what xml means published : april 1, 2004 published in tdan. com april 2004 publisher ' s note... this article previously appeared in the journal of conceptual modeling, may 2003. the following two quotes were denigrated in a recent article : 1 ) “ there really is no difference between a document and a database. ” 2 ) “ xml data is fundamentally different from relational data … [ relational structure ] can led to inefficiencies in queries and retrievals. ” while both of these claims were denounced, they both do contain substantial truth. this article will consider to what extent they are true. it will also present xml as a reasonable data model with characteristics of special interest. natural language is more general, expressive and difficult than relational databases. nevertheless, texts certainly do store data and do require a model ( background knowledge ) to be information – try reading in a foreign language or in an unknown theoretical field in your own language. since natural language is a proliferating machine - readable data source, thanks to the web, it is of legitimate interest as a data object. unfortunately the problem of extracting data from general text is not solved, perhaps not even solvable. xml offers an approach in which the users of language can mark the significant factual content of text. the raison d ’ etre of xml is marking, not data management. however to mark content implies that some level of data management must be inherent. moreover the simple, hierarchical structure of xml, the expressiveness of tags and the flexible range of constraints available through the dtd ( a bnf equivalent ) creates a data model adaptable to many sources – text, formula, database or programmatic data. this article proceeds by examining pascal ’ s definition of data model. a simple data model for xml is given and is examined against pascal ’ s definition of and requirements for a data model. some characteristics unique to xml are shown and an argument is made that it is simple in a meaningful sense. it is a tenet, since von neumann, that anything may be data. in this regard, there is no difference between a conceptual model, a logical model and a physical model. all maintain data. the differences are simply what the models mean to represent. these models are at three levels because : 1 ) they represent three levels of abstraction in one process, 2 ) what is modeled at each level is different. all three models support data structuring, data ‘ access ’ and inference. even a simple diagrammatic notion such as a semantic network diagram does


they represent three levels of abstraction in one process, 2 ) what is modeled at each level is different. all three models support data structuring, data ‘ access ’ and inference. even a simple diagrammatic notion such as a semantic network diagram does these. it is certainly fair to insist on a narrower definition for ‘ data model ’. among proponents of xml there are two distinguishable viewpoints, related to the purposes of the viewers. the first view is a data centric view. persons with this view are interested in more or less the same set of operations as traditional dbms. xml seems to be, with a suitable query language, adequate for this. this view is fundamental in xml - ql and in semi - structured databases. [ abiteboul ] the second ( and the original ) view of xml is a text centric view. persons with this view are concerned with capturing the data content of texts without the violence of re - writing the source. xml marking while useful, is not perfect at capturing the data in even the most common texts. [ riggs ] technically a model is just a set with relations such that there is an interpretation function that makes the standard commutation diagram work. xml is a model of data in text, as complete with respect to data as relational theory. xml maps far more directly to text data sources. that this ready mapping extends to many other program systems may be no more than the reflection of the nature of programs themselves. it is however a fact of real world practice, shown by the proliferation of xml as an underlying means of logical storage in more and more software systems. a data model is not a map a data model is not “ a general theory of data used to map enterprise - specific business model … to enterprise specific logical models that are understood by dbms ' s. ” a compiler is a map from a conceptual model to a physical model. compiler theories ( such as lr - k grammars and algorithms ) are maps from language classes to compilers. relational theory is a general data model, in which specific models may be constructed. the paradigm here is first order predicate calculus in which a theory may be embedded. as a practical matter, creating a database ( or information base, etc. ) requires a judicious choice of theoretically possible representations. this is quite as true for relational models as any other. fictitious ( non - domain ) entities may be created ( as for m - n relationships ). constraints must be selected or omitted. the entire design may become subject to efficiency


theoretically possible representations. this is quite as true for relational models as any other. fictitious ( non - domain ) entities may be created ( as for m - n relationships ). constraints must be selected or omitted. the entire design may become subject to efficiency and purposive constraints as well. the xml data model while xml is new and evolving, the fundamental data representation is the well - known a tree. for sake of argument, the following is the model for xml 1 ) an ordered tree of named nodes with id ’ s. with two named, leaf nodes : a ) a ‘ text ’ node that holds a string. 2 ) a set of manipulations ( xslt, xmlql, xql, xirql are candidates. ) b ) a ‘ reference ’ node that holds a pointer to a node existing in the tree. it is similar to other models such as semi - structured data. [ abiteboul ] xml as a data model rather than offer a specific definition of data model, pascal ' s criteria for a data model are examined. xml seems to meet them if they define storing and retrieving data and are not construed so narrowly as to simply define ‘ relational database ’. the tree is one of the most basic models of data. it is no less formal because it is not generally described by first order predicate calculus and set theory. it does not have a specific semantics as has been recognized for a long time. [ link ] we are not aware of an essentially clearer semantics for relational databases. the desire for a richer representation of link semantics for xml is addressed in addressed by several communities. rdf is an example of this. [ rdf ] the xml model has four types : node names, node id ’ s, node references and content as data. the semantics of the first three is as clear as table names, column headers or foreign keys. content is more general / less detailed than relational domains. content and node references clearly are data in xml. node id ' s are ' pseudo data ', they are arbitrary, but constrained to uniqueness. node names are not subject to data operations ( although we may generate them in xml processors ). in a sense then, xml has more data types than the relational where we mean types of data not domains. the utility of general data types is to map values to sets of operations ; a specific list is not a definition of ' data model '. strings, of course, support only weak data operations. yet in normal discourse


mean types of data not domains. the utility of general data types is to map values to sets of operations ; a specific list is not a definition of ' data model '. strings, of course, support only weak data operations. yet in normal discourse, words have types. they are ' soft typed ', i. e. the reader can interpret them by context. such a theory ( more probably sets of such theories ) would be of interest. the lack of a broader range of content data types is a concern for some potential uses of xml. extensions to xml such as xml schema address this. [ schema ] xml schema is much richer in data types than most relational systems. the normal forms are a masterpiece in relational theory. they are however not universally applied in building relational databases they are constraints on the relational theories inference methods with the aristotelian goal of not saying of what is not that it is. the 1st normal form is distinct from the others in that regard. xml will have to address keys in order to develop a similar area of theory. pascal explicitly mentions constraints as representing business rules. the dtd, which is a specific formulation of bnf seems to be a reasonable means to express these constraints. it is not clear that these are part of the relational model proper. keys are one integrity constraint not normally considered in xml articles. thus data referring to an individual can occur in several places. this models textual reality, but may be a difficulty in practice. this concern is indirectly implied in " xml and free text ". [ riggs ] xml data operations, based on tree traversal, are in no way theoretically deficient. whether they are practically sufficient is a separate question. again one may define data model as narrowly as one wishes, but only by removing sense. xml separates its representation model from its inference model. there are several candidate inference models, among them xslt, xml - ql, xql and xirql. select and project are simple enough ( although obviously not exactly the ' same '. ) many with the data base view of xml do insist that the set of operations must be broadened to include at least join. [ xmlql ] others with the text centric view wish to add operations required for text retrieval. [ xirql ]. why these operations on a data ( information -, text -, knowledge - ) base are not legitimate is not clear to me. data model characteristics if xml is a data model ( the old hierarchical model more or less )


xirql ]. why these operations on a data ( information -, text -, knowledge - ) base are not legitimate is not clear to me. data model characteristics if xml is a data model ( the old hierarchical model more or less ) perhaps it is just a poor model. this is belied prima facie by its increasing use. pascal offers four necessary characteristics of a data model are considered below. it is well - known that a relational database can be represented as a tree and vice - versa [ abiteboul ]. the formalization above is enough for this purpose. thus in the formal sense of what can be represented, neither is more general than the other. xml is superior to relational databases in at least one sense : it can often be imposed on free text sources without disturbing them. relational databases do not maintain locality of data. [ sowa ] this is exactly the real sense of the quote, dismissed by pascal, that “ xml data is fundamentally different from relational data … [ relational structure ] can led to inefficiencies in queries and retrievals. ” the tree representation does something that relational representations cannot do - represent the data as it is without need of reconstruction. generality of inference is another aspect of a model. in xml we have to pick from the competing inference models. the range of data operations is narrower, the same or broader as we choose. the use of xml as a serialization of data between software systems includes rdbms but extends to many other sorts of applications. the desired generality would seem to be to communicate data between the widest assortment of applications of all types. besides text, the structure of data in most programs is more nearly tree - like than relational. the value of a single representation for interchange is obvious. formality formality does not depend on expression in predicate calculus plus set theory. the representational model of xml is adequately formal. the inference models for traditional data processes depend on tree traversal and are equally well defined. if we extend inference to include search as in the information retrieval community, there are also formal models. ( they most fundamental - the probabilistic model, is however difficult. ) no model is simply ‘ complete ’. a model is complete with respect to some domain, abstract or real and set of operations. soundness is similarly determined by that comparison, not by the choice of mathematical theory chosen to express the model. it is quite possible for a graphical theory to be sound and complete. to turn the normal relationship on its head


real and set of operations. soundness is similarly determined by that comparison, not by the choice of mathematical theory chosen to express the model. it is quite possible for a graphical theory to be sound and complete. to turn the normal relationship on its head, tableaus are a sound and complete theory for sentential calculus. since representation equality of xml and relations is guaranteed, only inferential completeness is at question here. the inference in the domain of discourse are the important criterion here. information retrieval is a ubiquitous example in which non - crisp methods ( vector or probabilistic retrieval ) are typically of more value than crisp ( boolean ) methods. simplicity is likewise not a single measure. relational databases are reasonably economical, that is they do not have too many axiom schemata or inference rules. the same is true of trees and tree traversal. representational simplicity is also of concern as is operational simplicity. the formal issue is one of more or less, not optimal. no one i know likes to write their logical formulas using the sheffer stroke ( the minimal set of operators for logic ), although it is more economical than using ‘ and ’, ‘ or ’ and ‘ not ’ ( the familiar set ). indeed, most people are happy to add implication and logical equivalence to their models. representational simplicity is extrinsic to the model and concerns the ease with which model objects are interpreted to domain objects. xml has both pluses and minuses here as data theory. as said earlier : it models documents and some other types of data better but perhaps individuals worse. ( so far at least. ) pascal claims that meaning in the sense of “ how things are related and how to deal with them are lost in xml. that claim is hollow. how things are related is the essence of structure ( and pointers ). how to infer with things is a more open question and depends on what you need to infer. surely the xml data model stores and retrieves data, how much narrower must the definition be? the lack of rich set of domains and domain operations limits some operations, but also simplifies and generalizes xml. although xml schema attempts to address classical database concerns, in is not impossible that an alternative ( ' soft typing ' ) could provide the same data functions. as a data model xml does not have a theory of keys and dependencies known to me. whether that is vicious or not may be worth discussing. in any case the data operations which can be easily modeled by xml will not


the same data functions. as a data model xml does not have a theory of keys and dependencies known to me. whether that is vicious or not may be worth discussing. in any case the data operations which can be easily modeled by xml will not go away. tag names are a two - sided device that are meant to mediate between text and data values. they should resonate with a reader and they should mark data as a meaningful ( computational ) unit. relational attribute names do no more. in fact, attempts to link xml with ontologies [ oil ] can be seen as attempts to formalize something ubiquitous but unanalyzed in the relational model. ( unless we consider the data dictionary a suitably formal device. ) in regard to the use of xml as a data interchange format, the problem is not one of interchange between rdbms ' s. the problem xml addresses is much more general. also note that interchange is a problem of representation, not inference. we only need to exchange representation between equivalent inference systems. thus xml is works here too. it is certain that there are interesting questions about xml. its origin from a committee, myriad uses and rapid development complicate formalizing it authoritatively. however, it clearly does have a formal basis, if a yet incomplete and multi - faceted one. its core is already enough to recognize it as a data model and one with unique applicability. the proliferation of auxiliary notations such as : xml schema, xml links, rdf, etc. indicate its fecundity, not its frailty. [ abiteboul ] data on the web, serge abiteboul, peter buneman, dan suciu, morgan kaufmann, 2000 [ date ] " models, models, everywhere, nor any time to think ", c. j. date, www. dbdebunk. com / cjd3a. htm [ link ] " what ' s in a link : foundations for semantic networks ", william a. woods, in readings in knowledge representation, p217, morgan kaufmann, 1984 [ oil ] welcome to oil, www. ontoknowledge. org / oil [ rdf ] resource description framework ( rdf ) : concepts and abstract syntax, w3c working draft 23 january 2003, http : / / www. w3. org / tr / rdf - concepts [ pascal1 ] " what meaning means ", fabian pascal http : / / www. inconcept. com


w3c working draft 23 january 2003, http : / / www. w3. org / tr / rdf - concepts [ pascal1 ] " what meaning means ", fabian pascal http : / / www. inconcept. com / jcm [ pascal2 ] " something to call one ' s own ", fabian pascal, http : / / www. dbdebunk. com / fp6a. htm [ riggs ] " xml and free text ", k. r. riggs, journal of the american society for information science and technology, v53, n 6, 2002, 526 - 528 [ schema ] xml schema, w3c org, www. w3. org / xml / schema [ sowa ] knowledge representation, john f. sowa, brooks cole, 2000 [ xirql ] xirql : a query language for information retrieval in xml documents, fuhr, n. großjohann, k. http : / / www. is. informatik. uni - duisburg. de / bib / xml / fuhr _ grossjohann _ 01. html. en [ xml - ql ] xml - ql : a query language for xml, alin deutsch, mary fernandez, daniela florescu, alon levy, dan suciu, http : / / www. w3. org / tr / note - xml - ql / # issues this article previously appeared in the journal of conceptual modeling, may 2003. ken roger riggs, ph. d - ken roger riggs, ph. d. is a computer scientist and a professor of cis at florida a & m university. his degrees are in philosophy ( indiana university ), computer science ( u. of central florida ) and electrical and computer engineering ( u. of miami ). he has been involved in a mix of practice, research and teaching since 1976. his interest in models is both practical and pedagogical. his recent published work includes papers on ai, databases, datamining and xml marking. other recent publications address conceptual modeling related issues in software engineering ( refactoring ) and programming languages.


source : garland science / taylor and francis books, inc. in this animation adapted from garland science publishing, a detailed look at dna reveals the structural features that make up the famed double - helix molecule. the animation shows how the ladder - shaped dna is constructed from chemical building blocks, including phosphates, sugars, and bases, held together by different kinds of chemical bonds. the narration further explains how the overall structure determines the charge and stability of the molecule, and how structure predicts key cellular functions of replication and transcription. every living thing contains building and operating instructions from a molecule inside all cells called deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ). dna contains regions called genes that tell the cells which proteins to produce. at all levels of organization in the living world, structure and function are related. thanks to the work of many researchers using different technologies, scientists now understand the structure and function of dna at the molecular level. dna is a double - stranded molecule made up of two helical chains of nucleotides. this structure enables several important functions related to heredity and evolution. to enable these functions, the structure allows certain kinds of proteins, called regulatory proteins, to bind to and interact directly with the dna. these regulatory proteins help to dictate replication and transcription ( information encoding ) by relaxing the dna structure in the region where they are bound. the double - helix structure of dna contains a major ( wider ) groove and a minor ( narrower ) groove. because the nucleotide sequence is more accessible in the major groove, many proteins that bind to and interact with dna do so here. through the process of dna replication, genetic information is passed from parent cell to daughter cell whenever the parent cell divides. complementary base pairing ensures that dna strands are copied quickly and accurately. the dna double - helix molecule is unzipped by the enzyme helicase, resulting in two strands that will act as templates for new dna strands. these strands are referred to as antiparallel ; they are oriented side by side, but their respective nucleotide sequences read in opposite directions. a dna polymerase enzyme controls the replication of each strand, which occurs as free - floating nucleotides move in one by one to match up with the nucleotides present on each “ old ” strand of the unzipped ladder. this creates two identical dna molecules, each made of an “ old ” strand and a “ new ” complementary strand. the arrangement of bases in a dna molecule determines the genetic code. approximately once


each “ old ” strand of the unzipped ladder. this creates two identical dna molecules, each made of an “ old ” strand and a “ new ” complementary strand. the arrangement of bases in a dna molecule determines the genetic code. approximately once every 100, 000, 000 bases or so, this copying process makes errors, so that the wrong nucleotide is placed in position. these errors are called mutations. the cell corrects many of the mutations itself. when specialized repair proteins identify a mismatched base pair, they remove the incorrect nucleotide and give dna polymerase a chance to correct the sequence. to manufacture the proteins it needs, the cell must transcribe or copy the instructions contained in its dna into rna ( ribonucleic acid ). it uses the sequence of nucleotides in a given gene to produce a single - stranded complementary messenger rna ( mrna ). the mrna is then translated by structures called ribosomes from the language of nucleotides into the amino acid sequence of proteins. each amino acid is specified by a combination of three of the chemical bases ( a, t, c, or g ), called codons. the codons determine the sequence of the amino acids that are put together in a long chain to form the protein that the cell uses to perform specific jobs for the body. academic standards correlations on teachers ' domain use the achievement standards network ( asn ) database of state and national standards, provided to nsdl projects courtesy of jes & co. we assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. if a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by asn or by teachers ' domain. we will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment.


do you love you some mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, fish or insects? then check out these ideas for some inspiration for your next project : if you are concerned about endangered animals - identify a local animal species that is threatened or endangered and research the causes of its decline. - gather data on when and where it ’ s found by observing it in - confer with local experts on the viability of a plan to protect or increase its population ( ex. develop a plan to protect or restore part of its habitat ). if you like feeding animals - identify and research local species of butterflies and / or - design and plant a garden of their favorite food sources. - monitor the garden to collect data on which species the garden attracts and to which plants they are attracted. - develop a guide or poster with planting and feeding information for local property owners. if you think bats get a bad rap - use donated and / or recycled materials to construct bat houses and mount them in an appropriate area. - work to dispel myths about bats and teach people about their significant ecological value ( bats feed upon insects such as mosquitoes, pollinate certain plants, and disperse seeds ). if you ' ve got birds on the brain - research birds living in cities ( ex. birds of prey found on roofs of buildings ) or suburban or rural areas ( ex. songbirds in - use donated and / or recycled materials to create nest boxes for - get permission to hang the nest boxes in a park or on school - set up a monitoring station to observe the boxes and gather - present your findings to your community or a local if reptiles are your thing - study the impact of high curbs on inhibiting movement of - work to have sloped areas added to all new curb if you ' re always on the move - observe and document the migration patterns of a few different - create a migration map detailing the route individuals travel through your town to share with local authorities, your school district, environmental organizations, etc. if you think fish are deelish - gather information about the kinds and the numbers of fish in a local water source. - research the quality of those fish that are sold - distribute information on how to more safely eat fish from the if you like running around with a net - collect and count the kinds and numbers of insects captured ( and released! ) in an area over several months. - research the plants they pollinate, the animals that prey upon them, how they defend themselves, etc. - monitor and track any change in populations over time.


david willetts, the minister for universities and science, reiterated last week that the coalition is committed to widening access to university. that was not the controversial part of his speech, for who is against it? almost everyone accepts that all youngsters should have an equally good chance of going to university, and that it would be very undesirable if universities became the preserve of a sort of hereditary caste, where the only children who gained admission were those whose parents went to university. the controversy centres on how to achieve “ wider access ”. one proposal, advocated by prof les ebdon, the director of the office of fair access ( offa ), is to force universities to discriminate in favour of under - represented groups. they would have to admit them regardless of whether their a - level grades were too low. that policy will have one inevitable corollary : universities will have to reject applicants whose results indicate greater academic ability, on the grounds that they don ’ t come from one of the disadvantaged groups. in an informal way, some universities already do this. but they don ’ t do it on a big enough scale, so that the number of students from deprived backgrounds given places at university is still too low for mr willetts. he insists that he is not in favour of quotas, but it is difficult to see how any policy which does not involve quotas can possibly have the effect he wants. at the moment, the requirement for getting into university is having good enough a - level grades. the under - represented groups – children from low - income families and from some ethnic minorities – fail to get through that barrier in the numbers that the government wants. so what does mr willetts suggest? lower the grades required from members of those groups, until 10 or 20 per cent ( or whatever target the government sets ) of university intake comes from the disadvantaged groups. that sounds like a quota system to me. and there are a number of serious problems with quotas. one is that they are unfair to the well - qualified candidates who are rejected in favour of the less - well - qualified. if meritocracy means anything, it must mean preferring those whose merit is greater over those whose merit is less. a quota system does the opposite – which means it cannot be compatible with meritocracy. defenders of quotas, including mr willetts, insist that university admissions officers can identify academic merit that has not been reflected in exams. as a general rule, this is false. there is now a great


be compatible with meritocracy. defenders of quotas, including mr willetts, insist that university admissions officers can identify academic merit that has not been reflected in exams. as a general rule, this is false. there is now a great deal of evidence to show that an interview is likely to diminish the chances that a selection procedure ends up choosing the best candidate. interviewers assign too much weight to their personal sense of the individual in front of them. the impression that a student makes can be affected by factors entirely irrelevant to their academic potential – even the weather, or how long has elapsed since the interviewer last had food. studies show that interviewers can produce contradictory evaluations of the same candidate on different occasions. such inconsistent judgments cannot be a reliable predictor of anything, least of all academic potential. basing university entrance solely on a student ’ s exam grades does not suffer from that crippling defect, which is why it is a much more accurate way to predict how well any individual will perform at university. admissions tutors may think they can somehow intuit “ true ” academic ability – but they can ’ t. a - levels are very far from perfect, but they are a lot better than relying on the arbitrary, inconsistent and sometimes plain dotty judgments of an interviewer. so why are ministers such as mr willetts trying to replace performance in competitive exams as the criterion for university entrance with something else, such as an interview, to spot “ true ” academic potential? i have no idea – and nor, i ’ m afraid, does he. but it can ’ t be good for our universities.


parents worry that children will take advantage of gaps in their grandparents ’ technical knowledge, a survey found. about half of parents with children under 15 think the older generation needs more education and support about online access to prevent grandchildren viewing unsuitable websites while in their care. half of grandparents agreed, saying they were worried about their grandchildren ’ s use of the internet to access videos full of bad language or to communicate with strangers on social networks such as facebook, or via multiplayer online games such as world of warcraft. many are concerned that their grandchildren spend too much time on the internet, rather than engaging with the people around them. more than a third of grandparents worry about policing internet usage while children are in their care. about 11 per cent of parents worry that their offspring deliberately seek out unsuitable material or spend too much time online while in the care of their grandparents. about 8 per cent believe that their children deliberately take advantage of their grandparents ’ lack of knowledge to do so, according to the research. recent figures show that an estimated 5. 8million people in britain regularly look after their grandchildren geraldine bedell, editor of the online forum gransnet, said that its users were anxious about internet safety. “ discussions on our forums show that grandchildren are often far more advanced in technology use than their grandparents, who feel anxious about what boundaries they should set and how to do it, ” she said. less than a third of grandparents, 31 per cent, have discussed digital rules with parents, even though 44 per cent of families claim to have rules. those who manage to get to grips with their grandchildren ’ s internet usage find that they are valuable teachers. about 29 per cent of grandparents say they have learnt from the younger generation and more than half use technology with their grandchildren for fun, whether playing computer games or keeping in touch through the online video phone service, skype. vodafone, the mobile phone company which commissioned the yougov survey, has created a set of guidelines for grandparents on how to control internet usage. the guide, vodafone digital parenting, is due to be released at westminster tomorrow. annie mullins, the company ’ s head of content standards, said grandparents were “ keen to do their part and set the same rules as those set by the children ’ s parents ”. she added that it was important to build confidence and inform parents and grandparents of the ways to help children get the most out of technology while understanding the hazards.


; and brother george lent, 6 [ “ ceorce l ” ] ; the tombstone appears to name one more child, with a name ending in “ y. ” that could be joicy ( six months old at the time of the inventory ) or billy buck ( age not given ), both of whose names are listed near those of the keeble family on the inventory sheet. there is no evidence that pastor marshall keeble was related to this family, other than to share their slave owner ’ s surname. the white keebles always used the word “ servant ” instead of “ slave ” when referring to their workers ( a common practice of middle tennessee slave owners ), and they seem to have treated their own “ servants ” with extraordinary consideration. perhaps because of their tolerant practices, the future legislator gained a measure of independence early in his life. the nashville union and american ( december 6, 1872 ) stated that in 1851, when keeble was 18 years old, he took a job as “ roller boy ” on the rutherford telegraph in murfreesboro ; by 1854 he was working as pressman for both the telegraph and the murfreesboro news. he may well have learned the trade under h. p. and edwin keeble, who owned the murfreesboro monitor. sampson worked for these newspapers until the civil war, and then, according to an account in the union and american ( november 7, 1872 ), “ he was in the confederate lines during most of the war. ” however, he was probably, if anything, serving as an aide or manservant to horace keeble rather than actually carrying arms. a clarksville paper ’ s statement that “ he shouldered his cooking utensils and went into the southern army like a hero ” suggests that he may have been taken along as a cook. home and employment in nashville this tennessee historical commission marker commemorates the service of sampson w. keeble, “ the first african - american to serve in the tennessee general assembly. ” it stands near the intersection of broadway and 2nd avenue in downtown nashville. ( photo by kathy lauder ) by 1865 nashville city directories show that sampson keeble had settled in davidson county. he worked in a barbershop at 24 cedar street ( today ’ s charlotte avenue ) and took various part - time jobs to support himself ; family members report that he also worked for some time as a custodian in a law office, where he became interested in studying law. the attorneys in that practice, reportedly


s charlotte avenue ) and took various part - time jobs to support himself ; family members report that he also worked for some time as a custodian in a law office, where he became interested in studying law. the attorneys in that practice, reportedly impressed by his enthusiasm for learning, supported his efforts. he was eventually able to pass the tennessee bar, which in those days did not involve a written examination, but instead required assessment and approval by a handful of legal professionals and, finally, confirmation by a sitting judge. keeble ’ s legal training would later allow him to qualify for election as a davidson county magistrate. family members also believe he attended fisk university briefly, although the university cannot locate his name in their records. keeble participated in “ a meeting of colored men, ” some of nashville ’ s leading citizens, who met to quash rumors that the city ’ s african americans were planning “ a mob and massacre. ” the group, which also included william sumner, carroll napier, peter and samuel lowery, henry harding, nelson merry, and others, wrote a letter to city government officials, reprinted in the republican banner, assuring them that the rumors were false, and that “ the feelings of the colored people [ were predisposed ] toward peace and good order. ” both sampson keeble and his brother george worked as barbers, along with several other keebles ( including a wesley ) who may have been relatives. sampson eventually established the rock city barber shop and managed it for about 20 years. ( he was still listed as a barber in the nashville city directory as late as 1885. ) barbershops of that era were strictly segregated : african american barbers were extremely popular with white customers, who still took considerable pleasure in being served and groomed by these deferential former slaves. many dramatic changes were taking place in the south during the early post - war years. tennessee had returned to the union with far fewer restrictions on its political structure than other confederate states. the third state ( july 19, 1866 ) to ratify the fourteenth amendment, which granted citizenship status to african americans, tennessee was readmitted to the union a week later, without ever having to conform to the stiff federal regulations most of its neighboring states faced during reconstruction. tennessee ’ s new constitution already included an anti - slavery clause, and, in less than a year ( march 1867 ), the general assembly would approve the right of african american men to vote and to hold political office – nearly three years before the passage of the


s new constitution already included an anti - slavery clause, and, in less than a year ( march 1867 ), the general assembly would approve the right of african american men to vote and to hold political office – nearly three years before the passage of the fifteenth amendment keeble had been an active participant in the second state colored men ’ s convention, which met in nashville in august 1866 and organized daily demonstrations at the capitol, lobbying legislators to approve their right to vote. it was that dogged pressure, backed by governor william g. “ parson ” brownlow, who needed the help of black voters in order to win reelection, that convinced the legislature to change the law. almost overnight african americans saw a transformation in their civic status. on september 3, 1868, at the beginning of the circuit court session, the nashville republican banner published a story titled, “ negro jurors – a big dose of unadulterated african. ” it listed the jurors for the coming term, including sampson w. keeble, james c. napier, and six other african americans. keeble ’ s name also appeared on a list of grand jury members in april 1878 and of federal court jurors in march and april 1881. by the time of the 1870 census sampson keeble had become the head of a large and complex household. he was the proprietor of the harding house, a boarding house valued at $ 4000, a tidy sum for the period. this establishment stood near where the ryman auditorium is today. keeping house was eliza keeble, 35, whom we know from their mother ’ s gravestone to be sampson ’ s sister. the individual named mary, 65, was probably sampson and eliza ’ s mother ( usually called nancy, although her gravestone, as well as this census record, says mary ). she described her occupation as “ at home, ” and was the only one in the family who unable to read and write. there were two children in the household : hattie, 8 ( ditto marks on the page suggest that her last name was keeble, but in the 1880 census she was called hattie beckwith and identified as a niece ), and “ saml ” keeble, sampson ’ s son. his age is illegible. it appears to be 4, but is likelier to be 11. two other women also reside with the family : kate beckwith, 22, and harriet keeble, 30. harriet, sampson ’ s first wife and the mother


seat in the house ). the nashville union and american reporter who wrote the story on november 7, 1872, was a little careless with his facts and rather ambivalent about keeble ’ s victory : the result of the election in this county is the complete success of the entire radical ticket. davidson county is the first to elect one of our colored citizens. sampson w. keeble is a barber by trade. he was formerly the slave of hon. edwin keeble, of murfreesboro. he was in the confederate lines during the most of the war. since the war he has resided in this city, and has deported himself in a becoming manner for one of his station. of the other representatives elect we have mr. ready, an irishman, mr. jeup, a german, and mr. lindsley, a native tennessean. so that on this ticket we have three nationalities and two races. if our legislature is intended to represent different nationalities or different races, then the elected ticket is a decided success. if, however, it is intended to represent the interests of the whole people of the state of tennessee with all their varied and important interests without regard to race or nationality we are inclined to believe that the public judgment will be that our radical and “ independent ” johnson opponents could have improved upon their ticket. a cynical article from the clarksville weekly chronicle ( january 25, 1873 ) provided some details of the situation keeble faced in the legislature : in the house, all solitary and alone, sits the hon. s. w. keeble, of nashville.... the “ colored element ” of davidson would not permit itself to be overlooked — it furnished a large proportion of the voters, and demanded representation — hence, the honorable solon, or solomon ( i really forget which it is ), was the sop offered to the colored cerberus.... it must be admitted that the hon s. w. keeble bears his honors with meekness bordering on timidity. generally four members from the same county occupy but two double desks. in this case the colored member has a “ bunk ” all to himself.... after all, there are just seventy - three members, and somebody must be the odd member, and in this instance pleasure waits upon necessity with eagerness.... keeble has the advantage of a southern birth and education, ( he can read and write after a fashion ), and is less obnoxious on


the odd member, and in this instance pleasure waits upon necessity with eagerness.... keeble has the advantage of a southern birth and education, ( he can read and write after a fashion ), and is less obnoxious on this account.... he is of low stature, rather heavy set, and, while he can undoubtedly claim an unmixed african descent, is of a ginger - cake complexion — a color which many southern negroes have somehow come by, perhaps rather by epidemic than by contagion.... he is evidently very lonesome, and looks as if he thought he was doing something wrong.... one of the features of this case of rare complexion in tennessee legislation, is the marked kindness accorded him by the ex - confederate members : they declare their intention to hear attentively what he may have to say, and make him feel as easy as his exceptional and anomalous position will allow.... but enough for the present of mr. keeble. as the pioneer colored legislator of this state he is entitled to a prominence which he will perhaps not enjoy again hereafter. during his term in the legislature, despite such insults by the press and his apparent isolation in the house, keeble valiantly introduced several bills aimed at bettering the condition of the african american community. one bill was intended to amend nashville ’ s charter to allow blacks to operate businesses downtown ; a second provided protection for wage earners ( several black legislators of the 1880s would later follow his lead and introduce similar bills ) ; and a third appropriated state funds to help support the tennessee manual labor university. however, keeble was unsuccessful at providing legislation to benefit his black neighbors, for none of his bills received a sufficient number of votes to pass into law. keeble served only a single two - year term in the general assembly and lost a later bid for re - election. when writing about social events that included both black and white guests, several newspapers took note of a nashville banquet to which sampson keeble was invited. according to the dallas morning news, “ in 1873 gov. john c. brown of tennessee gave a banquet at the maxwell house in nashville and one of his guests was sampson keeble, a man of very black skin. ” the duluth news - tribune and the kansas city journal said, “ in mr. cleveland ’ s first administration the late frederick douglass was invited to one of the congressional receptions, together with his caucasion [ sic ]


man of very black skin. ” the duluth news - tribune and the kansas city journal said, “ in mr. cleveland ’ s first administration the late frederick douglass was invited to one of the congressional receptions, together with his caucasion [ sic ] wife, then his bride. and john c. brown, the democratic governor of tennessee, as far back as 1873, when he gave a banquet at the maxwell house, nashville, had among the invited guests on that occasion the hon. sampson keeble, a black negro representative from davidshon [ sic ] county, who not only attended the banquet, but responded to a toast. ” the rise and fall of the freedman ’ s bank a freedman ’ s bank record for sampson keeble ’ s son thomas ( called “ sam ’ l ” in the 1870 census ), a 13 - year - old student at bellview school. thomas was the son of sampson and his first wife, harriet, who died in 1870. no further records of thomas ’ s life have come to light. ( heritage quest online ) the concept of the freedman ’ s bank was first proposed by abolitionist john w. alvord at a meeting with business leaders in new york in january 1865. originally intended as a savings bank for the benefit of african american soldiers, its scope was broadened to include all former slaves and their descendants. charles sumner steered the bill quickly through congress, and it was signed into law by president lincoln five weeks later, on march 3, 1865. the bank was based in washington, d. c., but branch offices quickly opened in seventeen states, including tennessee. sampson keeble served from the beginning as a member of the advisory board of the nashville freedman ' s savings and trust company bank. advertisements encouraged african american depositors, telling them the bank was chartered by congress and misleading them into thinking their money was safely under the protection of the federal government. unfortunately, however, despite the best efforts of congress and newly appointed bank president frederick douglass, the bank had no choice but to close in 1874 because of “ overexpansion, mismanagement, abuse, and outright fraud. ” ( washington ) african american depositors, many of whom had placed their life savings in freedman ’ s accounts, were shocked to discover that the federal government did not protect the bank ’ s assets, and that they had lost everything. local administrators, powerless to save their banks from the failure of the parent institution in washington, d. c., petitioned congress for help.


to discover that the federal government did not protect the bank ’ s assets, and that they had lost everything. local administrators, powerless to save their banks from the failure of the parent institution in washington, d. c., petitioned congress for help. sampson keeble joined the rev. nelson walker, nashville entrepreneur henry harding, and other prominent nashville citizens in sending a memorial to congress. in their petition, they attempted to explain the magnitude of the fraud perpetrated on unlettered and trusting depositors by the bank, accusing it of "... appealing to a class of people who had been prevented by their previous condition of servitude from accumulating wealth or even a competency ; and the principal, and in fact the effective, argument used by the managers and agents of the institution to induce that poor, unlettered, and trusting class to deposit their small earnings — the fruit of their toil — in the institution was, that it was an institution chartered by the government, with its principal office at the seat of government, and that its funds, by express direction of congress, ( which the class appealed to believed was a guarantee by congress, ) were to be invested in government securities. it is easy to see that the colored people, for whose benefit congress chartered this institution, would readily conclude that the government was bound or under some pledge which secured their deposits. this may not be the law of the case, but it is certain that such representations were made by the agents of the institution, and that the people who placed their deposits in the bank believed that the government was bound for the deposits, or at least bound to see that the deposits were securely invested in united states securities, and that this was a contract between the united states and the depositor.... there may be no legal obligation resting upon the government to guarantee [ to those left in the unfortunate condition of having every dollar most of them have in the world locked up in the payment of the amounts they have deposited on the faith of their confidence in what they regarded as the solemn pledge of the government to have the funds of the institution invested in the securities of the government, but we respectfully urge that there was and is a moral obligation resting on the government to grant your memorialists, and the other depositors in the institution, speedy relief by assuming and paying the amounts due them ; taking the assets of the bank, and holding every other officer or agent of the institution who is liable, civilly or criminally, to a strict responsibility for


other depositors in the institution, speedy relief by assuming and paying the amounts due them ; taking the assets of the bank, and holding every other officer or agent of the institution who is liable, civilly or criminally, to a strict responsibility for their acts. " despite this passionate appeal, joined with similar petitions from other affected states, congressional response was disappointing. eventually, about half of the betrayed depositors received a fraction ( 60 % or less ) of the value of their accounts, while others lost everything they had saved. a number of depositors continued to petition congress for years, hoping for reimbursement that never came. in the end, the african american community felt itself betrayed not only by the bank, but also by their government. civic and political activity sampson w. keeble jr., about 32, with his sister jeannette cox ' s children, benjamin ( 4 ) and helen ( 2 ). the photograph dates from about 1910, shortly before young keeble moved to detroit. ( photo courtesy of helen davis mills ) as a result of keeble ’ s membership on several boards and his political activism through - out the city, he was well known and admired within the african american community. after his legislative service, he was elected a magistrate in the davidson county court, serving from 1877 to 1882. his 1041 - 1022 victory in 1876 was contested on august 10 by his opponent, james w. ready, his 1872 republican running mate, who demanded a recount. after two days of counting ready ’ s votes only, election officials announced that his total was 1, 060, 19 more than keeble ’ s original number. however, as the daily american pointed out, “ ready should have enjoined the sheriff from issuing a certificate of election to keeble, and thus had the matter decided before the returns were made to the authorities at the capitol. as the sheriff was not notified of ready ’ s intention to contest the election, he gave keeble a certificate of election, and the returns having been made to the capitol, keeble had no trouble obtaining his commission.... ready ’ s only recourse is now through the courts. ” when ready challenged keeble ’ s election in county court august 25, judge john c. ferris ruled that the commission could not be set aside once it was granted, and that keeble should remain in office. meanwhile, keeble had asked that his own votes be recounted. this time his total was 1


, judge john c. ferris ruled that the commission could not be set aside once it was granted, and that keeble should remain in office. meanwhile, keeble had asked that his own votes be recounted. this time his total was 1, 066 – higher than ready ’ s 1, 060, after all. on august 22, in the midst of the recount process, sampson keeble had again been named a delegate to the state republican convention, along with a. v. s. lindsley, gen. george maney, j. c. napier, and thomas a. sykes an attack on keeble ’ s integrity was reported on november 15, 1878. a story in the daily american called “ colored justice under suspicion ” told of the arrest of keeble and two black police detectives on charges of “ extortion and official oppression, ” the second such charge against keeble. it was not unusual for african americans in positions of authority to be subjected to trumped - up charges by political opponents. it is apparent that these charges were also disproved, for keeble continued to serve four more years as magistrate without interruption. his cases were frequently covered by the “ courts ” section of local newspapers. one can find articles, for example, recounting that he fined two women for breach of peace in 1877, jailed a man in 1878 for assault and battery, and ordered an inquest in the 1881 death of teenager granville bosley, who had been struck by lightning. in 1877 keeble ’ s office was the site of a protest meeting of journeymen barbers, who initiated a strike for higher wages and more equitable working conditions. sampson keeble ran again for the general assembly in 1878 but was defeated by a greenback party candidate, perhaps partly because the democrats were beginning to regain their political supremacy in davidson county by that time, and partly because racial violence and poll taxes were producing their intended effect of intimidating black voters, who failed to turn out at the polls in their usual numbers. keeble remained active in city government, however, serving on a federal grand jury in 1881 and eventually being elected as a magistrate. marriage to rebecca cantrell gordon this photograph was taken on sullivan ’ s island, south carolina. according to keeble descendants, “ cultured ” african american women came here to give birth. pictured clockwise from upper left are two unidentified individuals ( perhaps friends or relatives ), rebecca keeble holding her granddaughter anna rebecca, with benjamin


carolina. according to keeble descendants, “ cultured ” african american women came here to give birth. pictured clockwise from upper left are two unidentified individuals ( perhaps friends or relatives ), rebecca keeble holding her granddaughter anna rebecca, with benjamin and jeannette on the step below. it is likely the family had temporarily moved there from charleston in 1914 to wait for wendell ’ s birth. at one time sullivan island was the largest slave port in north america, the destination of more than 40 % of all the slaves brought to the british colonies. as many as 200, 000 slaves may have disembarked there. some experts estimate that half of all african americans living today are descendants of slaves who passed through sullivan ’ s island. ( photo courtesy of helen davis mills ) by the time of the 1880 census, sampson, now in his late 40s, was married to rebecca cantrell gordon, a 29 - year - old teacher ( born august 24, 1849 ), who had been educated in new york ; they were the parents of three - year - old “ jennie ” ( jeannette ) and one - year - old “ s. w. ” ( sampson w. jr. ). these were the only keeble children who survived to adulthood. several others, including a set of twins, died in infancy. ( five - month - old charles marshall keeble died in november 1881 ; another son, born during the election year of 1884, was given the name james g. blaine keeble, but this child soon died as well. ) in the 1910 census, rebecca would report that only two of the six children to whom she had given birth were still living. also residing in the keeble household in 1880 were sampson ’ s widowed mother, nancy keeble ( 78 ), and two young relatives, hattie m. beckwith ( 18, doubtless the 8 - year - old hattie “ keeble ” of the previous census ) and maggie k. smith ( 17 ), both of whom were attending school in nashville. everyone in the household except for sampson was identified as “ mulatto. ” keeble ’ s wife rebecca was the natural daughter of her mother harriott ’ s slave - owner, carroll mcguire [ named on her death certificate ], and was raised in her father ’ s home, with light duties as a household servant – a “ foot slave. ” it is quite possible that she was educated along with the other children of the household. delighted by this clever


her death certificate ], and was raised in her father ’ s home, with light duties as a household servant – a “ foot slave. ” it is quite possible that she was educated along with the other children of the household. delighted by this clever little girl, her father sent her to live with relatives in staten island, new york, and she received an education there that included lessons in music and latin. she eventually returned to nashville ( after a failed romance, according to family lore ) where she began to teach other african americans, both children and adults, to read and write. even after the civil war, a considerable number of people opposed education for blacks, and some extremists attempted to find and close black schools, which were often makeshift workshops held in churches and private residences. rebecca continued to teach, in spite of threats to her safety, moving from place to place to meet with her students. sampson keeble fell in love with this beautiful and spirited young woman, more than 15 years his junior, and they were married about 1875. family members say that both sampson and rebecca were avid readers who particularly loved reading the bible. family life and children ’ s accomplishments at some point, daughter jeannette remembered, the family left nashville for marshall, texas. however, they returned to nashville a short time later when, as descendants tell the story, the passionately republican keeble “ was run out of there for being a rabble - rouser. ” jeannette may have been remembering her father ’ s final years – he died in fort bend county, texas, in 1887, when his children were still quite young. rebecca returned to nashville and continued to work after becoming widowed. she was a remarkable seamstress, and could knit, crochet, tat ( make lace ), and embroider expertly. her name appeared in city directories from 1891 through 1918 in much the same form : “ keeble, rebecca g ( c ), widow samson w, seamstress, ” and her address for much of that period was a boarding house at 1605 jefferson street. her son sampson w. jr. lived with her until 1910 or 1911. keeble descendants remember that he owned a high - wheeler ( penny - farthing ) bicycle as a young man. there were a number of these bicycles around nashville during the 1880s, as well as clubs that encouraged their use. benjamin and jeannette keeble cox, both graduates of fisk university, were lifelong educators, spending many years at the helm


man. there were a number of these bicycles around nashville during the 1880s, as well as clubs that encouraged their use. benjamin and jeannette keeble cox, both graduates of fisk university, were lifelong educators, spending many years at the helm of the avery institute in charleston, south carolina. sampson jr. appeared from time to time in nashville city directories, working as a porter, a clerk, or a messenger ( for the duncan hotel ) ; his last nashville census entry was recorded in june 1910, showing him to be single and living in rebecca ’ s household. in august 1912 he took out a license in detroit, michigan, to marry alice criss, a woman who had been married once before. keeble gave his age as 34, listed his occupation as janitor, named sampson and rebecca as his parents, and stated he had no previous marriages. c. emery allen, clergyman, officiated at the ceremony, held august 18, 1912. unfortunately, when sampson filled out his draft registration card in 1918 ( medium height, medium build, brown eyes, black hair ), his marriage seems to have ended. he listed rebecca keeble as his nearest relative, and his occupation as porter in the hoffman hotel in detroit. alice ’ s name appeared on another marriage license in july 1920 ; 40 years old by then, and marrying a 33 - year - old laborer named ralph dixon, she said ( for the second time! ) that she had had only one previous marriage. after her son moved north, rebecca continued to work as a dressmaker. when her eyes failed, jeannette and benjamin cox took her into their home in charleston, where she could be near her beloved grandchildren. she died there tragically, early in 1923, when a gas stove in her room set her clothes on fire. although family members rushed to her aid, they were too late to save her. the last year the name of sampson keeble sr. appeared in the nashville city directory was 1886, when he was listed as a teacher. a brief obituary in the nashville daily american on july 3, 1887, said, “ the many friends of sampson w. keeble ( formerly of nashville ) will regret to learn of his sudden death, which occurred in richmond, tex., june 19, caused by a congestive chill [ probably a form of malaria ]. he was born in rutherford county may 18, 1833. he was 54 years old. ” it is not clear whether sampson w. keeble was buried in


june 19, caused by a congestive chill [ probably a form of malaria ]. he was born in rutherford county may 18, 1833. he was 54 years old. ” it is not clear whether sampson w. keeble was buried in texas or tennessee. he is listed with his daughter and son - in - law, jeannette keeble and benjamin f. cox, on a grave - stone in greenwood cemetery on elm hill pike in nashville. the grave is on a piece of land that runs parallel to spence lane, directly across from the final resting places of r. h. boyd, a nashville publishing giant, and james c. napier, the city ’ s first african american councilman and register of the u. s. treasury under president taft. there is no grave for rebecca, although her death certificate says that her body was returned to nashville for burial on january 10, 1923, so it is probable that sampson was already buried in that city. sampson ’ s mother lies in the old mt. ararat cemetery in nashville, under a broken gravestone with this nearly illegible inscription : state honors sampson keeble in 2010 keeble born : 1805 died : 1883 sacred to the memory of the mo???? of s. w. / eliza a. ceorcel kitty???? y keeble cumberland co. va. aug. 20, 1805 died in nashville jan. 16, 1883 lord? christ on monday, march 29, 2010, a bust of sampson w. keeble, commissioned by the tennessee black caucus of state legislators, was unveiled outside the house chamber in the state capitol. created by internationally recognized sculptor roy w. butler, the bust stands on a base of tennessee pink marble engraved with the names of all fourteen african american legislators elected to the tennessee general assembly during the 19th century. the day - long ceremony, which was attended by eight direct descendants of sampson keeble, included addresses by three historians, a slide show by mr. butler illustrating various stages in the production of the bust, a luncheon for family members and legislators at the historic hermitage hotel, and the unveiling of the statue, followed by a public reception and the reading of a proclamation in the house of representatives honoring keeble and the other 19th century black legislators. many thanks to sampson keeble family members helen davis mills, dr. leonard davis, and dr. wendell cox jr., who provided invaluable information for this biography. we are so very grateful for your continuing


19th century black legislators. many thanks to sampson keeble family members helen davis mills, dr. leonard davis, and dr. wendell cox jr., who provided invaluable information for this biography. we are so very grateful for your continuing support. much gratitude also to walter keeble descendant virginia g. watson for sharing her research on the keeble family. “ all about a turkey, ” nashville republican banner, february 7, 1871. “ all sorts of items, ” san francisco bulletin, march 6, 1874. “ barbers ’ convention, ” nashville union and american, march 27, 1872. burkholder, mary ann. the “ stony lonesome ” letters, 1987. typescript in the collection of the tennessee state library and archives. “ the can can : the stokes pow - wow at the courthouse yesterday, ” nashville republican banner, july 11, 1869. cartwright, joseph h. the triumph of jim crow : tennessee race relations in the 1880s. knoxville : university of tennessee press, 1976. “ the colored fair, ” nashville republican banner, july 16, 1871. “ the colored farmers, ” nashville republican banner, june 6, 1872. “ colored justice under suspicion, ” nashville daily american, november 15, 1878. “ the colored member of the legislature, ” clarksville weekly chronicle, january 25, 1873 ( correspondence of the courier - journal, nashville, january 14, 1873 ). “ the contested magisterial race, ” nashville daily american, august 15, 1876. “ the courts, ” nashville daily american, april 17, 1878. “ the courts, ” nashville republican banner, may 15, 1872. dallas morning news, october 25, 1901. “ death of sampson w. keeble, ” nashville daily american, july 3, 1887. “ democratic precedents, ” duluth news - tribune, october 27, 1901. “ died, ” nashville republican banner, june 17, 1870. “ died. ” nashville daily american, november 11, 1881., november 21, 1872. “ the federal court grand jury, ” nashville daily american, april 28, 1881. “ federal court jurors, ” nashville daily american, march 16, 1881. “ the fifteenth amendment : programme of our colored citizens for celebrating its adoption, ” nashville republican banner, april 27, 1870. freedman ’ s bank records, ancestry. com. “ freedman ’ s savings and trust company, ” report no. 58, u. s. house of representatives, 43rd congress, 2nd session, december 7


banner, april 27, 1870. freedman ’ s bank records, ancestry. com. “ freedman ’ s savings and trust company, ” report no. 58, u. s. house of representatives, 43rd congress, 2nd session, december 7, 1874 - march 4, 1875. “ the freedmen ’ s national life insurance company, ” nashville republican banner, august 25, 1872. “ grant indorsed : proceedings of the radical county convention, ” nashville republican banner, may 12, 1872. “ history of a stolen watch, ” nashville republican banner, october 18, 1871. “ in chancery at nashville, ” nashville republican banner, september 3, 1872. “ instantly killed : granville bosley, colored, laid low by an electric stroke, ” nashville daily american, august 14, 1881. “ keeble still ahead, ” nashville daily american, september 2, 1876. lovett, bobby l. the african - american history of nashville, tennessee, 1780 - 1930 : elites and dilemmas. fayetteville : university of arkansas press, 1999. mcbride, robert m., and dan m. robinson. biographical directory, tennessee general assembly, volume ii ( 1861 - 1901 ). nashville : tennessee state library and archives, and tennessee historical commission, 1979., april 23, 1886. nashville daily american, october 21, 1876 ; march 30, 1877 ; august 30, 1878 ; november 3, 1878 ; november 6 - 7, 1878 ; november 4, 1880. nashville republican banner, june 17, 1872 ; september 10, 1872 ; november 6, 1872. nashville union and american, november 10, 1870 ; september 6, 1872 ; september 29, 1872 ; november 7, 1872 ; june 7, 1873 ; october 11, 1873 ; february 14, 1875. “ negro jurors, ” nashville republican banner, september 3, 1868. “ the probable result, ” nashville republican banner, november 8, 1872. rabinowitz, howard n. race relations in the urban south, 1865 - 1890, 2nd ed. athens, ga : university of georgia press, 1978, 1996. “ the radical ticket, ” nashville union and american, november 2, 1872. “ ready vs. keeble, ” nashville daily american, august 12, 1876. “ representative keeble, ” nashville union and american, december 6, 1872. “ representative keeble, ” pulaski citizen, december 18, 1872. “ republican nominations for the legislature, ” nashville union and american, october 24, 1872. “ rep


##le, ” nashville union and american, december 6, 1872. “ representative keeble, ” pulaski citizen, december 18, 1872. “ republican nominations for the legislature, ” nashville union and american, october 24, 1872. “ repudiating the ring, ” nashville republican banner, september 4, 1868. scott, mingo jr. the negro in tennessee politics and governmental affairs, 1865 - 1965 : " the hundred years story. ” nashville : rich printing co., 1964. “ south criticises, ” the daily review ( decatur il ), october 18, 1901. “ stony lonesome, the keeble family home, ” middle tennessee journal of genealogy & history, vol. xxii, no. 1, 2008. taylor, alrutheus ambush. the negro in tennessee, 1865 - 1880. washington, d. c. : the associated publishers, 1941. tennessee general assembly. journal of the house of representatives of the state of tennessee. nashville : tavel and howell, 1881, 1883. “ that insurrection, ” nashville republican banner, october 17, 1866. “ to the barbers of the state of tennessee, ” nashville union and american, march 6 and 19, 1872. “ visitors to grant, ” cincinnati daily gazette, march 4, 1869. washington, reginald. “ the freedman ’ s savings and trust company and african american genealogical research, ” prologue magazine issue on federal records and african american history, summer 1997, vol. 29, no 2. watson, virginia gooch. the keeble family genealogy, 1986. typescript in the collection of the tennessee state library and archives., november 30, 1872. work, monroe n. “ some negro members of the tennessee legislature during reconstruction period and after. ” journal of negro history, vol. v, january 1920, 114 - 115.


could corals survive more acidic oceans? april 2nd, 2012 - 6 : 19 pm ict by ians sydney, april 2 ( ians ) corals may yet be able to survive the acidification of the world ’ s oceans, escaping the effects of climatic devastation. researchers have identified a powerful internal mechanism that could enable some corals and their symbiotic algae to counter the adverse impact of a more acidic ocean. as humans release ever - larger amounts of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) into the air, besides warming the planet, the gas is also turning the world ’ s oceans more acidic, faster than those seen during past extinctions, the journal nature climate change reports. scientists from australia ’ s arc centre of excellence for coral reef studies ( coecrs ) and france ’ s laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l ’ environnement, has shown that some marine organisms that form calcium carbonate skeletons have an in - built mechanism to cope with ocean acidification - which others appear to lack. “ the good news is that most corals appear to have this internal ability to buffer rising acidity of seawater and still form good, solid skeletons, ” says malcolm mcculloch professor at coecrs. “ marine organisms that form calcium carbonate skeletons generally produce it in one of two forms, known as aragonite and calcite, ” adds mcculloch, according to a coecrs statement “ our research broadly suggests that those with skeletons made of aragonite have the coping mechanism - while those that follow the calcite pathway generally do less well under more acidic conditions, ” said mcculloch. - fish learn to cope with high co2 in oceans - jul 03, 2012 - carbon emissions speed up ocean acidification - jan 23, 2012 - oceans acidification peaks in 300 mn years - mar 04, 2012 - make more efforts to tackle rising ocean acidity, say european scientists - may 20, 2010 - using mother nature ' s method to save oceans ' marine life - jan 20, 2011 - cut global emissions to save coral reefs - nov 18, 2009 - ' rising co2 levels threaten aquatic food webs ' - may 08, 2012 - radical methods needed to save oceans, say experts - aug 21, 2012 - carbon emissions lead to dangerous changes in oceans - apr 02, 2010 - how climate change and pollution affect ocean chemistry - jun 20, 2010 - high acidity levels in oceans harming marine life - dec 05, 2010 - weed - eating fish key to reef ' s survival - mar 11


screening detects disease, therefore screening must be good. that simple mantra is, sadly, far from true, as the latest errors in cervical - smear screening programmes become apparent. poor performance at the kent and canterbury hospitals nhs trust in the uk is one of the worst examples in a series of setbacks that have bedevilled such programmes since their inception in the late 1980s. 91 000 cervical smears collected during 1990 - 95 and examined in kent were rechecked : 333 women at high risk of progressing to cervical cancer ( which would have led to immediate follow - up ) had been told their smears were normal. eight have died of cervical cancer and 30 have undergone hysterectomies. unsurprisingly, many are seeking legal advice with a view to compensation. detection of abnormal cells on the screening smear would have led to repeat testing, colposcopy, biopsy, and treatment, when appropriate. therein lies the dilemma in any screening programme. the “ correct answer ” is that some proportion of the results will be incorrect, because no test is perfect. the concept of false - positive and false - negative test results is a difficult one for the public to understand, but simple non - jargon explanations must be put across. in the uk programme, between the invitation to the first screen and the possibility of colposcopy and treatment, a woman can receive up to ten letters and four leaflets. those screened deserve the most accurate answer any test can provide, but they also need to realise that tests are not completely accurate. the uk information leaflets and letters about cervical - smear testing are a model of research - based wording and design, yet only allude to the concept of a false test result, with little or no explicit explanation of what a false result means. for instance, a health education authority leaflet states that “ cervical screening is not 100 per cent perfect ” and a new poster says that the smear test “ cannot be 100 per cent accurate ”. mass screening of the population is limited to potentially fatal diseases such as cancer ( eg, cervical and breast in systematic screening programmes ; colorectal and prostate in experimental or self - selection programmes ), and receiving a false result has many consequences for the individual. a false negative means that the opportunity for investigation and treatment has been missed. a false positive means further and, commonly, invasive tests ( and possible treatment ) when neither is needed. in addition, there is immense psychological morbidity associated with a false - positive result in a


the opportunity for investigation and treatment has been missed. a false positive means further and, commonly, invasive tests ( and possible treatment ) when neither is needed. in addition, there is immense psychological morbidity associated with a false - positive result in a cancer check, as the individual ( and family ) waits for further tests and results. the uk screens over 4 million cervical smears a year. in nearly a tenth of the smears, the sampling is inadequate. during 1996 - 97, 91 % of adequate smears were reported as negative. estimates of prevented cases of cervical cancer range from 1000 to 4000 a year. the advocates of cervical - smear screening programmes can only estimate the benefits of testing, because the introduction of the programme was never tested in randomised trials. one of the few who dares speak the unspeakable about screening is a bristol - based public - health physician, herself involved in a smear - test screening programme. angela raffle came under fire for writing, in a research paper in the lancet in june, 1995, that “ much of our effort … is devoted to limiting the harm done to healthy women and to protecting our staff from litigation ”. she concluded : “ the screening programme is identifying one in ten young women as ‘ at risk ’ for a disease that is likely to affect one in many thousands ”. she returned to the debate in a letter in our jan 24 issue : “ screening has distorted public belief. in our desire for good population coverage we have said that screening is simple, effective, and inexpensive. in truth, it is complex, of limited effectiveness, and very expensive ”. if screened people are not adequately informed about the possibility of a false - negative result, it is little wonder that, when they get such a result, their next port of call is a lawyer. by that stage, they will not be interested in the distinction between a less than perfect test and less than perfect provision of a testing service, as provided at the kent hospital.


for details on how to contact our editorial and commercial departments, click here northallerton lecture by descendant of key figure in us history 12 : 11pm sunday 30th december 2012 in news a descendant of a man who helped shape america ' s history, is set to give a talk. jeremiah dixon was responsible for helping create america ’ s mason - dixon line, which divided the slave - owning southern states from abolitionist northern states during the civil war. jeremiah dixon, from cockfield, county durham, was commissioned 250 years ago by king george iii to help resolve a dispute over boundary lines between the english colonies of maryland and pennsylvania in the us. maryland had been founded in 1632 by the calvert family from kiplin hall, north yorkshire, as a refuge for english catholics. about 50 years later, neighbouring pennsylvania was created by the quaker william penn and inhabited by the more aggressive puritans. although surveying was in its infancy, accurate boundary measurements were required to prevent continuing argument, so the royal astronomer at the greenwich observatory recommended his assistant charles mason and jeremiah dixon, from cockfield to undertake a boundary survey. it took five years and proved one of the great technological feats of the century. the boundary became the mason - dixon, which defined the boundary of freedom for escaping black slaves and the dividing line between southern and northern states in the civil war. now one of his direct descendants, john dixon, is to host a talk entitled jeremiah dixon ; revered in america, forgotten at home, for northallerton and district local history society. it will take place at the sacred heart church hall on thirsk road, northallerton at 7pm on tuesday, january 8. non - members are welcome at a nominal admission charge of £2. 50, while students under 18 will be admitted free. comments are closed on this article.


during national nutrition month and beyond, academy of nutrition and dietetics encourages everyone to ' eat right, your way, every day ' chicago, march 1, 2013 / prnewswire - usnewswire / - - food preferences, lifestyles, cultural and ethnic traditions and health concerns all affect our food choices. that is why, as part of national nutrition month ® 2013, the academy of nutrition and dietetics encourages everyone to " eat right, your way, every day. " each march, the academy encourages americans to return to the basics of healthy eating through national nutrition month. this year ' s theme emphasizes the advantages of developing a healthful eating plan that incorporates individual food choices and preferences. this year marks the 40 th anniversary of national nutrition month. " there can be a misperception that eating healthfully means giving up your favorite foods, " said registered dietitian and academy president ethan a. bergman. " our ' eat right, your way, every day ' national nutrition month theme encourages consumers to include the foods they love as part of a healthful eating plan that is tailored for their lifestyles, traditions, health needs and, of course, tastes. " the academy strives to communicate healthy eating messages that emphasize a balance of food and beverages within energy needs, rather than any one food or meal. to this end, it is the position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics that the total diet or overall pattern of food eaten is the most important focus of healthy eating. most favorite foods can fit within this pattern, if consumed in moderation with appropriate portion size and combined with physical activity. initiated in 1973 as a week - long event, " national nutrition week " became a month - long observance in 1980 in response to growing public interest in nutrition. to commemorate the dedication of registered dietitians as the leading advocates for advancing the nutritional status of americans and people around the world, the second wednesday of each march is celebrated as " registered dietitian day. " this year marks the sixth annual registered dietitian day, which will be celebrated march 13. " the academy of nutrition and dietetics ' vision of optimizing the nation ' s health through food and nutrition is strengthened each march as we celebrate national nutrition month. as registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, we are able to translate sound science - based research into helpful information that people can understand and apply to their everyday lives, " bergman said. select the service that is right for you! compare all services


with some european countries pledging money and all countries agreeing to a second commitment period under the kyoto protocol, chances of a deal brightened on the penultimate evening of the un climate summit in doha. the deal, however, will be too weak to have any discernible impact on global warming. the world meteorological organization has just warned that concentration of carbon dioxide – the main greenhouse gas ( ghg ) that is warming the earth – is at a never - before level. the united nations environment programme has warned that current commitments to arrest ghg emissions fall around 40 % short of what is needed to keep temperature rise within two degrees celsius. a recent world bank study paints a frightful picture of a world that may be four degrees warmer than pre - industrial levels. but representatives of 194 governments gathered in doha for the annual summit of the un framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) continued their game of doing as little as possible to combat climate change. “ we can only do what is politically acceptable back home, ” said a member of the us delegation. xie zhenhua, vice chairman of china ’ s national development and reform commission, was confident that there would be “ an outcome that may not be to the liking of all, but can be accepted by all ” governments. that “ balanced outcome ”, as xie put it, came after britain, germany, france, sweden and denmark announced that they would be paying poor nations to help combat climate change and move to a greener development path. negotiators from developing countries were still struggling to put these pledges into the final agreement text. with the us, canada, japan, russia and new zealand firmly opposed to any such move, the outcome was uncertain. but with a large part of negotiations completed for the second commitment period of the kyoto protocol – though crucial issues remained outstanding – christiana figueres, unfccc executive secretary, was confident that negotiations would not collapse, and the world could move towards an agreement under which all countries would make stronger commitments to fight climate change after 2020. the current commitments under the protocol are very weak indeed, and many developed countries have not even made any pledge about the extent to which they will reduce their ghg emissions. xie pointed out that the “ question is ambition of emission reduction – it is now insufficient to keep warming under two degrees, as science says we need. ” but basic countries – brazil, south africa, india and china – indicated that they were willing to move forward rather than derail negotiations. in a post


aardwolf wrote : as far as i am aware ee theory doesn ' t have any drift associated with it. imo antartica has always been exactly where it is now ( relative to the other continents ). the drifting of continents has always appeared an absurdity to me, and that was before i was even aware of other potential theories. dr. james maxlow wrote : ancient magnet poles the published ancient magnetic pole information ( the location of ancient magnetic poles established from measuring the remnant magnetism in iron - rich rocks ) in particular provides conclusive evidence in support of expansion tectonics. when this magnetic pole data is plotted on expansion tectonic models it demonstrates that all pole data plot as diametrically opposed north and south poles for each model. these models show that the ancient north pole was located in eastern mongolia - china throughout the precambrian and paleozoic eras. as the continents slowly migrated south, during subsequent increase in earth radius, there was an apparent northward polar wander through siberia to its present location within the arctic ocean. similarly, the ancient precambrian and paleozoic south pole was located in west central africa, and, as the continents slowly migrated north, there was an apparent southward polar wander along the south american and west african coastlines to its present location in antarctica. the locations of these magnetic poles, as well as the derived ancient equators, independently confirm the model reconstructions shown in figure 3 and again suggest that expansion tectonics is indeed a viable process. figure 3 : spherical archaean to future expanding earth models. models show relative increase in earth radii during earth history, and include both continental and oceanic geology. models range in age from the late archaean to recent, plus one model projected 5 million years into the future. ( geology after the cgmw and unesco bedrock geology map, 1990 ). click here to see a bigger version of this figure. ancientd wrote : also remeber we are not only getting possibly frozen preserved mammoths but in antartica at least huge forests of fossilized forests and leaves. i. e. wood transformed into rocklike substances. the agent causing snap freezing must also be capable of causing fossilization. alos beneath antartica are marsupial and other remains not to mention coal fields. so does this insinuate your ionization theory as capable of producing these fossils. any comments. certainly some have seen high voltage powerlines on live trees causing petrification very quickly. the ancient permian gloss


remains not to mention coal fields. so does this insinuate your ionization theory as capable of producing these fossils. any comments. certainly some have seen high voltage powerlines on live trees causing petrification very quickly. the ancient permian glossopteris fern is a common fossil in coals throughout the southern hemisphere and has traditionally been used to define the ancient gondwana supercontinent. the known distribution of glossopteris ferns is centred on localities in south africa and adjacent india. during the permian period east antarctica straddled the equator adjacent to south africa, which was surrounded by occurrences of glossopteris flora in australia, west antarctica and india, suggesting glossopteris flora may have also been extensive beneath the present east antarctica ice - cap. although he doesn ' t acknowledge the saturnian cosmology, i think the research of donald patten in his book " the biblical flood and the ice epoch " could shed some light on a lot of the questions raised in this thread. patten ' s conclusion is that the polar ice sheets were caused by a deposition of ice from a fragmenting icy visitor ( an icy moon of mars to be exact ), but i think his research can be better explained by the eu theory. in 1929, a group of historians found an amazing map drawn on a gazelle skin. research showed that it was a genuine document drawn in 1513 by piri reis, a famous admiral of the turkish fleet in the sixteenth century. his passion was cartography. piri reis high rank within the turkish navy allowed him to have a privileged access to the imperial library of constantinople. the turkish admiral admits, in a series of notes on the map, that he compiled and copied the data from a large number of source maps, some of which dated back to the fourth century bc or earlier. the controversy - the piri reis antarctica map - ice free the piri reis map shows the western coast of africa, the eastern coast of south america, and the northern coast of antarctica ice free. the northern coastline of antarctica is perfectly detailed. the most puzzling however is not so much how the piri reis antarctica map managed to so accurate 300 years before it was discovered, but that the map shows the coastline under the ice. geological evidence confirms that the latest date queen maud land could have been charted in an ice - free state is 4000 bc. piri reis antarctica map - antarctica ice free oronteus fineus map of an ice free antarctica the oro


the ice. geological evidence confirms that the latest date queen maud land could have been charted in an ice - free state is 4000 bc. piri reis antarctica map - antarctica ice free oronteus fineus map of an ice free antarctica the oronteus fineus map was also incredibly precise. the oronteus fineus map showed an ice free antartica with no ice - cap. it was drawn in the year 1532. there are also maps showing greenland as two separated islands, as it was confirmed by a polar french expedition which found out that there is an ice cap quite thick joining what it is actually two islands. another amazing chart is the one drawn by the turkish hadji ahmed, year 1559, in which he shows a land stripe, about 1600 km. wide, that joins alaska and siberia. such a natural bridge has been then covered by the water due to the end of the glacial period, which rose up the sea level. as we saw, many charts in the ancient times pictured, we might say, all the earth geography. they seem to be pieces of a very ancient world wide map, drawn by unknown people who were able to use technology that we consider to be a conquer of the very modern times. at a time when human beings were supposedly living in a primitive manner, someone " put on paper " the whole geography of the earth. and this common knowledge somehow fell into pieces, then gathered here and there by several people, who had lost though the knowledge, and just copied what they could find in libraries, bazaars, markets and about all kind of places. hapgood made a disclosure which amazingly lead further on this road : he found out a cartographic document copied by an older source carved on a rock column, china, year 1137. it showed the same high level of technology of the other western charts, the same grid method, the same use of spheroid trigonometry. it has so many common points with the western ones that it makes think more than reasonably, that there had to be a common source : could it be a lost civilization, maybe the same one which has been chased by thousands years so far? oronteus fineus map of an ice free antarctica - ancientdestructions. com sciencedaily ( aug. 31, 2010 ) — about 12, 900 years ago, a sudden cold snap interrupted the gradual warming that had followed the last ice age. the cold lasted for the 1, 300 - year interval known as the younger dryas ( yd )


aug. 31, 2010 ) — about 12, 900 years ago, a sudden cold snap interrupted the gradual warming that had followed the last ice age. the cold lasted for the 1, 300 - year interval known as the younger dryas ( yd ) before the climate began to warm again. in north america, large animals known as megafauna, such as mammoths, mastodons, saber - tooth tigers and giant short - faced bears, became extinct. the paleo - indian culture known as the clovis culture for distinctively shaped fluted stone spear points abruptly vanished, eventually replaced by more localized regional cultures. what had happened? one theory is that either a comet airburst or a meteor impact somewhere in north america set off massive environmental changes that killed animals and disrupted human communities. in sedimentary deposits dating to the beginning of the yd, impact proponents have reported finding carbon spherules containing tiny nano - scale diamonds, which they thought to be created by shock metamorphism or chemical vapor deposition when the impactor struck. the nanodiamonds included lonsdaleite, an unusal form of diamond that has a hexagonal lattice rather than the usual cubic crystal lattice. lonsdaleite is particularly interesting because it has been found inside meteorites and at known impact sites. in the august 30 issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, a team of scientists led by tyrone daulton, phd, a research scientist in the physics department at washington university in st. louis, reported that they could find no diamonds in yd boundary layer material. daulton and his colleagues, including nicholas pinter, phd, professor of geology at southern illinois university in carbondale and andrew c. scott, phd, professor of applied paleobotany of royal holloway university of london, show that the material reported as diamond is instead forms of carbon related to commonplace graphite, the material used for pencils. " of all the evidence reported for a yd impact event, the presence of hexagonal diamond in yd boundary sediments represented the strongest evidence suggesting shock processing, " daulton, who is also a member of wustl ' s center for materials innovation, says. however, a close examination of carbon spherules from the yd boundary using transmission electron microscopy by the daulton team found no nanodiamonds. instead, graphene - and graphene / graphane - oxide aggregates were found in all the specimens examined ( including carbon spherules dated from before the yd to the present ). importantly, the researchers


team found no nanodiamonds. instead, graphene - and graphene / graphane - oxide aggregates were found in all the specimens examined ( including carbon spherules dated from before the yd to the present ). importantly, the researchers demonstrated that previous yd studies misidentified graphene / graphane - oxides as hexagonal diamond and likely misidentified graphene as cubic diamond. the yd impact hypothesis was in trouble already before this latest finding. many other lines of evidence - - including : fullerenes, extraterrestrial forms of helium, purported spikes in radioactivity and iridium, and claims of unique spikes in magnetic meteorite particles - - had already been discredited. according to pinter, " nanodiamonds were the last man standing. " " we should always have a skeptical attitude to new theories and test them thoroughly, " scott says, " and if the evidence goes against them they should be abandoned. " starbiter wrote : hello mungo : now that nasa has found limestone in comet dust, the limestone and debris encasing the mega fauna is most likely comet dust. or a reef slowly grew around the remains over many years. ancientd wrote : no one seems to of considred electrical transmutation of say vaste amounts of water or air to calcium carbonate. the fossils are equally buried in coal. is this comet delivered or perhaps a creation of new compounds and minerals under electro magnetic extremes. after all is the limestone within comets created by an electro magnetic whirlpool that constantly modifies its constituents. or am i thinking beyond the pail? as i look at my periodic tables i often see how close the various mainline elements are. often seperated by only a neutron or proton. for instance carbon, nitrogen and oxygen a mere proton apart. users browsing this forum : no registered users and 1 guest


the stars and stripes were raised monday in the the immediate eastern ohio area and elsewhere, but this didn ' t involve flags with 50 stars. with flags having 15 stars and 15 stripes, ohioans and others through the nation monday were marking the 200th anniversary of the declaration of war for the war of 1812. the governor ' s war of 1812 bicentennial commission enlisted help from officials in all 88 counties to draw attention to this important time in the nation ' s history and ohio ' s involvement in the three - year conflict. one of most memorable reports related to united states ' naval history stems from that war. it was master commandant oliver hazard perry ' s dispatch to major gen. william henry harrison when he reported, " we have met the enemy and they are ours - two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop. " perry ' s dispatch resulted from his victory over the british during the battle of lake erie off the coast of ohio in 1813. the victory opened up the great lakes region and land west of ohio for settlers. harrison himself was saluted as a hero of the war of 1812. after the battle of lake erie, he commanded the forces that defeated the british and american indians, including tecumseh, at the battle of the thames near chatham, ontario. the war in the lake erie area then effectively ended. incidentally, harrison county takes its name from that illustrious officer who was the first u. s. president to have lived in ohio. harrison isn ' t the only hero associated with that war and east ohio even though the 1813 event occurred elsewhere. johnny appleseed, who planted apples in area counties, reportedly ran approximately 30 miles from mansfield to mount vernon to warn about american indian massacres and to obtain reinforcements. some report that he rode a horse. another event during that war occurred in the battle of fort mchenry when francis scott key was inspired because the flag with 15 stars and 15 stripes was still flying. his memorable words are that the " rocket ' s red glare, the bombs bursting in air gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. "