those cases. in later cases arising in 1899, however, justices walter clark, the progressive democrat, and walter montgomery, the populist, had rejected the hoke v. henderson precedent even though the republican majority, consisting of faircloth, furches, and douglas, continued to uphold it. thus, the supreme court ruled in white v. hill and white v. the auditor that the office of shell fish commissioner had not been abolished by the 1899 legislature because the same duties still resided with the new commission. according to the republican majority on the court, white was entitled to serve the last two years of his term and receive proper compensation as stipulated by the mandamus. justice clark lodged a vigorous protest and warned that any state officials executing the mandamus might be subject to impeachment as the court had not voted unanimously for the measure. despite the objections of henry connor, the house passed the articles of impeachment and a senate trial, lasting seventeen days, commenced. the key to the prosecution ' s case was whether the mandamus that ordered the payment of white ' s salary came within the constitution ' s definition of a " claim against the state. " the senate, refusing to convict the justices, acquitted them of all charges. fabius h. busbee, a counsel for the respondents in the senate trial, declared afterwards that " the impeachment was political prosecution and instituted to prevent apprehended dangers, rather than to punish past offenses. " connor, who was elected to the supreme court in 1902, had the privilege of writing the opinion in the case of mial v. ellington ( 1903 ), which overruled the precedent of hoke v. henderson. furches ' s term expired in 1903, and he returned to statesville to practice law in the firm of furches, coble, and nicholson. although he was married twice — to eliza bingham and lula corpening — he had no children. furches was a member of the episcopal church. " address of william p. bynum, jr., presenting a portrait of the late chief justice david m. furches to the supreme court of north carolina, may 11, 1909 " ( north carolina collection, university of north carolina, chapel hill ). samuel a. ashe, ed., biographical history of north carolina, vol. 1 ( 1905 ). aubrey l. brooks, walter clark : fighting judge ( 1944 ). josephus daniels, editor in politics ( 1941 ). benjamin newton duke papers ( manuscript department, library,


., biographical history of north carolina, vol. 1 ( 1905 ). aubrey l. brooks, walter clark : fighting judge ( 1944 ). josephus daniels, editor in politics ( 1941 ). benjamin newton duke papers ( manuscript department, library, duke university, durham ). robert f. durden, reconstruction bonds and twentieth - century politics : south dakota v. north carolina ( 1962 ). helen g. edmonds, the negro and fusion politics in north carolina, 1894 – 1901 ( 1951 ). theron p. jones, " the gubernatorial election of 1892 in north carolina " ( m. a. thesis, university of north carolina, 1949 ). joseph f. steelman, " republican party strategists and the issue of fusion with populists in north carolina, 1893 – 1894, " north carolina historical review 47 ( 1970 ), and " vicissitudes of republican party politics : the campaign of 1892 in north carolina, " north carolina historical review 43 ( 1966 ). " to impeach southern judges ; north carolina house votes to oust the chief and associate justice from office. " the new york times. february 19, 1901. http : / / query. nytimes. com / mem / archive - free / pdf? res = 9507efd71138e733a2575ac1a9649c946097d6cf ( accessed april 29, 2013 ). " answer of respondents in impeachment proceedings. " public documents of the state of north carolina [ 1901 v. 2 ]. raleigh [ n. c. ] : edwards & broughton. 1901. http : / / digital. ncdcr. gov / cdm / ref / collection / p249901coll22 / id / 129805 ( accessed april 29, 2013 ). david furches to james mcguire, statesville, n. c. february 10, 1869. north carolina memory. davie county public library. http : / / library. digitalnc. org / cdm / ref / collection / ncmemory / id / 7658 ( accessed april 29, 2013 ). furches, david m. " address by david m. furches, chief justice supreme court of north carolina. delivered at the masonic picnic given for the benefit of the oxford orphan asylum. mocksville, n. c., august 8th, 1901. " [ mocksville, n. c.?, 1901 ]. http : / / library. digital


the first watch in space on april 12, 06 : 07 gmt, 1961 juri gagarin, at the controls of vostok one, ushered in a new era, one of manned space flight, and the world was forever changed. the technology that put this man in space and brought him safely home, was some of the newest and most modern equipment available. ironically, on his wrist was a technology that was already centuries old - - watch making. it may seem odd to us now in this time of extremely accurate quartz watches, but at the time, the mechanical wrist watch was an important piece of gear, and itis accuracy and reliability were of paramount concern. in light of these concerns, the choice of watch gagarin took with him would not have been a decision made in haste. the sturmanskie, ( or штурманские in cyrillic, ) which had been issued to new graduates of the prestigious orenberg flight school along with their diplomas since the late 1940is, was a logical choice, due to the high quality of the movement and inherent accuracy of the watch. gagarin would have been supplied with such a 1st moscow watch factory sturmanskie opon graduation from orenberg as well, but it is doubtful that he would have received the sturmanskie he wore into space at that time. most likely, he would have been awarded a 15 jewel watch, very similar to the one he wore in space but lacking some of the newer features that were unavailable at that time. based on an earlier french design, the lip r26, from which the soviets purchased the machinery to produce the watch. the sovietis had updated the design by adding a central seconds complication and a hacking feature that allowed the watch to be precisely stopped and synchronized with a given time signal. a critical detail on any military watch, but especially so on a navigatoris watch, where often location would be ascertained by correctly estimating where the aircraft was by accurately measuring time to distance. the sturmanskie gagarin wore into space had a highly finished ( including geneva striping! ) 17 jewel, shock protected movement. the movement was housed in a chrome plated, two - piece case measuring 33 mm across, 12 mm high, with a 16 mm lug size and had a stainless steel screw back. unlike the earlier watchis stainless steel snap back, the new watch was fully gasketed providing better water resistance. matter of fact, the sturmanskieis movement and case, were virtually identical to the


size and had a stainless steel screw back. unlike the earlier watchis stainless steel snap back, the new watch was fully gasketed providing better water resistance. matter of fact, the sturmanskieis movement and case, were virtually identical to the civilian sportivnie ( спортивные ). only the dial separated the two watches visually from each other. after his world famous flight, the watch gagarin wore was donated to what was soon to become полет or poljot, meaning flight, in honor of gagarinis groundbreaking mission. where it currently resides as part of their present day collection. in adition to the soviets putting the first man in space, the soviets were also first in putting a women into space as well. on june 16, 1963, valentina tereshkova, on board vostok 6, spent three days in space orbiting the earth 48 times before re - entering the atmosphere and parachuting safely to earth. tereshkova, seen here in the photo, is wearing what appears to be a sturmanskie. this watch is on display in the museum of " zvezdny gorodok " ( star city ), the russian cosmonauts training center near moscow. picture copyright by time for a space walk without question, gagarinis flight has left an indelible mark on the annuls of manned space flight. but gagarin was not alone in being first among his peers. on june 12, 1965, cosmonaut alexi leonov became the first person to leave his space capsule and perform a space walk. he had on his wrist an equally special and well made wrist watch as the one gagarin sported. the strela, ( стрела in cyrillic meaning arrow ) was a column wheel chronograph of an earlier venus base design. the watch had two registers, a 45 minute elapsed time totalizer and constant seconds hand, as well as a central chronograph hand that measured seconds. the watch had a chrome plated, base metal construction and was fitted with a stainless steel snap back. on early watches, the inside of the watches back are heavily damascened, in an engine turned manner. the watch, introduced in 1959 was originally only available for use by the bbc, the soviet air force. the watch was available with various dials with both non - luminous and luminous types, with tacymetric and telemetric chapter rings. there seems to


, introduced in 1959 was originally only available for use by the bbc, the soviet air force. the watch was available with various dials with both non - luminous and luminous types, with tacymetric and telemetric chapter rings. there seems to be some debate about which version of the strela leonov wore. however, most seem to feel it was either a non - luminous cyrillic marked watch or an early, white - dialed luminous piece. the strela was a central piece of flight gear issued to cosmonauts for over 20 years, and the watch has gained the reputation of being the russian equivalent to the speedmaster. this sekonda was worn by aleksey aleksandrovich gubarev on the sojus 28 mission in march 1978. picture from the book copyright omega sa the soviets retired the strela in 1979, three years after the introduction of their new 3133 caliber chronograph. recently, new versions of the watch has been reissued by poljot. the watches differ in that they are in larger, all stainless steel cases, and utilize poljot ' s 3133 caliber movement. they are otherwise very faithful renditions of the original watch. ' nii ' is an abreviation for something like ' science technical institute '. there was at least 2 ' nii ' s associated with watchmaking. nii - chasprom was the most elite horological institute of the soviet era, who not only designed and built experimental electronic watches, but also did the certification of marine chronometers. in the early 1960s nii - chasprom made some ' electronic ' watches specifically for use in the space program. the format was 24 - hour with date. whether balance - wheel or tuning - fork is not explained anywhere, but certainly it wasn ' t quartz, because such technology did not yet exist in wristwatch size. a total of 29 were made. belyaev allegedly wore one on the voskhod - 2 mission and artyukhin on the a changing tide the soviets introduced a new chronograph caliber in 1976. called the океан, meaning ocean, the watch was solely intended for use by the bmf, the naval branch of the military. later, other official versions, such as the sturmanskie, were introduced. whether or not the 3133 was meant as a replacement for the strela, it soon became clear that that was precisely what it was. based on the valjoux 7734


official versions, such as the sturmanskie, were introduced. whether or not the 3133 was meant as a replacement for the strela, it soon became clear that that was precisely what it was. based on the valjoux 7734 of which the soviets had purchased the machinery from the swiss in 1974 to begin their own production of their new caliber. the new 31 mm movement was a less complex and more robust movement than the jewel - like 3017. a simple cam design replaced the earlier watches more complex, and costly to produce, column wheel activation. and for the first time in history a russian chronograph was equipped with shock at 38 mm wide and 12 mm high, with 18 mm sized lugs, the watch was equipped with unique crystal that protruded from the case a fairly steep 3 mm high. the watch came in both chrome plated and stainless steel cases. stainless steel cases having stainless steel crowns and pushers and chrome cased watches chromed crowns and pushers. all early versions of the watch had a crown at nine that turned a bezel under that purposefully high crystal that had a second hour chapter ring printed on it, making keeping track of a second time zone effortless. like the earlier strela, many different versions of the 3133 made there way into space on various missions. of note was the ill fated soyez 23 mission, that left two cosmonauts for dead atop a cracked, frozen lake bed overnight until rescue teams could safely reach the 3133 was for official - use only until 1983, when it became available to a larger public marketplace, including export varients. the 3133 is still in a slight variation of the standard 3133 is the hacking 31659 caliber version sturmanskie that was, like earlier sturmanskies, an air force - only piece. the watch is essentially a standard 3133 that has been re - engineered with a small lever that applies pressure to the outside of the balance when the crown is pulled out, freezing the balance and hacking the watch. interesting to note, in regard to this watch, is the lack of the rotating bezel and subsequently the crown at nine. below to the left is a picture of japanese journalist - cosmonaut, toyohiro akiyama taken during his historical flight. another soviet space first, akiyama was the first private citizen to buy passage on a space flight. akiyama was a member of the soyez tm - 11 mission that linked up with the mir space station.


during his historical flight. another soviet space first, akiyama was the first private citizen to buy passage on a space flight. akiyama was a member of the soyez tm - 11 mission that linked up with the mir space station. the cost, a reported 28 million dollars, was paid by tbs, the tokyo brodcasting system. while in space, akiyama sent a series of live broadcasts back to the earth. the watch akiyama wore was an all stainless steel, soviet air force, 31659 caliber, of course, these few watches are not the only watches to be worn by cosmonauts. just about any watch that the soviets produced could have been worn in space. the list of the watches that were permitted for space flight was not as strictly regulated as say, nasa does. and it is not entirely uncommon to see cosmonauts wearing any variety of seemingly inappropriate types of watches. so, if the watch kept accurate time and possessed no real safety threat, it was considered allowable gear. vostoks and the quartz digital watch, the elektronika, ( like the one seen on cosmonaut v m afanasyev in the photo very often accompanied cosmonauts on their trips to the cosmos almost as often as poljotis were. digital watches and the soviet space program based on available footage it would appear that from about 1980 digital watches enjoyed widespread use in the soviet space program. this is most likely due to the majority of missions being long duration within the confines of a space station. under such circumstances, a compact watch with built - in alarm and chronograph would be highly useful. however an lcd cannot be safely used in open space, and there have been concerns regarding the shielding of the electronic components from the ravages of cosmic radiation. so for eva duties the standard was, and remains, mechanical watches only. pictured above, is a belarusian - built elektronica 52b. the elektronika watches had quartz digital modules, came in chrome - plated cases made of base metal. the watches did, however, have corrosion resistant stainless steel backs. german democratic republic ( gdr ) pictured below is the ruhla east german cosmonaut sigmund jshn was wearing this watch in 1978 on board of the soyuz - 31 mission. it was the first analogue quartz wrist - watch generation from the ruhla factory and was very similar to the ruhla cal. 24 mechanical. this is presumably the only watch


wearing this watch in 1978 on board of the soyuz - 31 mission. it was the first analogue quartz wrist - watch generation from the ruhla factory and was very similar to the ruhla cal. 24 mechanical. this is presumably the only watch besides the nii electric that was specifically designed for spaceflight and actually used for that purpose. history of creation : story by vladimir а. dzhanibekov, twice the hero of soviet union, pilot - cosmonaut of ussr : september of 1985. " salute e 7 " station. it is midnight in moscow. it is also our local time. maintenance work going on... ice age. the flood at the station has already pasted. victor savinyh is cozily sleeping in a sleeping - bag in front of me. the " deaf " circuits without communication with center are going. - i wonder where we are flying? - i ' m asking almost in sleep, - above clouds i assume... falling asleep i idly thinking that it would be great to have a watch with globe like the one at on the central stand. or, with a map on the dial. but to have it on my hand... and without need to leave the warm sleeping bag to check... and soon getting back in again thinking that i was right and we were actually over clouds and under clouds were waters of the atlantic ocean... all right,.. water is there where clouds are. why our planet called the earth and not the water?.. this was the way the idea of " cosmonavigator " was born that salyut - 7 rescue was a classic bit of flying by dzhanibekov. he had to dock the spacecraft to a tumbling station with no beacon, just a laser rangefinder, sharp eyes and november 2004 yuri shargin has tested his private shturmanskie based on a poljot 31681 movement ( complication variant of the famous 3133 ) in space expedition. gallery of space related watches unknown watch used during a spacewalk for all the writing and the


playing behind, in the middle, and ahead of the beat this book has already talked a lot about time. but what really is time? if you use a metronome ( see chapter 15 ) you will realize that time is a strict and rigid pulse. however, your playing should be fluid and graceful, not mechanical. so how do you play in time and yet avoid stiff playing? in order to do this, you need to create the illusion of playing loose all the while maintaining near - metronomic time. in order to do this, you will need to understand what it means to play behind, in the middle, and ahead of the beat. moreover, you should learn how to play all three ways. some styles of music naturally sound like they have a lot of push or forward momentum ; others naturally sound logy or relaxed. the first step in playing any style of music is to understand the nature of the music. ballads or slow songs naturally want to sound relaxed and placid. in order to execute slower material, you should play slightly on top of the beat. if you don ' t, the music might start to drag or protract. there is nothing worse than a lazy tempo that runs out of steam altogether. up - tempo bluegrass tunes, bebop charts, or other fast pieces usually require you to play straight down the middle of the beat. if you play a little behind the beat, the music might start to drag. conversely, if you play on top of the beat, the music might rush or speed up. if the song is already lightning fast, the last thing you ' ll want to do is to make it faster. this is because the faster you play the harder it is to maintain clean technique. if you rush on a fast tune, you will unwittingly sabotage your own playing. certain styles of rock music require you to play a little behind the beat. select late - period beatles tunes, funk and soul music, and nearly everything the rolling stones recorded uses a kind of behind - the - beat groove. also, select blues shuffles and new orleans swamp blues requires that you play on the back end of the beat. playing behind the beat creates that phat, funky sound that makes these styles of music so infectious and popular. other styles of music like punk and ska require you to play on top of the beat. when you play these styles, your playing should have an impatient, urgent feel to it. the excitement of these styles comes from the high - octane drive of the


surgeons in the us have performed what they claim is the most extensive full - face transplant yet performed, repairing the face of a 37 - year - old man who lost his lips and nose 15 years ago in a gunshot accident. the graft could reveal better ways to stop a patient ' s body rejecting donated tissue. richard lee norris of hillsville, virginia, received almost the entire face from a donor. the donated tissue ran from the scalp and included all elements of the face down to – but not including – the collar bones. it also contained the bones of both jaws, teeth devoid of any fillings, and the third of the tongue extending to its tip. " all these segments have been transplanted in the past and the other groups of surgeons have led the way for us, but no one has included all these components, " says lead surgeon eduardo rodriguez of the university of maryland medical center in baltimore, where the 36 - hour operation took place on 19 and 20 march. the other major innovation is the inclusion in the jaws of the donor ' s bone marrow, still fed by blood vessels, which could mean that norris will need less immunosuppressing therapy to stop his body rejecting the foreign grafts. experiments by rodriguez ' s team in animals – published last year in the american journal of transplantation ( doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1600 - 6143. 2011. 03551. x ) – demonstrated that transplants suffer less rejection by the immune system if they include " vascularised " bone marrow fed by blood vessels, than if there is no bone at all in the transplant. " we have confirmation of that in vascularised bone transplants, " says rodriguez. " so vascularised bone marrow might be better than infusions of bone marrow stem cells to create a situation where the donor and recipient cells can live in chimeric harmony. " the hope is that the same effect will be seen in norris. " the good thing is the large vascularised bone marrow content, which has potential to assist in the long - term survival of the graft, " says rodriguez. the breakthrough continues a trend of steadily larger facial grafts since the first, in 2005, on isabelle dinoire in france. that graft covered only the lower part of her face. a spanish team in 2010 announced what they claimed was the first full - face transplant, but rodriguez says that it didn ' t include the tongue. " the reason surgeons are transplanting more and more tissue is because increasingly difficult patients with more and more deficits are


team in 2010 announced what they claimed was the first full - face transplant, but rodriguez says that it didn ' t include the tongue. " the reason surgeons are transplanting more and more tissue is because increasingly difficult patients with more and more deficits are being considered for transplant, " says maria siemionow of the cleveland clinic foundation in ohio, the surgeon whose team carried out the first us face transplant in 2008. but siemionow says it doesn ' t necessarily mean that " more is better ", as there are risks in removing perfectly functional pre - existing tissue to replace it with donated tissue. " and you have potential problems with bail - out or rescue procedures if the graft goes wrong. " for example, siemionow ' s transplant patient, connie culp, had functional upper eyelids, so it would have been risky to sacrifice those to replace them with donated tissue. according to siemionow, the most important advance in face transplants over the previous practice of using skin grafts is that the transplant includes functional elements such as nerves and muscles which integrate with the patient ' s own to give them abilities they may have lost through an accident. norris, for example, couldn ' t chew food or speak properly, but has the promise to do so now that he has new jaws and teeth, and a complete tongue which should enable him to pronounce words properly. meanwhile, culp can now breathe independently, smile, eat solid food, smell, and sense full feelings in her face, none of which she could do before. siemionow says the biggest unsolved challenge remains the need for lifelong immunosuppression. " that ' s a very important goal for the future, " she says. she adds that it remains to be seen whether rodriguez ' s claims for vascularised bone marrow improving acceptance will prove correct. another important development is coordination between transplant providers. a us and international registry of potential recipients is to be launched later this year. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article


macgregor campbell, consultant here ' s a freaky twist on a classic illusion. thomas papathomas, a vision researcher at rutgers university in new brunswick, new jersey, has created a new variation on the hollow - mask illusion - where viewers find it difficult to distinguish whether they are seeing a mask ' s interior or its exterior. papathomas ' s version uses both a hollow mask and a hollow torso, each inverted from the other so that when the head is concave, the torso is convex, and vice - versa. as the torso and head rotate, in the same direction, they appear to rotate oppositely to one another, resulting in the head appearing to twist unnaturally. papathomas calls this the " exorcist illusion, " referring to a famous scene in the 1973 horror movie, the exorcist, in which a girl possessed by the devil twists her head around a full 360 degrees. this illusion requires no satanic involvement however. a constantly rotating hollow mask - or torso - appears to rotate in one direction when the exterior is facing the viewer, and the opposite direction when the interior faces the viewer. since the brain and the torso are inverted from one another, when one appears to rotate clockwise, the other seems to rotate anticlockwise. papathomas created this illusion for the neural correlate society ' s 2012 illusion of the year contest.


source newsroom : smithsonian institution newswise — this smithsonian snapshot celebrates black history month with the 1960 greensboro lunch counter from the smithsonian ’ s national museum of american history. on feb. 1, 1960, four african american college students — ezell a. blair jr. ( now jibreel khazan ), franklin e. mccain, joseph a. mcneil and david l. richmond — sat down at this " whites only " lunch counter at the woolworth ' s store in greensboro, n. c., and politely asked for service. their request was refused, and when asked to leave, the students remained in their seats in protest. for the six months that followed, hundreds of students, civil rights organizations, churches and members of the community joined the protest and boycotted the store. their commitment ultimately led to the desegregation of the f. w. woolworth lunch counter july 25, 1960. their peaceful sit - down was a watershed event in the struggle for civil rights and helped ignite a youth - led movement to challenge racial inequality throughout the south. to learn more about freedom and justice in american history, visit the national museum of american history ’ s “ separate is not equal ” online exhibition website. this item is one of 137 million artifacts, works of art and specimens in the smithsonian ’ s collection. it is currently on display at the national museum of american history ; to learn more about it, visit the museum ’ s website.


every year in the uk, thousands of people die or are seriously injured in accidents. many of these deaths could be prevented if first aid is given at the scene of the accident before emergency services arrive. what to do if someone is injured in an accident : - first check that you and the casualty are not in any danger. if you are, make the situation safe. - when it ' s safe to do so, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance, if necessary. - carry out basic first aid. read more information about what to do after an accident. if someone is unconscious and breathing if a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life - threatening conditions, they should be placed in the recovery position. if someone is unconscious and not breathing if a person is not breathing normally after an accident, call for an ambulance and then, if you can, start cpr straight away. read more about cpr, including instructions and a video on hands - only cpr. first aid courses the information on these pages gives some guidance on common first aid situations. however, it is not a replacement for doing a first aid training course. basic first aid courses are run regularly in most areas around the uk. st john ambulance and the british red cross both provide a selection of first aid courses. common accidents and emergencies below, in alphabetical order, are some of the most common injuries needing emergency treatment in the uk and information on how to deal with them. anaphylaxis ( or anaphylactic shock ) is a severe allergic reaction that can occur after an insect sting or after a person eats certain foods, for example. the reaction can be very fast, happening within seconds or minutes of contact with the thing a person is allergic to. during anaphylactic shock, a person may find it difficult to breathe and their tongue and throat may also swell, obstructing their airway. if you suspect a person is experiencing anaphylactic shock, call 999 or 112 straight away. check if the person is carrying any medication. some people who know they have severe allergies may carry epinephrine on them. this is a kind of adrenaline and usually comes in a pre - loaded syringe. you can either help the person administer their medication or, if you ' re trained to do so, give it to them yourself. make sure they are comfortable and can breathe as best they can while waiting for medical help to arrive. if they are conscious, sitting upright is normally the best position for them.


if you ' re trained to do so, give it to them yourself. make sure they are comfortable and can breathe as best they can while waiting for medical help to arrive. if they are conscious, sitting upright is normally the best position for them. read more about treating anaphylaxis. burns and scalds in the event of a burn or scald : - cool the burn as quickly as possible with cold ( but not ice - cold ) running water for a minimum of 10 minutes or until the pain is relieved. - call 999 or seek medical help if necessary. - while cooling the burn, carefully remove any clothing or jewellery, unless it is attached to the skin. - keep the person warm using a blanket or layers of clothing ( avoiding the injured area ) to prevent hypothermia. this is a risk if you are cooling a large burnt area, particularly in babies, children and elderly people. - cover the burn lengthways with strips of cling film or a clean plastic bag if the burn is on a hand or foot. if no plastic film is available, use a sterile dressing or non - fluffy material. - do not put creams, lotions or sprays on the burn. - if appropriate, raise the limb to reduce the swelling and offer pain relief. for chemical burns, wear protective gloves, remove any clothing affected, brush the chemical off the skin if it is a powder and rinse the burn with cold running water for a minimum of 20 minutes. if possible, determine what has caused the injury. be careful not to injure yourself, and wear protective clothing if necessary. call 999 or 112 and arrange immediate medical attention. read more information about how to treat burns and scalds. if someone has severe bleeding, the main aim is to prevent further loss of blood and minimise the effects of shock ( see below ). first, dial 999 and ask for an ambulance as soon as possible. if you have disposable gloves, then use them to reduce the risk of any infection being passed on. check that there is nothing embedded in the wound. if there is, take care not to press down on the object. instead, press firmly on either side of the object and build up padding around it before bandaging to avoid putting pressure on the object itself. if there is nothing embedded : - apply and maintain pressure to the wound with your hand, using a clean pad if possible. - use a clean dressing to bandage the wound firmly. - if the wound is on a limb


pressure on the object itself. if there is nothing embedded : - apply and maintain pressure to the wound with your hand, using a clean pad if possible. - use a clean dressing to bandage the wound firmly. - if the wound is on a limb and there are no fractures, raise the limb to decrease the flow of blood. if a body part has been severed, such as a finger, do not put it in direct contact with ice. wrap it in a plastic bag or cling film, then wrap it in a soft material and keep it cool. once it is wrapped, if possible, place the severed body part in crushed ice. always seek medical help for the bleeding unless it is minor. if someone has a nosebleed that has not stopped after 20 minutes, go to the nearest hospital ' s accident and emergency department ( a & e ). read more information on : the information below is for choking in adults and children over one year old. read information about what to do if a baby under one year old is choking. if the airway is only partly blocked, the person will usually be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe. in situations like this, a person will usually be able to clear the blockage themselves. if choking is mild : - encourage the person to continue coughing to try to clear the blockage. - remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth using your first two fingers and thumb. if the obstruction is severe and the person is struggling to breathe, give up to five back blows ( between the shoulder blades ), using the heel of your hand. carefully check the mouth and, if possible, remove any obstruction after every blow. if this does not clear the obstruction, perform abdominal thrusts by following the steps below. this technique should not be used on babies under one year old, pregnant women or people who are obese : - stand behind the person who is choking. - place your arms around their waist and bend them well forward. - clench one first and place it just above the person ' s belly button and below the breastbone. - place your other hand on top, then pull sharply inwards and upwards. - repeat this up to five times until the object stuck in their throat comes out of their mouth. the aim is to get the obstruction out with each chest thrust rather than necessarily doing all five. if the obstruction does not clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance and continue until help arrives. the person choking should always be checked over by a


with each chest thrust rather than necessarily doing all five. if the obstruction does not clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance and continue until help arrives. the person choking should always be checked over by a health professional afterwards to check for any injuries caused by abdominal thrusts or any smaller pieces of the obstruction that remain. read more information about what to do if someone is choking. once the person is on land, if they are not breathing, give five initial rescue breaths before starting cpr. if you are alone, perform cpr for one minute before calling for emergency help. find out how to give cpr, including rescue breaths. if the person is unconscious but still breathing, put them in the recovery position with their head lower than their body to allow water to drain out, and call an ambulance immediately. if someone has been electrocuted, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance. switch off the electrical current at the mains to break the contact between the person and the electrical supply. if you cannot reach the mains supply : - protect yourself by standing on some insulating material ( such as a phone book ). - using something dry and non - metal, such as a wooden broom handle, push the person away from the electrical source, or move the source away from the person if this is easier. - do not go near or touch the person until you are sure any electrical supply has been cut off. - if the person is not breathing, carry out cpr and call an ambulance. always seek medical help unless the shock is very minor. it can be difficult to tell if a person has a broken bone, or a joint or muscle injury. if you ' re in any doubt, treat the injury as a broken bone. if the person is unconscious, has difficulty breathing or is bleeding severely, these should be dealt with first. if the person is conscious, prevent any further injury by keeping them still until you get them safely to hospital. assess the injury and decide the best way to get them to hospital. if they have a broken finger or arm, you may be able to drive them yourself without causing more harm. if they have a broken spine or leg, call for an ambulance. - support the limb. do not move the person but keep them in the position you found them in. support the injured part with anything you have handy, for example rolled up blankets or clothes. - get them to hospital, either by driving them yourself ( if they have a minor fracture ) or call


but keep them in the position you found them in. support the injured part with anything you have handy, for example rolled up blankets or clothes. - get them to hospital, either by driving them yourself ( if they have a minor fracture ) or call for an ambulance. - look out for signs of shock. if the person is pale, cold and clammy, has a weak pulse and rapid shallow breathing, they are probably in shock ( see below ). if you think that the person may have shock, lie them down and loosen any tight clothing. do not raise an injured leg. otherwise, if their injuries allow, raise their legs above the level of their heart by placing something suitable under their feet such as blankets or cushions. do not give the person anything to eat or drink as they may need a general anaesthetic when they reach hospital. read more information about specific broken bones : a heart attacks is one of the most common life - threatening heart conditions in the uk. if you think a person is having or has had a heart attack, make them as comfortable as possible and call 999 or 112 for an ambulance. symptoms of a heart attack include : - chest pain – the pain is usually located in the centre of the chest and can feel like a sensation of pressure, tightness or squeezing - pain in other parts of the body – it can feel as if the pain is travelling from the chest to one or both arms, jaw, neck, back or abdomen sit the person down, if possible in the " w " position ( sitting up with the knees bent ). if they are conscious, reassure them and give them a 300mg aspirin tablet to chew slowly ( unless there is any reason not to give them aspirin, for example if they are under 16 or allergic to it ). if the person has any medication for angina, such as a spray or tablets, help them to take it. monitor their vital signs, such as breathing, until help arrives. if the person becomes unconscious, open their airway, check their breathing and, if necessary, start cpr. being poisoned is potentially life threatening. most cases of poisoning in the uk occur when a person has swallowed a toxic substance such as bleach, prescription drugs or wild plants and fungi. if you think someone has swallowed a poisonous substance, call 999 or 112 to get immediate medical help. the effects of poisoning depend on the substance swallowed but can include vomiting, loss of consciousness, pain or a burning sensation : - find out what has been swallowed


you think someone has swallowed a poisonous substance, call 999 or 112 to get immediate medical help. the effects of poisoning depend on the substance swallowed but can include vomiting, loss of consciousness, pain or a burning sensation : - find out what has been swallowed so you can tell the paramedic or doctor. - do not give the person anything to eat or drink unless a health professional advises you to. - never try to induce vomiting. if the person is unconscious, while you wait for help : - make sure the airway is open and they are breathing. you open the airway by gently tilting the head back and lifting the chin to move the tongue away from the back of the mouth. - if they are breathing, put them in the recovery position, preferably with their head down so any vomit can escape without being swallowed or inhaled. - if they are not breathing, perform cpr until they start breathing or medical help arrives. - if there are any chemicals on their mouth, use a face shield or pocket mask to protect yourself if you give rescue breaths. read more information about treating someone who has been poisoned. in the case of a serious injury or illness, it is important to watch for signs of shock. shock is a life - threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails and, as a result, deprives the vital organs of oxygen. this is usually due to severe blood loss, but it can also happen after severe burns, severe vomiting, a heart attack, bacterial infection or severe allergic reaction ( anaphylaxis ). the type of shock described here is not the same thing as the emotional response of feeling shocked, which can also occur after an accident. signs of shock include : - pale, cold, clammy skin - rapid, shallow breathing - weakness and dizziness - feeling sick and possibly vomiting if you notice any signs of shock in a casualty, seek medical help immediately : - dial 999 or 112 as soon as possible and ask for an ambulance. - treat any obvious injuries. - lay the person down if their injuries allow you to, and raise and support their legs. - use a coat or blanket to keep them warm, but not smothered. - do not give them anything to eat or drink. - give lots of comfort and reassurance. - monitor the person. if they stop breathing, start cpr. fast is the most important thing to remember when dealing with people who have had a stroke. the earlier they receive treatment, the better. call for emergency medical


xii. this activity involves reading a scenario and discussing the correct way for a school bus driver to handle it. options for using the scenarios can be found on page 5. follow these steps to conduct the activity. - review the instructions ( xii. a - d ) with the participants. - read the scenario slowly. note : there are 10 scenarios, covering the various conditions addressed in the module. you will not need to use all of them. if you have presented the entire module, you can choose 5 - 6 of the scenarios. if you have only presented one section of the module, you can use a scenario that corresponds to that section. you may choose to develop your own scenarios using weather conditions particular to your local area. - ask participants to say how that scenario should be handled by the school bus driver. in each scenario the school bus is a medium - sized conventional bus equipped with a two - way radio and carrying middle school students. note : one alternative would be to first have each participant write down how he or she would handle the situation. then discuss the scenario as a group. this process ensures that each school bus driver will have had to think about the scenario. - record the responses on a flip chart. - after all the responses are listed, ask if certain actions need to happen before others. starting with # 1, indicate the order in which the actions should happen. note : with each scenario, the correct actions are listed in the order in which they should occur. if the order isnit important, the actions are preceded by a bullet instead of a number.


the nobel prize in chemistry 1969 derek barton, odd hassel derek harold richard barton was born on 8 september 1918, son of william thomas and maude henrietta barton. in 1938 he entered imperial college, university of london, where he obtained his b. sc. hons. ( 1st class ) in 1940 and ph. d. ( organic chemistry ) in 1942. from 1942 to 1944 he was a research chemist on a government project, from1944 - 1945 he was with messrs. albright and wilson, birmingham. in 1945 he became assistant lecturer in the department of chemistry of imperial college, from 1946 - 1949 he was i. c. i. research fellow. in 1949 he obtained his d. sc. from the same university. during 1949 - 1950 he was visiting lecturer in the chemistry of natural products, at the department of chemistry, harvard university ( u. s. a. ). in 1950 he was appointed reader in organic chemistry and in 1953 professor at college. in 1955 he became regius professor of chemistry at the university of glasgow, in 1957 he was appointed professor of organic chemistry at imperial college, which position he still in 1950, in a brief paper in experientia entitled " the conformation of the steroid nucleus ", professor barton showed that organic molecules in general and steroid molecules in particular could be assigned a preferred conformation based upon results accumulated by chemical physicists, in particular by odd hassel. having chosen a preferred conformation, it was demonstrated that the chemical and physical properties of a molecule could be interpreted in terms of that preferred conformation. in molecules containing fixed rings, such as the steroids, there resulted a simple relationship between configuration and conformation, such that configurations could be predicted once the possible conformations for the products of a reaction could be analysed. thus the subject " conformational analysis " had begun. barton later determined the geometry of many other natural product molecules using this method. conformational analysis is useful in the elucidation of configuration, in the planning of organic synthesis, and in the analysis of reaction mechanisms. it will be fundamental to a complete understanding of enzymatic processes. prof. barton was invited to deliver the following special lectures : 1956, max tischler lecturer at harvard university ; 1958, first simonsen memorial lecturer of the chemical society ; 1961, falk - plaut lecturer, columbia university ; 1962, aub lecturer at harvard medical school ; renaud lecturer at michigan state university ; inaugural 3 m ' s lecturer, university of


first simonsen memorial lecturer of the chemical society ; 1961, falk - plaut lecturer, columbia university ; 1962, aub lecturer at harvard medical school ; renaud lecturer at michigan state university ; inaugural 3 m ' s lecturer, university of western ontario ; 1963, hugo muller lecturer of the chemical society ; 3 m ' s lecturer at the university of minnesota ; 1967, pedler lecturer of the chemical society ; 1969, sandin lecturer at the university of alberta ; 1970, graham young lectureship, glasgow. in 1958 prof. barton was arthur d. little visiting professor at massachusetts institute of technology, cambridge, mass. ; in 1959 karl folkers visiting professor at the universities of illinois and wisconsin. in 1954 derek barton was elected to fellowship of the royal society, in 1956 he became fellow of the royal society of edinburgh ; in 1965 he was appointed member of the council for scientific policy of the u. k. ; in 1969 he became president of section b, british association for the advancement of science, and president of the organic chemistry division of the international union of pure and applied chemistry. professor barton holds the following honours and awards : 1951, first corday - morgan medal of the chemical society ; 1956, fritzsche medal of the american chemical society ; 1959, first roger adams medal of the american chemical society ; 1960, foreign honorary member of the american academy of arts and sciences ; 1961, davy medal of the royal society ; 1962, d. sc. h. c. montpellier ; 1964, d. sc. h. c. dublin ; 1967, honorary fellow of the deutsche akademie der naturforscher " leopoldina " ; 1969, honorary member of sociedad quimica de mexico ; 1970, d. sc. h. c. st. andrews : fellow of birkbeck college ; honorary member of the belgian chemical society ; foreign associate of the national academy of sciences ; honorary member of the chilean chemical society ; d. sc. h. c., columbia university, new york ; 1971, first award in natural product chemistry, chemical society ( london ) ; d. sc. h. c., coimbra ( portugal ) ; elected foreign member of the academia das ciencias de lisboa ; 1972, d. sc. h. c. university of oxford ; longstaff medal of the chemical society. derek barton was first married to jeanne kate wilkins but this marriage was later dissolved. he is now married to christiane cognet, a professor of the lycee francais


learn how to write text quickly and efficiently with your phone ’ s keyboard. use the on - screen keyboard writing with the on - screen keyboard is easy and fun. you can use the keyboard when holding your phone in portrait or landscape mode. tap a text box. 1 — character keys 2 — shift key 3 — numbers and symbols key 4 — language key 5 — smiley key 6 — space key 7 — enter key 8 — backspace key the keyboard layout can vary in different apps and languages. the language key is only shown when more than one language is selected. the example shows the english keyboard. tap the shift key. to switch caps lock mode on, double - tap the key. to return to normal mode, tap the shift key again. tap the numbers and symbols key. to see more special character keys, tap the shift key. some special character keys bring up more symbols. to see more symbols, tap and hold a symbol or special character. to put a full stop at the end of a sentence, and to start a new sentence, tap the space key twice. to quickly type in a number or special character, while holding the numbers and symbol key, slide your finger to the character, and lift your finger. tap a word, drag the circles before and after the word to highlight the section you want to copy, and tap. to paste the text, tap. tap and hold the character, and tap the accented character. tap the backspace key. tap the language key repeatedly until the language you want is shown. the language key is only shown when more than one language is selected. tap and hold the text until you see the cursor. without lifting your finger, drag the cursor to the place you want. use keyboard word suggestions your phone suggests words as you write, to help you write quickly and more accurately. word suggestions are available in several languages. when you start writing a word, your phone suggests possible words. when the word you want is shown in the suggestion bar, select the word. to see more suggestions, swipe left. if the suggested word is marked in bold, your phone automatically uses it to replace the word you wrote. if the word is wrong, tap it, and you see the original word and a few other suggestions. if you notice that you have misspelled a word, tap it, and you see suggestions for correcting the word. if the word you want isn ' t in the dictionary, write the word, tap it, and tap the plus sign (


ridgewood high school teacher lauded by nj inventors hall of fame a few years ago, using blackberry juice and titanium dioxide, a non - toxic ingredient found in powdered sugar, ridgewood " high school ( rhs ) science teacher lillian labowsky and her students began making dye - sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells with enough " juice " to power a calculator. three years after labowsky began the project, which was funded through a national science foundation ( nsf ) program that paired graduate students and grade school teachers to promote science education, it is clear labowsky did not just help her students make power - she also empowered them to invent. for her involvement in the innovative two - year project, labowsky has received accolades from both the state and the " district. the physics and chemistry teacher was recently recognized by the board of education ( boe ) for the 2012 " advancement of invention " award she received from the new jersey inventors hall of fame ( njihof ) in " october. she was one of only 25 scientists in the state, including three nobel prize laureates, to be inducted in the hall of fame. labowsky was nominated for the award by a stevens institute of technology graduate who helped her with the nsf program project. she was chosen because, according to the njihof, her teaching is " inspiring the next generation of scientists. " in a press release, her passion for science was deemed of " special note " and called " inspiring " by njihof president les avery. it was a high honor worthy of a teacher whose students, when contacted, spoke of her obvious passion and enthusiasm. it was also not the first time nobel prize winners have been closely associated with labowsky, who said she was inspired to teach by her yale university thesis adviser john fenn, winner of the 2002 nobel prize in chemistry. " it is my goal to try to inspire young scientists just as [ professor ] fenn inspired me, " said labowsky, who attended fenn ' s nobel prize ceremony. while labowsky is no longer participating in the nsf program because of a two - year limitation, the solar cell project " is still going strong, " she said. it has been integrated into her curriculum and expanded into a larger nanotechnology project. " i hope this project will serve as an enriching real world connection for my students, " she said. " we will continue to make blackberry juice solar cells to run small electronics as we


early 1900s in n. america life in the 1900 ' s was depressing and was an era filled with extremely hard and strenous work that didn ' t offer any future for the average canadian in doing better. if you were an average wage earner you would be virtually stuck in the same job for the rest of your life, while rich maintained their wealth mainly caused by the low taxes. living conditions were poor for average canadians and even worse for the arriving immigrants. at this time some of the modern convienences were just being invented and even if it were for sale only the extremely rich had the option of purchasing the items. sports being very new, in the aspect of it being organized was small time compared to present day. travelling required time and was uncomfortable. only the rich could have the luxurious accomadations for those long journeys. many jobs were available to most people but you were under constant scrutiny while working and would have to be willing to do any thing the boss wanted. i believe my friends and i would most likely resent and despise it if we had to live in the 1900 ' s. during the 1900 ' s horses played a significant role in the everyday life. a horse drawn carriage would bring a docter to the house of where a baby would be born. a hearse was pulled by horses to the cemetery when somebody died. farmers used them to pull their ploughs while town dwellers kept them for transportation around town. horses puled delivery wagons for businesses such as bakery, dairy, and coal company. horses pulled fire engines through the streets in a fire emergency. the bicycle was widely accepted by canadians because of its easy maintence compared to a horse. the bike allowed an option of transportation. the bicycle also gave a sense of freedom to virtually anybody willing to learn. henry ford revolutionized the world we live in by inventing the " horseless carriage ", if it had not been for him, instead of taking the go bus in the morning we ' d be riding a horse named wanda. not only did his invention offer a method of transportation to the public, but it helped with our emergency services such as fire engines, police cars, and ambulances. now we have a large variety of cars to choose from varying in size and price. he also brought a large profitable industry to north america... the car industry. back then there weren ' t many problems that they created. today, we have our deteriorating ozone layer, poisonous chemicals that come from exhaust fumes ( co2 )


he also brought a large profitable industry to north america... the car industry. back then there weren ' t many problems that they created. today, we have our deteriorating ozone layer, poisonous chemicals that come from exhaust fumes ( co2 ) ( carbon monoxide ). not to mention the traffic accidents, parking problems and traffic jams in downtown toronto. 11 years previous to ww i orville and wilbur wright made a successful flight in the first airplane at the beach of kitty hawk, north carolina. although the flight only lasted 12 seconds it would change the way we see the world. the telephone allowed the houseneeds to be satisfied without leaving they ' re homes. women received an oppurtunity to work as a a switch board operator. i don ' t know if i can stress the importance of marconi ' s invention enough. but i can say, that without it not only would there be no t. v. or radio there would be a lot of unemployed people right now ( even more unemployed than now!!! ). the reason for that is radio provides people with jobs such as dj ' s, musical programmers etc. also, radio is a major form of advertising, without it there would not be as many advertising agencies or as many positions in this field. without t. v., advertising agencies would also face the same consequences. t. v. provides millions of people with employment in commercials, t. v. shows, and movies. baseball was the most popular sport in where the world series began in 1903. tom longboat was born in brantford, ontario and was known for outrunning a horse over a 19 km coarse. he set a record of 2 hours, 24 min and 24 seconds when he ran the boston marathon. jan 22 / 1901 queen victoria died at the age of 63 years. the queens reign stretched across the globe. with her death came modernization. in the early 1900 ' s horses were being used extensivley for all transportating duties and some manual labor jobs. a few years later the bicycle hit canada and presented the canadians with a better option of transportation mainly because of the simplicity of maintence. during these other discoveries the automobile was being perfected for use by the general public. by the 1920 ' s the automobile was no longer a rich man ' s toy and was being used by many people. 1903 saw the first succesful flight fo the airplane bh orville and wilbur wright at kitty hawk, north carolina. at about the same time


automobile was no longer a rich man ' s toy and was being used by many people. 1903 saw the first succesful flight fo the airplane bh orville and wilbur wright at kitty hawk, north carolina. at about the same time alexander graham bell invented the telephone in nova scotia. by the turn of the century telephones had uses increased from ordering household goods to supplying jobs for women and men. 1901, signal hill in st. john ' s newfoundland guglielmo marcone received the first radio signal sent across the atlantic ocean. 20 years would elasped before radio broadcasting becomes mass entertainment. first movies were seen in the 19th century. 20 years will pass till speaking films arrive. 1903 the united states had their first world series. in canada, tom longboat was a famous runner who was famous for running faster than a horse on a 19 km course. later to be proclaimed the worlds best marathoner. in the early 1900 ' s modern covienences were just being available like bathrooms, electric washing machines, sewing machines, electric hearing aids, vacuum cleaners. the very fortuanate who could afford these items would order them from the eaton ' s catologue. all types of goods could be ordered in the eaton ' s catologue from fence posts to fashionable hats. the time period between 1901 and 1911 almost 2 million people immigrated to canada from europe, britain and the united states. due to the population growth, in 1905 alberta and saskatchewan became apart of the confederation. the railway boom in 1903 - 1904 helped elevate the employment. materials needed to build the railways and the transporting of the materials started the industrialization. urbanization led to a serious problem of overcrowding. the three economic classes were the rich, average, and the immigrants. with low taxes this allowed the rich to spend on frivalous items such as. in contrast the average would only use their money for the neccessities in survival. at the bottom were the immigrants that were forced to live in unsanitary conditions and dank, damp basements. not only were there differences of wealth or lack of but there was a difference in women and men ' s treatment. for example women did not have the freedom to enter pool room ' s, taverns and even bowling allies. choices for women were working in stores and factories. even if you came from a rich family your choices would have been nursing or teaching. coming from a poor family women tended to just become a domestic servent. women didn ' t have


bowling allies. choices for women were working in stores and factories. even if you came from a rich family your choices would have been nursing or teaching. coming from a poor family women tended to just become a domestic servent. women didn ' t have the right to vote like the men. in 1876 dr emily stowe formed toronto women ' s literary club ( twlc ). the purpose of this club was to inform women of their rights and to help secure women ' s rights. this group persuaded u of t to admit women in 1866. also improved wages and working conditions. womens christian temperence union ( wctu ) their goal was to combat problems created by alcohol in the society. a great social speaker nellie mclung received her start in wctu to lead in the fight for equal freedom and for womens rights. conclusion after discovering information about the 1900 ' s i have come to the conclusion that in the 1900 ' s was both good and bad. it was good because of the rising industries thus raising the economy. the main industries working for canada were the railways, and road building. these industries provided needed jobs and the materials needed to complete these projects helped canada grow even more. low taxes meant you could pay for more important expenditures than paying to the government. the bad part of the 1900 ' s was the three living standards in how most people were the poor and very little were rich. the modern convienences were not available to everyone in the early 1900 ' s because these devices would have been very expensive caused by the newness of the products. even though were guys i can see how women would have despised the fact that you were not able to vote or enter any buildings without checking it if it ' s not a tavern, pool room, and a bowling alley. due to these outsanding points that stuck first in my mind i have changed my mind and believe it was both good and bad.


aquatic invasive species voyageurs national park aims to protect interior lakes from exotic species and fish diseases exotic species such as the spiny water flea and rusty crayfish and fish diseases are threats to the aquatic ecosystems of regional lakes including those in voyageurs national park. spiny water fleas have recently invaded multiple lakes in the region, including the large lakes within voyageurs national park. rusty crayfish have invaded at least one lake in voyageurs national park and many lakes in the region. viral hemorrhagic septicemia ( vhs ), a fish disease, has not yet been introduced into any lakes in minnesota, but has caused fish kills in most of the great lakes and in some inland lakes in michigan and wisconsin. spiny water fleas ( pdf ) are tiny ( 1 / 4 - 5 / 8 " ) crustacean zooplankton. they are native to eurasia and were introduced into the great lakes from the ballast water of ships. they threaten the park ' s aquatic ecosystems and fishing by competing with native fish for food and fouling fishing gear. research has shown that the spiny water flea can cause the following impacts : · change the community composition of zooplankton · compete directly with juvenile yellow perch and other small fish and minnows for food which could lead to a decrease in the abundance of these fish these impacts could alter the food web ; for instance, yellow perch are an important part of the diet of walleye, so a decrease in yellow perch abundance could hurt walleye growth. rusty crayfish are native to the ohio river drainage but have invaded lakes in wisconsin and minnesota in recent years. they were found in sand point lake in 2006. rusty crayfish are more aggressive than native crayfish and can eliminate native crayfish and aquatic plants, causing great change to the aquatic ecosystem of invaded lakes. please do not move live crayfish from one lake to another, and remember that it is illegal to use live crayfish for bait in any lake in voyageurs national park. viral hemorrhagic septicemia ( vhs ) is a viral fish disease that has been found in all of the great lakes except lake superior. it can kill many species of game fish including walleye and muskellunge. it could easily be spread to minnesota lakes since many people travel between areas with infected lakes and minnesota, and the virus that causes the disease can be spread by moving infected bait or water to uninfected lakes. although vhs causes mortality in


interior lakes program and commercial use authorizations on mukooda lake ) · no float plane landings on interior lakes if you plan to recreate on the interior lakes in voyageurs national park, please follow these best management practices ( pdf ) : · bring a separate set of gear that is likely to contact lake water ( including fishing gear ) to use on the interior lakes, or before using any gear on an interior lake, make sure that all gear has been thoroughly dried for at least 5 days or washed with hot water ( > 140 degrees f ) for at least one minute · when leaving any lake, remove aquatic plans and animals, including gelatinous or cotton batting - like material from equipment, including fishing line spiny water fleas are readily spread to uninfested lakes due to their small size, hardiness, and a tendency to cling to equipment. when spiny water fleas or other exotic species stick to equipment within infested waters and are transported to uninfested waters on this equipment without being desiccated or killed with hot water, they may start a new infestation. the interim regulations and best management practices have been developed to eliminate the following likely means of transmitting fish disease and exotic species to the interior lakes of the park : using infested gear in the interior lakes, landing aircraft on the interior lakes during the open - water season, portaging private watercraft to interior lakes, and the use of any bait other than artificial bait in the interior lakes. additional note : although non - aquatic baits will not spread aquatic exotic species or fish diseases, some of the most common non - aquatic baits are exotic species, for example, earthworms ( including nightcrawlers ). since exotics such as earthworms have negative effects on the terrestrial ecosystem ( in addition to the negative effects that aquatic exotic species and fish diseases have on aquatic ecosystems ), park management has chosen to allow only artificial bait on the interior lakes. the park will conduct a program about exotic species and vhs for any interested party or organization. to schedule a program call tawnya schoewe at 218 - 283 - 6670 or e - mail us. with your help and careful actions, we can try to prevent the spread of the spiny water flea, other invasive species, and fish diseases. stop aquatic hitchhikers! did you know? there are food lockers, picnic tables, tent pad sites, fire rings and a privy at many of the sites. pick up a campsite, houseboat,


emotions and heart health since ancient times, the heart has been a symbol of our emotions. but in recent years, scientists have uncovered a clear physical link between emotions and heart health. what the research shows current research has found a possible connection between stress or depression and heart disease. one recent study, for instance, found that having either depression or anxiety may make it more likely that you will have a heart attack or heart failure in the future. having both depression and anxiety increased the risk. the same study linked anxiety and depression in people with heart disease to an increased risk for a hospital stay. although most research suggests a link among depression, anxiety, and heart disease, the results differ. researchers are continuing to look at this issue to more clearly define how these factors are related. a current review of medical research on anxiety, heart disease, and high blood pressure did confirm a relationship among the three. in particular, researchers know that anxiety can increase the level of stress hormones in the body. these hormones play a role in high blood pressure. people with chronic anxiety are more likely to develop high blood pressure. and people with high blood pressure are more likely to be anxious. how this link plays out in the long term is not clear. stress and your heart emotional stress causes a negative chain reaction within your body. if you ' re angry, anxious, tense, frustrated, frightened, or depressed, your body ' s natural response is to release stress hormones. these hormones are called cortisol and adrenaline. they prepare your body to deal with stress. they cause your heart to beat more rapidly and your blood vessels to narrow to help push blood to the center of the body. the hormones also increase your blood pressure. this “ fight or flight ” response is thought to date back to prehistoric times, when we needed an extra burst of adrenaline to escape predators. after your stress subsides, your blood pressure and heart rate should return to normal. if you ' re continually stressed out, though, your body doesn ' t have a chance to recover. this may lead to damage of your artery walls. stress ’ s link to high blood pressure and inflammation is dangerous because both are known risk factors for heart disease and other heart problems. although studies haven ’ t proved that stress alone causes heart disease, it clearly poses an indirect risk and also has a negative effect on your general wellness. stress and your reactions you can manage stress in both healthy and unhealthy ways. unfortunately, many of us deal with stress by smoking, drinking too much, and overeating


indirect risk and also has a negative effect on your general wellness. stress and your reactions you can manage stress in both healthy and unhealthy ways. unfortunately, many of us deal with stress by smoking, drinking too much, and overeating. all of these unhealthy habits can contribute to heart disease. but using healthy ways to keep your stress under control allows you to better protect yourself against heart disease. try these ideas : exercise. when you are anxious and tense, exercise is a great way to burn off all that excess energy and stress. go for a walk, a bike ride, or a swim, or go to the gym for your favorite class. breathe deeply. yoga is not only good for your body, but for your mind, too. the meditative, deep breathing done in yoga is calming and relieves stress, especially if you do it regularly. take a break. when your stress level rises, take a few minutes to escape your surroundings. spend a few quiet moments alone, read a short story, or listen to your favorite music. cultivate gratitude. make a list of what you ' re grateful for in your life to focus on the positives. get together with friends. sure, facebook is fun, but it ’ s no substitute for being with people you love. create some weekly rituals with your friends. if they live far away, try volunteering or joining a local group of people with similar interests to yours. research suggests that people with frequent social connections enjoy better protection against high blood pressure. scientists need to do more research to look more closely at the link between emotional health and heart health. but the existing evidence is consistent enough to prove that you should take its potential effects on your heart seriously. exercise regularly and keep your emotional health in check, and you ’ ll build a stronger buffer against heart disease.


last modified : april 18, 2002 this information was provided by an unrestricted educational grant from integral pet associates, llc. clinically, a pet scan can locate metabolic defects in the human body often before they have caused structural damage. it can do this with high sensitivity and reliability. this is a great advantage in deciding treatment courses and in diagnosing various conditions. since pet accurately and sensitively measures function or physiology in the human body it can detect problems before they cause irreversible damage to tissues. it may also detect response to treatment earlier than many other techniques, such as ct or mri scans. the areas in which pet is making critical contributions are cancer, heart disease, and neurology. pet can detect active tumors in the body with very high sensitivity. active tumors have a high metabolism and therefore high demand for glucose. in this way malignant tumors may be distinguished from benign tumors and hidden tumors may be found. also the response of tumors to treatment ( surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy or gene - therapy ) may be seen and measured earlier by pet than many other techniques. successfully treated tumors are destroyed physiologically often long before there is significant shrinkage of tumor volume. in this way stressful treatments can be assessed and completed earlier than might otherwise be possible. blood flow and glucose metabolism in the muscles of the heart may be accurately measured by pet. these measurements are made by imaging the distribution of intravenously injected radiolabeled ammonia ( blood flow ) and glucose ( metabolism ). areas of low blood flow but normal metabolism in the heart muscle indicate heart muscle that may be repaired by restoring blood flow ( repairing the appropriate coronary artery ), while areas of matched low blood flow and metabolism may already be irreversibly damaged and so require other treatments. in addition blood flow in the heart may be measured at rest and after exercise to detect partly obstructed arteries in the heart responsible for angina. seizures or epilepsy often start from a single focus of abnormal tissue in the brain. when the frequency and intensity of seizures do not respond well to medication, surgery may provide permanent relief. in any event, injection of a tiny amount of radiolabeled glucose is used to image the metabolism of the brain by pet. if you were to have a seizure around the time of glucose injection the seizure focus would be an area of intense metabolism ( and uptake ). between seizures the focus shows up as an area of decreased metabolism in the brain. brain trauma often results in subtle changes in


mining programs at ontario colleges what to expect from a mining career the mining industry is always looking for skilled professionals. whether it ’ s filling specialized roles in geological management or heading into the mines, there are plenty of career opportunities available. mining programs at ontario colleges prepare students with both mining techniques and widespread knowledge of geology and earth resources, so they can enter the mining career of their choice. if you ’ re interested in starting an in - demand career in the mining and geology industry, here ’ s what you need to know. more there are a few types of mining programs available, each with different focuses or different levels of training. these include : - mining techniques. mining techniques programs are introductory one - year certificate programs that prepare students for entry - level work in the mining industry or for continued mining education. students learn basic geology, surveying and drafting skills along with a variety of mining methods that will prepare them for both underground and office work in core sampling, mapping, prospecting and more. - mining engineering technician / technology. mining engineering technician and technology programs are more advanced than the techniques programs. both technician and technologist programs give students a broader and deeper understanding of geology and resources and may offer training on a larger variety of mining equipment. mining - related skills, such as drilling and blasting, may also be introduced. technician programs are typically two - year diploma programs while technology programs ( offering the most comprehensive training ) are generally three - year advanced diploma programs. some mining - related programs have specific focuses, like earth sciences and natural resources. these programs have a geotechnical focus and are made up of courses including ( but not limited to ) mineral studies, geophysics, soil studies and other earth science topics. students learn to operate geological equipment that can be used in some mining and geological industry practices, such as geotechnical and environmental assessment. general mining program requirements ontario college mining programs typically require an ontario secondary school diploma ( ossd ) or equivalent. academic requirements will vary depending on the program, but generally include senior math and chemistry or physics courses. a grade 12 english credit is often required for technician and technology programs. mining jobs and salaries depending on your chosen program, jobs in the mining industry range from entry - level to more advanced positions, and will include roles such as : - mine manager or production supervisor - underground mining worker - surveyor, project manager / engineer - geologist assistant - mining administration the average starting salary for graduates of mining programs at ontario colleges is $ 36, 000 a year, with the potential to earn much more. experienced mine managers


on this fourth of july let us never forget that the rights we have secured were won by the hard fought efforts of generations of tireless activists and that the constitution of the united states is a living document, shaped and formed by the collective participation of millions of people in a constant dialogue. our country is not perfect. far from it, our history is one of terrible oppression and thoughtless, inconsiderate discrimination. too many a man has been sent unnecessarily to die in war. too many died without freedom, without rights. the stain of our neglect and terror scars the constitution and the legers of history. in spite of this truth, the human spirit has prevailed more often than not in this country and people have continued to believe in the fundamental goodness of the national project we call our constitution. that belief in the security and equality of the individual and the guarantee of rights is perhaps the greatest contributor to the slow victory of justice in america. that guarantee of our rights ensures that no man or woman, no matter how powerful and influential, is permitted to permanently or decisively interfere with the fundamental rights and freedoms of any other. these are the rights we celebrate on independence day and the freedoms that have been won in the generations since our nation ' s birth. these victories include the extension of the right to vote and the rights of citizenship to all members of our society. the articulation of individual rights and freedoms is the fruit of their efforts. these freedoms offer proof that our constitution is a living document and that the will of the people can be expressed in the language of the nation, articulated as law and common practice. these freedoms, which we hold so dear, were brought to realization through the spirit of individual liberty and collective responsibility. through an acknowledgement of the humanity of each person, the fundamental value of humankind is acknowledged. by recognizing this value in the individual we have crafted a body of law to protect the rights of everyone. the threats to the constitution, the declaration of independence, and our fundamental rights and liberties is always present, both from without and from within. on this day of celebration of collective freedom, let us never hand over our rights and responsibilities to any executive or any legislator who will seek to compromise those rights in the name of security. the generations before us have worked too hard and labored too long to hand over the right to privacy and the responsibility of the national defense to rogue administrators and legislators who would betray our trust as a country. we must ensure that the freedoms and rights that have been secured for


the missing key to physics, esp, intelligence, aging... as you know the discoveries of nikola tesla have been purposefully minimized in the media, college curriculums, and in the history books. well, there was another absolutely brilliant scientist whose discoveries are on a par with tesla ' s, but his work was very diligently minimized before it ever received widespread attention, and that scientist ' s name was albert roy davis. it may seem presumptuous to compare any scientist to tesla, but if there is one that you can compare to him, in my opinion, it ' s albert roy davis. in 1936 davis discovered that the north and south poles of magnetism are two separate energies with exact opposite effects on all matter. the north pole energy spins counterclockwise and causes matter to contract, and the south pole energy spins clockwise and causes matter to expand. davis and his associate, walter c. rawls, jr., found that this discovery had incredible implications in many areas of research. it is the key to understanding the " new physics ", the physics of ufo ' s. modern physics considers the two poles to be a singular form of energy, not two separate energies. magnetism is the foundation of physics. if you ' ve ever heard richard c. hoagland talk about the " russian physics ", let me tell you this : the russians knew nothing of this " new physics " until they adopted davis ' discovery. it is the key to tapping into the true potential of the human mind. davis and rawls discovered that north pole magnetism can be used to dramatically increase our intelligence and our psychic abilities. it is the key to understanding the legends of giants in ancient history, and the 2 - 3 foot beings as well. davis and rawls discovered that north pole exposed animals grew into much smaller, physically weaker adults. south pole exposed animals grew into much larger, physically stronger adults. it is the key to aging. davis and rawls discovered that both north pole and south pole exposed animals lived much longer than animals with no magnetic exposure.


klamath county was established on october 17, 1882. it was created from the western part of lake county and named after a tribe of indians which white travelers called the klamath, also spelled clammite. klamath county is situated in south central oregon. the county is bounded on the south by california, on the east by lake county, on the north by deschutes county, and on the west by jackson and douglas counties. the county, oregon ' s fourth largest, has 6, 135 square miles. when the legislative assembly created klamath county in 1882, it designated linkville as the county seat, although it gave the voters the chance to select another site at the 1884 general election. linkville was renamed klamath falls in 1893. in 1888 the county acquired its first courthouse for $ 3, 500. previously a school or rented commercial premises housed county offices. by 1912 the need for a new courthouse was pressing. however, for the next thirteen years a dispute raged over its location and which of the two courthouses being built would be accepted. the first courthouse, known as the hot springs courthouse, was designed along grecian architectural lines, but, due to law suits and recall elections only the exterior was finished. when construction stopped, $ 112, 000 had been spent, with an additional $ 60, 000 needed to complete the project. it was torn down in 1927 to make way for the klamath union high school. in 1918 construction began on another courthouse, known as the main street courthouse which was built next to the existing one. in spite of injunctions to halt construction, the work was completed within a year, but the building was not fully occupied until 1923, when all legal questions were settled. the structure cost about $ 122, 000. earthquakes in 1992 severely damaged the building, and county offices were relocated to temporary quarters. construction of a new courthouse and administrative center began in 1997. the government of klamath county consisted originally of a county judge, two county commissioners, clerk, treasurer, coroner, surveyor, and sheriff. the judge ' s position was abolished in 1965, and the number of county commissioners increased from two to three. the 1890 census cited a population of 2, 444. since then the county has experienced steady growth. the 2000 population of 63, 775 represented a 10. 52 % increase from 1990. historically, klamath county ' s economy has been based on timber and agriculture. three - fourths of the county is forested ; however, over half


. the 2000 population of 63, 775 represented a 10. 52 % increase from 1990. historically, klamath county ' s economy has been based on timber and agriculture. three - fourths of the county is forested ; however, over half of it is publicly owned. the large stands of timber have resulted in the development of wood products industries in the county. in spite of the altitude, short growing season, low rainfall, and cold winters, agricultural plays an important role in the local economy. excellent soil, adequate water for irrigation, extensive sunshine, and the introduction of cash crops such as potatoes and feed barley contribute to the agricultural industry. there is the potential to develop geothermal energy through the exploitation of the geothermal water found in many parts of the county. the many lakes and mountains, including crater lake national park, attract tourists and recreational visitors to the county. the klamath indian tribe and reservation add to the county ' s history. the klamath reservation was established in 1864 by treaty and covered about fifty square miles of land east and northeast of klamath falls. the federal government ' s policy of termination and assimilation resulted in the tribe being abolished in 1961. however, in 1975 a fully functioning tribal government was reestablished, and the klamath tribe was recognized by the federal government in 1986. the 1990 census showed the tribe to consist of 2, 370 members. did you know? the collier logging museum in klamath county highlights the colorful history of logging in oregon with one of the largest collections of antique equipment in the country. dozens of artifacts help visitors interpret the evolution of the industry from oxen and axes to caterpillars and chain saws. for example, the museum describes the effort involved in moving giant old growth logs through the woods in the 1860s. large teams of oxen pulled the skinned logs over skid roads. the first job for many boys in logging was to swab whale oil on the skids to help the logs slid easier. in this tough and practical environment, an accident prone oxen would sometimes serve as dinner for the crew.


for immediate release november 11, 2009 canale communications for orion genomics the malaysian palm oil board ( mpob ) and orion genomics today announced that a consortium co - led by the advanced biotechnology and breeding centre of mpob and orion genomics has sequenced three oil palm genomes from two oil palm species, an important food and biofuel crop. this genome sequencing effort provides a comprehensive genetic blueprint of e. oleifera and e. guineensis including the pisifera and dura palms. in commercial seed production, the pisifera is frequently used as the paternal line and the dura serves as the maternal palm. oil palm plantations on average produce 3. 9 tons of oil per hectare per year, nearly ten times more than other productive oil bearing crops. therefore, it has the potential to meet growing demand for food and renewable fuel. used in cooking oil, margarine, baked goods and other foods, palm oil is the most consumed edible oil in the world. it feeds more than 3 billion people in 150 countries worldwide, and it is also a common ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. in 2008, malaysia produced 17. 7 million tons of crude palm oil and exported rm65. 2 billion ( us $ 17. 6 billion ) of palm oil products. new technologies are now enabling palm oil to be transformed into biodiesel, a promising renewable fuel. the oil palm family has two species, the e. guineensis which originates from africa and the e. oleifera, which is native to south america. because of its high productivity, the e. guineensis is the commercial variety planted in malaysia. however, the e. oleifera has many interesting traits such as low height increment, increased resistance to disease and produces higher quantities of unsaturated fats - traits that will add value if incorporated into commercial e. guineensis lines. " knowledge of the genomic sequence of these oil palm varieties enables researchers to understand genetic differences between trees that are, for example, higher yielding or more resistant to disease than usual, " said datuk dr. mohd basri wahid, the director - general of mpob. " our goal in completing the oil palm genome sequence is to dramatically improve oil yields both for the production of food, feed and fuel. " the consortium included st. louis, missouri - based orion genomics, mogene lc and the genome center at washington university, south korea - based macrogen inc., and adelaide, australia - based gene


of food, feed and fuel. " the consortium included st. louis, missouri - based orion genomics, mogene lc and the genome center at washington university, south korea - based macrogen inc., and adelaide, australia - based geneworks pty ltd. in addition to sequencing and assembling the genomes of the three oil palm varieties, the consortium sequenced the expressed genes ( or transcriptome ) from multiple tissue types for all three types of oil palm. transcriptome sequence will aid oil palm researchers as they seek to understand the genes responsible for yield, disease resistance and resistance to environmental stress. the initiative generated the most comprehensive genetic and transcriptional maps to date of this important crop. mpob and orion, along with mogene, lc, also unveiled plans to study the epigenetic makeup of oil palm in 2010 in an effort to improve yields. " epigenetics is the study of the pattern of chemical groups that influence whether specific genes are turned on or off ", said nathan lakey, president and chief executive officer of orion genomics. " we theorize that by studying oil palm epigenetics, we may be able to help to speed the development of varieties of oil palm that produce more oil, rapidly increasing the per acre efficiency of this crop, which already is the single largest producer of edible oils world - wide. " the malaysian palm oil board ( mpob ) was established on may 1, 2000 with the principal objective of promoting, developing and advancing the malaysian palm oil industry. as the steward of the nation ’ s palm oil industry, mpob is responsible for providing the scientific and technological support to the malaysian palm oil industry. mpob ’ s commitment to the industry is not limited to research and development ( r & d ), but also encompasses dissemination of information, technology transfer, commercialization, registration, licensing and enforcement activities. orion genomics, the second code company, develops epigenetic research tools and molecular diagnostic products to fulfill the promise of personalized medicine. orion ' s lead product is a simple blood - based test that is being developed to identify people at elevated risk for colorectal cancer. the company has active biomarker discovery programs in cancers of the bladder, breast, lung, ovaries and colon, and the company offers genomics services to the medical, agricultural and bio - fuels research communities. orion genomics is located in the center for emerging technologies in st. louis. for more information, visit the orion genomics website at http : / / www


the company offers genomics services to the medical, agricultural and bio - fuels research communities. orion genomics is located in the center for emerging technologies in st. louis. for more information, visit the orion genomics website at http : / / www. oriongenomics. com. macrogen is a korean bio - venture company established in 1997. as a leading biotechnology company, macrogen has provided high - quality dna sequencing service to more than 10, 000 researchers in over 100 countries worldwide with sequencing platforms such as 3730xl, gaiix, solid3, and gs - flx. it also has subsidiary laboratories in usa, japan, and netherlands for more localized and customized service. macrogen fully sequenced and annotated the whole genome of a korean individual, which was published in nature on 20th august, 2009. ngs ( next generation sequencing ) and capillary sequencing platforms were combined to accomplish the project. with these accumulated experiences, macrogen has shown its successful performances in numerous large scale sequencing projects. in addition, macrogen has also launched ' asian 100 genome project ' in june this year to identify asian specific markers related to diseases. for more information, visit the website of macrogen inc. at http : / / www. macrogen. com.


in vitro fertilization for infertility during in vitro fertilization ( ivf ), eggs and sperm are brought together in a laboratory glass dish to allow the sperm to fertilize an egg. with ivf, you can use any combination of your own eggs and sperm and donor eggs and sperm. see a picture of the reference female reproductive system opens new window reference opens new window. ovulation and egg retrieval. to prepare for an assisted reproductive procedure using your own eggs, you will require hormone treatment to control your egg production ( ovulation ). this is done to prevent unpredictable ovulation, which would make it necessary to cancel that in vitro attempt. this is typically done using one of two similar types of reference gonadotropin - releasing hormone analogue ( gnrh agonist or gnrh antagonist ). the following are two examples of how ovulation can be controlled : - you first receive about 10 days of nasal or injected gnrh agonist that " shuts down " your reference pituitary opens new window. next, you get daily ovary - stimulating hormone injections and are closely monitored for 2 weeks before egg retrieval. at home, you or your partner injects you with gonadotropin or reference follicle - stimulating hormone ( fsh ) opens new window to make your ovaries produce multiple eggs ( reference superovulation opens new window ). - you start treatment with fsh injections and then add the gnrh antagonist injection after about 5 days, which stops the production of reference luteinizing hormone ( lh ) opens new window within an hour or two. after the first week, your doctor checks your blood estrogen levels and uses reference ultrasound opens new window to see whether eggs are maturing in the reference follicles opens new window. during the second week, your dosage may change based on test results. and you are monitored frequently with transvaginal ultrasound and blood tests. if follicles fully develop, you are given a human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) injection to stimulate the follicles to mature. the mature eggs are collected 34 to 36 hours later by needle aspiration guided by ultrasound. you will usually have pain medicine and reference sedation for this procedure. sperm collection. sperm are collected by means of masturbation or by taking sperm from a reference testicle opens new window through a small incision. this procedure is done when a blockage prevents sperm from being e


reference sedation for this procedure. sperm collection. sperm are collected by means of masturbation or by taking sperm from a reference testicle opens new window through a small incision. this procedure is done when a blockage prevents sperm from being ejaculated or when there is a problem with sperm development. sperm may have been collected and frozen at an earlier time. then the sperm are thawed on the day the eggs are collected. fertilization and embryo transfer. the eggs and sperm are placed in a glass dish and incubated with careful temperature, atmospheric, and infection control for 48 to 120 hours. about 2 to 5 days after fertilization, the best fertilized eggs are selected. one to three are placed in the uterus using a thin flexible tube ( catheter ) that is inserted through the cervix. those remaining may be frozen ( cryopreserved ) for future attempts. pregnancy and birth. any reference embryos opens new window that implant in the uterus may then result in pregnancy and birth of one or more infants. what to expect after treatment overall, in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) - related injections, monitoring, and procedures are emotionally and physically demanding of the female partner. superovulation with hormones requires regular blood tests, daily injections ( some of which are quite painful ), frequent monitoring by your doctor, and harvesting of eggs. these procedures are done on an outpatient basis and require only a short recovery time. you may have cramping during the procedure. you may be advised to avoid strenuous activities for the remainder of the day or to be on bed rest for a few days, depending on your condition and your doctor ' s recommendation. why it is done in vitro fertilization may be a treatment option if : - a woman ' s reference fallopian tubes opens new window are missing or blocked. - a woman has severe reference endometriosis opens new window. - a man has low sperm counts. - reference artificial or intrauterine insemination opens new window has not been successful. - unexplained infertility has continued for a long time. how long a couple chooses to wait is influenced by the female partner ' s age and other personal factors. - a couple wants to test for inherited disorders before embryos are transferred. ivf can be done even if a : - woman has had a reference tubal ligation opens new window reversal surgery that was not successful. - woman does not have fall