiver alliance ( fca ) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through education, services, research and advocacy. through its national center on caregiving, fca offers information on current social, public policy, and caregiving issues and provides assistance in the development of public and private programs for caregivers. for residents of the greater san francisco bay area, fca provides direct support services for caregivers of those with alzheimer \u2019 s disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, parkinson \u2019 s and other debilitating health conditions that strike adults. practical skills training for family caregivers, mary a. corcoran, 2003, family caregiver alliance, 785 market street, suite 750, san francisco, ca 94103 fca fact sheets. all family caregiver alliance fact sheets are available free online. printed versions are $ 1. 00 for each title \u2014 send your requests to fca publications, 785 market street, suite 750, san francisco, ca 94103. for the full list, see : www. caregiver. org / caregiver / jsp / publications. jsp? nodeid = 345 fca fact sheet : dementia, caregiving and controlling frustration fca fact sheet : taking care of you : self - care for family caregivers fca fact sheet : hiring in - home help fca fact sheet : community care options other web sites alzheimer ' s disease education and referral ( adear ) center this service of the national institute on aging offers information and publications on diagnosis, treatment, patient care, caregiver needs, long - term care, education and research related to alzheimer \u2019 s disease. this service of the administration on aging offers information about and referrals to respite care and other home and community services offered by state and area agencies on aging. alzheimer \u2019 s association safe return program a nationwide program that identifies people with dementia who wander away and returns them to their homes. for a $ 40 registration fee, families can register their loved one in a national confidential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4885304241286312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.465861"} {"text": "search : chef ' s hat why : on when parents text : answer : la toque blanche! like a tuque, only not canadian. and its origins are legendary. theories : - head cooks in assyrian households were allowed to wear high cloth headdresses patterned on the crowns of their royal masters. this encouraged valuable servants to remain faithful to their masters, who lived in constant fear of being poisoned. - the ribs or pleats in the headdress represented the ribs in the king ' s crown and were stitched into the cloth and stiffened with starch. - the pleats - there are 100 of them - represent the 100 ways that a good chef should be able to cook eggs. - today ' s toque blanche is a result of the gradual evolution of head coverings worn by cooks through the centuries. french cooks of the 18th century generally wore the casque a meche or stocking cap, the colors of which varied according to rank. mr. boucher, chef to the french statesman talleyrand ( 1754 - 1838 ), is credited with introducing white as the standard color when he insisted for sanitary reasons that his cooks wear white caps. during this period, spanish cooks wore berets of white wool or ticking ; germans wore pointed napoleonic hats with a decorative tassel ; the british wore starched scotch caps and black skull caps sometimes referred to as librarians ' caps. in addition to stocking caps, french pastry cooks wore a bank of linen or ticking with a central mound of the same fabric pleated on the edge. by the end of the 18th century, it was full, heavily starched and held in the middle with a circular whalebone, producing the effect of a halo. under napoleon iii ( 1808 - 1833 ), the greek bonnet ornamented with a tassel was in vogue. bald cooks purportedly wore caps in velour or heavy cloth while persons with hair wore them in linen or netting. it ' s kind of gross that surgeons wear green and blue and chefs wear white, right? shouldn ' t we all be washing our clothes of stains all the time, no matter how much food or blood is on them? source : wikipedia, chef harvey the more you know : there are so, so many types of hats. i really don ' t like any of them, especially when they ' re purely ornamental. i hate hats, everyone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43139427650313805, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.468153"} {"text": "introduction to the life of saint francis de sales : st. francis de sales, bishop of geneva and a doctor of the church, is renowned for the clarity of his teaching and preaching. intellectually and spiritually tormented in his youth by debates over predestination, saint francis, upon arriving at a proper understanding of the question, was better able to treat with charity the calvinists of geneva, many of whom he brought back to the catholic church. he remains today a model of ( in the words of the institute of christ the king sovereign priest, which as taken saint francis as one of its three chief patron saints ) \" living the truth in charity. \" - feast day : january 24 - type of feast : memorial - readings : hebrews 7 : 25 \u2014 8 : 6 ; psalm 40 : 7 - 8a, 8b - 9, 10, 17 ; mark 3 : 7 - 12 ( full text here ) - dates : august 21, 1567 ( thorens, duchy of savoy, france ) - december 28, 1622 ( lyons, france ) - symbols : sacred heart of jesus - patron of : catholic press, confessors, deaf people, educators, journalists, writers, institute of christ the king sovereign priest, missionaries of st. francis de sales, salesians of don bosco, oblates of st. francis de sales, oblate sisters of st. francis de sales, sisters of st. joseph - beatification : january 8, 1661, by pope alexander vii - canonization : april 8, 1665, by pope alexander vii ; proclaimed a doctor of the church by pope pius ix on november 16, 1877 the life of saint francis de sales : francis de sales was born on august 21, 1567, to a noble family in the duchy of savoy, in modern - day france. his father wished him to become a magistrate judge, and francis received an appropriate education in rhetoric, law, and the humanities. at the college de clermont in paris, where francis studied under the jesuits, he began to study theology as well. it was while at clermont that francis was exposed to debates over predestination and became convinced that he was damned. in the midst of despair, he prayed before a miraculous image of the blessed virgin mary at st. etienne - des - gres in paris, and came to know the boundless love of god. freed from his doubts, about his own fate, francis resolved to dedicate himself to christ and to help others who had been led astray by calvinist misunderstandings of pre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37713396912838104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.472658"} {"text": "new insect species make their way into the united states every year by hitching rides in shipping crates and on automobiles, clothing and shoes. they hide in produce, plants and firewood while they are transported to uninfested areas. upon arrival, invasive insects quickly begin to attack their new habitats, making themselves at home. many different types of termites, beetles, carpenter ants and bees bore into trees and make themselves at home in wood structures, such as decks, play sets and patio furniture. numerous varieties of caterpillars, moths and mites fashion meals out of plants, discoloring and deforming leaves and sometimes stripping foliage away completely. \u201c while it \u2019 s difficult to prevent invasive insects from making their way into your outdoor spaces, using an integrated pest management approach ( ipm ) can stop them from doing harm to your family and the environment, \u201d says aaron hobbs, president of rise ( responsible industry for a sound environment ) - a national organization representing manufacturers, formulators and distributors of pesticide products use around the home and yard. ipm is a common sense approach to managing pests that combines property maintenance, watching pest populations and applying pesticides when necessary. \u201c keeping outdoor spaces clean and tidy, without piles of wood or trash, will make them less attractive to invasive insects. when used properly as part of an overall ipm approach, pesticides are the most effective way to remove damaging pests from your property and provide protection from future infestations, \u201d adds hobbs. \u201c when selecting a pesticide product read the label to ensure you \u2019 ve got the right solution for your pest and location, \u201d says hobbs. \u201c there are many products available for consumers to use when eliminating invasive insects from outdoor spaces. consumers should remember to always read and follow all label directions. \u201d the globalization of markets and growth in both national and world travel raises the numbers of invasive insects finding new habitats in neighborhoods across the country. following an integrated approach that uses registered pesticides is the best strategy to take back outdoor living areas and keep them pest - free so you can enjoy the summer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44729650351230377, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.476072"} {"text": "the natural resource conservation agency ( nrcs ), an agency of the united states department of agriculture, provides technical assistance to districts in order to help us implement our conservation programs. in 1993, nrcs expanded its focus on natural resource problems to include not only soil issues, but water quality, wetlands, and wildlife habitat. nrcs ' s web soil survey nrcs ' s conservation programs united states department of agriculture conservation reserve program ( continuous and standard ) the crp is a voluntary program that offers annual rental payments, incentive payments for certain activities, and cost - share assistance to establish approved cover on eligible cropland. the program encourages farmers to plant long - term resource - conserving covers to improve soil, water, and wildlife resources. assistance is available in an amount equal to not more than 50 percent of the participant ' s costs in establishing approved practices. contract duration is between 10 and 15 years. environmental quality incentives program ( eqip ) since its inception in 1996, eqip has been nrcs ' leading cost - share program for implementing conservation practices. eqip, through 2 - 10 year contracts, can provide up to 75 % in cost - sharing assistance to producers to implement conservation practices as part of a tract based total resource management system. examples of practices installed with eqip funding include : grassed waterways, field borders, and livestock watering systems. wildlife habitat incentives program ( whip ) the wildlife habitat incentives program ( whip ) is a voluntary program for people who want to develop and improve wildlife habitat primarily on private land. through whip usda ' s natural resources conservation service provides both technical assistance and up to 75 percent cost - share assistance to establish and improve fish and wildlife habitat. whip agreements between nrcs and the participant generally last from 5 to 10 years from the date the agreement is signed. whip has proven to be a highly effective and widely accepted program across the country. by targeting wildlife habitat projects on all lands and aquatic areas, whip provides assistance to conservation minded landowners who are unable to meet the specific eligibility requirements of other usda conservation programs. wetlands reserve program ( wrp ) this program strives to restore and protect wetlands and riparian areas for wildlife. landowners have the option of setting up permanent easements, 30 year easements, or restoration cost share agreements. this program offers landowners an opportunity to, establish, at minimum cost, long - term conservation and willdife habitat enhancement practices and protection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47177361983616406, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:30:54.480966"}